Security, surveillance and law enforcement

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The '''Security, Surveillance and Law Enforcement''' learning project is an online training resource for those interested in furthering their knowledge about such issues.

Control room operator 
Monitor all security operations.

== Featured Law Enforcement Readings ==
* A [[w:Counterfeit|counterfeit]] is an imitation that is made with the intent to deceptively represent its content or origins. The word counterfeit most frequently describes forged money or documents, but can also describe clothing, software, pharmaceuticals, or any other manufactured item, especially when these products are protected by trademarks or patents.

* [[w:Sonic_weapon|Sonic and ultrasonic weapons]] (USW) are weapons of various types that use sound to damage, incapacitate, or kill an opponent. Some sonic weapons are currently in limited use and extensive research and development by military and police forces. Many exist only in the realm of science fiction.

* [[w:Situational_awareness|Situational awareness]] is being aware of everything that is happening around oneself and the relative importance of everything observed — a constantly evolving picture of the state of the environment. Situational awareness can be described broadly as a person’s state of knowledge or mental model of the situation around him or her.

* The [[w:US_Marshal|United States Marshals Service]] (sometimes incorrectly spelled &quot;Marshal's Service&quot;), a bureau within the [http://www.usdoj.gov/ United States Department of Justice] (see 28 U.S.C. § 561), is the United States' oldest federal law enforcement agency. It is the enforcement arm of the federal courts, protecting federal courts and ensuring the effective operation of the judicial system.

* The [[w:Business_Software_Alliance|Business Software Alliance]] (BSA) is a trade group representing a number of the world's largest [[w:Software|software]] makers. It is funded through membership dues based on member company's software revenues, and through settlements from companies it successfully brings action against.

* The [[w:Halton_Regional_Police_Service|Halton Regional Police Service]] (HRPS) provides policing services for the Halton Region in Ontario, [[w:Canada|Canada]] which encompasses the City of Burlington and the Towns of [[w:Oakville%2C_ON|Oakville]], Milton and Halton Hills. It is made up of about 450 police personnel 150 civilians that cover 987 square kilometers with a population of 297,650.

== Focus On: Human Trafficking ==
* [[w:Human_trafficking|Trafficking in human beings]] includes recruiting, harbouring, obtaining, and transporting people by use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjecting them to involuntary acts, such as commercial sexual exploitation (including prostitution) or involuntary labour, i.e., enslaving them. 

* [[w:Harm_reduction|Harm Reduction]] is a philosophy of public health intended to be a progressive alternative to the prohibition of certain lifestyle choices. The central idea of harm reduction is the recognition that some people always have and always will engage in behaviours which carry risks, such as casual sex and substance abuse. Harm reduction seeks to mitigate the potential harm associated with these behaviours without attempting to prohibit the behaviors. Harm reductionists contend that no one should be denied services such as healthcare merely because they take risks. Further, harm reduction seeks a social justice response to substance abuse, as opposed to a criminalizing one.

{{Law}}
[[Category:Legal ethics]]
[[Category:Surveillance]]</text>
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      <text bytes="25862" sha1="5sruh5pes6mv5cso9mg2trujsp1haxl" xml:space="preserve">Introduction to computer programming language

== What is a program ==
* Reading assignment: learn about the [[w:Binary_numeral_system|binary system]]

A computer is a tool for solving problems with data.

A program is a sequence of instructions that tell a computer how to do a task. When a computer follows the instructions in a program, we say that it ''executes'' that program. You can think of a program like a recipe that tells you how to make a peanut butter sandwich. In this model, you are the computer, making a sandwich is the task, and the recipe is the program that tells you how to execute the task.

* Activity: Come up with a sequence of instructions to tell someone how to make a peanut butter sandwich. Don't leave any steps out, or put them in the wrong order.

Was that easy? Did you remember all the steps? Maybe you forgot to tell me to use a knife to spread the peanut butter. Now I've got peanut butter all over my hands! Of course, you say, a person wouldn't be that dumb. But a computer ''is'' that dumb. A computer will only do what you tell it to do. This might make programming frustrating at first, but it's relieving in a way: if you do everything right, you know exactly what the computer is going to do, because you told it.

Of course, computers don't understand recipes written on paper. Computers are machines, and at the most basic level, they are a collection of switches—where 1 represents &quot;on&quot; and 0 represents &quot;off&quot;. Everything that a computer does is implemented in this most basic of all numbering systems—''binary''. If you really wanted to tell a computer what to do directly, you'd have to talk to it in ''binary'', giving it coded sequences of 1s and 0s that tell it which instructions to execute. However, this is nearly impossible. In practice, we use a ''programming language''.

[[File:Programming language.png|center]]

with algorithm and flowchart for solving problem:

[[File:Programming.png|center|Programming]]

== What is a programming language? ==
A '''[[:Category:Programming languages|programming language]]''' is, as the name would suggest, a language developed to express programs. All computers have a native programming language that they understand, commonly referred to as ''[[w:Machine code|machine code]]''. However, machine code is a difficult language for us to follow: amongst a number of difficulties, it is typically expressed in the binary number system, and it is unique to a particular computer architecture (thus two different computers could potentially use two different versions of machine code). Other programming languages, such as [[w:Assembly language|Assembly]], [[w:BASIC|BASIC]], [[w:Java (programming language)|Java]] and [[w:C++|C++]] exist to provide a better interface between us, as the programmers, and the computer, by allowing programs to be expressed in a language that is easier for us to understand and potentially common to a number of computer architectures, but which can still be translated into machine code. In order for this to happen, a computer must either '''compile''' or '''interpret''' programs written in one of these languages before they can be executed.

===Compilation vs Interpretation===
A compiled program has to be modified into machine code before it is used. The binary is then permanently stored. As an analogy, think of a novel that was written in one language and then translated into another. For example, the [[w:Harry Potter|Harry Potter]] novels were written in [[w:British English|British English]], and were then subsequently translated into 67 other languages, including [[w:Hindi|Hindi]], [[w:Latvian|Latvian]], and [[w:Latin|Latin]]. In much the same way, a computer program can be compiled (or &quot;translated&quot;) into machine code, and it may potentially be compiled into different architectures (or &quot;dialects&quot;) of machine code to suit different computers. Each translation will be a unique version of the program, in the same way that each translated book is a unique version of the original novel. To take the analogy further, if I was fortunate enough to have written the first Harry Potter novel, it may be the case that I wouldn't understand the language into which it is translated. Thus I could be given the Latvian version of the novel, and I could reasonably surmise that it tells the same story as the British English one, but I would be unable to read it. In the same sense, the version of my program that has been compiled into machine code might be impossible for me to read: it is said to be &quot;machine-readable&quot;, in that the computer can understand it, but it is far from easily readable for humans.

An interpreted program is stored in a human-readable form. When the program is executed, an interpreter modifies the human-readable content as it is run. This is analogous to the role that a human interpreter performs. For example, rather than translating the British English version of Harry Potter into Latvian and then providing the Latvian version to someone who understands the language, (as per compilation), we could hire a translator who knows both British English and Latvian. The translator may choose to read each line from the British English novel, translate each line (one at a time) into Latvian, and, as each line is translated, relate it to the listener. The computer interpreter performs the same function: it reads an instruction in one programming language, translates it into machine code, and then executes the machine code version. Once that instruction is out of the way, it moves along to the next, performing exactly the same task, in much the same way that the interpreter of the Harry Potter novel would move on to the next line once the first has been related. Unlike compiled programs, at no point is a complete, discrete, machine code version of the program produced: at any point in time only a small number of instructions exist as machine code versions, and these will be removed from the computer's memory when they are no longer required.

There are advantages for both types of software development. As a generalization, compiled programs are faster to run but slower to develop. Compiled programs often run faster because the computer only needs to execute the previously translated instructions. In interpreted languages, every time the program is run the computer also needs to translate each of the instructions. This translation causes a delay, slowing the execution of the program. On the other hand, interpreted languages are often written in a smaller time frame, because the languages are simpler and the whole program does not need to be compiled each time a new feature is bug tested.

Features of both approaches are discussed in more detail later.

===Levels of programming language===

Programming languages are described in levels. Low-level programming is close to machine code, high-level programming is closer to natural languages. At the most basic level (or &quot;lowest level&quot;) is '''assembly''' language. This language is just a direct translation of the binary instructions the computer executes—each assembly language instruction directly relates to one in machine code. Thus just as every kind of processor architecture has its own machine code, each processor architecture also has its own assembly language.

Here's how to add two numbers in MIPS assembly:

 LUI  R1, #1
 LUI  R2, #2
 DADD R3, R1, R2

This just did the calculation ''1 + 2 = 3''. Very roughly, the first two lines load the numbers &quot;1&quot; and &quot;2&quot; into the computer's memory, and the third instruction tells the computer to add the values together and store the result. 

As you can see from the example, assembly language is quite dissimilar to natural languages. Higher level languages both get closer to natural languages and provide more efficient methods of expressing the instructions—thus to implement a given feature for a program in assembly language almost always requires more code than implementing the same feature in a higher level language such as [[w:C_(programming_language)|C]] or [[w:C++|C++]]. Assembly language gives the programmer the ultimate in flexibility and performance, at the expense of complexity and development time. 

* Reading Assignment: [[w:Assembly_language|Assembly language]] (Wikipedia article)

High-level languages look more like natural language with mathematical operations thrown in. These languages require more translation before the computer will understand them, but they are much easier to write. Here's what the same program might look like in a high-level language:

 x = 1 + 2;

The variation between different programming languages can be quite extensive. Traditionally, the first program a programmer writes in a new language is Hello World—a simple program that outputs the phrase &quot;Hello world!&quot; (or a variation thereof) to the user. As will be clear from the following examples, even this seemingly simple task can be expressed in many different ways depending on which language is being used. For example:

In '''C''':

 #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
 
 int main() {
   printf(&quot;Hello World!\n&quot;);
   return 0;
 }

In '''BASIC''':

 10 PRINT &quot;Hello world!&quot;
 20 END

In '''Java''':

 public class HelloWorld
 {
   public static void main(string[] args)
   {
     System.out.println(&quot;Hello world!&quot;);
   }
 } 

In '''Pascal''':

 program HelloWorld;
 
 begin
   writeln('Hello World');
 end.

In '''Perl''':

 #!/usr/bin/perl
 print &quot;Hello World!\n&quot;;

In '''Python:'''&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python3&quot;&gt;
print(&quot;Hello World!&quot;)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Of these examples, C is considered to be the &quot;lowest level&quot; language, which is to say that it is the closest to machine code. The others are considered to be higher level languages, and thus are (generally) closer to natural languages. Some of the complexity you can see, especially with Java, derives from the way the programs are structured: Java is an object-oriented language, while Pascal, to pick but one, is a procedural language. However, this is something that we will need to address later.

* Reading Assignments
**[[w:High-level programming language|High-level programming languages]] (Wikipedia article)
**Optional: [http://www.roesler-ac.de/wolfram/hello.htm The Hello World Collection] (Offsite collection of &quot;Hello, World!&quot; programs)

* Activity
**Discuss why you think that there are so many different programming languages; why do you believe that a programmer would choose one over the other? It may be worth comparing this question to why there are so many different natural languages, and ask why someone who is multi-lingual might choose to use one natural language over another.

===Translation schemes===

Depending on the language used, and the particular implementation of the language used, the process to translate high-level language statements to actions may involve compilation and interpretation. Compilation is handled by a special program called a &quot;compiler&quot;. Interpretation is a process in which language statements are realized into actions, and is conducted either by the [[w:CPU|CPU]] or by a special program called an &quot;interpreter&quot; or ''[[w:Virtual Machine|Virtual Machine]]''.

Translating source code to machine code instructions is a process that is generally restricted to the compiled scheme and interpreted scheme. A common misunderstanding is that these schemes are properties of the language itself. Technically speaking, they are properties of the ''implementation'' of the language. Thus different implementations of the one language may produce compiled or interpreted code.

To further complicate matters, perfect classification of different schemes is difficult. To illustrate this, we will discuss the following examples below:
* An implementation using multiple schemes
* Multiple implementations using multiple schemes 
* An implementation changing their scheme
* An implementation using a mixed scheme

* '''Compiled Scheme'''. A program's source code is compiled to machine code/binary/executable. This executable is then interpreted by the CPU (in practice, most compilers do not compile directly to machine code, many compile to C then to assembly before recompiling to machine code, this process is usually done transparently). Example: [[w:GNU_Compiler_Collection|GCC]] ([[w:C_(programming_language)|C]], [[w:C%2B%2B|C++]]), [[w:MSVC|MSVC]] (C/C++), [[w:Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler|ghc]] ([[w:Haskell|Haskell]]), [[w:Free_Pascal|fpc]] ([[w:Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]]), [[w:GNU_Pascal|gpc]] ([[w:Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]]), [[w:V8JavaScript_engine|V8]] ([[w:JavaScript|JavaScript]]), Visual Basic 6 Native Code (BASIC)

* '''Interpreted Scheme'''. A program's source code is interpreted line-by-line by a program called Interpreter, when there is a control structure . In practice, this scheme is very rarely used, because the interpreter had to reinterpret the source code every time the line is executed again and because it isn't very hard to cleanly move to any one of the mixed schemes. Example: PHP 3 and before (PHP), SpiderMonkey (JavaScript)

* '''Mixed Scheme'''. This is a group of schemes that involves a compilation to an intermediate form but it is never compiled to machine code. Note that some languages implementation in this scheme (e.g. Sun Java) might selectively compile parts of its code to machine code (Just-In-Time compilation) for optimization purpose
** '''Virtual Machine Scheme'''. A program's source code is compiled to a platform-independent byte-code file, which resembles machine code but cannot be run directly by the CPU. Instead, a special program called [[w:Virtual_machine|Virtual Machine]] would interpret the byte-code. Example: javac and JVM (Sun Java), CPython (Python), PHP 4 and above (PHP), Visual Basic 6 P-code (BASIC), various .NET languages (C#, VB.NET).
** '''Abstract Syntax Tree Scheme'''. A program's source code is compiled to an in-memory object equivalent of the source code. Thus, the source code is only read once and the program is run from this tree. Example: perl (Perl), pugs (Perl)

Also note that all languages are theoretically able to be implemented in every scheme. However, each language fits a certain scheme better than other schemes.

Some shortsighted programmers consider interpreted languages to be inferior because they are slower compared with compiled languages. In fact, because of their dynamic nature, interpreted languages can be substantially more flexible, easier to learn, and faster to develop—sometimes you can have your program weeks sooner for the small price of being a fraction of a second slower; especially when you are using the fast computers of the modern age. In some limited cases, an interpreted language's core functions might be so highly optimized to the extent that an average quality program in compiled language could be slower than one written in interpreted language. In other cases (like applications using a database, or network access) a majority of your application's time is spent waiting to access data or the network, and using a &quot;faster&quot; compiled language will not make much difference. In fact, the general rule is: '''don't choose a language because it's faster'''. Otherwise, you'd be better off using assembly language directly. Choose a language you're comfortable with, one that looks &quot;sexy&quot; to you. It will be your friend during your whole programming work so choose well. Try several languages out before making a definitive choice.

It would be nice to have one language to &quot;rule them all&quot;—but we don't.  The fact is, many different languages exist for different purposes.  There are a few languages that fulfill a wide variety of programming needs, but to encompass all of them, it would have to be such a huge undertaking and become cumbersome and segmented as programmers begin customizing the language to their needs. Truth be told, many languages have become customized thus and released as independent packages, simplified for a smaller audience and streamlined for efficiency in that area only. Lua is for example targeted for scripting in games. While it's usable from outside of this context, that specific context is where it will probably be the most efficient/adapted.

== Why should we create computer programs? ==

What is it that makes computer programming useful or pointless? What are the goals, common problems, and solutions related with computer programming?

'''Optional reading''': [[w:Computer programming#History|History of programming]]—what problems and tasks motivated the invention of programmable machines?

Writing a program without knowing what problem you are trying to solve is the equivalent of swinging a knife without knowing what it is that you want to cut.

Code with a purpose. This is how:

===Basic goals of computer programming===
When you are planning to create a computer program you should:
* Ensure your program fulfills the need it is addressing.
* Ensure that people can easily use your program.
* Ensure that it is easy to understand, fix, and improve your program without a major time investment.
* Enhance problem solving using logic.
* Developing a high understanding of principles in programming.
* Demonstrating basic concepts, and software applications.
* Recognizing ethical working codes.

===Common problems===
These are very common mistakes programmers make:
* Your program does not do a job any better than an available alternative program. At best, you're re-inventing the wheel. 
* Your program does not work as intended. 
* Your program is too complicated or too primitive to be useful to most people. 
* Other people, or yourself at a later time, can't understand the programming behind your program. This means your project won't grow.

===Solutions===
* Utility and Usability
** Survey the field to look for programs similar to what you intend to develop. Determine what you like and don't like about those programs. Figure out ways to improve those programs.
** Find source code for similar programs to what you want to make if at all possible. Unfortunately, people often write a lot of inferior code and leave it floating around the Internet. Don't be one of those people. Only release useful, well-written programs.
** Thoroughly plan what you want your program to do before you start working on it. One way to do this is to make a flowchart of what you want your program to do.
** Aim towards the maximum functionality your program can achieve while maintaining minimal complexity. Think of the iPod, matchstick, doorknob and television. They are simple yet effective.
** If possible, talk to people who might use your program to get an idea of what features they would want or expect.
** Remember the 80–20 rule: 20% of the features in most programs are used 80% of the time. If you can successfully identify even a few of the seldom used features and leave them out, you can save yourself some time and frustration.
* Maintainability
** Make it easy for someone to look at your program's source code and understand what's going on.
** Use comments when you're doing somewhat complicated things in your program, or when in doubt.
** Always choose readability of your code over memory performance. Though in the short run this may not always be the best choice, in the long run, the performance can be improved if the code is easy to understand.
** Use simple, easy-to-understand names for variables. The convention is that a variable should be written variable_name or variableName.
** Look at examples of source code, and especially source code intended as an example of proper programming form. Recognize the structure they're using to make things simple.

===Make programming easy for you and everybody else===

Computers and computer programs are intended to make our lives easier, not more complicated.

Programmers have figured out a very good way of doing things: '''[[w:Free_software|Free Software]]'''.

Free Software is software written by an author who has released that software with the source code, freely available for anybody to look at, modify, improve and implement into their own software. Just like wiki, this is an easy, efficient and useful way of doing things.

To make programming easier for all coders, you should:
* Release under GPL '''[[w:GPL|GNU General Public License]]'''
* Take advantage of Free Software to create more Free Software
* Make your code readable and efficient

== How does one become a programmer? ==

A programmer is generally tasked with producing a solution to a problem via a computer program, which can be reused as various particular instances of that problem arise.  To accomplish this task, the programmer therefore must be able to '''understand the problem''', '''derive an appropriate solution''', and then be able to '''effectively express that solution''' in a computer programming language.    

The first prerequisite to becoming a programmer is to develop a strong background in problem solving as is often required in fields such as mathematics and engineering.  The ability to formally, concisely, and clearly state a problem and then derive its solution is a fundamental skill that precedes the process of any computer coding.  The study of computer algorithms focuses on the generalized problem solving approaches often applicable in computer science.  Techniques such as programming design patterns provide practical templates which often help frame solutions in an understandable, reusable manner.  In general, there are many different classes of problems in computer science that require different techniques to solve effectively: having a strong repertoire of approaches aids in finding good solutions.

The second prerequisite to becoming a programmer is knowing a programming language with which to express a particular solution to a problem.  A programming language is a tool, which practice will help hone into expertise.  Learning multiple languages can often be helpful as the process will demonstrate the particular strengths of different approaches to solving particular classes of problems&lt;ref&gt;For further information on programming languages and how they vary, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=RX8RPlmygxkC Scott, M. L. 2005 ''Programming Language Pragmatics''. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.]&lt;/ref&gt;.

In both these areas, practice is essential.  Exposure to a wide variety of problems and tools to solve them will increase your understanding of the field as whole, to judge for yourself the relative merit of techniques in the field, as well as to discover unique, new approaches to addressing the problems of computer science.  As with the practice of any new skill, do not be afraid to make mistakes, to redo earlier work, or to stumble along the way to expertise.

Those unfamiliar with programming may think it is like a write-up, written linearly from beginning to end. That is not the case. Instead, it rather resembles sculpting. 

Don't be afraid to make mistakes because you ''will'' make them—constantly and for the rest of your career. Even the best programmers make mistakes regularly (if they try to say differently then they are either lying or deluded). Making mistakes is really part of the programing process. Someone said, to find a solution to a problem you must partly solve the problem. So you'll probably end up rewriting parts of your programs several times. Part of what distinguishes better programmers is their ability to catch at least some mistakes before they become a problem. Nobody can catch them all without help. Well, nobody can catch them all : there is no bug-free program. Additionally, it is good coding practice to code the smallest modules of a program, one at a time.  This provides an isolated testing environment.  Just be sure that everything is planned carefully from the outset, so that the little modules are not &quot;orphaned&quot; from other modules that they need to run.  Note that when this approach is used, care should be taken to lay the foundation first, making careful note of &quot;dependencies&quot; within the program; code modules upon which other modules rely first, and then code higher-level modules after the foundations have been thoroughly tested. Unit testing is a good programming practice. Some programming processes, such as XP (eXtreme Programming), recommend to write tests ''before'' actual code.

Learn to work with others in a team environment. People have different strengths and weaknesses and a good team can bring together people whose strengths and weaknesses are complementary. The members of a team can teach each other. Most importantly, teams can tackle problems that would be too big for an individual. Beware, though, teams are '''not''' easy to lead and you can easily make a project a disaster by just gathering as many people as you can. If you want to work with a team, come with a solid design and a strong vision of what the project should look like when it's finished. If other members of the team suggest new ideas, take them with consideration but do not fall in the feature-greed pitfall, e.g. your project is never finished because the final goal grows beyond all proportions. As the XP process suggest, make small and frequent releases, prefer '''running''' code to vague and abstract design. Also, be careful how you go about this, you may not always agree with your team and that's okay!

As you continue to practice the art, take some time here and there to learn about the underlying theory that makes up the field commonly referred to as '''[[School:Computer science|Computer Science]]'''.

* [[Introduction to Programming/Programming Languages | Next Lesson]]
* [[Introduction to Programming]]


[[Category:Introduction to Programming]]

== Footnotes ==
&lt;references /&gt;
2.[http://www.moway-robot.com Educational tool to discover the Programming]</text>
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      <comment>I added a 'Syntax' section</comment>
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      <text bytes="1267" sha1="jirra8qzlvzk7480oc62357nhzqpf2i" xml:space="preserve">== Syntax ==
x86 assembly language has two main syntaxes:

[[Intel Syntax x86|Intel Syntax]]:

* '''Operand Order:''' Destination operand, then source operand.
* '''Register Names:''' No special characters.
* '''Immediate Values:''' No special characters.

[[AT&amp;T-x86|AT&amp;T Syntax]]:

* '''Operand Order:''' Source operand, then destination operand.
* '''Register Names:''' Preceded by a &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; sign.
* '''Immediate Values:''' Preceded by a &lt;code&gt;$&lt;/code&gt; sign.

==See also==
* [[/x86 Instruction Set/]]
* [[Operating Systems/x86]]
* [[Operating Systems/basic x86 bootsector]]
* [[Operating Systems/Booting]]
* [[:Category:Assembly language]]
* [[Topic:Assembly language]]
* [[PPC Assembly Language]]
* [[ARM Assembly Language]]

== External Links==
* [[Wikipedia: Physical Address Extension]]
* [[Wikibooks: x86]]
* [[Wikipedia: x86 architecture]]
* [[Wikipedia: x86 assembly language]]
* [[Wikipedia: x86-64]]
* [[Wikipedia: x86 calling conventions]]
* [[Wikipedia: x86 instruction listings]]
* [[Wikipedia: INT (x86 instruction)]]
* [[Wikipedia: MOV (x86 instruction)]]
* [[Wikipedia: Assembly language]]
* [http://www.namesdir.com/mirrors/nongnu/pgubook/ProgrammingGroundUp-1-0-lettersize.pdf Programming from the Ground Up]

[[Category:Assembly language]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Precambrian/Archean eon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>112302</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-12-02T09:44:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alex26337</username>
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      <text bytes="3763" sha1="jx1fm7iia389kwt141ql3r3w22w2bfk" xml:space="preserve">{{Precambrian}}
The Archean Eon spans from around 4.031 to 2.5 billion years ago (Ga), and contains about 45% of earth's history. The oldest fossils are found in the Archean Eon. The age of the oldest preserved rocks on Earth's surface has been formally proposed as a definition for the base of the Archaean.

Some examples of these old preserved rocks are Apex Chert (3.465 billion years old) and stromatolites (3.45 billion years old) from Australia, and the Swaziland microfossils from Africa (also about 3.45 billion years old)

During the Archean Eon the earth acquired its basic configuration with the mantel and crust surrounding the core. This general period, from about 3.0 to 2.5  billion years ago, was the period of maximum continent formation.  70% of continental landmasses date from this period (Thus, most of the continents  are extremely ancient).  Modern Earth sciences recognize that the present continents are built around cores of extremely ancient rock, called &quot;shields&quot;.  A large part of Australia is a &quot;shield&quot;, as is much of Canada, India, Siberia, and Scandinavia. 

None of the Archean Eon's eras have been further subdivided into periods.

== Geological eras ==
=== Eoarchean ===
[[Image:Temagami greenstone belt pillow lava3.jpg|left|thumbnail|Greenstone Belt]]
The Eoarechean era is bound at 4.031 to 3.6 billion years ago.It is best known through the Isua Greenstone Belt, which is the oldest known rock formation (3.8 - 3.7 billion years old). It is located in Greenland. The Greenstone belt contains metamorphosed volcanic (mafic) and sedimentary rocks.Crust formation continued throughout this era.

&lt;div style=&quot;clear:left;&quot;/&gt;
=== Paleoarchean ===
[[Image:Stromatolites in Sharkbay.jpg|left|thumbnail|Stromatolites]]
The Paleoarchean era is bound at 3.6 to 3.2 billion years ago. Both archaea and eubacteria evolved during the paleoarchean, implying that the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) of all life of earth existed during this era. The oldest stromatolites date back to about 3.5 billion years, within the Paleoarchean.Vast numbers of cyanobacteria were instrumental in changing the geology of earth and the evolution of life through the production of oxygen. The carbon isotopes in rocks point to photosynthesis. Continent formation continued throughout the Paleoarchean.

&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;/&gt;
=== Mesoarchean ===
[[Image:Banded Iron Formation Barberton.jpg|right|thumbnail|Banded Iron Formations]]
The Mesoarchean era is bound at 3.2 to 2.8 billion years ago. Plate tectonics forced the separation of the Kaapvaal and Pilbara cratons, and the separation of these ancient parts of South Africa and Australia was complete by the end of the Mesoarchean, around 2.8 billion years ago. Another super continent that may have originated during the mesoarchean was Ur. The first incontrovertible fossils appear from this time. All life from this period was consequently anaerobic. The oldest banded iron formations (BIFs) are dated to this period.

=== Neoarchean ===
The Neoarchean era is bound at 2.8 to 2.5 billion years ago. Cyanobacteria started producing significant amounts of oxygen in this period.Lead to the Oxygen Catastrophe during the early proterozoic, in which rising levels of oxygen poisoned much of the life that existed at the time. Large continents first appeared on earth, with modern plate tectonics (with subduction zones, continental plates sliding over each other and the upwelling of lava to produce new crust where continental plates tore apart). This is when the first large continent shields were formed.

== References ==
http://essayweb.net/geology/timeline/archean.shtml
&lt;br/&gt;http://www.palaeos.com/Archean/Archean.htm
&lt;br/&gt;http://www.chriscon.org/timeline.pdf

[[Category:Precambrian]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Precambrian/Proterozoic eon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Updated Ediacaran-Cambrian time boundary based on new standards.</comment>
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      <text bytes="8985" sha1="qvopzkvmaq7rpvumzy4vrfc1sxutj6k" xml:space="preserve">{{Precambrian}}
The Proterozoic Eon spanned from 2.5 Billion Years Ago to 538.8 Million Years Ago and comprises 42% of Earth's entire History.  The Eon is divided into the following three Eras:
*Paleo-Proterozoic Era - 2.6 Billion Years Ago to 1.6 Billion Years Ago
*Meso-Proterozoic Era - 1.6 Billion Years Ago to 1.0 Billion Years Ago
*Neo-Proterozoic Era - 1.0 Billion Years Ago to 538.8 Million Years Ago

During the Proterozoic Eon, the Earth started to exhibit modern characteristics of plate tectonics, sedimentation and a global climate.  Major orogenies occurred throughout the Proterozoic Eon.  During the Paleo-Proterozoic Era, the first large continent Laurentia was formed and the Earth had its first ice age.  The supercontinet Rodinia was formed during the Meso-Proterozoic ERA and broke apart during the Neo-Proterozoic.  The Neo-Proterozoic Era also saw the creation of the modern day Pacific Ocean, and increased glaciation; as well as the proliferation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and the evolution of multi-cellular organisms.

== Paleo-Proterozoic Era - 2.5 Billion Years Ago to 1.6 Billion Years Ago ==

=== Laurentia ===
The first major event of the Paleo-Proterozoic Era was the formation of of Laurentia.  Laurentia was the Earth's first large continent, and it formed when many of the separated Precambrian provinces came together.  Plate tectonics moved the provinces together and sutured them along orogens as the continental crust collided.  Orogens are linear tracts of deformed rocks created by compressional forces and metamorphism that accompany mountain building.  The Wopmay orogen in Canada's Northwest Territory is one example of an orogeny and shows a sequence of events called a Wilson Cycle.  A Wilson cycle has three steps:
#The opening of an ocean basin
#Sedimentation occurs along the margins of the rifting and spreading continents
#Closing of the ocean basin through plate tectonics
The rifting, plate tectonics and deposition of sediment that occur in the Wilson Cycle are a Proterozoic example of modern geological processes that occurred during the Proterozoic Eon.

=== Earth's First Ice age ===

During the Paleo-proterozoic Era, the Earth experienced global glaciation.  Evidence of this eustatic glaciation lies North of Lake Huron in the form of alternating layers of varved mudstones and tillites that were deposited between 2.6 billion years ago and 2.1 billion years ago and show that glaciers were once present.  A varve is a thin sedimentary layer or pair of layers that represent the depositional record of a single year and usually form in glacial meltwater lakes.  Tillites are unsorted glacial drift that has been converted into solid rock.  The Paleo-proterozic glaciation was most likely the Earth's first ice age.

=== Banded Iron Formations(BIF)===
[[Image:BIFormation.JPG|250px|right]]
Though they started appearing in the Archean Eon, Banded Iron Formations (or BIFs) became prevalent in the Paleo-Proterozoic.  BIFs are cherts that show alternating bands of dark red and light gray.  The dark red bands are made up of hematite and magnetite (iron oxide minerals).  The light gray bands are chemically precipitated quartz.  The formations formed on shallow sea floors as underwater hydrothermal vents dissolved iron and other elements.  The iron reacted with the oxygen to form compounds that became part of the sediment on the sea floor.  The alternating iron oxide bands correlate to the oscillating levels of oxygen in the Proterozoic atmosphere.  When atmospheric oxygen levels were high, free oxygen was able to combine with the iron and make the rust-red color.  As oxygen levels dropped, there was no free oxygen to combine with the iron and the gray bands were made.
A banded iron sequence near Lake Superior contains an interesting rock formation called the Gunflint Chert.  The 1.9 billion year old Gunflint Chert contains prokaryotic organisms and cyanobacteria.  Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic, photosynthetic microorganisms that possess chlorophyll and produce oxygen.

== Meso-Proterozoic Era - 1.6 Billion Years Ago to 1.0 Billion Years Ago ==

=== Rodinia ===

The Meso-Proterozoic Era brought about the creation of the new supercontinent Rodinia.  Rodinia was formed when Laurentia collided with other smaller land masses.  Its size rivaled that of the supercontinent Pangea.  The continental collisions that occurred during the formation of Rodinia created numerous orogenies, including the Greenville Orogeny in present day North America. Greenville rocks originally started out as carbonates and sandstones, but the orogenic forces placed upon them as land masses collided turned them into metamorphic rocks that contained many igneous intrusions.  The figure to the right shows how the Earth’s land masses assembled to form Rodinia.  Continents during this time were oriented in a far different manner than they are today.  For instance, the east coast of North America was next to Antarctica and Australia.  Rodinia was fully assembled by the end of the Meso-Proterozoic.

== Neo-Proterozoic Era - 1.0 Billion Years Ago to 538.8 Million Years Ago ==

=== Rodinia Breaks Up ===
About 750 million years ago, during the Neo-Proterozoic Era, Rodinia began to break apart.  The proto-Pacific Ocean (also called the Panthalassa) was created as rifting occurred, land masses separated and ocean water filled rift valleys.  The aptly named proto-Pacific ocean eventually became the modern day Pacific Ocean.

=== Ice Age ===
During the Neo-Proterozoic, comprehensive global glaciation occurred again. Evidence of the Varangian glaciation is seen in tillites, dropstones and striations found in Neo-Proterozoic rocks on virtually all of Earth's landmasses.  There are two prevalent hypotheses as to the cause of the glaciation.  One is that highly reflective land masses reflected the Sun's energy away from the Earth's surface.  As the ice caps grew, the new ice reflected even more energy and the Earth's temperature continued to drop and glaciers formed.  The second hypothesis is that carbon dioxide levels in the Earth's atmosphere dropped and decreased the greenhouse effect.  The decrease of carbon dioxide and the increase of oxygen were further perpetuated by the proliferation of photosynthetic organisms.  The lack of the greenhouse gasses resulted in cooling the Earth and formation of glaciers.

=== Proterozoic Life ===
[[Image:Celltypes.svg|350px|right]]While Prokaryotes appeared on the Earth during the Archean, they flourished during the Proterozoic Eon.  Prokaryotes are any cellular organisms that have no nuclear membrane, no organelles in the cytoplasm except ribosomes, and have genetic material in the form of single continuous strands forming coils or loops.  Stromatolites, which still exist today in Sharks Bay Australia are one example of a Prokaryotic organism.  Prokaryotes became more structurally complex and evolved into Eukaryotes.  Eukaryotes are organisms that have as its fundamental structural unit a cell, that contains specialized organelles in the cytoplasm, a membrane-bound nucleus enclosing genetic material organized into chromosomes, and an elaborate system of division by mitosis or meiosis.  Some examples are stromatolites, Animeka, Kakabekia, Eosphaera, and Acritarchs.  Evidence of multi-cellular animals (Metazoans) from approximately 570 million years ago was discovered in South China and Australia.   Some examples of Proterozoic Metazoans are Cyclomedusa, Tribrachidium, Cloudina, and Charniodiscus.  Eukaryotes are incredible important because they are the first cells in Earth history to reproduce sexually.  Acritarchs are one example of a Proterozoic Eukaryote.  Just before the end of the Proterozoic Eon, there was one last major jump in evolutionary diversification.  Eukaryotes evolved into multi-cellular animals, or metazoans.  Metazoans are multi-cellular animals that possess more than one kind of cell and have their cells organized into tissues and organs.  Kimberella was a jellyfish like Proterozoic metazoan of special note because it was the first organism to contain a coelum, or body cavity in which the digestive tract and internal organs were suspended.  Metazoans were a major building block in the evolution of much of life on earth today.

== References ==
*Cloud, Preston. Oasis in Space: Earth History From the Beginning. New York: W. W. Norton &amp; Company Inc., 1988. Print
*Fedonkin, Mikhail A., James G. Gehling, Kathleen Grey, Guy M. Narbonne,and Patricia Vickers-Rich. The Rise of Animals: Evolution and Diversification of the Kingdom Animalia. Maryland: The John Hoplins University Press, 2007. Print.
*Levin, Harold. The Earth Through Time. New Jersey: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., 2006. Print.
*Lunine, Jonathan L. Earth: Evolution of a Habitable World, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Print.
*Walker, Gabriel. Snowball Earth. New York: Crown Publishers, 2003. Print.


[[Category:Precambrian]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Characteristics of research</title>
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        <ip>120.29.77.113</ip>
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      <comment>sureness</comment>
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      <text bytes="1430" sha1="1ktzz0xj0y0cg1x5nqlhpcgdjfx34r8" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Mitarbeiterin der EMPA in St-Gallen.jpg|right|220px|Research scientist]]
;Features of [[Research]]
# Empirical - based on observations and [[experimentation]]
# Systematic - follows orderly and sequential procedure.
# Controlled - all variables except those that are tested/experimented upon are kept constant. BOSSING
# Employs [[hypothesis]] - sheeshable process
# Analytical - There is critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in their interpretation 
# Objective, Unbiased, &amp; Logical - all findings are logically based on empirical.
# Employs quantitative or statistical methods - data are transformed into numerical measures and are treated statistically.

== See Also ==
* [[Thinking Scientifically]]
* [[Writing discipline specific research papers]]
* [[Wikipedia: Research]]
* [[Wikibooks: Research Methods]]

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |isbn=978-0-201-11519-2 |title=The fifth generation: Artificial intelligence and Japan's computer challenge to the world |last1=Feigenbaum |first1=Edward A. |last2=McCorduck |first2=Pamela |year=1983 }}
* {{cite book |isbn=978-1-84628-475-5 |title=An Introduction to Knowledge Engineering |last1=Kendal |first1=Simon |last2=Creen |first2=Malcolm |date=2006-10-04}}
* {{cite book |isbn=0-13-103805-2 |title=Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach |last1=Russell |first1=Stuart Jonathan |last2=Norvig |first2=Peter |year=1995 }}

[[Category:Research]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat */</comment>
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      <text bytes="9910" sha1="t5ou09mikcqem2hnzei5das2n2ooa0g" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pande Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sarveshvara Ghat|Sarveshvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya and Causatthi Ghats| Digpatiya and Causatthi Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga and Munshi Ghats| Darbhanga and Munshi Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta and Nepali Ghats| Phuta and Nepali Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats| Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats| Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats| Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat| Pancaganga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats| Durga and Brahma Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats| Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat| Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat| Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats| Gola and Nandishvara Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat| Raj Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>t5ou09mikcqem2hnzei5das2n2ooa0g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689701</id>
      <parentid>2689693</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T12:15:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2689701</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9839" sha1="12le106tcf3vaz9k8fqrc63i4stxmyl" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pande Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya and Causatthi Ghats| Digpatiya and Causatthi Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga and Munshi Ghats| Darbhanga and Munshi Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta and Nepali Ghats| Phuta and Nepali Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats| Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats| Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats| Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat| Pancaganga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats| Durga and Brahma Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats| Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat| Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat| Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats| Gola and Nandishvara Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat| Raj Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>12le106tcf3vaz9k8fqrc63i4stxmyl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689707</id>
      <parentid>2689701</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T12:22:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat */</comment>
      <origin>2689707</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9853" sha1="7j12wq5jyvuyjpwitl1e7f5l9s8twzr" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya and Causatthi Ghats| Digpatiya and Causatthi Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga and Munshi Ghats| Darbhanga and Munshi Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta and Nepali Ghats| Phuta and Nepali Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats| Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats| Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats| Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat| Pancaganga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats| Durga and Brahma Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats| Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat| Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat| Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats| Gola and Nandishvara Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat| Raj Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>7j12wq5jyvuyjpwitl1e7f5l9s8twzr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689708</id>
      <parentid>2689707</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T13:35:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat */</comment>
      <origin>2689708</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9838" sha1="6hzbnwdg7y6mcetyugt2kaqsnu2b885" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya and Causatthi Ghats| Digpatiya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga and Munshi Ghats| Darbhanga and Munshi Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta and Nepali Ghats| Phuta and Nepali Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats| Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats| Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats| Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat| Pancaganga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats| Durga and Brahma Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats| Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat| Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat| Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats| Gola and Nandishvara Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat| Raj Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>6hzbnwdg7y6mcetyugt2kaqsnu2b885</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689709</id>
      <parentid>2689708</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T13:40:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/*  Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat */</comment>
      <origin>2689709</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9518" sha1="qhce5np7q4bk0tqq9ncw0zq65763rkb" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya and Causatthi Ghats| Digpatiya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga and Munshi Ghats| Darbhanga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta and Nepali Ghats| Phuta Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats| Jalashayi Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats| Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats|DurgaGhats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats| Bundi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat| Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat| Lal Ghat]] 
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats| Gola Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Sakka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>qhce5np7q4bk0tqq9ncw0zq65763rkb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689715</id>
      <parentid>2689709</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T13:44:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat */</comment>
      <origin>2689715</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9502" sha1="2o5nyr1xz1pw6u173kajbetm6lue7e3" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat|Digpatiya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga and Munshi Ghats| Darbhanga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta and Nepali Ghats| Phuta Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats| Jalashayi Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats| Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats|DurgaGhats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats| Bundi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat| Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat| Lal Ghat]] 
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats| Gola Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Sakka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>2o5nyr1xz1pw6u173kajbetm6lue7e3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689724</id>
      <parentid>2689715</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T13:52:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/*  Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat */</comment>
      <origin>2689724</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9496" sha1="d1ytz6mhv2nz9bc0ghhgfacvi8nny9k" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat|Digpatiya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Munshi Ghat|Darbhanga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta and Nepali Ghats| Phuta Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats| Jalashayi Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats| Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats|DurgaGhats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats| Bundi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat| Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat| Lal Ghat]] 
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats| Gola Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Sakka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>d1ytz6mhv2nz9bc0ghhgfacvi8nny9k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689727</id>
      <parentid>2689724</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T13:55:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/*  Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat */</comment>
      <origin>2689727</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9489" sha1="2n96xi2bfajjzaq5sspi01ubo4d9dp9" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat|Digpatiya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat|Darbhanga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta and Nepali Ghats| Phuta Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats| Jalashayi Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats| Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats|DurgaGhats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats| Bundi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat| Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat| Lal Ghat]] 
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats| Gola Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Sakka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>2n96xi2bfajjzaq5sspi01ubo4d9dp9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689732</id>
      <parentid>2689727</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T14:02:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/*  Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat */</comment>
      <origin>2689732</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9475" sha1="mm7ft0f87uhw7nq9st3806u7d4mntg6" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat|Digpatiya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat|Darbhanga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta Ghat|Phuta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats| Jalashayi Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats| Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats|DurgaGhats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats| Bundi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat| Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat| Lal Ghat]] 
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats| Gola Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Sakka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>mm7ft0f87uhw7nq9st3806u7d4mntg6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689747</id>
      <parentid>2689732</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T18:37:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/*  Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat */</comment>
      <origin>2689747</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9460" sha1="an4q41eb9og0niyk0r2er6pi8ysoe0u" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat|Digpatiya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat|Darbhanga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta Ghat|Phuta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi Ghat|Jalashayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats| Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats|DurgaGhats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats| Bundi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat| Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat| Lal Ghat]] 
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats| Gola Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Sakka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>an4q41eb9og0niyk0r2er6pi8ysoe0u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689752</id>
      <parentid>2689747</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T18:44:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/*  Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat */</comment>
      <origin>2689752</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9480" sha1="tw6vkqbiam75ml8f0trpdmt5g533wcq" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat|Digpatiya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat|Darbhanga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta Ghat|Phuta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat|Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats| Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats|DurgaGhats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats| Bundi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat| Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat| Lal Ghat]] 
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats| Gola Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Sakka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>tw6vkqbiam75ml8f0trpdmt5g533wcq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689759</id>
      <parentid>2689752</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T18:53:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat */</comment>
      <origin>2689759</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9466" sha1="ehwp2b8xx4hch6zvik5liqk3iomb40z" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat|Digpatiya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat|Darbhanga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta Ghat|Phuta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat|Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat|Scindhya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats| Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats|DurgaGhats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats| Bundi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat| Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat| Lal Ghat]] 
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats| Gola Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Sakka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ehwp2b8xx4hch6zvik5liqk3iomb40z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689773</id>
      <parentid>2689759</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T19:07:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat */</comment>
      <origin>2689773</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9445" sha1="o837qgt0lc7z43yuf3jxekjsi4aiiwe" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat|Digpatiya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat|Darbhanga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta Ghat|Phuta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat|Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat|Scindhya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat|Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats|DurgaGhats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats| Bundi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat| Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat| Lal Ghat]] 
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats| Gola Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Sakka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>o837qgt0lc7z43yuf3jxekjsi4aiiwe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689786</id>
      <parentid>2689773</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T19:21:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat */</comment>
      <origin>2689786</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9504" sha1="ixyz4anb19pgxyunv6zemhxojd3h0i9" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat|Digpatiya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat|Darbhanga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta Ghat|Phuta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat|Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat|Scindhya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat|Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama Ghat]]
* J[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jatar Ghat|Jatar Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats|DurgaGhats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats| Bundi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat| Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat| Lal Ghat]] 
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats| Gola Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Sakka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ixyz4anb19pgxyunv6zemhxojd3h0i9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689787</id>
      <parentid>2689786</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T19:22:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat */</comment>
      <origin>2689787</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9503" sha1="5qkmftwgxr3nr3ufnwwtxwwu9tpetgg" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat|Digpatiya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat|Darbhanga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta Ghat|Phuta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat|Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat|Scindhya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat|Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jatar Ghat|Jatar Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats|DurgaGhats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats| Bundi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat| Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat| Lal Ghat]] 
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats| Gola Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Sakka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>5qkmftwgxr3nr3ufnwwtxwwu9tpetgg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689838</id>
      <parentid>2689787</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T08:27:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/*  Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat */</comment>
      <origin>2689838</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9491" sha1="74fzw78mf75uknc37a8o9yk9o0ap1tf" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat|Digpatiya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat|Darbhanga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta Ghat|Phuta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat|Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat|Scindhya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat|Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jatar Ghat|Jatar Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat|Durga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats| Bundi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat| Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat| Lal Ghat]] 
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats| Gola Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Sakka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>74fzw78mf75uknc37a8o9yk9o0ap1tf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689847</id>
      <parentid>2689838</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T08:34:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/*  Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat */</comment>
      <origin>2689847</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9469" sha1="9q0ildshoocerx7g6uezwfl7811hdw8" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat|Digpatiya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat|Darbhanga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta Ghat|Phuta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat|Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat|Scindhya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat|Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jatar Ghat|Jatar Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat|Durga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Ghat|Bundi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat| Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat| Lal Ghat]] 
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats| Gola Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Sakka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>9q0ildshoocerx7g6uezwfl7811hdw8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689854</id>
      <parentid>2689847</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T08:42:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/*  Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat */</comment>
      <origin>2689854</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9422" sha1="2sy42caohbe3h8uuvq8m7ns19kdb8lj" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat|Digpatiya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat|Darbhanga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta Ghat|Phuta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat|Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat|Scindhya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat|Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jatar Ghat|Jatar Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat|Durga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota Ghat|Bundi Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat| Lal Ghat]] 
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats| Gola Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Sakka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>2sy42caohbe3h8uuvq8m7ns19kdb8lj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689870</id>
      <parentid>2689854</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T09:05:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/*  Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat */</comment>
      <origin>2689870</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9397" sha1="kz00d3trkw67lg3lvwd2iw74enlifd4" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat|Digpatiya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat|Darbhanga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta Ghat|Phuta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat|Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat|Scindhya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat|Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jatar Ghat|Jatar Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat|Durga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota Ghat|Bundi Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat|Lal Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats| Gola Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Sakka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>kz00d3trkw67lg3lvwd2iw74enlifd4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689887</id>
      <parentid>2689870</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T09:40:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/*  Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat */</comment>
      <origin>2689887</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9379" sha1="ixui0de3g9hq1y24nz33ncrnf6a57p0" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat|Digpatiya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat|Darbhanga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta Ghat|Phuta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat|Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat|Scindhya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat|Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jatar Ghat|Jatar Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat|Durga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota Ghat|Bundi Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat|Lal Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola Ghat|Gola Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Sakka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ixui0de3g9hq1y24nz33ncrnf6a57p0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689897</id>
      <parentid>2689887</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T09:48:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/*  Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat */</comment>
      <origin>2689897</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9349" sha1="ohlzug7yd4ebzhk8ssk88z4j71jj6z5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat|Digpatiya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat|Darbhanga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta Ghat|Phuta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat|Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat|Scindhya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat|Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jatar Ghat|Jatar Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat|Durga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota Ghat|Bundi Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat|Lal Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola Ghat|Gola Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka Ghat|Sakka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ohlzug7yd4ebzhk8ssk88z4j71jj6z5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689903</id>
      <parentid>2689897</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T09:53:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/*  Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat */</comment>
      <origin>2689903</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9348" sha1="excu13yh7a75k0u9etnh4vd9f75rpom" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view from South.JPG|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view from South]]
==The Riverfront &amp; Old City Heritage Zone==
[[File:Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Vatsyaraj Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth.jpg|thumb|Varanasi Ghats full view fromNorth]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat| Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jagannath temple complex, Assi | Jagannath temple complex]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lakshminarayan and Sangameshvara, Assi| Lakshminarayan Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sangameshvaran Temple| Sangameshvaran Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat|Assi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala and Rivan Ghat|Ganga Mahal]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rivan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund| Lolarkeshvara and Lolarka Kund]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tulasi Ghat and Arka Vinayaka| Tulasi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Arka Vinayaka|Arka Vinayaka]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhadaini Ghat|Bhadaini]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Janaki Ghat|Janaki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Anandamayi Ghat|Anandamayi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats| Vaccharaja Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jain Ghat| Jain Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nishadaraja ghat|Nishadaraja ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakota ghat| Pancakota ghat]]
====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat| Prabhu Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Chet Singh Ghat and Palace| Chet Singh Ghat and Palace]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Niranjani Ghat|Niranjani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mahanirvani Ghat| Mahanirvani Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat| Gularia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple| Hanuman Ghat and Rameshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Karnataka Ghat|Karnataka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Harishcandra Ghat| Harishcandra Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lali Ghat|Lali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vijayanagara Ghat|Vijayanagara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple| Kedara Ghat and Kedareshvara temple]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat and Environs| Cauki Ghat and Environs]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kshemeshvara Ghat|Kshemeshvara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manasarovara Ghat| Manasarovara Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Narada Ghat| Narada Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Ghat and Temple compound| Raja Ghat and Temple compound]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat|Khori Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat|Pande Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat|Digpatiya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat|Darbhanga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta Ghat|Phuta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat|Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat|Scindhya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat|Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jatar Ghat|Jatar Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat|Durga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota Ghat|Bundi Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat|Lal Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]

====[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola Ghat|Gola Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka Ghat|Sakka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghat| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]

== The Core: [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra|Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dharmakupa Kshetra| Dharmakupa Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Annapurna temple| Annapurna temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vishvanatha (Vishveshvara) temple| Vishvanatha temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha| Adi Vishvanatha]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jnanavapi Mosque| Jnanavapi Mosque]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Razia Mosque| Razia Mosque]]

== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river|Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river]] ==
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramanagar Fort|Ramanagar Fort]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ramalila at Ramanagar| Ramalila at Ramanagar]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>excu13yh7a75k0u9etnh4vd9f75rpom</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>151813</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689756</id>
      <parentid>1824128</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T18:50:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2689756</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="985" sha1="d0o9bfrhmt48g3syf1ictzrxqfiekd4" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]]
----

[[File:Meer Ghat 2.JPG|thumb|Meer Ghat 2]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat| Mir Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta Ghat|Phuta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat| Nepali Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples| Lalita Ghat and Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Samarajeshvara Temple| Samarajeshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat|Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat| Upper part of Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat| Manikarnika Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat|Bajirao Ghat]]


&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>d0o9bfrhmt48g3syf1ictzrxqfiekd4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>151814</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689882</id>
      <parentid>2689593</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T09:36:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2689882</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="867" sha1="g5lr8jhwtu8egbafrxcoxml1nhljgh0" xml:space="preserve">*Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]====
** [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat|Durga Ghat]]
** [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
** [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota Ghat|Bundi Parkota Ghat]]
** [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]
** [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat|Lal Ghat]]
** [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]
** [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
** [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]
** [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
** [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>g5lr8jhwtu8egbafrxcoxml1nhljgh0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689883</id>
      <parentid>2689882</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T09:37:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2689883</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="824" sha1="mi34vrprlf3oxj9ofua9qqtj0095o6l" xml:space="preserve">
** [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat|Durga Ghat]]
** [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
** [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota Ghat|Bundi Parkota Ghat]]
** [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]
** [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat|Lal Ghat]]
** [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]
** [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
** [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]
** [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
** [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>mi34vrprlf3oxj9ofua9qqtj0095o6l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689884</id>
      <parentid>2689883</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T09:38:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2689884</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="811" sha1="0bqy3ng9ib9cng8e336nhlge54zbijb" xml:space="preserve">* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat|Durga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota Ghat|Bundi Parkota Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat| Shitala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat|Lal Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gaya/Gaia Ghat| Gaia Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat| Badri Narayan Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple| Trilocan Ghat and Trilocaneshvara Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Kala Bhairava| Kala Bhairava]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>0bqy3ng9ib9cng8e336nhlge54zbijb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <text bytes="1494" sha1="aqh7cxoql69mtt1u5jqem3ax0zpz5rg" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]]
----
[[File:India-5426 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg|thumb|Rana Mahal Ghat in 2003]]
Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]====
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jangambari Math Area| Jangambari Math Area]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)| Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rana Mahal Ghat| Rana Mahal Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat|Darbhanga Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Munshi Ghat| Munshi Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ahilyabai Ghat| Ahilyabai Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Temple and Ghat| Shitala Temple and Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples| Dashashvamedha Ghat and nearby Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples| Prayageshvara and Shulatankeshvara Temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat| Rajendra Prasad (old Ghoda) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Man Mandir and Man Singh Observatory| Man Mandir and Man Singh  Observatory]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Tripurabhairavi Ghat]]


[[File:Varanasi ghat.jpg|900px|centre|Varanasi ghat]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>aqh7cxoql69mtt1u5jqem3ax0zpz5rg</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>151816</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689908</id>
      <parentid>2689592</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T09:59:18Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="673" sha1="767rqu1z24dezuc5o0x4rfn4go51na1" xml:space="preserve">* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola Ghat|Gola Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka Ghat|Sakka Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat| Telianala Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghat| Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]

* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat| Prahalad Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raj Ghat Kshetra| Raj Ghat Kshetra]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat| Ganje-Shahida Mosque at Raj Ghat]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>767rqu1z24dezuc5o0x4rfn4go51na1</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>151817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689797</id>
      <parentid>1215935</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T19:27:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="1372" sha1="b1oyydxwaadxo1hq2qiik0s6l5561h3" xml:space="preserve">* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat|Scindhya Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat|Sankatha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Siddheshvari and other temples| Siddheshvari and other temples]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancakroshi Temple| Pancakroshi Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gopal Mandir| Gopal Mandir]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala (II)| Ganga Mahala (II)]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats| Bhonshala Ghats]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat|Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat| Ganesha Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats| Rama Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jatar Ghat|Jatar Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat| Raja Gwalior Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple| Mangala Gauri Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Veni Madhava Ghat| Veni Madhava Ghat]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pancaganga Ghat and Temple| Pancaganga Ghat and Temple]]
* [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat| Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat]]


{{go to top}}
⇒ [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|Index]]

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>151847</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689722</id>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>948816</id>
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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga and Munshi Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Munshi Ghat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3693" sha1="3ouny52fybe5dj8gf07osupfdlq8ogc" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]] 

----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga and Munshi Ghats|Darbhanga and Munshi Ghats]] 
[[File:India-5426 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg|thumb|View of Darbhanga Palace from the South in 2003]]

[[File:Darbhanga Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Darbhanga Ghat in 2003]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.335’ North and 83º 00.566’ East (Darbhanga Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Darbhanga Ghat and Munshi Ghat

==== Area ====
0.052ha (the two ghats and nearby area)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
[[File:Darbhanga place in Varanasi - before demolition (2002), after new construction (2011).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Back portion of [[w:File:Darbhanga_ghat.jpg|Darbhanga palace]] in Varanasi - before demolition (2 floors), during construction (year 2004-2012) and  after new construction (4 floors)
&quot;The photographic evidence shows that the old building was demolished and what stands now is a much taller and wider construction; and therefore it is completely illegal&quot;.]]

Sridhara Narayana Munshi, a finance minister in the estate of Nagpur had built this ghat and partly the palatial building. After his name it was called Munshi ghat. In 1915 the Brahmin king of Darbhanga (Bihar) purchased this ghat developed in the form what it later on known as Darbhanga Ghat. In fact, this is an extended form of the Munshi Ghat.


=== Description and History ===
The palatial building of Darbhanga Ghat is made of sandstone of Chunar, with a beautiful porches and Greek pillars. The strong steps for the roof were built in 1930. Of course, this area has been importance in the puranic context, but for its grandeur and architectural style this palace is very important. 

In 1994 the Darbhanga palace was purchased by the Clarks Hotel Group, who named it as Brajrama Palace, and planned to transform it into five star hotel. They have already demolished almost half of the structure from the back. Its back perimeter is being extended and its height raised in order to make suitable for the use of the planned hotel. Of course it would be a lovely setting for the hotel with a view to attract a high class rich tourists from the west, however by the growth of essential infrastructural facilities the whole environment will face the problem of pollution, socio-psychological depression and harder common life.

=== Present state of conservation ===
The Clarks Hotel Group is no way interested to preserve and maintain the heritage, aesthetic sense and to support the wellbeing of the local community. Thanks to some activist organisation which with the support of local people and judiciary presently stopped the demolishing and conversion process into hotel. 

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and system of Master Plan Development (and its judiciary control) the heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The palatial building by Clarks Hotel Group; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.


[[File:Vrinda Dar - The case of Darbhanga palace is an epitome of irresponsible and unsustainable tourist development.webm|thumb|left|[http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1EB2F3C06819828F Vrinda Dar]  - The case of Darbhanga palace is an epitome of irresponsible and unsustainable tourist development]]

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689725</id>
      <parentid>2689722</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T13:54:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Munshi Ghat]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3693" sha1="3ouny52fybe5dj8gf07osupfdlq8ogc" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat| Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat]] 

----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga and Munshi Ghats|Darbhanga and Munshi Ghats]] 
[[File:India-5426 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg|thumb|View of Darbhanga Palace from the South in 2003]]

[[File:Darbhanga Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Darbhanga Ghat in 2003]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.335’ North and 83º 00.566’ East (Darbhanga Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Darbhanga Ghat and Munshi Ghat

==== Area ====
0.052ha (the two ghats and nearby area)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
[[File:Darbhanga place in Varanasi - before demolition (2002), after new construction (2011).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Back portion of [[w:File:Darbhanga_ghat.jpg|Darbhanga palace]] in Varanasi - before demolition (2 floors), during construction (year 2004-2012) and  after new construction (4 floors)
&quot;The photographic evidence shows that the old building was demolished and what stands now is a much taller and wider construction; and therefore it is completely illegal&quot;.]]

Sridhara Narayana Munshi, a finance minister in the estate of Nagpur had built this ghat and partly the palatial building. After his name it was called Munshi ghat. In 1915 the Brahmin king of Darbhanga (Bihar) purchased this ghat developed in the form what it later on known as Darbhanga Ghat. In fact, this is an extended form of the Munshi Ghat.


=== Description and History ===
The palatial building of Darbhanga Ghat is made of sandstone of Chunar, with a beautiful porches and Greek pillars. The strong steps for the roof were built in 1930. Of course, this area has been importance in the puranic context, but for its grandeur and architectural style this palace is very important. 

In 1994 the Darbhanga palace was purchased by the Clarks Hotel Group, who named it as Brajrama Palace, and planned to transform it into five star hotel. They have already demolished almost half of the structure from the back. Its back perimeter is being extended and its height raised in order to make suitable for the use of the planned hotel. Of course it would be a lovely setting for the hotel with a view to attract a high class rich tourists from the west, however by the growth of essential infrastructural facilities the whole environment will face the problem of pollution, socio-psychological depression and harder common life.

=== Present state of conservation ===
The Clarks Hotel Group is no way interested to preserve and maintain the heritage, aesthetic sense and to support the wellbeing of the local community. Thanks to some activist organisation which with the support of local people and judiciary presently stopped the demolishing and conversion process into hotel. 

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and system of Master Plan Development (and its judiciary control) the heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The palatial building by Clarks Hotel Group; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.


[[File:Vrinda Dar - The case of Darbhanga palace is an epitome of irresponsible and unsustainable tourist development.webm|thumb|left|[http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1EB2F3C06819828F Vrinda Dar]  - The case of Darbhanga palace is an epitome of irresponsible and unsustainable tourist development]]

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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <parentid>2689691</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T12:04:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>948816</id>
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      <text bytes="3055" sha1="b3mik3j95ob0nf08at1jxqrpixt0bp9" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori – Pande and Sarveshvara Ghats|Khori, Pandey and Sarveshvara Ghats]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.207’ North and 83º 00.519’ East (Sarveshvara temple)
===== Exact location on a map =====
Khori – Pande and Sarveshvara Ghats
==== Area ====
0.126 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Also known as Ganga Mahal Ghat, the Khori Ghat was made pucca in the late 19th century by Kavindra Narayan Singh. At the top, a compound of five temples presents a magnificent view. Presently, this ghat is neglected with respect to religious and cultural festivities. Even for daily sacred baths, visitors do not prefer this ghat.
In ca 1805 Babua Pande, a wealthy Brahmin of Chhapra (Bihar) has built a wrestling place and made this ghat pucca, which resulted to called it Babua Pande Ghat. Prinsep (1822) mentioned it as Panree Ghat; remember that Prinsep, in almost all cases, misspelled the names. As mentioned in the Giravan-padamanjari (17th century) this was described as Sarveshvara Ghat. Babua Pande Ghat is the southern part of the Sarveshvara Ghat. In its vicinity lies the old water-front site of Prabhasa Tirtha, but presently the rituals on the name of Prabhasa Turth are performed near the Raja Ghat. The scene of this ghat has been dominated prominently by the Dhobis (washermen) so much that Motichand (1985) has described it as Dhobi Ghat. The landmark at this ghat is the wrestling place (no. D 24/ 17-19 and D 25/24) opened by Babua Pande. There is also a guesthouse for pilgrims. There is a temple of Someshvara in the vicinity. The ghat was reconstructed in 1965 by the government of Uttar Pradesh.
Sarveshvara Ghat is mentioned in the Giravan-padamanjari (17th century), which testifies its historicity. However, the overall space of the ghat was made pucca by Mathura Pandey's patronage in the late 18th century. The ancient water-front site of Ganga Keshava Tirtha is described as close to the ghat.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trusts directly taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their perspectives without specific plans. 

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>b3mik3j95ob0nf08at1jxqrpixt0bp9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689702</id>
      <parentid>2689695</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T12:18:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <comment>/* Historical/cultural/natural significance */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2554" sha1="22qqojo65pof146dw0xof8r1xyjynti" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori – Pande and Sarveshvara Ghats|Khori, Pandey and Sarveshvara Ghats]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.207’ North and 83º 00.519’ East (Sarveshvara temple)
===== Exact location on a map =====
Khori – Pande and Sarveshvara Ghats
==== Area ====
0.126 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Also known as Ganga Mahal Ghat, the Khori Ghat was made pucca in the late 19th century by Kavindra Narayan Singh. At the top, a compound of five temples presents a magnificent view. Presently, this ghat is neglected with respect to religious and cultural festivities. Even for daily sacred baths, visitors do not prefer this ghat.
In ca 1805 Babua Pande, a wealthy Brahmin of Chhapra (Bihar) has built a wrestling place and made this ghat pucca, which resulted to called it Babua Pande Ghat. Prinsep (1822) mentioned it as Panree Ghat; remember that Prinsep, in almost all cases, misspelled the names. As mentioned in the Giravan-padamanjari (17th century) this was described as Sarveshvara Ghat. 

There is a temple of Someshvara in the vicinity. The ghat was reconstructed in 1965 by the government of Uttar Pradesh.

Sarveshvara Ghat is mentioned in the Giravan-padamanjari (17th century), which testifies its historicity. However, the overall space of the ghat was made pucca by Mathura Pandey's patronage in the late 18th century. The ancient water-front site of Ganga Keshava Tirtha is described as close to the ghat.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trusts directly taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their perspectives without specific plans. 

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>22qqojo65pof146dw0xof8r1xyjynti</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689705</id>
      <parentid>2689702</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T12:20:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat]]</comment>
      <origin>2689702</origin>
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      <text bytes="2554" sha1="22qqojo65pof146dw0xof8r1xyjynti" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori – Pande and Sarveshvara Ghats|Khori, Pandey and Sarveshvara Ghats]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.207’ North and 83º 00.519’ East (Sarveshvara temple)
===== Exact location on a map =====
Khori – Pande and Sarveshvara Ghats
==== Area ====
0.126 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Also known as Ganga Mahal Ghat, the Khori Ghat was made pucca in the late 19th century by Kavindra Narayan Singh. At the top, a compound of five temples presents a magnificent view. Presently, this ghat is neglected with respect to religious and cultural festivities. Even for daily sacred baths, visitors do not prefer this ghat.
In ca 1805 Babua Pande, a wealthy Brahmin of Chhapra (Bihar) has built a wrestling place and made this ghat pucca, which resulted to called it Babua Pande Ghat. Prinsep (1822) mentioned it as Panree Ghat; remember that Prinsep, in almost all cases, misspelled the names. As mentioned in the Giravan-padamanjari (17th century) this was described as Sarveshvara Ghat. 

There is a temple of Someshvara in the vicinity. The ghat was reconstructed in 1965 by the government of Uttar Pradesh.

Sarveshvara Ghat is mentioned in the Giravan-padamanjari (17th century), which testifies its historicity. However, the overall space of the ghat was made pucca by Mathura Pandey's patronage in the late 18th century. The ancient water-front site of Ganga Keshava Tirtha is described as close to the ghat.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trusts directly taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their perspectives without specific plans. 

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689711</id>
      <parentid>1215876</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T13:42:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <text bytes="3559" sha1="50d2ulveesdfms62pgpl7sa32qycax6" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya and Causatthi Ghats|Digpatia and Causatthi Ghats]] 
[[File:Diigpatiya Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Digpatiya Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.292’ North and 83º 00.525’ East (Causatthi Devi Temple).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Digpatia Ghat and Causatthi Ghat (Causatthi temple, Rana Mahal: D 22 / 17) 
==== Area ====
0.30ha (the main sacred area, ghat and temple complex)
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
-- The lower portion of Causatthi Ghat was built in 1830 by the king of Digapatiya (of Champaran, Bihar), that is how this is known as Digpatia Ghat. A beautiful and architecturally designed palace was built by the king at the ghat is an example of Bengali art and style. There are porches on both sides of the palace. Presently this is known as Sitarama Omkara Das Kashi ashram. 
The Kashi Khanda (61.176-177) described the ghat and images of Yoginis, and mentioned the two Jala-Tirthas (“water associated sacred spots”). The goddess Causatthi and her associated ghat are mentioned in the Giravana-padamanjari (1600-60). This ghat had privilege to provide shelter to a great Sanskrit scholar, Madhusudan Sarasvati (CE 1540-1623). Till 18th century the main image of the Causatthi Devi was in the Rana Mahal, a palace nearby, however later shifted to its present site. In the late 16th century the ghat was made pucca by King Pratapaditya, which in course of time partly destroyed. In ca 1670 the king of Udaipur (Rajasthan) renovated and expanded the ghat. Later in 19th century the ghat was fully renovated and repaired by King Digpatiya (of Champaran, Bihar). The present built structure was made in 1807. And, the ghat was made pucca, in the present condition, in 1965 by the Government of Uttar Pradesh. 
=== Description and History ===:
In the temple compound there are old images of Kali, folk goddesses, Shiva, Ganesha and Kartikeya. Among the 64 Yogini images, only 16 are presently existing in Varanasi. Of them two are in the vicinity of the Causatthi Devi, i.e. Gajanana, “the elephant-headed” (House: D 21/ 22) and Mayuri, “the peacock-headed”, on the steps of the ghat. The Yoginis are considered to be the most ancient group of goddesses. The number 64 (causatha) is attributed to directional symbolism and also association between mother-goddesses (8) and their assistant-goddesses (8), or in other way the division of space (eight directions) on the earrth and in the celestial realm; thus the archetype becomes 64.
On 12th dark-half of Caitra (March-April) many pilgrims pay visit to the Yogini temple and take ritual bath at this ghat. Another important occasion of attraction is the evening on the day of Holi, a colourful festival showing state of Caitra - 1st, when homage ritual is performed at the ghat.
=== Present state of conservation ===
No specific measures are adopted, except that the Temple Trust, local people, and local public groups look after its maintenance. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
No specific measures are taken to conserve and preserve the temple and the ghat, except to continue and maintain the daily religious activities by the local people. 
=== Ownership ===
The Causatthi Temple Trust; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689712</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-12-01T13:43:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <text bytes="3559" sha1="0wnimz280ujdt2qc8ij9ojfzljjhynt" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya and Causatthi Ghats|Digpatia and Causatthi Ghats]] 
[[File:Diigpatiya Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Digpatiya Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.292’ North and 83º 00.525’ East (Causatthi Devi Temple).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Digpatia Ghat and Causatthi Ghat (Causatthi temple, Rana Mahal: D 22 / 17) 
==== Area ====
0.30ha (the main sacred area, ghat and temple complex)
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
-The lower portion of Causatthi Ghat was built in 1830 by the king of Digapatiya (of Champaran, Bihar), that is how this is known as Digpatia Ghat. A beautiful and architecturally designed palace was built by the king at the ghat is an example of Bengali art and style. There are porches on both sides of the palace. Presently this is known as Sitarama Omkara Das Kashi ashram. 
The Kashi Khanda (61.176-177) described the ghat and images of Yoginis, and mentioned the two Jala-Tirthas (“water associated sacred spots”). The goddess Causatthi and her associated ghat are mentioned in the Giravana-padamanjari (1600-60). This ghat had privilege to provide shelter to a great Sanskrit scholar, Madhusudan Sarasvati (CE 1540-1623). Till 18th century the main image of the Causatthi Devi was in the Rana Mahal, a palace nearby, however later shifted to its present site. In the late 16th century the ghat was made pucca by King Pratapaditya, which in course of time partly destroyed. In ca 1670 the king of Udaipur (Rajasthan) renovated and expanded the ghat. Later in 19th century the ghat was fully renovated and repaired by King Digpatiya (of Champaran, Bihar). The present built structure was made in 1807. And, the ghat was made pucca, in the present condition, in 1965 by the Government of Uttar Pradesh. 

=== Description and History ===:

In the temple compound there are old images of Kali, folk goddesses, Shiva, Ganesha and Kartikeya. Among the 64 Yogini images, only 16 are presently existing in Varanasi. Of them two are in the vicinity of the Causatthi Devi, i.e. Gajanana, “the elephant-headed” (House: D 21/ 22) and Mayuri, “the peacock-headed”, on the steps of the ghat. The Yoginis are considered to be the most ancient group of goddesses. The number 64 (causatha) is attributed to directional symbolism and also association between mother-goddesses (8) and their assistant-goddesses (8), or in other way the division of space (eight directions) on the earrth and in the celestial realm; thus the archetype becomes 64.
On 12th dark-half of Caitra (March-April) many pilgrims pay visit to the Yogini temple and take ritual bath at this ghat. Another important occasion of attraction is the evening on the day of Holi, a colourful festival showing state of Caitra - 1st, when homage ritual is performed at the ghat.
=== Present state of conservation ===
No specific measures are adopted, except that the Temple Trust, local people, and local public groups look after its maintenance. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
No specific measures are taken to conserve and preserve the temple and the ghat, except to continue and maintain the daily religious activities by the local people. 
=== Ownership ===
The Causatthi Temple Trust; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689713</id>
      <parentid>2689712</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T13:43:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya and Causatthi Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3559" sha1="0wnimz280ujdt2qc8ij9ojfzljjhynt" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya and Causatthi Ghats|Digpatia and Causatthi Ghats]] 
[[File:Diigpatiya Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Digpatiya Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.292’ North and 83º 00.525’ East (Causatthi Devi Temple).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Digpatia Ghat and Causatthi Ghat (Causatthi temple, Rana Mahal: D 22 / 17) 
==== Area ====
0.30ha (the main sacred area, ghat and temple complex)
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
-The lower portion of Causatthi Ghat was built in 1830 by the king of Digapatiya (of Champaran, Bihar), that is how this is known as Digpatia Ghat. A beautiful and architecturally designed palace was built by the king at the ghat is an example of Bengali art and style. There are porches on both sides of the palace. Presently this is known as Sitarama Omkara Das Kashi ashram. 
The Kashi Khanda (61.176-177) described the ghat and images of Yoginis, and mentioned the two Jala-Tirthas (“water associated sacred spots”). The goddess Causatthi and her associated ghat are mentioned in the Giravana-padamanjari (1600-60). This ghat had privilege to provide shelter to a great Sanskrit scholar, Madhusudan Sarasvati (CE 1540-1623). Till 18th century the main image of the Causatthi Devi was in the Rana Mahal, a palace nearby, however later shifted to its present site. In the late 16th century the ghat was made pucca by King Pratapaditya, which in course of time partly destroyed. In ca 1670 the king of Udaipur (Rajasthan) renovated and expanded the ghat. Later in 19th century the ghat was fully renovated and repaired by King Digpatiya (of Champaran, Bihar). The present built structure was made in 1807. And, the ghat was made pucca, in the present condition, in 1965 by the Government of Uttar Pradesh. 

=== Description and History ===:

In the temple compound there are old images of Kali, folk goddesses, Shiva, Ganesha and Kartikeya. Among the 64 Yogini images, only 16 are presently existing in Varanasi. Of them two are in the vicinity of the Causatthi Devi, i.e. Gajanana, “the elephant-headed” (House: D 21/ 22) and Mayuri, “the peacock-headed”, on the steps of the ghat. The Yoginis are considered to be the most ancient group of goddesses. The number 64 (causatha) is attributed to directional symbolism and also association between mother-goddesses (8) and their assistant-goddesses (8), or in other way the division of space (eight directions) on the earrth and in the celestial realm; thus the archetype becomes 64.
On 12th dark-half of Caitra (March-April) many pilgrims pay visit to the Yogini temple and take ritual bath at this ghat. Another important occasion of attraction is the evening on the day of Holi, a colourful festival showing state of Caitra - 1st, when homage ritual is performed at the ghat.
=== Present state of conservation ===
No specific measures are adopted, except that the Temple Trust, local people, and local public groups look after its maintenance. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
No specific measures are taken to conserve and preserve the temple and the ghat, except to continue and maintain the daily religious activities by the local people. 
=== Ownership ===
The Causatthi Temple Trust; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689719</id>
      <parentid>2689713</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T13:50:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <text bytes="1646" sha1="j0glj1bm7r50hof3w4hr5fsr4d32pj8" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya and Causatthi Ghats|Digpatia and Causatthi Ghats]] 
[[File:Diigpatiya Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Digpatiya Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.292’ North and 83º 00.525’ East (Causatthi Devi Temple).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Digpatia Ghat and Causatthi Ghat (Causatthi temple, Rana Mahal: D 22 / 17) 
==== Area ====
0.30ha (the main sacred area, ghat and temple complex)
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
The lower portion of [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat|Causatthi Ghat]] was built in 1830 by the king of Digapatiya (of Champaran, Bihar), that is how this is known as Digpatia Ghat. A beautiful and architecturally designed palace was built by the king at the ghat is an example of Bengali art and style. There are porches on both sides of the palace. Presently this is known as Sitarama Omkara Das Kashi ashram. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
No specific measures are adopted, except that the Temple Trust, local people, and local public groups look after its maintenance. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
No specific measures are taken to conserve and preserve the temple and the ghat, except to continue and maintain the daily religious activities by the local people. 
=== Ownership ===
The Causatthi Temple Trust; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta Ghat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>151862</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689730</id>
      <parentid>1215916</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T14:01:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta and Nepali Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta Ghat]]</comment>
      <origin>1215916</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1771" sha1="823v0k74rox84b3n855yw1g7gwz6mtg" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]
----

[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta and Nepali Ghats|Phuta and Nepali Ghats]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.578’ North and 83º 00.671’ East (Phuta Ghat, upper part).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Phuta and Nepali Ghats

==== Area ====
0.066 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Phuta/ Naya Ghat was an old site of Yajneshvara Ghat and built pucca by Svami Maheshvarananda in the mid 19th century. In the nearby stream of the Ganga the location of Vishal Gaja Tirtha is eulogised.
-- Nepali Ghat represents the southern part of the Lalita Ghat, which was made pucca in 1902 by Nanhi Babu, under the patronage of the king of Nepal. 

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple and shrine trusts directly taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives without specific plans. 

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple and shrine related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689733</id>
      <parentid>2689730</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T14:02:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <comment>/* Historical/cultural/natural significance */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1612" sha1="s9uvvf57z0dcb4c90isw3ojr4mmnggk" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]
----

[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta and Nepali Ghats|Phuta and Nepali Ghats]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.578’ North and 83º 00.671’ East (Phuta Ghat, upper part).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Phuta and Nepali Ghats

==== Area ====
0.066 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Phuta/ Naya Ghat was an old site of Yajneshvara Ghat and built pucca by Svami Maheshvarananda in the mid 19th century. In the nearby stream of the Ganga the location of Vishal Gaja Tirtha is eulogised.Present state of conservation 

Except by the temple and shrine trusts directly taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives without specific plans. 

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple and shrine related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689744</id>
      <parentid>2689733</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T18:34:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <text bytes="1592" sha1="sw8we797hrf60wjfyzlqf6swi1my7uf" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]
----

[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta Ghat|Phuta Ghat]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.578’ North and 83º 00.671’ East (Phuta Ghat, upper part).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Phuta and Nepali Ghats

==== Area ====
0.066 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Phuta/ Naya Ghat was an old Yajneshvara Ghat site built pucca by Svami Maheshvarananda in the mid-19th century. In the nearby stream of the Ganga, the location of Vishal Gaja Tirtha is eulogised. 

=== The present state of conservation ===

Except for the temple and shrine trusts directly taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives without specific plans. 

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple and shrine related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>151864</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689745</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi Ghat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3115" sha1="qaxy93lh7elmgke30kx2dkhe2ubyv7d" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]

----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats|Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats]]

[[File:Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi]]

[[File:Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi (2).JPG|thumb|Jalasen Ghat]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.513’ North and 83º 00.611’ East (Jalashayi Ghat, north part).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats
==== Area ====
0.089 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Jalashayi Ghat is also called Jalasen Ghat. According to folk legend Lord Shiva sleep in the deep water of the Ganga at this ghat, that is how the name Jalashayi. The earlier description of this ghat was mentioned under the name Mokshadvareshvara Ghat, as narrated in the Giravana-padamanjari, a 17th century text. It was believed that portion of the spirit of the corpse can go under the deep water to meet Shiva, which results to provide passage to the heaven by the bliss of Shiva. This belief has converged into a ritual that the corpse first to be put into water, near this ghat, before putting it on the funeral pyre. In the early 20th century the ghat was made pucca by Baldeodas Birla, who has also built a rest house for the attendants coming with the corpse. However, presently very few attendants take shelter in the rest house. No religious activities is performed at this ghat. The ghat serves as ferry station for transporting the wood to be used in cremation.
-- Khiraki (“the window”) Ghat was earlier developed as a built structure from where attendants can watch the cremation. Presently this is defunct. Nearby to it under an old fig tree there are several Sati stones, reminding the tradition of ‘religious suicide by the wives on the funeral of their dead husbands’. Close to cremation ground such stone statue showing husband and wife is commonly scattered. 

=== Present state of conservation ===
[[File:Jalasain skyline Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jalasain skyline Ghat, Varanasi]]

Except by the rest houses directly taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The guest house trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives without specific plans. Many of such guest houses and buildings are illegally occupied by the residents there in.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The rest house related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>qaxy93lh7elmgke30kx2dkhe2ubyv7d</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689749</id>
      <parentid>2689745</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T18:40:23Z</timestamp>
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        <id>948816</id>
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      <text bytes="3087" sha1="2y4ru16ps0gpec8c8annth7r6ilphox" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]

----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi  Ghat|Jalashayi Ghat]]

[[File:Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi]]

[[File:Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi (2).JPG|thumb|Jalasen Ghat]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.513’ North and 83º 00.611’ East (Jalashayi Ghat, north part).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats
==== Area ====
0.089 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Jalashayi Ghat is also called Jalasen Ghat. According to folk legend Lord Shiva sleep in the deep water of the Ganga at this ghat, that is how the name Jalashayi. The earlier description of this ghat was mentioned under the name Mokshadvareshvara Ghat, as narrated in the Giravana-padamanjari, a 17th-century text. It was believed that a portion of the corpse's spirit could go under the deep water to meet Shiva, which resulted in providing passage to heaven through the bliss of Shiva. This belief has converged into a ritual in which the corpse is first put into water near this ghat before being placed on the funeral pyre. In the early 20th century, the ghat was made pucca by Baldeodas Birla, who also built a rest house for the attendants coming with the corpse. However, presently, very few attendants take shelter in the rest house. No religious activities are performed at this ghat. The ghat serves as a ferry station for cremation and transporting the wood.
-- Khiraki (“the window”) Ghat was earlier developed as a built structure from which attendants could watch the cremation. Presently, this is defunct. Nearby, under an old fig tree, there are several Sati stones, reminding the tradition of ‘religious suicide by the wives on the funeral of their dead husbands’. Close to the cremation ground, such stone statues showing husband and wife are commonly scattered. 

=== Present state of conservation ===
[[File:Jalasain skyline Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jalasain skyline Ghat, Varanasi]]

Except by the rest houses directly taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The guest house trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives without specific plans. Many of such guest houses and buildings are illegally occupied by the residents there in.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The rest house related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi Ghat]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3087" sha1="2y4ru16ps0gpec8c8annth7r6ilphox" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]

----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi  Ghat|Jalashayi Ghat]]

[[File:Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi]]

[[File:Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi (2).JPG|thumb|Jalasen Ghat]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.513’ North and 83º 00.611’ East (Jalashayi Ghat, north part).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats
==== Area ====
0.089 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Jalashayi Ghat is also called Jalasen Ghat. According to folk legend Lord Shiva sleep in the deep water of the Ganga at this ghat, that is how the name Jalashayi. The earlier description of this ghat was mentioned under the name Mokshadvareshvara Ghat, as narrated in the Giravana-padamanjari, a 17th-century text. It was believed that a portion of the corpse's spirit could go under the deep water to meet Shiva, which resulted in providing passage to heaven through the bliss of Shiva. This belief has converged into a ritual in which the corpse is first put into water near this ghat before being placed on the funeral pyre. In the early 20th century, the ghat was made pucca by Baldeodas Birla, who also built a rest house for the attendants coming with the corpse. However, presently, very few attendants take shelter in the rest house. No religious activities are performed at this ghat. The ghat serves as a ferry station for cremation and transporting the wood.
-- Khiraki (“the window”) Ghat was earlier developed as a built structure from which attendants could watch the cremation. Presently, this is defunct. Nearby, under an old fig tree, there are several Sati stones, reminding the tradition of ‘religious suicide by the wives on the funeral of their dead husbands’. Close to the cremation ground, such stone statues showing husband and wife are commonly scattered. 

=== Present state of conservation ===
[[File:Jalasain skyline Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jalasain skyline Ghat, Varanasi]]

Except by the rest houses directly taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The guest house trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives without specific plans. Many of such guest houses and buildings are illegally occupied by the residents there in.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The rest house related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

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      <text bytes="2668" sha1="l71e4vgtm45zcyld3lbdkhqtflqv9uf" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]

----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi  Ghat|Jalashayi Ghat]]

[[File:Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi]]

[[File:Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi (2).JPG|thumb|Jalasen Ghat]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.513’ North and 83º 00.611’ East (Jalashayi Ghat, north part).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats
==== Area ====
0.089 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Jalashayi Ghat is also called Jalasen Ghat. According to folk legend Lord Shiva sleep in the deep water of the Ganga at this ghat, that is how the name Jalashayi. The earlier description of this ghat was mentioned under the name Mokshadvareshvara Ghat, as narrated in the Giravana-padamanjari, a 17th-century text. It was believed that a portion of the corpse's spirit could go under the deep water to meet Shiva, which resulted in providing passage to heaven through the bliss of Shiva. This belief has converged into a ritual in which the corpse is first put into water near this ghat before being placed on the funeral pyre. In the early 20th century, the ghat was made pucca by Baldeodas Birla, who also built a rest house for the attendants coming with the corpse. However, presently, very few attendants take shelter in the rest house. No religious activities are performed at this ghat. The ghat serves as a ferry station for cremation and transporting the wood. 

=== Present state of conservation ===
[[File:Jalasain skyline Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jalasain skyline Ghat, Varanasi]]

Except by the rest houses directly taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The guest house trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives without specific plans. Many of such guest houses and buildings are illegally occupied by the residents there in.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The rest house related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="6384" sha1="11r43q8r2ozli8b0suuwhkyqtg9dhmu" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats|Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats]]
[[File:Scindia Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Scindia Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Sanktha Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Sankatha Ghat, Varanasi]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.729’ North and 83º 00.935’ East (Vashistha-Vamadeva Temple).
25º 18.730’ North and 83º 00.930’ East (Atmavireshvara Temple).
25º 18.733’ North and 83º 00.933’ East (Sankatha Devi Temple).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats
==== Area ====
0.0241ha (the temple compound and nearby area)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
At the northern end of the Ghat below the high steps is a shrine of Yameshvara, the linga installed by Yama. Climbing the nearby steps, in a niche halfway up is an image of Yamaditya (“Yama’s Sun”; house near CK 7/ 164), who faces the south - the direction of Yama, ‘Lord of Death’. The merit derived from the worship of Yamaditya combines with that which comes from the merit of worshipping one’s ancestors in the south at Rameshvaram and also together with that acquired in the north by rituals at Manikarnika. It is commonly believed that Yama himself installed this image, which shows a human-like figure with signs of rays on the head. Says the Kashi Khanda (51.108): “Formerly Yama performed pure penance in Yama Tirtha. Then he installed Yameshvara (linga) and Yamaditya (Sun-image) that bestow supernatural powers”.

About 10m climbing, there is a temple on the left that consists of the lingas installed by the mythical sages Vashishtha, Vamadeva, and Janaka (Saptarshi Temple; house CK 7/ 161). All these sages are referred to the Ramayana. At the gate of this temple is the murti (idol) of one of the 56 Vinayakas (Ganesha) called Chintamani (‘giver of relief from worries’). On the river side on the right hand is a shrine of Vaikuntha Madhava, the 27th in the list of 42 Forms of Vishnu in Kashi. Adjacent to it towards the north is the shrine of Harishchandreshvara, a huge linga associated with the mythology of Harishchandra, an ancestor of Lord Rama, who for the perseverance of righteousness sacrificed his kingdom and family. Attached to this linga is Harishchandra Vinayaka. To the other side of the lane facing Harishchandreshvara (CK 7/ 166), in the niche are images of Sena (“army”) and Sima (“boundary”) Vinayakas. 

The left lane takes to the temple of Atmavireshvara (CK 7/ 158), which in itself is a small world of divinities. This place is eulogised as Panchamudra Mahapitha, a mystical place possessing supernatural powers. In the Puranic literature this is also called one of the ‘self-born’ (“svayambhu”) lingas. The 6th form of Durga, Katyayini (referred also as Vikatanana in the group of 64 Yoginis), also settled in the compound. Pleased by the great tapas of sage Katyayana, the goddess was born as his daughter, and thus was given the name Katyayini. She is portrayed as three-eyed and eight armed. Katyayini is the patron deity of the Braj Mandala. Two other important lingas established in this compound are Angareshvara (by the Mars) and Budheshvara (by Mercury). The Ganesha is represented here in the form of Mitra (“friend”) Vinayaka. Coming out of the temple on the right in the lower niche there is a small image of Vira Madhava, the 28th Form of Vishnu in Kashi. Some fragments lying there are worshipped as Rahu and Ketu. Nearby, on the other side of the lane is Brihaspatishvara (a linga installed by Jupiter). 

Following this lane if one goes towards the ghat one meets Parvateshvara (CK 7/ 156) on the left, and Vasukishvara and Samudreshvara on the right. After a short walk to the other side of lane one enters the temple of Sankatha Devi (“Goddess of dangers”), called Sankatha-Ji (CK 7/ 159), for she is the one who vanquishes dangers for her devotees. She was originally an ancient folk mother-goddess who later on mythologised as Shiva’s consort and her prayer eulogised her as the demon slayer. Her temple icon confirms this identity with the Great Goddess: She is shown with her foot on the vanquished demon, his bull’s head severed from his body. Entering the compound of Sankatha Devi one finds a large courtyard in the centre of which is an old holy-fig tree, with a number of tiny shrines tangled in its mass of roots. The principal one in the group is Sankataharana Hanuman. In the far corner of the compound is the entrance to the sanctuary of the goddess. Close by the gate are the lingas of Sagareshvara and Sankateshvara. The great door is flanked by the sacred cosmogram of Shri Yantra. The sanctuary is dark, lit only by the oil lamps on the altar. There are three recesses on the altar: the first one of divine gatekeepers (dvarapalas), the last one of Hanuman, and the central one occupied by the silver-masked image of goddess Sankatha Devi. Worshippers are allowed to touch the feet of the goddess, which is not common in other goddess temples.

=== Present state of conservation ===

Except by the temple trusts and the local public organisations, those work on their own ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats.

[[File:Anauthorized Constructions, Scindia Ghat Varanasi.jpg|thumb|C.K. 7/147 Sidheswari Chowk - The constructions located on the northern side of this building are illegal (as also stated in at Serial no. 24 in VDA affidavits presented by VDA to the Allahabad High Court, dated 3 Dec 2012 and 24 Jan 2013) Despite VDA issuing demolition orders for this illegal construction on 27 March 2002, the illegal construction continues to exist since 11 years]]

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temples are owned by their Temple Trusts; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.

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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat|Scindhia Ghat]]
[[File:Scindia Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Scindia Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.729’ North and 83º 00.935’ East (Vashistha-Vamadeva Temple).
25º 18.730’ North and 83º 00.930’ East (Atmavireshvara Temple).
25º 18.733’ North and 83º 00.933’ East (Sankatha Devi Temple).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats
==== Area ====
0.0241ha (the temple compound and nearby area)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
At the northern end of the Ghat below the high steps is a shrine of Yameshvara, the linga installed by Yama. Climbing the nearby steps, in a niche halfway up is an image of Yamaditya (“Yama’s Sun”; house near CK 7/ 164), who faces the south - the direction of Yama, ‘Lord of Death’. The merit derived from the worship of Yamaditya combines with that which comes from the merit of worshipping one’s ancestors in the south at Rameshvaram and also together with that acquired in the north by rituals at Manikarnika. It is commonly believed that Yama himself installed this image, which shows a human-like figure with signs of rays on the head. Says the Kashi Khanda (51.108): “Formerly Yama performed pure penance in Yama Tirtha. Then he installed Yameshvara (linga) and Yamaditya (Sun-image) that bestow supernatural powers”.

About 10m climbing, there is a temple on the left that consists of the lingas installed by the mythical sages Vashishtha, Vamadeva, and Janaka (Saptarshi Temple; house CK 7/ 161). All these sages are referred to the Ramayana. At the gate of this temple is the murti (idol) of one of the 56 Vinayakas (Ganesha) called Chintamani (‘giver of relief from worries’). On the river side on the right hand is a shrine of Vaikuntha Madhava, the 27th in the list of 42 Forms of Vishnu in Kashi. Adjacent to it towards the north is the shrine of Harishchandreshvara, a huge linga associated with the mythology of Harishchandra, an ancestor of Lord Rama, who for the perseverance of righteousness sacrificed his kingdom and family. Attached to this linga is Harishchandra Vinayaka. To the other side of the lane facing Harishchandreshvara (CK 7/ 166), in the niche are images of Sena (“army”) and Sima (“boundary”) Vinayakas. 

The left lane takes to the temple of Atmavireshvara (CK 7/ 158), which in itself is a small world of divinities. This place is eulogised as Panchamudra Mahapitha, a mystical place possessing supernatural powers. In the Puranic literature this is also called one of the ‘self-born’ (“svayambhu”) lingas. The 6th form of Durga, Katyayini (referred also as Vikatanana in the group of 64 Yoginis), also settled in the compound. Pleased by the great tapas of sage Katyayana, the goddess was born as his daughter, and thus was given the name Katyayini. She is portrayed as three-eyed and eight armed. Katyayini is the patron deity of the Braj Mandala. Two other important lingas established in this compound are Angareshvara (by the Mars) and Budheshvara (by Mercury). The Ganesha is represented here in the form of Mitra (“friend”) Vinayaka. Coming out of the temple on the right in the lower niche there is a small image of Vira Madhava, the 28th Form of Vishnu in Kashi. Some fragments lying there are worshipped as Rahu and Ketu. Nearby, on the other side of the lane is Brihaspatishvara (a linga installed by Jupiter). 

Following this lane if one goes towards the ghat one meets Parvateshvara (CK 7/ 156) on the left, and Vasukishvara and Samudreshvara on the right. After a short walk to the other side of lane one enters the temple of Sankatha Devi (“Goddess of dangers”), called Sankatha-Ji (CK 7/ 159), for she is the one who vanquishes dangers for her devotees. She was originally an ancient folk mother-goddess who later on mythologised as Shiva’s consort and her prayer eulogised her as the demon slayer. Her temple icon confirms this identity with the Great Goddess: She is shown with her foot on the vanquished demon, his bull’s head severed from his body. Entering the compound of Sankatha Devi one finds a large courtyard in the centre of which is an old holy-fig tree, with a number of tiny shrines tangled in its mass of roots. The principal one in the group is Sankataharana Hanuman. In the far corner of the compound is the entrance to the sanctuary of the goddess. Close by the gate are the lingas of Sagareshvara and Sankateshvara. The great door is flanked by the sacred cosmogram of Shri Yantra. The sanctuary is dark, lit only by the oil lamps on the altar. There are three recesses on the altar: the first one of divine gatekeepers (dvarapalas), the last one of Hanuman, and the central one occupied by the silver-masked image of goddess Sankatha Devi. Worshippers are allowed to touch the feet of the goddess, which is not common in other goddess temples.

=== Present state of conservation ===

Except by the temple trusts and the local public organisations, those work on their own ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats.

[[File:Anauthorized Constructions, Scindia Ghat Varanasi.jpg|thumb|C.K. 7/147 Sidheswari Chowk - The constructions located on the northern side of this building are illegal (as also stated in at Serial no. 24 in VDA affidavits presented by VDA to the Allahabad High Court, dated 3 Dec 2012 and 24 Jan 2013) Despite VDA issuing demolition orders for this illegal construction on 27 March 2002, the illegal construction continues to exist since 11 years]]

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temples are owned by their Temple Trusts; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.

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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat|Scindhia Ghat]]
[[File:Scindia Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Scindia Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.729’ North and 83º 00.935’ East (Vashistha-Vamadeva Temple).
25º 18.730’ North and 83º 00.930’ East (Atmavireshvara Temple).
25º 18.733’ North and 83º 00.933’ East (Sankatha Devi Temple).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats
==== Area ====
0.0241ha (the temple compound and nearby area)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
At the northern end of the Ghat below the high steps is a shrine of Yameshvara, the linga installed by Yama. Climbing the nearby steps, in a niche halfway up is an image of Yamaditya (“Yama’s Sun”; house near CK 7/ 164), who faces the south - the direction of Yama, ‘Lord of Death’. The merit derived from the worship of Yamaditya combines with that which comes from the merit of worshipping one’s ancestors in the south at Rameshvaram and also together with that acquired in the north by rituals at Manikarnika. It is commonly believed that Yama himself installed this image, which shows a human-like figure with signs of rays on the head. Says the Kashi Khanda (51.108): “Formerly Yama performed pure penance in Yama Tirtha. Then he installed Yameshvara (linga) and Yamaditya (Sun-image) that bestow supernatural powers”.

About 10m climbing, there is a temple on the left that consists of the lingas installed by the mythical sages Vashishtha, Vamadeva, and Janaka (Saptarshi Temple; house CK 7/ 161). All these sages are referred to the Ramayana. At the gate of this temple is the murti (idol) of one of the 56 Vinayakas (Ganesha) called Chintamani (‘giver of relief from worries’). On the river side on the right hand is a shrine of Vaikuntha Madhava, the 27th in the list of 42 Forms of Vishnu in Kashi. Adjacent to it towards the north is the shrine of Harishchandreshvara, a huge linga associated with the mythology of Harishchandra, an ancestor of Lord Rama, who for the perseverance of righteousness sacrificed his kingdom and family. Attached to this linga is Harishchandra Vinayaka. To the other side of the lane facing Harishchandreshvara (CK 7/ 166), in the niche are images of Sena (“army”) and Sima (“boundary”) Vinayakas. 

The left lane takes to the temple of Atmavireshvara (CK 7/ 158), which in itself is a small world of divinities. This place is eulogised as Panchamudra Mahapitha, a mystical place possessing supernatural powers. In the Puranic literature this is also called one of the ‘self-born’ (“svayambhu”) lingas. The 6th form of Durga, Katyayini (referred also as Vikatanana in the group of 64 Yoginis), also settled in the compound. Pleased by the great tapas of sage Katyayana, the goddess was born as his daughter, and thus was given the name Katyayini. She is portrayed as three-eyed and eight armed. Katyayini is the patron deity of the Braj Mandala. Two other important lingas established in this compound are Angareshvara (by the Mars) and Budheshvara (by Mercury). The Ganesha is represented here in the form of Mitra (“friend”) Vinayaka. Coming out of the temple on the right in the lower niche there is a small image of Vira Madhava, the 28th Form of Vishnu in Kashi. Some fragments lying there are worshipped as Rahu and Ketu. Nearby, on the other side of the lane is Brihaspatishvara (a linga installed by Jupiter). 

=== Present state of conservation ===

Except by the temple trusts and the local public organisations, those work on their own ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats.

[[File:Anauthorized Constructions, Scindia Ghat Varanasi.jpg|thumb|C.K. 7/147 Sidheswari Chowk - The constructions located on the northern side of this building are illegal (as also stated in at Serial no. 24 in VDA affidavits presented by VDA to the Allahabad High Court, dated 3 Dec 2012 and 24 Jan 2013) Despite VDA issuing demolition orders for this illegal construction on 27 March 2002, the illegal construction continues to exist since 11 years]]

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temples are owned by their Temple Trusts; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.

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      <text bytes="4739" sha1="1b76agibdy16cbx6gi8v1saxkr9pang" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat|Scindhia Ghat]]
[[File:Scindia Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Scindia Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.729’ North and 83º 00.935’ East (Vashistha-Vamadeva Temple).
25º 18.730’ North and 83º 00.930’ East (Atmavireshvara Temple).
25º 18.733’ North and 83º 00.933’ East (Sankatha Devi Temple).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats
==== Area ====
0.0241ha (the temple compound and nearby area)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
At the northern end of the Ghat, below the high steps, is a shrine of Yameshvara, the linga installed by Yama. Climbing the nearby steps, in a niche halfway up, is an image of Yamaditya (“Yama’s Sun”; house near CK 7/ 164), who faces the south - the direction of Yama, ‘Lord of Death’. The merit derived from the worship of Yamaditya combines with that which comes from the merit of worshipping one’s ancestors in the south at Rameshvaram and that acquired in the north by rituals at Manikarnika. It is commonly believed that Yama himself installed this image, which shows a human-like figure with signs of rays on the head. Says the Kashi Khanda (51.108): “Formerly Yama performed pure penance in Yama Tirtha. Then he installed Yameshvara (linga) and Yamaditya (Sun-image) that bestow supernatural powers”.

About 10m climbing, a temple on the left consists of the lingas installed by the mythical sages Vashishtha, Vamadeva, and Janaka (Saptarshi Temple; house CK 7/ 161). All these sages are referred to the Ramayana. At the gate of this temple is the murti (idol) of one of the 56 Vinayakas (Ganesha) called Chintamani (‘giver of relief from worries’). On the riverside on the right hand is a shrine of Vaikuntha Madhava, the 27th in the list of 42 Forms of Vishnu in Kashi. Adjacent to it towards the north is the shrine of Harishchandreshvara, a huge linga associated with the mythology of Harishchandra, an ancestor of Lord Rama, who sacrificed his kingdom and family for the perseverance of righteousness. Attached to this linga is Harishchandra Vinayaka. To the other side of the lane facing Harishchandreshvara (CK 7/ 166), in the niche are images of Sena (“army”) and Sima (“boundary”) Vinayakas. 

The left lane takes to the temple of Atmavireshvara (CK 7/ 158), a small world of divinities. This place is eulogised as Panchamudra Mahapitha, a mystical place possessing supernatural powers. In the Puranic literature, this is also called one of the ‘self-born’ (“svayambhu”) lingas. The 6th form of Durga, Katyayini (also called Vikatanana in the group of 64 Yoginis), also settled in the compound. Pleased by the great tapas of sage Katyayana, the goddess was born as his daughter and thus was given the name Katyayini. She is portrayed as three-eyed and eight-armed. Katyayini is the patron deity of the Braj Mandala. Two other important lingas in this compound are Angareshvara (by the Mars) and Budheshvara (by Mercury). The Ganesha is represented here as Mitra (“friend”) Vinayaka. Coming out of the temple on the right in the lower niche is a small image of Vira Madhava, the 28th Form of Vishnu in Kashi. Some fragments lying there are worshipped as Rahu and Ketu. Nearby, on the other side of the lane, is Brihaspatishvara (a linga installed by Jupiter).

=== Present state of conservation ===

Except by the temple trusts and the local public organisations, those work on their own ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats.

[[File:Anauthorized Constructions, Scindia Ghat Varanasi.jpg|thumb|C.K. 7/147 Sidheswari Chowk - The constructions located on the northern side of this building are illegal (as also stated in at Serial no. 24 in VDA affidavits presented by VDA to the Allahabad High Court, dated 3 Dec 2012 and 24 Jan 2013) Despite VDA issuing demolition orders for this illegal construction on 27 March 2002, the illegal construction continues to exist since 11 years]]

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temples are owned by their Temple Trusts; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.

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      <text bytes="4285" sha1="ewyqgapjxapp2isu8nipcwd2sek9cpt" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat|Scindhia Ghat]]
[[File:Scindia Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Scindia Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.729’ North and 83º 00.935’ East (Vashistha-Vamadeva Temple).
25º 18.730’ North and 83º 00.930’ East (Atmavireshvara Temple).
25º 18.733’ North and 83º 00.933’ East (Sankatha Devi Temple).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats
==== Area ====
0.0241ha (the temple compound and nearby area)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
At the northern end of the Ghat, below the high steps, is a shrine of Yameshvara, the linga installed by Yama. Climbing the nearby steps, in a niche halfway up, is an image of Yamaditya (“Yama’s Sun”; house near CK 7/ 164), who faces the south - the direction of Yama, ‘Lord of Death’. The merit derived from the worship of Yamaditya combines with that which comes from the merit of worshipping one’s ancestors in the south at Rameshvaram and that acquired in the north by rituals at Manikarnika. It is commonly believed that Yama himself installed this image, which shows a human-like figure with signs of rays on the head. Says the Kashi Khanda (51.108): “Formerly Yama performed pure penance in Yama Tirtha. Then he installed Yameshvara (linga) and Yamaditya (Sun-image) that bestow supernatural powers”.

About 10m climbing, a temple on the left consists of the lingas installed by the mythical sages Vashishtha, Vamadeva, and Janaka (Saptarshi Temple; house CK 7/ 161). All these sages are referred to the Ramayana. At the gate of this temple is the murti (idol) of one of the 56 Vinayakas (Ganesha) called Chintamani (‘giver of relief from worries’). On the riverside on the right hand is a shrine of Vaikuntha Madhava, the 27th in the list of 42 Forms of Vishnu in Kashi. Adjacent to it towards the north is the shrine of Harishchandreshvara, a huge linga associated with the mythology of Harishchandra, an ancestor of Lord Rama, who sacrificed his kingdom and family for the perseverance of righteousness. Attached to this linga is Harishchandra Vinayaka. To the other side of the lane facing Harishchandreshvara (CK 7/ 166), in the niche are images of Sena (“army”) and Sima (“boundary”) Vinayakas. 

The left lane takes to the temple of Atmavireshvara (CK 7/ 158), a small world of divinities. This place is eulogised as Panchamudra Mahapitha, a mystical place possessing supernatural powers. In the Puranic literature, this is also called one of the ‘self-born’ (“svayambhu”) lingas. The 6th form of Durga, Katyayini (also called Vikatanana in the group of 64 Yoginis), also settled in the compound. Pleased by the great tapas of sage Katyayana, the goddess was born as his daughter and thus was given the name Katyayini. She is portrayed as three-eyed and eight-armed. Katyayini is the patron deity of the Braj Mandala. Two other important lingas in this compound are Angareshvara (by the Mars) and Budheshvara (by Mercury). The Ganesha is represented here as Mitra (“friend”) Vinayaka. Coming out of the temple on the right in the lower niche is a small image of Vira Madhava, the 28th Form of Vishnu in Kashi. Some fragments lying there are worshipped as Rahu and Ketu. Nearby, on the other side of the lane, is Brihaspatishvara (a linga installed by Jupiter).

=== Present state of conservation ===

Except by the temple trusts and the local public organisations, those work on their own ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats.


=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temples are owned by their Temple Trusts; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.

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    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat</title>
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      <text bytes="4038" sha1="junzjn7qnsly0m9ymdh4li8l0lirhe2" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats|Agnishvara (Naya)–Ganesha and Mehta Ghats]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.839’ North and 83º 00.890’ East (Agnishvara, Patni Tola).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Naya-Ganesha and Mehta Ghats.

==== Area ==== 0.21 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Agnishvara (or Naya) ghat is named after the puranic water-front tirtha in the Ganga, called Agni Tirtha, and also the same name temple (Patni Tola CK 2/1). This linga and tirtha are described in the Giravana-padamanjari, a 17th century text. In Prinsep’s map (1822) this ghat is mentioned as Gularia Ghat which was made partly pucca a few years before. According to the KKT (p. 122) as mentioned in the Linga Purana, in the Ashtayatana Yatra, pilgrimage to eight directional lingas, this ghat is eulogised as the site for initiation and concluding rituals. Between Scindhia and Ganesha Ghats there exist five puranic sacred spots at the water-front, viz. Vighnesha, Vira, Candra, Kala and Angara. In 1965 the government of Uttar Pradesh built this ghat pucca. Till 1985 this ghat was used as the centre of marketing sand and wood which were transported here by boats, however this practice has been banned here. 
-- In puranic literature this ghat is also referred as Vighneshvara Ghat. During 1761-72 Madhorao Peshva has built the northern part of the Agnishvara Ghat pucca. In 1807 Amritrao Peshva has further made extensive repairing, made the ghat fully pucca, and also built Amrit Vinayaka Ganesha Temple. After the name of the temple the ghat is called as Ganesha Ghat. At the nearby bank exists the puranic water-front spot of Ikshvaku Tirtha. At the upper part there are temples of Bhadreshvara and Nagesha Vinayaka. On the 9th dark-half of Bhadrapada (August/ September), at this ghat holds a special religious fair as part of sacred bath and worship of Ganesha. This is dominated by the Maharashtian pilgrims. This is a active ghat where local residents take bath every day, followed up by the morning rituals.
-- Till 1960 Mehta Ghat was a portion of the southern part of Rama Ghat. According to the puranic sources there existed two water-front sacred spots, viz. Maitravaruna and Mautta Tirtha. In 1960 a rich merchant of Kolkata, Ballabharam Saligaram Mehta has purchased this area and built a hospital in 1962. In commemoration of his services to Kashi this ghat is called Mehta Ghat. Further, in the same year the Municipal Corporation of Varanasi has made the ghat repaired and extended. This ghat is well known for the Sangaveda Vidyalaya (‘school of the Sanga Veda’), where teaching is performed in Sanskrit medium; and students have to strictly follow the rules of chastity, celibacy, yoga and meditation and to live a life of monk. Of this kind this is the only school, perhaps in whole of India. This area is dominated by Maharashtrian people. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple organisations and the hospital taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and hospital properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="4039" sha1="mnehqp27c5ony85fukxc0065mi6f0eg" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats|Agnishvara (Naya)–Ganesha and Mehta Ghats]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.839’ North and 83º 00.890’ East (Agnishvara, Patni Tola).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Naya-Ganesha and Mehta Ghats.

==== Area ==== 
0.21 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Agnishvara (or Naya) ghat is named after the puranic water-front tirtha in the Ganga, called Agni Tirtha, and also the same name temple (Patni Tola CK 2/1). This linga and tirtha are described in the Giravana-padamanjari, a 17th century text. In Prinsep’s map (1822) this ghat is mentioned as Gularia Ghat which was made partly pucca a few years before. According to the KKT (p. 122) as mentioned in the Linga Purana, in the Ashtayatana Yatra, pilgrimage to eight directional lingas, this ghat is eulogised as the site for initiation and concluding rituals. Between Scindhia and Ganesha Ghats there exist five puranic sacred spots at the water-front, viz. Vighnesha, Vira, Candra, Kala and Angara. In 1965 the government of Uttar Pradesh built this ghat pucca. Till 1985 this ghat was used as the centre of marketing sand and wood which were transported here by boats, however this practice has been banned here. 
-- In puranic literature this ghat is also referred as Vighneshvara Ghat. During 1761-72 Madhorao Peshva has built the northern part of the Agnishvara Ghat pucca. In 1807 Amritrao Peshva has further made extensive repairing, made the ghat fully pucca, and also built Amrit Vinayaka Ganesha Temple. After the name of the temple the ghat is called as Ganesha Ghat. At the nearby bank exists the puranic water-front spot of Ikshvaku Tirtha. At the upper part there are temples of Bhadreshvara and Nagesha Vinayaka. On the 9th dark-half of Bhadrapada (August/ September), at this ghat holds a special religious fair as part of sacred bath and worship of Ganesha. This is dominated by the Maharashtian pilgrims. This is a active ghat where local residents take bath every day, followed up by the morning rituals.
-- Till 1960 Mehta Ghat was a portion of the southern part of Rama Ghat. According to the puranic sources there existed two water-front sacred spots, viz. Maitravaruna and Mautta Tirtha. In 1960 a rich merchant of Kolkata, Ballabharam Saligaram Mehta has purchased this area and built a hospital in 1962. In commemoration of his services to Kashi this ghat is called Mehta Ghat. Further, in the same year the Municipal Corporation of Varanasi has made the ghat repaired and extended. This ghat is well known for the Sangaveda Vidyalaya (‘school of the Sanga Veda’), where teaching is performed in Sanskrit medium; and students have to strictly follow the rules of chastity, celibacy, yoga and meditation and to live a life of monk. Of this kind this is the only school, perhaps in whole of India. This area is dominated by Maharashtrian people. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple organisations and the hospital taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and hospital properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="4039" sha1="mnehqp27c5ony85fukxc0065mi6f0eg" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats|Agnishvara (Naya)–Ganesha and Mehta Ghats]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.839’ North and 83º 00.890’ East (Agnishvara, Patni Tola).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Naya-Ganesha and Mehta Ghats.

==== Area ==== 
0.21 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Agnishvara (or Naya) ghat is named after the puranic water-front tirtha in the Ganga, called Agni Tirtha, and also the same name temple (Patni Tola CK 2/1). This linga and tirtha are described in the Giravana-padamanjari, a 17th century text. In Prinsep’s map (1822) this ghat is mentioned as Gularia Ghat which was made partly pucca a few years before. According to the KKT (p. 122) as mentioned in the Linga Purana, in the Ashtayatana Yatra, pilgrimage to eight directional lingas, this ghat is eulogised as the site for initiation and concluding rituals. Between Scindhia and Ganesha Ghats there exist five puranic sacred spots at the water-front, viz. Vighnesha, Vira, Candra, Kala and Angara. In 1965 the government of Uttar Pradesh built this ghat pucca. Till 1985 this ghat was used as the centre of marketing sand and wood which were transported here by boats, however this practice has been banned here. 
-- In puranic literature this ghat is also referred as Vighneshvara Ghat. During 1761-72 Madhorao Peshva has built the northern part of the Agnishvara Ghat pucca. In 1807 Amritrao Peshva has further made extensive repairing, made the ghat fully pucca, and also built Amrit Vinayaka Ganesha Temple. After the name of the temple the ghat is called as Ganesha Ghat. At the nearby bank exists the puranic water-front spot of Ikshvaku Tirtha. At the upper part there are temples of Bhadreshvara and Nagesha Vinayaka. On the 9th dark-half of Bhadrapada (August/ September), at this ghat holds a special religious fair as part of sacred bath and worship of Ganesha. This is dominated by the Maharashtian pilgrims. This is a active ghat where local residents take bath every day, followed up by the morning rituals.
-- Till 1960 Mehta Ghat was a portion of the southern part of Rama Ghat. According to the puranic sources there existed two water-front sacred spots, viz. Maitravaruna and Mautta Tirtha. In 1960 a rich merchant of Kolkata, Ballabharam Saligaram Mehta has purchased this area and built a hospital in 1962. In commemoration of his services to Kashi this ghat is called Mehta Ghat. Further, in the same year the Municipal Corporation of Varanasi has made the ghat repaired and extended. This ghat is well known for the Sangaveda Vidyalaya (‘school of the Sanga Veda’), where teaching is performed in Sanskrit medium; and students have to strictly follow the rules of chastity, celibacy, yoga and meditation and to live a life of monk. Of this kind this is the only school, perhaps in whole of India. This area is dominated by Maharashtrian people. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple organisations and the hospital taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and hospital properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats|Agnishvara (Naya)–Ganesha and Mehta Ghats]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.839’ North and 83º 00.890’ East (Agnishvara, Patni Tola).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Naya-Ganesha and Mehta Ghats.

==== Area ==== 
0.21 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Agnishvara (or Naya) ghat is named after the puranic water-front tirtha in the Ganga, called Agni Tirtha, and the same temple (Patni Tola CK 2/1). This linga and tirtha are described in the Giravana-padamanjari, a 17th-century text. In Prinsep’s map (1822) this ghat is mentioned as Gularia Ghat which was made partly pucca a few years before. According to the KKT (p. 122), as mentioned in the Linga Purana, in the Ashtayatana Yatra, pilgrimage to eight directional lingas, this ghat is eulogised as the site for initiation and concluding rituals. Between Scindhia and Ganesha Ghats, five puranic sacred spots exist at the waterfront, viz. Vighnesha, Vira, Candra, Kala and Angara. In 1965, the government of Uttar Pradesh built this ghat pucca. Till 1985 this ghat was used as the centre of marketing sand and wood which were transported here by boats, however this practice has been banned here. 
-- In puranic literature, this ghat is also called Vighneshvara Ghat. During 1761-72, Madhorao Peshva built the northern part of the Agnishvara Ghat pucca. In 1807, Amritrao Peshva further made extensive repairs, made the ghat fully pucca, and built Amrit Vinayaka Ganesha Temple. After the name of the temple, the ghat is called Ganesha Ghat. At the nearby bank exists the puranic water-front spot of Ikshvaku Tirtha. In the upper part, there are temples of Bhadreshvara and Nagesha Vinayaka. On the 9th dark half of Bhadrapada (August/ September), this ghat holds a unique religious fair as part of Ganesha's sacred bath and worship. The Maharashtian pilgrims dominate this. This is an active ghat where residents bathe daily, followed by the morning rituals.
-- Till 1960, Mehta Ghat was a portion of the southern part of Rama Ghat. According to the Puranic sources, two water-front sacred spots existed, viz. Maitravaruna and Mautta Tirtha. In 1960, a wealthy merchant of Kolkata, Ballabharam Saligaram Mehta, purchased this area and built a hospital in 1962. In commemorating his services to Kashi, this ghat is called Mehta Ghat. Further, the Municipal Corporation of Varanasi made the ghat in the same year and extended it. This ghat is well known for the Sangaveda Vidyalaya (‘school of the Sanga Veda’), where teaching is performed in Sanskrit medium, and students have to strictly follow the rules of chastity, celibacy, yoga and meditation and to live a life of monk. Of this kind, this is the only school, perhaps in the whole of India. Maharashtrian people dominate this area. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple organisations and the hospital taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and hospital properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats|Agnishvara (Naya)–Ganesha and Mehta Ghats]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.839’ North and 83º 00.890’ East (Agnishvara, Patni Tola).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Naya-Ganesha and Mehta Ghats.

==== Area ==== 
0.21 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Agnishvara (or Naya) ghat is named after the puranic water-front tirtha in the Ganga, called Agni Tirtha, and the same temple (Patni Tola CK 2/1). This linga and tirtha are described in the Giravana-padamanjari, a 17th-century text. In Prinsep’s map (1822) this ghat is mentioned as Gularia Ghat which was made partly pucca a few years before. According to the KKT (p. 122), as mentioned in the Linga Purana, in the Ashtayatana Yatra, pilgrimage to eight directional lingas, this ghat is eulogised as the site for initiation and concluding rituals. Between Scindhia and Ganesha Ghats, five puranic sacred spots exist at the waterfront, viz. Vighnesha, Vira, Candra, Kala and Angara. In 1965, the government of Uttar Pradesh built this ghat pucca. Till 1985 this ghat was used as the centre of marketing sand and wood which were transported here by boats, however this practice has been banned here.  
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple organisations and the hospital taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and hospital properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat|Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.839’ North and 83º 00.890’ East (Agnishvara, Patni Tola).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Naya-Ganesha and Mehta Ghats.

==== Area ==== 
0.21 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Agnishvara (or Naya) ghat is named after the puranic water-front tirtha in the Ganga, called Agni Tirtha, and the same temple (Patni Tola CK 2/1). This linga and tirtha are described in the Giravana-padamanjari, a 17th-century text. In Prinsep’s map (1822) this ghat is mentioned as Gularia Ghat which was made partly pucca a few years before. According to the KKT (p. 122), as mentioned in the Linga Purana, in the Ashtayatana Yatra, pilgrimage to eight directional lingas, this ghat is eulogised as the site for initiation and concluding rituals. Between Scindhia and Ganesha Ghats, five puranic sacred spots exist at the waterfront, viz. Vighnesha, Vira, Candra, Kala and Angara. In 1965, the government of Uttar Pradesh built this ghat pucca. Till 1985 this ghat was used as the centre of marketing sand and wood which were transported here by boats, however this practice has been banned here.  
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple organisations and the hospital taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The respective trusts own the temple-related and hospital properties along the ghat, the inhabitants own the houses and other properties, and the Municipal Corporation owns the ghat area.

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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama Ghat</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama Ghat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="4914" sha1="2vuh3uvwzjzu0x2z78gm3oo5msntcfc" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats|Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats]]
[[File:Ram Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Rama Ghat, Varanasi]]

[[File:Jatar Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jatar Ghat, Varanasi]]

[[File:Raja Gwalior Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Raja Gwalior Ghat, Varanasi]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.924’ North and 83º 01.047’ East (Gwalior Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map=====
Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats
==== Area ====
0.22 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Its reference is mentioned in the 17th century text, Giravana-padamanjari. Near Rama Ghat at the bank is the water-front puranic tirtha named Rama Tirtha, and there is a temple of Rama Pancayatana (the five images together). The name of the ghat is derived in this reference. There are three other water-front sacred spots, viz. Kala Ganga, Tamra Varaha and Indradhyumna. In 1665 the French traveller Jean Baptiste Tavernier paid visit to Varanasi and has described this ghat. It is obvious from this account that the ghat and Rama temple were built in the nearby past and were prominent in the scene. The Rama temple and the attached ghat both built by king of Jaipur (Rajasthan), Raja Savai Jaisingh. During the period of mass destruction of temples by the order of Mughal emperor Aurangazeb in late 1660s, this temple was also demolished. The present temple was built up in late 18th century. Other notable temples at this ghat are of Badri Narayana and Kala Vinayaka. Nearby to the latter one is a temple of Khandoba, a regional deity of Maharashtra, whose annual celebration takes place during 5th-8th light-half of Margashirsha (November/ December). This area is dominated by Maharashtrian people.
-- In the mid 19th century the finance secretary of Gwalior Estate, Balaji Cimadaji Jatar has built this ghat with the support of the king Jiyajirao Shinde. After his name this is called Jatar Ghat. He has also built a multi-storeyed building (no. CK 24/ 33), in a portion of which exists the temple of Lakshminarayana. This temple is an example of the local craftsmanship, consisting of mosaic of colourful glasses in the large windows and light areas. At the gate there is an inscription, which reads the names of the finance secretary and the king, and their portraits are also shown there. Prinsep (1822) mentions this ghat as Chor Ghat. The name “Chor” (thief) reminds a fable about this ghat, which narrates the story that this ghat was defamed in the past for theft of the cloths of pilgrims and bathers. Greaves (1909) has mentioned this ghat as Jadau Ghat. The architectural beauty of the Lakshiminarayan temple is at the verge of danger limit; in lack of proper and immediate care this temple can be lost at any time. 
-- Till mid 19th century Gwalior ghat was part of Jatar Ghat. When Jatar Ghat was under construction the king of Gwalior Maharaja Jiyajirao Shinde has built this ghat; and after his name this is known as Gwalior Ghat. According to another tale one of the Peshava kings had also repaired and partly made the ghat pucca. There are three shrines containing Shiva lingas. The ghat is not important for cultural and religious activities. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple organisations and the Estate Trust taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives.
[[|thumb|K 24/28 Ram Ghat That this building is illegal not only because it is built on the Ganga riverfront ghats in Varanasi after the year 2000 but primarily because it is built within 100 metres of an ASI protected monument (Dharhara Mosque), thereby violating the National Monument Act of 1958.
Repeated FIRs filed by ASI (12.6.2000; 8.9.2001; 8.9.2003; 1.3.2004; 22.12.2004) against the owners of this illegal construction.
Despite VDA issuing demolition orders for this illegal construction on 8 November 2005 and 28 June 2006, the illegal construction continues to exist since 7 years.]]

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and estate properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats|Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats]]
[[File:Ram Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Rama Ghat, Varanasi]]


=== Location ===
25º 18.924’ North and 83º 01.047’ East (Gwalior Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map=====
Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats
==== Area ====
0.22 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Its reference is mentioned in the 17th century text, Giravana-padamanjari. Near Rama Ghat at the bank is the water-front puranic tirtha named Rama Tirtha, and there is a temple of Rama Pancayatana (the five images together). The name of the ghat is derived in this reference. There are three other water-front sacred spots, viz. Kala Ganga, Tamra Varaha and Indradhyumna. In 1665 the French traveller Jean Baptiste Tavernier paid visit to Varanasi and has described this ghat. It is obvious from this account that the ghat and Rama temple were built in the nearby past and were prominent in the scene. The Rama temple and the attached ghat both built by king of Jaipur (Rajasthan), Raja Savai Jaisingh. During the period of mass destruction of temples by the order of Mughal emperor Aurangazeb in late 1660s, this temple was also demolished. The present temple was built up in late 18th century. Other notable temples at this ghat are of Badri Narayana and Kala Vinayaka. Nearby to the latter one is a temple of Khandoba, a regional deity of Maharashtra, whose annual celebration takes place during 5th-8th light-half of Margashirsha (November/ December). This area is dominated by Maharashtrian people.
-- In the mid 19th century the finance secretary of Gwalior Estate, Balaji Cimadaji Jatar has built this ghat with the support of the king Jiyajirao Shinde. After his name this is called Jatar Ghat. He has also built a multi-storeyed building (no. CK 24/ 33), in a portion of which exists the temple of Lakshminarayana. This temple is an example of the local craftsmanship, consisting of mosaic of colourful glasses in the large windows and light areas. At the gate there is an inscription, which reads the names of the finance secretary and the king, and their portraits are also shown there. Prinsep (1822) mentions this ghat as Chor Ghat. The name “Chor” (thief) reminds a fable about this ghat, which narrates the story that this ghat was defamed in the past for theft of the cloths of pilgrims and bathers. Greaves (1909) has mentioned this ghat as Jadau Ghat. The architectural beauty of the Lakshiminarayan temple is at the verge of danger limit; in lack of proper and immediate care this temple can be lost at any time. 
-- Till mid 19th century Gwalior ghat was part of Jatar Ghat. When Jatar Ghat was under construction the king of Gwalior Maharaja Jiyajirao Shinde has built this ghat; and after his name this is known as Gwalior Ghat. According to another tale one of the Peshava kings had also repaired and partly made the ghat pucca. There are three shrines containing Shiva lingas. The ghat is not important for cultural and religious activities. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple organisations and the Estate Trust taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives.
[[|thumb|K 24/28 Ram Ghat That this building is illegal not only because it is built on the Ganga riverfront ghats in Varanasi after the year 2000 but primarily because it is built within 100 metres of an ASI protected monument (Dharhara Mosque), thereby violating the National Monument Act of 1958.
Repeated FIRs filed by ASI (12.6.2000; 8.9.2001; 8.9.2003; 1.3.2004; 22.12.2004) against the owners of this illegal construction.
Despite VDA issuing demolition orders for this illegal construction on 8 November 2005 and 28 June 2006, the illegal construction continues to exist since 7 years.]]

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and estate properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats|Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats]]
[[File:Ram Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Rama Ghat, Varanasi]]


=== Location ===
25º 18.924’ North and 83º 01.047’ East (Gwalior Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map=====
Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats
==== Area ====
0.22 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Its reference is mentioned in the 17th century text, Giravana-padamanjari. Near Rama Ghat at the bank is the water-front puranic tirtha named Rama Tirtha, and there is a temple of Rama Pancayatana (the five images together). The name of the ghat is derived in this reference. There are three other water-front sacred spots, viz. Kala Ganga, Tamra Varaha and Indradhyumna. In 1665 the French traveller Jean Baptiste Tavernier paid visit to Varanasi and has described this ghat. It is obvious from this account that the ghat and Rama temple were built in the nearby past and were prominent in the scene. The Rama temple and the attached ghat both built by king of Jaipur (Rajasthan), Raja Savai Jaisingh. During the period of mass destruction of temples by the order of Mughal emperor Aurangazeb in late 1660s, this temple was also demolished. The present temple was built up in late 18th century. Other notable temples at this ghat are of Badri Narayana and Kala Vinayaka. Nearby to the latter one is a temple of Khandoba, a regional deity of Maharashtra, whose annual celebration takes place during 5th-8th light-half of Margashirsha (November/ December). This area is dominated by Maharashtrian people. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple organisations and the Estate Trust taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives.
[[|thumb|K 24/28 Ram Ghat That this building is illegal not only because it is built on the Ganga riverfront ghats in Varanasi after the year 2000 but primarily because it is built within 100 metres of an ASI protected monument (Dharhara Mosque), thereby violating the National Monument Act of 1958.
Repeated FIRs filed by ASI (12.6.2000; 8.9.2001; 8.9.2003; 1.3.2004; 22.12.2004) against the owners of this illegal construction.
Despite VDA issuing demolition orders for this illegal construction on 8 November 2005 and 28 June 2006, the illegal construction continues to exist since 7 years.]]

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and estate properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2024-12-02T08:26:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3949" sha1="3kgcvjf732r8dnal7p5zjetsx7gf6o3" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats|Durga and Brahma Ghats]] 
[[File:DurgaGhat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|DurgaGhat, Varanasi]]

[[File:Brahma Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Brahma Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 19.029’ North and 83º 01.126’ East (Durga Ghat, centre).
25º 19.067’ North and 83º 01.145’ East (Brahma Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Durga and Brahma Ghats
==== Area ==== 
0.225 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
In the northern side of the upper part there is a temple of Brahmacarini Durga (no. K 22/ 17), from where the name of the ghat derived, i.e. Durga Ghat. The 17th century text, Giravana-padamanjari has described this ghat. In 1742 Narayana dikshita, a guru of Peshvas, had purchased land from local resident fishermen and built two ghat: Durga and succeeding one, Brahma Ghats. This was rebuilt and repaired in 1830 by Nana Phadanavisa, a finance secretary (Divan) of Gwalior Estate, whose building at the top of the ghat is known as Phadanivisa Wada. At the ghat exist the two water-front sacred spots, i.e. Markandeya and Kharva Narasimha Tirthas, and at the top is the shrine of Kharva Narasimha. In 1958 the government of Uttar Pradesh has repaired and rebuilt the ghat. The steps from the ghat leading to the upper part are built in an archetypal frame, i.e. after nine steps there lies a platform, the steps symbolise the nine forms of Durga. This ghat is an active place for religious festivities, and also for annual competition of fighting, wrestling and mettle in the month of Karttika (October/November).. 

[[File:Durga Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Durga Ghat, Varanasi]]
The existence of the 13th century image of Brahma in the climbing steps and temple of Brahmeshvara (no. K 22/ 82), together honoured by giving name to this ghat as Brahma Ghat. According to a tale when first Brahma came to this city, he had settled at this ghat. Together with Durga Ghat this ghat was made pucca by Narayana Dikshita in 1742. There are two lanes of climbing steps, and both are made on the archetypal frame. In the lane leading to Brahmeshvara Shiva temple, each after five steps there is a platform; the number five symbolise the five gross element of organic reality controlled by Shiva (i.e. earth, water, fire, sky and air). In the lane leading to Brahma, each after four there is a platform; the number four symbolise the four mouths of Brahma, i.e. four directions. There are two water-front sacred spots near the bank, viz. Bhairava and Vindu Madhav Tirthas. One of the notable buildings is Shri Kashi Math Samsthan: Sudhindra Tirtha Svami, belonging to Gauda Sarasvata Brahmin community of south India. On the terraces of this monastery are the temples of Vindu Madhava (II) and Lakshmi Narasimha. It is believed that in the 8th century when Shankara came to Kashi, he stayed here.
=== Present state of conservation === 
Except by the temple organisation that taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

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      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="3844" sha1="5eqhmgv02w805lrtizlwfownwx564d3" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats|Durga and Brahma Ghats]] 
[[File:DurgaGhat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|DurgaGhat, Varanasi]]


=== Location ===
25º 19.029’ North and 83º 01.126’ East (Durga Ghat, centre).
25º 19.067’ North and 83º 01.145’ East (Brahma Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Durga and Brahma Ghats
==== Area ==== 
0.225 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
On the northern side of the upper part, there is a temple of Brahmacarini Durga (no. K 22/ 17), from where the name of the ghat derived, i.e. Durga Ghat. The 17th-century text Giravana-padamanjari has described this ghat. In 1742, Narayana Dikshita, a guru of Peshvas, purchased land from resident fishermen and built two ghats: Durga and the succeeding one, Brahma Ghats. This was rebuilt and repaired in 1830 by Nana Phadanavisa, a finance secretary (Divan) of Gwalior Estate, whose building at the top of the ghat is known as Phadanivisa Wada. At the ghat exist the two water-front sacred spots, i.e. Markandeya and Kharva Narasimha Tirthas, and at the top is the shrine of Kharva Narasimha. In 1958, the government of Uttar Pradesh repaired and rebuilt the ghat. The steps from the ghat leading to the upper part are built in an archetypal frame, i.e. after nine steps there lies a platform, the steps symbolise the nine forms of Durga. This ghat is an active place for religious festivities and also for the annual competition of fighting, wrestling and mettle in the month of Karttika (October/November). 

[[File:Durga Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Durga Ghat, Varanasi]]
The 13th-century image of Brahma in the climbing steps and temple of Brahmeshvara (no. K 22/ 82) was honoured by the name of this ghat, Brahma Ghat. According to a tale, when Brahma first came to this city, he had settled at this ghat. With Durga Ghat, this ghat was made pucca by Narayana Dikshita in 1742. There are two lanes of climbing steps, and both are made on the archetypal frame. In the lane leading to Brahmeshvara Shiva temple, each after five steps, there is a platform; the number five symbolises the five gross elements of organic reality controlled by Shiva (i.e. earth, water, fire, sky and air). In the lane leading to Brahma, each after four, there is a platform; the number four symbolises the four mouths of Brahma, i.e. four directions. There are two water-front sacred spots near the bank, viz. Bhairava and Vindu Madhav Tirthas. One of the notable buildings is Shri Kashi Math Samsthan: Sudhindra Tirtha Svami, belonging to the Gauda Sarasvata Brahmin community of south India. On the terraces of this monastery are the temples of Vindu Madhava (II) and Lakshmi Narasimha. It is believed that Shankara stayed here in the 8th century when he came to Kashi.
=== Present state of conservation === 
Except for the temple organisation, which takes care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to its own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="3811" sha1="5rua5tco4y477wkz4c4jq455kubuqn4" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat|Durga Ghat]] 
[[File:DurgaGhat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|DurgaGhat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 19.029’ North and 83º 01.126’ East (Durga Ghat, centre).
25º 19.067’ North and 83º 01.145’ East (Brahma Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Durga and Brahma Ghats
==== Area ==== 
0.225 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
On the northern side of the upper part, there is a temple of Brahmacarini Durga (no. K 22/ 17), from where the name of the ghat derived, i.e. Durga Ghat. The 17th-century text Giravana-padamanjari has described this ghat. In 1742, Narayana Dikshita, a guru of Peshvas, purchased land from resident fishermen and built two ghats: Durga and the succeeding one, Brahma Ghats. This was rebuilt and repaired in 1830 by Nana Phadanavisa, a finance secretary (Divan) of Gwalior Estate, whose building at the top of the ghat is known as Phadanivisa Wada. At the ghat exist the two water-front sacred spots, i.e. Markandeya and Kharva Narasimha Tirthas, and at the top is the shrine of Kharva Narasimha. In 1958, the government of Uttar Pradesh repaired and rebuilt the ghat. The steps from the ghat leading to the upper part are built in an archetypal frame, i.e. after nine steps there lies a platform, the steps symbolise the nine forms of Durga. This ghat is an active place for religious festivities and also for the annual competition of fighting, wrestling and mettle in the month of Karttika (October/November). 

[[File:Durga Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Durga Ghat, Varanasi]]
The 13th-century image of Brahma in the climbing steps and temple of Brahmeshvara (no. K 22/ 82) was honoured by the name of this ghat, Brahma Ghat. According to a tale, when Brahma first came to this city, he had settled at this ghat. With Durga Ghat, this ghat was made pucca by Narayana Dikshita in 1742. There are two lanes of climbing steps, and both are made on the archetypal frame. In the lane leading to Brahmeshvara Shiva temple, each after five steps, there is a platform; the number five symbolises the five gross elements of organic reality controlled by Shiva (i.e. earth, water, fire, sky and air). In the lane leading to Brahma, each after four, there is a platform; the number four symbolises the four mouths of Brahma, i.e. four directions. There are two water-front sacred spots near the bank, viz. Bhairava and Vindu Madhav Tirthas. One of the notable buildings is Shri Kashi Math Samsthan: Sudhindra Tirtha Svami, belonging to the Gauda Sarasvata Brahmin community of south India. On the terraces of this monastery are the temples of Vindu Madhava (II) and Lakshmi Narasimha. It is believed that Shankara stayed here in the 8th century when he came to Kashi.
=== Present state of conservation === 
Except for the temple organisation, which takes care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to its own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the Municipal Corporation owns the ghat area.

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      <text bytes="2638" sha1="dtrpki7qd45ktkokaeoyfp3pmpg8uyu" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat|Durga Ghat]] 
[[File:DurgaGhat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|DurgaGhat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 19.029’ North and 83º 01.126’ East (Durga Ghat, centre).
25º 19.067’ North and 83º 01.145’ East (Brahma Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Durga and Brahma Ghats
==== Area ==== 
0.225 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
On the northern side of the upper part, there is a temple of Brahmacarini Durga (no. K 22/ 17), from where the name of the ghat derived, i.e. Durga Ghat. The 17th-century text Giravana-padamanjari has described this ghat. In 1742, Narayana Dikshita, a guru of Peshvas, purchased land from resident fishermen and built two ghats: Durga and the succeeding one, Brahma Ghats. This was rebuilt and repaired in 1830 by Nana Phadanavisa, a finance secretary (Divan) of Gwalior Estate, whose building at the top of the ghat is known as Phadanivisa Wada. At the ghat exist the two water-front sacred spots, i.e. Markandeya and Kharva Narasimha Tirthas, and at the top is the shrine of Kharva Narasimha. In 1958, the government of Uttar Pradesh repaired and rebuilt the ghat. The steps from the ghat leading to the upper part are built in an archetypal frame, i.e. after nine steps there lies a platform, the steps symbolise the nine forms of Durga. This ghat is an active place for religious festivities and also for the annual competition of fighting, wrestling and mettle in the month of Karttika (October/November). 

[[File:Durga Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Durga Ghat, Varanasi (2012)]]
=== Present state of conservation === 
Except for the temple organisation, which takes care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to its own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the Municipal Corporation owns the ghat area.

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    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota Ghat</title>
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      <timestamp>2024-12-02T08:34:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Ghat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3650" sha1="2sobvt1fhgfwslj3vp1vjbs7dx4083w" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]

----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats|Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats]] 
[[File:Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi]]
=== Location ===
25º 19.028’ North and 83º 00.197’ East (Shitala Devi temple, K 20/ 19).
2.	Exact location on a map: 
Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats, down stream of the river. 
3.	Area (in ha) of proposed property: 
0.02ha (three separate properties) 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Formerly this ghat was known as Adi Vishveshvara as referred in the Giravanapada-manjari in the 17th century, and later as Raj Mandir Ghat. In ca 1580 this ghat was partly made stone stepped by the king of Bundi (Rajasthan), Raja Rao Surajan ‘Hada’. The reamins of the great palace built by him are still visible along the ghat. Again in mid 19th century repairing was made and portion of it built stone stepped. Close to the ghat is a temple of Vishveshvara, which given the name to the ghat.
Till the early 20th century the Bundi Parkota ghat extended up to (Adi) Shitala ghat, but later the portion in close affinity to Shitala named after her, i.e. Shitala Ghat. This is an extended part of the Bundi Parkota ghat, and was also built by king ‘Hada’ in ca 1580. Later on, in 1772 the ghat was repaired by Narayana diskita. In the early 19th century the king of Bundi, Raja Rao Pritam Singh has re-built and repaired this ghat. In 1958 the government of Uttar Pradesh has repaired the two ghats and set out the nameplates. It is believed that the image of Shitala is the original image of Nageshvari (“oddess of snakes”). There are three goddess images on the same altar, vis. Narayani, Shitala and Nageshvari. Karnaditya Tirtha and Sankha Madhava are other puranic sacred spots. There are also some Sati stones in the vicinity.

=== Description and History ===:
-- Like that of the other Shitala temples, on every 8th light-half of the months of Caitra, Vaishakha and Ashadha (March-July) festivities take place in honour of mother goddess. The worship of Shitala (“coolness”) has its ancient history in Bengal. She is worshipped in the hope that she will preserve her worshippers from the skin diseases like small and chicken poxes. Where there is an old shrine of Shitala, there should certainly be nima, margosa (Melia azadirachta). The nima is a very strong herbal tree providing coolness to the victim of small and chicken poses, and still very commonly used in herbal or alternative medicine. Shitala is the goddess of that healing spirit. That is how her worship helps to awaken the nature spirit for the well being of the devotees. The soft branches of nima are also used as truth brush in most parts of the village India.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple trust and the local public organisations, those work on their own ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats.
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple is owned by their Temple Trusts; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689848</id>
      <parentid>2689845</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T08:38:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>948816</id>
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      <text bytes="3651" sha1="3mw3ado0fq9o8unmwu3dmfl9u9062c8" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]

----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats|Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats]] 
[[File:Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi]]
=== Location ===
25º 19.028’ North and 83º 00.197’ East (Shitala Devi temple, K 20/ 19).
2.	Exact location on a map: 
Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats are downstream from the river. 
3.	Area (in ha) of proposed property: 
0.02ha (three separate properties) 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Formerly, this ghat was known as Adi Vishveshvara, as referred to in the Giravanapada-manjari in the 17th century, and later as Raj Mandir Ghat. In ca 1580, this ghat was partly made of stone, stepped by the king of Bundi (Rajasthan), Raja Rao Surajan ‘Hada’. The remains of the grand palace he built are still visible along the ghat. Again, in the mid-19th century, repairs were made, and a portion of the building was made of stone. Near the ghat is a temple of Vishveshvara, which gave the name to the ghat.
Till the early 20th century, the Bundi Parkota ghat extended up to (Adi) Shitala ghat, but later, the portion in close affinity to Shitala was named after her, i.e. Shitala Ghat. This extended part of the Bundi Parkota ghat was also built by King ‘Hada’ in ca 1580. Later on, in 1772, the ghat was repaired by Narayana Diskita. In the early 19th century, the king of Bundi, Raja Rao Pritam Singh, rebuilt and repaired this ghat. In 1958, the government of Uttar Pradesh repaired the two ghats and set out the nameplates. It is believed that the image of Shitala is the original image of Nageshvari (“Goddess of snakes”). There are three goddess images on the same altar, vis. Narayani, Shitala and Nageshvari. Karnaditya Tirtha and Sankha Madhava are other puranic sacred spots. There are also some Sati stones in the vicinity.

=== Description and History ===:
-- Like the other Shitala temples, on every 8th light-half of the months of Caitra, Vaishakha and Ashadha (March-July), festivities take place in honour of the mother goddess. The worship of Shitala (“coolness”) has an ancient history in Bengal. She is worshipped in the hope that she will preserve her worshippers from skin diseases like small and chicken poxes. Where there is an old shrine of Shitala, there should certainly be nima, margosa (Melia azadirachta). The name is a strong herbal tree that provides coolness to the victim of small and chicken poses. It is still very commonly used in herbal or alternative medicine. Shitala is the goddess of that healing spirit. That is how her worship helps to awaken the natural spirit for the well-being of the devotees. The soft branches of nima are also used as truth brushes in most parts of the village in India.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trust and the local public organisations, which work in their own ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats.
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.
=== Ownership ===
Their Temple Trusts own the temple; the Municipal Corporation manages the ghat area.

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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2024-12-02T08:41:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Ghat]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota Ghat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3651" sha1="3mw3ado0fq9o8unmwu3dmfl9u9062c8" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]

----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats|Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats]] 
[[File:Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi]]
=== Location ===
25º 19.028’ North and 83º 00.197’ East (Shitala Devi temple, K 20/ 19).
2.	Exact location on a map: 
Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats are downstream from the river. 
3.	Area (in ha) of proposed property: 
0.02ha (three separate properties) 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Formerly, this ghat was known as Adi Vishveshvara, as referred to in the Giravanapada-manjari in the 17th century, and later as Raj Mandir Ghat. In ca 1580, this ghat was partly made of stone, stepped by the king of Bundi (Rajasthan), Raja Rao Surajan ‘Hada’. The remains of the grand palace he built are still visible along the ghat. Again, in the mid-19th century, repairs were made, and a portion of the building was made of stone. Near the ghat is a temple of Vishveshvara, which gave the name to the ghat.
Till the early 20th century, the Bundi Parkota ghat extended up to (Adi) Shitala ghat, but later, the portion in close affinity to Shitala was named after her, i.e. Shitala Ghat. This extended part of the Bundi Parkota ghat was also built by King ‘Hada’ in ca 1580. Later on, in 1772, the ghat was repaired by Narayana Diskita. In the early 19th century, the king of Bundi, Raja Rao Pritam Singh, rebuilt and repaired this ghat. In 1958, the government of Uttar Pradesh repaired the two ghats and set out the nameplates. It is believed that the image of Shitala is the original image of Nageshvari (“Goddess of snakes”). There are three goddess images on the same altar, vis. Narayani, Shitala and Nageshvari. Karnaditya Tirtha and Sankha Madhava are other puranic sacred spots. There are also some Sati stones in the vicinity.

=== Description and History ===:
-- Like the other Shitala temples, on every 8th light-half of the months of Caitra, Vaishakha and Ashadha (March-July), festivities take place in honour of the mother goddess. The worship of Shitala (“coolness”) has an ancient history in Bengal. She is worshipped in the hope that she will preserve her worshippers from skin diseases like small and chicken poxes. Where there is an old shrine of Shitala, there should certainly be nima, margosa (Melia azadirachta). The name is a strong herbal tree that provides coolness to the victim of small and chicken poses. It is still very commonly used in herbal or alternative medicine. Shitala is the goddess of that healing spirit. That is how her worship helps to awaken the natural spirit for the well-being of the devotees. The soft branches of nima are also used as truth brushes in most parts of the village in India.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trust and the local public organisations, which work in their own ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats.
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.
=== Ownership ===
Their Temple Trusts own the temple; the Municipal Corporation manages the ghat area.

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        <id>948816</id>
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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats|Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats]] 
[[File:Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi]]
=== Location ===
25º 19.028’ North and 83º 00.197’ East (Shitala Devi temple, K 20/ 19).
2.	Exact location on a map: 
Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats are downstream from the river. 
3.	Area (in ha) of proposed property: 
0.02ha (three separate properties) 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Formerly, this ghat was known as Adi Vishveshvara, as referred to in the Giravanapada-manjari in the 17th century, and later as Raj Mandir Ghat. In ca 1580, this ghat was partly made of stone, stepped by the king of Bundi (Rajasthan), Raja Rao Surajan ‘Hada’. The remains of the grand palace he built are still visible along the ghat. Again, in the mid-19th century, repairs were made, and a portion of the building was made of stone. Near the ghat is a temple of Vishveshvara, which gave the name to the ghat.
Till the early 20th century, the Bundi Parkota ghat extended up to (Adi) Shitala ghat, but later, the portion in close affinity to Shitala was named after her, i.e. Shitala Ghat. This extended part of the Bundi Parkota ghat was also built by King ‘Hada’ in ca 1580. Later on, in 1772, the ghat was repaired by Narayana Diskita. In the early 19th century, the king of Bundi, Raja Rao Pritam Singh, rebuilt and repaired this ghat. In 1958, the government of Uttar Pradesh repaired the two ghats and set out the nameplates. It is believed that the image of Shitala is the original image of Nageshvari (“Goddess of snakes”). There are three goddess images on the same altar, vis. Narayani, Shitala and Nageshvari. Karnaditya Tirtha and Sankha Madhava are other puranic sacred spots. There are also some Sati stones in the vicinity.

=== Description and History ===

-- Like the other Shitala temples, on every 8th light-half of the months of Caitra, Vaishakha and Ashadha (March-July), festivities take place in honour of the mother goddess. The worship of Shitala (“coolness”) has an ancient history in Bengal. She is worshipped in the hope that she will preserve her worshippers from skin diseases like small and chicken poxes. Where there is an old shrine of Shitala, there should certainly be nima, margosa (Melia azadirachta). The name is a strong herbal tree that provides coolness to the victim of small and chicken poses. It is still very commonly used in herbal or alternative medicine. Shitala is the goddess of that healing spirit. That is how her worship helps to awaken the natural spirit for the well-being of the devotees. The soft branches of nima are also used as truth brushes in most parts of the village in India.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trust and the local public organisations, which work in their own ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats.
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.
=== Ownership ===
Their Temple Trusts own the temple; the Municipal Corporation manages the ghat area.

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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota Ghat|Bundi Parkota Ghat]] 
[[File:Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 19.028’ North and 83º 00.197’ East (Shitala Devi temple, K 20/ 19).
2.	Exact location on a map: 
Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats are downstream from the river. 
3.	Area (in ha) of proposed property: 
0.02ha (three separate properties) 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Formerly, this ghat was known as Adi Vishveshvara, as referred to in the Giravanapada-manjari in the 17th century, and later as Raj Mandir Ghat. In ca 1580, this ghat was partly made of stone, stepped by the king of Bundi (Rajasthan), Raja Rao Surajan ‘Hada’. The remains of the grand palace he built are still visible along the ghat. Again, in the mid-19th century, repairs were made, and a portion of the building was made of stone. Near the ghat is a temple of Vishveshvara, which gave the name to the ghat.
Till the early 20th century, the Bundi Parkota ghat extended up to (Adi) Shitala ghat, but later, the portion in close affinity to Shitala was named after her, i.e. Shitala Ghat. This extended part of the Bundi Parkota ghat was also built by King ‘Hada’ in ca 1580. Later on, in 1772, the ghat was repaired by Narayana Diskita. In the early 19th century, the king of Bundi, Raja Rao Pritam Singh, rebuilt and repaired this ghat. In 1958, the government of Uttar Pradesh repaired the two ghats and set out the nameplates. It is believed that the image of Shitala is the original image of Nageshvari (“Goddess of snakes”). There are three goddess images on the same altar, vis. Narayani, Shitala and Nageshvari. Karnaditya Tirtha and Sankha Madhava are other puranic sacred spots. There are also some Sati stones in the vicinity.

=== Description and History ===

-- Like the other Shitala temples, on every 8th light-half of the months of Caitra, Vaishakha and Ashadha (March-July), festivities take place in honour of the mother goddess. The worship of Shitala (“coolness”) has an ancient history in Bengal. She is worshipped in the hope that she will preserve her worshippers from skin diseases like small and chicken poxes. Where there is an old shrine of Shitala, there should certainly be nima, margosa (Melia azadirachta). The name is a strong herbal tree that provides coolness to the victim of small and chicken poses. It is still very commonly used in herbal or alternative medicine. Shitala is the goddess of that healing spirit. That is how her worship helps to awaken the natural spirit for the well-being of the devotees. The soft branches of nima are also used as truth brushes in most parts of the village in India.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trust and the local public organisations, which work in their own ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats.
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.
=== Ownership ===
Their Temple Trusts own the temple; the Municipal Corporation manages the ghat area.

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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota Ghat|Bundi Parkota Ghat]] 
[[File:Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 19.028’ North and 83º 00.197’ East (Shitala Devi temple, K 20/ 19).
2.	Exact location on a map: 
Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats are downstream from the river. 
3.	Area (in ha) of proposed property: 
0.02ha (three separate properties) 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Formerly, this ghat was known as Adi Vishveshvara, as referred to in the Giravanapada-manjari in the 17th century, and later as Raj Mandir Ghat. In ca 1580, this ghat was partly made of stone, stepped by the king of Bundi (Rajasthan), Raja Rao Surajan ‘Hada’. The remains of the grand palace he built are still visible along the ghat. Again, in the mid-19th century, repairs were made, and a portion of the building was made of stone. Near the ghat is a temple of Vishveshvara, which gave the name to the ghat.
Till the early 20th century, the Bundi Parkota ghat extended up to ([[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat|Shitala Ghat]], but later, the portion in close affinity to Shitala was named after her, i.e. Shitala Ghat. This extended part of the Bundi Parkota ghat was also built by King ‘Hada’ in ca 1580. Later on, in 1772, the ghat was repaired by Narayana Diskita. In the early 19th century, the king of Bundi, Raja Rao Pritam Singh, rebuilt and repaired this ghat. In 1958, the government of Uttar Pradesh repaired the two ghats and set out the nameplates. It is believed that the image of Shitala is the original image of Nageshvari (“Goddess of snakes”). There are three goddess images on the same altar, vis. Narayani, Shitala and Nageshvari. Karnaditya Tirtha and Sankha Madhava are other puranic sacred spots. There are also some [[wikipedia:Sati_(practice)|Sati]] stones in the vicinity.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trust and the local public organisations, which work in their own ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats.
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.
=== Ownership ===
Their Temple Trusts own the temple; the Municipal Corporation manages the ghat area.

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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota Ghat|Bundi Parkota Ghat]] 
[[File:Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 19.028’ North and 83º 00.197’ East (Shitala Devi temple, K 20/ 19).
2.	Exact location on a map: 
Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats are downstream from the river. 
3.	Area (in ha) of proposed property: 
0.02ha (three separate properties) 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Formerly, this ghat was known as Adi Vishveshvara, as referred to in the Giravanapada-manjari in the 17th century, and later as Raj Mandir Ghat. In ca 1580, this ghat was partly made of stone, stepped by the king of Bundi (Rajasthan), Raja Rao Surajan ‘Hada’. The remains of the grand palace he built are still visible along the ghat. Again, in the mid-19th century, repairs were made, and a portion of the building was made of stone. Near the ghat is a temple of Vishveshvara, which gave the name to the ghat.
Till the early 20th century, the Bundi Parkota ghat extended up to ([[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat|Shitala Ghat]], but later, the portion in close affinity to Shitala was named after her, i.e. Shitala Ghat. This extended part of the Bundi Parkota ghat was also built by King ‘Hada’ in ca 1580. Later on, in 1772, the ghat was repaired by Narayana Diskita. In the early 19th century, the king of Bundi, Raja Rao Pritam Singh, rebuilt and repaired this ghat. In 1958, the government of Uttar Pradesh repaired the two ghats and set out the nameplates. It is believed that the image of Shitala is the original image of Nageshvari (“Goddess of snakes”). There are three goddess images on the same altar, vis. Narayani, Shitala and Nageshvari. Karnaditya Tirtha and Sankha Madhava are other puranic sacred spots. There are also some [[w:Sati_(practice)|Sati]] stones in the vicinity.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trust and the local public organisations, which work in their own ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats.
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.
=== Ownership ===
Their Temple Trusts own the temple; the Municipal Corporation manages the ghat area.

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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota Ghat|Bundi Parkota Ghat]] 
[[File:Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 19.028’ North and 83º 00.197’ East (Shitala Devi temple, K 20/ 19).
2.	Exact location on a map: 
Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats are downstream from the river. 
3.	Area (in ha) of proposed property: 
0.02ha (three separate properties) 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Formerly, this ghat was known as Adi Vishveshvara, as referred to in the Giravanapada-manjari in the 17th century, and later as Raj Mandir Ghat. In ca 1580, this ghat was partly made of stone, stepped by the king of Bundi (Rajasthan), Raja Rao Surajan ‘Hada’. The remains of the grand palace he built are still visible along the ghat. Again, in the mid-19th century, repairs were made, and a portion of the building was made of stone. Near the ghat is a temple of Vishveshvara, which gave the name to the ghat.
Till the early 20th century, the Bundi Parkota ghat extended up to ([[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat|Shitala Ghat]], but later, the portion in close affinity to Shitala was named after her, i.e. Shitala Ghat. This extended part of the Bundi Parkota ghat was also built by King ‘Hada’ in ca 1580. Later on, in 1772, the ghat was repaired by Narayana Diskita. In the early 19th century, the king of Bundi, Raja Rao Pritam Singh, rebuilt and repaired this ghat.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trust and the local public organisations, which work in their own ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats.
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.
=== Ownership ===
Their Temple Trusts own the temple; the Municipal Corporation manages the ghat area.

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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota Ghat|Bundi Parkota Ghat]] 
[[File:Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 19.028’ North and 83º 00.197’ East (Shitala Devi temple, K 20/ 19).
2.	Exact location on a map: 
Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats are downstream from the river. 
3.	Area (in ha) of proposed property: 
0.02ha (three separate properties) 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Formerly, this ghat was known as Adi Vishveshvara, as referred to in the Giravanapada-manjari in the 17th century, and later as Raj Mandir Ghat. In ca 1580, this ghat was partly made of stone, stepped by the king of Bundi (Rajasthan), Raja Rao Surajan ‘Hada’. The remains of the grand palace he built are still visible along the ghat. Again, in the mid-19th century, repairs were made, and a portion of the building was made of stone. Near the ghat is a temple of Vishveshvara, which gave the name to the ghat.

Till the early 20th century, the Bundi Parkota ghat extended up to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat|Shitala Ghat]], but later, the portion in close affinity to Shitala was named after her, i.e. Shitala Ghat. This extended part of the Bundi Parkota ghat was also built by King ‘Hada’ in ca 1580. Later on, in 1772, the ghat was repaired by Narayana Diskita. In the early 19th century, the king of Bundi, Raja Rao Pritam Singh, rebuilt and repaired this ghat.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trust and the local public organisations, which work in their own ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats.
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.
=== Ownership ===
Their Temple Trusts own the temple; the Municipal Corporation manages the ghat area.

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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat</title>
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        <id>948816</id>
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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3817" sha1="n6dn88r0ktrwbgwvtvm6cr1ymam178w" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]
[[File:Hanumangarhi Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Hanumangarhi Ghat, Varanasi]]

[[File:Hanumangiri Ghat Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Hanumangiri Ghat Varanasi]]

[[File:Lal Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Lal Ghat, Varanasi]]
=== Location ===
25º 19.198’ North and 83º 01.232’ East (Lal Ghat, centre).
25º 19.049’ North and 83º 01.210’ East (Gopreksheshvara temple).
25º 19.228’ North and 83º 01.261’ East (Hanuman Garhi Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat
==== Area ====
0.12 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
The southern part of Lal Ghat was made pucca in ca 1812 by the king of Tijara (Rajasthan); a large house there is a testimony to his noble task. In 1935 Baldeodas Birla purchased the ghat area and the nearby buildings for his stay in Kashi. He built the ghat pucca and also a mansion there. He has also made a distinct ghat called Gopi Govind Ghat at the top of which exists a rest house for pilgrims, and also many other buildings (K 4/22, 23, 44 and 45). In the upper part attached to a niche the inscription reads “Lal Ghat Vishnupad rebuilt in 1935 by Raja Baldeodas Birla”. In one of the buildings runs Baldeodas Birla Sanskrit School, the nearby other used as dormitory for students. Food and shelter, both provided free of cost to students and ascetics from the Birla Trust. The northern and southern portions of the ghat were open earth till 1988 and were used as site for washing cloths by washermen. After construction of these portions complete pucca by the irrigation department of the government of Uttar Pradesh the practice of washing cloths reduced. The most prominent temple of this area is Gopreksheshvara. In the whole month of Magha (January-February) this ghat and temple attract a good mass of devout Hindus for sacred bath and worship in the above temple.

Till 1950 Hanumangarhi Ghat was southern part of Gai Ghat. A holy man Shyamalal Mahatyagi, resident of Bihar and having affinity to the Hanumangarhi temple of Ayodhya, was living here who built a Hanuman temple. After passage of time this has been called as Hanumangarhi Ghat. In 1972 one of the disciples of Shyamalal, named Tekacand Shahu has made the ghat pucca. In 1980 another disciple, Ramana Mahatyagi has built a commemorative monastery in honour of his guru called Mahatyagi Ashram that runs the temple and the ashram. In this ashram together with proving food and shelter to students of Sanskrit, there is an arrangement for giving education and training in Yoga, Tantra, astronomy and old Sanskrit texts. In the upper part are the wrestling site, the Ganga Akhara, and a memorial Sati stone.


=== Present state of conservation === 
Except by the two trusts that taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The trusts maintain its properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The trust related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

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      <text bytes="3786" sha1="ahzy44aadz1xhqltudncmm9efokx666" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]
[[File:Hanumangarhi Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Hanumangarhi Ghat, Varanasi]]

[[File:Hanumangiri Ghat Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Hanumangiri Ghat Varanasi]]

[[File:Lal Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Lal Ghat, Varanasi]]
=== Location ===
25º 19.198’ North and 83º 01.232’ East (Lal Ghat, centre).
25º 19.049’ North and 83º 01.210’ East (Gopreksheshvara temple).
25º 19.228’ North and 83º 01.261’ East (Hanuman Garhi Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat
==== Area ====
0.12 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
The southern part of Lal Ghat was made pucca in ca 1812 by the king of Tijara (Rajasthan); a large house there is a testimony to his noble task. In 1935, Baldeodas Birla purchased the ghat area and the nearby buildings for his stay in Kashi. He built the Ghat Pucca and a mansion there. He also made a distinct ghat called Gopi Govind Ghat at the top, which is a rest house for pilgrims and many other buildings (K 4/22, 23, 44 and 45). The inscription in the upper part attached to a niche reads, “Lal Ghat Vishnupad rebuilt in 1935 by Raja Baldeodas Birla”. One of the buildings runs Baldeodas Birla Sanskrit School, and the nearby other is used as a dormitory for students. Food and shelter were provided free of cost to students and ascetics from the Birla Trust. The northern and southern portions of the ghat were open earth till 1988 and were used as sites for washing clothes by washermen. After the construction of these portions was completed by the government's irrigation department of Uttar Pradesh, the practice of washing clothes was reduced. The most prominent temple in this area is Gopreksheshvara. In the whole month of Magha (January-February), this ghat and temple attract a good mass of devout Hindus for sacred baths and worship in the above temple.

Till 1950, Hanumangarhi Ghat was the southern part of Gai Ghat. A holy man, Shyamalal Mahatyagi, a resident of Bihar and having affinity to the Hanumangarhi temple of Ayodhya, was living here and built a Hanuman temple. With time, this has been called Hanumangarhi Ghat. In 1972, one of the disciples of Shyamalal, named Tekacand Shahu, made the ghat pucca. In 1980, another disciple, Ramana Mahatyagi, built a commemorative monastery in honour of his guru, Mahatyagi Ashram, which runs the temple and the ashram. In this ashram, together with providing food and shelter to students of Sanskrit, there is an arrangement for education and training in Yoga, Tantra, astronomy and old Sanskrit texts. The wrestling site, the Ganga Akhara, and a memorial Sati stone are in the upper part.


=== Present state of conservation === 
Except for the two trusts that take care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.
=== Ownership ===
The trust-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

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      <text bytes="2999" sha1="6kg8xwitshb5577fhqm2mp9apgz72ik" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]
[[File:Hanumangarhi Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Hanumangarhi Ghat, Varanasi]]

[[File:Hanumangiri Ghat Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Hanumangiri Ghat Varanasi]]

[[File:Lal Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Lal Ghat, Varanasi]]
=== Location ===
25º 19.198’ North and 83º 01.232’ East (Lal Ghat, centre).
25º 19.049’ North and 83º 01.210’ East (Gopreksheshvara temple).
25º 19.228’ North and 83º 01.261’ East (Hanuman Garhi Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat
==== Area ====
0.12 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
The southern part of Lal Ghat was made pucca in ca 1812 by the king of Tijara (Rajasthan); a large house there is a testimony to his noble task. In 1935, Baldeodas Birla purchased the ghat area and the nearby buildings for his stay in Kashi. He built the Ghat Pucca and a mansion there. He also made a distinct ghat called Gopi Govind Ghat at the top, which is a rest house for pilgrims and many other buildings (K 4/22, 23, 44 and 45). The inscription in the upper part attached to a niche reads, “Lal Ghat Vishnupad rebuilt in 1935 by Raja Baldeodas Birla”. One of the buildings runs Baldeodas Birla Sanskrit School, and the nearby other is used as a dormitory for students. Food and shelter were provided free of cost to students and ascetics from the Birla Trust. The northern and southern portions of the ghat were open earth till 1988 and were used as sites for washing clothes by washermen. After the construction of these portions was completed by the government's irrigation department of Uttar Pradesh, the practice of washing clothes was reduced. The most prominent temple in this area is Gopreksheshvara. In the whole month of Magha (January-February), this ghat and temple attract a good mass of devout Hindus for sacred baths and worship in the above temple.

=== Present state of conservation === 
Except for the two trusts that take care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.
=== Ownership ===
The trust-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]

[[File:Lal Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Lal Ghat, Varanasi]]
=== Location ===
25º 19.198’ North and 83º 01.232’ East (Lal Ghat, centre).
25º 19.049’ North and 83º 01.210’ East (Gopreksheshvara temple).
25º 19.228’ North and 83º 01.261’ East (Hanuman Garhi Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat
==== Area ====
0.12 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
The southern part of Lal Ghat was made pucca in ca 1812 by the king of Tijara (Rajasthan); a large house there is a testimony to his noble task. In 1935, Baldeodas Birla purchased the ghat area and the nearby buildings for his stay in Kashi. He built the Ghat Pucca and a mansion there. He also made a distinct ghat called Gopi Govind Ghat at the top, which is a rest house for pilgrims and many other buildings (K 4/22, 23, 44 and 45). The inscription in the upper part attached to a niche reads, “Lal Ghat Vishnupad rebuilt in 1935 by Raja Baldeodas Birla”. One of the buildings runs Baldeodas Birla Sanskrit School, and the nearby other is used as a dormitory for students. Food and shelter were provided free of cost to students and ascetics from the Birla Trust. The northern and southern portions of the ghat were open earth till 1988 and were used as sites for washing clothes by washermen. After the construction of these portions was completed by the government's irrigation department of Uttar Pradesh, the practice of washing clothes was reduced. The most prominent temple in this area is Gopreksheshvara. In the whole month of Magha (January-February), this ghat and temple attract a good mass of devout Hindus for sacred baths and worship in the above temple.

=== Present state of conservation === 
Except for the two trusts that take care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.
=== Ownership ===
The trust-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the Municipal Corporation owns the ghat area.

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      <text bytes="2799" sha1="0h15ajopgep8ds3ox7obdastjo4zfgw" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat|Lal Ghat]]

[[File:Lal Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Lal Ghat, Varanasi]]
=== Location ===
25º 19.198’ North and 83º 01.232’ East (Lal Ghat, centre).
25º 19.049’ North and 83º 01.210’ East (Gopreksheshvara temple).
25º 19.228’ North and 83º 01.261’ East (Hanuman Garhi Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat
==== Area ====
0.12 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
The southern part of Lal Ghat was made pucca in ca 1812 by the king of Tijara (Rajasthan); a large house there is a testimony to his noble task. In 1935, Baldeodas Birla purchased the ghat area and the nearby buildings for his stay in Kashi. He built the Ghat Pucca and a mansion there. He also made a distinct ghat called Gopi Govind Ghat at the top, which is a rest house for pilgrims and many other buildings (K 4/22, 23, 44 and 45). The inscription in the upper part attached to a niche reads, “Lal Ghat Vishnupad rebuilt in 1935 by Raja Baldeodas Birla”. One of the buildings runs Baldeodas Birla Sanskrit School, and the nearby other is used as a dormitory for students. Food and shelter were provided free of cost to students and ascetics from the Birla Trust. The northern and southern portions of the ghat were open earth till 1988 and were used as sites for washing clothes by washermen. After the construction of these portions was completed by the government's irrigation department of Uttar Pradesh, the practice of washing clothes was reduced. The most prominent temple in this area is Gopreksheshvara. In the whole month of Magha (January-February), this ghat and temple attract a good mass of devout Hindus for sacred baths and worship in the above temple.

=== Present state of conservation === 
Except for the two trusts that take care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.
=== Ownership ===
The trust-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the Municipal Corporation owns the ghat area.

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    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola Ghat</title>
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        <id>948816</id>
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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola Ghat]]</comment>
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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats|Gola and Nandishvara Ghats]]

=== Location ===
-- 25º 19.184’ North and 83º 01.387’ East (Gola Ghat, centre).
25º 19.214’ North and 83º 01.390’ East (Nandishvara Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Gola–Nandishvara–Sakka– Phuta Ghats
==== Area ====
0.075 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Since late 12th century Gola Ghat was used as a ferry point and was known for a number of granaries (gola), from where the name derived. However, after opening the bridge at Raj Ghat in 1887 the site lost its importance. In course of time the ghat became deserted. The Muncipal Corporation, with the support of irrigation department of the government of Uttar Pradesh, has renovated and built this ghat pucca in 1988. At this ghat there is existence of puranic water-front sacred spot, viz. Pishegila Tirtha. This ghat has no cultural and religious importance. Portion of this ghat is used by washermen for cleaning the cloths. 

At this ghat, in the upper part there is a temple of Nandishvara. As a mark of respect the local residents with their collective efforts built this temple in the early 19th century. One portion of it was built pucca by Dvarikanath Chakravorty (of Bhavanipur, West Bengal) in 1940; who has also constructed a mansion (A 4/ 13). There are stone steps from the bank to the upper part, and in way to the right side on a platform there is a complex of several small shrines and temples, which also includes a shrine of Bhrigu Keshav (Vishnu). In 1988 the irrigation department of the government of Uttar Pradesh has made this ghat pucca. In the recent past a wrestling site (akhara), named Nanishvara Akhara has also been opened where one can get training of Indian style of wrestling and art of body-making. The ghat area is occupied by basket and pole makers, a professional caste considered low in hierarchy.

=== Present state of conservation === 
Except by the temple organisation that taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

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      <text bytes="2945" sha1="mj3x0vju4s90jsubdi5zg3ju4hdkybu" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]

----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats|Gola and Nandishvara Ghats]]

=== Location ===
-- 25º 19.184’ North and 83º 01.387’ East (Gola Ghat, centre).
25º 19.214’ North and 83º 01.390’ East (Nandishvara Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Gola–Nandishvara–Sakka– Phuta Ghats
==== Area ====
0.075 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Since the late 12th century, Gola Ghat was a ferry point known for several granaries (gola), from where the name derived. However, the site lost its importance after opening the bridge at Raj Ghat in 1887. Over time, the ghat became deserted. The Municipal Corporation, with the support of the government's irrigation department of Uttar Pradesh, renovated and built this ghat pucca in 1988. At this ghat, a puranic water-front sacred spot exists, viz. Pishegila Tirtha. This ghat has no cultural or religious importance. Washermen use a portion of this ghat to clean the clothes. 

At this ghat, there is a temple called Nandishvara in the upper part. As a mark of respect, the residents, with their collective efforts, built this temple in the early 19th century. One portion of it was built in pucca by Dvarikanath Chakravorty (of Bhavanipur, West Bengal) in 1940, who also constructed a mansion (A 4/ 13). There are stone steps from the bank to the upper part, and on the way to the right side, on a platform, there is a complex of several small shrines and temples, which also includes a shrine of Bhrigu Keshav (Vishnu). In 1988, the government's irrigation department made this ghat pucca. In the recent past a wrestling site (akhara), named Nanishvara Akhara has also been opened where one can get training of Indian style of wrestling and art of body-making. The ghat area is occupied by basket and pole makers, a professional caste considered low in the hierarchy.

=== Present state of conservation === 
Except for the temple organisation, which takes care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to its own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola Ghat|Gola Ghat]]

=== Location ===
-- 25º 19.184’ North and 83º 01.387’ East (Gola Ghat, centre).
25º 19.214’ North and 83º 01.390’ East (Nandishvara Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Gola–Nandishvara–Sakka– Phuta Ghats
==== Area ====
0.075 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Since the late 12th century, Gola Ghat was a ferry point known for several granaries (gola), from where the name derived. However, the site lost its importance after opening the bridge at Raj Ghat in 1887. Over time, the ghat became deserted. The Municipal Corporation, with the support of the government's irrigation department of Uttar Pradesh, renovated and built this ghat pucca in 1988. At this ghat, a puranic water-front sacred spot exists, viz. Pishegila Tirtha. This ghat has no cultural or religious importance. Washermen use a portion of this ghat to clean the clothes. 

A temple called Nandishvara is in the upper part of this ghat. As a mark of respect, the residents, with their collective efforts, built this temple in the early 19th century. One portion of it was built in pucca by Dvarikanath Chakravorty (of Bhavanipur, West Bengal) in 1940, who also constructed a mansion (A 4/ 13). There are stone steps from the bank to the upper part, and on the way to the right side, on a platform, there is a complex of several small shrines and temples, which also includes a shrine of Bhrigu Keshav (Vishnu). In 1988, the government's irrigation department made this ghat pucca. In the recent past a wrestling site (akhara), named Nanishvara Akhara has also been opened where one can get training of Indian style of wrestling and art of body-making. The ghat area is occupied by basket and pole makers, a professional caste considered low in the hierarchy.

=== Present state of conservation === 
Except for the temple organisation, which takes care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to its own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola Ghat|Gola Ghat]]

=== Location ===
-- 25º 19.184’ North and 83º 01.387’ East (Gola Ghat, centre).
25º 19.214’ North and 83º 01.390’ East (Nandishvara Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Gola–Nandishvara–Sakka– Phuta Ghats
==== Area ====
0.075 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Since the late 12th century, Gola Ghat was a ferry point known for several granaries (gola), from where the name derived. However, the site lost its importance after opening the bridge at Raj Ghat in 1887. Over time, the ghat became deserted. The Municipal Corporation, with the support of the government's irrigation department of Uttar Pradesh, renovated and built this ghat pucca in 1988. At this ghat, a puranic water-front sacred spot exists, viz. Pishegila Tirtha. This ghat has no cultural or religious importance. Washermen use a portion of this ghat to clean the clothes. 

=== Present state of conservation === 
Except for the temple organisation, which takes care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to its own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka Ghat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>151886</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689895</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka Ghat]]</comment>
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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats|Sakka, Telianala and Phuta Ghats]]
[[File:Sakka Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Sakka Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Telianala Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Telianala Ghat, Varanasi]]
=== Location ===
-- 25º 19.233’ North and 83º 01.392’ East (Sakka Ghat, centre).
-- 25º 19.271’ North and 83º 01.400’ East (Phuta Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Sakka–Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats
==== Area ====
0.045 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Taking in view the existence of the water-front sacred spot of Pranava Tirtha as described in the puranic literature, this area was developed into a frame of ghat in late 18th century. Later on this ghat called Sukka or Sakka Ghat. The ghat was made fully pucca by the irrigation department of the government of Uttar Pradesh in 1988. Close to this ghat is a Haridas Sevashram Trust (Mukimganj, A 7/ 22), which contains the image of Balacandreshvara Shiva. Except the one there is no significant temple or shrine. Most part of the ghat is occupied by the washermen for cleaning dirty cloths. 
-- According to legends the predominance of an oil-pressing community (Teli) settled along the nearby ancient drain (nala) has assumed the name of a ghat, Telianala. The historicity of this ghat is obvious from one of the paintings of 17th-18th century preserved in the Savai Mansingh Museum (Jaipur, Rajasthan), where the ghat and the drain are shown. Prinsep (1822) has also shown this ghat. The old drain was closed in 1988 when the irrigation department of the government of Uttar Pradesh has built the ghat pucca. This ghat has no religious significance, except that the existence of the puranic water-front sacred spot of Hiranyagarbha Tirtha was referred here. Presently the ghat is occupied by washermen for cleaning the cloths. 
-- Earlier name of the Naya (“new”) ghat has been Phuta or Phuteshvara Ghat with reference to the shrine of Phuteshvara Shiva, which is still an active sacred place in the neighbourhood. It is said that during 18th century the ghat deserted (Phuta), but later on it was renovated and got a new (Naya) shape, that is how it is called Phuta, or Naya Ghat. Prinsep (1822) has also mentioned this ghat. In the early 20th century Narsingh Japal, a rich resident of Chainpur (Bhabhua, Bihar) has made it pucca, and also constructed a mansion. Greaves (1909) mentioned this ghat as Naya Ghat. The government authorities made this ghat pucca in 1988. 

=== Present state of conservation === 
Except by the temple organisation that taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats|Sakka, Telianala and Phuta Ghats]]
[[File:Sakka Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Sakka Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Telianala Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Telianala Ghat, Varanasi]]
=== Location ===
-- 25º 19.233’ North and 83º 01.392’ East (Sakka Ghat, centre).
-- 25º 19.271’ North and 83º 01.400’ East (Phuta Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Sakka–Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats
==== Area ====
0.045 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Considering the existence of the water-front sacred spot of Pranava Tirtha as described in the Puranic literature, this area was developed into a frame of a ghat in the late 18th century; later on, this ghat was called Sukka or Sakka Ghat. The ghat was made fully pucca by the irrigation department of the government of Uttar Pradesh in 1988. Close to this ghat is a Haridas Sevashram Trust (Mukimganj, A 7/ 22), which contains the image of Balacandreshvara Shiva. Except for the one, there is no significant temple or shrine. Most of the ghat is occupied by the washermen to clean dirty clothes. 
-- According to legends, the predominance of an oil-pressing community (Teli) settled along the nearby ancient drain (nala), which has assumed the name of a ghat, Telianala. The historicity of this ghat is evident from one of the paintings of the 17th-18th century preserved in the Savai Mansingh Museum (Jaipur, Rajasthan), where the ghat and the drain are shown. Prinsep (1822) has also demonstrated this ghat. The old drain was closed in 1988 when the irrigation department of the government of Uttar Pradesh built the ghat pucca. This ghat has no religious significance, except that the existence of the puranic water-front sacred spot of Hiranyagarbha Tirtha was referred to here. Presently, the ghat is occupied by washermen who clean the clothes. 
-- The earlier name of the Naya (“new”) ghat was Phuta or Phuteshvara Ghat, related to the shrine of Phuteshvara Shiva, which is still an active sacred place in the neighbourhood. It is said that during the 18th century, the ghat was deserted (Phuta), but later on, it was renovated and got a new (Naya) shape called Phuta, or Naya Ghat. Prinsep (1822) has also mentioned this ghat. In the early 20th century, Narsingh Japal, a wealthy resident of Chainpur (Bhabhua, Bihar), made it a pucca and constructed a mansion. Greaves (1909) mentioned this ghat as Naya Ghat. The government authorities made this ghat pucca in 1988. 

=== Present state of conservation === 
Except for the temple organisation, which takes care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to its own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka Ghat|Sakka Ghat]]
[[File:Sakka Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Sakka Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
-- 25º 19.233’ North and 83º 01.392’ East (Sakka Ghat, centre).
-- 25º 19.271’ North and 83º 01.400’ East (Phuta Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Sakka–Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats
==== Area ====
0.045 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Considering the existence of the water-front sacred spot of Pranava Tirtha as described in the Puranic literature, this area was developed into a frame of a ghat in the late 18th century; later on, this ghat was called Sukka or Sakka Ghat. The ghat was made fully pucca by the irrigation department of the government of Uttar Pradesh in 1988. Close to this ghat is a Haridas Sevashram Trust (Mukimganj, A 7/ 22), which contains the image of Balacandreshvara Shiva. Except for the one, there is no significant temple or shrine. Most of the ghat is occupied by the washermen to clean dirty clothes. 

=== Present state of conservation === 
Except for the temple organisation, which takes care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to its perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the Municipal Corporation owns the ghat area.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Haskell programming in plain view</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>203942</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689820</id>
      <parentid>2689349</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T23:38:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lambda Calculus */</comment>
      <origin>2689820</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6230" sha1="bif1ft2uthlw6ckt8fhgij011peqndo" xml:space="preserve">
==Introduction==
* Overview I ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.1.A.20160806.pdf |pdf]])
* Overview II ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.2.A.20160926.pdf |pdf]])
* Overview III ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.3.A.20161011.pdf |pdf]])
* Overview IV ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.4.A.20161104.pdf |pdf]])
* Overview V ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.5.A.20161108.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==Applications==
* Sudoku Background ([[Media:Sudoku.Background.0.A.20161108.pdf |pdf]])
* Bird's Implementation 
:- Specification ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.1.A.Spec.20170425.pdf |pdf]])
:- Rules ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.2.A.Rule.20170201.pdf |pdf]])
:- Pruning ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.3.A.Pruning.20170211.pdf |pdf]])
:- Expanding ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.4.A.Expand.20170506.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;/br&gt;

==Using GHCi==
* Getting started ([[Media:GHCi.Start.1.A.20170605.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==Using Libraries==
* Library ([[Media:Library.1.A.20170605.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;


==Types==
* Constructors ([[Media:Background.1.A.Constructor.20180904.pdf |pdf]])
* TypeClasses ([[Media:Background.1.B.TypeClass.20180904.pdf |pdf]])
* Types ([[Media:MP3.1A.Mut.Type.20200721.pdf |pdf]])
* Primitive Types ([[Media:MP3.1B.Mut.PrimType.20200611.pdf |pdf]])
* Polymorphic Types ([[Media:MP3.1C.Mut.Polymorphic.20201212.pdf |pdf]])

==Functions==
* Functions ([[Media:Background.1.C.Function.20180712.pdf |pdf]])
* Operators ([[Media:Background.1.E.Operator.20180707.pdf |pdf]])
* Continuation Passing Style ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.Continuation.20220110.pdf |pdf]])

==Expressions==
* Expressions I ([[Media:Background.1.D.Expression.20180707.pdf |pdf]])
* Expressions II ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.Expression.20220628.pdf |pdf]])
* Non-terminating Expressions ([[Media:MP3.1F.Mut.Non-terminating.20220616.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

==Lambda Calculus==
* Lambda Calculus - informal description ([[Media:LCal.1A.informal.20220831.pdf |pdf]])
* Lambda Calculus - Formal definition ([[Media:LCal.2A.formal.20221015.pdf |pdf]])
* Expression Reduction ([[Media:LCal.3A.reduction.20220920.pdf |pdf]])
* Normal Forms ([[Media:LCal.4A.Normal.20220903.pdf |pdf]])
* Encoding Datatypes 
:- Church Numerals ([[Media:LCal.5A.Numeral.20230627.pdf |pdf]])
:- Church Booleans ([[Media:LCal.6A.Boolean.20230815.pdf |pdf]])
:- Functions ([[Media:LCal.7A.Function.20231230.pdf |pdf]])
:- Combinators ([[Media:LCal.8A.Combinator.20241201.pdf |pdf]])
:- Recursions ([[Media:LCal.9A.Recursion.20240418.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

==Function Oriented Typeclasses== 
=== Functors ===
* Functor Overview ([[Media:Functor.1.A.Overview.20180802.pdf |pdf]])
* Function Functor ([[Media:Functor.2.A.Function.20180804.pdf |pdf]])
* Functor Lifting ([[Media:Functor.2.B.Lifting.20180721.pdf |pdf]])

=== Applicatives ===
* Applicatives Overview ([[Media:Applicative.3.A.Overview.20180606.pdf |pdf]])
* Applicatives Methods ([[Media:Applicative.3.B.Method.20180519.pdf |pdf]])
* Function Applicative ([[Media:Applicative.3.A.Function.20180804.pdf |pdf]])
* Applicatives Sequencing ([[Media:Applicative.3.C.Sequencing.20180606.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monads I : Background ===
* Side Effects ([[Media:Monad.P1.1A.SideEffect.20190316.pdf |pdf]])
* Monad Overview ([[Media:Monad.P1.2A.Overview.20190308.pdf |pdf]])
* Monadic Operations ([[Media:Monad.P1.3A.Operations.20190308.pdf |pdf]])
* Maybe Monad ([[Media:Monad.P1.4A.Maybe.201900606.pdf |pdf]])
* IO Actions ([[Media:Monad.P1.5A.IOAction.20190606.pdf |pdf]])
* Several Monad Types ([[Media:Monad.P1.6A.Types.20191016.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monads II : State Transformer Monads ===
* State Transformer 
: - State Transformer Basics ([[Media:MP2.1A.STrans.Basic.20191002.pdf |pdf]])
: - State Transformer Generic Monad ([[Media:MP2.1B.STrans.Generic.20191002.pdf |pdf]])
: - State Transformer Monads ([[Media:MP2.1C.STrans.Monad.20191022.pdf |pdf]])

* State Monad 
: - State Monad Basics ([[Media:MP2.2A.State.Basic.20190706.pdf |pdf]])
: - State Monad Methods ([[Media:MP2.2B.State.Method.20190706.pdf |pdf]]) 
: - State Monad Examples ([[Media:MP2.2C.State.Example.20190706.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monads III : Mutable State Monads ===
* Mutability Background 
: - Inhabitedness ([[Media:MP3.1F.Mut.Inhabited.20220319.pdf |pdf]])
: - Existential Types ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.Existential.20220128.pdf |pdf]])
: - forall Keyword ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.forall.20210316.pdf |pdf]])
: - Mutability and Strictness ([[Media:MP3.1C.Mut.Strictness.20200613.pdf |pdf]])
: - Strict and Lazy Packages ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.Package.20200620.pdf |pdf]])

* Mutable Objects
: - Mutable Variables ([[Media:MP3.1B.Mut.Variable.20200224.pdf |pdf]])
: - Mutable Data Structures  ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.DataStruct.20191226.pdf |pdf]])

* IO Monad 
: - IO Monad Basics ([[Media:MP3.2A.IO.Basic.20191019.pdf |pdf]])
: - IO Monad Methods ([[Media:MP3.2B.IO.Method.20191022.pdf |pdf]])  
: - IORef Mutable Variable ([[Media:MP3.2C.IO.IORef.20191019.pdf |pdf]])  

* ST Monad 
: - ST Monad Basics ([[Media:MP3.3A.ST.Basic.20191031.pdf |pdf]])
: - ST Monad Methods ([[Media:MP3.3B.ST.Method.20191023.pdf |pdf]])
: - STRef Mutable Variable ([[Media:MP3.3C.ST.STRef.20191023.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monads IV : Reader and Writer Monads ===
* Function Monad ([[Media:Monad.10.A.Function.20180806.pdf |pdf]])
* Monad Transformer ([[Media:Monad.3.I.Transformer.20180727.pdf |pdf]])
* MonadState Class
:: - State &amp; StateT Monads ([[Media:Monad.9.A.MonadState.Monad.20180920.pdf |pdf]])
:: - MonadReader Class ([[Media:Monad.9.B.MonadState.Class.20180920.pdf |pdf]])
* MonadReader Class
:: - Reader &amp; ReaderT Monads ([[Media:Monad.11.A.Reader.20180821.pdf |pdf]])
:: - MonadReader Class ([[Media:Monad.12.A.MonadReader.20180821.pdf |pdf]])
* Control Monad ([[Media:Monad.9.A.Control.20180908.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monoid ===
* Monoids ([[Media:Monoid.4.A.20180508.pdf |pdf]])

=== Arrow ===
* Arrows ([[Media:Arrow.1.A.20190504.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==Polymorphism==
* Polymorphism Overview ([[Media:Poly.1.A.20180220.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==Concurrent Haskell ==
&lt;/br&gt;


go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

==External links==
* [http://learnyouahaskell.com/introduction Learn you Haskell]
* [http://book.realworldhaskell.org/read/ Real World Haskell]
* [http://www.scs.stanford.edu/14sp-cs240h/slides/ Standford Class Material]


[[Category:Haskell|programming in plain view]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The necessities in Microprocessor Based System Design</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232469</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689822</id>
      <parentid>2689353</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T03:23:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ARM Assembly Programming (II) */</comment>
      <origin>2689822</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5910" sha1="5qx5dm7hmasmfmn2e8xyzgt11wv3he6" xml:space="preserve">== '''Background''' ==

'''Combinational and Sequential Circuits'''
* [[Media:DD2.B.4..Adder.20131007.pdf |Adder]] 
* [[Media:DD3.A.1.LatchFF.20160308.pdf |Latches and Flipflops]]

'''FSM'''
* [[Media:DD3.A.3.FSM.20131030.pdf |FSM]]
* [[Media:CArch.2.A.Bubble.20131021.pdf |FSM Example]]

'''Tiny CPU Example'''
* [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.A.ISA.20160511.pdf |Instruction Set]]
* [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.B.DPath.20160502.pdf |Data Path]]
* [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.C.CPath.20160427.pdf |Control Path]]
* [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.D.Implement.20160513.pdf |FPGA Implementation]]
&lt;/br&gt;

== '''Microprocessor Architecture''' ==
* ARM Architecture 
: - Programmer's Model ([[Media:ARM.1Arch.1A.Model.20180321.pdf |pdf]])
: - Pipelined Architecture ([[Media:ARM.1Arch.2A.Pipeline.20180419.pdf |pdf]])
* ARM Organization 

* ARM Cortex-M Processor Architecture 
* ARM Processor Cores
&lt;/br&gt;

== '''Instruction Set Architecture''' ==
* ARM Instruction Set 
: - Overview ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.1A.Overview.20190611.pdf |pdf]])
: - Addressing Modes ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.2A.AddrMode.20191108.pdf |pdf]])
: - Multiple Transfer ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.3A.MTransfer.20190903.pdf |pdf]])
: - Assembler Format
::  - Data Processing ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4A.Proc.Format.20200204.pdf |pdf]])
::  - Data Transfer ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4B.Trans.Format.20200205.pdf |pdf]])
::  - Coprocessor ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4C.CoProc.Format.20191214.pdf |pdf]])
::  - Summary ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4D.Summary.Format.20200205.pdf |pdf]])
: - Binary Encoding ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.5A.Encoding.201901105.pdf |pdf]])
* Thumb Instruction Set 

&lt;/br&gt;

== '''Assembly Programming''' == 


=== ARM Assembly Programming (I) ===
* 1. Overview ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.1A.Overview.20200101.pdf |pdf]])
* 2. Example Programs ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.2A.Program.20200108.pdf |pdf]])
* 3. Addressing Modes ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.3A.Address.20200127.pdf |pdf]])
* 4. Data Transfer ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.4A.DTransfer.20230726.pdf |pdf]])
* 5. Data Processing ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.5A.DProcess.20200208.pdf |pdf]])
* 6. Control ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.6A.Control.20200215.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 7. Arrays ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.7A.Array.20200311.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 8. Data Structures ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.8A.DataStruct.20200718.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 9. Finite State Machines ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.9A.FSM.20200417.pdf |pdf]])  
* 10. Functions ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.10A.Function.20210115.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 11. Parameter Passing ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.11A.Parameter.20210106.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 12. Stack Frames ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.12A.StackFrame.20210611.pdf |pdf]]) 
::  

::

=== ARM Assembly Programming (II) ===
::  
* 1. Branch and Return Methods ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.Branch.20241201.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 2. PC Relative Addressing ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.PCRelative.20241123.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 3. Thumb instruction Set ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.Thumb.20241123.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 4. Exceptions ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.Exception.20220722.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 5. Exception Programming ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.ExceptionProg.20220311.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 6. Exception Handlers ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.ExceptionHandler.20220131.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 7. Interrupt Programming ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.InterruptProg.20211030.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 8. Interrupt Handlers ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.InterruptHandler.20211030.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 9. Vectored Interrupt Programming ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.VectorInt.20230610.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 10. Tail Chaining ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.TailChain.20230816.pdf |pdf]]) 


&lt;/br&gt;
* ARM Assembly Exercises ([[Media:ESys.3.A.ARM-ASM-Exercise.20160608.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:ESys.3.B.Assembly.20160716.pdf |B.pdf]])
::

=== ARM Assembly Programming (III) ===
* 1. Fixed point arithmetic (integer division)
* 2. Floating point arithmetic 
* 3. Matrix multiply

=== ARM Linking ===
* arm link ([[Media:arm_link.20211208.pdf |pdf]]) 


&lt;/br&gt;

=== ARM Microcontroller Programming ===
* 1. Input / Output 
* 2. Serial / Parallel Port Interfacing
* 3. Analog I/O Interfacing
* 4. Communication


&lt;/br&gt;


== '''Memory Architecture''' == 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''Memory Hierarchy''' === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''System and Peripheral Buses''' === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''Architectural Support''' === 
* High Level Languages
* System Development
* Operating Systems
&lt;/br&gt;


== '''Peripheral Architecture''' == 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''Vectored Interrupt Controller ''' === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''Timers ''' === 
* Timer / Counter ([[Media:ARM.4ASM.Timer.20220801.pdf |pdf]]) 
* Real Time Clock
* Watchdog Timer
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''Serial Bus''' === 
* '''UART''' : Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter  ([[Media:ARM.4ASM.UART.20220924.pdf |pdf]]) 
* '''I2C''' : Inter-Integrated Circuit 
* '''SPI''' : Serial Peripheral Interface 
* '''USB''' : Universal Serial Bus Device Controller
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''I/Os ''' === 
* General Purpose Input/Output ports (GPIO)
* Pulse Width Modulator
* Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
* Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)

&lt;/br&gt;


&lt;!-- == '''Interrupts and Exceptions ''' == --&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== '''Synchrnoization'''==
&lt;/br&gt;

=== H/W and S/W Synchronization === 
* busy wait synchronization
* handshake interface
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Interrupt Synchronization === 
* interrupt synchronization
* reentrant programming
* buffered IO
* periodic interrupt
* periodic polling 
&lt;/br&gt;

==''' Interfacing '''==
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Time Interfacing === 
* input capture
* output compare
&lt;/br&gt;


=== Serial Interfacing === 
* Programming UART
* Programming SPI
* Programming I2C
* Programming USB 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Analog Interfacing === 
* OP Amp
* Filters
* ADC 
* DAC 
&lt;/br&gt;

== '''Old materials''' ==

=== '''Instruction Set Architecture''' ===
* ARM Instruction Set 
:: - Overview ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.1A.Overview.20180528.pdf |pdf]])
:: - Binary Encoding ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.2A.Encoding.20180528.pdf |pdf]])
:: - Assembler Format ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.3A.Format.20180528.pdf |pdf]])
* Thumb Instruction Set 
* ARM Assembly Language ([[Media:ESys3.1A.Assembly.20160608.pdf |pdf]])
* ARM Machine Language ([[Media:ESys3.2A.Machine.20160615.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;


&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>261761</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689813</id>
      <parentid>2638059</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T22:28:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Scogdill</username>
        <id>1331941</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2689813</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="61377" sha1="fpjepiazz81j58c6oe6uggly8zw8pyu" xml:space="preserve">==Overview==
Raymond Lamont-Brown describes how the Prince of Wales's friends enjoyed finding women for him:&lt;blockquote&gt;
There was a certain frisson in pimping for the Prince of Wales and some of his lifelong friends took great pleasure in doing it. There was Harry Tyrwhitt-Wilson, his equerry, Charles Lindley Wood, later 2nd Viscount Halifax, in those earlier days, and George Henry Cadogan, later 5th Earl of Cadogan, Frederick Arthur Stanley, later 16th Earl of Derby and William Henry Gladstone, eldest son of Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Lamont-Brown, Raymond. ''Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser: Edward VII's Last Loves''. History Press, 2011. [Preview on Google Books: [https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
In his early account of him at Marienbad, Signmund Munz characterizes Edward VII as a social being:&lt;blockquote&gt;his vocation was first and foremost social activity. He was a master of conviviality in the widest sense, and in consequence also a past-master of tact, knowledge of men, and worldly wisdom. And this delicate intuition and insight was the secret of his political success. Neither at home nor abroad did he flaunt England’s threatening power. The ship he sailed glided lightly over the waves of time, in striking contrast to his own heavy frame.&lt;ref&gt;Munz, Sigmund. ''King Edward VII At Marienbad''. Hutchinson and Co., 1934. Internet Archive: https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.523254/.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|13}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;In his Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser: Edward VII's Last Loves, Raymond Lamont-Brown says,&lt;blockquote&gt;On the death of King Edward VII, 6 May 1910, a historical tragedy was enacted. In accordance with his will the king's private papers and personal letters were burned by Viscount Knollys, his private secretary[,] and Viscount Esher, Constable of Windsor Castle. All the surviving letters from Alice Keppel to her royal lover were burned as were those of Agnes Keyser. ... Queen Alexandra's papers were also eradicated by her order on her death, 20 November 1925, by her woman-of-the-bedchamber, Charlotte Knollys.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; (&quot;Acknowledgements&quot;)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Milestones==
* Acceded to the throne, 22 January 1901
* The scheduled coronation, postponed because of his appendicitis, 1902 June 26
* Coronation, 9 August 1902

==Family==
*Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (4 November 1841 – 6 May 1910)
*Alexandra, Princess of Wales: [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|&quot;Alix&quot; Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise Julia (1 December 1844 – 20 November 1925)]]
**Prince Albert Victor: Albert Victor Christian Edward, Duke of Clarence and Avondale (8 January 1864 – 14 January 1892)
**[[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary|Prince George]]: George Frederick Ernest Albert (3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936), later George V; married Princess Mary of Teck in 1893
**[[Social Victorians/People/Fife |Louise, Princess Royal]]: Louise Victoria Alexandra Dagmar (20 February 1867 – 4 January 1931); married Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife, in 1889
**[[Social Victorians/People/Princess Victoria of Wales|Princess Victoria of Wales]]: Victoria Alexandra Olga Mary (6 July 1868 – 3 December 1935)
**[[Social Victorians/People/Prince Charles of Denmark|Princess Maud of Wales]]: Maud Charlotte Mary Victoria of Wales (26 November 1869 – 20 November 1938); married Prince Carl, later King Haakon VII, of Denmark on 22 July 1896
**Prince Alexander John (6 April 1871 – 6 April 1871)

Victoria and Albert's children were sometimes called the [[Social Victorians/People/Royal Mob|Royal Mob]].

Here is the Royal Family in 1880, painted in a style &quot;after&quot; [[Social Victorians/People/James Archer |James Archer]], with Bertie apparently more prominent than Queen Victoria (&quot;Royal Family In 1880&quot;. Licensed under Public domain via Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Family_In_1880.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Royal_Family_In_1880.jpg). Note that this painting is not by Archer, only after him.

===Relations===
*[[Social Victorians/People/Queen Victoria |Queen Victoria]], mother
*Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, father
*Much of the ruling class of Europe

==Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies==
===Acquaintances===
* Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Young|Allen Young]], the arctic explorer (introduced Lily Langtry to Bertie, 27 May 1877&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|69}})
* Benjamin Disraeli
* W. E. Gladstone
* Lord Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Marquess of Salisbury]]
* Arthur Balfur
* Julian Osgood Field (23 April 1852 – 1925)&lt;ref&gt;Field, Julian Osgood. ''Uncensored Recollections''. Lippincott, 1924. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=rAYrAAAAIAAJ (retrieved May 2023).&lt;/ref&gt;
===Inner Circle and Close Friends and Relationships===
* Lord Esher, William Baliol Brett, 1st [[Social Victorians/People/Brett|Viscount Esher]] (his best friend according to Leslie&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|81}})
* Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Cassel|Ernest Cassel]]
* Luis Maria Augusto Pinto de Soveral, [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Marquês de Soveral]]: &quot;Bertie [the Prince of Wales] had known him since 1884, but it was after 1897 that Soveral became a central figure at Marlborough House. In August 1899, he accompanied the prince to Marienbad for his cure, and Bertie found him a 'charming' traveling companion and 'a great resource.'&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Ridley, Jane. ''The Heir Apparent: A Life of Edward VII, the Playboy Prince''. Random House, 2013. Rpt of ''Bertie: A Life of Edward VII'', 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|479 (of 918)}}
* Baron Hirsch, Maurice de Hirsch
* [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Louisa]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester|Manchester]] and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Devonshire]]
* Jennie, [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Lady Randolph Churchill]] (beginning in May 1886)
* Theresa Susey Helen Chetwynd-Talbot Vane-Tempest-Stewart, [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marchioness of Londonderry]]
* Sir Christopher Sykes&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|81, 113}}
* [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Chaplin|Harry Chaplin]]
* Consuelo Iznaga y Clement Montagu, [[Social Victorians/People/Mandeville|Viscountess Mandeville]], later [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester|Duchess of Manchester]]
* The [[Social Victorians/People/Sassoon Family|Sassoons]]
* The [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Rothschilds]] — &quot;[A]gainst much opposition from the landed aristocracy the Prince of Wales had become intimate with the [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Rothschild family]] and admitted them into his circle.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Baring-Gould, William S., ed., intro, notes, biblio. ''The Annotated Sherlock Holmes''. Clarkson N. Potter, 1960. Vol. II, 568, n. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hugh Cecil Lowther, 5th [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther|Earl of Lonsdale]]
* [[Social Victorians/People/Curzon|Lord Curzon]]
* Prince Louis of Battenberg (1876)
* Charles Beresford (Charles William de la Poer Beresford, 1st Baron Beresford), Lieutenant Lord Charles Beresford (1876)
* George Granville William Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 3rd [[Social Victorians/People/Sutherland|Duke of Sutherland]] (1876)
* [[Social Victorians/People/Carrington|Lord Carrington]], Charles Robert Wynn-Carrington&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=2015-07|title=Charles Wynn-Carington, 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wynn-Carington,_1st_Marquess_of_Lincolnshire&amp;oldid=970134784|journal=Wikipedia|language=en|volume=|pages=|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; (1876, less influential by 1905&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|296}})
* Heneage Finch, the 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Aylesford|Earl of Aylesford]] (1876)
* [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Owen Lewis Cope Williams]]
* George Charles Spencer-Churchill, Lord Blandford (eldest son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Duke of Marlborough]] and brother of Randolph Churchill), became an enemy
* Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Randolph Churchill]]
* Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Hardwicke|Hardwicke]] (&quot;the Prince's dandy friend who had perfected the top hat&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|63}}
* [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish|Spencer Compton Cavendish]], first Lord Hartington and later 8th [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Duke of Devonshire]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|81}}
* Admiral John Fisher (by 1905&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|296}})
* Private Secretary Francis Knollys (by 1905&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|296}})
* Harry Tyrwhitt-Wilson&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;
* [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;
* [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|George Henry Cadogan, 5th Earl of Cadogan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;
* [[Social Victorians/People/Derby|Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;
* William Henry Gladstone&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

===Sexual and Romantic Partners===
We cannot know for certain the exact nature of Bertie's relationships with the many (perhaps 27, perhaps as many as 55) women he was close to in his life outside his marriage, but general agreement exists that he was likely involved in sexual relationships with the following women:
# Nellie Clifton
# Harriet Mordaunt
# Hortense Schneider (1867)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|37}}
# Princess Jeanne de Sagan, Duchess of Talleyrand-Périgord (mostly when Bertie was in France; not in England)
# Giulia Beneni (&quot;La Barucci&quot;), Giulia Barucci
# Susan Pelham-Clinton
# Sarah Bernhardt
# [[Social Victorians/People/Lily Langtry|Lily Langtry]] (late 1877 to June 1880)
# Patsy [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West|Cornwallis-West]]
# Mrs. Luke Wheeler?
# Daisy Greville, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess of Warwick]] (Countess of Brooke before her husband became Earl of Warwick) (beginning about 1889)
# Georgina Elisabeth Moncreiffe Ward, [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Countess of Dudley]]
# the Comtesse de Pourtalés
# the Duchesse de Mouchy
# Jennie Jerome Spencer-Churchill, [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Lady Randolph Churchill]]
# Lady Susan Vane-Tempest (is this the [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marchioness of Londonderry]]?)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Fanny Ronalds]]
# Margaret, Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Greville|Ronald Greville]], [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]]'s daughter in law
# Agnes Keyser
# [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Alice Keppel]]
===Enemies (on and off, over time)===
* George Charles Spencer-Churchill, Lord Blandford (eldest son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Duke of Marlborough]] and brother of Randolph Churchill) (1876)
* Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Randolph Churchill]] (1876)
* Sir William Gordon-Cummings (after June 1891)
===Those Present at the Tranby-Croft Party, September 1890===
* [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Wilson]]
* [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mary Wilson]]
* Ethel Wilson and Edward Lycett Green
* Lord and Lady Coventry, George William Coventry, 9th [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry|Earl of Coventry]] and Lady Blanche Craven Coventry
* Lieutenant-General [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Owen Williams]] and his wife Nina
* Sir William Gordon-Cumming
* Sir Christopher Sykes
* Tyrwhitt Wilson and his wife
* Lord Edward Somerset and his wife
* Captain Arthur Somerset (Lord Edward Somerset's cousin) and his wife
* Lieutenant Berkeley Levett
* Reuben Sassoon
==Organizations and Social Networks==

* The &quot;[[Social Victorians/Marlborough House Set|Marlborough House Set]]&quot;

=== 1870s ===
* Sir Allen Young (introduced Lily Langtry to Bertie, 27 May 1877&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|69}} [not sure how close Young was to Bertie]
====1876====
* Prince Louis of Battenberg
* Lieutenant Lord Charles Beresford
* George Granville William Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 3rd [[Social Victorians/People/Sutherland|Duke of Sutherland]]
*[[Social Victorians/People/Carrington|Lord Carrington]], Charles Robert Wynn-Carrington
* Heneage Finch, the 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Aylesford|Earl of Aylesford]]
* George Charles Spencer-Churchill, Lord Blandford (eldest son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Duke of Marlborough]]), became an enemy
* Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Randolph Churchill]], became an enemy
===1880s===
* Jennie Jerome Spencer-Churchill, [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Lady Randolph Churchill]] (beginning in May 1886)
====1889====

* about this time, Daisy Greville, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess of Warwick]] (Countess of Brooke before her husband became Earl of Warwick), became Bertie's mistress&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|113}}

===1890s===
* 1890, the baccarat game occurred
* 1891, Lord Charles Beresford challenged Bertie's relationship with Beresford's sister Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, and their relationship was damaged permanently.
* 1897 July 2, Friday, Bertie attended the [[1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]]
==Timeline==
=== Telling Events ===
'''1868 January 15 –''' '''April 7''', the Prince and Princess of Wales set out (from Copenhagen) for a tour of Egypt. Mrs. Grey was Alex's Lady in Waiting, Lady Carmarthen with Colonel Keppel taking the children back to London.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Lowndes, Marie Belloc. ''His Most Gracious Majesty, King Edward VII''. G. Richards, 1901.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|104}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;A touching incident occurred at Wady Haifa on 3rd March. The party were at dinner, when the King and Queen took a fancy to a little boy whom they saw watching the torches, which were always fixed in the ground on shore wherever the Royal dahabeah stopped for the night. On being questioned, the child said that his father was dead, his mother had married again, and he had not a friend in the world. He was delighted with the idea of going with the party, and so he was engaged as a pipe cleaner. The only property he had was a white linen shirt and a white cap. Mrs. Grey describes him as an intelligent ugly little boy, not very black, but rather bronzed, and wearing a large silver ring in one ear. ... /
&lt;p&gt;
As for the little Nubian boy, who was added to the party at Wady Haifa, he turned out much too sharp and difficult to manage, so, instead of bringing him to England, the King decided to start him in life with a donkey, as one of the numerous donkey boys so common in Egypt.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|113–115}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Stanley Weintraub and other more recent historians note that the 10-year-old&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|125}} Ali Achmet went back to England with the royal couple. He was “a pretty, black, turbaned figure” who was baptized at Sandringham and who served coffee wearing his turban and a silver earring.&lt;ref&gt;Hibbert, Christopher. ''Edward VII: The Last Victorian King''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|104}} “Along the Nile the boy had survived by stealing,” according to Stanley Weintraub, and “[a]t Sandringham, despite earnest Christian instruction, he would continue his depredations at a higher level until he was removed to a clergyman’s care — in effect, house arrest.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|161}}

The tour of Egypt ended on 7 April when the group set sail for the Crimea.

'''1869 April 20 – 1870 March 2''', the Mordaunt v. Mordaunt, Cole &amp; Jonstone divorce proceedings in which the Prince of Wales testified as a witness.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-04-13|title=Harriet Mordaunt|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harriet_Mordaunt&amp;oldid=950811237|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1874 September 26 – 1876 May 11''', the Prince of Wales toured India, Malta, Brindisi (Italy) and Greece, accompanied by [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Owen Williams]] (as equerry and aide-de-camp), Arthur Ellis, Dighton Probyn, Charles Beresford, Charles Harbord, 5th Baron Suffield, Francis Knollys, William Howard Russell, [[Social Victorians/People/Aylesford|Heneage Finch, 7th Earl of Aylesford]], and Augustus FitzGeorge. While he was traveling in India, one of his companions, Lord Aylesford, learned that his wife was eloping with the George Spencer-Churchill, Marquess of Blandford, Lord Randolph Churchill's brother, the future Duke of Marlborough. He left the tour suddenly, causing a rift with the Prince of Wales. On 1877 May 22, Heneage Finch, 7th Earl of Aylesford and [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Edith Peers-Williams Finch]] separated. In 1881, Guy Bertrand was born, the son of [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Edith Peers-Williams Finch]] (Owen Williams' sister) and George Spencer-Churchill, Marquess of Blandford&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Heneage Finch, 7th Earl of Aylesford.&quot; &quot;Person Page – 2730.&quot; ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Aristocracy of Britain as Well as the Royal Families of Europe'' http://thepeerage.com/p2730.htm#i27300 (accessed August 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;; he was baptized in 1883 as Heneage Finch, 7th Earl of Aylesford.

'''1883 May''', Bertie organized the founding of the Royal College of Music.

'''1886 May 16''', Sunday, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, recovering from his conflict with [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Randolph Churchill]] in 1876, agreed to attend a dinner party hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Jennie Churchill]]. Bertie had attended a dinner in March 1884 that included the Gladstones and Lord and Lady Randolph Churchill, his first meeting with them since 1876. &lt;quote&gt;...another two years elapsed and Lord Randolph had become Secretary for India before the Prince could bring himself to enter the Churchill home. On this occasion Blandford also attended, and Jennie, the bewitching Jennie, was thirty-two — approaching the age at which the Prince really appreciated his lady friends. The date was May 16, 1886, and it proved her most successful dinner party because so much was at stake&lt;/quote&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|66}}

'''1890 September''', the &quot;Royal Baccarat Scandal,&quot; which began at the home of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Stanley Wilson]], father of [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Sir William Gordon Cumming was accused of cheating at baccarat at Sir Arthur Wilson’s country house, Tranby Croft. [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess Warwick]] was implicated as the source when word got out about the illegal baccarat game and Sir Cummings’ cheating, earning her the nickname “Babbling Brooks.&quot; [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Owen Williams]] was croupier and also, with [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry|George Coventry, 9th Earl of Coventry]], intermediary between the scandal and the Prince of Wales.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-05-21|title=Owen Williams (British Army officer)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Owen_Williams_(British_Army_officer)&amp;oldid=1024399380|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Williams_(British_Army_officer).&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1891 June''', the Tranby Croft trial, about William Gordon-Cumming's cheating at baccarat at a party attended by the Prince of Wales.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|114}}

'''1891''', another Prince of Wales scandal: Lady Charles Beresford intercepted a letter from Daisy, Lady Brooke (later Countess of Warwick) to Lord Charles Beresford that revealed a sexual relationship between them. She showed it to a number of people, including the Prince of Wales, Charles Beresford’s brother, Lord Marcus Beresford and George Lewis, solicitor to many in Society and then got pregnant by Lord Brooke, Daisy's husband. The Prince of Wales intervened in the affair to preserve the marriages and appearance of propriety, causing a permanent enmity between him and Charles Beresford. The sexual relationship between Daisy and Bertie followed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-05|title=Edward VII|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&amp;oldid=1131805718|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Events===
'''1852 May 7''', Bertie, at 11 years old, was named a British Knight of the Golden Fleece,&lt;ref&gt;Thompson, R[obert]. H[ugh]. &quot;The Golden Fleece in Britain.&quot; Publication of the ''British Numismatic Society''. 2009 https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/2009_BNJ_79_8.pdf (accessed January 2023).&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|202}} considered a &quot;Foreign Honor.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

'''1865 March''', Bertie invited Natty and Alfred de Rothschild to a royal levée, where Lord Sydney mispronounced ''Rothschild'', as if they were foreign; Bertie corrected his pronunciation in front of the Rothschilds, as if to reprimand Lord Sydney for his bad manners.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Weintraub, Stanley. ''Uncrowned king: the life of Prince Albert''. Simon and Schuster, 2000.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|138}}

'''1871 October''', &quot;At [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough|Londesborough Lodge]] near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [41/42] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|41–42}} He recovered on 14 December 1871.

'''1880 July 13, Tuesday''', [[Social Victorians/1880-07-13 Garden Party|Marlborough House Garden Party]] (no names yet)

'''1881 April''', the long, complex event that was the funeral of Benjamin Disraeli, Lord Beaconsfield

'''1881 July 14, beginning about 2 p.m.''', [[Social Victorians/1881-07-14 Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House]]

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/1881-07-22 Marlborough House Party|Marlborough House Party]], evening party

'''1882 March 18, Saturday''', [[Social Victorians/1882-03-18 Dinner Party|dinner party at Marlborough House]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', the Prince and Princess of Wales hosted a Garden Party at Marlborough House for the Queen.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Garden Party at Marlborough House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Friday 14 July 1882: 5 [of 8], Col. 7A–6, Col. 1A–4C. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18820714/034/0005 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18820714/034/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1883 May''', the long, complex event that was founding of the Royal College of Music

'''1883 July 21–23, Saturday through Monday, can't tell for sure which day, afternoon''': Garden Party at Marlborough House.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Garden Party at Marlborough House.&quot; Morning Post Tuesday 24 July 1883: 5 [of 8], Col. 7a–6, Col. 1a–3c. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18830724/060/0005 and [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18830724/060/0006?browse=true https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18830724/060/0006.]&lt;/ref&gt; The newsprint on the first page is very damaged, but it gets better on the next page.

'''1884 March''', Albert Edward, Prince of Wales attended a dinner that included the Gladstones and Lord and Lady Randolph Churchill, his first meeting with them since 1876.

'''1884 July 25, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/1884-07-25 Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House]] (mostly the people reported as present were family and their attendants, but the reporting was not complete, maybe because I haven't done the Morning Post article yet).

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Prince and Princess of Wales hosted a ball at Marlborough House.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ball at Marlborough House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 25 July 1885: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a–6b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18850725/045/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 May 16, Sunday''', Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, recovering from his conflict with Randolph Churchill in 1876, agreed to attend a dinner party hosted by Jennie Churchill. &lt;quote&gt;On this occasion Blandford also attended, and Jennie, the bewitching Jennie, was thirty-two — approaching the age at which the Prince really appreciated his lady friends. ... [This event] proved her most successful dinner party because so much was at stake&lt;/quote&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|66}}

'''1886 July 10, Saturday afternoon''', Garden Party at Marlborough House in honor of the Queen; Princess Louise wasn't there, but [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Fanny Ronalds]] was.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Garden Party at Marlborough House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Monday 12 July 1886: 3 [of 8], Col. 2A–6A. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18860712/019/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Ball at Marlborough House|Ball at Marlborough House]]

'''1887, May –''', the American Exhibition in London

'''1887 June 3, Friday, beginning about 11 p.m.''', State Concert at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince of Wales and the Princess of Wales.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;State Concert at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 04 June 1887: 2 [of 8], Col. 5A–6B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870604/005/0002.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1887 June 24, Friday''', an Evening Party at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Party.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 25 June 1887: 3 [of 8], Col. 2A–4A. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870625/016/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 June 6, Wednesday beginning about 11 p.m.''', [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]] and Lady Macnamara attended Princess Louise at a State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Thursday 07 June 1888: 5 [of 8], Col. 5A–8B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18880607/059/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1889 May 31, Friday, beginning about 11 p.m.''', the Prince of Wales and the Princess of Wales hosted a State Concert at Buckingham Palace; [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]], [[Social Victorians/People/Robert Hawthorne Collins|Robert H. Collins]] and his wife, and [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sullivan|Arthur Sullivan]] were there, among many others.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Queen's State Concert.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 01 June 1889: 7 [of 12], Col. 6A–7B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18890601/061/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1889 July 4, Thursday''', Marlborough House Garden Party, attended by [[Social Victorians/People/Queen Victoria|Queen Victoria]] and the Shah.

'''1889 July 27, Saturday''', Marlborough House Party.

'''1890 July 4, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]] attended a State Ball at Buckingham Palace that had been ordered by the Queen (who was still in Scotland?), led by the Prince and Princess of Wales; along with Lady Sophia Macnamara, Collins attended [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] and the Marquess of Lorne.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; &quot;State Ball.&quot; Times? 5 July 1890.&lt;/ref&gt; Dancing commenced at 11:00 p.m., and a number of dignitaries were present.

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Marlborough House Garden Party.

'''1890 September''', the &quot;Royal Baccarat Scandal,&quot; which began at the home of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Stanley Wilson]], father of [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=2017-11|title=Royal baccarat scandal|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_baccarat_scandal&amp;oldid=972354907|journal=Wikipedia|language=en|volume=|pages=|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1891 June''', the Tranby Croft trial, about William Gordon-Cumming's cheating at baccarat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|114}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

'''1891 June 3, beginning about 11 p.m.''', Wednesday, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]] is listed as having been invited to a State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Thursday 04 June 1891: 5 [of 8], Col. 5A–7B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18910604/060/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1891 June 17, 11 p.m.''', Wednesday, a State Concert at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince of Wales and the Princess of Wales.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;State Concert at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Thursday 18 June 1891: 5 [of 8], Col. 5A–6B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18910618/058/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1891 June 25, Thursday night''', a State Concert given by command of the Queen occurred at Buckingham Palace, led by the Prince and Princess of Wales.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; &quot;State Ball.&quot; ''Times''? 26 June 1891.&lt;/ref&gt; Victoria wasn't present.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party |Garden Party]] at Marlborough House (more than 3,000 people present)

'''1891 July 10, Friday, beginning about 11 p.m.''', a ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales in honor of the German Emperor and Empress.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 11 July 1891: 3 [of 8], Col. 3A–5C. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18910711/029/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 July 5, Wednesday''', Marlborough House Garden Party (don't have names in yet)

'''1894 May 28, 11 p.m.''', Monday evening, Collins attended a State Concert at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince of Wales and Princess of Wales.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;State Concert at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning'' Post Tuesday 29 May 1894: 5 [of 10], Col. 5A–6B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18940529/064/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 Jun 8, Friday''', a State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' Saturday 09 June 1894: 5 [of 12], Col. 1A–2C. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18940609/028/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 July 2, Monday, beginning about 11 p.m.''', a State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Princess and Princess of Wales.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Tuesday 03 July 1894: 5 [of 10], Col 4A–6C. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18940703/042/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 May 30, Thursday, about 11:00 p.m.''', by order of the Queen a State Ball was given at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Friday 31 May 1895: 5 [of 10], Col. 4A–6A. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18950531/039/0005?browse=true https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18950531/039/0005].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 June 14, Friday, about 11:00 p.m.''', by command of the Queen a State Concert was given at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Queen's State Concert.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 15 June 1895: 7 [of 12], 5A–6B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18950615/053/0007?browse=true https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18950615/053/0007].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1896 May 6, Wednesday''', [[Social Victorians/1896-05-06 Dinner Party|dinner party at Marlborough House]], more intellectuals than usual.

'''1896 June 29, Monday, 11:00 p.m.''', a State Concert held at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;State Concert at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Tuesday 30 June 1896: 7 [of 12], Col. 6A–7B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18960630/049/0007?browse=true https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18960630/049/0007].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 28, Friday, 11:15 p.m.''', a State Concert at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Queen's State Concert.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 29 May 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 6A–7B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18970529/052/0007?browse=true https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18970529/052/0007].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 4, Friday, beginning about 11 p.m.''', [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]] is listed as having been invited to a State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Queen's State Ball.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 05 June 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 5A–7A. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970605/078/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 24, Thursday''', a State Evening Party at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Queen's State Evening Reception.&quot; ''Morning'' Post Friday 25 June 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 4A–6C. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970625/039/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 25, Friday night''', a reception at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Reception at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' Friday 25 June 1897: 5 [of 12], Col. 6A–7B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970625/016/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', Louise Cavendish threw her [[1897 Fancy Dress Ball|famous fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House]] in London. The Prince of Wales (#1 in  the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of attendees]]) was dressed as a Knight Hospitaller of Malta.

'''1897 July 8, beginning about 11 p.m.''', Thursday, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]] attended a State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Queen's State Ball.&quot; ''Morning'' Post Friday 09 July 1897: 6 [of 10], Col. 4A–6C. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970709/065/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898 June 7, beginning about 11 p.m.''', Tuesday, a State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Wednesday 08 June 1898: 5 [of 12], Col. 4A–6A. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18980608/054/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898 June 20, Monday, 11 p.m.''', a State Concert at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;State Concert at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Tuesday 21 June 1898: 8 [of 12], Col. 3B–4B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18980621/068/0008?browse=true https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18980621/068/0008].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898 July 1, Friday, 11 p.m.''', a State Concert at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Queen's State Concert.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 02 July 1898: 5 [of 12], Col. 5A–6B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18980702/064/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 2, Friday''', a State Concert given at the command of the Queen occurred at Buckingham Palace, led by the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Queen not present.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;State Concert.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 03 June 1899: 3 [of 12], Col. 1A–2A. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18990603/019/0003?browse=true https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18990603/019/0003].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 August''', &quot;Soveral accompanied the prince to Marienbad for his cure, and Bertie found him a 'charming' traveling companion and 'a great resource.'&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; (479 [of 918])

'''1902 June 24''', Bertie is diagnosed with appendicitis, cured with an incision into his abdomen, by Sir Frederick Treves, assisted by Joseph Lord Lister, bringing this surgery into the medical mainstream.

'''1902 June 26''', the day of the scheduled coronation, postponed because of Bertie's appendicitis.

'''1902 August 9''', the coronation: Bertie was crowned Edward VII, not using the name Albert Edward, which Victoria had wanted.

Note: I have a list of names of [[Social Victorians/People/Invited/|everybody who attended one of these events one time or another]]. Arthur Collins wasn't invited to the Marlborough House parties, at least he's not showing up there the way he was at the Buckingham Palace events, though should check the ''Morning Post''. Also, skipped the Queen's drawing rooms and levees, as they may have been more about who needed to be presented, more about entry into the aristocracy than people's social networks?

'''1903 Spring''', the Prince of Wales &quot;sailed for Portugal on the Victoria and Albert, taking with him seventy pieces of luggage. In addition to Charles Hardinge and Fritz Ponsonby, he brought the [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Marquis de Soveral]], the Portuguese minister. These men composed an inner court, but of the three, only Soveral was privy to Bertie's plans. Bertie made his entry into Lisbon wearing his uniform as colonel of a Portuguese cavalry regiment, an exceptionally short jacket that 'was not becoming to a stout man,' as it revealed a large expanse of breeches. ... Etiquette dictated that only the two kings could sit while all others had to stand, enduring not one a pigeon-shooting competition but also the gala opera that followed. The King [of the U.K.] was not impressed by the Portuguese nobility, who he thought looked 'like waiters at second-rate restaurants.' They all had hopes of receiving the Royal Victorian Order, wrote Ponsonby, 'but as the first three are said to be disloyal and it would be difficult to give it to No. 4, none of them were given it.'[7]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; (535–536 [of 918])

'''1904, Twelfth Night, 6 January''', &quot;Bertie and Alix attended Louise Devonshire's Chatworth Twelfth Night house party for the first time as King and Queen (they had stayed often as Prince and Princess of Wales) in 1904. Balfour was also present. While the King rode off to the shoot on his cob, the prime minister played golf. For the convenience of the King (but not, apparently, the prime minister), a telegraph wire was temporarily run into the house and a private office fitted up. ... Alix was the party's life and soul. On the last evening she danced a waltz with Soveral, and then everyone took off their shoes to see what difference it made to their height. Daisy Pless, who excelled in the private theatricals, noted in her diary that 'The Queen took, or rather kicked hers off, and then got into everyone else's, even into Willie Grenfell's old pumps. I never saw her so free and cheerful — but always graceful in everything she does.'&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; (551 [of 918])

=== Annual ===
&quot;January and February would be spent at Sandringham.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|32}}

&quot;In mid-March Albert Edward always visited the French Riviera en garçon for five weeks, spending a few days in Paris at either end so that he could call on his friends and, as time went by, have their children and eventually their grandchildren presented to him.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|32}}

At the end of April &quot;the Prince, refreshed rather than otherwise by six solid weeks of dinners and festivities in the South of France, would return to Marlborough House.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|33}}

May, June and July were the London &quot;season.&quot;

At &quot;the end of July,&quot; the Prince of Wales &quot;went to Cowes for a few weeks' sailing.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|33}}

&quot;After Cowes he generally proceeded to a health spa in Germany or Austria before returning to Abergeldie, near Balmoral, for grouse shooting and deerstalking.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|33}}

For some years, the Prince of Wales visited the Earl and Countess of Warwick for a country-house week-end or week-long party. It was annual by 18 October 1895 (details in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895|1895]]).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Prince of Wales at Easton Lodge.&quot; ''Essex County Chronicle'' [''Chelmsford Chronicle'' in BNA now] 18 October 1895, Friday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3C [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000322/18951018/049/0006 (accessed July 2019).&lt;/ref&gt;

The birthdays of the Prince of Wales (9 November) and the Princess of Wales (1 December) &quot;were always spent at Sandringham and so was Christmas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|33}}
==Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball==
[[File:Grand Prior - HRH Edward, Prince of Wales.jpg|thumb|left|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales in costume, by Lafayette|alt=The Prince of Wales in Elizabethan-style costume]][[File:Neck Badge - Venerable Order of St John.jpg|thumb|alt=Neck Badge of the Venerable Order of St John|Maltese Cross hanging from a ribbon]][[File:Maltese cross 02 (19th c.) by shakko.jpg|thumb|19th-c jewelled Maltese Cross by Shakko, which looks similar to the one the Prince of Wales wears in the 1897 Lafayette photograph|alt=Maltese Cross]][[File:Edward vii england.jpg|thumb|King Edward VII in 1905, wearing the Order of the Garter and the neck badge of the Sovereign Head of the Order of St John|alt=King Edward VII wearing insignia of orders]]At the [[1897 Fancy Dress Ball |Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 fancy-dress ball]], Edward Albert, Prince of Wales was dressed as Grand Master of the Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (called Knights Hospitalier) of Malta in the court of Queen Elizabeth and sat at the head of Table 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 4c}}

His costume was &quot;supplied by Mr. Alias, of Soho-square.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 8, Col. 2a}} Mr. W. Clarkson &quot;supplied the wigs and headdresses for the Royal Family.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 8, Col. 2a}} The Prince of Wales allowed his costume to be copied for the production of ''The White Heather'' at the Drury Lane theatre.&lt;ref&gt;“The Morning’s News.” London ''Daily News'' 18 September 1897, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 2B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970918/027/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Prince of Wales's portrait in costume was photogravure #8 in the album&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515 (accessed May 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery. The printing on the portrait says, &quot;H.R.H. The Prince of Wales as Grand Prior of the order of St John of Jerusalem.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;King Edward When Prince of Wales as Grand Prior of the order of St John of Jerusalem.&quot; ''Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158360/King-Edward-VII-when-Prince-of-Wales-as-Grand-Prior-of-the-order-of-St-John-of-Jerusalem (accessed May 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; The portrait of him in costume (left) appears to be the same image as the one included in the album, but this one is from a postcard produced by Lafayette, the photographer at the ball, who had a Royal Warrant.

The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem were a military organization founded originally in the early 12th century in the context of the Crusades against Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-02-15|title=Knights Hospitaller|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knights_Hospitaller&amp;oldid=1072070045|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Knights_Hospitaller#cite_ref-20|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller]].&lt;/ref&gt; The Prince of Wales was dressed as the leader of the organization in Elizabethan times.

Russell Harris says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Prince’s costume as Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, was made by the theatrical costumier, Monsieur Alias of Soho Square. His wig, made by Mr. Clarkson, was reputed to be “the lightest ever made, weighing barely half an ounce.”

Much less elaborate than some of the other guest’s costumes, the prestige of the Prince of Wales meant that almost all of the many published reports described his clothing in minute detail way beyond the ken of even a hardy society reporter - and in such similar terms that this presupposes a printed description handed out by Monsieur Alias. …

The image was registered for copyright with a much simpler accompanying description “Photograph from life of H.R.H. Prince of Wales, full length standing, in fancy costume, left hand on hilt of sword.”

The Templars would have been familiar to Edward’s contemporaries from the Sir Walter Scott’s 1819 novel Ivanhoe and Sir Arthur Sullivan’s grand opera of the same name - at whose first performance in 1891 the Prince of Wales was present.

As the royal pair were the last to arrive at the Ball, and were then shown to a dais from which they observed the various processions of guests entering the saloon of Devonshire House, this image must have been made in the photographer’s tent in the small hours of the morning – well after the Prince’s favourite bedtime of half-past midnight.
&lt;blockquote&gt;Glory to those who battle for the Cross,&lt;br&gt;
And most to those, the bravest and the best,&lt;br&gt;
Wonder of land and sea, of east and west,&lt;br&gt;
Knights of the Holy Order of the Temple.&lt;p&gt;
Sir Arthur Sullivan, Ivanhoe, Act I.&lt;br&gt;
libretto by Julian Sturgis, 1st performed 1891&lt;ref&gt;Harris, Russell. {{Cite web|url=http://lafayette.org.uk/edw1335.html|title=King Edward VII at the Devonshire House Ball 1897, by Lafayette|website=lafayette.org.uk|access-date=2024-07-23}} Lafayette Negative Archive http://lafayette.org.uk/edw1335.html.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Newspaper Descriptions of the Prince of Wales's Costume ===
The Prince of Wales is mentioned and his costume described in nearly every newspaper report on the ball.
* &quot;The Prince of Wales, as Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, wore a doublet and trunks of black Genoese velvet, the latter slashed with grey. On the left breast the Maltese Cross was embroidered in white satin, and his Royal Highness wore the Orders of Malta and the Garter. His narrow high hat was encircled by a jewelled chain, and bore the cross in front, with white plumes floating at the back, and he wore black velvet hose and high black 'turretted' boots, St. Crispin gloves, and a velvet cape embroidered with the cross.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses.&quot; London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 6a}}
* &quot;The Prince of Wales, as Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, wore a doublet of black brocaded velvet, with the white cross of the order on the breast, and trunks of black satin slashed with grey, and there were high-turreted black kid boots. The sword handle in the form of a cross was jewelled, and the Order of St. John of Jerusalem was worn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}}
* &quot;The Prince of Wales, as Grand Master of the Knights Hospitalier of Malta. (Elizabethan period.) Pourpoint of black Epinglé velvet, richly embroidered steel and black jet tiny beads with passementerie of jet. Trunks formed of bands of black Epinglé velvet, embroidered steel over full bouillonné of steel gray silk. Mantle of black Sicilian silk with white Cross of Malta. Hauts de chausse, black silk sword belt of black velvet with steel mountings. Sword, black scabbard, steel belt with Cross of Malta in white enamel. High turreted top boots. Crispin gloves, hat and feathers with diamond Cross of Malta. Order, Riband of Order of Malta with jewelled Cross of Malta. Order of the Garter with pale blue riband round neck. Ruff.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; &quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 12, Col. 2b}}
* The Prince of Wales was &quot;in the costume of a Knight Hospitaller of Malta, a black velvet dress with a high crowned hat&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 4c}}
* &quot;Knight Hospitaller of Malta. Black velvet, with large Maltese crosses of white satin worked on the cloak and brocaded doublet; trunks of velvet slashed with black satin; high crowned hat with large Maltese cross in diamonds in the front, white ostrich feathers at the back, and a silver chain round the crown; high boots to match.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 6c}}
* &quot;The Prince of Wales was noble habited as Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta in the Elizabethan period, wearing black velvet embroidered in steel and jet, the blue ribbon of the Order of the Garter round his neck.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Devonshire House Ball.” ''St. James’s Gazette'' 3 July 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 2a – 9, Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0001485/18970703/032/0008.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 8, Col. 2c}}
* &quot;The Prince of Wales as a Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, in the time of Elizabeth, had chosen a costume of black velvet slashed with steel-grey silk and embroidered with steel and jet, the white cross of Malta on his mantle of black silk, and a black hat and feathers, with a diamond Maltese cross.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Devonshire House Ball. A Brilliant Gathering.” The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 3 July 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 10], Col. 2a–3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970703/019/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;The Royalties mustered in great force. The Prince of Wales looked a very genial and easy-going Grand Master of the Knight Hospitaller of Malta. The black dress, with touches of white, was distinguished, and made a good foil to the fairy-like dress of the Princess, who was a vision of loveliness as Queen Margot of Valois, dressed in gold embroidered white satin, and with a gold and jewelled train.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;THE PRINCE OF WALES as Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller of Malta. (Elizabethan period.) Pourpoint of Black [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Épinglé Velvet|Epingle]] [sic] velvet, richly embroidered steel and black jet tiny beads, with passementerie of jet. Trunks formed of bands of black Epinglé [?] velvet embroidered steel over full bouillonné of steel grey silk. Mantle of black Sicilian silk with white cross of Malta. Hauts de chausse, black silk sword belt of black velvet with steel mountings. Sword, black scabbard, steel belt, with cross of Malta in white enamel. High turretted top boots. Crispin gloves, hat and feathers with diamond cross of Malta. Order — Ribbon of Order of Malta, with jewelled cross of Malta. Order of the Garter, with pale blue ribbon round neck. Ruff.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“A Jubilee Ball. Brilliant Scene at Devonshire House. Some of the Costumes Worn.” The London ''Echo'' 3 July 1897, Saturday: 2 [of 4], Cols. 6a – 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004596/18970703/027/0002.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2, Col. 6a}}
* &quot;His Royal Highness wore a very becoming costume — especially appropriate in view of the activity he has always displayed in charitable works — the dress of a Grand Master of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. The pourpoint was of black velvet, embroidered with rubies and beads of steel and jet. The trunks were of similar material, ornamented with steel. His sword belt also was of black velvet with steel mountings, while the haft of the sword was a Maltese cross enamelled in white. Top boots, Crespin gloves, hat and feathers, and mantle of black Sicilian silk, with White Cross of Malta, completed the attire. His Royal Highness wore the Diamond Cross of Malta, and the Orders of the Sartu and Malta.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 2b}} &lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Duchess of Devonshire’s Historic Ball. Some of the Fancy Costumes.&quot; Supplement. The ''Leicester Chronicle and Leicestershire Mercury'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 11 [of 12], Cols. 4a–b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000173/18970710/141/0011.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 11, Col. 4b}}
* &quot;The Prince of Wales, as Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, wore a doublet of black brocaded velvet, with the white cross of the Order on the breast, and trunks of black satin slashed with grey. The sword handle, in the form of a cross, was jewelled, and the Order of St. John of Jerusalem was worn.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Duchess of Devonshire's Great Ball. Remarkable Social Function. Crowds of Mimic Kings &amp; Queens. Panorama of Historical Costume. An Array of Priceless Jewels.&quot; ''Western Gazette'' 9 July 1897: 2 [of 8], Col. 7a–c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000407/18970709/009/0002.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 2, Col. 7b}} &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball: Unparalleled Splendour.&quot; ''Carlisle Patriot'' Friday 9 July 1897: 7 [of 8], Col. 4a–b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000365/18970709/084/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Of the noblemen and gentlemen who sought the aid of Alias, '''H.R.H. the Prince of Wales''' was very appropriately attired as Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller of Malta (Elizabethan period), in a pourpoint of black épinglé velvet, richly embroidered steel and black jet; trunks formed of bands of black épinglé velvet, embroidered steel; mantle of black Sicilian silk, with white cross of Malta; high turretted top boots; crispin gloves, hat and feathers with diamond cross of Malta. Orders, ribbon of Order of Malta, with jewelled cross of Malta. Order of the Garter, with pale blue ribbon round neck, and ruff.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 41, Col. 1a}}
* This description accompanies a flattering line drawing of the Prince in costume (Top left, with walking stick and sword, signed “Rook”): &quot;P&lt;small&gt;RINCE OF&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;ALES&lt;/small&gt;, as Grand Master of the Knights Hospitalier [sic] of Malta (Elizabethan period). — Pourpoint of black épinglé velvet, richly embroidered steel and black jet tiny beads, with passementerie of jet; trunks formed of bands of black épinglé velvet, embroidered steel over full bouillonné of steel-grey silk; mantle of black Sicilian silk, with white cross of Malta; hauts de chausse, black silk; sword-belt of black velvet with steel mountings; sword, black scabbard, steel belt with cross of Malta in white enamel; high turretted top-boots; Crispin gloves, hat and feathers, with diamond cross of Malta; Order, ribbon of Order of Malta with jewelled cross of Malta; Order of the Garter, with pale blue ribbon round neck; ruff. Made by Alias, 36, Soho-square.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dress at Devonshire House on July 2.” The ''Queen, The Lady’s Newspaper'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 98 in BNA; p. 65 on print page], full page [3 of 3 cols.]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002627/18970710/137/0039.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 1a–b}}
* &quot;At the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, on the 2d inst., the Prince of Wales looked as if he had stepped out of a masterpiece by one of the old painters. His wig, which completed a correct make-up as Knight of Malta, was specially made and fitted by that favoured 'Royal Perruquier' Mr Willie Clarkson.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Foreign Plays and Players.” ''The Era'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 15 [of 28], Col. 3c. ''British Newspaper Archive''  http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000053/18970710/032/0015.&lt;/ref&gt;
*&quot;The Prince of Wales as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaliers of Malta, was in black velvet embroidered in jet and steel and slashed with grey silk. A white ruff, the blue ribbon of the Garter, and the Order of St. John of Jerusalem relieved the somber character of the dress.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Devonshire House Ball.” The ''Man of Ross'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b. http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001463/18970710/033/0002.&lt;/ref&gt;

== The &quot;Court&quot; and Households of the Prince of Wales ==
* Gladstone sent him papers so that he would be better informed&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Matthew, H. C. G. [Matthew, Henry Colin Gray; Colin Matthew] (September 2004; online edition May 2006) &quot;Edward VII (1841–1910),&quot; ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32975, retrieved 24 June 2009. [https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-32975;jsessionid=A518647A0BF7B83BFDBCAA0E52094090 https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-32975]&lt;/ref&gt;
* According to &quot;Edward VII&quot; in ''Wikipedia'', &quot;From 1886, Foreign Secretary [[Social Victorians/People/Rosebery|Lord Rosebery]] sent him Foreign Office despatches [sic], and from 1892 some Cabinet papers were opened to him.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
===The Households===
====Household of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales====

* Lieutenant Colonel Owen Williams, close friend and equerry (1876)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|58}}
* Sir Francis Knollys, private secretary to the prince and groom of the bedchamber
* Baron Suffield, lord of the bedchamber
* [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Earl of Gosford]], lord of the bedchamber
* Sir Dighton Macnaughton Probyn, Comptroller and Treasurer
* [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor|Harry Stonor]], groom of the bedchamber
* [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Duke of Abercorn]], Groom of the Stole
* 9 equerries, including Baron Wantage (who probably promoted Arthur Collins?)
* Sir William Jenner, Physician in Ordinary
* Sir James Paget, Surgeon in Ordinary
* Earl of Ducie, Lord Warden of the Stanneries
* [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Earl of Leicester]], Keeper of the Privy Seal
* C. A. Cripps, Attorney General
* Colonel Sir Robert Kingscote, Receiver-General

==== Households as of the Coronation in 1901 ====
Raymond Lamont-Brown says that the following people from &quot;The Separate Royal Households, 1901&quot; make up a &quot;key checklist for social networkers like Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Lamont-Brown, Raymond. ''Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser: Edward VII's Last Loves''. History Press, 2013. Rpt. of ''Edward VII's Last Loves'', Sutton, 2005. Google Books: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ&lt;/nowiki&gt;: n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; For Edward VII,

* Gen. Right Hon. Sir Dighton Macnaughton Probyn, &quot;personal&quot;
* [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Edward Hyde Villers, the Earl of Clarendon]], Lord Chamberlain's department
* Sidney Herbert, the [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke|Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery]], Lord Steward's department
* W. Cavendish-Bentinck, [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duke of Portland]], Department of Master of the Horse
* There were other departments as well, of course.

== Also Known As ==
* Albert Edward, Prince of Wales
* The Duke of Lancaster, when traveling incognito
* Bertie
* King Edward VII of England
* Teddy
* Virtual International Authority File: [https://viaf.org/viaf/265340794/ 265340794]

== Biographies and Personal Papers ==
== Questions and Notes ==
# These people used nicknames all the time. In this case, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales was &quot;Bertie&quot; until he became king and then immediately became &quot;Teddy&quot; because he was now Edward.

==References==
{{reflist}}
===General Background===
* &quot;Edward VII.&quot; ''Wikipedia''. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII Accessed 10 June 2014.
* 
* Thom, Adam Bisset, compiler. ''The Upper Ten Thousand: An Alphabetical List of All Members of Noble Families, Bishops, Privy Councillors, Judges, Baronets, Members of the House of Commons, Lords-Lieutenant, Governors of Colonies, Knights and Companions of Orders, Deans and Archdeacons, and the Superior Officers of the Army and Navy, with Their Official Descriptions and Addresses''. London: George Routledge and Sons, 1875. Google Books.</text>
      <sha1>fpjepiazz81j58c6oe6uggly8zw8pyu</sha1>
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      <text bytes="37087" sha1="tr5crevysr5y5ey6ggq720shct3e7dt" xml:space="preserve">== Overview ==
The [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley|page for the Stanleys]] and this page for Earl of Derby are interrelated.

For the discussion of the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House, this page treats the Earl and Countess of Derby. All other Stanleys at the ball except for the [[Social Victorians/People/Jeune|Stanley family of the Barony of Alderley and Barony of Eddisbury]] — regardless of their relationship to the Earl and Countess — are discussed on the [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley | Stanley page]].
Raymond Lamont-Brown describes how the Prince of Wales's friends enjoyed finding women for him:&lt;blockquote&gt;There was a certain frisson in pimping for the Prince of Wales and some of his lifelong friends took great pleasure in doing it. There was Harry Tyrwhitt-Wilson, his equerry, [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Charles Lindley Wood, later 2nd Viscount Halifax]], in those earlier days, and [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|George Henry Cadogan, later 5th Earl of Cadogan]], Frederick Arthur Stanley, later 16th Earl of Derby and William Henry Gladstone, eldest son of Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone.&lt;ref&gt;Lamont-Brown, Raymond. ''Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser: Edward VII's Last Loves''. History Press, 2011. [Preview on Google Books: [https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Also Known As ==
*Family name: Stanley (see also the [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley | Stanley]] page)
*Earl of Derby
**Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby (1869 – 21 April 1893)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-27|title=Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby&amp;oldid=975202827|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
**Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby (21 April 1893 – 14 June 1908)&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&quot;Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p1383.htm#i13827|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
**Edward George Villiers Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby (14 June 1908 – 4 February 1948)
*Lord Stanley
**Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby (1851–1869)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
**Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby (1869– 21 April 1893)&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
**Edward George Villiers Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby (21 April 1893 – 14 June 1908)&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&quot;Edward George Villiers Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby.&quot; {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p1383.htm#i13830|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*1st Baron Stanley of Preston, in the County Palatine of Lancaster
**Frederick Arthur Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley (1886 – 1893)
**Edward George Villiers Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley (1893–1908), styled Lord Stanley&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*Baron Stanley of Bickerstaffe
*Frederick Stanley
*Courtesy title of the heir apparent of the earl is Lord Stanley.

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==
=== Friends ===
* Sir Wilfred Laurier
== Organizations ==
*Eton College, Windsor, Berkshire
*Conservative party
*Grenadier Guards, last promotion to Captain
*Freemasons
*Queen Victoria's Militia Aide-de-Camp 1877–1901
*King Edward VII's Militia Aide-de-Camp 1901–1908

== Timeline ==
'''1889 January 5''', Edward George Villiers Stanley and Lady Alice Maude Olivia Montagu married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Lady Alice Maude Olivia Montagu.&quot; {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p1395.htm#i13944|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1896 November 25''', Hon. Victor Albert Stanley and Annie Bickerton Pooley married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;&quot;Admiral Hon. Sir Victor Albert Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p1385.htm#i13841|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2023-04-26}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p1385.htm#i13841.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 July 2''', Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl and Constance Villiers Stanley, Countess of Derby attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House, as did [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Children of the Countess and Earl of Derby|a number of their children]].

'''1898 February 15''', the Earl and Countess Derby were on a ship traveling away from the U.K., along with the Hon. A. Stanley and Lady J. Stanley as well as, possibly, other friends:&lt;blockquote&gt;Quite a large number of prominent &quot;Society&quot; names appear in the list of passengers booked by the new P. and O. steamer India, taking passengers for Australia and New Zealand. They include the Earl and Countess of Derby, Viscountess Hampden, Lord Durham, Lady Chelsea [?], Lady St. Oswald, Lady Drummond-Hay and Miss Drummond-Hay, the Hon. A. Stanley, Lady J. Stanley, Mrs. Trench, Sir J. Woodburn and Lady Woodburn. I find, however, that in the majority of cases these distinguished passengers are not traveling beyond Egypt or India. There is, however, a probability that some of them may extend their travels to Australia and New Zealand.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personal Items from London, From Our Own Correspondent.&quot; ''New Zealand Herald'' 15 February 1898, Tuesday: 6, Col. 2b. ''Papers Past'' https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 December 10''', Lady Isobel Constance Mary Stanley and Sir John Francis Gathorne-Hardy married.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Isobel Constance Mary Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p1394.htm#i13938|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1918 April 18''', Hon. Algernon Francis Stanley and Mary Cavendish Grosvenor Crichton married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Colonel Hon. Algernon Francis Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p969.htm#i9686|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2023-04-26}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p969.htm#i9686.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stanleys at the Ball ==
A number of Stanleys mostly associated with the Earl and Countess of Derby were present at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]]:

# Constance Villiers Stanley, Countess of Derby
# Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Edward George Villiers Stanley, Lord Stanley|Lord Stanley]]: Lord Edward George Villiers Stanley
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lady A. Stanley|Lady A. Stanley]]: Lady Alice Maud Olivia Montagu Stanley
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Hon. Ferdinand Charles Stanley|Hon. F. C. Stanley]]: Hon. Ferdinand Charles Stanley
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#George Frederick Stanley|The Hon. George Stanley]]: Lt.-Col. Rt. Hon. Sir George Frederick Stanley
# [[Social Victorians/People/Jeune#Madeline Stanley|Miss Madeline Stanley]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lady Isobel Stanley|Lady Isobel Stanley]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lord William Stanley|Lord William Stanley]]: Frederick William Stanley
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lady W. Stanley|Lady W. Stanley]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lady J. Stanley|Lady J. Stanley]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#E. Stanley|E. Stanley]]

Further, of these, the following Stanleys were in the presentation album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt;:

# Constance Villiers Stanley, Countess of Derby
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Edward George Villiers Stanley, Lord Stanley|Lord Edward Stanley]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lady A. Stanley|Lady Alice Stanley]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lady Isobel Stanley|Lady Isobel Stanley]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#George Frederick Stanley|The Hon. George Stanley]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lord William Stanley|Lord William Stanley]]: called the Hon. Frederick &quot;William&quot; Stanley in the album

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
[[File:Constance-ne-Villiers-Countess-of-Derby-as-Duchess-of-Orleans.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume and a tall white wig|Constance, Countess of Derby as Duchess of Orleans. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Constance Villiers Stanley, Countess of Derby ===
At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], Constance Villiers Stanley, Countess of Derby sat at Table 3 in the first seating for supper and was dressed as the Duchess of Orleans.

Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Constance (née Villiers), Countess of Derby as Duchess of Orleans&quot; in costume is photogravure #103 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Countess of Derby as Duchess of Orleans,&quot; with a Long S in ''Countess'' and ''Duchess.''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Constance (née Villiers), Countess of Derby as Duchess of Orleans.&quot;  ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158464/Constance-ne-Villiers-Countess-of-Derby-as-Duchess-of-Orleans?set=515%3BDevonshire+House+Fancy+Dress+Ball+Album&amp;displayNo=60&amp;wPage=1&amp;search=ap&amp;rNo=102 https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158464/Constance-ne-Villiers-Countess-of-Derby-as-Duchess-of-Orleans] (accessed October 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Archive seems not to contain the negative for this portrait.&lt;ref&gt;Harris, Russell. &quot;Dreams of Occident and Orient: The Devonshire House Ball of 1897: Guests in Costume Photographed by the Lafayette Studio, Bond Street, London. An Exhibition for the Levanger Museum, Norway.&quot; http://lafayette.org.uk/dhblist.html.&lt;/ref&gt;

An image of her in costume appeared in the ''Queen'' (bottom right of the page, the numeral 18 below the line drawing, facing slightly to her left, the drawing is similar to her costume in her photograph, headdress (the fontange) and bare shoulders emphasized; the drawing apparently signed by “Rook”).&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b–c}}

==== The Historical Duchess of Orleans ====
Who Lady Derby might have meant by the Duchess of Orleans is not clear. The peerages would have offered names and dates, and the 9th edition of the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' offers a sense of what was generally available in 1897 to those interested in that kind of research. According to the ''Britannica'', the title Duke of Orléans was created a number of times and Dukes d'Orléans have been close to the monarchs of France from the middle ages to the present.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;{{rp|XVII, p. 852, Col. 1b – 853, Col. 2c}} Several had ties to England or were particularly heroic that might have made them an attractive choice for Lady Derby, but no obvious Duchess of Orleans emerges.

Most useful for identifying which Duchess of Orleans Lady Derby may have based her costume on is the costume itself. We can identify the historical period of this costume precisely because the headdress was reproduced clearly enough. Lady Derby's headdress locates this costume at the end of the 17th century, even though, as usual, much of her costume serves Victorian rather than historical standards of beauty.

==== The Fontange ====
[[File:Fontange Kneller.jpg|thumb|left|alt=And old black-and-white engraving from a painting of a woman with a tall and complicated headdress, holding a folded fan and wearing gloves.|Queen Mary II, 1688, by John Smith after Jan van der Vaart'''.''']]
Lady Derby's headdress looks like what is usually called a ''fontange'', an elaborate cap popular in the 1690s and with women in the court of Louis XIV of France.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Payne, Blanche. ''History of Costume: From the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century''. Harper &amp; Row, 1965.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|382}} The starched and wired lace, the tall fluting, the presence of lappets (we know they are there from the newspaper description), the piled curls of hair in front and the placement of the cap on the top of the head are unique to the headdress of one period in women's fashion: the 1690s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-04-14|title=Fontange|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fontange&amp;oldid=192859097|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontange.&lt;/ref&gt; No other period in the history of women's fashion had anything that looked even remotely like the ''édifice''&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; that was the fontange. These specific features of Lady Derby's cap suggests that her dressmaker was looking at some image from the end of the 17th century of a woman in the court of Louis XIV.

This mezzotint of Queen Mary II of England wearing a fontange (left) is one possibility for an original for Lady Derby's costume although her garments are clearly not copies of Queen Mary's. This image is at the Victoria and Albert Museum, which was called the Kensington Museum in the late 19th century. According to the V&amp;A, &quot;The print is taken from a portrait of the Queen painted in 1688 by the Dutch painter and engraver Jan van der Vaardt, who moved to England in 1674. The portrait is now at Audley End, Essex.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O78240/|title=Maria D.G. Angliae Scotiae Franciae et Hiberniae Regina &amp;ct. {{!}} van der Vaardt, Jan (van der Vaart) {{!}} Cooper, Edward {{!}} Smith, John {{!}} V&amp;A Explore The Collections|last=Museum|first=Victoria and Albert|website=Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections|language=en|access-date=2023-04-29}} https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O78240/mezzotint-maria-dg-angliae-scotiae-franciae/maria-dg-angliae-scotiae-franciae-mezzotint-smith-john/.&lt;/ref&gt; A higher resolution reproduction of this mezzotint can be seen on the V&amp;A website, [https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O78240/mezzotint-maria-dg-angliae-scotiae-franciae/maria-dg-angliae-scotiae-franciae-mezzotint-smith-john/ here].

The V&amp;A says that Queen Mary's headdress is a frelange &quot;while the ribbon bows behind the lace were known as ''fontanges''.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; ''Frelange'' and ''fontange'' seem to have been synonymous in 1685 but ''frelange'' (or ''freland'') apparently became obsolete by the end of the 17th century;&lt;ref&gt;“Freland, ''N.''”  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP,  July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/7468875634.&lt;/ref&gt; the term costume historians use is ''fontange''.

The lappets for Queen Mary are in front; the gloves are similar, and both women are holding a folded fan.

==== Newspaper Reports on the Countess of Derby's Costume ====
Essentially, except for the last 2 descriptions, from the ''Gentlewoman'' and the ''Queen'', the small paragraph in the first 3 accounts is a single description of the costume repeated in 3 newspapers that were traditional news outlets rather than periodicals specializing in women's fashion. We are uncertain about a number of terms this description uses, but perhaps the problem is a much more detailed paragraph that got edited into nonsense or perhaps the original writer was unfamiliar with fashion terminology.
*&quot;Duchess of Orleans. Rich blue silk stamped with purple velvet and trimmed with antique lace, edged with gold. Front and vest of gold and white brocade, the former showing bands of gold embroidery laid on horizontally. Train of brocaded velvet to match the bodice, draped down one side with pink satin, and held down here and there with diamond ornaments, coronet-shaped cap of lace sprinkled with diamonds and lappets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
*&quot;Duchess of Orleans. Rich blue silk stamped with purple velvet and trimmed with antique lace, edged with gold; front and vest of gold and white brocade, the former showing bands of gold embroidery laid on horizontally. Train of brocaded velvet to match the bodice, draped down one side with pink satin and held down here and there with diamond ornaments. Coronet-shaped cap of lace, sprinkled with diamonds, and lappets.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|7, Col. 7b}}
*&quot;Duchess of Orleans, [The dress of the Countess of Derby] was of rich blue silk, stamped with purple velvet, and trimmed with antique lace, edged with gold, front and vest of gold and white brocade, the former showing bands of gold embroidery, laid on horizontally. Train of brocaded velvet, to match the bodice, draped down one side with pink satin, and held down here and there with diamond ornaments. Coronet-shaped cap of lace, sprinkled with diamonds, and lappets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|3, Col. 3a}}
*&quot;Lady Derby (Duchess of Orleans), blue and purple brocade; gold lace.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|40, Col. 2a}}
*The description accompanying the line drawing in the ''Queen'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;Made by Mrs Mason, 4, New Burlington Street, W. … No. 18. T&lt;small&gt;HE&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;OUNTESS OF&lt;/small&gt; D&lt;small&gt;ERBY&lt;/small&gt;, Duchess of Orleans. — A very lovely gown of rich purple and blue brocaded velvet, with petticoat and stomacher of gold and white brocade, wrought with gold and diamonds; [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Point d’Alençon Lace|point d’Alençon]] ruffles; headdress, point d'Alençon, studded with jewels.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;“Dresses Worn at the Duchess of Devonshire’s Fancy Ball on July 2.” The ''Queen'', The Lady’s Newspaper 10 July 1897, Saturday: 52 [of 98 BNA; p. 78 on printed page], full page [3 of 3 cols.]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002627/18970710/174/0052.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b–c}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Commentary on the Countess of Derby's Costume ====

* Even though this costume has some elements that are reminiscent of the 1690s, the line, construction, fabrics and embellishments of this dress are Victorian.
** Some characteristics of this costume suggest a 1690s original:
***As Blanche Payne shows, the length of the sleeves and the lace ruffles at the elbow are characteristic of the 1690s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;{{rp|377ff}}
***The gloves are Victorian but, as Payne shows, they are also typical of portraits of the 1690s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;{{rp|378ff}}
**Some characteristics of this costume are Victorian not Baroque:
*** The 1690s corset flattened the front of the woman's torso, deemphasizing the waist and bust. The 1890s corset emphasized the waist and bust by curving the bodice, sometimes very sharply, and pushing the breasts up, rounding them and creating cleavage.
*** The front of the bodice appears to have a busk that is made of something flexible like whalebone. A 1690s busk would have flattened and straightened the front of the stomacher.
*** The Victorian neckline is wide at shoulders and shows a deep cleavage.
*** The draping of the skirt fabric is typical of many periods, including the 1690s and the 1890s, but Lady Derby's costume is missing the many ribbons and complex bows of the late 17th century.
*** The 1890s bustle and the gathered fabric of the 1690s dress create a similar line at the back. Both also had short trains.
*** The way the gloves are pushed into gathers on her arms adds texture.
*The Countess's headdress is a [[Social Victorians/People/Derby#The Fontange|fontange]], apparently made of [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Point d'Alençon Lace|point d'Alençon lace]] that has been starched and wired. The reporter in the first 3 newspaper accounts describes the fontange as a &quot;coronet-shaped cap of lace&quot; probably because the rounded folds of the starched lace fabric in the headdress widen at the top.
*Portraits from the 1690s often show women wearing pearl necklaces too short to fall onto the décolletage. In the Lafayette photograph Lady Derby's necklaces are short, though some do fall longer than 1690s necklaces would and she is not wearing pearls. Also, she is not wearing the tear-drop pearl earrings that were popular throughout the Baroque period.
*Of what is essentially 3 descriptions, the last two (which were published in the ''Gentlewoman'' and the ''Queen'', outlets that would have been familiar with the language of fashion) describe the fabric as a brocade. The single description (published 3 times in traditional news outlets) uses terminology not normally associated with dressmaking. They say the fabric was &quot;stamped,&quot; which might be a correct term if it was ''embossed''. We are inclined to put more confidence in the reporting from the ''Gentlewoman'' and the ''Queen''.
*[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Shirring|Shirring]] dominates the design of this dress and adds texture to the garment. It is responsible for how puffy and full it is.
**The very full sleeves are shirred with [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Pouf, Puff, Poof|poufs]] and ruffles made of lace or fabric.
**The skirt is pulled back and the lining is folded and gathered into poufs at the edges of the skirt. Large jewelled ornaments hold the poufs in place.
**The shirred waist of the petticoat and skirt adds fullness to the silhouette.
*The fabric of the skirt does not drape like silk velvet. Perhaps the lining stiffens the drape of the silk if this is in fact velvet, as the ''Queen''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s report says.
*The petticoat has the odd design that looks something like fish. The fabric in the skirt, which has a train, also appears on the sleeves and bodice.
*From Lafayette's single photograph and the illustration in the ''Queen'', it is impossible to tell
**if she is wearing a wig or has had her own hair powdered and piled up.
**how the dress, skirt and train were constructed.
**what is embroidered, embossed or dyed.
**what the layers are on the bodice.

==== Puzzling Problems with the Accounts in the Traditional News Outlets ====

*We are not certain of what these terms mean in the descriptions in the 3 traditional news outlets:
** &quot;Rich blue silk stamped with purple velvet&quot;: possibly the reporter did not know the term ''embossed'' for fabric but meant that process?
** The &quot;antique lace&quot; worn by the Countess: like other instances in which reporters use ''antique'' as an adjective to describe a lace or fabric, did Lady Derby in this case purchase or own lace from prior times?
** This entire sentence is problematic: &quot;Front and vest of gold and white brocade, the former showing bands of gold embroidery laid on horizontally.&quot; Except for the &quot;gold and white brocade,&quot; none of this describes what we see in the portrait or what a reporter knowledgeable about fashion would say.
*** &quot;Front and vest&quot; of the garment: these terms are not right for describing a dress like what Lady Constance is wearing. ''Front'' is not technically specific and so generic it could be the front of the skirt. And the Countess does not appear to be wearing a vest in the portrait.
*** In &quot;Front and vest of gold and white brocade, the former showing bands of gold embroidery laid on horizontally,&quot; we don't know whether ''the former'' refers to the front or the vest.
*** We don't see any &quot;bands of gold embroidery laid on horizontally.&quot;
*The ''Times'' says &quot;sprinkled with diamonds and lappets,&quot; but ''sprinkled'' is probably associated only with the diamonds; In the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Evening Standard'', a comma separates &quot;sprinkled with diamonds&quot; from &quot;and lappets.&quot; We cannot see the lappets on Lady Derby's fontange. If her headdress has lappets — and many fontanges did not have lappets — they are likely hanging down in back.

=== Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby ===
Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby sat at Table 12 in the first supper seating. We know nothing about his costume.

=== Children of the 16th Countess and Earl of Derby Present at the Ball ===
The Earl and Countess's had 8 surviving children at the time of the ball.
# Lord Stanley and Lady A. Stanley — Lord Stanley, probably [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lord Stanley and Lady A. Stanley|Edward George Villiers Stanley]], is treated on the [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley|Stanley page]], as is his wife, Lady A. Stanley, probably [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lord Stanley and Lady A. Stanley|Lady Alice Maude Olivia Montagu Stanley]]. Edward Stanley was the eldest son of the Countess and Earl of Derby and the 17th Earl. Both were present at the ball.
# Admiral Hon. Sir Victor Albert Stanley is not listed as having attended the ball.
# Hon. Sir Arthur Stanley is not listed as having attended the ball.
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Hon. Ferdinand Charles Stanley|Hon. Ferdinand Charles Stanley]] — Hon. F. C. Stanley, probably Ferdinand Charles Stanley, was the 6th child and the 4th surviving son of the 16th Countess and Earl, was present at the ball and is treated on the [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lord Stanley and Lady A. Stanley|Stanley page]].
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#George Frederick Stanley|George Frederick Stanley]] — George Frederick Stanley, the 7th child and the 5th surviving son of the 16th Earl and Countess, was present at the ball and is treated on the [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lord Stanley and Lady A. Stanley|Stanley page]].
# Colonel Hon. Algernon Francis Stanley is not listed as having attended the ball.
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lady Isobel Stanley|Lady Isobel Constance Mary Stanley]] — Lady Isobel Constance Mary Stanley, 9th child and 2nd daughter of Constance, Countess of Derby and Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby, also attended and is discussed on the [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley|Stanley page]].
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lord William Stanley|Lord William Stanley]] — Lord William Stanley or Hon. W. Stanley, the youngest of the children of the Countess and Earl of Derby, attended the ball and is discussed on the [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley|Stanley page]].

== Demographics ==
*Nationality: British
=== Residences ===
* Family seat: Knowsley Hall, near Liverpool, Merseyside
== Family ==
*[[Social Victorians/People/Mary Catherine Sackville-West Gascoyne-Cecil Stanley | Mary Catherine Sackville-West Gascoyne-Cecil Stanley]], Countess of Derby (23 July 1824 – 6 December 1900)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-05-15|title=Mary Stanley, Countess of Derby|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Stanley,_Countess_of_Derby&amp;oldid=956811075|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*James Brownlow William Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury (17 April 1791 – 12 April 1868)
#Lord Sackville Arthur Cecil (16 March 1848 – 29 January 1898)
#Lady Mary Arabella Arthur Cecil (26 April 1850 – 18 August 1903)
#Lady Margaret Elizabeth Cecil (1850 – 11 March 1919)
#Lord Arthur Cecil (3 July 1851– 16 July 1913)
#Lieutenant-Colonel Lord Lionel Cecil (21 March 1853 – 13 January 1901)
*Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby (21 July 1826 – 21 April 1893)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;


*'''Frederick Arthur Stanley''', 16th Earl of Derby (15 January 1841 – 14 June 1908)&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
*Constance Villiers Stanley (1840 – 17 April 1922) [8 sons and 2 daughters, 7 and 1 of whom, respectively, survived to adulthood]
#Katherine Mary Stanley ( –  21 October 1871)
#'''Edward George Villiers Stanley''', 17th Earl of Derby (4 April 1865 – 4 February 1948)
#Admiral Hon. Sir Victor Albert Stanley (17 January 1867 – 9 June 1934)
#Hon. Sir Arthur Stanley (18 November 1869 – 4 November 1947)
#Geoffrey Stanley (18 November 1869 – 16 March 1871)
#Brig.-Gen. Hon. Ferdinand Charles Stanley (28 January 1871 – 17 March 1935)
#Lt.-Col. Rt. Hon. Sir '''George Frederick Stanley''' (14 October 1872 – 1 July 1938)
#Colonel Hon. Algernon Francis Stanley (8 January 1874 – 10 February 1962)
#Lady '''Isobel Constance Mary Stanley''' (2 September 1875 – 30 December 1963)
#Lt.-Col. Hon. Frederick William Stanley (27 May 1878 – 9 August 1942)


*Edward George Villiers Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby (4 April 1865 – 4 February 1948)&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*Lady Alice Maude Olivia Montagu (1862 – 23 July 1957)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
#Lady Victoria Alice Louise Stanley (24 June 1892 – 26 November 1927)
#Rt. Hon. Sir Edward Montagu Cavendish Stanley, Lord Stanley (9 July 1894 – 16 October 1938)
#Colonel Rt. Hon. Oliver Frederick George Stanley (4 May 1896 – 10 December 1950)


* Admiral Hon. Sir Victor Albert Stanley (17 January 1867 – 9 June 1934)&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
* Annie Bickerton Pooley ( – 14 April 1962)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Annie Bickerton Pooley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p1392.htm#i13920|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2023-04-26}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p1392.htm#i13920.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Violet Alice Stanley (11 Oct 1897 – )
*# Godfrey Victor Stanley (18 January 1902 – 9 March 1903)
*# Rosemary Constance Stanley (9 October 1905 – )


* Lady Mary Cavendish Grosvenor (12 May 1883 – 14 January 1959)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Mary Cavendish Grosvenor.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p938.htm#i9379|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2023-04-26}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p938.htm#i9379.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lt.-Col. Henry William Crichton, Viscount Crichton (30 September 1872 – 31 October 1914)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lt.-Col. Henry William Crichton, Viscount Crichton.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p969.htm#i9685|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2023-04-26}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p969.htm#i9685.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# George David Hugh Crichton (12 May 1904 – 18 May 1904)
*# Lady Mary Katherine Crichton (8 July 1905 – 2 February 1990)
*# John Henry George Crichton, 5th Earl Erne of Crom Castle (22 November 1907 – 23 May 1940)
* Colonel Hon. Algernon Francis Stanley (8 January 1874 – 10 February 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
*# Constance Mary Stanley (24 January 1919 – )
*# F/O Anthony Hugh Stanley (20 February 1923 – 11 March 1943)

== Biographical Materials ==
NRA identifies National Archives references.

* Dr. Stephen Lloyd, FSA, Curator of the Derby Collection. Personal and family papers. Address: Knowsley Hall, Prescot, Merseyside, L34 4AG (0151) 481 3314. Email: s.lloyd@knowsley.com. [https://www.thearchivegroup.org/knowsley-hall https://www.thearchivegroup.org/knowsley-hallhttps://www.thearchivegroup.org/knowsley-hall].
* Cambridge University: Parker Library, Corpus Christi College: &quot;Stanley family papers, incl Canadian papers of the 16th Earl of Derby (1841-1908)&quot;: NRA 11916 Stanley. ARCHON code: 268. Address: Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, England CB2 1RH. Email: parker-library@corpus.cam.ac.uk
* The Lancashire Archives, Reference DDK: NRA &quot;53 Stanley&quot; and &quot;See HMC Principal family and estate collections L-W, 1999 [99a].&quot; Other collections also point to this last reference. Looking particularly at &quot;estate and Stanley family corresp and papers 13th-20th cent.&quot; ARCHON code: 55. Address: Bow Lane, Preston, England PR1 2RE. Email: archives@lancashire.gov.uk
* Liverpool Record Office: &quot;Stanley family, official, political and personal corresp and papers, incl papers of the 13th, 15th, 16th and 17th Earls of Derby.&quot; ARCHON code: 138. Address: Central Library and Archive, 3rd floor, William Brown Street, Liverpool, England L3 8EW. Email: archives@liverpool.gov.uk
* West Sussex Record Office, inquiring about a privately-held collection: &quot;misc Stanley family papers, 17th cent-20th cent.  NRA 23389 Henderson. ARCHON code: 805408. Address: 3 Orchard Street, Chichester, England PO19 1DD. Correspondence address: County Hall, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 1RN. Email: record.office@westsussex.gov.uk.
* The National Archives, Archives Sector Development, inquiring about a privately-held collection: &quot;Stanley family corresp and papers, 19th cent.&quot;  ARCHON code: 800819. Address: The National Archives, Archives Sector Development, Ruskin Avenue, Kew, Richmond, England TW9 4DU. Email: asd@nationalarchives.gov.uk.
* Librarian and Archivist to the Marquess of Salisbury, Hatfield House Library and Archives: &quot;corresp and papers of Mary, Countess of Derby (1824-1900), 19th cent.&quot; ARCHON code: 2173. Address: Hatfield House, Hatfield, England AL9 5NQ. Email: collections@hatfield-house.co.uk. [Mary, Countess of Derby was the mother of the generation who went to the ball, but she did not attend herself.]

== Questions and Notes ==
#Lady Alice Maude Olivia Montagu was the daughter of Luise Friederike Auguste Gräfin von Alten, who became Duchess of Devonshire on 16 August 1892.
#Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby (21 July 1826 – 21 April 1893) and Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby (15 January 1841 – 14 June 1908) were brothers, both sons of the 14th Earl, Edward Geoffrey Smith-Stanley (19 March 1799 – 23 October 1869).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Edward Geoffrey Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p1276.htm#i12755|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2023-04-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p1276.htm#i12755.&lt;/ref&gt;
#All the Stanleys related to this family except the Earl and Countess of Derby are discussed on the[[Social Victorians/People/Stanley | Stanley]] page.
#The family of the 16th Earl of Derby lost two children in 1871, one in March and one in October; wonder what happened.
#Constance Villiers Stanley, Countess of Derby is #36 and Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby is #210 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|complete list of people who attended]] the Duchess of Devonshire's ball in 1897.
#Dukes of Orléans were in place until the writing of the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Potentially relevant Dukes or Duchesses of Orleans, from the 9th edition of the ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'':&lt;blockquote&gt;——, Charles, duke of, French poet, XVII. 851. (1391–1465)  ——, Anne Marie Louise d’, duchesse de Montpensier, XVI. 792. (1627–1693) was a contemporary of Gaston and Louis XVI; she was active in the history of the period, is part of a famous love story that did not end well, and was called ''Mademoiselle''.&lt;ref&gt;Saintsbury, George. [G. Sa.] &quot;Montpensier, Anne Marie Louise d’Orleans, Duchesse de (1627-1693).&quot; ''Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Information''. Ed., Thomas Spencer Baynes. 9th ed. Vol. XVI (Vol. 16): Men to Mos. ''Google Books''. Retrieved April 2023. https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%2016%20%28MEN-MOS%29%20193479089.23/page/792/mode/2up.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|XVI, pp. 792, Col. 2c – 793, Col. 2b}}  The title was at once [after the death of Jean Baptiste Gaston] revived by Louis XIV., who created his brother P&lt;small&gt;HILIPPE&lt;/small&gt; (1640–1701) duke of Orleans and of Chartres, and married him to Henrietta, the sister of Charles II. of England. The court was soon entertained by the details of the quarrels between the duke and duchess, and by the former’s jealousy even of his brother the king, and, when Henrietta, after successfully detaching Charles from the Triple Alliance and negotiating the treaty of Dover, died suddenly in 1670, the duke was universally accused of poisoning her. In the following year he married Princess Charlotte Elizabeth of Bavaria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;H. M. S. [Stephens, H. Morse] &quot;Orleans, Dukes of.&quot; ''Encyclopaedia Britannica: An Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Information''. Ed., Thomas Spencer Baynes. 9th ed. Vol. XVII (Vol. 17): Mot to Orm. ''Google Books''. Retrieved April 2023. https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%2017%20%28MOT-ORM%29%20193323013.23/page/850/mode/2up.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|XVII, p. 852, Col. 1c}}  [Louis Philippe Joseph (1747–1793), an enemy of Marie Antoinette and friend of the British,] often visited London, and became an intimate friend of the prince of Wales (afterwards George IV.); he brought to Paris the ‘‘anglo-mania,” as it was called, and made jockeys as fashionable as they were in England. He also made himself very popular in Paris by his large gifts to the poor in time of famine, and by throwing open the gardens of the Palais Royal to the people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;{{rp|XVII, p. 853, Col. 1b}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;
== Footnotes ==
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    <title>Social Victorians/People/Cadogan</title>
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      <text bytes="30749" sha1="9knsbg126zqwovuy1unip5bmhr62r61" xml:space="preserve">== Also Known As ==
*Family name: Cadogan
*Earl Cadogan
**George Henry Cadogan, the 5th Earl Cadogan (8 June 1873 – 6 March 1915)&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;George Henry Cadogan, the 5th Earl Cadogan.&quot; {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10635.htm#i106347|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Countess of Cadogan
**Lady Beatrix Craven, the Countess of Cadogan (8 June 1873 – 1907)
**Adele Neri
*Courtesy title
**Viscount Chelsea
***Albert Edward George Henry Cadogan, Viscount Chelsea (8 June 1873 – 2 August 1878)&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&quot;Albert Edward George Henry Cadogan, Viscount Chelsea.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p8319.htm#i83184|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
***Henry Arthur Cadogan, Viscount Chelsea (2 August 1878 – 2 July 1908)&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;
**Viscountess Chelsea
***Hon. (Cecilia) Mildred H. Sturt Cadogan (1892–1908?)

== Overview ==

=== George, 5th Earl Cadogan ===

*Raymond Lamont-Brown describes how the Prince of Wales's friends enjoyed finding women for him:&lt;blockquote&gt;There was a certain frisson in pimping for the Prince of Wales and some of his lifelong friends took great pleasure in doing it. There was Harry Tyrwhitt-Wilson, his equerry, [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Charles Lindley Wood, later 2nd Viscount Halifax]], in those earlier days, and George Henry Cadogan, later 5th Earl of Cadogan, [[Social Victorians/People/Derby|Frederick Arthur Stanley, later 16th Earl of Derby]] and William Henry Gladstone, eldest son of Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone.&lt;ref&gt;Lamont-Brown, Raymond. ''Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser: Edward VII's Last Loves''. History Press, 2011. [Preview on Google Books: [https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
* “A strong supporter of the 1896 land act [in Ireland] of Gerald Balfour (qv), he helped persuade the treasury to grant more generous terms for tenant purchase than first proposed. He appointed commissions to investigate intermediate (1899) and university education (1901), and sponsored the act of 1899 which established a new department of agriculture, and technical instruction for Ireland. He took a keen interest n industrial and charitable initiatives, and gave financial and moral support to the Cork exhibition of 1901.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;Quinn, James. “Cadogan, George Henry.” ''Dictionary of Irish Biography''. 2009. DOI: https://10.3318/dib.001356.v1.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Irish Chief Secretary (1900–1905) George “Wyndham claimed that dealing with Cadogan was like ‘speaking through a megaphone with a pudding in its orifice.’”&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
* ”Cadogan’s viceroyalty was noted for its munificence, and in April 1900 he hosted Queen Victoria’s visit to Ireland in particularly regal style.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==
=== Friends ===
*Miss Brudenell Bruce attended the [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party | Garden Party at Marlborough House]] with the Earl and Countess of Cadogan on 10 July 1891.

== Organizations ==

=== George, 5th Earl Cadogan ===

* Conservative Party&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
* Member of Parliament (for Bath)&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
* Under-secretary for War (1875–1878)&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
* Under-secretary for the Colonies (1878–1880)&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
* Lord Privy Seal (1886–1892)&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

== Timeline ==
'''1865 May 16''', George Henry Cadogan and Lady Beatrix Craven married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Lady Beatrix Jane Craven.&quot; {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p1085.htm#i10841|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1891 July 10''', George Cadogan, Earl and Lady Beatrix, Countess Cadogan attended the [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party | Garden Party at Marlborough House]] with Miss Brudenell Bruce.

'''1892 April 30''', Henry Arthur Cadogan, Viscount Chelsea and Hon. (Cecilia) Mildred H. Sturt married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Mildred Cecilia Harriet Sturt.&quot; {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10596.htm#i105955|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 June 29 –1902 August 11''', George, 5th Earl Cadogan was lord lieutenant of Ireland, appointed Viceroy by Salisbury.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

'''1896 June 29''', Lady Sophie Beatrix Mary Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott, 6th Bt. married.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sir Samuel Scott, 6th Bt.&quot; {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p8319.htm#i83183|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', George Cadogan, Earl and Lady Beatrix, Countess Cadogan attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House, as did their daughter Lady Sophie Scott and her husband Sir Samuel Scott, 6th Baronet and their son and daughter in law, Viscount and Viscountess Chelsea. (Beatrix, Countess Cadogan is #55 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who attended]]; George, Earl Cadogan is #176; Lady Sophie Scott is #57; Sir Samuel Scott, Bart. is #99; Cecilia Cadogan, Viscountess Chelsea is #162; Henry Cadogan, Viscount Chelsea is #163; Hon. Mrs. Cadogan is #668.)

'''1900 April''', George 5th Earl Cadogan hosted Queen Victoria’s visit to Ireland.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

'''1911 June 7''', Gerald Oakley Cadogan and Lilian Eleanor Marie Coxon married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;&quot;Gerald Oakley Cadogan, 6th Earl of Cadogan.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2748.htm#i27477|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==

=== Lady Beatrix, Countess Cadogan ===
[[File:Beatrix-Jane-ne-Craven-Countess-Cadogan-as-Elizabeth-Queen-of-Bohemia-after-Honthorst.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume|Beatrix, Countess Cadogan as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia (after Honthorst). ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
[[File:Gerard van Honthorst 007.jpeg|thumb|alt=|Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia]]
At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], Beatrix, Countess Cadogan sat at Table 8 in the first seating for supper. 
*She was dressed as the &quot;Queen of Bohemia, ... in a black velvet gown, the full skirt showing a panel of white satin, studded with pearls and diamonds (worked at Lady Duncannon's school); the bodice was plain, with large puffed sleeves and ruffles of lace, and a large vandyked lace collar. Two rows of pearls encircled the waist, the collar and sleeves were outlined with them, and other rows were festooned across the bodice. Her ornaments were pearl necklace and bracelets and pearls and diamonds in the hair.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3a}}
*She was dressed as the &quot;Queen of Bohemia. In a black velvet gown, the full skirt showing a panel of white satin, studded with pearls and diamonds (worked at Lady Duncannon's school); the bodice was plain with large puffed sleeves and ruffles of lace, and a large Vandyked lace collar; two rows of pearls encircled the waist, the collar and sleeves were outlined with them, and other rows were festooned across the bodice. Her ornaments were pearl necklace and bracelets, and pearls and diamonds in the hair.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 7c}}
*She was dressed as the &quot;Queen of Bohemia. A black velvet gown, the full skirt showing a panel of white satin studded with pearls and diamonds (worked at Viscountess Duncannan's school) the bodice plain, with large puffed sleeves and ruffles of lace. A large Vandyked lace collar, two rows of pearls encircling the waist. The collar and sleeves outlined with pearls; other rows festooned across the bodice. Ornaments, pearl necklace and bracelets and pearls and diamonds in the hair.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
*&quot;Her Excellency the Countess Cadogan represented 'Elizabeth,' Queen of Bohemia, daughter of James I, at the fancy ball last night. This magnificent costume was supplied from [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs Sims' Court Dress Establishment|Mrs Sims' Court Dress Establishment]], Dublin, and handsome embroidery used was worked at Viscountess Duncannon's school.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Duchess of Devonshire’s Fancy Ball.&quot; ''Freeman’s Journal'' 3 July 1897: 3 [of 8], Col. 9b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18970703/010/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 9b}} The ''Freeman's Journal'', the very important Irish newspaper: the short article is quoted in its entirety here.
Lafayette's portrait of &quot;Beatrix Jane (née Craven), Countess Cadogan as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia (after Honthorst)&quot; in costume is photogravure #260 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;Countess Cadogan as Elizabeth Queen of Bohemia (after Honthorst),&quot; with a Long S in ''Countess.''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Countess Cadogan as Elizabeth Queen of Bohemia.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158623/Beatrix-Jane-ne-Craven-Countess-Cadogan-as-Elizabeth-Queen-of-Bohemia-after-Honthorst.&lt;/ref&gt;

Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia (19 August 1596 – 13 February 1662) was the eldest daughter of James I and sister of Charles I. Gerrit van Honthorst's portrait (right) of her was painted in 1642, 10 years after she was widowed and 22 years after she and her husband went into exile in Holland, where this portrait was painted. When she returned to England in 1661, she stayed with the 1st Earl of Craven.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemiatitle QS:P1476,en:&quot;Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia&quot;|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gerard_van_Honthorst_007.jpeg|date=1642|accessdate=2022-01-10|first=Gerard van|last=Honthorst}}. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gerard_van_Honthorst_007.jpeg.&lt;/ref&gt; Beatrix, Countess of Cadogan was a Craven before she married. This portrait is now in the main collection at the National Gallery, London, having been bequeathed by Cornelia, Countess of Craven in 1965.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/gerrit-van-honthorst-elizabeth-stuart-queen-of-bohemia|title=Gerrit van Honthorst {{!}} Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia {{!}} NG6362 {{!}} National Gallery, London|website=www.nationalgallery.org.uk|access-date=2022-01-10}} https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/gerrit-van-honthorst-elizabeth-stuart-queen-of-bohemia.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== George, 5th Earl Cadogan ===
George Cadogan, Earl Cadogan sat at Table 7 in the first supper seating.
[[File:Lady-Sophie-Beatrix-Mary-Scott-ne-Cadogan-as-Megaera.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman with her back to the viewer, richly dressed in an historical costume holding a flaming torch, with crown on her head|Lady Sophie Scott as Megaera. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Lady Sophie Scott ===
Lady Sophie Scott was Megaera, a Fury, along with her sister, Lady Emily Julia Cadogan Brownlow, [[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan |Lady Lurgan]], who was also a Fury in the procession as a goddess.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 5b}}

Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Lady Sophie Beatrix Mary Scott (née Cadogan) as Megaera&quot; in costume is photogravure #141 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;Lady Sophie Scott as Megaera.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Sophie Scott as Megaera.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158504/Lady-Sophie-Beatrix-Mary-Scott-ne-Cadogan-as-Megaera.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Newspaper Descriptions ====
*Lady Sophie Scott and her sister Lady Emily Lurgan were &quot;dressed alike as Furies, in flame-coloured gauze, with diamond snakes twined round their arms and waists, on their dresses, and forming their headgear. They carried torches of electric light, and wore jewellel gold wings.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses.&quot; London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7b}}
*Lady Sophie Scott was dressed as one of the &quot;Furies. Flame / colour and gold shot gauze, embroidered round the hem with gold, long hanging sleeves edged with small diamond and silver serpents; large serpents were coiled round their waists, and others were entangled in front of the bodice. They [Ladies Lurgan and Sophie Scott] were wreathed round the head with the reptiles, and carried torches burning with electric light.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|pp. 7, Col. 7c–8, Col. 1a}}
*&quot;Lady Lurgan and Lady Sophie Scott, as Furies, were in flame-coloured gold shot gauze, embroidered round the hem with gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
*&quot;Very striking were the costumes worn as 'Furies' by Lady Lurgan and Lady Sophie Scott. Their classic draperies were of crimson and gold shot gauze, held in place by serpents intertwined in diamonds and silver. Their serpent head-dresses were equally venomous and vindictive-looking, while, still further to intensify the effect, they carried flaming torches, brilliant with electric light.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Devonshire House Ball. A Brilliant Gathering.” The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 3 July 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 10], Col. 2a–3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970703/019/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;
*&quot;Lady Sophia Scott as Fury, worn at the Duchess of Devonshire's fancy ball, is illustrated on page 75 of the ''Queen'' of July 10, 1897.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Fancy Dress.” The ''Queen'' 17 July 1897, Saturday: 48 [of 97], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18970717/234/0049.&lt;/ref&gt;
*This description accompanies a flattering line drawing of Lady Sophia Scott in costume (Numeral 9 below the drawing, top right, full front, head very slightly to the right, flowing hair and wings, burning torch in hand, apparently signed by “Rook”): “Made by Mrs Mason, 4, New Burlington Street, W. … No. 9. L&lt;small&gt;ADY&lt;/small&gt; S&lt;small&gt;OPHIA&lt;/small&gt; S&lt;small&gt;COTT&lt;/small&gt;, Fury. — Flame coloured dress shot with gold, [col. 1c / 2c] diamond snake girdle, diamond wings, torch in hand; diamond snakes entwined in hair.”&lt;ref&gt;“Dresses Worn at the Duchess of Devonshire’s Fancy Ball on July 2.” The ''Queen'', The Lady’s Newspaper 10 July 1897, Saturday: 52 [of 98 BNA; p. 75 print page], full page [3 of 3 cols.]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18970710/169/0049.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a–b, 1–2c}}
[[File:Gordon-Chesney-Wilson-as-a-Captain-in-the-Blues-1680.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man richly dressed in an historical costume|Gordon Chesney Wilson as a Captain in the Blues, 1680. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]

=== Sir Samuel Scott, Bart. ===
According to the typographical visualization of the quadrilles and processions in the ''Morning Post'', Sir Samuel Scott, Bart. was one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Louis XV and Louis XVI Quadrille, along with [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson |Captain Gordon Wilson]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7, Col. 6b}} The newspapers, however, say he was in costume as a member of the Royal Horse Guard of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough (1650–1722&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-03|title=John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough&amp;oldid=1188192102|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough.&lt;/ref&gt;). The portrait of [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson#Captain Gordon Wilson|Captain Gordon Wilson]] in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire (at right) says, &quot;Captain Gordon Wilson as a Captain in the Blues temp 1680.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Captain Gordon Wilson as a Captain in the Blues.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158521/Gordon-Chesney-Wilson-as-a-Captain-in-the-Blues-1680.&lt;/ref&gt; The Blues were the Royal Regiment of Horse Guards, part of the Household Cavalry: the coat was blue, with red facings, collar and plumes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-11-11|title=Royal Horse Guards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Horse_Guards&amp;oldid=1054735721|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horse_Guards.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Sir Samuel Scott, Bart.: &quot;Same as Captain Gordon Wilson. Uniform of the Royal Horse Guards at the time of the Duke of Marlborough, blue with red facings, embroidered gold, crimson sash, embroidered baldric, large velvet hat and plumes.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}}
*&quot;Sir Samuel Scott and Captain Gordon Wilson [wore] uniforms of the R.H.G. in the great Duke of Marlborough's time.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Girls’ Gossip.” ''Truth'' 8 July 1897, Thursday: 41 [of 70], Col. 1b – 42, Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18970708/089/0041.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|42, Col. 2b}}
*&quot;Captain Gordon Wilson and Sir Samuel Scott (costume of their own regiments at the time of the Duke of Marlborough), blue with red facings; velvet hat and plumes.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}}

=== Cecilia, Viscountess Chelsea ===
[[File:Lord-Charles-William-Augustus-Montagu-as-King-Charles-I-and-Mildred-Cecilia-Harriet-Lady-Montagu-as-an-Italian-Flower-girl.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man and woman richly dressed in historical costumes, him with lace around his knee-high boot tops, a walking stick and a broad-brimmed hat with a plume|Lord Charles William Augustus Montagu in costume as King Charles I and Mildred Cecilia Harriet, Lady Montagu in costume as an Italian Flower girl. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
Cecilia (Mildred Cecilia) H. Sturt Cadogan, Viscountess Chelsea sat at Table 5 in the first supper seating.

Lafayette's portrait of &quot;Lord Charles William Augustus Montagu as King Charles I and Mildred Cecilia Harriet, Lady Montagu as an Italian Flower girl&quot; in costume is photogravure #209 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;Lord Charles Montagu as King Charles I. Lady Chelsea as an Italian Flower girl.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Chelsea as an Italian Flower girl.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158572/Lord-Charles-William-Augustus-Montagu-as-King-Charles-I-and-Mildred-Cecilia-Harriet-Lady-Montagu-as-an-Italian-Flower-girl.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait includes both [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester|Lord Charles Montagu]] and Mildred [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Cadogan, Viscountess Chelsea]] who were not married to each other in 1897 — in fact, she was married to Henry, Viscount Chelsea — but would marry in 1930.

==== Newspaper Descriptions of Viscountess Chelsea's Costume ====
Lady Chelsea was dressed as
*&quot;a Veronese lady.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7c}}
*Venditrice di Fiori in the Venetians procession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
*&quot;a Veronese Lady of the Fourteenth Century, [and] wore a robe of velvet, rose tendre et Dalmatique rose de chine, and lined with white silk underdress of silver tissue. The whole dress was trimmed with very old gold lace, studded with rose pearls, turquoises, pearls, and silver. The cordelière and coiffure were entirely of fine pearls.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 2c}}
*&quot;as a Veronese lady, 14th century. Robe of velvet, rose tendre et Dalatique rose de chine, lined white silk underdress of silver tissue. The whole dress is trimmed with very old gold lace studded with rose pearls, turquoises, pearls, and silver. Cordeliere and coiffure entirely of fine pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“A Jubilee Ball. Brilliant Scene at Devonshire House. Some of the Costumes Worn.” The London ''Echo'' 3 July 1897, Saturday: 2 [of 4], Cols. 6a – 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004596/18970703/027/0002.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 2, Col. 7a}}
*&quot;(Veronese lady, fourteenth century), robe of velvet, rose tendre, et dalmatique, rose de Chine, lined white silk, underdress of silver tissue; trimmed with very old gold lace studded with jewels.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}
[[File:Louis-Michel van Loo (School of) - Portrait of Louis XV - Louvre - INV 6319.jpg|thumb|alt=Old portrait of a the King of France in the 1770s very richly dressed, wearing the insignia of the Order of the Spirit and with a crown near him|Louis XV wearing the insignia of the Order of the Holy Spirit]]

=== Henry, Viscount Chelsea ===
Henry Arthur Cadogan, Viscount Chelsea (at 163) is not listed as having been seated in the first seating for supper although his wife was. He was dressed as
*&quot;Le Roi Louis XV in the quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI. Period.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Without knowing any more about Viscount Chelsea's costume, it is impossible to identify any portraits he might have used as sources. The late-18th-century portrait of Louis XV (right) shows him as an adult and is part of the collection at the Musée des Beaux-Arts et d'Archéologie de Châlons-en-Champagne. He is wearing the insignia of the Order of the Holy Spirit.

=== Hon. Mrs. Cadogan ===
According to the ''Gentlewoman'', the Hon. Mrs. Cadogan (at 668) was present in an &quot;Elizabethan costume&quot; of &quot;green and gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 1c}} Possibly either Hon. Mrs. Charles George Henry Cadogan or Hon. Mrs. Arthur Charles Lewin Cadogan, with perhaps a slight preference for Hon. Mrs. Charles Cadogan (see Note #3, below.)

== Demographics ==
*Nationality: British
=== Residences ===
*Culford, Suffolk
== Family ==
*George Henry Cadogan, the 5th Earl Cadogan (12 May 1840 – 6 March 1915)&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*Lady Beatrix Jane Craven, the Countess of Cadogan (8 August 1844 – 9 February 1907)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
#Albert Edward George Henry Cadogan, Viscount Chelsea (29 December 1866 – 2 August 1878)
#'''Henry Arthur Cadogan, Viscount Chelsea''' (13 June 1868 – 2 July 1908)
#Gerald Oakley Cadogan, 6th Earl of Cadogan ( 28 May 1869 – 4 October 1933)
#'''Lady Emily Julia Cadogan''' (11 Apr 1871 – 12 December 1909)
#Hon. Lewin Edward Cadogan (9 October 1872 – 12 August 1917)
#'''Lady Sophie Beatrix Mary Cadogan''' (6 April 1874 – 8 November 1937)
#William George Sydney Cadogan (31 January 1879 – 12 November 1914)
#Hon. Sir Edward Cecil George Cadogan (15 November 1880 – 13 September 1962)
#Rt. Hon. Sir Alexander George Montagu Cadogan (25 November 1884 – 9 July 1968)
*Adele Neri ( – 23 February 1960)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Adele Neri.&quot; {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p1085.htm#i10842|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;


*Hon. (Cecilia) Mildred H. [[Social Victorians/People/Alington | Sturt]] (27 February 1869 – 17 September 1942)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
*Henry Arthur Cadogan, Viscount Chelsea (13 June 1868 – 2 July 1908)&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;
#Edward George John Humphrey, briefly Viscount Chelsea (1903–1910), a godson of Edward VII and George, Prince of Wales.
#Sibyl Louise Beatrix (1893–1969), married Lord Stanley.
#Edith Mary Winifred (1895–1969), married the 3rd Baron Hillingdon.
#Cynthia Hilda Evelyn (1896–1966), married [[Social Victorians/People/de Trafford | Sir Humphrey de Trafford, 4th Baronet]].
#Alexandra Mary (1900–1961), married the 10th Duke of Marlborough.
#Victoria Laura (1901–1991), married Sir John Gilmour, 2nd Baronet, of Craigmillar.
*Admiral of the Fleet The Honourable Sir Hedworth Lambton Meux (5 July 1856 – 20 September 1929)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-20|title=Hedworth Meux|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hedworth_Meux&amp;oldid=968595098|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Social Victorians/People/Manchester | Charles William Augustus Montagu]] (23 November 1860 – 10 November 1939)


*Lady Emily Julia Cadogan Brownlow (11 April 1871 – 12 December 1909)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Emily Julia Cadogan.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2794.htm#i27935|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan | William Brownlow, 3rd Baron Lurgan]] (11 February 1858 – 9 February 1937)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;William Brownlow, 3rd Baron Lurgan.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p6598.htm#i65972|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*#William George Edward Brownlow, 4th Baron Lurgan (22 February 1902 – 1984)


*Lady Sophie Beatrix Mary Cadogan (6 April 1874 – 8 November 1937)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Sophie Beatrix Mary Cadogan.&quot; {{Cite web|url=http://thepeerage.com/p8319.htm#i83186|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Sir Samuel Scott, 6th Bt. (25 October 1873 – 20 February 1943)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-26|title=Sir Samuel Scott, 6th Baronet|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Samuel_Scott,_6th_Baronet&amp;oldid=980477199|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Henry Edward Scott (1902 – 1902)

=== Relations ===
*[[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan | Lady Emily Julia Cadogan Brownlow]], Lady Sophie Scott's sister.

== Questions and Notes ==
#Meux is pronounced ''mews''.
#Charles William Augustus Montagu was [[Social Victorians/People/Alington |Hon. Mildred Cecilia Harriet Sturt]]'s third husband, marrying in 1930 although they are in the same portrait in the Album (#209). She is called Lady Montagu here because the NPG is using her most recent title; she was Lady Chelsea in 1897.
#Trying to identify the Hon. Mrs. Cadogan: to be &quot;Hon.&quot; she would have to have married someone like the son of an earl or perhaps the wife of a member of the House of Commons?
##Looking at the 5th Earl's sons...
###Albert Edward George Henry Cadogan died on 2 August 1878, when he was 11 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
###Henry Arthur Cadogan was Viscount Chelsea at the time of the ball.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;Henry Arthur Cadogan, Viscount Chelsea.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p10596.htm#i105954|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
###Gerald Oakley Cadogan married on 7 June 1911.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
###Hon. Lewin Edward Cadogan died unmarried on 12 August 1917.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Lewin Edward Cadogan.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p8319.htm#i83188|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
###Major William George Sydney Cadogan died 12 November 1914, apparently unmarried.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Major William George Sydney Cadogan.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p8320.htm#i83196|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
###Hon. Sir Edward Cecil George Cadogan died 13 September 1962 unmarried.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Sir Edward Cecil George Cadogan.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p8318.htm#i83177|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
###Rt. Hon. Sir Alexander George Montagu Cadogan married 3 August 1912.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rt. Hon. Sir Alexander George Montagu Cadogan.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2843.htm#i28429|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
##Going back a generation, to the sons of the 6th Earl, two possibilities exist.
###Hon. Arthur Charles Lewin Cadogan (23 June 1841 – 20 November 1918) married his 2nd wife Mary Fenton (he was her 2nd husband as well); he was alive at the time of the ball, and so was she.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Arthur Charles Lewin Cadogan.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p19793.htm#i197928|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
###Commander Hon. Cecil James George Cadogan (27 March 1846 – 5 June 1918) died unmarried.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Commander Hon. Cecil James George Cadogan.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p19794.htm#i197933|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
###Captain Hon. Charles George Henry Cadogan (14 June 1850 – 30 September 1901) married Henriette Wilhelmina Montgomery on 20 June 1874; both were still alive at the time of the ball.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Captain Hon. Charles George Henry Cadogan.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p3015.htm#i30147|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
##Looking at other social events: the Hon. Mrs. Arthur Cadogan and the Hon. Mrs. Charles Cadogan attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#29 June 1896, Monday|wedding of Sir Samuel Scott and Lady Sophie Cadogan on 29 June 1896]]. Both Hon. Mrs. Arthur Cadogan could be married to Hon. Arthur Charles Lewin Cadogan; Hon. Mrs. Charles Cadogan could be married to Captain Hon. Charles George Henry Cadogan, the two viable choices in #2, above. Hon. Mrs. Charles Cadogan appears at other events in the 1890s as well, making her the slightly more likely choice?

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Social Victorians/People/Warwick</title>
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    <id>263938</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689741</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Scogdill</username>
        <id>1331941</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies */</comment>
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      <text bytes="32612" sha1="nr32bn1sko58r4h07ag622sxzbcw338" xml:space="preserve">== Overview ==
== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==
=== Daisy, Countess of Warwick ===
*[[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] (mistress)
*Lady Henry Somerset, president of the Mobray House Cycling Association&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-07|title=Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daisy_Greville,_Countess_of_Warwick&amp;oldid=971676722|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organizations ==

=== Daisy, Countess of Warwick ===
*Mobray House Cycling Association, a club for high-society ladies, who bought bicycles for working-class women, founded by W. T. Stead (Reid 180).
=== Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-19|title=Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Greville,_5th_Earl_of_Warwick&amp;oldid=973799322|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ===
*Conservative Party
*House of Commons
*House of Lords (1893–1924)
*Freemason, United Grand Lodge of England
== Timeline ==
'''1881 April 30''', Francis Richard Charles Guy Greville and Daisy (Frances Evelyn) Maynard married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;&quot;Frances Evelyn Maynard.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p1406.htm#i14060|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1887 July 12''', Hon. Louis George Greville and Lily Gordon married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Lily Gordon.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p7014.htm#i70131|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1890 September''', the &quot;Royal Baccarat Scandal,&quot; which began at the home of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Stanley Wilson]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=2017-11|title=Royal baccarat scandal|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_baccarat_scandal&amp;oldid=972354907|journal=Wikipedia|language=en|volume=|pages=|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sir William Gordon Cumming was accused of cheating at baccarat at Sir Arthur Wilson’s country house, Tranby Croft. Daisy Greville, later Countess Warwick, was implicated as the source when word got out about the illegal baccarat game and Sir Cummings’ cheating, earning her the nickname “Babbling Brooks.&quot; [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Owen Williams]] was croupier and also, with [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry|George Coventry, 9th Earl of Coventry]], intermediary between the scandal and the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince of Wales]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot; /&gt;

'''1891 June''', the Tranby Croft trial, about William Gordon-Cumming's cheating at baccarat at a party attended by the Prince of Wales.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|114}}

'''1891''', another Prince of Wales scandal: Lady Charles Beresford intercepted a letter from Daisy, Lady Brooke (later Countess of Warwick) to Lord Charles Beresford that revealed a sexual relationship between them. She showed it to a number of people, including the Prince of Wales, Charles Beresford’s brother, Lord Marcus Beresford and George Lewis, solicitor to many in Society and then got pregnant by Lord Brooke, Daisy's husband. The Prince of Wales intervened in the affair to preserve the marriages and appearance of propriety, causing a permanent enmity between him and Charles Beresford. The sexual relationship between Daisy and Bertie followed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-18|title=Edward VII|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&amp;oldid=973616614|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', Henry Dacre wrote &quot;Bicyle Built for Two,&quot; the real name of which is &quot;Daisy Bell,&quot; thought to be named after Daisy, Countess of Warwick.&lt;ref&gt;Reid, Carlton. ''Roads Were Not Built for Cars: How Cyclists Were the First to Push for Good Roads and Became the Pioneers of Motoring''. Island Press, 2015: 180.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 May''', W. T. Stead founded the Mobray House Cycling Association.

'''1895 February 1, Friday''', a [[Social Victorians/1895 Bal Poudre Warwick Castle|bal poudré was held at Warwick Castle]], with Countess Warwick dressed as Marie Antoinette and about 400 guests in 18th-century dress.

'''1895 July 20''', [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#July 1895|Lady Eva Sarah Louise Greville and Frank Dugdale married]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Sarah Louise Greville.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p7014.htm#i70134|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Earl and Countess of Warwick attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/anthology|fancy-dress ball hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]], as did Hon. Sir Sidney Robert Greville, Mr. and Lady M. Greville, the Hon. Mrs. Greville, and Lady Eva Greville Dugdale and Mr. Dugdale.

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==

=== Present at the Ball with the Surname Greville ===

* Daisy Countess Warwick (at 53)
* Francis Earl of Warwick (at 525)
* Hon. Sir Sidney Robert Greville (at 297)
* Mr. and Lady M. Greville (at 470 and 469) (not identified yet)
* Hon. Mrs. Greville (who is not the Hon. Margaret or Mrs. Ronald Greville) (at 299) (not identified yet)
* Lady Eva Greville Dugdale (at 409) and her husband Mr. Frank Dugdale (at 348)
* The Hon. Margaret (Mrs. Ronald) Greville (at 298) (handled on the [[Social Victorians/People/Greville|Baron Greville]] page); did the Hon. Ronald Greville attend?

=== Daisy Countess Warwick ===
[[File:Frances-Evelyn-Daisy-Greville-ne-Maynard-Countess-of-Warwick-as-Marie-Antoinette.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a bust of a woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a blonde wig, crown, and feathers|Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick in costume as Marie Antoinette. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
[[File:'Daisy' Greville, Frances Evelyn Maynard, Countess of Warwick, Devonshire House Ball (1897) 3.jpg|thumb|Daisy, Countess of Warwick, as Marie Antoinette|alt=Daisy, Countess of Warwick, as Marie Antoinette, closeup]]At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], Daisy Countess of Warwick (at 53), was seated at Table 6. The descriptions, below, of the Countess of Warwick's dress by the London ''Evening Standard'', ''Morning Post'', ''Times'', and ''Leicester Chronicle and Leicestershire Mercury'' are almost but not perfectly identical.

Lafayette's portrait of &quot;Frances Evelyn ('Daisy') Greville (née Maynard), Countess of Warwick as Marie Antoinette&quot; in costume is photogravure #279 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515 (accessed March 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Countess of Warwick as Marie Antoinette,&quot; with a Long S in ''Countess''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Countess of Warwick as Marie Antoinette.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw257366/Frances-Evelyn-Daisy-Greville-ne-Maynard-Countess-of-Warwick-as-Marie-Antoinette (accessed March 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; This photograph in the album (left) is a close-up and looks like it was made at the same time the 3 portraits above were.

The photograph on the left was printed in the Album given to Louisa, Duchess of Devonshire as a hostess gift by some of the guests. The photographs on the right were proofs and other poses not used for the album. The newspaper reports do not mention an original for the Countess of Warwick's costume. She was 36 at the time of the ball. At 36 Marie Antoinette had been arrested and was detained, facing the threats to her life; she was executed on 16 October 1793, not quite 38 years old.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-02-15|title=Marie Antoinette|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&amp;oldid=1139466957|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Newpaper Reports of Daisy, Countess Warwick ====
[[File:'Daisy' Greville, Frances Evelyn Maynard, Countess of Warwick, Devonshire House Ball (1897) 2.jpg|thumb|Daisy, Countess of Warwick, in costume as Marie Antoinette]]
[[File:'Daisy' Greville, Frances Evelyn Maynard, Countess of Warwick, Devonshire House Ball (1897) 1.jpg|thumb|Daisy, Countess of Warwick, in costume as Marie Antoinette|alt=,Daisy, Countess of Warwick, in costume as Marie Antoinette, standing, near profile]]
*Lady Warwick &quot;wore pink brocade with jewelled lace and chains of diamonds over a white satin petticoat draped with white chiffon edged with fine gold lace. The blue velvet train was embroidered with gold '''flour-de-lys'''. Quantities of diamonds were worn in the hair.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses.&quot; London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7b}}
*&quot;The Countess of Warwick [was dressed] as Marie Antoinette — bodice and paniers of pink and gold flowered brocade and gold lace studded with silver sequins and diamonds, the square-cut neck trimmed with old lace, and the chiffon sleeves divided into small puffs with gold lace sparkling with jewels; diamond rivières were festooned across the front of the bodice. The petticoat was of white satin draped with chiffon scarves edged with gold and sequin lace. The regal train of turquoise velvet was lined with the same and embroidered all over at equal distance with raised gold fleur-de-lis, and fastened on each of the shoulders with gold cord.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
*She was dressed as &quot;Marie Antoinette. Bodice and paniers of pink and gold flowered brocade and gold lace studded with silver sequins and diamonds; the square-cut neck trimmed with old lace, and the chiffon sleeves divided into small puffs with gold lace sparkling with jewels. Diamond rivières were festooned across the front of the bodice. The petticoat was of white satin draped with chiffon scarves edged with gold and sequin lace. The regal train of turquoise velvet was lined with the same and embroidered all over at equal distances with raised gold fleurs-de-lis, and fastened on the shoulders with gold cord.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 7c}}
*&quot;Another quadrille which was remarkable for the rich costumes was organised by the Countess of Warwick. Her Ladyship, as Marie Antoinette, was in pink and silver brocade, blue velvet train embroidered in gold fleur-de-lys; and all the costumes were of the Louis XV. or Louis XVI. period.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Dress Ball. Special Telegram.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' Saturday 03 July 1897: 5 [of 8], Col. 9c [of 9]–6, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000038/18970703/015/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9C}}
*She was dressed &quot;as Marie Antoinette, wore a bodice and paniers of pink and gold flowered brocade, and gold lace studded with silver sequins and diamonds, the square-cut neck trimmed with old lace, and the chiffon sleeves divided into small puffs with gold lace sparkling with jewels. Diamond rivières were festooned across the front of the bodice. The petticoat was of white satin, draped with chiffon scarves, edged with gold and sequin lace. The regal train of turquoise velvet was lined with the same, and embroidered all over at equal distances with raised gold fleur-de-lis, and fastened on the shoulders with gold cord.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3a}}
*&quot;Marie Antoinette found a lovely representative in the Countess of Warwick, whose gold and silver brocade gown was worn over a white satin petticoat, trimmed with gold lace.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Devonshire House Ball. A Brilliant Gathering.” The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 3 July 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 10], Col. 2a–3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970703/019/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;
*&quot;Lady Warwick (Marie Antoinette) wore a shirt of white silken muslin, with gold lace, and a paniered over-dress of lovely old brocade in a tone of pink with '''flowering'''. She was accompanied by four boys dressed in white satin, with three-cornered hats to match.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy-Dress Ball. Brilliant Spectacle.&quot; The [Guernsey] ''Star'' 6 July 1897, Tuesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 1–2. ''British Newspaper'' Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000184/18970706/003/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;
*&quot;The Countess of Warwick, as Marie Antoinette, in white and blue, with golden fleur-de-lys upon her velvet train, was the centre of a picturesque group, among whom was the Earl of Essex, dressed as his ancestor of that period, and the Earl of Mar and Kellie as Sir Walter Raleigh.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Girls’ Gossip.” ''Truth'' 8 July 1897, Thursday: 41 [of 70], Col. 1b – 42, Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18970708/089/0041.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 42, Col. 1a}}
*&quot;Lady Warwick was robed as Marie Antoinette, the sum of £700 laving been spent on the gown, without jewels. Says a lady writer who was present at the ball, 'her ladyship looked very lovely, very queenly, as she passed by with her four pages in white satin.' ... The Countess of Warwick led the special quadrille representing [the] Louis XV. and Louis XVI. period.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” ''Chelmsford Chronicle'' 9 July 1897, Friday: 2 of 8. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000322/18970709/008/0002.&lt;/ref&gt;
*&quot;The Countess of Warwick made a lovely Marie Antoinette. Her gown was of real gold and silver thread and pink rose brocade, covered with lace, diamonds, and gold. This brocade, which was strikingly beautiful, cost £12 a yard.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Duchess of Devonshire's Great Ball. Remarkable Social Function. Crowds of Mimic Kings &amp; Queens. Panorama of Historical Costume. An Array of Priceless Jewels.&quot; ''Western Gazette'' 9 July 1897: 2 [of 8], Col. 7a–c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000407/18970709/009/0002.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 2, Col. 7b}}
*&quot;The Countess of Warwick, as Marie Antoinette, wore a bodice and paniers of pink and gold flowered brocade, and gold lace studded with silver sequins and diamonds, the square-cut neck trimmed with old lace, and the chiffon sleeves divided into small puffs with gold lace sparkling with jewels. Diamond '''rivieres''' were festooned across the front of the bodice. The petticoat was of white satin, draped with chiffon scarves, edged with gold and sequin lace. The regal train of turquoise velvet was lined with the same, and embroidered all over at equal distances with raised gold fleur-de-lis, and fastened on the shoulders with gold cord.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Duchess of Devonshire’s Historic Ball. Some of the Fancy Costumes.&quot; Supplement. The ''Leicester Chronicle and Leicestershire Mercury'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 11 [of 12], Cols. 4a–b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000173/18970710/141/0011.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 11, Col. 4b}}
*&quot;Lady Warwick, as the ill-fated Marie Antoinette, ... [was] very successfully gowned.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 32, Col. 3b}}
*The Queen  published a line drawing of the Countess of Warwick's costume: numbered 3 below the drawing, top right, the Countess of Warwick is facing slightly to her right, right hand up by her shoulder, left hand in front of her, holding a folded fan; her dress in this drawing is similar to her costume as photographed and described.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;“Dresses Worn at the Duchess of Devonshire’s Fancy Ball on July 2.” ''The Queen, The Lady’s Newspaper'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 48 [of 98 BNA; p. 74 print page], full page [3 of 3 cols.]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002627/18970710/168/0048.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 48 BNA, 74 print, Col. 3a–b}} Here is the ''Queen''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s description:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Made by Mrs Mason, 4, New Burlington Street, W. … No. 3. C&lt;small&gt;OUNTESS&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;OF&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;ARWICK&lt;/small&gt;, Marie Antoinette. — Magnificent brocade gown, wrought with real gold and silver thread. Petticoat of rich white satin, draped with muslin and gold blonde’ [sic]; ruffles and fichu of point d’Alençon lace. Train of blue velvet, embroidered with gold fleur de lys. Headdress of blue gauze, clasped with diamonds, and white and blue feathers with aigrette.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 48 BNA, 74 print, Col. 2c}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*According to the ''Shields Daily Gazette'', a regional daily covering South Tyneside, a tiny area on the north-east coast of England, &quot;The Countess of Warwick, it is said, was specially attended for the Devonshire ball by a dresser and a coiffure from Paris. Her ladyship's dress cost 700 guineas without jewels.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Topics of To-Day.&quot; ''Shield’s Daily Gazette'' 12 July 1897: 2 [of 4], Col. 5c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000287/18970712/055/0002.&lt;/ref&gt;
She was accompanied by four boys dressed as pages:
*&quot;The Countess of Warwick, as Marie Antoinette, looked very handsome, and had four pages in white satin and cocked hats.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 1}}
*&quot;She was accompanied by four boys dressed in white satin, with three-cornered hats to match.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
*She was escorted by four pages: &quot;It would appear that the Countess of Warwick created a most impressive effect at the Duchess of Devonshire’s ball in the character of Marie Antoinette. Her dress and brilliants were superb, and her four pages shared in the compliments.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;“Town Talk and Street Echoes.” ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18970710/015/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Commentary on Lady Warwick's Costume ====

* This effective and well-thought-out costume is much more Victorian than it is 18th century.
* The chiffon, which otherwise might be difficult to understand on a dress like this, has the effect of  contrasting with and softening the brocade, jewels, and stiff gold lace. 
* Even though the newspapers say she was wearing paniers, the line of the skirt looks like her hips are padded by a bumroll rather than extended to the sides only by the framework of an actual panier.
* Lady Warwick's appearance is sexualized and her bust emphasized by this costume: the double loop of the diamond rivière, the froufrou around the neck of the bodice and the very low neckline with a translucent lace triangle over the cleavage. The v-shape of the neckline and the brooch holding the rivière in place in the center make a focal point at the center of the bust.

=== Francis Earl of Warwick ===
Francis Earl of Warwick (at 525) also attended.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Hon. Sir Sidney Robert Greville ===
The Hon. S. Greville (at 297) was dressed as Cipriano in the Venetians procession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The ''Times'' spells it Hon. Sydney Greville.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; The ''Gentlewoman'' gives a little hint of his costume: &quot;(Venetian noble, 1500), green and gold brocade.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 1b}} He did not marry.

=== Lady Eva and Mr. Dugdale ===
[[File:Anne Bingham by Joshua Reynolds.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Old portrait of a young woman from the waist up dressed in white with a hat that has a large, flat brim|Anne Bingham by Joshua Reynolds]][[File:Lady-Eva-Sarah-Louisa-Dugdale-ne-Greville-as-her-great-aunt-Lady-Anne-Bingham.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume holding a fan|Lady Eva Dugdale in costume as her great aunt Lady Anne Bingham. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
Mr. Frank Dugdale (at 348) was dressed as one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI.

Lady Eva Greville Dugdale (at 409) was also present. Before she married, Lady Eva Greville was Lady in Waiting to Duchess of York, Mary of Teck and was in attendance, at least in the mid 1890s.

Alice Hughes's portrait of &quot;Lady Eva Sarah Louisa Dugdale (née Greville) as her great aunt Lady Anne Bingham&quot; in costume is #251 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;Lady Eva Dugdale as her great aunt Lady Anne Bingham.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Dugdale as Lady Anne Bingham.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158614/Lady-Eva-Sarah-Louisa-Dugdale-ne-Greville-as-her-great-aunt-Lady-Anne-Bingham (accessed March 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

Lady Anne Bingham was daughter of Charles Bingham, 1st Earl of Lucan. Her portrait (left) was painted by Joshua Reynolds in 1786 and is still in the collection of the Spencer family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Portrait of Hon. Anne Bingham|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anne_Bingham_by_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg|date=1786|accessdate=2022-01-08|first=Joshua|last=Reynolds}}. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anne_Bingham_by_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mr. and Lady M. Greville ===
Mr. and Lady M. Greville (at 470 and 469) attended the ball.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; She seems unlikely to belong to this family of Baron Greville and Lady Violet Greville because her honorific would not have come from Mr. Greville, but Marjorie Blanche Eva Greville (25 October 1884 – 25 July 1964), daughter of Daisy Countess of Warwick and Francis Earl of Warwick would have been too young to have been married and to have attended the ball. In the absence of a better candidate, it is possible the Greville is a mistake, and Lady M. Grenville is Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Buckingham and Chandos|Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, Lady Kinloss]].

=== Hon. Alwyn Henry Fulke Greville ===
I had the idea that the Hon. Alwyn Henry Fulke Greville attended the ball, but I can't find evidence for that now, so I'm leaving him out of the lists. He and his wife did attend other social events reported on in the papers hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales. In that case, they are listed as Captain the Hon. Alwyn or Alwyne and Mrs. Greville, so she could be the unidentified Hon. Mrs. Greville (at 299)? If she did attend, then he probably did as well?

=== Hon. Mrs. Greville ===
The Hon. Mrs. Greville (at 299) was dressed as Madame Elizabeth de France in the Quadrille of the Louis XV and Louis XVI Period.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

She is likely not the Hon. Margaret or [[Social Victorians/People/Greville|Mrs. Ronald Greville]] (at 298), who is on a different page. Two Hon. Mrs. Grevilles attended the ball, Mrs. Ronald in the Elizabethan procession, as Mary Seaton, and this one.

== The 1895 Warwick Bal Poudré ==
A [[Social Victorians/1895 Bal Poudre Warwick Castle|bal poudré was held at Warwick Castle]], with Countess Warwick dressed as Marie Antoinette and about 400 guests in 18th-century dress, part of a house-party weekend for a select group of guests. Some overlap exists between those who attended the Bal Poudré at Warwick Castle and those who were in the Countess of Warwick's court at the Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 ball, but the overlap is not striking.

[[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was part of the house party as well as attending the ball, as was &quot;Mr [[Social Victorians/People/Craven|Caryl Craven]], to whom so many thanks are due for the able way in which he assisted his charming hostess in carrying out her scheme, Mr Craven being quite an authority on eighteenth century French art and dress.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Warwick Bal Poudre.&quot; ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'' 09 February 1895 Saturday: 38 [of 80], Col. 2c [of 3] – 39, Col. 3c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18950209/233/0038.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Costumes at the 1895 Bal Poudré ===

==== The Earl of Warwick ====
Francis, Earl of Warwick was dressed as a Field Marshal from the time of Louis XVI:&lt;blockquote&gt;Military coat with the long skirts of the period, having turned-back revers of white cloth, laced, after the military fashion, with gold, white knee-breeches and silk stockings. The cravat and ruffles were of lace. A white wig in Louis XVI. style, and a three-cornered black beaver hat with gold braid all round the brim, which was edged with small white ostrich plumes, completed a handsome and artistic costume. A sword was worn in a swordbelt of the period.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;&quot;The Grand Bal Poudre at Warwick Castle.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 09 February 1895, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Cols. 1a–6c [of 6] – 7, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006].&lt;/ref&gt; (6, Col. 2c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== The C&lt;small&gt;ountess of&lt;/small&gt; Warwick ====
Daisy, Countess of Warwick was dressed as Marie Antoinette:&lt;blockquote&gt;Gala costume. Rich brocade dress, with a ground of a delicate tint of pearl, with a suggestion of pink in it, the design roses in gold, with gold foliage, lilies in white, some small blue flowers and clusters of pink blossoms, with bright old-world green as foliage. The skirt was quite plain, and the [/] bodice drawn into shaped points at the hips, so that it sat right out at either side. It was full, and about a yard on the ground at the back. The bodice was finished with points back and front, and was cut with absolute perfection. Round the shoulders were full soft folds of gold-flecked French silk muslin edged with beautiful gold lace. The sleeves were plain and tight to the elbow, whence they were finished with triple frills of the gold-flecked muslin, each bordered with gold lace, and with ruffles falling from beneath the frills of point d’Alençon lace. The frills were headed with bands of gold embroidery. At the back, suspended from both shoulders by gold cords, was a beautiful Court mantle of deep rich blue velvet, not so pale as turquoise nor so strong as the shade we call Royal, but a bright lovely colour. This was embroidered all over with a raised design of fleur de lys in dull and burnished gold, and was lined with the same blue velvet. The hair was dressed high with a magnificently embroidered head-dress. Her ladyship wore the Warwick family diamonds round her neck as a collar, a turquoise velvet cap clasped with jewels on her white coiffure and a bandeau of family jewels under her cap. Her court mantle was fastened at the shoulders with a tiara of diamonds widened out so as to clasp the cloak from shoulder to shoulder.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; (6, Col. 2c–3a)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Demographics ==
*Nationality: the earldom is in the peerage of the U.K.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-10-05|title=Earl of Warwick|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Warwick&amp;oldid=982030623|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and Daisy, Countess Warwick's family was also British

== Family ==
*George Guy Greville, 4th Earl of Warwick (28 March 1818 – 2 December 1893)&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;George Guy Greville, 4th Earl of Warwick.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p1376.htm#i13755|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Anne Charteris (29 July 1829 – 16 August 1903)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Anne Charteris.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p1376.htm#i13754|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#'''Francis Richard Charles Guy Greville''', 5th Earl of Warwick (9 February 1853 – 15 January 1924)
#'''Hon. Alwyn Henry Fulke Greville''' (9 February 1854 – 11 April 1929)
#'''Hon. Louis George Greville''' (1 January 1856 – 6 March 1941)
#'''Lady Eva Sarah Louise Greville''' (1860 – 12 July 1940)
#Hon. Sir Sidney Robert Greville (16 November 1866 – 12 June 1927)


*Francis Richard Charles Guy Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick (9 February 1853 – 15 January 1924)&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Francis Richard Charles Guy Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p1228.htm#i12280|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Daisy (Frances Evelyn) Maynard Greville, Countess of Warwick''' (10 December 1861 – 26 July 1938)&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
#Leopold Guy Francis Maynard Greville, 6th Earl of Warwick (10 September 1882 – 31 January 1928)
#Marjorie Blanche Eva Greville (25 October 1884 – 25 July 1964)
#Charles Algernon Cromartie Greville (22 November 1885 – 28 March 1887)
#Maynard Greville (21 March 1898 – 21 February 1960)
#Mercy Greville (3 April 1904 – 21 November 1968)


* Hon. Alwyn Henry Fulke Greville (9 February 1854 – 11 April 1929)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Alwyn Henry Fulke Greville.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p7011.htm#i70105|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mabel Elizabeth Georgina Smith ( – 19 May 1940)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mabel Elizabeth Georgina Smith.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p7011.htm#i70106|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Phyllis Dorothy Lindsay Greville ( – 25 March 1977)
*# Major Charles Henry Greville (28 May 1889 – 1 March 1931)


* Hon. Louis George Greville (1 January 1856 – 6 March 1941)
* Lily Gordon ( – 17 July 1898)&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
*# Captain George Gordon Francis Greville (18 March 1890 – 31 March 1918)


*Lady Eva Sarah Louise Greville (1860 - 12 July 1940)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Colonel Frank Dugdale (5 April 1857 – 26 November 1925)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Colonel Frank Dugdale.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p7014.htm#i70135|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Victoria Mary Enid Ann Dugdale (28 April 1896 – )
#Lt.-Cdr. James George Greville Dugdale (11 December 1898 – 15 November 1964)
#Guy Carroll Dugdale (9 April 1905 – )

== Also Known As ==
*Family name: Greville, but [[Social Victorians/People/Greville |other Grevilles]] exist.
*Frances Evelyn &quot;Daisy&quot; Greville, Countess of Warwick
*Earl of Warwick
**George Guy Greville, 4th Earl of Warwick ( – 2 December 1893)&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;
**Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick (2 December 1893 –1924)&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
*Countess of Warwick
**Lady Anne Charteris ( - 16 August 1903)
**Daisy (Frances Evelyn) Greville, Countess of Warwick (2 December 1893 – 26 July 1938)
*Earl and Countess (Lord and Lady) Brooke
**Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick (2 December 1893 –1924)&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
**Daisy (Frances Evelyn) Greville, Countess of Warwick ( – 2 December 1893)

== Notes and Questions ==
# Hon. Sir Sidney Robert Greville never married; he was in the households of [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra Princess of Wales]] and continued after Edward acceded to the throne.

== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="28605" sha1="oaggmdi90502wbq239gb865uxxzb4nu" xml:space="preserve">== Overview ==
[[File:Alice Keppel.jpg|thumb|alt=Painted portrait of the upper third of a woman wearing a white formal dress and large jewels|Alice Keppel, 1890s]]

Alice Keppel is shown (right) at about 30 years old. She died (at nearly 80) of cirrhosis of the liver.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; George Keppel was the 3rd son of the Earl of Albemarle. Alice and George Keppel are the great grandparents of Queen Camilla, who was less than a year old when they died. Alice Keppel was one of two last mistresses of [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]'s, an improvement over [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess of Warwick]], who was not discreet and who had enemies. Agnes Keyser seems to have begun a relationship with the Prince of Wales about the same time Alice Keppel did — around 1898. (Keyser was not a socialite, and Lamont-Brown says she mothered him in a way he had craved his entire life.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Lamont-Brown, Raymond. ''Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser: Edward VII's Last Loves''. History Press, 2011. [Preview on Google Books: [https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ].&lt;/ref&gt;)

She was [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]'s last mistress, following [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess of Warwick]]. Famous for her tact, discretion and social skills, she and [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Luís de Soveral]] were friends, and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alex, Princess of Wales]], tolerated her and allowed her to visit King Edward VII on his deathbed.

In his account of the &quot;Social and Diplomatic Life&quot; of Edward VII, Gordon Brook-Shepherd describes ways George and Alice Keppel's lives changed after the Prince of Wales's accession to the throne:&lt;blockquote&gt;For Mrs Keppel, in particular, the accession brought greater problems as well as greater privileges. It was one thing to have an Heir-Apparent for a lover but something quite different when that lover became the ruler of the British Empire. To begin with, even to move in the appropriate style at the King's side cost a great deal more money, / and money was something that neither Edward VII nor the Hon. George Keppel had to spare. Indeed, in an attempt to put extra cash into the Keppel family coffers after Alice had become the mistress of a king, her husband was obliged to go &quot;into trade.&quot; Sir Thomas Lipton, the grocer millionaire and yachting friend of King Edward's, found a job for him in his &quot;Buyers' Association&quot; at No. 70–74 Wigmore Street. This, to judge from the firm's stationery on which George Keppel once wrote a business letter to [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Soveral]], sold everything direct to the customer, from groceries, bedding and tobacco, to cartridges and coal. It also advertised &quot;Motor Cars Bought, Sold or Exchanged,&quot; and it was about this that Keppel, prompted by his Alice, wrote to the Portuguese Minister:

:&quot;Dear Soveral, My wife tells me you contemplate buying a small motor car for use in London. May we offer our services in the matter ...? [sic]

For an earl's son to be a salesman in Edwardian England was bad enough. For the salesman to be the husband of the King's official mistress was an added humiliation. Though George Keppel seems to have taken the whole situation philosophically, there were many in society who condemned him for being so much the ''mari complaisant''. As one distinguished survivor from that Edwardian age, who shall be anonymous, commented: &quot;Had Keppel been put up for membership at some London clubs, the black balls would have come rolling out like caviare.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Brook-Shepherd, Gordon. ''Uncle of Europe: The Social and Diplomatic Life of Edward VII''. London: Collins, 1975. Internet Archive: [https://archive.org/details/uncleofeurope0000unse/page/62/mode/2up?q=soveral https://archive.org/details/uncleofeurope0000unse/].&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|138–139}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;While her reputation was one of discretion, she was widely known to be the King's mistress and &quot;when it came to visits to the homes of the great and good with the king,&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;she was always to be found standing or sitting near her lover in the official photographs for the picture papers of the day. And her &quot;pushy presence&quot;, some were to say, was such a constant irritation to Queen Alexandra that it drove her to eschew her husband's company.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;According to Lamont-Brown,&lt;blockquote&gt;Reginald Baliol Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher (1852–1930), royal archivist and intimate of every prime minister from Rosebery to Baldwin, ... believed that she deliberately lied in Society about certain royal happenings too enhance her own reputation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 10 March 1932, Thursday, Virginia Woolf wrote in her diary about a lunch with Alice Keppel:&lt;blockquote&gt;I had lunched with Raymond [Mortimer, critic] to meet Mrs Keppel; a swarthy thick set raddled direct — &quot;My dear&quot;, she calls one — old grasper: whose fists had been in the moneybags these 50 years: And she has a flat in the Ritz; old furniture; &amp;c. I like her on the surface of the old courtezan: who has lost all bloom; &amp; acquired a kind of cordiality, humour, directness instead. No sensibilities as far as I could see; no snobberies, immense superficial knowledge, &amp; going to Berlin to hear Hitler speak. Shabby under dress: magnificent furs, great pearls: a Rolls Royce waiting. [sic editorial interpolation]&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Freddie Keppel's Friends ===

* [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Luís de Soveral]]
* [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Lady Sarah (Spencer-Churchill) Wilson]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Freddie Keppel's Sexual Partners Outside Her Marriage ===
* Ernest Beckett, 2nd [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe|Baron Grimthorpe]]
* Humphrey Sturt, 2nd [[Social Victorians/People/Alington|Baron Alington]]
* [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales | Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]

== Organizations ==

* The inner circle of the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince of Wales and King Edward VII]] of England after his accession
** [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales and Queen Alexandra]]
** [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Luìs, Marquis de Soveral]]
** Alice Keppel
*&quot;Committee of Seven&quot;
*#Alice Keppel (&quot;gradually became chief of the 'Committee of Seven'&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;)
*#[[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Luìs, Marquis de Soveral]]
*#Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Cassel|Ernest Cassel]]
*#Sir William Esher&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*#Admiral Lord Fisher
*#Lord Hardinge
*#Sir Francis Knollys

== Timeline ==
'''1891 June 1''', Alice (Freddie) [[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Edmonstone]] and George Keppel married.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Alice Frederica Edmonstone.&quot; {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p1723.htm#i17228|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 December 12, Tuesday''', Freddie and George Keppel took part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#12 December 1893, Tuesday|tableaux vivants at the Newland Bazaar in Hull]]. They were in [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]]'s party.

'''1894 July 19, Thursday''', the Hon. George and Alice Keppel were guests at the ball following a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#19 July 1894, Thursday|dinner hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire for the Prince and Princess of Wales]] and their family.

'''1895 February 1, Friday''', the Hon. George Keppel and Alice Keppel attended the [[Social Victorians/1895 Bal Poudre Warwick Castle|bal poudré at Warwick castle]].

'''1896 April 27, Monday''', Alice Keppel gave a box to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#27 April 1896, Monday|Lady Angela St Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes for their wedding]].

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', the Hon. George and Alice Keppel attended [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|the Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the last official event of the Diamond Jubilee. They were two of perhaps 5,000 or 6,000 people present.

'''1897 July 2''', Alice and George Keppel attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House. Freddie Keppel's brother and sister-in-law, [[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Sir Archibald and Lady Edmonstone]], also attended.

'''1897 July 6, Tuesday''', Alice and George Keppel attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#6 July 1897, Tuesday|garden party at Devonshire House]]. No one from Victoria's or the Prince of Wales's family was present, although a number of dignitaries from around the empire were.

'''1897 July 31, Saturday''', Alice and George Keppel may have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#31 July 1897, Saturday|wedding of Mabel Caroline Wombwell and Henry R. Hohler]] and the reception afterwards, although their names are not listed. The ''Morning Post'' does list a gift from the Keppels' — &quot;white enamel and turquoise sleeve links.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Mr. H. R. Hohler and Miss Wombwell.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 2 August 1897, Monday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970802/067/0006 (accessed June 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; The the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Princess of Wales]] did not attend or send a gift.

'''1897 November 20, Saturday or so''', [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#20 November 1897, Saturday|house parties for Derby horseraces run at Epsom Downs]]. The ''Derby Mercury'' cites the ''Daily Mail'': unlike 10 years ago, &quot;now all the smartest people go, and it is one of the most important meetings, rivalling Doncaster in popularity.&quot; The Keppels were guests at the Miller Mundy house party at Shipley Hall: &quot;At Shipley are Sir Charles and Lady Hartopp, Mr. and Mrs. George Keppel, Mrs. de Winton, Lord Athlumney, and Mr. Sturt, among others.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hints for Ladies. Fashion at Derby Races.&quot; ''Derby Mercury'' 24 November 1897, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000052/18971124/050/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Alice (Freddie) Keppel became the mistress of [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales |Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]. The article on her in ''Wikipedia''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-06-11|title=Alice Keppel|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_Keppel&amp;oldid=962041251|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Keppel.&lt;/ref&gt; says they met in 1898, but they both were present at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball in 1897, so she likely was presented if not introduced to him; on the other hand, more than 700 people were there.

'''1899 January 25, Wednesday''', the Hon. George Keppel, at least, and perhaps Freddie, was present at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#25 January 1899, Wednesday|Holderness Hunt Ball]].

'''1899 September 4, Monday,''' the Hon. George and Mrs. George Keppel were at [[Social Victorians/People/Holden#1899 September 4, Monday|the house party of Mr. E. W. Meckett, M.P., at Kirkstall Grange]] that week, held as part of the Doncaster races.

'''1900 July 27, Friday''', Alice Keppel (at least) was present at a [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson#1900 July 27, Friday|dinner party for Albert Edward, Princes of Wales hosted by the Arthur Wilsons]]. George Keppel's name is not listed.

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
Freddie Keppel — the Hon. Mrs. George Keppel — attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] dressed as Madame de Polignac. The Hon. George Keppel attended, dressed as King Solomon. Neither appears to have been in the first supper seating, suggesting that her prominence was yet to come. Also, they did not use any of the most notable costumiers (like [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mr. Alias|Mr. Alias]]) or couturiers (like [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]]) who sometimes provided the press with information about or perhaps viewings of the costumes.[[File:Duchess of Polignac by E.Vigee-Lebrun (1787, Atheneum).jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of the upper half of a woman wearing a white dress with a black lacy shawl and a large straw hat over hair that is loose and lightly powdered|''Duchess of Polignac'' by Vigee-Le Brun, 1787]]
=== The Hon. Mrs. George Keppel ===
The newspapers commented on the Keppels' costumes, but no portrait of either for this ball survives.

The portrait of Gabrielle, Duchess of Polignac (right), painted by Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun in 1787, shows the duchess at about 30 years old, about what Freddie Keppel was at the time of the ball. Vigée Le Brun painted several portraits of Gabrielle around this time, and in them all, Gabrielle appears informally dressed, without jewelry, so the portraits seem more intimate than official. Gabrielle's dress in this portrait is not the original for Keppel's dress — its style is transitional between the stiff fabrics and panniers of the formal court (and the past) and the post-revolutionary empire waists, columnar shape and lightweight fabrics. [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|Ardern Holt]]'s description of Keppel's dress for ''The Queen'' (below) bears no relation to what we can see in Le Brun's portrait of Gabrielle, Duchess of Polignac.

==== Newspaper Reports of Her Costume ====
Freddie Keppel walked in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#Louis XV and XVI Period|Louis XV procession]] led by [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess of Warwick]], who was dressed as Marie Antoinette.
*She was &quot;very beautiful,&quot; and, &quot;as Madame de Polignac, wore a lovely dress of silver cloth embroidered in silver and pink gems and garlands of small roses. The bunched out over dress was of pink and silver brocade lined with apple-green satin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses.&quot; London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 6, Col. 1a}}
*She was dressed as Madame de Polignac in the quadrille of the Louis XV and XVI Period.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;
*&quot;Mrs. George Keppel, as Madame de Polignac, wore a dress of silver cloth embroidered in silver and pink gems and garlands of small roses. The bunched-out over-dress was of pink and silver brocade lined with apple-green satin.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3c}}
*&quot;Among these [in the Countess of Warwick's Marie Antoinette quadrille] the Honourable Mrs. George Keppell looked very beautiful.... Mrs. George Keppell, as Madame de Polignac, wore a lovely dress of silver cloth embroidered in silver, and pink gems and garlands of small roses. The bunched-out over-dress was of pink and silver brocade lined with apple green satin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Dress Ball. Special Telegram.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' Saturday 03 July 1897: 5 [of 8], Col. 9 [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000038/18970703/015/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9c}}
*Ardern Holt's writing for ''The Queen'' is typically more trustworthy on fashion and garment construction than other, more traditional news outlets: &quot;''Madame de Polignac'' appeared at the Devonshire House ball in the Louis XV. quadrille, represented by the Hon. Mrs George Keppel, in an old dress of the period, a rose and silver brocade handed down from that century. The [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|pouf paniers]] [sic] were lined with pale green soft satin, and faced back with wide bands of silver embroidery. The hooped petticoat was of cloth of silver worked in tinsel threads of all shades, forming a design of roses in true lovers' knots extending from the waist to the hem; at the foot it was garlanded with pink pompon [sic] roses, interlaced through the stripes of embroidery, and below this was a quaint pleating of silver lace. The low bodice was finished off with a transparent lace collar sewn with silver. The hair was powdered and dressed very high, with soft curls falling on the neck, surmounted by a pink and green ostrich feather and a small garland of roses. She wore long lace mittens.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Holt, Arden. “Fancy Dress.” ''The Queen'' 31 July 1897, Saturday: 43 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18970731/280/0043.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Madame de Polignac ====
Madame de Polignac was Yolande Martine Gabrielle de Polastron (1749–1793), known as Gabrielle.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-01|title=Yolande de Polastron|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolande_de_Polastron|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolande_de_Polastron.&lt;/ref&gt; She was a confidante and favorite of Marie Antoinette beginning in 1775, though Gabrielle was unpopular and the queen's affections were variable.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; One of Madame de Polignac's closest friends was Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire. Gabrielle died of cancer in Switzerland, shortly after Marie Antoinette's execution in Paris, having fled France after the storming of the Bastille.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

[[File:King Solomon.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of a seated, bearded man holding a scepter and looking off to our left|Simeon Solomon's ''King Solomon'', c. 1874]]
=== The Hon. George Keppel ===
George Keppel (who is early in the list '''of the people attending the ball''' for the London ''Morning Post''), walked in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#Louis XV and XVI Period|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] as King Solomon in the Suite of Men following the two Queens of Sheba (Lady Cynthia Graham and [[Social Victorians/People/Pless |Daisy, Princess of Pless]])&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7, Col. 5b}}&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; and was attended by &quot;Messrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 3a}}

No photograph of Keppel in his costume from this ball exists. The c. 1874 portrait of King Solomon (right), by Simeon Solomon, is now in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., which received it as a gift in 1995 from William B. O'Neal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&quot;Solomon, Simeon (1874?)), King Solomon.&quot; Art Object Page 76152. National Gallery of Art. https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.76152.html#provenance (retrieved 2024-11-27).&lt;/ref&gt; O'Neal may have bought it from the Durlacher Brothers,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; an art gallery founded in London in 1843 by Henry Durlacher and his brother George. After Henry Durlacher's death his sons opened a New York branch.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-13|title=Lewis Durlacher|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Durlacher|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Durlacher.&lt;/ref&gt; Where George Keppel might have seen this painting — if he ever did — is not clear, because it is not clear how long the Durlacher Brothers owned it or when they exhibited it. In spite of how it looks, this is the entire painting.

Of the many depictions of King Solomon, Simeon Solomon's painting might have been familiar to Keppel or his costumier, and it shows the king wearing a crown, robe and light-colored tunic, like Keppel. 

According to the newspaper reports Keppel was dressed as
*&quot;King Solomon. Tunic of white silk with an elaborate border of jewels; turquoise silk robe lined with white, and a jewelled crown.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 7b}}
*&quot;King Solomon. Tunic of white silk with an elaborate border of jewels; turquoise silk robe, lined with white, and a jewelled crown.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 2a}}
*(King Solomon), tunic of white silk, embroidered in gold, with an elaborate border on the bottom of jewels and turquoise; turquoise silk robe lined with white; jewelled headdress.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 3a}}

==== King Solomon ====
Stories about King Solomon appear in Jewish, Christian, Islamic and Baháʼí traditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-11-04|title=Solomon|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon.&lt;/ref&gt; The Queen of Sheba visited King Solomon with gifts and tested his wisdom, perhaps the characteristic most associated with him. The [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Encyclopaedia Britannica|9th edition of the ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'']] does not have an article about King Solomon, although he figures in other, historical articles, like the one on Israel.

== The 1895 Warwick Bal Poudré ==
[[File:Alice - Kostümfest.jpg|thumb|alt=Old black-and-white photograph showing a woman dressed in a long gown with a lot of ruffles|Alice Keppel, 1895?]]
The Hon. George and Alice Keppel attended the Countess and Earl of Warwick's [[Social Victorians/1895 Bal Poudre Warwick Castle|February 1895 bal poudré at Warwick Castle]].

Even though no portrait of Freddie in her costume from the 1897 Duchess of Devonshire ball exists, a photograph of her in what may be her costume for at the Warwick ball does. This photograph (right), which has no provenance information, is a low-resolution digital image of a positive rather than a negative, which explains its poor quality. (The Lafayette Negative Archive [http://lafayette.org.uk/&lt;nowiki&gt;] and the Bassano Studio Portrait Collection [&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/bassano-studio-portrait-collection&lt;nowiki&gt;] do not include any portraits of the Keppels.)&lt;/nowiki&gt;

According to the ''Leamington Spa Courier'', Freddie Keppel was dressed as a &quot;Lady, time Louis XVI.&quot; at the Warwick ball and wearing a&lt;blockquote&gt;Gown of shell pink satin, pointed bodice, with full paniers, of antique brocade of the real deep rose shade known as du Barri sewn with silver thread and bouquets of roses. Full petticoat, of dull creamy-tinted satin, with a deep band round it of silver tissue embroidered with garlands of small leafless roses. The sleeves had long ruffles of old lace. The hair was powdered and dressed elaborately and high, with three rose du Barri feathers in it and a little cap of lace. The shoes were of pink satin, with diamond buckles.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Grand Bal Poudre at Warwick Castle.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 09 February 1895, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Cols. 1a–6c [of 6] – 7, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006].&lt;/ref&gt; (6, 4c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;The description from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' does not match the dress in this photograph in a number of particulars, at least as well as it is possible to analyze the image. The dress in the photograph is not a dress from the 18th century, and it does not appear to have &quot;[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|full paniers]],&quot; although it may have the late 19th-century version of panniers — a bustle. The neckline, however, makes it look like a costume intended to look like an 18th century dress. The sleeves also have &quot;long ruffles&quot; of lace and, because of the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Frou-frou|frou-frou]], also seem 18th century. Keppel's gloves cover her arm up above the elbow, an oddity that seems to clash with the long ruffles on the sleeves, which would normally emphasize the flesh.

== Demographics ==
*Nationality: British
=== Residences ===
*1 February 1895: 2, Wilton Crescent, London&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Grand Bal Poudre at Warwick Castle.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 09 February 1895, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Cols. 1a–6c [of 6] – 7, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006].&lt;/ref&gt; (6, Col. 4c)
*30 Portman Square&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
== Family ==

* William Coutts Keppel, 7th Earl of Albemarle (15 April 1832 – 28 August 1894)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;William Coutts Keppel, 7th Earl of Albemarle.&quot; &quot;Person Page 16514.&quot; ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe'' https://www.thepeerage.com/p1652.htm#i16514 (accessed November 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sophia Mary MacNab (5 July 1832 – 5 April 1917)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sophia Mary MacNab.&quot; &quot;Person Page 16517.&quot; ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe'' https://www.thepeerage.com/p1652.htm#i16517 (accessed November 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

# Lt.-Col. Arnold Allen Cecil Keppel, 8th Earl of Albemarle (1 June 1858 – 12 April 1942)
# Gertrude Mary Keppel (9 November 1859 – 7 April 1860)
# Lady Theodora Keppel (11 January 1862 – 30 October 1945)
# '''Hon. Sir Derek William George Keppel''' (7 April 1863 – 26 April 1944)
# Lady Hilda Mary Keppel (29 August 1864 – 7 October 1955)
# '''Lt.-Col. Hon. George Keppel''' (14 October 1865 – 22 November 1947)
# Lady Leopoldina Olivia Keppel (14 November 1866 – 9 August 1948)
# Lady Susan Mary Keppel (5 May 1868 – 26 June 1953)
# Lady Mary Stuart Keppel (15 May 1869 – 21 September 1906)
# Lady Florence Cecilia Keppel (24 February 1871 – 30 June 1963)


*Freddie (Alice Frederica) Edmonstone Keppel (29 April 1868 – 11 September 1947)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*George Keppel (14 October 1865 – 22 November 1947)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-14|title=George Keppel (British Army officer, born 1865)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Keppel_(British_Army_officer,_born_1865)&amp;oldid=967698366|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Violet Trefusis (6 June 1894 – 1 March 1970 [Wikipedia says 1972])
#Sonia Cubitt (24 May 1900 – 16 August 1986)

== Also Known As ==
Freddie Keppel
*Family name: his, Keppel; hers, Edmunstone
*Freddie (Alice Frederica) Edmonstone Keppel
*Alice Keppel: [https://viaf.org/viaf/62357923/ VIAF: 62357923]
The Honourable George Keppel

Sir Derek Keppel

== Notes and Questions ==
# David Cannadine says of courtiers with aristocratic connections and long careers, &quot;Sir Derek Keppel, brother of the eighth Earl of Albermarle, served every sovereign from Queen Victoria to King George VI.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Cannadine, David. ''The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy''. New York: Yale University Press, 1990.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|245}}
# The Hon. George Keppel is #39 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Mrs. George Keppel — Freddie — is #231.
# Lamont-Brown, Raymond. ''Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser: Edward VII's Last Loves''. History Press, 2013. Rpt. of ''Edward VII's Last Loves'', Sutton, 2005. Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ.
# When were the Keppels presented to the Queen?
# George Keppel was attended by &quot;Messrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]].&quot;

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Social Victorians/People/Halifax</title>
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        <username>Scogdill</username>
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      <text bytes="8663" sha1="4d61a0p9tpycyc554g9n96ynuzi1hfs" xml:space="preserve">==Overview==
Raymond Lamont-Brown describes how the Prince of Wales's friends enjoyed finding women for him:&lt;blockquote&gt;There was a certain frisson in pimping for the Prince of Wales and some of his lifelong friends took great pleasure in doing it. There was Harry Tyrwhitt-Wilson, his equerry, Charles Lindley Wood, later 2nd Viscount Halifax, in those earlier days, and [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|George Henry Cadogan, later 5th Earl of Cadogan]], [[Social Victorians/People/Derby|Frederick Arthur Stanley, later 16th Earl of Derby]] and William Henry Gladstone, eldest son of Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone.&lt;ref&gt;Lamont-Brown, Raymond. ''Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser: Edward VII's Last Loves''. History Press, 2011. [Preview on Google Books: [https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Organizations==

=== Gordon Edward Boileau Wood ===

* Christ Church, Oxford (14 January 1887&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;''Oxford Men and Their Colleges, 1880–1892''. Vol. 2. 669.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
* Captain, commanding Shropshire Company, Imperial Yeomanry&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.militaryimages.net/media/wood-gordon-edward-boileau.56858/|title=Wood Gordon Edward Boileau|date=2010-11-04|website=A Military Photo &amp; Video Website|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-29}} https://www.militaryimages.net/media/wood-gordon-edward-boileau.56858/.&lt;/ref&gt;
* St. Mary's Church, Melton Mowbray: [http://www.leicestershirewarmemorials.co.uk/war/memorials/view/771 memorial window to Gordon Wood]

==Timeline==
'''1829 July 30''', Charles Wood and Mary Grey married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Lady Mary Grey.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2598.htm#i25974|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1869 April 22''', Charles Lindley Wood and Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Lady Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p912.htm#i9113|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 July 2''', Gordon Wood attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], Gordon Edward Boileau Wood was among the Suite of Men in the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;Messrs Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson were attendants on [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|George Keppel]]'s] King Solomon,&quot; wearing &quot;green silk tunics elaborately embroidered in gold and studs, with cloaks embroidered and lined with white; jewelled headdreses, swords.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|34, Col. 3a}}

== Also Known As ==
* Family name: Wood
* Viscount Halifax&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Halifax, Viscount.&quot; ''Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage''. London: Dean &amp; Son, 1884: 324. Google Books https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlo-AQAAIAAJ.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax (21 February 1866  – 8 August 1885)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifx of Monk Bretton.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p4559.htm#i45588|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (8 August 1885 – 19 January 1934)
* Viscountess Halifax
** Mary Grey Wood (21 February 1866 – 6 July 1884)
** Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay Wood (8 August 1885 – 4 July 1919)
* Dowager Viscountess Halifax

==Demographics==
* Nationality: English
===Residences===
==Family==
* Mary Grey Wood (3 May 1807 – 6 July 1884)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax (20 December 1800 – 8 August 1885)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*#Hon. Blanche Edith Wood ( – 21 July 1921)
*#Hon. Alice Louisa Wood ( – 3 June 1934)
*#Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (7 June 1839 – 19 January 1934)
*#Hon. Emily Charlotte Wood (1840 – 21 December 1904)
*#Captain Hon. Francis Lindley Wood (17 October 1841 – 14 October 1873)
*#Lt.-Col. Hon. Henry John Lindley Wood (12 Jan 1843 – 5 Jan 1903)
*#Hon. Frederick George Lindley Meynell (4 June 1846 – 4 November 1910)


* Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (7 June 1839 – 19 January 1934)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax of Monk Bretton.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p1079.htm#i10781|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay Wood (1 May 1838 – 4 July 1919)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
# Charles Reginald Lindley Wood (7 July 1870 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 6 September 1899)
# Alexandra Mary Elizabeth Wood (25 August 1871 – 10 March 1965)
# Francis Hugh Lindley Wood (21 September 1873 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 17 March 1889)
# Mary Agnes Wood (25 March 1877 – 25 March 1962)
# Henry Paul Lindley Wood (25 Jan 1879 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 6 June 1886)
# Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax (1881–1959)


* Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax (1881–1959)
* Dorothy

=== Another Wood Family ===

* Edward Wood (1833 – )&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt2wGQa8iDUC|title=The County Families of the United Kingdom Or Royal Manual of the Titled and Untitled Aristocracy of Great Britain and Ireland|last=Walford|first=Edward|date=1876|language=en}} 1046, Col.  1b.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Isabella Annie Boileau (c. 1841&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''2670''; Folio: ''17''; Page: ''27''; GSU roll: ''835333''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; – 1871&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;)
*# Madoline Wood (c. 1862&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; – )
*# Maud B. Wood (c. 1865&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Gordon Edward Boileau Wood''' (July 1866&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; –  20 October 1900 [near Zeerust, South Africa]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;)
*# Charles C. B. Wood (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; – )

==Notes and Questions==
# DVP is ''decessit vita patris'', died while his father was still living.
# Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, Viscount Halifax, wasn't promoted to Earl until 11 July 1944.
#Three somewhat difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] with the [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. George Keppel]]: Gordon Wood, [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is reasonably certain because of contemporary newspaper accounts; Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none mentions his family of origin. The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all.
#In 1871, the family of Edward and Isabella Annie Boileau Wood had 11 staff and servants, including a governess, butler and 3 nurses.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
#Gordon Edward Boileau Wood's estate went to his brother, Charles Peevor Boileau Wood, valued at £40,612 6''s''. 2''d''.&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
#Gordon Edward Boileau Wood is #234 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]] at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball.

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Forming beliefs</title>
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      <text bytes="21287" sha1="p2o2vh9ld5eyaln014kq8n397cge297" xml:space="preserve">—Evaluating what you accept as true
[[File:John Tenniel- Alice's mad tea party, colour.jpg|thumb|[[w:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|Alice]] challenged the queen who believed six impossible things before breakfast.]]
{{TOC right | limit|limit=2}}
== Introduction ==
What do you hold to be true?&lt;ref&gt; This material is adapted from the [https://emotionalcompetency.com/belief.htm EmotionalCompetency.com] website with permission from the author.&lt;/ref&gt;  Why did you choose these beliefs? Do you act according to those beliefs? Perhaps you believe particular widely-held [[w:Value_(ethics)|values]] that provide an excellent standard for judging right and wrong, good and bad, important from trivial. Perhaps you have other values and believe something else. [[True Self|Knowing yourself]] requires a careful examination of [[Virtues|your own values]] and beliefs. What are they? How did they originate? What are they [[Knowing How You Know|based on]]? Why do you hold these beliefs? Are they based on reliable [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]]? Are your goals and actions consistent with your beliefs? How do your beliefs align with your values? How have they evolved over your lifetime? How do they help you live a gratifying life?

Adopt a robust [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge?|theory of knowledge]] and use it to carefully choose your own [[Clarifying values|values]] and [[Seeking True Beliefs|beliefs]].

[[File:Forming beliefs Dialogue.wav|thumb|Forming beliefs Dialogue]]
== Objectives ==
The objectives of this course are to:
*Explore how beliefs are formed;
*reevaluate existing beliefs;
*exercise critical thinking;
*progress toward true beliefs.

This course is part of the [[Emotional Competency]] curriculum. This material has been adapted from the EmotionalCompetency.com [http://emotionalcompetency.com/belief.htm page on beliefs], with permission of the author.

If you wish to contact the instructor, please [[Special:Emailuser/Lbeaumont | click here to send me an email]] or leave a comment or question on the [[Talk:Forming beliefs|discussion page]].

== Definitions ==
A [[w:Belief|belief]] is 
*A statement, assertion, or theory you accept as true.
*a basis for deciding, choosing, and acting.
== Myths and Misconceptions: ==
Many people profess beliefs that are obviously false. Here are some of the more destructive and common examples:
#I had no choice.
#He made me do it.
#That's just how I am.
#It's all my parent's fault.
#It's all your fault.
#If we don't talk about it the issue will disappear.
#The past constrains the future.
#Denial is a solution.

Discard these unhelpful and false beliefs along with unhelpful primal rules that may be harming your decision making.

== Assumptions ==
An ''[[w:Tacit_assumption|assumption]]'' is an unfounded belief. Assumptions are unchallenged, unquestioned, unexamined, and very often untrue. Many terms describe unfounded beliefs including: [[w:Rumor|rumors]], myths, legends, folk-lore, [[w:Faith|blind-faith]], and [[w:Old wives' tale|wives-tales]]. Our [[w:Bias|bias]], prejudices, [[Virtues/Humility/Being 99.9% Ignorant|ignorance]], and experiences manifest in our assumptions. Apply your [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge?|theory of knowledge]] to challenge rumors and assumptions before basing decisions on them. Stay curious. Don't be gullible, don't be fooled.
== Firm Beliefs ==
Possibilities and speculations may become ''firm beliefs'' after curiosity, inquiry, and exploration transform assumptions into opinions and opinions into facts. This is the substance of [[wisdom]].

Each of us approaches a new idea, information, rumor, proposal, or explanation with a particular ''presumption''. This presumption can range from a very unlikely, dismissive, and skeptical stance to a very likely and accepting stance. This presumption is plotted on the vertical axis in the diagram on the right, ranging from ''unlikely'' at the bottom, ranging through ''possible'' in the middle and extending to ''likely'' at the top.

To determine the truth of a belief we assess the correspondence of this belief to [[Finding Common Ground#Reality|reality]]. As we become more curious about the proposal, we can learn more about the [[Evaluating Evidence|''evidence'']] that supports or contradicts its accuracy.  Our understanding of the [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] begins to increase as a result of our inquiry and exploration. As more and more information becomes available, we become better informed and create a more accurate understanding and assessment of the situation. This accumulation of evidence is plotted on the horizontal axis in the following diagram. It ranges from ''unexamined'' on the left to ''examined'' on the right.

In the language of [[w:Bayesian_inference|Bayesian inference]], the vertical axis represents the [[w:Prior_probability|prior probability]]—the likelihood assigned to the original presumption prior to any investigation, and the horizontal axis represents the [[w:Likelihood_function|likelihood]] of observing particular evidence in light of the presumption.
 
[[File:Forming Firm Beliefs.gif|thumb|300px|We form beliefs based on our original likelihood estimates, modified by the body of evidence our investigations uncover.]]

The colors on the grid indicate more reliable and authentic regions in blue, and less authentic regions in red.

The most authentic path is the blue region across the center of the diagram. Beginning on the left, a new idea is proposed, and we begin with the neutral presumption that it is possible. We ''suspend [[w:judgment|judgment]]'' and even resist forming an ''[[w:Opinion|opinion]]'' until we can gather more [[Facing Facts|facts]]. As we begin to ask questions and explore the evidence, we learn enough to begin to form an opinion—a preliminary or tentative belief. If the [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] is scarce, ambiguous, or contradictory we may not be able to gather enough support for or against the idea to confirm a particular belief. If the evidence is clear for one position or the other, we can form a belief, and perhaps even a firm belief. Along this path you are diligent, you know what you know and how you know it. This path applies your well-founded [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge?|theory of knowledge]] and leads toward [[wisdom]].

In short, use [[w:Bayesian_inference|Bayesian inference]] to [[w:Posterior_probability|update your understanding]] as [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] emerges. Reject [[w:Dogma|dogma]] by choosing [[w:Prior_probability|prior probabilities]] greater than zero and less than one to reflect some level of [[w:Certainty|uncertainty]].

As an example, consider how your belief in the existence, importance, and causes of [[w:Climate_change|global warming]] may have evolved. Perhaps you first heard of the issue a few years ago and did not give it much thought. After hearing about it a few more times, you may have become curious. You probably did not know enough about the issue to form an opinion, so you suspended your judgment. Alternatively, you may have heard an opinion from a credible source and adopted that position as your own. As you learned more and more about the issue, perhaps you began to believe the issue was real, and important, but did not yet believe it was caused by human activities or that it would be consequential in your lifetime. You remain curious, you see the movie [[w:An_Inconvenient_Truth|An Inconvenient Truth]], you attend geology and environmental science lectures, read books on the topic, discuss your understanding and doubts with informed friends, follow the issue in the news, and read some scientific papers on the topic. Eventually you come to believe, then ''firmly believe'', the problem is urgent, important, and caused by human activity.

But we often take other paths toward establishing our beliefs. We may be skeptical and begin with the assumption that that idea cannot be true. We defer our beliefs until more information is available. We demand proof. This is a cautious course and is prudent unless we act as if our skeptical assumptions are well founded beliefs. As we gather some evidence supporting the idea, we remain doubtful. As further inquiry and exploration uncovers more supporting evidence, we may eventually begin to believe. Alternatively, we may hold stubbornly to our disbelief, dismissing, discounting, or distorting evidence contrary to our original presumptions. We are obstinate, holding onto our disbelief despite clear evidence supporting the new idea. This is the territory of the [[w:Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs|flat earth society]], [[w:Holocaust_denial|Holocaust denial]], moon walk [[w:Conspiracy_theory|conspiracy theorists]], and other closed-minded people who choose to deny clear evidence. Ignorance and misbelief often thrive here.

A more foolish path is often taken. Here a [[w:Gullibility|gullible]] person is ready to believe almost anything. Rather than pose critical inquiries or examine evidence, they believe the rumors, hoaxes, myths, legends, fantasies, innuendos, and other preposterous claims, ideas, accusations, and proposals. Rumors are passed on, [[w:Gossip|gossip]] is treated as fact, and too often the truth is never uncovered or even sought. Even as evidence mounts contrary to the idea, they remain [[w:Hope|hopeful]], perhaps even detached, defiant, or contemptuous. If further evidence is gathered, perhaps opinions can mature into well founded beliefs. But too often the idea is firmly held onto despite clear contradictory evidence. This is the fantasy land of blind faith, alien abductions, demonic possession, and channeling.

Consider the range of beliefs people have regarding [[w:Afterlife|life after death]]. Direct evidence for or against life after death is minimal or non-existent. However, many people hold firmly to this belief. Elaborate and detailed descriptions of the afterlife are studied, propagated, discussed, defended, and often relied on. Other people simply dismiss the whole idea for lack of evidence. Passionate arguments on this topic are commonplace, and it is remarkable how determined people can be in defending their own assumptions and opinions.

[[Knowing How You Know|Know how you know]]. Don't be seduced by assumptions, challenge them instead. Don't ignore or dismiss evidence, be guided by it. Don't rely on blind-faith; inquire and explore.

=== Assignment ===
Complete the Wikiversity course on [[Seeking True Beliefs]].

== Difficulties ==
Several characteristics of human nature and our minds make it easy to mistake false beliefs for [[Seeking True Beliefs|true beliefs]]. These include cognitive biases, confirmation bias, motivated reasoning, soldier mindset, social proof, illusory truth effect, overconfidence, the dunning-kruger effect, and other intellectual vices.

Each of these in briefly introduced below. The hyperlinks contain much more information for the interested readers. 

=== Cognitive Biases ===
A [[w:Cognitive_bias|cognitive bias]] is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. Individuals create their own &quot;subjective reality&quot; from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the objective input, may dictate their behavior in the world. Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, and irrationality.

Many cognitive biases have been studied. This extensive [[w:List_of_cognitive_biases|list of cognitive biases]] introduces many. Several of the more prevalent biases that often lead to misbeliefs are listed below.

=== Confirmation Bias ===
[[w:Confirmation_bias|Confirmation bias]] is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values. People display this bias when they select information that supports their views, ignoring contrary information, or when they interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing attitudes. The effect is strongest for desired outcomes, for emotionally charged issues, and for deeply entrenched beliefs.

=== Motivated Reasoning ===
[[w:Confirmation_bias|Motivated reasoning]] is a cognitive and social response in which individuals, consciously or sub-consciously, allow emotion-loaded motivational biases to affect how new information is perceived. Individuals tend to favor evidence that coincides with their current beliefs and reject new information that contradicts them, despite contrary evidence.

Motivated reasoning overlaps with confirmation bias. Both favor evidence supporting one's beliefs, at the same time dismissing contradictory evidence. However, confirmation bias is mainly a sub-conscious (innate) cognitive bias. In contrast, motivated reasoning (motivational bias) is a sub-conscious or conscious process by which one's emotions control the evidence supported or dismissed. For confirmation bias, the evidence or arguments can be logical as well as emotional.

As a defense against motivated reasoning author Julia Galef describes [[Finding Common Ground#The Scout Mindset|the scout mindset]] as “The motivation to see things as they are, not as you wish they were.”&lt;ref&gt;Galef, Julia (April 13, 2021). ''The Scout Mindset: Why Some People See Things Clearly and Others Don't''. Piatkus. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0349427645|978-0349427645]].@9 of 541&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast to the scout mindset, the soldier mindset is a motivation to attack differing points of view or defend a position in each argument we encounter.

=== Social Proof ===
[[w:Social_proof|Social proof]] is a psychological and social phenomenon wherein people copy the actions of others in choosing how to behave in a given situation. The term was coined by [[w:Robert_Cialdini|Robert Cialdini]] in his 1984 book ''[[w:Influence:_Science_and_Practice|Influence: Science and Practice]]''.

Social proof is used in [[Embracing Ambiguity|ambiguous]] social situations where people are unable to determine the appropriate mode of behavior, and is driven by the assumption that the surrounding people possess more knowledge about the current situation. 

The effects of social influence can be seen in the tendency of large groups to conform.

=== Illusory truth effect ===
The [[w:Illusory_truth_effect|illusory truth effect]] is the tendency to believe that false information is true after repeated exposure. This phenomenon was first identified in a 1977 study at Villanova University and Temple University. When truth is assessed, people rely on whether the information is in line with their understanding or if it feels familiar. The first condition is logical, as people compare new information with what they already know to be true. Repetition makes statements easier to process relative to new, unrepeated statements, leading people to believe that the repeated conclusion is more truthful. The illusory truth effect has also been linked to hindsight bias, in which the recollection of confidence is skewed after the truth has been received.

=== Overconfidence ===
The [[w:Overconfidence_effect|overconfidence effect]] is a well-established bias in which a person's subjective confidence in their judgments is reliably greater than the objective accuracy of those judgments, especially when confidence is relatively high. Overconfidence is one example of a miscalibration of subjective probabilities. Throughout the research literature, overconfidence has been defined in three distinct ways: (1) overestimation of one's actual performance; (2) over placement of one's performance relative to others; and (3) over precision in expressing unwarranted certainty in the accuracy of one's beliefs.

After choosing a particular belief, people ae often overconfident in the accuracy of that belief.

=== Dunning-Kruger Effect ===
The [[w:Dunning–Kruger_effect|Dunning–Kruger effect]] is a cognitive bias in which people with limited competence in a particular domain overestimate their abilities. This describes the tendency of misinformed people to hold firmly to false beliefs. 

=== Countermeasures ===
[[File:Intellectual Virtues Overcome Vices.jpg|thumb|Intellectual Virtues Overcome Vices]]

Develop [[Seeking True Beliefs|intellectual virtues]] to overcome the pitfalls described above and pursue true beliefs. 

== Flipping Positions ==
How does passionate love so often turn into bitter divorce? The firm belief of “I love my wife” can eventually and precipitously become “I really [[w:Hatred|hate]] her.” Here is a hypothesis:

A cautious style of decision making, shown in the blue region in the diagram above, is to reserve [[w:judgment|judgment]]; wait until you have gathered and evaluated lots of representative and relevant [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]], then carefully form an opinion. As you gather more evidence that opinion becomes a firm belief. But the more common style is to presume the decision early, then to filter and [[w:Cognitive_bias|distort]] evidence to support that decision. This is shown along the top red band, extending from “gullible” to “fantasy” in the above diagram.

Consider how this decision-making style might apply to the belief: “I love her.” You meet a woman and are enamored with her. Passion helps you quickly decide she is perfect and you [[w:Love|love]] her with all your heart. You enjoy time together and are willing to ignore or explain away any of her shortcomings. Even when she stays out late, comes home drunk, tells transparent lies, and gambles away the family savings you distort the evidence to support your position of “she is the perfect woman for me.”

Eventually the accumulation of evidence prevails. Your opinion changes, perhaps because of overwhelming evidence, or just a change of heart. Your viewpoint suddenly flips from “I look at the evidence in a positive light” to “I look at this in a negative light.” Suddenly the evidence fits better with the new viewpoint. The [[w:Spin_(propaganda)|spin]] quickly unravels. Now your opinion is “she is a bitch” and you have all the respun evidence to prove it, and you can also spin some more.

Furthermore, you are a bit [[w:Humiliation|humiliated]] because you held onto your “I love her” position too long, well beyond what the evidence could support. You are [[w:Shame|ashamed]] to think “How could I have been so blind, so stupid, not to see what was really happening.”

Similar shifts in thinking can quickly transform pride into shame or guilt; envy, jealousy, or [[Virtues/Compassion|compassion]] into contempt or gloating; hope into sadness, fear or joy; and fear into relief.

People are all [[w:Human_nature|human]]. We each have many outstanding qualities and many shortcomings. Establish an [[w:Authenticity_(philosophy)|authentic]], balanced, complex, integrated, evidence-based, and evolving understanding of your lover and your [[True Self|self]]. Take the bad with the good and continue to refine and strengthen your [[w:Interpersonal_relationship|relationship]].
== Beliefs Vary ==
Beliefs vary considerably from one person to the next. The website ThisIBelieve.org maintains a fascinating collection of thousands of essays proclaiming the beliefs&lt;ref&gt;See http://thisibelieve.org/dsp_Browse.php&lt;/ref&gt; of many thoughtful people. Perhaps you will enjoy reading some.
== Professed Beliefs and Actual Beliefs ==
We can only determine what some else professes to believe. We can never know what they ''truly'' believe. Comparing their behavior with their professed beliefs can provide clues to their true beliefs.
== Recommended Reading ==
Students interested in learning more about forming beliefs may be interested in the following materials:
*{{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Lewis |author-link=w:Lewis_Wolpert |date=July 17, 2008 |title=Six Impossible Things Before Breakfast: The Evolutionary Origins of Belief |publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company |pages=256 |isbn=978-0393332032}}
*{{cite book |last=Tavris |first=Carol |author-link=w:Carol_Tavris |date=August 4, 2020 |title=Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts  |publisher=Mariner |pages=464|isbn=978-0358329619}}
*{{cite book |last=Kashdan |first=Todd |author-link=w:Todd_Kashdan |date=April 21, 2009 |title=Curious?: Discover the Missing Ingredient to a Fulfilling Life |publisher=William Morrow |pages=352  |isbn=978-0061661181}}
*{{cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |date= |title=On Being Certain Paperback  |publisher=Griffin |pages=272 |isbn=978-0312541521}}
*{{cite book |last=Gray |first=Dave |author-link= |date=September 14, 2016 |title=Liminal Thinking: Create the Change You Want by Changing the Way You Think  |publisher=Two Waves Books |pages=184 |isbn=978-1933820460}}
*{{cite book|title=Misbelief: What Makes Rational People Believe Irrational Things|last=Ariely|first=Dan|date=September 17, 2024|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0063280434|pages=320|author-link=w:Dan_Ariely}}

== Notes ==
&lt;references/&gt;
{{Emotional Competency}}
{{CourseCat}} 
[[Category:Life skills]]
[[Category:Applied Wisdom]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Peace studies]]
[[Category:Humanities courses]]</text>
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      <text bytes="22096" sha1="ilk4c92i4cu6bi0z73h2i918zj5hbml" xml:space="preserve">—Evaluating what you accept as true
[[File:John Tenniel- Alice's mad tea party, colour.jpg|thumb|[[w:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|Alice]] challenged the queen who believed six impossible things before breakfast.]]
{{TOC right | limit|limit=2}}
== Introduction ==
What do you hold to be true?&lt;ref&gt; This material is adapted from the [https://emotionalcompetency.com/belief.htm EmotionalCompetency.com] website with permission from the author.&lt;/ref&gt;  Why did you choose these beliefs? Do you act according to those beliefs? Perhaps you believe particular widely-held [[w:Value_(ethics)|values]] that provide an excellent standard for judging right and wrong, good and bad, important from trivial. Perhaps you have other values and believe something else. [[True Self|Knowing yourself]] requires a careful examination of [[Virtues|your own values]] and beliefs. What are they? How did they originate? What are they [[Knowing How You Know|based on]]? Why do you hold these beliefs? Are they based on reliable [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]]? Are your goals and actions consistent with your beliefs? How do your beliefs align with your values? How have they evolved over your lifetime? How do they help you live a gratifying life?

Adopt a robust [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge?|theory of knowledge]] and use it to carefully choose your own [[Clarifying values|values]] and [[Seeking True Beliefs|beliefs]].

[[File:Forming beliefs Dialogue.wav|thumb|Forming beliefs Dialogue]]
== Objectives ==
The objectives of this course are to:
*Explore how beliefs are formed;
*reevaluate existing beliefs;
*exercise critical thinking;
*progress toward true beliefs.

This course is part of the [[Emotional Competency]] curriculum. This material has been adapted from the EmotionalCompetency.com [http://emotionalcompetency.com/belief.htm page on beliefs], with permission of the author.

If you wish to contact the instructor, please [[Special:Emailuser/Lbeaumont | click here to send me an email]] or leave a comment or question on the [[Talk:Forming beliefs|discussion page]].

== Definitions ==
A [[w:Belief|belief]] is 
*A statement, assertion, or theory you accept as true.
*a basis for deciding, choosing, and acting.
== Myths and Misconceptions: ==
Many people profess beliefs that are obviously false. Here are some of the more destructive and common examples:
#I had no choice.
#He made me do it.
#That's just how I am.
#It's all my parent's fault.
#It's all your fault.
#If we don't talk about it the issue will disappear.
#The past constrains the future.
#Denial is a solution.

Discard these unhelpful and false beliefs along with unhelpful primal rules that may be harming your decision making.

== Assumptions ==
An ''[[w:Tacit_assumption|assumption]]'' is an unfounded belief. Assumptions are unchallenged, unquestioned, unexamined, and very often untrue. Many terms describe unfounded beliefs including: [[w:Rumor|rumors]], myths, legends, folk-lore, [[w:Faith|blind-faith]], and [[w:Old wives' tale|wives-tales]]. Our [[w:Bias|bias]], prejudices, [[Virtues/Humility/Being 99.9% Ignorant|ignorance]], and experiences manifest in our assumptions. Apply your [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge?|theory of knowledge]] to challenge rumors and assumptions before basing decisions on them. Stay curious. Don't be gullible, don't be fooled.
== Firm Beliefs ==
Possibilities and speculations may become ''firm beliefs'' after curiosity, inquiry, and exploration transform assumptions into opinions and opinions into facts. This is the substance of [[wisdom]].

Each of us approaches a new idea, information, rumor, proposal, or explanation with a particular ''presumption''. This presumption can range from a very unlikely, dismissive, and skeptical stance to a very likely and accepting stance. This presumption is plotted on the vertical axis in the diagram on the right, ranging from ''unlikely'' at the bottom, ranging through ''possible'' in the middle and extending to ''likely'' at the top.

To determine the truth of a belief we assess the correspondence of this belief to [[Finding Common Ground#Reality|reality]]. As we become more curious about the proposal, we can learn more about the [[Evaluating Evidence|''evidence'']] that supports or contradicts its accuracy.  Our understanding of the [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] begins to increase as a result of our inquiry and exploration. As more and more information becomes available, we become better informed and create a more accurate understanding and assessment of the situation. This accumulation of evidence is plotted on the horizontal axis in the following diagram. It ranges from ''unexamined'' on the left to ''examined'' on the right.

In the language of [[w:Bayesian_inference|Bayesian inference]], the vertical axis represents the [[w:Prior_probability|prior probability]]—the likelihood assigned to the original presumption prior to any investigation, and the horizontal axis represents the [[w:Likelihood_function|likelihood]] of observing particular evidence in light of the presumption.
 
[[File:Forming Firm Beliefs.gif|thumb|300px|We form beliefs based on our original likelihood estimates, modified by the body of evidence our investigations uncover.]]

The colors on the grid indicate more reliable and authentic regions in blue, and less authentic regions in red.

The most authentic path is the blue region across the center of the diagram. Beginning on the left, a new idea is proposed, and we begin with the neutral presumption that it is possible. We ''suspend [[w:judgment|judgment]]'' and even resist forming an ''[[w:Opinion|opinion]]'' until we can gather more [[Facing Facts|facts]]. As we begin to ask questions and explore the evidence, we learn enough to begin to form an opinion—a preliminary or tentative belief. If the [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] is scarce, ambiguous, or contradictory we may not be able to gather enough support for or against the idea to confirm a particular belief. If the evidence is clear for one position or the other, we can form a belief, and perhaps even a firm belief. Along this path you are diligent, you know what you know and how you know it. This path applies your well-founded [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge?|theory of knowledge]] and leads toward [[wisdom]].

In short, use [[w:Bayesian_inference|Bayesian inference]] to [[w:Posterior_probability|update your understanding]] as [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] emerges. Reject [[w:Dogma|dogma]] by choosing [[w:Prior_probability|prior probabilities]] greater than zero and less than one to reflect some level of [[w:Certainty|uncertainty]].

As an example, consider how your belief in the existence, importance, and causes of [[w:Climate_change|global warming]] may have evolved. Perhaps you first heard of the issue a few years ago and did not give it much thought. After hearing about it a few more times, you may have become curious. You probably did not know enough about the issue to form an opinion, so you suspended your judgment. Alternatively, you may have heard an opinion from a credible source and adopted that position as your own. As you learned more and more about the issue, perhaps you began to believe the issue was real, and important, but did not yet believe it was caused by human activities or that it would be consequential in your lifetime. You remain curious, you see the movie [[w:An_Inconvenient_Truth|An Inconvenient Truth]], you attend geology and environmental science lectures, read books on the topic, discuss your understanding and doubts with informed friends, follow the issue in the news, and read some scientific papers on the topic. Eventually you come to believe, then ''firmly believe'', the problem is urgent, important, and caused by human activity.

But we often take other paths toward establishing our beliefs. We may be skeptical and begin with the assumption that that idea cannot be true. We defer our beliefs until more information is available. We demand proof. This is a cautious course and is prudent unless we act as if our skeptical assumptions are well founded beliefs. As we gather some evidence supporting the idea, we remain doubtful. As further inquiry and exploration uncovers more supporting evidence, we may eventually begin to believe. Alternatively, we may hold stubbornly to our disbelief, dismissing, discounting, or distorting evidence contrary to our original presumptions. We are obstinate, holding onto our disbelief despite clear evidence supporting the new idea. This is the territory of the [[w:Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs|flat earth society]], [[w:Holocaust_denial|Holocaust denial]], moon walk [[w:Conspiracy_theory|conspiracy theorists]], and other closed-minded people who choose to deny clear evidence. Ignorance and misbelief often thrive here.

A more foolish path is often taken. Here a [[w:Gullibility|gullible]] person is ready to believe almost anything. Rather than pose critical inquiries or examine evidence, they believe the rumors, hoaxes, myths, legends, fantasies, innuendos, and other preposterous claims, ideas, accusations, and proposals. Rumors are passed on, [[w:Gossip|gossip]] is treated as fact, and too often the truth is never uncovered or even sought. Even as evidence mounts contrary to the idea, they remain [[w:Hope|hopeful]], perhaps even detached, defiant, or contemptuous. If further evidence is gathered, perhaps opinions can mature into well founded beliefs. But too often the idea is firmly held onto despite clear contradictory evidence. This is the fantasy land of blind faith, alien abductions, demonic possession, and channeling.

Consider the range of beliefs people have regarding [[w:Afterlife|life after death]]. Direct evidence for or against life after death is minimal or non-existent. However, many people hold firmly to this belief. Elaborate and detailed descriptions of the afterlife are studied, propagated, discussed, defended, and often relied on. Other people simply dismiss the whole idea for lack of evidence. Passionate arguments on this topic are commonplace, and it is remarkable how determined people can be in defending their own assumptions and opinions.

[[Knowing How You Know|Know how you know]]. Don't be seduced by assumptions, challenge them instead. Don't ignore or dismiss evidence, be guided by it. Don't rely on blind-faith; inquire and explore.

=== Assignment ===
Complete the Wikiversity course on [[Seeking True Beliefs]].

== Difficulties ==
Several characteristics of human nature and our minds make it easy to mistake false beliefs for [[Seeking True Beliefs|true beliefs]]. These include cognitive biases, confirmation bias, motivated reasoning, soldier mindset, social proof, illusory truth effect, overconfidence,the iIllusion of explanatory depth, the dunning-kruger effect, and other intellectual vices.

Each of these in briefly introduced below. The hyperlinks contain much more information for the interested readers. 

=== Cognitive Biases ===
A [[w:Cognitive_bias|cognitive bias]] is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. Individuals create their own &quot;subjective reality&quot; from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the objective input, may dictate their behavior in the world. Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, and irrationality.

Many cognitive biases have been studied. This extensive [[w:List_of_cognitive_biases|list of cognitive biases]] introduces many. Several of the more prevalent biases that often lead to misbeliefs are listed below.

=== Confirmation Bias ===
[[w:Confirmation_bias|Confirmation bias]] is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values. People display this bias when they select information that supports their views, ignoring contrary information, or when they interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing attitudes. The effect is strongest for desired outcomes, for emotionally charged issues, and for deeply entrenched beliefs.

=== Motivated Reasoning ===
[[w:Confirmation_bias|Motivated reasoning]] is a cognitive and social response in which individuals, consciously or sub-consciously, allow emotion-loaded motivational biases to affect how new information is perceived. Individuals tend to favor evidence that coincides with their current beliefs and reject new information that contradicts them, despite contrary evidence.

Motivated reasoning overlaps with confirmation bias. Both favor evidence supporting one's beliefs, at the same time dismissing contradictory evidence. However, confirmation bias is mainly a sub-conscious (innate) cognitive bias. In contrast, motivated reasoning (motivational bias) is a sub-conscious or conscious process by which one's emotions control the evidence supported or dismissed. For confirmation bias, the evidence or arguments can be logical as well as emotional.

As a defense against motivated reasoning author Julia Galef describes [[Finding Common Ground#The Scout Mindset|the scout mindset]] as “The motivation to see things as they are, not as you wish they were.”&lt;ref&gt;Galef, Julia (April 13, 2021). ''The Scout Mindset: Why Some People See Things Clearly and Others Don't''. Piatkus. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0349427645|978-0349427645]].@9 of 541&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast to the scout mindset, the soldier mindset is a motivation to attack differing points of view or defend a position in each argument we encounter.

=== Social Proof ===
[[w:Social_proof|Social proof]] is a psychological and social phenomenon wherein people copy the actions of others in choosing how to behave in a given situation. The term was coined by [[w:Robert_Cialdini|Robert Cialdini]] in his 1984 book ''[[w:Influence:_Science_and_Practice|Influence: Science and Practice]]''.

Social proof is used in [[Embracing Ambiguity|ambiguous]] social situations where people are unable to determine the appropriate mode of behavior, and is driven by the assumption that the surrounding people possess more knowledge about the current situation. 

The effects of social influence can be seen in the tendency of large groups to conform.

=== Illusory truth effect ===
The [[w:Illusory_truth_effect|illusory truth effect]] is the tendency to believe that false information is true after repeated exposure. This phenomenon was first identified in a 1977 study at Villanova University and Temple University. When truth is assessed, people rely on whether the information is in line with their understanding or if it feels familiar. The first condition is logical, as people compare new information with what they already know to be true. Repetition makes statements easier to process relative to new, unrepeated statements, leading people to believe that the repeated conclusion is more truthful. The illusory truth effect has also been linked to hindsight bias, in which the recollection of confidence is skewed after the truth has been received.

=== Overconfidence ===
The [[w:Overconfidence_effect|overconfidence effect]] is a well-established bias in which a person's subjective confidence in their judgments is reliably greater than the objective accuracy of those judgments, especially when confidence is relatively high. Overconfidence is one example of a miscalibration of subjective probabilities. Throughout the research literature, overconfidence has been defined in three distinct ways: (1) overestimation of one's actual performance; (2) over placement of one's performance relative to others; and (3) over precision in expressing unwarranted certainty in the accuracy of one's beliefs.

After choosing a particular belief, people ae often overconfident in the accuracy of that belief.

=== Illusion of explanatory depth ===
The [[w:Illusion_of_explanatory_depth|illusion of explanatory depth]] is cognitive bias or an illusion where people tend to believe they understand a topic better than they actually do. The effect was observed in only one type of knowledge called explanatory knowledge, in this case defined as &quot;knowledge that involves complex causal patterns&quot;. The effect has not been observed in procedural, narrative, or factual (descriptive) knowledge. Evidence of the illusion occurring has been found in everyday mechanical and electrical devices such as bicycles, in addition to mental disorders, natural phenomena, folk theories, and politics, with the most studied effect of the illusion being in politics in the form of political polarization.[[File:Intellectual Virtues Overcome Vices.jpg|thumb|Intellectual Virtues Overcome Vices]]

=== Dunning-Kruger Effect ===
The [[w:Dunning–Kruger_effect|Dunning–Kruger effect]] is a cognitive bias in which people with limited competence in a particular domain overestimate their abilities. This describes the tendency of misinformed people to hold firmly to false beliefs. 

=== Countermeasures ===
Develop [[Seeking True Beliefs|intellectual virtues]] to overcome the pitfalls described above and pursue true beliefs. 

== Flipping Positions ==
How does passionate love so often turn into bitter divorce? The firm belief of “I love my wife” can eventually and precipitously become “I really [[w:Hatred|hate]] her.” Here is a hypothesis:

A cautious style of decision making, shown in the blue region in the diagram above, is to reserve [[w:judgment|judgment]]; wait until you have gathered and evaluated lots of representative and relevant [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]], then carefully form an opinion. As you gather more evidence that opinion becomes a firm belief. But the more common style is to presume the decision early, then to filter and [[w:Cognitive_bias|distort]] evidence to support that decision. This is shown along the top red band, extending from “gullible” to “fantasy” in the above diagram.

Consider how this decision-making style might apply to the belief: “I love her.” You meet a woman and are enamored with her. Passion helps you quickly decide she is perfect and you [[w:Love|love]] her with all your heart. You enjoy time together and are willing to ignore or explain away any of her shortcomings. Even when she stays out late, comes home drunk, tells transparent lies, and gambles away the family savings you distort the evidence to support your position of “she is the perfect woman for me.”

Eventually the accumulation of evidence prevails. Your opinion changes, perhaps because of overwhelming evidence, or just a change of heart. Your viewpoint suddenly flips from “I look at the evidence in a positive light” to “I look at this in a negative light.” Suddenly the evidence fits better with the new viewpoint. The [[w:Spin_(propaganda)|spin]] quickly unravels. Now your opinion is “she is a bitch” and you have all the respun evidence to prove it, and you can also spin some more.

Furthermore, you are a bit [[w:Humiliation|humiliated]] because you held onto your “I love her” position too long, well beyond what the evidence could support. You are [[w:Shame|ashamed]] to think “How could I have been so blind, so stupid, not to see what was really happening.”

Similar shifts in thinking can quickly transform pride into shame or guilt; envy, jealousy, or [[Virtues/Compassion|compassion]] into contempt or gloating; hope into sadness, fear or joy; and fear into relief.

People are all [[w:Human_nature|human]]. We each have many outstanding qualities and many shortcomings. Establish an [[w:Authenticity_(philosophy)|authentic]], balanced, complex, integrated, evidence-based, and evolving understanding of your lover and your [[True Self|self]]. Take the bad with the good and continue to refine and strengthen your [[w:Interpersonal_relationship|relationship]].
== Beliefs Vary ==
Beliefs vary considerably from one person to the next. The website ThisIBelieve.org maintains a fascinating collection of thousands of essays proclaiming the beliefs&lt;ref&gt;See http://thisibelieve.org/dsp_Browse.php&lt;/ref&gt; of many thoughtful people. Perhaps you will enjoy reading some.
== Professed Beliefs and Actual Beliefs ==
We can only determine what some else professes to believe. We can never know what they ''truly'' believe. Comparing their behavior with their professed beliefs can provide clues to their true beliefs.
== Recommended Reading ==
Students interested in learning more about forming beliefs may be interested in the following materials:
*{{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Lewis |author-link=w:Lewis_Wolpert |date=July 17, 2008 |title=Six Impossible Things Before Breakfast: The Evolutionary Origins of Belief |publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company |pages=256 |isbn=978-0393332032}}
*{{cite book |last=Tavris |first=Carol |author-link=w:Carol_Tavris |date=August 4, 2020 |title=Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts  |publisher=Mariner |pages=464|isbn=978-0358329619}}
*{{cite book |last=Kashdan |first=Todd |author-link=w:Todd_Kashdan |date=April 21, 2009 |title=Curious?: Discover the Missing Ingredient to a Fulfilling Life |publisher=William Morrow |pages=352  |isbn=978-0061661181}}
*{{cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |date= |title=On Being Certain Paperback  |publisher=Griffin |pages=272 |isbn=978-0312541521}}
*{{cite book |last=Gray |first=Dave |author-link= |date=September 14, 2016 |title=Liminal Thinking: Create the Change You Want by Changing the Way You Think  |publisher=Two Waves Books |pages=184 |isbn=978-1933820460}}
*{{cite book|title=Misbelief: What Makes Rational People Believe Irrational Things|last=Ariely|first=Dan|date=September 17, 2024|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0063280434|pages=320|author-link=w:Dan_Ariely}}

== Notes ==
&lt;references/&gt;
{{Emotional Competency}}
{{CourseCat}} 
[[Category:Life skills]]
[[Category:Applied Wisdom]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Peace studies]]
[[Category:Humanities courses]]</text>
      <sha1>ilk4c92i4cu6bi0z73h2i918zj5hbml</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Workings of gcc and ld in plain view</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>285384</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689818</id>
      <parentid>2689437</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T22:56:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Linking Libraries */</comment>
      <origin>2689818</origin>
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      <text bytes="3249" sha1="ruxh4bb0oinfqnb9ne4uxfhf8y82nyj" xml:space="preserve">=== Workings of the GNU Compiler for IA-32 ===

==== Overview ====
* Overview ([[Media:Overview.20200211.pdf |pdf]])

==== Data Processing ====
* Access ([[Media:Access.20200409.pdf |pdf]])
* Operators ([[Media:Operator.20200427.pdf |pdf]])

==== Control ====
* Conditions ([[Media:Condition.20230630.pdf |pdf]])
* Control ([[Media:Control.20220616.pdf |pdf]])

==== Function calls ==== 
* Procedure ([[Media:Procedure.20220412.pdf |pdf]])
* Recursion ([[Media:Recursion.20210824-2.pdf |pdf]])

==== Pointer and Aggregate Types ==== 
* Arrays ([[Media:Array.20211018.pdf |pdf]])
* Structures ([[Media:Structure.20220101.pdf |pdf]])
* Alignment ([[Media:Alignment.20201117.pdf |pdf]])
* Pointers ([[Media:Pointer.20201106.pdf |pdf]])

==== Integer Arithmetic ==== 
* Overview ([[Media:gcc.1.Overview.20240813.pdf |pdf]])
* Carry Flag ([[Media:gcc.2.Carry.20241130.pdf |pdf]])
* Overflow Flag ([[Media:gcc.3.Overflow.20240724.pdf |pdf]])
* Examples ([[Media:gcc.4.Examples.20240724.pdf |pdf]])
* Borrow ([[Media:Borrow.20230701.pdf |pdf]])

==== Floating point Arithmetic ====
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Workings of the GNU Linker for IA-32 ===

==== Linking Libraries ====

* Static Libraries ([[Media:LIB.1A.Static.20241128.pdf |pdf]])

* Shared Libraries ([[Media:LIB.2A.Shared.20241201.pdf |pdf]])

==== Library Search Path ====

* Using -L and -l only ([[Media:Link.4A.LibSearch-withLl.20240807.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.4B.LibSearch-withLl.20240705.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Using RPATH ([[Media:Link.5A.LibSearch-RPATH.20241101.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.5B.LibSearch-RPATH.20240705.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Linking Process ====

* Object Files ([[Media:Link.3.A.Object.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.3.B.Object.20190405.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Symbols ([[Media:Link.4.A.Symbol.20190312.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.4.B.Symbol.20190312.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Relocation ([[Media:Link.5.A.Relocation.20190320.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.5.B.Relocation.20190322.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Loading ([[Media:Link.6.A.Loading.20190501.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.6.B.Loading.20190126.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Static Linking ([[Media:Link.7.A.StaticLink.20190122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.7.B.StaticLink.20190128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:LNK.5C.StaticLinking.20241128.pdf |C.pdf]])

* Dynamic Linking ([[Media:Link.8.A.DynamicLink.20190207.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.8.B.DynamicLink.20190209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:LNK.6C.DynamicLinking.20241128.pdf |C.pdf]])

* Position Independent Code ([[Media:Link.9.A.PIC.20190304.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.9.B.PIC.20190309.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Example I ====
* Vector addition ([[Media:Eg1.1A.Vector.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.1B.Vector.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Swapping array elements ([[Media:Eg1.2A.Swap.20190302.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.2B.Swap.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Nested functions ([[Media:Eg1.3A.Nest.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.3B.Nest.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Examples II ====
* analysis of static linking ([[Media:Ex1.A.StaticLinkEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Ex2.B.StaticLinkEx.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]])

* analysis of dynamic linking ([[Media:Ex2.A.DynamicLinkEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]])

* analysis of PIC ([[Media:Ex3.A.PICEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]])


&lt;/br&gt;
go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ]

[[Category:C programming language]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>African Arthropods/Hymenoptera</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[African Arthropods/Diaprioidea|</comment>
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      <text bytes="11163" sha1="ruwqvmeqp72hla5a0g0ayysy4s7e8lb" xml:space="preserve">{{Navigation
|title = African Hymenoptera
|body  = 
;[[African Arthropods/Hymenoptera|Hymenoptera]]
:[[African Arthropods/Chalcidoidea|African Chalcidoidea]]
:*[[African Arthropods/Encyrtidae|African Encyrtidae]]
:*[[African Arthropods/Chalcid wasps with branched antennae|African chalcid wasps with branched antennae]]
:[[African Arthropods/Aculeata|African Aculeata]]
:*[[African Arthropods/Philanthus|South African species of Philanthus]]
}}

About 20 000 described species of [[w:Hymenoptera|Hymenoptera]] (wasps, bees, ants and sawflies) are known from the [[w:Afrotropical|Afrotropical]] region. Estimates of the actual species count for the region range from 100 000 species to as high as 500 000 species.&lt;ref name=WaspWebOverview&gt;[https://www.waspweb.org/Afrotropical_Hymenoptera_book/Background_and_Motivation.htm van Noort, Simon (2023). WaspWeb: Afrotropical Hymenoptera Initiative. www.waspweb.org/Afrotropical_Hymenoptera_book/Background_and_Motivation.htm Retrieved 22 February 2023.]&lt;/ref&gt; Nineteen different superfamilies are illustrated in [[User:Alandmanson/Hymenoptera of southern Africa|this gallery]] in Wikimedia Commons.

The huge number of undescribed species means that many species will be extinct before we are even aware of them, as there are too few taxonomists employed to tackle the task of describing all of them in the next few decades.

==Classification==
The Order can be split into two Suborders - The [[w:Symphyta|Symphyta]] (Woodwasps, Horntails, Sawflies) and the [[w:Apocrita|Apocrita]] (Narrow-waisted wasps, ants and bees).&lt;br&gt;

When compared to the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, the diversity of Symphyta in Africa is relatively poor, although sawflies of the Superfamily [[w:Tenthredinoidea|Tenthredinoidea]] are fairly common in forests and other woody vegetation types.

Afrotropical Symphyta comprise 4 superfamilies:&lt;ref name=waspwebClass/&gt;
*Cephoidea - Afrotropical fauna restricted to two species of ''Athetocephus'' (Cephidae) from Madagascar.
*Orussoidea - Five genera of wood wasps (Orussidae) are known from Africa.
*Siricoidea - Two genera of wood wasps (Siricidae) are known from Africa.
*Tenthredinoidea - Three families of sawflies are known from Africa:
**Argidae (Argid sawflies)
**Athaliidae (Torpedo sawflies)
**Tenthredinidae (Common sawflies)


Africa has a rich diversity of Apocrita. The cladogram shown below&lt;ref name=Peters&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=Ralph S. |last2=Krogmann |first2=Lars |last3=Mayer |first3=Christoph |last4=Donath |first4=Alexander |last5=Gunkel |first5=Simon |last6=Meusemann |first6=Karen |last7=Kozlov |first7=Alexey |last8=Podsiadlowski |first8=Lars |last9=Petersen |first9=Malte |title=Evolutionary History of the Hymenoptera |journal=Current Biology |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=1013–1018 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.027|pmid=28343967 |year=2017 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; indicates the possible relationships between 11 of the superfamilies that comprise Apocrita; These 11 superfamilies are all represented in Africa. This breakdown is used by iNaturalist.&lt;ref name=inat-Aculeata&gt;https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/326777-Aculeata&lt;/ref&gt; It is, however, not accepted by all hymenopterists, and may change as more phylogenetic evidence is accumulated.&lt;ref name=waspwebClass&gt;[https://www.waspweb.org/Classification/index.htm van Noort, Simon (2023). WaspWeb: Classification of Afrotropical Hymenoptera (Wasps, Bees, Ants). www.waspweb.org/Classification/index.htm Retrieved 22 February 2023.]&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Clade|style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%
|label1=Apocrita
            |1={{Clade
               |label1=[[w:Parasitoida|Parasitoida]]
               |1={{Clade
                  |1={{Clade
                     |1=[[w:Ceraphronoidea|Ceraphronoidea]]
                     |2=[[w:Ichneumonoidea|Ichneumonoidea]]
                     }}
                  |label2=[[w:Proctotrupomorpha|Proctotrupomorpha]]
                  |2={{Clade
                     |1=[[w:Cynipoidea|Cynipoidea]]
                     |2={{Clade
                        |1=[[w:Platygastroidea|Platygastroidea]]
                        |2={{Clade
                           |1=[[African Arthropods/Chalcidoidea|Chalcidoidea]]
                           |2={{Clade
                              |1=[[African Arthropods/Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]
                              |2=[[w:Proctotrupoidea|Proctotrupoidea]]
                  }} }} }} }} }}
               |2={{Clade
                  |1={{Clade
                     |1=[[w:Evanioidea|Evanioidea]]
                     |2=[[w:Stephanoidea|Stephanoidea]]
                     }}
                  |2={{Clade
                     |1=[[w:Trigonaloidea|Trigonaloidea]]
                     |label2=[[w:Aculeata|Aculeata]]
                     |2={{Clade
                        |1=[[w:Chrysidoidea|Chrysidoidea]]
                        |2={{Clade
                           |1=[[w:Vespoidea|Vespoidea]] (potter, honey and social wasps)
                           |2={{Clade
                              |1={{Clade
                                 |1=[[w:Pompiloidea|Pompiloidea]] (velvet ants, spider wasps and relatives)
                                 |2={{Clade
                                    |1=[[w:Thynnoidea|Thynnoidea]]
                                    |2=[[w:Tiphioidea|Tiphioidea]]
                                 }} }}
                              |2={{Clade
                                 |1=[[w:Scolioidea|Scolioidea]]
                                 |2={{Clade
                                    |1=[[w:Formicoidea|Formicoidea]] (ants)
                                    |2=[[w:Apoidea|Apoidea]] (bees and related wasps)
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
&lt;br&gt;

==Some common African Symphyta==
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Sawfly, Argidae 2021 12 19 12 39 42.jpg|Sawfly, ''Arge'' sp. (Argidae, Superfamily Tenthredinoidea) 
Athalia 2019 11 21 0815.jpg|Sawfly, ''Athalia'' sp. (Tenthredinidae, Superfamily Tenthredinoidea) 
Athalia 2019 08 23 8964.jpg|Sawfly, ''Athalia'' sp. (Tenthredinidae, Superfamily Tenthredinoidea) 
Sirex noctilio F (prof.).JPG|''Sirex noctilio'', a pest in ''Pinus'' plantations (introduced to Africa)&lt;ref name=WaspWebSn&gt;[https://www.waspweb.org/Siricoidea/Siricidae/Sirex/Sirex_noctilio.htm van Noort, Simon (2023). WaspWeb: ''Sirex noctilio''. www.waspweb.org/Classification/index.htm Retrieved 22 February 2023.]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Frequently reported African Apocrita ==
&lt;br&gt;
[[w:Aculeata|Aculeata]] (ants, bees and stinging wasps) are the most commonly observed Hymenoptera in Africa. There are many more photographs of [[African_Arthropods/Aculeata|African Aculeata]] on the web - See [https://www.waspweb.org/Classification/index.htm African Aculeata on WaspWeb] and [https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=97392&amp;taxon_id=326777 African Aculeata on iNaturalist] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|Slender ant (Formicidae, Formicoidea)
Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa inconstans, female) (6021534858).jpg|Female carpenter bee (Apidae, Apoidea)
Chalybion 2019 12 02 2314.jpg|Blue mud-dauber wasp (Sphecidae, Apoidea)
Bethylidae 2019 08 21 13 42 21 8760.jpg|Flat wasp (Bethylidae, Chrysidoidea)
Belonogaster juncea colonialis, manlik, h, Pretoria.jpg|Paper wasp (Vespidae, Vespoidea)
Meria 2020 08 12 2193.jpg|''Meria'' sp. female (Thynnidae, Thynnoidea)
Dasylabris stimulatrix iNat37068107 2019 12 23 2990 W.jpg|''Dasylabris stimulatrix'', a velvet ant (Mutillidae, Pompiloidea)
Pompilidae 2019 05 28 0247.jpg|Spider-hunting wasp (Pompilidae, Pompiloidea)
Scoliid Wasp 2019 06 08 0492.jpg|Campsomerine wasp (Scoliidae, Scolioidea)
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Darwin wasps ([[w:Ichneumonidae|Ichneumonidae]]) and braconids ([[w:Braconidae|Braconidae]]) are also frequently reported. Links to [https://www.waspweb.org/Ichneumonoidea/index.htm African Ichneumonoidea on WaspWeb] and [https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=97392&amp;taxon_id=47200 African Ichneumonoidea on iNaturalist].&lt;br&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Echthromorpha agrestoria 2019 10 03 5572.jpg|''Echthromorpha agrestoria'' (Ichneumonidae, Ichneumonoidea)
Ichneumonidae inat 88832241.jpg|''Goryphus tricolor'' (Ichneumonidae, Ichneumonoidea)
Braconid Wasp (Archibracon servillei) (11857083186).jpg|Braconine wasp (Braconidae, Ichneumonoidea) 
2019 09 15 12 55 07 Microgastrinae 38425632.jpg|Microgastrine wasp (Braconidae, Ichneumonoidea) 
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Small [[w:Chalcidoidea|chalcidoid]] parasitic wasps (especially those from the families [[w:Pteromalidae|Pteromalidae]], [[w:Chalcididae|Chalcididae]], [[w:Eulophidae|Eulophidae]], [[w:Eurytomidae|Eurytomidae]]) are also common. Links to [https://www.waspweb.org/Chalcidoidea/index.htm African Chalcidoidea on WaspWeb] and [https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=97392&amp;taxon_id=69750 African Chalcidoidea on iNaturalist]
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Halticoptera 2019 11 26 2173Cedara.jpg|''Halticoptera'' sp. (Pteromalidae, Chalcidoidea)
Brachymeria 2019 10 09 17 26 38 2520.jpg|''Brachymeria'' sp. (Chalcididae, Chalcidoidea)
Eulophidae Inat 38422095 b.jpg|''Hemiptarsenus'' sp. (Eulophidae, Chalcidoidea)
Eurytomidae00.jpg|Mating seed chalcids (Eurytomidae, Chalcidoidea)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Links to stories ==

[https://www.elizabethmurray.us/eucharitid-ant-parasitoids.html Eucharitidae: ​The ant parasitoids]&lt;br&gt;

[http://www.figweb.org/Interaction/index.htm Interaction of figs and fig wasps]

[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00719.x Biology of Rhoophilus loewi (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with implications for the evolution of inquilinism in gall wasps]

[http://www.filming-varwild.com/p-braconidae.html Videos of Microgastrine wasps parasitizing caterpillars in France]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9Tg_gq2JVk&amp;ab_channel=ReYOUniverse  Spider-hunting Wasps (Pompilidae) dragging spiders to their nests]

== Resources ==

[http://www.waspweb.org/Afrotropical_wasps/index.htm WaspWeb] - A bioinformatics resource for wasps, bees and ants recorded from the [[w:Afrotropical|Afrotropical]] region.

[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268818231_Wasps_and_bees_in_southern_Africa Wasps and bees in southern Africa] - A 320-page book by Sarah and Friedrich Gess published by the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) - free download.
 Gess, S. K., &amp; Gess, F. W. (2014). Wasps and bees in southern Africa (Vol. 24, pp. 1-320). Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268818231_Wasps_and_bees_in_southern_Africa

[[c:Hymenoptera of South Africa|Hymenoptera of South Africa]] - a gallery on Wikimedia Commons

[[c:Chalcidoidea of South Africa|Chalcidoidea of South Africa]] - a gallery of [[w:Chalcid wasp|chalcid wasps]] on Wikimedia Commons

[[c:Ichneumonidae  of South Africa|Ichneumonidae of South Africa]] - a gallery of [[w:Ichneumonidae|Darwin wasps]] on Wikimedia Commons

[https://microgastrinae.myspecies.info/content/citizen-science Microgastrinae Wasps of the World - Citizen Science]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:African Arthropods]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Large language models</title>
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      <timestamp>2024-12-01T20:17:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Conan</username>
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      <comment>/* Introduction to Hugging Face NLP */ chapter1+</comment>
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      <text bytes="19437" sha1="qe45k1n0jw0dsrtioh8uqrh4nxzonj6" xml:space="preserve">Large language models (LLM's) are software programs that are also known as a form of &quot;artificial intelligence&quot; (AI); LLM's are specifically an aspect of generative AI. This wiki area is for learning, teaching, and research related to LLM's. 
{{RightTOC}}
[[Image:Multiple attention heads.png|right|280px|thumb|An illustration of multiple attention heads, each having its own criteria of relevance of other tokens for one of the tokens within the scope of a context window. (For the purpose of illustration, the context window consists of only one sentence.]]

==Discourse and ideas==
Here is discourse and ideas related to large language models. Perhaps once significantly developed/refined, some of these can have their own sub-page or become a unique learning resource. 
===Learning wikis as training data===
Unless laws change, Creative Commons content appears to be valid training data for LLM's. As LLM's progress and advance, more and more data can be utilized to training increasingly complex models. Learning wikis devoted to learning, teaching, and resource, that allow for original research and original content creation (related to learning, teaching, and research), can potentially be extremely valuable (in terms of educational value) for large language models. Perhaps in the future (if this does not already exist), large language models will be able to continuously be trained on, retain, and learn from new data and information. Perhaps in the future, an open source large language model could only be trained on Creative Commons data, and therefore, all generated content would also be licensed under Creative Commons. 

==Discussion questions==
Here are some learning and teaching oriented discussion questions related to large language models. Humans can use language and mental effort to explore these ideas collaboratively, or some of these could be used as prompts to see how an LLM might respond. 
* Would a large language model that is only trained on Creative Commons licensed data only be capable of generating responses to prompts that can also be rightly and correctly licensed under a Creative Commons license? 
* How might large language models affect learning and research. Will LLM's eventually seen like calculators are in math and sciences now? But for everything (all subjects/topics, including math, physics, ethics, biology, psychology, chemistry, engineering, art)? 
* What are some ethical considerations related to large language models that should be considered? 
* What are some pros and cons to open source large language models? Will open source LLM's likely become more advanced the propriety LLM's eventually? What do you think? 
* How can large language models help to advance and accelerate technological automation in ways that will benefit all of humanity? 
* In what ways can large language models help programmers to code?
* Can music be thought of a language within the realm of large language models? 
* What is differentiable computing and how does differentiable computing relate to large language models? 
* How can teachers utilize large language models to help accelerate student learning and to help students learn more efficiently? 

== Educational prompt ideas==
These are original prompt ideas regarding ways to learn about large language models, and also to explore using LLM's for learning, teaching, and research. Input these into your preferred LLM (without quotes) to see what results are generated. LLM's might produce interesting or useful answers in response to these prompts. Some of these prompts may be interesting or useful for discussions among and between humans. 

* &quot;Describe to me how large language models can be utilized for learning, teaching, and research. Do this in an about 200 word two paragraph mini essay. Explain it to me like I am a freshman in community college.&quot; 
* &quot;Give me a list of 12 ways that large language models can be utilized for learning, teaching, and research.&quot;
* &quot;How can LLM's be utilized to accelerate the pace of research and scientific discovery?&quot;
* &quot;What are some ethical considerations related to large language models that should be considered?&quot;
* &quot;What are some pros and cons to open source large language models? Will open source LLM's likely become more advanced the propriety LLM's eventually? What do you think?&quot;
* &quot;What are some project ideas to integrate large language models in with humanoid robots, and/or other sorts of robots? Please give me 15 project ideas that can be relatively simple or extremely complex.&quot;
* &quot;Please search the Internet if possible. In what ways have university professors and academic researchers been using large language models in the last year? Please respond in list form.&quot;
* &quot;In what ways can large language models help programmers to code? Please provide me 8 examples and respond in list form.&quot;
* &quot;Can music be thought of a language within the realm of large language models?&quot;
* &quot;What is differentiable computing and how does differentiable computing relate to large language models?&quot;
* &quot;How can one fine tune an open source large language model?&quot;
* &quot;What are some popular state of the art open source large language models. Please search the internet as helpful and respond to me in list form.&quot;
* &quot;Please give me a list of important terminology that I should be aware of when working with and training open source large language models. Please be comprehensive. Please respond in list form. And please search the internet as helpful.&quot;
* &quot;What sort of hardware should I utilize to run the most competent open source large language models that I want to utilize for learning, teaching, and research? Please search the internet as helpful.&quot;
* &quot;How can teachers utilize large language models to help accelerate student learning and to help students learn more efficiently? Please respond in list form.&quot;
* &quot;How can researchers utilize large language models to create theories, hypothesis, and to formulate potential research studies? Please respond in short paragraphs, but in list form.&quot;

==Readings and learning media==
===External===
* [https://stpp.fordschool.umich.edu/tags/large-language-models Large Language Models] - Articles
* [https://hai.stanford.edu/news/how-large-language-models-will-transform-science-society-and-ai How Large Language Models Will Transform Science, Society, and AI]
* [https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/blog/harnessing-the-power-of-large-language-models-for-economic-and-social-good-foundations/ Harnessing the Power of Large Language Models For Economic and Social Good: Foundations]
* [https://courses.grainger.illinois.edu/CS447/sp2023/Slides/Lecture27.pdf Lecture 27: Intro to Large Language Models]

==== Introduction to Hugging Face NLP ====
Introductory course about natural language processing (NLP) using libraries from the Hugging Face ecosystem &amp;ndash; Transformers, Datasets, Tokenizers, and Accelerate.

: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter0/1 '''NLP Course''']
:: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/1 transformer models]
::: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/2 NLP], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/3 what], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/4 How], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/5 Encoder], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/6 Decoder], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/7 Sequence-to-sequence], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/8 Bias and limitations], 
:: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter2/1 using transformers]:
::: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter2/2 pipeline], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter2/3 models], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter2/4 tokenizer], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter2/5 batching], decoding, padding, attention mask
:: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter3/1 fine-tuning a pretrained model]:
::: preprocessing, map, [https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/index dataset], dynamic padding, batch, collate function, train, predict, evaluate, [https://github.com/huggingface/accelerate accelerate]
:: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter4/1 sharing models and tokenizers]:
::: hub, model card
:: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter5/1 the datasets library]:
::: batch, DataFrame, validation, splitting, embedding, FAISS
:: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter6/1 the tokenizers library]:
::: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter6/2 training tokenizer], grouping, QnA, [https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers/api/normalizers normalizers], pre-tokenization, [https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers/api/models models],[https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers/api/trainers trainers]: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/en/chapter6/5 Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE)], WordPiece, Unigram, [https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers/api/post-processors post processors], [https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers/components#decoders decoders]
:: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter7/1 main nlp tasks]:
::: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter7/2 token classification], metrics, perplexity, [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter7/4 translation], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter7/5 summarization], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter7/6 training CLM], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter7/7 QnA],  
:: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter8/1 how to ask for help]
:: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter9/1 building and sharing demos]

==== Hugging Face docs ====
: https://huggingface.co/docs
:: Core libraries
::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers Transformers] &amp;ndash; State-of-the-art ML for Pytorch, TensorFlow, and JAX.
:::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main_classes/pipelines#transformers.pipeline pipeline] &amp;ndash; simple interface for inference with models.
:::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/auto#auto-classes Auto classes]: AutoConfig, AutoModel, and AutoTokenizer. The from_pretrained method.
:::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers//main_classes/trainer#transformers.Trainer Trainer] and [https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main_classes/trainer#transformers.TrainingArguments TrainingArguments] 
::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets Datasets] &amp;ndash; Access and share datasets for computer vision, audio, and NLP tasks.
:::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/tutorial Tutorials]
:::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/how_to How-to guides]
:::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/about_arrow Conceptual guides]
:::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes Reference]
::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate Accelerate] &amp;ndash; Easily train and use PyTorch models with multi-GPU, TPU, mixed-precision.
::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers Tokenizers] &amp;ndash; Fast tokenizers, optimized for both research and production.
:::: Components: Normalizers, Pre-tokenizers, Models, Post-Processors, Decoders ...
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/hub Hub] &amp;ndash; Host Git-based models, datasets and Spaces on the Hugging Face Hub.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/diffusers Diffusers] &amp;ndash; State-of-the-art diffusion models for image and audio generation in PyTorch.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/huggingface_hub Hub Python Library] &amp;ndash; Client library for the HF Hub: manage repositories from your Python runtime.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/huggingface.js Huggingface.js] &amp;ndash; A collection of JS libraries to interact with Hugging Face, with TS types included.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers.js Transformers.js] &amp;ndash; Community library to run pretrained models from Transformers in your browser.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/api-inference Inference API (serverless)] &amp;ndash; Experiment with over 200k models easily using the serverless tier of Inference Endpoints.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/inference-endpoints Inference Endpoints (dedicated)] &amp;ndash; Easily deploy models to production on dedicated, fully managed infrastructure.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/peft PEFT] &amp;ndash; Parameter efficient fine-tuning methods for large models
::: Soft prompting, LoRA, IA3
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/optimum Optimum] &amp;ndash; Fast training and inference of HF Transformers with easy to use hardware optimization tools.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/optimum-neuron AWS Trainium &amp;amp; Inferentia] &amp;ndash; Train and Deploy Transformers &amp;amp; Diffusers with AWS Trainium and AWS Inferentia via Optimum
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/evaluate Evaluate] &amp;ndash; Evaluate and report model performance easier and more standardized.
::: types: metrics, comparisons, measurements
:: [https://huggingface.co/tasks Tasks]
::: extraction, question answering, classification, generation ...
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/dataset-viewer Dataset viewer] &amp;ndash; API to access the contents, metadata and basic statistics of all Hugging Face Hub datasets.
::: Splits and subsets, [https://github.com/huggingface/dataset-viewer dataset-viewer]
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/trl TRL] &amp;ndash; Transformer Reinforcement Learning
:::  reward modeling, fine-tuning, optimizations, 
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/sagemaker Amazon SageMaker] &amp;ndash; Train and Deploy Transformer models with Amazon SageMaker and Hugging Face Deep Learning Containers (DLC).
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/timm timm] &amp;ndash; Pytorch Image Models.
::: State-of-the-art computer vision models, layers, optimizers, training/evaluation, and utilities.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/safetensors Safetensors] &amp;ndash; Simple, safe way to store and distribute neural networks weights.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/text-generation-inference Text Generation Inference (TGI)] &amp;ndash; Toolkit to serve Large Language Models.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/autotrain AutoTrain] &amp;ndash; AutoTrain API and UI.
::: [https://huggingface.co/autotrain autotrain]
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/text-embeddings-inference Text Embeddings Inference] &amp;ndash; Toolkit to serve Text Embedding Models.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/competitions Competitions] &amp;ndash; Create your own competitions on Hugging Face.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/bitsandbytes Bitsandbytes] &amp;ndash; Toolkit to optimize and quantize models.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/optimum-tpu Google TPUs] &amp;ndash; Deploy models on [https://cloud.google.com/tpu/docs Google TPUs] via Optimum.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/chat-ui Chat UI] &amp;ndash; Open source chat frontend, powers the [https://huggingface.co/chat HuggingChat] app.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/leaderboards Leaderboards] &amp;ndash; Create your own Leaderboards on Hugging Face.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/hugs Hugging Face Generative AI Services (HUGS)] &amp;ndash; optimized, zero-configuration inference microservices designed to simplify and accelerate the development of AI applications with open models.

===Videos===
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sLYAQS9sWQ How Large Language Models Work]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhCl-GeT4jw Large Language Models and The End of Programming - CS50 Tech Talk with Dr. Matt Welsh]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBI1nPep72Q LMStudio Tutorial Run ANY Open-Source Model LOCALLY]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UU1WVnMk4E8 Create a Large Language Model from Scratch with Python – Tutorial]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eC6Hd1hFvos Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) | w/ Example Code]

===Data sets===
* [https://huggingface.co/blog/Pclanglais/two-trillion-tokens-open Releasing the largest multilingual open pretraining dataset]
:: [https://huggingface.co/datasets/PleIAs/common_corpus Common Corpus]
:: [https://huggingface.co/datasets/PleIAs/common_corpus/tree/main Files and versions]

===Wikipedia===
{{colbegin|5}}
* [[w:Large language model|Large language model]]
* [[w:Prompt engineering|Prompt engineering]]
* [[w:GPT-4|GPT-4]]
* [[w:Category:Large language models|Category:Large language models]]
* [[w:LLaMA|LLaMA]]
* [[w:Mistral AI|Mistral AI]]
* [[w:Foundation model|Foundation model]]
* [[w:Natural-language understanding|Natural-language understanding]]
* [[w:Ethics of artificial intelligence|Ethics of artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Artificial general intelligence|Artificial general intelligence]]
* [[w:Intelligence amplification|Intelligence amplification]]
* [[w:Outline of artificial intelligence|Outline of artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Synthetic intelligence|Synthetic intelligence]]
* [[w:Weak artificial intelligence|Weak artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:History of artificial intelligence|History of artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Timeline of artificial intelligence|Timeline of artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Progress in artificial intelligence|Progress in artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:History of natural language processing|History of natural language processing]]
* [[w:Hardware for artificial intelligence|Hardware for artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:AI safety|AI safety]]
* [[w:Neural scaling law|Neural scaling law]]
* [[w:Philosophy of artificial intelligence|Philosophy of artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Philosophy of mind|Philosophy of mind]]
* [[w:Computational theory of mind|Computational theory of mind]]
* [[w:Regulation of artificial intelligence|Regulation of artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:LangChain|LangChain]]
* [[w:Generative pre-trained transformer|Generative pre-trained transformer]]
* [[w:GitHub Copilot|GitHub Copilot]]
* [[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]]
* [[w:Generative artificial intelligence|Generative artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Category:Generative artificial intelligence|Category:Generative artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Music and artificial intelligence|Music and artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Workplace impact of artificial intelligence|Workplace impact of artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Applications of artificial intelligence|Applications of artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects|Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects]]
* [[w:Wikipedia:Artificial intelligence|Wikipedia:Artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Artificial intelligence in healthcare|Artificial intelligence in healthcare]]
* [[w:Automated reasoning|Automated reasoning]]
* [[w:Machine learning in physics|Machine learning in physics]]
* [[w:Quantum neural network|Quantum neural network]]
* [[w:ChatGPT in education|ChatGPT in education]]
* [[w:Artificial intelligence content detection|Artificial intelligence content detection]]
* [[w:Turing test|Turing test]]
* [[w:List of datasets for machine-learning research|List of datasets for machine-learning research]]
* [[w:Fine-tuning (deep learning)|Fine-tuning (deep learning)]]
* [[w:Attention (machine learning)|Attention (machine learning)]]
* [[w:Mixture of experts|Mixture of experts]]
* [[w:Gemini (language model)|Gemini (language model)]]
* [[w:Auto-GPT|Auto-GPT]]
* [[w:VideoPoet|VideoPoet]]
{{colend}}

==See also==
* [[Artificial intelligence]]
* [[Artificial Intelligence &amp; Machine Learning]]
* [[Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Laboratory]]
* [[Computer science]]
* [[Artificial Consciousness]]
* [[Supersymmetric Artificial Neural Network]]
* [[History of artificial intelligence]]
[[Category: Computer science]]
[[Category: Machine learning]]
[[Category: Artificial intelligence]]</text>
      <sha1>qe45k1n0jw0dsrtioh8uqrh4nxzonj6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689807</id>
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      <text bytes="19437" sha1="ohcdu7nthrc9ghlrjo0x4t333to90wp" xml:space="preserve">Large language models (LLM's) are software programs that are also known as a form of &quot;artificial intelligence&quot; (AI); LLM's are specifically an aspect of generative AI. This wiki area is for learning, teaching, and research related to LLM's. 
{{RightTOC}}
[[Image:Multiple attention heads.png|right|280px|thumb|An illustration of multiple attention heads, each having its own criteria of relevance of other tokens for one of the tokens within the scope of a context window. (For the purpose of illustration, the context window consists of only one sentence.]]

==Discourse and ideas==
Here is discourse and ideas related to large language models. Perhaps once significantly developed/refined, some of these can have their own sub-page or become a unique learning resource. 
===Learning wikis as training data===
Unless laws change, Creative Commons content appears to be valid training data for LLM's. As LLM's progress and advance, more and more data can be utilized to training increasingly complex models. Learning wikis devoted to learning, teaching, and resource, that allow for original research and original content creation (related to learning, teaching, and research), can potentially be extremely valuable (in terms of educational value) for large language models. Perhaps in the future (if this does not already exist), large language models will be able to continuously be trained on, retain, and learn from new data and information. Perhaps in the future, an open source large language model could only be trained on Creative Commons data, and therefore, all generated content would also be licensed under Creative Commons. 

==Discussion questions==
Here are some learning and teaching oriented discussion questions related to large language models. Humans can use language and mental effort to explore these ideas collaboratively, or some of these could be used as prompts to see how an LLM might respond. 
* Would a large language model that is only trained on Creative Commons licensed data only be capable of generating responses to prompts that can also be rightly and correctly licensed under a Creative Commons license? 
* How might large language models affect learning and research. Will LLM's eventually seen like calculators are in math and sciences now? But for everything (all subjects/topics, including math, physics, ethics, biology, psychology, chemistry, engineering, art)? 
* What are some ethical considerations related to large language models that should be considered? 
* What are some pros and cons to open source large language models? Will open source LLM's likely become more advanced the propriety LLM's eventually? What do you think? 
* How can large language models help to advance and accelerate technological automation in ways that will benefit all of humanity? 
* In what ways can large language models help programmers to code?
* Can music be thought of a language within the realm of large language models? 
* What is differentiable computing and how does differentiable computing relate to large language models? 
* How can teachers utilize large language models to help accelerate student learning and to help students learn more efficiently? 

== Educational prompt ideas==
These are original prompt ideas regarding ways to learn about large language models, and also to explore using LLM's for learning, teaching, and research. Input these into your preferred LLM (without quotes) to see what results are generated. LLM's might produce interesting or useful answers in response to these prompts. Some of these prompts may be interesting or useful for discussions among and between humans. 

* &quot;Describe to me how large language models can be utilized for learning, teaching, and research. Do this in an about 200 word two paragraph mini essay. Explain it to me like I am a freshman in community college.&quot; 
* &quot;Give me a list of 12 ways that large language models can be utilized for learning, teaching, and research.&quot;
* &quot;How can LLM's be utilized to accelerate the pace of research and scientific discovery?&quot;
* &quot;What are some ethical considerations related to large language models that should be considered?&quot;
* &quot;What are some pros and cons to open source large language models? Will open source LLM's likely become more advanced the propriety LLM's eventually? What do you think?&quot;
* &quot;What are some project ideas to integrate large language models in with humanoid robots, and/or other sorts of robots? Please give me 15 project ideas that can be relatively simple or extremely complex.&quot;
* &quot;Please search the Internet if possible. In what ways have university professors and academic researchers been using large language models in the last year? Please respond in list form.&quot;
* &quot;In what ways can large language models help programmers to code? Please provide me 8 examples and respond in list form.&quot;
* &quot;Can music be thought of a language within the realm of large language models?&quot;
* &quot;What is differentiable computing and how does differentiable computing relate to large language models?&quot;
* &quot;How can one fine tune an open source large language model?&quot;
* &quot;What are some popular state of the art open source large language models. Please search the internet as helpful and respond to me in list form.&quot;
* &quot;Please give me a list of important terminology that I should be aware of when working with and training open source large language models. Please be comprehensive. Please respond in list form. And please search the internet as helpful.&quot;
* &quot;What sort of hardware should I utilize to run the most competent open source large language models that I want to utilize for learning, teaching, and research? Please search the internet as helpful.&quot;
* &quot;How can teachers utilize large language models to help accelerate student learning and to help students learn more efficiently? Please respond in list form.&quot;
* &quot;How can researchers utilize large language models to create theories, hypothesis, and to formulate potential research studies? Please respond in short paragraphs, but in list form.&quot;

==Readings and learning media==
===External===
* [https://stpp.fordschool.umich.edu/tags/large-language-models Large Language Models] - Articles
* [https://hai.stanford.edu/news/how-large-language-models-will-transform-science-society-and-ai How Large Language Models Will Transform Science, Society, and AI]
* [https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/blog/harnessing-the-power-of-large-language-models-for-economic-and-social-good-foundations/ Harnessing the Power of Large Language Models For Economic and Social Good: Foundations]
* [https://courses.grainger.illinois.edu/CS447/sp2023/Slides/Lecture27.pdf Lecture 27: Intro to Large Language Models]

==== Introduction to Hugging Face NLP ====
Introductory course about natural language processing (NLP) using libraries from the Hugging Face ecosystem &amp;ndash; Transformers, Datasets, Tokenizers, and Accelerate.

: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter0/1 '''NLP Course''']
:: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/1 transformer models]
::: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/2 NLP], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/3 What], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/4 How], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/5 Encoder], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/6 Decoder], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/7 Sequence-to-sequence], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/8 Bias and limitations], 
:: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter2/1 using transformers]:
::: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter2/2 pipeline], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter2/3 models], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter2/4 tokenizer], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter2/5 batching], decoding, padding, attention mask
:: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter3/1 fine-tuning a pretrained model]:
::: preprocessing, map, [https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/index dataset], dynamic padding, batch, collate function, train, predict, evaluate, [https://github.com/huggingface/accelerate accelerate]
:: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter4/1 sharing models and tokenizers]:
::: hub, model card
:: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter5/1 the datasets library]:
::: batch, DataFrame, validation, splitting, embedding, FAISS
:: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter6/1 the tokenizers library]:
::: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter6/2 training tokenizer], grouping, QnA, [https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers/api/normalizers normalizers], pre-tokenization, [https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers/api/models models],[https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers/api/trainers trainers]: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/en/chapter6/5 Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE)], WordPiece, Unigram, [https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers/api/post-processors post processors], [https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers/components#decoders decoders]
:: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter7/1 main nlp tasks]:
::: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter7/2 token classification], metrics, perplexity, [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter7/4 translation], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter7/5 summarization], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter7/6 training CLM], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter7/7 QnA],  
:: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter8/1 how to ask for help]
:: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter9/1 building and sharing demos]

==== Hugging Face docs ====
: https://huggingface.co/docs
:: Core libraries
::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers Transformers] &amp;ndash; State-of-the-art ML for Pytorch, TensorFlow, and JAX.
:::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main_classes/pipelines#transformers.pipeline pipeline] &amp;ndash; simple interface for inference with models.
:::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/auto#auto-classes Auto classes]: AutoConfig, AutoModel, and AutoTokenizer. The from_pretrained method.
:::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers//main_classes/trainer#transformers.Trainer Trainer] and [https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main_classes/trainer#transformers.TrainingArguments TrainingArguments] 
::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets Datasets] &amp;ndash; Access and share datasets for computer vision, audio, and NLP tasks.
:::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/tutorial Tutorials]
:::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/how_to How-to guides]
:::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/about_arrow Conceptual guides]
:::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes Reference]
::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate Accelerate] &amp;ndash; Easily train and use PyTorch models with multi-GPU, TPU, mixed-precision.
::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers Tokenizers] &amp;ndash; Fast tokenizers, optimized for both research and production.
:::: Components: Normalizers, Pre-tokenizers, Models, Post-Processors, Decoders ...
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/hub Hub] &amp;ndash; Host Git-based models, datasets and Spaces on the Hugging Face Hub.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/diffusers Diffusers] &amp;ndash; State-of-the-art diffusion models for image and audio generation in PyTorch.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/huggingface_hub Hub Python Library] &amp;ndash; Client library for the HF Hub: manage repositories from your Python runtime.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/huggingface.js Huggingface.js] &amp;ndash; A collection of JS libraries to interact with Hugging Face, with TS types included.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers.js Transformers.js] &amp;ndash; Community library to run pretrained models from Transformers in your browser.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/api-inference Inference API (serverless)] &amp;ndash; Experiment with over 200k models easily using the serverless tier of Inference Endpoints.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/inference-endpoints Inference Endpoints (dedicated)] &amp;ndash; Easily deploy models to production on dedicated, fully managed infrastructure.
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/peft PEFT] &amp;ndash; Parameter efficient fine-tuning methods for large models
::: Soft prompting, LoRA, IA3
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:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/optimum-neuron AWS Trainium &amp;amp; Inferentia] &amp;ndash; Train and Deploy Transformers &amp;amp; Diffusers with AWS Trainium and AWS Inferentia via Optimum
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/evaluate Evaluate] &amp;ndash; Evaluate and report model performance easier and more standardized.
::: types: metrics, comparisons, measurements
:: [https://huggingface.co/tasks Tasks]
::: extraction, question answering, classification, generation ...
:: [https://huggingface.co/docs/dataset-viewer Dataset viewer] &amp;ndash; API to access the contents, metadata and basic statistics of all Hugging Face Hub datasets.
::: Splits and subsets, [https://github.com/huggingface/dataset-viewer dataset-viewer]
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:::  reward modeling, fine-tuning, optimizations, 
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::: [https://huggingface.co/autotrain autotrain]
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===Videos===
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sLYAQS9sWQ How Large Language Models Work]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhCl-GeT4jw Large Language Models and The End of Programming - CS50 Tech Talk with Dr. Matt Welsh]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBI1nPep72Q LMStudio Tutorial Run ANY Open-Source Model LOCALLY]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UU1WVnMk4E8 Create a Large Language Model from Scratch with Python – Tutorial]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eC6Hd1hFvos Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) | w/ Example Code]

===Data sets===
* [https://huggingface.co/blog/Pclanglais/two-trillion-tokens-open Releasing the largest multilingual open pretraining dataset]
:: [https://huggingface.co/datasets/PleIAs/common_corpus Common Corpus]
:: [https://huggingface.co/datasets/PleIAs/common_corpus/tree/main Files and versions]

===Wikipedia===
{{colbegin|5}}
* [[w:Large language model|Large language model]]
* [[w:Prompt engineering|Prompt engineering]]
* [[w:GPT-4|GPT-4]]
* [[w:Category:Large language models|Category:Large language models]]
* [[w:LLaMA|LLaMA]]
* [[w:Mistral AI|Mistral AI]]
* [[w:Foundation model|Foundation model]]
* [[w:Natural-language understanding|Natural-language understanding]]
* [[w:Ethics of artificial intelligence|Ethics of artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Artificial general intelligence|Artificial general intelligence]]
* [[w:Intelligence amplification|Intelligence amplification]]
* [[w:Outline of artificial intelligence|Outline of artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Synthetic intelligence|Synthetic intelligence]]
* [[w:Weak artificial intelligence|Weak artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:History of artificial intelligence|History of artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Timeline of artificial intelligence|Timeline of artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Progress in artificial intelligence|Progress in artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:History of natural language processing|History of natural language processing]]
* [[w:Hardware for artificial intelligence|Hardware for artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:AI safety|AI safety]]
* [[w:Neural scaling law|Neural scaling law]]
* [[w:Philosophy of artificial intelligence|Philosophy of artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Philosophy of mind|Philosophy of mind]]
* [[w:Computational theory of mind|Computational theory of mind]]
* [[w:Regulation of artificial intelligence|Regulation of artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:LangChain|LangChain]]
* [[w:Generative pre-trained transformer|Generative pre-trained transformer]]
* [[w:GitHub Copilot|GitHub Copilot]]
* [[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]]
* [[w:Generative artificial intelligence|Generative artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Category:Generative artificial intelligence|Category:Generative artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Music and artificial intelligence|Music and artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Workplace impact of artificial intelligence|Workplace impact of artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Applications of artificial intelligence|Applications of artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects|Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects]]
* [[w:Wikipedia:Artificial intelligence|Wikipedia:Artificial intelligence]]
* [[w:Artificial intelligence in healthcare|Artificial intelligence in healthcare]]
* [[w:Automated reasoning|Automated reasoning]]
* [[w:Machine learning in physics|Machine learning in physics]]
* [[w:Quantum neural network|Quantum neural network]]
* [[w:ChatGPT in education|ChatGPT in education]]
* [[w:Artificial intelligence content detection|Artificial intelligence content detection]]
* [[w:Turing test|Turing test]]
* [[w:List of datasets for machine-learning research|List of datasets for machine-learning research]]
* [[w:Fine-tuning (deep learning)|Fine-tuning (deep learning)]]
* [[w:Attention (machine learning)|Attention (machine learning)]]
* [[w:Mixture of experts|Mixture of experts]]
* [[w:Gemini (language model)|Gemini (language model)]]
* [[w:Auto-GPT|Auto-GPT]]
* [[w:VideoPoet|VideoPoet]]
{{colend}}

==See also==
* [[Artificial intelligence]]
* [[Artificial Intelligence &amp; Machine Learning]]
* [[Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Laboratory]]
* [[Computer science]]
* [[Artificial Consciousness]]
* [[Supersymmetric Artificial Neural Network]]
* [[History of artificial intelligence]]
[[Category: Computer science]]
[[Category: Machine learning]]
[[Category: Artificial intelligence]]</text>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Collapsible with classes/style.css&quot; /&gt;

Linear Boolean functions are Walsh functions and their negations.
A Walsh function is a variadic {{w|Exclusive or|XOR}} &lt;small&gt;(a.k.a. {{w|parity function}})&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
The set of arguments in that XOR can easily be expressed as an integer, which shall be called ''Walsh index''.

The natural way to denote a linear function is as Walsh index and [[Boolf-term#parity|parity]]. &lt;small&gt;Walsh functions have parity 0. Their negations have parity 1.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Sometimes a more arcane notation is useful, namely as ''leader'' and ''[[Boolf-hard#quadrant|quadrant]]''.&lt;br&gt;
The leader is the Walsh index with the &lt;abbr title=&quot;least significant bit&quot;&gt;LSB&lt;/abbr&gt; leveled to 0. &lt;small&gt;(So the leader is always an even number.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The tables below show the Walsh indices on gray and the quadrants on colored background.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;The Walsh indices of functions with quadrants 0 and 3 are {{w|evil number}}s 0, 3, 5, 6... &amp;nbsp; &lt;small&gt;For quadrants 1 and 2 they are {{w|odious number}}s 1, 2, 4, 7...&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

&lt;small&gt;The columns marked with Ж show the [[Zhegalkin matrix|Zhegalkin indices]]. Those of the Walsh functions are sequence {{oeis|A358126}}. Those of the negations are bigger by 1.&lt;/small&gt;

See also [[Linear and noble Boolean functions]].


==2-ary==

{| class=&quot;collapsible-with-classes collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| matrix
|-
| [[File:2T linears with quadrants.svg|thumb|center|180px|truth tables]]
| [[File:2Z linears with quadrants.svg|thumb|center|180px|Zhegalkin indices]]
|}

{{Linear Boolean functions/table 2}}

==3-ary==

{| class=&quot;collapsible-with-classes collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| matrix
|-
| [[File:3T linears with quadrants.svg|thumb|center|500px|truth tables]]
| [[File:3Z linears with quadrants.svg|thumb|center|500px|Zhegalkin indices]]
|}

{{multiple image
 | align = right  | total_width = 250
 | image1 = Binary Walsh matrix of order 8 with row numbers.svg
 | image2 = Binary Walsh matrix of order 8 with row numbers, complement.svg
 | footer = 8 Walsh functions (left) and their complements (right)
}}

{{Linear Boolean functions/table 3}}


==4-ary==

{{multiple image
 | align = right  | total_width = 250
 | image1 = Variadic logical XOR.svg
 | image2 = Variadic logical NXOR.svg
 | footer = 16 Walsh functions (left) and their complements (right)
}}

{{Collapsible START|matrix|collapsed}}
{{Collapsible START|truth tables|open wide light followed}}
[[File:4T linears with quadrants.svg|center|1040px]]
{{Collapsible END}}
{{Collapsible START|Zhegalkin indices|collapsed wide light}}
[[File:4Z linears with quadrants.svg|center|1040px]]
{{Collapsible END}}
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Linear Boolean functions/table 4}}


[[Category:Linear Boolean functions]]</text>
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|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:Venn0000.svg|45px]]
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|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-3&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:Venn1111.svg|45px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 15
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 1
|-
|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 1
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|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 0
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|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:Venn0101.svg|45px]]
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|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-2&quot;| 2
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|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:Venn1001.svg|45px]]
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|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:Venn 1100 1100.svg|50px]]
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|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;walsh-index&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-2&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear 02.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 52428
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-1&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear ~02.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 13107
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 5
|-
|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;walsh-index&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-0&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear 03.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 26214
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-3&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear ~03.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 39321
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 7
|-
|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;walsh-index&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-2&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear 04.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 61680
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-1&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear ~04.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 3855
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 17
|-
|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;walsh-index&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-0&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear 05.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 23130
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 18
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-3&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear ~05.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 42405
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 19
|-
|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;walsh-index&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-0&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear 06.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 15420
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 20
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-3&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear ~06.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 50115
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 21
|-
|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;walsh-index&quot;| 7
|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-2&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear 07.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 38550
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 22
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-1&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear ~07.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 26985
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 23
|-
|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;walsh-index&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-2&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear 08.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 65280
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 256
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-1&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear ~08.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 255
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 257
|-
|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;walsh-index&quot;| 9
|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-0&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear 09.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 21930
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 258
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-3&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear ~09.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 43605
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 259
|-
|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;walsh-index&quot;| 10
|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 10
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-0&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear 10.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 13260
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 260
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-3&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear ~10.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 52275
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 261
|-
|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;walsh-index&quot;| 11
|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 10
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-2&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear 11.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 39270
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 262
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-1&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear ~11.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 26265
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 263
|-
|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;walsh-index&quot;| 12
|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 12
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-0&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear 12.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 4080
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 272
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-3&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear ~12.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 61455
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 273
|-
|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;walsh-index&quot;| 13
|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 12
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-2&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear 13.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 42330
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 274
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-1&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear ~13.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 23205
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 275
|-
|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;walsh-index&quot;| 14
|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 14
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-2&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear 14.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 49980
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 276
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-1&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear ~14.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 15555
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 277
|-
|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;walsh-index&quot;| 15
|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 14
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-0&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear 15.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 27030
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 278
|class=&quot;quadrant quadrant-3&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;image&quot;| [[File:4-ary linear ~15.svg|80px]]
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 38505
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 279
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Linear Boolean functions]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>loqa46ejisb9jj14wwzuee3uqrm5b94</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Noble to prefect 4-ary</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>305077</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689802</id>
      <parentid>2625646</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T19:48:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2689802</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="53998" sha1="gy5u0tbs5kxxeh03n80r394wk1im4jp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Linear to patron 4-ary list/style.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable linear-to-patron-list&quot;
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| Walsh&lt;br&gt;weight
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Walsh&lt;br&gt;index
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;parity&quot;| &lt;abbr title=&quot;parity&quot;&gt;&amp;not;&lt;/abbr&gt;
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| leader
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| &lt;abbr title=&quot;quadrant&quot;&gt;Q&lt;/abbr&gt;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| prefect (linear)
!colspan=&quot;24&quot; class=&quot;unsortable thick-border&quot;| nobles
|-
! 
!class=&quot;zhe&quot;| Ж
!class=&quot;thick-border&quot;| &lt;!--0--&gt;
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| 
! 
!class=&quot;border dark&quot;| &lt;!--1--&gt;
!class=&quot;unsortable dark&quot;|
!class=&quot;dark&quot;|
!class=&quot;border dark&quot;| &lt;!--2--&gt;
!class=&quot;unsortable dark&quot;|
!class=&quot;dark&quot;|
!class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;!--3--&gt;
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|
! 
!class=&quot;border dark&quot;| &lt;!--4--&gt;
!class=&quot;unsortable dark&quot;|
!class=&quot;dark&quot;|
!class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;!--5--&gt;
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|
! 
!class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;!--6--&gt;
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|
! 
!class=&quot;border dark&quot;| &lt;!--7--&gt;
!class=&quot;unsortable dark&quot;|
!class=&quot;dark&quot;|
|-
|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;walsh-index&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;parity&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;quadrant faction-0-even&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 thick-border&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0 junior-noble junior-linear&quot;| &lt;span&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;0&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 854
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;110&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 1334
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;110&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 border&quot;| 1632
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;6&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 4382
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 17
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;110&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 border&quot;| 4680
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0&quot;| 18
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;6&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 border&quot;| 5160
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0&quot;| 20
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;6&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 6014
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 23
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;104&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;walsh-index&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;parity&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;quadrant faction-2-even&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 26214
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 thick-border&quot;| 26208
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0 junior-linear&quot;| 102
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 25910
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 101
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 25430
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 99
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 border&quot;| 24576
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0 junior-noble&quot;| &lt;span&gt;96&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;8&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 30590
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 119
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;8&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 border&quot;| 29736
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0&quot;| 116
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 border&quot;| 29256
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0&quot;| 114
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 28958
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 113
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;walsh-index&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;parity&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;quadrant faction-2-even&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 23130
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 18
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 thick-border&quot;| 23112
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0 junior-linear&quot;| 90
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 22814
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 89
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 24446
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 95
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;8&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 border&quot;| 23592
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0&quot;| 92
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 19286
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 75
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 border&quot;| 18432
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0 junior-noble&quot;| &lt;span&gt;72&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;8&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 border&quot;| 20064
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0&quot;| 78
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 19766
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 77
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;walsh-index&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;parity&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;quadrant faction-2-even&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 15420
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 20
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 thick-border&quot;| 15400
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0 junior-linear&quot;| 60
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 16254
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 63
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;8&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 14622
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 57
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 border&quot;| 14920
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0&quot;| 58
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 11574
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 45
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 border&quot;| 11872
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0&quot;| 46
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 border&quot;| 10240
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0 junior-noble&quot;| &lt;span&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;8&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 11094
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 43
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;walsh-index&quot;| 9
|class=&quot;parity&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;quadrant faction-2-even&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;intval&quot;| 21930
|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 258
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 thick-border&quot;| 21672
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0&quot;| 84
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 22526
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 87
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;8&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 20894
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 81
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 border&quot;| 21192
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0&quot;| 82
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 17846
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 69
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 border&quot;| 18144
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0&quot;| 70
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 border&quot;| 16512
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0&quot;| 64
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;8&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 17366
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 67
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|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 49
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 3510
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 13
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 3030
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;walsh-weight&quot;| 4
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|class=&quot;leader&quot;| 14
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|class=&quot;zhe&quot;| 278
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 thick-border&quot;| 26752
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0&quot;| 104
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;104&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 27606
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;6&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 28086
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 109
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;6&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 border&quot;| 28384
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;6&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;110&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 border&quot;| 31912
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0&quot;| 124
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;110&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;0&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
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|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1 junior-linear&quot;| 85
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;42&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 border&quot;| 20576
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0&quot;| 80
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;2&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;44&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;22&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;42&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;22&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;22&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;2&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;42&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;44&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-1&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;2&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;42&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-0 border&quot;| 16000
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;44&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;44&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-1&quot;| 47
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|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-1 border&quot;| 10750
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|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-0&quot;| 42
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-0&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;42&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
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|-
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-3&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;44&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-2&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;2&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-2&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;2&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-3 border&quot;| 49534
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-3&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;44&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-3 border&quot;| 50974
|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-3&quot;| 199
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-3&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;44&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-3&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;44&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-3&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;42&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-3&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;0&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-2&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;110&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;intval noble-quadrant-2 border&quot;| 64200
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-2&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;104&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-3&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-3&quot;| 141
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-3&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-2&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
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|class=&quot;junior noble-quadrant-3 junior-linear&quot;| 165
|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-3&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
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|class=&quot;junior-king noble-quadrant-2&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
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|-
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__TOC__

==Overview==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}}{{Image|float=right|pad=20px|name=Footprint water.png|width=300px|caption=Figure 1: Water footprint}}'''Scenario'''

A psychology researcher is exploring how university students’ water use habits relate to their broader attitudes towards sustainability. They are curious about the internal and external factors that influence water use habits, like whether students are unaware of the environmental impact of their actions, or if they just don’t prioritize sustainability in their daily routines. Additionally, They want to investigate how their broader attitudes toward the environment influence their actions. Coming across an “integrated model” of behaviour they chose to utilize it. They think this model could be useful for investigating water usage behaviours in university students.

{{RoundBoxBottom}}

The Comprehensive action determination model is a theoretical framework designed to explain human behaviour. It proposes that behaviour is directly predicted by three processes: habitual, situational, and intentional, and indirectly influenced by normative processes. This complex model can aid research in understanding human motivation by breaking down the processes, evaluating the outcomes, and examining the underlying context behind behaviour.

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}}
'''Focus questions'''
* What is motivation?
* What is the Comprehensive Action Determination Model (CADM)?
* What are the underpinning theories behind the CADM?
* How can the CADM be applied to understanding human motivation?

{{RoundBoxBottom}}

== What is motivation? ==
[[File:Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.svg|thumb|442x442px|Figure 2: Pyramid depicting the structure of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. ]]
[[Motivation]] is the &quot;why&quot; behind behaviour the reasons underlying why people act in certain ways. Theorists explain motivation as the attribute that moves us to do or not to do something (Lai, 2011). The word ''motivation'' comes from the Latin verb ''movere'', meaning &quot;to move&quot; (Dörnyei &amp; Ushioda, 2021). Motivation has three important components that drive behaviour direction, intensity, and persistence. Direction refers to how motivation shapes peoples choices and goals. Intensity is how motivation affects the effort people put in. Persistence is how motivation influences how long people keep working toward our goals. (Dörnyei &amp; Ushioda, 2021). Many theories have been developed to understand motivation, these include Herzberg's [[wikipedia:Two-factor_theory|Two-factor theory]] (Herzberg et al., 1959; Herzberg et al., 2011), [[Self-determination theory]] (Deci, 1972, 2000), and [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Figure 2) (Maslow, 1943). Theorists argue that it is unrealistic to create an elaborate super-theory to understand motivation due to its complexity and the countless variables that affect it. They argue that the complexity of motivation cannot be understood through a single theory or model (Dörnyei &amp; Ushioda, 2021).

== Comprehensive action determination model (CADM) ==
The Comprehensive action determination model was first proposed by Klöckner and Blöbaum in 2010 (Klöckner &amp; Blöbaum, 2010). They argue that one of the main goals of [[environmental psychology]] is to understand what determines people's actions, in relation to environmental influences. Klöckner and Blöbaum also note that several well-established models have been proposed, however none of these models provide an adequate representation of the multiple factors that determine behaviour (Klöckner &amp; Blöbaum, 2010). They further argue that integrated approaches combining two models, the Theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991) and the Norm-activation model (Schwartz, 1977), have shown promise (Liu et al., 2017, Onwezen et al., 2013), especially when the concept of [[wikipedia:Habit|habit]] is also incorporated (Klöckner et al., 2003). Additionally, Klöckner and Blöbaum highlight that the Ipsative theory of behaviour offers a valuable perspective on the situational determination of behaviour (Klöckner &amp; Blöbaum, 2010). However, these theories (the Theory of planned behaviour and the Norm-activation model) have proven successful in specific domains, they exhibit limitations in other areas (Klöckner &amp; Blöbaum, 2010). The CADM unifies the Theory of planned behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour , and the concept of habit into one integrated framework. Klöckner and Blöbaum (2010) propose that combining these existing theories into a single model may result in a more universally applicable framework that accounts for all relevant factors and influences affecting behaviour. (Klöckner &amp; Blöbaum, 2010).

=== Underpinning theories of CADM ===
To understand the comprehensive action determination model, an understanding of the underpinning models, theories and theoretical concepts is required. As stated in the previous paragraph these are the theory of planned behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour and the theoretical concept of habit. 

==== Theory of planned behaviour ====
[[File:Theory of planned behaviour.png|thumb|405x405px|Figure 3: Flow diagram of the Theory of Planned Behaviour ]]
The Theory of planned behaviour was first proposed by Ajzen in 1991 (Ajzen, 1991). The theory consists of three constructs: behavioural intention, attitude toward behaviour, and subjective norms. Behavioural intention refers to the motivation behind a behaviour, the stronger the intention, the more likely the behaviour is to be performed. Attitudes refers to how positively or negatively a person evaluates a specific behaviour. Subjective norms refer to the social pressures to perform or not perform a given behaviour. Perceived behavioural control is also a key construct in the Theory of Planned Behaviour, and it refers to how a person perceives the difficulty of performing a specific behaviour (Asare, 2015). The theory suggests that attitudes toward the behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control all influence behavioural intention, which in turn leads to behaviour, as depicted in Figure 3. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) argue that the Theory of planned behaviour focuses too much on intention while neglecting the role of objective situational constraints, habits, and personal norms.

==== Norm-activation model ====
The Norm-activation model was first proposed by Schwartz in 1977 (Schwartz, 1977). The model suggests that behaviour is predicted by personal norms. Schwartz (1977) defines personal norms as “feelings of moral obligation, not as intentions” (Onwezen et al., 2013). The model posits that personal norms are influenced by two factors: awareness of consequences and awareness of needs (sometimes referred to as the ascription of responsibility). Awareness of consequences refers to the understanding that performing or not performing a certain behaviour leads to specific outcomes. Awareness of needs involves the feeling of responsibility to perform a particular behaviour (Onwezen et al., 2013; Klöckner &amp; Blöbaum, 2010). As depicted in Figure 4, both awareness of consequences and awareness of needs predict personal norms, which in turn predict behaviour. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) identify limitations of the model, stating that “The Norm-activation model focuses on personal norms but underestimates the roles of habits, intentions, attitudes, and the situational context.”
[[File:Norm activation model.png|center|thumb|610x610px|Figure 4: Flow diagram of the Norm-Activation Model ]]

==== Ipsative theory of behaviour ====
The Ipsative theory of behaviour was proposed by Frey (1988). The theory suggests that a person's behaviour can be limited or obstructed by the absence of genuine or perceived opportunities, influenced by both internal and external circumstances (Tanner, 1999). The theory consists of three presumptions about human behaviour. Firstly, objective constraints are assumed to influence behaviour. These constraints determine what a person can do, what they ought to do, or what they are permitted to do within a specific society. These variables make up the &quot;objective possibility set,&quot; which limits or hinders people's ability to engage in certain activities (Tanner, 1999). Secondly, ipsative constraints prevent the activation of alternative behaviours. Ipsative constraints form the &quot;ipsative possibility set,&quot; which individuals regard as relevant to their behavioural decisions (Klockner &amp; Blobaum, 2010, Tanner, 1999). Finally, subjective constraints are believed to directly affect preferences rather than determining participation in specific actions, they influence a person's willingness to act (Tanner, 1999). Klockner and Blobaum (2010) argue that while the Ipsative theory of behaviour effectively outlines the objective and subjective aspects of situations as predictors of behaviour, it overlooks intentional, habitual, and normative processes.

==== Habits ====
The theoretical concept of [[wikipedia:Habit|habit]] was incorporated into the CADM to address limitations found in the Theory of planned behaviour and the Norm-activation model in predicting repetitive behaviours (Klockner &amp; Blobaum, 2010). Habits can be defined as learned tendencies to repeat previous behaviours. They are activated by contextual elements that are often linked to past performances, such as specific locations, preceding actions in a sequence, and particular individuals (Woods &amp; Neal, 2007). The concept of habit was added to account for structural differences between actions that are frequent and those that are rare or performed for the first time. When decisions are frequently made with satisfying outcomes, the influence of decision-making in given situations decreases, resulting in more automated behavioural patterns (Klockner &amp; Blobaum, 2010., Triandis, 1979). Klockner and Blobaum (2010) note that although the concept of habit recognises the interaction between intentions and habits, it does not fully account for non-automatic situational facilitation, constraints on behaviour, or normative processes.

=== How does the CADM work? ===
The Comprehensive action determination model proposes that behaviour is determined by three possible direct sources or processes: habitual, intentional, and situational as depicted in figure 5. Habitual processes include schemata, heuristics, and associations of behaviour. Intentional processes include attitudes and intentions behind behaviour and situational processes include both objective and subjective constraints on behaviour. A fourth process, the normative process, is also present, but it does not directly affect behaviour. Instead, it influences intentional and habitual processes. The normative process includes social norms, personal norms, and awareness of needs and consequences. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) explain that attitudes, subjective constraints (e.g., [[wikipedia:Perceived_control|perceived behavioural control]]), and personal and social norms are used to generate intentions. They further explain that attitudes reflect cognitive and emotional beliefs about behaviour, while perceived behavioural control represents beliefs about the degree of control or determination one has over their actions. Additionally, personal and social norms shape the moral framework that guides the decision-making process leading to behaviour. Personal norms are rooted in an individual’s value system and can be seen as the motivations behind decision-making (Klockner &amp; Blobaum, 2010).  However, the normative process also influences habits, as it has higher temporal stability compared to attitudes and perceived behavioural control. Situational processes and perceived behavioural control are also thought to activate personal norms by creating awareness of needs and consequences, which then generate intentions. Habitual and situational processes are believed to interfere with intentional processes and can moderate the influence of intentions on behaviour. Perceived behavioural control is essential for activating both normative and intentional processes. As a result, situational influences affect both normative and intentional processes. Furthermore, habits are said to form through the successful execution of behaviour in specific situations, meaning situational processes also influence habitual behaviours. Finally, behaviour influences changes in personal norms, and habits, in turn, affect future behaviour (Klockner &amp; Blobaum, 2010).

[[File:Comprehensive action determination model.png|center|thumb|508x508px|Figure 5: Simplified flow diagram of the Comprehensive Action Determination Model ]]

The CADM in Figure 5 is a simplified version of the CADM, Klockner an Bloblaum delve into further detail on the individual aspects apart of different processes and how they affect one another. Figure 6 depicts the detailed CADM utilizing the example of water conservation behaviours for the scenario at the start of the chapter. According to Klockner and Blobaum (2010), behaviour is primarily predicted by intentions and perceived behavioural control. Intentions, in turn, are generated from perceived behavioural control, social norms, and attitudes. In this scenario, habitual processes, such as water usage habits, directly predict the likelihood of engaging in water conservation efforts and moderate the relationship between intention and conservation behaviour.  Personal norms are identified as predictors of intention, they do not directly predict conservation behaviour. Personal norms are shaped by awareness of environmental needs and consequences and are activated through perceived behavioural control, which creates a sense of moral obligation. Furthermore, social norms influence personal norms, as they are internalized and are a part of the individual’s value system (Klockner &amp; Blobaum, 2010). Personal norms also influence the formation of habits. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) indicate that both subjective constraints (perceived behavioural control) and objective constraints (access to water) are direct predictors of conservation behaviour. Since habits tend to demonstrate long-term stability, water usage habits should be influenced by perceived behavioural control and water access. Both perceived behavioural control and water access also act as mediators in the relationship between intention and water conservation behaviour. Finally, conservation behaviour feeds back onto personal norms and habits 

[[File:Comprehensive Action Determination Model water usage behaviour.png|center|thumb|445x445px|Figure 6: Detailed flow diagram of Comprehensive action determination model In context to water usage behaviours]]

=== Current research on the CADM ===
Since its proposal in 2010, the Comprehensive action determination model has gained some traction in recent literature especially in [[wikipedia:Environmental_psychology|environmental behaviour]] (Klockner, 2013). Environmental behaviour refers to actions, attitudes, and practices related to the environment. Current research applying the CADM include sustainable farming (Tan, 2024), food waste behaviour (Cheng et al., 2024), clothing consumption (Joanes et al., 2020), and recycling behaviours (Fang et al., 2021., Klockner &amp; Oppedal, 2011.,  Ofstad et al., 2017). CADM has proven effective in predicting agricultural practices (Tan, 2024), food waste behaviours (Cheng et al., 2024), and recycling and consumption patterns (Joanes et al., 2020). Research conducted by Tan (2024) on sustainable farming found that the CADM was the most effective model for analysing and predicting persistent agricultural practices, contributing to a deeper understanding of behavioural determinants in sustainable agriculture. Although the CADM has shown notable success in recent applications and studies, it is important to recognise that the existing body of literature remains limited. There is need for further research to enhance the generalisability of these findings and ensure their applicability across a broader range of contexts

=== Limitations to the CADM ===
The Comprehensive action determination model has two notable limitations, complexity and being data intensive. The model’s complex nature can be difficult to interpret initially, as it combines elements from the Theory of planned Behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour, and the concept of habit. This complexity is further compounded by the presence of numerous variables that not only influence each other but also interact, with some variables acting as mediators, moderators, or both. These interrelationships make it challenging to understand how each factor contributes to behaviour. Furthermore, the complex nature of the CADM may not be practical in situations where quick decisions are needed, as the analysis of CADM is typically too thorough for quick decision-making. Secondly, the model is limited by its data-intensive nature. The data analysis process can be viewed as time-consuming, labour-intensive and could be difficult to replicate. 

== CADM and understanding human motivation ==

=== Examining context ===
The Comprehensive action determination model allows researchers to examine the context behind human behaviour. Examining the context behind behaviour helps researchers gain deeper insights into the motivations that drive specific behaviours. Furthermore, it allows researchers to assess the strength of the motivation in relation to the context. Additionally, Normative process such as personal norms and social norms are known to influence intentions which lead to behaviour. Based on the behaviour, researchers can identify if social norms have a stronger influence on intentions more than personal norms, even though it is said by Klockner and Blobaum (2010) that personal norms are affected by social norms. The use of the CADM in behavioural research provides a framework for breaking down the motivations underlying behaviour. 

=== Evaluating outcomes ===
Using the Comprehensive action determination model in longitudinal studies could help researchers explore how past behaviours influence future actions. By following participants over time, studies can offer insights into how behaviours, habits, and perceived control in specific situations shape future behaviour. The CADM allows researchers to track patterns and identify the motivations driving behaviour change. The CADM emphasises the role of feedback loops in behaviour change. Positive or negative outcomes from past behaviours can strengthen or weaken future actions. These feedback loops can either reinforce existing behaviours or lead to changes. The model allows researchers to track these feedback mechanisms and how they impact future behaviour. By using CADM in longitudinal studies, researchers can better understand how past behaviour’s motivate future actions. Evaluating outcomes can help develop more effective strategies for behaviour change and intervention, providing a deeper understanding of the factors that motivate long-term behaviour.

=== Understanding behavioural processes ===
The Comprehensive action determination model offers a valuable framework for understanding human motivation by systematically breaking down the various behavioural processes that drive actions. This model allows researchers to analyse the factors influencing motivation at different stages, such as habitual and situational processes. By applying the CADM, studies can identify specific points in the model where motivation may excel such as during moments of goal accomplishment as well as areas where motivation may falter, such as in the face of adversity or lack of support. The CADM provides a deeper understanding of how different variables interact to either enhance or undermine motivation. 

== Conclusion ==
Motivation is the fundamental &quot;why&quot; behind Behaviour; it is the core driver of behaviour, fuelling the pursuit of goals, overcoming challenges, and sustaining effort. Understanding motivation is important because it helps us identify the driving forces behind behaviour. The Comprehensive action determination model explains how individuals make decisions in relation to habitual, intentional, situational and normative processes, all of which affect each other in complex ways. The CADM integrates pre-existing &quot;action determination models,&quot; such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the Norm-Activation Model, the Ipsative Theory of Behaviour, and the theoretical concept of habit, into a comprehensive model  The CADM helps understand human motivation by analysing the context and underlying motives behind actions. It can also evaluate how past behaviour shapes future actions and where motivation may succeed or falter. The Comprehensive action determination model helps explain how motivation interacts with various factors like habits, intentions, and situational influences. By understanding this model, Researcher can gain insight into the underlying motives behind actions and improve decision-making, ultimately shaping future behaviour.

==Learning features==
&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot;&gt;
{Motivation is a predictor of behaviour: 
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
+ True
- False

{Exploring correlations between variables relating to certain behaviour is an application to the CADM
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
+ True
- False
&lt;/quiz&gt;

==See also==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Environmental behaviour|Environmental behaviour]] (Book chapter, 2013)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Environmental cues and habits|Environmental cues and habits]] (Book chapter, 2024)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Extrinsic motivation and antisocial behaviour in children|Extrinsic motivation and antisocial behaviour in children]] (Book chapter, 2015)

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.

Asare, M. (2015). USING THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR TO DETERMINE THE CONDOM USE BEHAVIOR AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS. American Journal of Health Studies, 30(1), 43.

Cheng, X., Zhang, J., &amp; Li, W. (2024). What shapes food waste behaviors? New insights from a comprehensive action determination model. Waste Management, 181, 188–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.017

Deci, E. L. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18(1), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030644

Fang, W.-T., Huang, M.-H., Cheng, B.-Y., Chiu, R.-J., Chiang, Y.-T., Hsu, C.-W., &amp; Ng, E. (2021). Applying a Comprehensive Action Determination Model to Examine the Recycling Behavior of Taipei City Residents. Sustainability, 13(2), 490–490. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020490

Frey, B. S. (1988). Ipsative and objective limits to human behavior. Journal of Behavioral Economics, 17(4), 229–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-5720(88)90012-5

Frey, B.S. (1992). An Ipsative Theory of Human Behaviour. In: Economics As a Science of Human Behaviour. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1374-0_12

Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., &amp; Snyderman, B. B. (2011). The motivation to work.

Herzbert, F., Mausner, B., &amp; Snyderman, B. (1959). The Motivation to Work. Nueva York.

Joanes, T., Gwozdz, W., &amp; Klöckner, C. A. (2020). Reducing personal clothing consumption: A cross-cultural validation of the comprehensive action determination model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 71, 101396–101396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101396

Klöckner, C. A. (2013). A comprehensive model of the psychology of environmental behaviour—A meta-analysis. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1028–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.014

KLöckner, C. A., Matthies, E., &amp; Hunecke, M. (2003). Problems of Operationalizing Habits and Integrating Habits in Normative Decision‐Making Models1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(2), 396–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01902.x

Klöckner, C. A., &amp; Oppedal, I. O. (2011). General vs. domain specific recycling behaviour—Applying a multilevel comprehensive action determination model to recycling in Norwegian student homes. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 55(4), 463–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.12.009

Lai, E. R. (2011). Motivation: A literature review. Person Research’s Report, 6, 40-41.

Liu, Y., Sheng, H., Mundorf, N., Redding, C., &amp; Ye, Y. (2017). Integrating Norm Activation Model and Theory of Planned Behavior to Understand Sustainable Transport Behavior: Evidence from China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(12), 1593–1593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121593

Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review google scholar, 2, 21-28.

Ofstad, S., Tobolova, M., Alim Nayum, &amp; Klöckner, C. (2017). Understanding the Mechanisms behind Changing People’s Recycling Behavior at Work by Applying a Comprehensive Action Determination Model. Sustainability, 9(2), 204–204. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020204

Onwezen, M. C., Antonides, G., &amp; Bartels, J. (2013). The Norm Activation Model: An exploration of the functions of anticipated pride and guilt in pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Economic Psychology, 39, 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.07.005

Ryan, R. M., &amp; Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 

Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative Influences on Altruism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 221–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60358-5

Tan, J. J. H. (2024). Sustaining Sustainable Farming: An Evaluation of the Reasoned Action and Comprehensive Action Determination Frameworks for Persistence (Master's thesis, California Polytechnic State University).

TANNER, C. (1999). CONSTRAINTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19(2), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1999.0121

Triandis, H. C. (1979). Values, attitudes, and interpersonal behavior. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 27, 195–259.

Wood, W., &amp; Neal, D. T. (2007). A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface. Psychological review, 114(4), 843.

Zoltán Dörnyei, &amp; Ushioda, E. (2021). Teaching and Researching Motivation. In Routledge eBooks. Informa. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351006743


}}

==External links==
* [https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/motivation-how-to-get-started-and-staying-motivated Motivation] (Healthdirect)
* Theory of planned behaviour (Wikipedia)

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      <comment>rvv (Undo revision [[Special:Diff/2689459|2689459]] by [[Special:Contributions/38.158.204.171|38.158.204.171]] ([[User talk:38.158.204.171|talk]]))</comment>
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 2.6em; font-variant: small-caps&quot;&gt;Welcome to Wikiphilosophers!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333; font-size: 1.4em&quot;&gt;The philosopedia for the new generation of thinkers&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
----
&lt;br&gt;
'''Wikiphilosophers''' is a project aiming to provide an overview of philosophical ideas from new philosophers and thinkers. On Wikiphilosophers, you can articulate all your philosophical views under the lemma to which they belong. In this way, we collect hundreds of philosophies from today's thinkers! Explore, develop and exchange countless philosophical ideas!

== Getting started ==
What do you think you know for sure? And what assumptions are you making? What are you not quite sure about yet? Try to sort this out for yourself before you get started, by thinking about what philosophical ideas you would like to write about. 


What is the topic of your philosophical idea about in one or two words? Once you know this, create a new topic page via the button below or go to the existing topic page if it already exists.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;inputbox&gt;
type = create
placeholder = Title of the topic, e.g. &quot;Consciousness&quot; or &quot;Free will&quot;
buttonlabel = Create a new topic
prefix = Wikiphilosophers/
break = no
useve = true
&lt;/inputbox&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
After that, you can write out your own philosophical view via &lt;code&gt;Wikiphilosophers/&lt;name of topic&gt;/&lt;username&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Preferably as short and concise as possible, so that one does not have to read extensive texts.

=== Starting dialogues ===
When reading other people's philosophical views, it is possible to start a dialogue on the discussion page. Ask questions if something is not clear to you, preferably through the [[Socratic Methods|Socratic method]]. This creates the opportunity for the writer to develop his philosophical views more deeply. If you understand each other better, you can additionally get inspiration from each other. Just make sure that you always ask questions and don't try to explain your own philosophical views on the discussion page. Because you can do this on your own page.

== Topics ==
=== Epistemology ===
* [[Wikiphilosophers/Foundationalism|Foundational beliefs]]
=== Ontology ===
* [[Wikiphilosophers/What there is|What there is]]

=== Metaphysics ===
* [[Wikiphilosophers/Universe|Universe]]
* [[Wikiphilosophers/Extraterrestrial life|Extraterrestrial life]]
* [[Wikiphilosophers/Paranormality|Paranormality]]
* [[Wikiphilosophers/Past lives|Past lives]]

=== Philosophy of mind ===
* [[Wikiphilosophers/Consciousness|Consciousness]]
* [[Wikiphilosophers/Free will|Free will]]

=== Ethics ===
* [[Wikiphilosophers/Goodness|Goodness]]
* [[Wikiphilosophers/Meaning of life|Meaning of life]]
* [[Wikiphilosophers/Moral Reasoning|Moral Reasoning]]

=== Psychology ===
* [[Wikiphilosophers/Happiness|Happiness]]
* [[Wikiphilosophers/Self-improvement|Self-improvement]]

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== Conformal invariance == 

=== Conformal transformations ===

On a given space or spacetime &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; with coordinates &lt;math&gt;x^\mu&lt;/math&gt;, distances are defined using a metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt;. In particular, the length of an infinitesimal vector &lt;math&gt;v^\mu&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;\|v\| = \sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}&lt;/math&gt;. If we know distances, we can also compute angles. The angle &lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt; between two infinitesimal vectors &lt;math&gt;v^\mu,w^\mu&lt;/math&gt; obeys 
:&lt;math&gt;
\cos\theta = \frac{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu w^\nu}{\sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}\sqrt{ g_{\mu\nu}w^\mu w^\nu}}
&lt;/math&gt;
For &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; a diffeomorphism, we define the [[w:pullback]] &lt;math&gt;f^*g&lt;/math&gt; of the metric by 
:&lt;math&gt;
 (f^*g)_{\mu\nu} = g_{\rho\sigma}(f(x)) \frac{\partial f^\rho}{\partial x^\mu}\frac{\partial f^\sigma}{\partial x^\nu}
&lt;/math&gt;
equivalently &lt;math&gt;(f*g)_{\mu\nu}(x)dx^\mu dx^\nu = g_{\mu\nu}(f)df^\mu df^\nu&lt;/math&gt;. 
A diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; is called an '''isometry''' if it preserves distances, equivalently if 
:&lt;math&gt;f^* g = g&lt;/math&gt;.
It is called a '''conformal transformation''' if it preserves angles. Any isometry is a conformal transformation, but the converse is not true. For any function &lt;math&gt;\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;, the metrics &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; define the same angles. 
So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation if it preserve the metric up to a scalar factor,
:&lt;math&gt;
\exists \lambda,\ f^* g = \lambda g
&lt;/math&gt;
The set of conformal transformations is called the '''conformal group''' associated to &lt;math&gt;M,g&lt;/math&gt;.

Let us indicate how many functions on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; are needed to parametrize the objects &lt;math&gt;\lambda, f,g&lt;/math&gt;, if &lt;math&gt;d=\dim(M)&lt;/math&gt;:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! Object 
! Number of functions on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Function &lt;math&gt;\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;
|- 
| Diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Metric &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{d(d+1)}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
|}
Therefore, given two metrics &lt;math&gt;g_1,g_2&lt;/math&gt;, the condition &lt;math&gt;f^* g_1 = \lambda g_2&lt;/math&gt; that they are conformally equivalent involves &lt;math&gt;\frac{d(d+1)}{2}&lt;/math&gt; equations for &lt;math&gt;d+1&lt;/math&gt; unknowns.
For &lt;math&gt;d\leq 2&lt;/math&gt;, there is always a solution (under reasonable assumptions): in particular any metric on &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^2&lt;/math&gt; is conformally flat. For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 3&lt;/math&gt;, two metrics are in general not equivalent modulo rescaling. 

Similarly, the size of the conformal group depends on the dimension:
* For &lt;math&gt;d=1&lt;/math&gt;, any diffeomorphism is conformal. 
* For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 2&lt;/math&gt;, the conformal group depends on &lt;math&gt;M,g&lt;/math&gt;, with flat space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; having the largest possible group &lt;math&gt;SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt;. 
* For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 3&lt;/math&gt;, a generic space has only one conformal transformation: the identity.

=== Conformal transformations of flat space === 

The conformal group of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; with the flat metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; first includes isometries:
* Translations.
* Rotations.
There are also conformal transformations that are not isometries:
* Dilations &lt;math&gt;x^\mu \mapsto \lambda x^\mu &lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;. 
* The inversion &lt;math&gt;x^\mu \mapsto \frac{x^\mu}{\|x\|^2}&lt;/math&gt;.
* Special conformal transformations &lt;math&gt;x^\mu \mapsto \frac{x^\mu - a^\mu \|x\|^2}{1-2a_\mu x^\mu +\|a\|^2\|x\|^2}&lt;/math&gt;.
These transformations generate the conformal group.

=== Conformal symmetry and gravitation ===

In a theory of gravitation such as general relativity, the metric is not fixed, it is a dynamical object. We can therefore combine diffeomorphisms with changes of the metric. In particular, if we combine a diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;g\mapsto f^*g&lt;/math&gt;, we obtain a '''change of coordinates''', which should leave the physics invariant. 

By definition, modulo a change of coordinates, a conformal transformation amounts to a '''Weyl transformation''' of the metric &lt;math&gt;g\mapsto \lambda g&lt;/math&gt;. For gravitational theories, conformal invariance is equivalent to Weyl invariance. General relativity is Weyl invariant for &lt;math&gt;d=2&lt;/math&gt; only. 

It follows that in &lt;math&gt;d=2&lt;/math&gt;, any field theory of quantum gravity must be a conformal field theory. Moreover, since any metric is conformally flat, we may replace the 3 components of the metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; with the conformal factor &lt;math&gt;\lambda&lt;/math&gt;: only 1 bosonic field.  
Einstein's equation for &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; then reduces to the Liouville equation for &lt;math&gt;\log \lambda&lt;/math&gt;. The Liouville equation is the classical equation of motion of [[w:Liouville theory]]: a solvable CFT that we will study in this course. 
Therefore, we can build field theories of gravity called '''Liouville gravity''' based on Liouville theory. (There are several possible theories, depending on the matter contents.)


String theory (while we are at it)

AdS/CFT ...

=== Conformal transformations in two dimensions === 

Riemann surfaces, moduli. 

== Scale invariance and conformal invariance == 

== Fixed points of the renormalization group ==

== Applications ==

== Exercises ==

=== COGS: The conformal group of flat space ===

Consider the Euclidean space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; with the flat metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt;, and the Minkowski space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}&lt;/math&gt; with coordinates &lt;math&gt;Y=\left(y^\mu,y^-,y^+\right)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\mu = 1,2,\dots, d&lt;/math&gt; and the flat metric &lt;math&gt;\|dY\|^2 = \sum_{\mu=1}^d \left(dy^\mu\right)^2 -dy^-dy^+ &lt;/math&gt;.
Consider the diffeormorphisms
:&lt;math&gt; \varphi:\left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^d &amp; \to &amp; \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ x^\mu &amp;\mapsto &amp; \left(x^\mu,\|x\|^2,1\right) \end{array}\right.  \quad , \quad \psi: \left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} &amp; \to &amp; \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ Y &amp;\mapsto &amp; \frac{1}{y^+}Y = \left(\frac{y^\mu}{y^+},\frac{y^-}{y^+},1\right) \end{array}\right.
&lt;/math&gt;
# Check that &lt;math&gt;\varphi&lt;/math&gt; is an isometry. Is &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; an isometry? Is it a conformal transformation?
# Show that the restriction of &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; to the light cone &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{L}=\left\{Y\in \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}\left| \|Y\|^2 = 0\right.\right\}&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation.
# Let &lt;math&gt;G\in SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt; be an isometry of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}&lt;/math&gt;, in particular &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; is linear. Show that &lt;math&gt;\varphi^{-1}\circ \psi \circ G\circ \varphi&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt;. Deduce that the conformal group of  &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; includes &lt;math&gt;SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt;.
# Explicitly write the action of &lt;math&gt;G\in SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;x^\mu&lt;/math&gt;.


[[Category: CFT course]]</text>
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== Conformal invariance == 

=== Conformal transformations ===

On a given space or spacetime &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; with coordinates &lt;math&gt;x^\mu&lt;/math&gt;, distances are defined using a metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt;. In particular, the length of an infinitesimal vector &lt;math&gt;v^\mu&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;\|v\| = \sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}&lt;/math&gt;. If we know distances, we can also compute angles. The angle &lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt; between two infinitesimal vectors &lt;math&gt;v^\mu,w^\mu&lt;/math&gt; obeys 
:&lt;math&gt;
\cos\theta = \frac{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu w^\nu}{\sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}\sqrt{ g_{\mu\nu}w^\mu w^\nu}}
&lt;/math&gt;
For &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; a diffeomorphism, we define the [[w:pullback]] &lt;math&gt;f^*g&lt;/math&gt; of the metric by 
:&lt;math&gt;
 (f^*g)_{\mu\nu} = g_{\rho\sigma}(f(x)) \frac{\partial f^\rho}{\partial x^\mu}\frac{\partial f^\sigma}{\partial x^\nu}
&lt;/math&gt;
equivalently &lt;math&gt;(f*g)_{\mu\nu}(x)dx^\mu dx^\nu = g_{\mu\nu}(f)df^\mu df^\nu&lt;/math&gt;. 
A diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; is called an '''isometry''' if it preserves distances, equivalently if 
:&lt;math&gt;f^* g = g&lt;/math&gt;.
It is called a '''conformal transformation''' if it preserves angles. Any isometry is a conformal transformation, but the converse is not true. For any function &lt;math&gt;\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;, the metrics &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; define the same angles. 
So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation if it preserve the metric up to a scalar factor,
:&lt;math&gt;
\exists \lambda,\ f^* g = \lambda g
&lt;/math&gt;
The set of conformal transformations is called the '''conformal group''' associated to &lt;math&gt;M,g&lt;/math&gt;.

Let us indicate how many functions on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; are needed to parametrize the objects &lt;math&gt;\lambda, f,g&lt;/math&gt;, if &lt;math&gt;d=\dim(M)&lt;/math&gt;:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! Object 
! Number of functions on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Function &lt;math&gt;\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;
|- 
| Diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Metric &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{d(d+1)}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
|}
Therefore, given two metrics &lt;math&gt;g_1,g_2&lt;/math&gt;, the condition &lt;math&gt;f^* g_1 = \lambda g_2&lt;/math&gt; that they are conformally equivalent involves &lt;math&gt;\frac{d(d+1)}{2}&lt;/math&gt; equations for &lt;math&gt;d+1&lt;/math&gt; unknowns.
For &lt;math&gt;d\leq 2&lt;/math&gt;, there is always a solution (under reasonable assumptions): in particular any metric on &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^2&lt;/math&gt; is conformally flat. For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 3&lt;/math&gt;, two metrics are in general not equivalent modulo rescaling. 

Similarly, the size of the conformal group depends on the dimension:
* For &lt;math&gt;d=1&lt;/math&gt;, any diffeomorphism is conformal. 
* For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 2&lt;/math&gt;, the conformal group depends on &lt;math&gt;M,g&lt;/math&gt;, with flat space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; having the largest possible group &lt;math&gt;SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt;. 
* For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 3&lt;/math&gt;, a generic space has only one conformal transformation: the identity.

=== Conformal transformations of flat space === 

The conformal group of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; with the flat metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; first includes isometries:
* Translations.
* Rotations.
There are also conformal transformations that are not isometries:
* Dilations &lt;math&gt;x^\mu \mapsto \lambda x^\mu &lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;. 
* The inversion &lt;math&gt;x^\mu \mapsto \frac{x^\mu}{\|x\|^2}&lt;/math&gt;.
* Special conformal transformations &lt;math&gt;x^\mu \mapsto \frac{x^\mu - a^\mu \|x\|^2}{1-2a_\mu x^\mu +\|a\|^2\|x\|^2}&lt;/math&gt;.
These transformations generate the conformal group.

=== Conformal symmetry and gravitation ===

In a theory of gravitation such as general relativity, the metric is not fixed, it is a dynamical object. We can therefore combine diffeomorphisms with changes of the metric. In particular, if we combine a diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;g\mapsto f^*g&lt;/math&gt;, we obtain a '''change of coordinates''', which should leave the physics invariant. 

By definition, modulo a change of coordinates, a conformal transformation amounts to a '''Weyl transformation''' of the metric &lt;math&gt;g\mapsto \lambda g&lt;/math&gt;. For gravitational theories, conformal invariance is equivalent to Weyl invariance. General relativity is Weyl invariant for &lt;math&gt;d=2&lt;/math&gt; only. 

It follows that in &lt;math&gt;d=2&lt;/math&gt;, any field theory of quantum gravity must be a conformal field theory. Moreover, since any metric is conformally flat, we may replace the 3 components of the metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; with the conformal factor &lt;math&gt;\lambda&lt;/math&gt;: only 1 bosonic field.  
Einstein's equation for &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; then reduces to the Liouville equation for &lt;math&gt;\log \lambda&lt;/math&gt;. The Liouville equation is the classical equation of motion of [[w:Liouville theory]]: a solvable CFT that we will study in this course. 
Therefore, we can build field theories of gravity called '''Liouville gravity''' based on Liouville theory. (There are several possible theories, depending on the matter contents.)

String theory is a theoretical framework that generalizes quantum field theory, and includes quantum theories of gravity. The basic idea is to describe physics in a spacetime &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; using a &lt;math&gt;d=2&lt;/math&gt; worldsheet &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; and an embedding &lt;math&gt;X:M\to Z&lt;/math&gt;. The metric on &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; induces a metric on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;, but it is convenient to allow the worldsheet metric &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; to be an independent dynamical object, unrelated to the induced metric. Nevertheless, the physics should not depend on &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;. It is possible to fix 2 of the 3 components of &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; using a change of coordinates on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;, and to get &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;-independence we also have to take care of the third component, by assuming Weyl invariance. 


AdS/CFT ...

=== Conformal transformations in two dimensions === 

Riemann surfaces, moduli. 

== Scale invariance and conformal invariance == 

== Fixed points of the renormalization group ==

== Applications ==

== Exercises ==

=== COGS: The conformal group of flat space ===

Consider the Euclidean space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; with the flat metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt;, and the Minkowski space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}&lt;/math&gt; with coordinates &lt;math&gt;Y=\left(y^\mu,y^-,y^+\right)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\mu = 1,2,\dots, d&lt;/math&gt; and the flat metric &lt;math&gt;\|dY\|^2 = \sum_{\mu=1}^d \left(dy^\mu\right)^2 -dy^-dy^+ &lt;/math&gt;.
Consider the diffeormorphisms
:&lt;math&gt; \varphi:\left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^d &amp; \to &amp; \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ x^\mu &amp;\mapsto &amp; \left(x^\mu,\|x\|^2,1\right) \end{array}\right.  \quad , \quad \psi: \left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} &amp; \to &amp; \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ Y &amp;\mapsto &amp; \frac{1}{y^+}Y = \left(\frac{y^\mu}{y^+},\frac{y^-}{y^+},1\right) \end{array}\right.
&lt;/math&gt;
# Check that &lt;math&gt;\varphi&lt;/math&gt; is an isometry. Is &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; an isometry? Is it a conformal transformation?
# Show that the restriction of &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; to the light cone &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{L}=\left\{Y\in \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}\left| \|Y\|^2 = 0\right.\right\}&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation.
# Let &lt;math&gt;G\in SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt; be an isometry of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}&lt;/math&gt;, in particular &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; is linear. Show that &lt;math&gt;\varphi^{-1}\circ \psi \circ G\circ \varphi&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt;. Deduce that the conformal group of  &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; includes &lt;math&gt;SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt;.
# Explicitly write the action of &lt;math&gt;G\in SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;x^\mu&lt;/math&gt;.


[[Category: CFT course]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Sylvain Ribault</username>
        <id>2127778</id>
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== Conformal invariance == 

=== Conformal transformations ===

On a given space or spacetime &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; with coordinates &lt;math&gt;x^\mu&lt;/math&gt;, distances are defined using a metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt;. In particular, the length of an infinitesimal vector &lt;math&gt;v^\mu&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;\|v\| = \sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}&lt;/math&gt;. If we know distances, we can also compute angles. The angle &lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt; between two infinitesimal vectors &lt;math&gt;v^\mu,w^\mu&lt;/math&gt; obeys 
:&lt;math&gt;
\cos\theta = \frac{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu w^\nu}{\sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}\sqrt{ g_{\mu\nu}w^\mu w^\nu}}
&lt;/math&gt;
For &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; a diffeomorphism, we define the [[w:pullback]] &lt;math&gt;f^*g&lt;/math&gt; of the metric by 
:&lt;math&gt;
 (f^*g)_{\mu\nu} = g_{\rho\sigma}(f(x)) \frac{\partial f^\rho}{\partial x^\mu}\frac{\partial f^\sigma}{\partial x^\nu}
&lt;/math&gt;
equivalently &lt;math&gt;(f*g)_{\mu\nu}(x)dx^\mu dx^\nu = g_{\mu\nu}(f)df^\mu df^\nu&lt;/math&gt;. 
A diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; is called an '''isometry''' if it preserves distances, equivalently if 
:&lt;math&gt;f^* g = g&lt;/math&gt;.
It is called a '''conformal transformation''' if it preserves angles. Any isometry is a conformal transformation, but the converse is not true. For any function &lt;math&gt;\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;, the metrics &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; define the same angles. 
So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation if it preserve the metric up to a scalar factor,
:&lt;math&gt;
\exists \lambda,\ f^* g = \lambda g
&lt;/math&gt;
The set of conformal transformations is called the '''conformal group''' associated to &lt;math&gt;M,g&lt;/math&gt;.

Let us indicate how many functions on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; are needed to parametrize the objects &lt;math&gt;\lambda, f,g&lt;/math&gt;, if &lt;math&gt;d=\dim(M)&lt;/math&gt;:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! Object 
! Number of functions on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Function &lt;math&gt;\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;
|- 
| Diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Metric &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{d(d+1)}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
|}
Therefore, given two metrics &lt;math&gt;g_1,g_2&lt;/math&gt;, the condition &lt;math&gt;f^* g_1 = \lambda g_2&lt;/math&gt; that they are conformally equivalent involves &lt;math&gt;\frac{d(d+1)}{2}&lt;/math&gt; equations for &lt;math&gt;d+1&lt;/math&gt; unknowns.
For &lt;math&gt;d\leq 2&lt;/math&gt;, there is always a solution (under reasonable assumptions): in particular any metric on &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^2&lt;/math&gt; is conformally flat. For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 3&lt;/math&gt;, two metrics are in general not equivalent modulo rescaling. 

Similarly, the size of the conformal group depends on the dimension:
* For &lt;math&gt;d=1&lt;/math&gt;, any diffeomorphism is conformal. 
* For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 2&lt;/math&gt;, the conformal group depends on &lt;math&gt;M,g&lt;/math&gt;, with flat space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; having the largest possible group &lt;math&gt;SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt;. 
* For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 3&lt;/math&gt;, a generic space has only one conformal transformation: the identity.

=== Conformal transformations of flat space === 

The conformal group of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; with the flat metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; first includes isometries:
* Translations.
* Rotations.
There are also conformal transformations that are not isometries:
* Dilations &lt;math&gt;x^\mu \mapsto \lambda x^\mu &lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;. 
* The inversion &lt;math&gt;x^\mu \mapsto \frac{x^\mu}{\|x\|^2}&lt;/math&gt;.
* Special conformal transformations &lt;math&gt;x^\mu \mapsto \frac{x^\mu - a^\mu \|x\|^2}{1-2a_\mu x^\mu +\|a\|^2\|x\|^2}&lt;/math&gt;.
These transformations generate the conformal group.

=== Conformal symmetry and gravitation ===

In a theory of gravitation such as general relativity, the metric is not fixed, it is a dynamical object. We can therefore combine diffeomorphisms with changes of the metric. In particular, if we combine a diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;g\mapsto f^*g&lt;/math&gt;, we obtain a '''change of coordinates''', which should leave the physics invariant. 

By definition, modulo a change of coordinates, a conformal transformation amounts to a '''Weyl transformation''' of the metric &lt;math&gt;g\mapsto \lambda g&lt;/math&gt;. For gravitational theories, conformal invariance is equivalent to Weyl invariance. General relativity is Weyl invariant for &lt;math&gt;d=2&lt;/math&gt; only. 

It follows that in &lt;math&gt;d=2&lt;/math&gt;, any field theory of quantum gravity must be a conformal field theory. Moreover, since any metric is conformally flat, we may replace the 3 components of the metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; with the conformal factor &lt;math&gt;\lambda&lt;/math&gt;: only 1 bosonic field.  
Einstein's equation for &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; then reduces to the Liouville equation for &lt;math&gt;\log \lambda&lt;/math&gt;. The Liouville equation is the classical equation of motion of [[w:Liouville theory]]: a solvable CFT that we will study in this course. 
Therefore, we can build field theories of gravity called '''Liouville gravity''' based on Liouville theory. (There are several possible theories, depending on the matter contents.)

String theory is a theoretical framework that generalizes quantum field theory, and includes quantum theories of gravity. The basic idea is to describe physics in a spacetime &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; using a &lt;math&gt;d=2&lt;/math&gt; worldsheet &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; and an embedding &lt;math&gt;X:M\to Z&lt;/math&gt;. The metric on &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; induces a metric on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;, but it is convenient to allow the worldsheet metric &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; to be an independent dynamical object, unrelated to the induced metric. Nevertheless, the physics should not depend on &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;. It is possible to fix 2 of the 3 components of &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; using a change of coordinates on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;, and to get &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;-independence we also have to take care of the third component, by assuming Weyl invariance. This is why the worldsheet description of string theory uses CFT. 


AdS/CFT ...

=== Conformal transformations in two dimensions === 

Riemann surfaces, moduli. 

== Scale invariance and conformal invariance == 

== Fixed points of the renormalization group ==

== Applications ==

== Exercises ==

=== COGS: The conformal group of flat space ===

Consider the Euclidean space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; with the flat metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt;, and the Minkowski space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}&lt;/math&gt; with coordinates &lt;math&gt;Y=\left(y^\mu,y^-,y^+\right)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\mu = 1,2,\dots, d&lt;/math&gt; and the flat metric &lt;math&gt;\|dY\|^2 = \sum_{\mu=1}^d \left(dy^\mu\right)^2 -dy^-dy^+ &lt;/math&gt;.
Consider the diffeormorphisms
:&lt;math&gt; \varphi:\left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^d &amp; \to &amp; \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ x^\mu &amp;\mapsto &amp; \left(x^\mu,\|x\|^2,1\right) \end{array}\right.  \quad , \quad \psi: \left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} &amp; \to &amp; \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ Y &amp;\mapsto &amp; \frac{1}{y^+}Y = \left(\frac{y^\mu}{y^+},\frac{y^-}{y^+},1\right) \end{array}\right.
&lt;/math&gt;
# Check that &lt;math&gt;\varphi&lt;/math&gt; is an isometry. Is &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; an isometry? Is it a conformal transformation?
# Show that the restriction of &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; to the light cone &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{L}=\left\{Y\in \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}\left| \|Y\|^2 = 0\right.\right\}&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation.
# Let &lt;math&gt;G\in SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt; be an isometry of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}&lt;/math&gt;, in particular &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; is linear. Show that &lt;math&gt;\varphi^{-1}\circ \psi \circ G\circ \varphi&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt;. Deduce that the conformal group of  &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; includes &lt;math&gt;SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt;.
# Explicitly write the action of &lt;math&gt;G\in SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;x^\mu&lt;/math&gt;.


[[Category: CFT course]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689811</id>
      <parentid>2689810</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T21:08:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sylvain Ribault</username>
        <id>2127778</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Conformal symmetry and gravitation */</comment>
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== Conformal invariance == 

=== Conformal transformations ===

On a given space or spacetime &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; with coordinates &lt;math&gt;x^\mu&lt;/math&gt;, distances are defined using a metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt;. In particular, the length of an infinitesimal vector &lt;math&gt;v^\mu&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;\|v\| = \sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}&lt;/math&gt;. If we know distances, we can also compute angles. The angle &lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt; between two infinitesimal vectors &lt;math&gt;v^\mu,w^\mu&lt;/math&gt; obeys 
:&lt;math&gt;
\cos\theta = \frac{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu w^\nu}{\sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}\sqrt{ g_{\mu\nu}w^\mu w^\nu}}
&lt;/math&gt;
For &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; a diffeomorphism, we define the [[w:pullback]] &lt;math&gt;f^*g&lt;/math&gt; of the metric by 
:&lt;math&gt;
 (f^*g)_{\mu\nu} = g_{\rho\sigma}(f(x)) \frac{\partial f^\rho}{\partial x^\mu}\frac{\partial f^\sigma}{\partial x^\nu}
&lt;/math&gt;
equivalently &lt;math&gt;(f*g)_{\mu\nu}(x)dx^\mu dx^\nu = g_{\mu\nu}(f)df^\mu df^\nu&lt;/math&gt;. 
A diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; is called an '''isometry''' if it preserves distances, equivalently if 
:&lt;math&gt;f^* g = g&lt;/math&gt;.
It is called a '''conformal transformation''' if it preserves angles. Any isometry is a conformal transformation, but the converse is not true. For any function &lt;math&gt;\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;, the metrics &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; define the same angles. 
So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation if it preserve the metric up to a scalar factor,
:&lt;math&gt;
\exists \lambda,\ f^* g = \lambda g
&lt;/math&gt;
The set of conformal transformations is called the '''conformal group''' associated to &lt;math&gt;M,g&lt;/math&gt;.

Let us indicate how many functions on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; are needed to parametrize the objects &lt;math&gt;\lambda, f,g&lt;/math&gt;, if &lt;math&gt;d=\dim(M)&lt;/math&gt;:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! Object 
! Number of functions on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Function &lt;math&gt;\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;
|- 
| Diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Metric &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{d(d+1)}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
|}
Therefore, given two metrics &lt;math&gt;g_1,g_2&lt;/math&gt;, the condition &lt;math&gt;f^* g_1 = \lambda g_2&lt;/math&gt; that they are conformally equivalent involves &lt;math&gt;\frac{d(d+1)}{2}&lt;/math&gt; equations for &lt;math&gt;d+1&lt;/math&gt; unknowns.
For &lt;math&gt;d\leq 2&lt;/math&gt;, there is always a solution (under reasonable assumptions): in particular any metric on &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^2&lt;/math&gt; is conformally flat. For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 3&lt;/math&gt;, two metrics are in general not equivalent modulo rescaling. 

Similarly, the size of the conformal group depends on the dimension:
* For &lt;math&gt;d=1&lt;/math&gt;, any diffeomorphism is conformal. 
* For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 2&lt;/math&gt;, the conformal group depends on &lt;math&gt;M,g&lt;/math&gt;, with flat space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; having the largest possible group &lt;math&gt;SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt;. 
* For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 3&lt;/math&gt;, a generic space has only one conformal transformation: the identity.

=== Conformal transformations of flat space === 

The conformal group of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; with the flat metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; first includes isometries:
* Translations.
* Rotations.
There are also conformal transformations that are not isometries:
* Dilations &lt;math&gt;x^\mu \mapsto \lambda x^\mu &lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;. 
* The inversion &lt;math&gt;x^\mu \mapsto \frac{x^\mu}{\|x\|^2}&lt;/math&gt;.
* Special conformal transformations &lt;math&gt;x^\mu \mapsto \frac{x^\mu - a^\mu \|x\|^2}{1-2a_\mu x^\mu +\|a\|^2\|x\|^2}&lt;/math&gt;.
These transformations generate the conformal group.

=== Conformal symmetry and gravitation ===

In a theory of gravitation such as general relativity, the metric is not fixed, it is a dynamical object. We can therefore combine diffeomorphisms with changes of the metric. In particular, if we combine a diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;g\mapsto f^*g&lt;/math&gt;, we obtain a '''change of coordinates''', which should leave the physics invariant. 

By definition, modulo a change of coordinates, a conformal transformation amounts to a '''Weyl transformation''' of the metric &lt;math&gt;g\mapsto \lambda g&lt;/math&gt;. For gravitational theories, conformal invariance is equivalent to Weyl invariance. General relativity is Weyl invariant for &lt;math&gt;d=2&lt;/math&gt; only. 

It follows that in &lt;math&gt;d=2&lt;/math&gt;, any field theory of quantum gravity must be a conformal field theory. Moreover, since any metric is conformally flat, we may replace the 3 components of the metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; with the conformal factor &lt;math&gt;\lambda&lt;/math&gt;: only 1 bosonic field.  
Einstein's equation for &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; then reduces to the Liouville equation for &lt;math&gt;\log \lambda&lt;/math&gt;. The Liouville equation is the classical equation of motion of [[w:Liouville theory]]: a solvable CFT that we will study in this course. 
Therefore, we can build field theories of gravity called '''Liouville gravity''' based on Liouville theory. (There are several possible theories, depending on the matter contents.)

String theory is a theoretical framework that generalizes quantum field theory, and includes quantum theories of gravity. The basic idea is to describe physics in a spacetime &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; using a &lt;math&gt;d=2&lt;/math&gt; worldsheet &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; and an embedding &lt;math&gt;X:M\to Z&lt;/math&gt;. The metric on &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; induces a metric on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;, but it is convenient to allow the worldsheet metric &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; to be an independent dynamical object, unrelated to the induced metric. Nevertheless, the physics should not depend on &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;. It is possible to fix 2 of the 3 components of &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; using a change of coordinates on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;, and to get &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;-independence we also have to take care of the third component, by assuming Weyl invariance. This is why the worldsheet description of string theory uses &lt;math&gt;d=2&lt;/math&gt; CFT. 

String theory provides another motivation for CFT in arbitrary &lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt; due to the AdS/CFT correspondence: a holographic relation between a string theory in a &lt;math&gt;d+1&lt;/math&gt;-dimensional Anti-de Sitter space, and a CFT in &lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt; dimensions. In fact the correspondence can be generalized to non-AdS spaces, which then correspond to non-conformal field theories. Nevertheless, the correspondencs is simplest in the AdS/CFT case.

=== Conformal transformations in two dimensions === 

Riemann surfaces, moduli. 

== Scale invariance and conformal invariance == 

== Fixed points of the renormalization group ==

== Applications ==

== Exercises ==

=== COGS: The conformal group of flat space ===

Consider the Euclidean space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; with the flat metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt;, and the Minkowski space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}&lt;/math&gt; with coordinates &lt;math&gt;Y=\left(y^\mu,y^-,y^+\right)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\mu = 1,2,\dots, d&lt;/math&gt; and the flat metric &lt;math&gt;\|dY\|^2 = \sum_{\mu=1}^d \left(dy^\mu\right)^2 -dy^-dy^+ &lt;/math&gt;.
Consider the diffeormorphisms
:&lt;math&gt; \varphi:\left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^d &amp; \to &amp; \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ x^\mu &amp;\mapsto &amp; \left(x^\mu,\|x\|^2,1\right) \end{array}\right.  \quad , \quad \psi: \left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} &amp; \to &amp; \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ Y &amp;\mapsto &amp; \frac{1}{y^+}Y = \left(\frac{y^\mu}{y^+},\frac{y^-}{y^+},1\right) \end{array}\right.
&lt;/math&gt;
# Check that &lt;math&gt;\varphi&lt;/math&gt; is an isometry. Is &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; an isometry? Is it a conformal transformation?
# Show that the restriction of &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; to the light cone &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{L}=\left\{Y\in \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}\left| \|Y\|^2 = 0\right.\right\}&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation.
# Let &lt;math&gt;G\in SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt; be an isometry of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}&lt;/math&gt;, in particular &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; is linear. Show that &lt;math&gt;\varphi^{-1}\circ \psi \circ G\circ \varphi&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt;. Deduce that the conformal group of  &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; includes &lt;math&gt;SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt;.
# Explicitly write the action of &lt;math&gt;G\in SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;x^\mu&lt;/math&gt;.


[[Category: CFT course]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency</title>
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      <text bytes="36966" sha1="5ydp4wkpmll1imda1ifoq4i9ysn83pi" xml:space="preserve">The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]].

{{Infobox Organization
|name=Department of Government Efficiency
|logo=DOGE Logo as of November 14, 2024.jpg
|logo_size=150px
|logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024
|seal=
|seal_size=
|seal_caption=
|formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established
|abbreviation=DOGE
|key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]:
* [[w:Elon Musk]] 
* [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }}
|website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}}
}}

This &quot;'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''&quot; (WOGE) will analyze the [[w:U.S._Federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the public interest, and in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]&lt;nowiki/&gt;s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], with non-partisan research, analysis, and criticism of forward-looking proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) might fulfill its mission to ''&quot;dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies&quot;'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''&quot;massive waste and fraud&quot;'' in government spending.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;   The DOGE will work with through the [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] as its &quot;policy vector&quot;.   Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE.

The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]].   The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&amp;t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
[[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]]
DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act.

{{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''&lt;span class=&quot;skin-invert&quot;&gt;This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the&lt;/span&gt;'''|title=[[United States federal budget|&lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-base, #000000);&quot;&gt;Budget and debt in the&lt;br/&gt;United States of America&lt;/span&gt;]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]]
* [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]]
* [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]]
* [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]]
* [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]]
* [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]]
* [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]]
* [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]]
* [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]
* [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] 
* [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom:0.5em&quot;&gt;
[[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--Bu--&gt;  [[Bush tax cuts]]
* &lt;!--Deb--&gt; [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]]
** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]]
* &lt;!--Def--&gt; [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]]
* &lt;!--F--&gt;   [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]]
* &lt;!--H--&gt;   [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]]
* &lt;!--P--&gt;   [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]]
* &lt;!--So--&gt;  [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]]
* &lt;!--St--&gt;  &quot;[[Starve the beast]]&quot;
* &lt;!--Su--&gt;  [[Subprime mortgage crisis]]
{{endflatlist}}
&lt;/div&gt;
[[2007–2008 financial crisis]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--D--&gt; [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]]
** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]]
** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]]
** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]]
{{endflatlist}}
[[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--G--&gt; [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]]
** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]]
** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]]
** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]]
** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]]
** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]]
** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]]
** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]]
{{endflatlist}}
Related events
{{flatlist}}
*&lt;!--E--&gt;[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]]
{{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] 
* [[Balance of payments]]
* [[Inflation]]
* [[Continuing resolution]]}}

[[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]]

== Deregulate the Economy ==
The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one.  The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year.  [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year].

DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]].  A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA.

The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]].  While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed.

The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024.  Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_166&amp;cx_artPos=0]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections.&quot;

&quot;This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers.&quot;

&quot;When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach.  In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so&quot;

Mssrs. [https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_165&amp;cx_artPos=5 Musk and Ramaswamy, WSJ, 11/20/2024]&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Shrink the federal civil service ==
The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022.

The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers.  

Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections.

WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s]

The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.”   The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so.

Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area.  The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_165&amp;cx_artPos=5 

Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab.  Musk &amp; Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds ==

=== Impound appropriated funds ===
Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them.  the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days.   [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits.

He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;  If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional.   The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail.  The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it.

=== Reduce the budget deficit ===
[[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]

The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following.

Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]].   Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to

During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_2022&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]&lt;/ref&gt;

CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_budgetOutlook2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt; Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_MBRFY2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Variable As % GDP
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!Hist Avg
|-
!Revenue&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt;
|18.0%
|17.6%
|17.2%
|16.4%
|16.4%
|16.2%
|17.9%
|19.6%
|17.4%
|-
!Outlays&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
|20.4%
|20.8%
|20.6%
|20.2%
|21.0%
|31.1%
|30.1%
|25.1%
|21.0%
|-
!Budget Deficit&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
| -2.4%
| -3.2%
| -3.5%
| -3.8%
| -4.6%
| -14.9%
| -12.3%
| -5.5%
| -3.6%
|-
!Debt Held by Public&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
|72.5%
|76.4%
|76.2%
|77.6%
|79.4%
|100.3%
|99.6%
|94.7%
|
|}
The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that &quot;No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.&quot;

Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party.

=== Reduce the National debt ===

== Reform Entitlements ==

=== Healthcare and  Medicare ===
[[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]&lt;/ref&gt;

See below:  Department of Health and Human Services

=== Social Security ===
Even FDR was aware of its flaw:  it discourages working and saving.

== Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform ==

=== Department of State ===
{{Main article|w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump#Prospective_foreign_policy|w:State Department}}

=== U.S. Department of Defense ===
The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence,&quot; and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership.  This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,”  consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

There are legal obstacles.  The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.”  A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments ==

=== Department of Education ===
[[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|w:Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;DOE-mission&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury.   Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate;  Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone.  A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson.   WSJ 11/20/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ===
[[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion.  It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;hhs_budget_fy2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget &amp; Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health &amp; Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Program
!2020 Budget
!2024 Budget
! employees
!2025 Budget
!2026 Budget
|-
|[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)
|$3,329 MM
|-
|[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA)
|$11,004
|-
|[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS)
|$6,104
|-
|[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)
|$6,767
|-
|[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH)
|$33,669
|-
|[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA)
|$5,535
|-
|[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ)
|$0
|-
|[[w:Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services]] (CMMS)
|$1,169,091
|-
|[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF)
|$52,121
|-
|[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL)
|$1,997
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Program
!2020 Budget
!2024 Budget
! employees
!2025 Budget
!2026 Budget
|-
|[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]]
|$340
|-
|Non-Recurring Expense Fund
|$-400
|-
|[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]]
|$186
|-
|[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]]
|$43
|-
|[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]]
|$30
|-
|[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]]
|$82
|-
|[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]]
|$2,667
|-
|[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]]
|$749
|-
|Offsetting Collections
|$-629
|-
|Other Collections
|$-163
|-
|'''TOTAL'''
|'''$1,292,523'''
|}
The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health.  These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;hhs_budget_fy2020&quot; /&gt;

Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health &amp; Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] has been nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services]]

He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],&lt;ref name=&quot;v502&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the mission of &quot;Making America Healthy Again&quot;.  He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith_12/15/2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KW&quot; /&gt;

== CPB, PBS, NPR ==
Howard Husock suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the Public Broadcasting Act to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1&lt;/ref&gt;

== History and Miscellaneous facts ==
See also:  [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]]

DOGE's work will &quot;conclude&quot; no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed &quot;Great American Fair&quot;.

Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]].

Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is &quot;absolutely doable&quot; over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year &quot;without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government.

The body is &quot;unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the &quot;Department of Government Efficiency.&quot; What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception and Criticism ==
See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]]

== See also ==
* [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]]
* [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]]
* [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933
* [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms
* [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government
* [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform
* [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]]
* [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]]
== Reference Notes ==
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5ydp4wkpmll1imda1ifoq4i9ysn83pi</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2024-12-02T03:37:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="37079" sha1="fpvarw8h1rfz108n6nu32mgujc1l1d1" xml:space="preserve">The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]].

{{Infobox Organization
|name=Department of Government Efficiency
|logo=DOGE Logo as of November 14, 2024.jpg
|logo_size=150px
|logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024
|seal=
|seal_size=
|seal_caption=
|formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established
|abbreviation=DOGE
|key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]:
* [[w:Elon Musk]] 
* [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }}
|website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}}
}}

This &quot;'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''&quot; (WOGE) will analyze the [[w:U.S._Federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the public interest, and in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]&lt;nowiki/&gt;s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], with non-partisan research, analysis, and criticism of forward-looking proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) might fulfill its mission to ''&quot;dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies&quot;'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''&quot;massive waste and fraud&quot;'' in government spending.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;   The DOGE will work with through the [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] as its &quot;policy vector&quot;.   Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE.

The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]].   The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&amp;t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
[[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]]
DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act.

{{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''&lt;span class=&quot;skin-invert&quot;&gt;This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the&lt;/span&gt;'''|title=[[United States federal budget|&lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-base, #000000);&quot;&gt;Budget and debt in the&lt;br/&gt;United States of America&lt;/span&gt;]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]]
* [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]]
* [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]]
* [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]]
* [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]]
* [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]]
* [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]]
* [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]]
* [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]
* [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] 
* [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom:0.5em&quot;&gt;
[[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--Bu--&gt;  [[Bush tax cuts]]
* &lt;!--Deb--&gt; [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]]
** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]]
* &lt;!--Def--&gt; [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]]
* &lt;!--F--&gt;   [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]]
* &lt;!--H--&gt;   [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]]
* &lt;!--P--&gt;   [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]]
* &lt;!--So--&gt;  [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]]
* &lt;!--St--&gt;  &quot;[[Starve the beast]]&quot;
* &lt;!--Su--&gt;  [[Subprime mortgage crisis]]
{{endflatlist}}
&lt;/div&gt;
[[2007–2008 financial crisis]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--D--&gt; [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]]
** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]]
** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]]
** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]]
{{endflatlist}}
[[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--G--&gt; [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]]
** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]]
** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]]
** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]]
** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]]
** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]]
** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]]
** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]]
{{endflatlist}}
Related events
{{flatlist}}
*&lt;!--E--&gt;[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]]
{{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] 
* [[Balance of payments]]
* [[Inflation]]
* [[Continuing resolution]]}}

[[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]]

== Deregulate the Economy ==
The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one.  The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year.  [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year].

DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]].  A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA.

The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]].  While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed.

The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024.  Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_166&amp;cx_artPos=0]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections.&quot;

&quot;This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers.&quot;

&quot;When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach.  In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so&quot;

Mssrs. [https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_165&amp;cx_artPos=5 Musk and Ramaswamy, WSJ, 11/20/2024]&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Shrink the federal civil service ==
The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022.

The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers.  

Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections.

WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s]

The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.”   The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so.

Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area.  The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_165&amp;cx_artPos=5 

Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab.  Musk &amp; Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds ==

=== Impound appropriated funds ===
Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them.  the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days.   [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits.

He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;  If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional.   The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail.  The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it.

=== Reduce the budget deficit ===
[[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]

The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following.

Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]].   Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to

During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_2022&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]&lt;/ref&gt;

CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_budgetOutlook2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt; Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_MBRFY2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Variable As % GDP
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!Hist Avg
|-
!Revenue&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt;
|18.0%
|17.6%
|17.2%
|16.4%
|16.4%
|16.2%
|17.9%
|19.6%
|17.4%
|-
!Outlays&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
|20.4%
|20.8%
|20.6%
|20.2%
|21.0%
|31.1%
|30.1%
|25.1%
|21.0%
|-
!Budget Deficit&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
| -2.4%
| -3.2%
| -3.5%
| -3.8%
| -4.6%
| -14.9%
| -12.3%
| -5.5%
| -3.6%
|-
!Debt Held by Public&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
|72.5%
|76.4%
|76.2%
|77.6%
|79.4%
|100.3%
|99.6%
|94.7%
|
|}
The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that &quot;No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.&quot;

Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party.

=== Reduce the National debt ===

== Reform Entitlements ==

=== Healthcare and  Medicare ===
[[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]&lt;/ref&gt;

See below:  Department of Health and Human Services

=== Social Security ===
Even FDR was aware of its flaw:  it discourages working and saving.

== Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform ==

=== Department of State ===
{{Main article|w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump#Prospective_foreign_policy|w:State Department}}

=== U.S. Department of Defense ===
The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence,&quot; and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership.  This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,”  consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

There are legal obstacles.  The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.”  A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments ==

=== Department of Education ===
[[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|w:Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;DOE-mission&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury.   Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate;  Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone.  A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson.   WSJ 11/20/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ===
[[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion.  It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;hhs_budget_fy2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget &amp; Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health &amp; Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Program
!2020 Budget
!2024 Budget
! employees
!2025 Budget
!2026 Budget
|-
|[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)
|$3,329 MM
|-
|[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA)
|$11,004
|-
|[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS)
|$6,104
|-
|[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)
|$6,767
|-
|[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH)
|$33,669
|-
|[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA)
|$5,535
|-
|[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ)
|$0
|-
|[[w:Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services]] (CMMS)
|$1,169,091
|-
|[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF)
|$52,121
|-
|[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL)
|$1,997
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Program
!2020 Budget
!2024 Budget
! employees
!2025 Budget
!2026 Budget
|-
|[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]]
|$340
|-
|Non-Recurring Expense Fund
|$-400
|-
|[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]]
|$186
|-
|[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]]
|$43
|-
|[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]]
|$30
|-
|[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]]
|$82
|-
|[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]]
|$2,667
|-
|[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]]
|$749
|-
|Offsetting Collections
|$-629
|-
|Other Collections
|$-163
|-
|'''TOTAL'''
|'''$1,292,523'''
|}
The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health.  These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;hhs_budget_fy2020&quot; /&gt;

Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health &amp; Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] has been nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services]]

He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],&lt;ref name=&quot;v502&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the mission of &quot;Making America Healthy Again&quot;.  He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith_12/15/2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KW&quot; /&gt;

== CPB, PBS, NPR ==
[[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1&lt;/ref&gt;

== History and Miscellaneous facts ==
See also:  [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]]

DOGE's work will &quot;conclude&quot; no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed &quot;Great American Fair&quot;.

Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]].   NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.

Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is &quot;absolutely doable&quot; over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year &quot;without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government.

The body is &quot;unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the &quot;Department of Government Efficiency.&quot; What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception and Criticism ==
See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]]

== See also ==
* [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]]
* [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]]
* [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933
* [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms
* [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government
* [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform
* [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]]
* [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]]
== Reference Notes ==
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fpvarw8h1rfz108n6nu32mgujc1l1d1</sha1>
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      <text bytes="37343" sha1="9hizm5chqbhonpy1zhzahasdl2i7zc7" xml:space="preserve">The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]].

{{Infobox Organization
|name=Department of Government Efficiency
|logo=DOGE Logo as of November 14, 2024.jpg
|logo_size=150px
|logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024
|seal=
|seal_size=
|seal_caption=
|formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established
|abbreviation=DOGE
|key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]:
* [[w:Elon Musk]] 
* [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }}
|website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}}
}}

This &quot;'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''&quot; (WOGE) will analyze the [[w:U.S._Federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the public interest, and in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]&lt;nowiki/&gt;s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], with non-partisan research, analysis, and criticism of forward-looking proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) might fulfill its mission to ''&quot;dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies&quot;'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''&quot;massive waste and fraud&quot;'' in government spending.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;   The DOGE will work with through the [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] as its &quot;policy vector&quot;.   Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE.

The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]].   The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&amp;t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
[[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]]
DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act.

{{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''&lt;span class=&quot;skin-invert&quot;&gt;This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the&lt;/span&gt;'''|title=[[United States federal budget|&lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-base, #000000);&quot;&gt;Budget and debt in the&lt;br/&gt;United States of America&lt;/span&gt;]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]]
* [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]]
* [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]]
* [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]]
* [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]]
* [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]]
* [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]]
* [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]]
* [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]
* [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] 
* [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom:0.5em&quot;&gt;
[[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--Bu--&gt;  [[Bush tax cuts]]
* &lt;!--Deb--&gt; [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]]
** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]]
* &lt;!--Def--&gt; [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]]
* &lt;!--F--&gt;   [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]]
* &lt;!--H--&gt;   [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]]
* &lt;!--P--&gt;   [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]]
* &lt;!--So--&gt;  [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]]
* &lt;!--St--&gt;  &quot;[[Starve the beast]]&quot;
* &lt;!--Su--&gt;  [[Subprime mortgage crisis]]
{{endflatlist}}
&lt;/div&gt;
[[2007–2008 financial crisis]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--D--&gt; [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]]
** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]]
** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]]
** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]]
{{endflatlist}}
[[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--G--&gt; [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]]
** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]]
** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]]
** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]]
** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]]
** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]]
** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]]
** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]]
{{endflatlist}}
Related events
{{flatlist}}
*&lt;!--E--&gt;[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]]
{{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] 
* [[Balance of payments]]
* [[Inflation]]
* [[Continuing resolution]]}}

[[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]]

== Deregulate the Economy ==
The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one.  The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year.  [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year].

DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]].  A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA.

The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]].  While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed.

The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024.  Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_166&amp;cx_artPos=0]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections.&quot;

&quot;This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers.&quot;

&quot;When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach.  In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so&quot;

Mssrs. [https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_165&amp;cx_artPos=5 Musk and Ramaswamy, WSJ, 11/20/2024]&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Shrink the federal civil service ==
The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022.

The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers.  

Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections.

WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s]

The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.”   The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so.

Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area.  The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_165&amp;cx_artPos=5 

Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab.  Musk &amp; Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds ==

=== Impound appropriated funds ===
Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them.  the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days.   [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits.

He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;  If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional.   The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail.  The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it.

=== Reduce the budget deficit ===
[[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]

The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following.

Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]].   Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to

During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_2022&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]&lt;/ref&gt;

CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_budgetOutlook2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt; Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_MBRFY2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Variable As % GDP
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!Hist Avg
|-
!Revenue&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt;
|18.0%
|17.6%
|17.2%
|16.4%
|16.4%
|16.2%
|17.9%
|19.6%
|17.4%
|-
!Outlays&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
|20.4%
|20.8%
|20.6%
|20.2%
|21.0%
|31.1%
|30.1%
|25.1%
|21.0%
|-
!Budget Deficit&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
| -2.4%
| -3.2%
| -3.5%
| -3.8%
| -4.6%
| -14.9%
| -12.3%
| -5.5%
| -3.6%
|-
!Debt Held by Public&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
|72.5%
|76.4%
|76.2%
|77.6%
|79.4%
|100.3%
|99.6%
|94.7%
|
|}
The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that &quot;No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.&quot;

Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party.

=== Reduce the National debt ===

== Reform Entitlements ==

=== Healthcare and  Medicare ===
[[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]&lt;/ref&gt;

See below:  Department of Health and Human Services

=== Social Security ===
Even FDR was aware of its flaw:  it discourages working and saving.

== Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform ==

=== Department of State ===
{{Main article|w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump#Prospective_foreign_policy|w:State Department}}

=== U.S. Department of Defense ===
The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence,&quot; and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership.  This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,”  consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

There are legal obstacles.  The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.”  A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments ==

=== Department of Education ===
[[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|w:Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;DOE-mission&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury.   Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate;  Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone.  A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson.   WSJ 11/20/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ===
[[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion.  It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;hhs_budget_fy2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget &amp; Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health &amp; Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Program
!2020 Budget
!2024 Budget
! employees
!2025 Budget
!2026 Budget
|-
|[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)
|$3,329 MM
|-
|[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA)
|$11,004
|-
|[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS)
|$6,104
|-
|[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)
|$6,767
|-
|[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH)
|$33,669
|-
|[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA)
|$5,535
|-
|[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ)
|$0
|-
|[[w:Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services]] (CMMS)
|$1,169,091
|-
|[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF)
|$52,121
|-
|[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL)
|$1,997
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Program
!2020 Budget
!2024 Budget
! employees
!2025 Budget
!2026 Budget
|-
|[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]]
|$340
|-
|Non-Recurring Expense Fund
|$-400
|-
|[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]]
|$186
|-
|[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]]
|$43
|-
|[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]]
|$30
|-
|[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]]
|$82
|-
|[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]]
|$2,667
|-
|[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]]
|$749
|-
|Offsetting Collections
|$-629
|-
|Other Collections
|$-163
|-
|'''TOTAL'''
|'''$1,292,523'''
|}
The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health.  These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;hhs_budget_fy2020&quot; /&gt;

Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health &amp; Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] has been nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services]]

He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],&lt;ref name=&quot;v502&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the mission of &quot;Making America Healthy Again&quot;.  He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith_12/15/2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KW&quot; /&gt;

== CPB, PBS, NPR ==
[[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1&lt;/ref&gt;

== NASA ==

== History and Miscellaneous facts ==
See also:  [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]]

DOGE's work will &quot;conclude&quot; no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed &quot;Great American Fair&quot;.

Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]].   NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}}

Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is &quot;absolutely doable&quot; over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year &quot;without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government.

The body is &quot;unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the &quot;Department of Government Efficiency.&quot; What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception and Criticism ==
See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]]

The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}}

== See also ==
* [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]]
* [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]]
* [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933
* [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms
* [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government
* [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform
* [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]]
* [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]]
== Reference Notes ==
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9hizm5chqbhonpy1zhzahasdl2i7zc7</sha1>
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      <text bytes="37667" sha1="mhbe9jc1eiqugtijqc2f88nc0rpucoz" xml:space="preserve">The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]].

{{Infobox Organization
|name=Department of Government Efficiency
|logo=DOGE Logo as of November 14, 2024.jpg
|logo_size=150px
|logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024
|seal=
|seal_size=
|seal_caption=
|formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established
|abbreviation=DOGE
|key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]:
* [[w:Elon Musk]] 
* [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }}
|website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}}
}}

This &quot;'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''&quot; (WOGE) will analyze the [[w:U.S._Federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the public interest, and in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]&lt;nowiki/&gt;s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], with non-partisan research, analysis, and criticism of forward-looking proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) might fulfill its mission to ''&quot;dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies&quot;'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''&quot;massive waste and fraud&quot;'' in government spending.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;   The DOGE will work with through the [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] as its &quot;policy vector&quot;.   Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE.

The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]].   The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&amp;t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
[[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]]
DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act.

{{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''&lt;span class=&quot;skin-invert&quot;&gt;This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the&lt;/span&gt;'''|title=[[United States federal budget|&lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-base, #000000);&quot;&gt;Budget and debt in the&lt;br/&gt;United States of America&lt;/span&gt;]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]]
* [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]]
* [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]]
* [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]]
* [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]]
* [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]]
* [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]]
* [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]]
* [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]
* [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] 
* [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom:0.5em&quot;&gt;
[[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--Bu--&gt;  [[Bush tax cuts]]
* &lt;!--Deb--&gt; [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]]
** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]]
* &lt;!--Def--&gt; [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]]
* &lt;!--F--&gt;   [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]]
* &lt;!--H--&gt;   [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]]
* &lt;!--P--&gt;   [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]]
* &lt;!--So--&gt;  [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]]
* &lt;!--St--&gt;  &quot;[[Starve the beast]]&quot;
* &lt;!--Su--&gt;  [[Subprime mortgage crisis]]
{{endflatlist}}
&lt;/div&gt;
[[2007–2008 financial crisis]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--D--&gt; [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]]
** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]]
** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]]
** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]]
{{endflatlist}}
[[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--G--&gt; [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]]
** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]]
** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]]
** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]]
** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]]
** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]]
** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]]
** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]]
{{endflatlist}}
Related events
{{flatlist}}
*&lt;!--E--&gt;[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]]
{{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] 
* [[Balance of payments]]
* [[Inflation]]
* [[Continuing resolution]]}}

[[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]]

== Deregulate the Economy ==
The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one.  The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year.  [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year].

DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]].  A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA.

The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]].  While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed.

The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024.  Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_166&amp;cx_artPos=0]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections.&quot;

&quot;This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers.&quot;

&quot;When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach.  In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so&quot;

Mssrs. [https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_165&amp;cx_artPos=5 Musk and Ramaswamy, WSJ, 11/20/2024]&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Shrink the federal civil service ==
The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022.

The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers.  

Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections.

WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s]

The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.”   The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so.

Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area.  The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_165&amp;cx_artPos=5 

Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab.  Musk &amp; Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds ==

=== Impound appropriated funds ===
Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them.  the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days.   [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits.

He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;  If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional.   The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail.  The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it.

=== Reduce the budget deficit ===
[[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]

The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following.

Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]].   Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to

During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_2022&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]&lt;/ref&gt;

CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_budgetOutlook2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt; Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_MBRFY2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Variable As % GDP
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!Hist Avg
|-
!Revenue&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt;
|18.0%
|17.6%
|17.2%
|16.4%
|16.4%
|16.2%
|17.9%
|19.6%
|17.4%
|-
!Outlays&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
|20.4%
|20.8%
|20.6%
|20.2%
|21.0%
|31.1%
|30.1%
|25.1%
|21.0%
|-
!Budget Deficit&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
| -2.4%
| -3.2%
| -3.5%
| -3.8%
| -4.6%
| -14.9%
| -12.3%
| -5.5%
| -3.6%
|-
!Debt Held by Public&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
|72.5%
|76.4%
|76.2%
|77.6%
|79.4%
|100.3%
|99.6%
|94.7%
|
|}
The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that &quot;No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.&quot;

Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party.

=== Reduce the National debt ===

== Reform Entitlements ==

=== Healthcare and  Medicare ===
[[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]&lt;/ref&gt;

See below:  Department of Health and Human Services

=== Social Security ===
Even FDR was aware of its flaw:  it discourages working and saving.

== Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform ==

=== Department of State ===
{{Main article|w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump#Prospective_foreign_policy|w:State Department}}

=== U.S. Department of Defense ===
The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence,&quot; and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership.  This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,”  consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

There are legal obstacles.  The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.”  A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Musk and [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments ==

=== Department of Education ===
[[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|w:Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;DOE-mission&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury.   Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate;  Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone.  A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson.   WSJ 11/20/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ===
[[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion.  It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;hhs_budget_fy2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget &amp; Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health &amp; Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Program
!2020 Budget
!2024 Budget
! employees
!2025 Budget
!2026 Budget
|-
|[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)
|$3,329 MM
|-
|[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA)
|$11,004
|-
|[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS)
|$6,104
|-
|[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)
|$6,767
|-
|[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH)
|$33,669
|-
|[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA)
|$5,535
|-
|[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ)
|$0
|-
|[[w:Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services]] (CMMS)
|$1,169,091
|-
|[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF)
|$52,121
|-
|[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL)
|$1,997
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Program
!2020 Budget
!2024 Budget
! employees
!2025 Budget
!2026 Budget
|-
|[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]]
|$340
|-
|Non-Recurring Expense Fund
|$-400
|-
|[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]]
|$186
|-
|[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]]
|$43
|-
|[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]]
|$30
|-
|[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]]
|$82
|-
|[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]]
|$2,667
|-
|[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]]
|$749
|-
|Offsetting Collections
|$-629
|-
|Other Collections
|$-163
|-
|'''TOTAL'''
|'''$1,292,523'''
|}
The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health.  These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;hhs_budget_fy2020&quot; /&gt;

Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health &amp; Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] has been nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services]]

He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],&lt;ref name=&quot;v502&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the mission of &quot;Making America Healthy Again&quot;.  He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith_12/15/2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KW&quot; /&gt;

== CPB, PBS, NPR ==
[[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1&lt;/ref&gt;

== NASA ==

== History and Miscellaneous facts ==
See also:  [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]]

DOGE's work will &quot;conclude&quot; no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed &quot;Great American Fair&quot;.

Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]].   NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}}

Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is &quot;absolutely doable&quot; over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year &quot;without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government.

The body is &quot;unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the &quot;Department of Government Efficiency.&quot; What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception and Criticism ==
See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]]

The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}}

== See also ==
* [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]]
* [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]]
* [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933
* [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms
* [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government
* [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform
* [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]]
* [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]]
== Reference Notes ==
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mhbe9jc1eiqugtijqc2f88nc0rpucoz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689828</id>
      <parentid>2689827</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T03:46:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jaredscribe</username>
        <id>2906761</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* U.S. Department of Defense */ quotes Musk and Sanders</comment>
      <origin>2689828</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38130" sha1="ejdnqsndb1ctq2wwwxcpsfv8thgsbix" xml:space="preserve">The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]].

{{Infobox Organization
|name=Department of Government Efficiency
|logo=DOGE Logo as of November 14, 2024.jpg
|logo_size=150px
|logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024
|seal=
|seal_size=
|seal_caption=
|formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established
|abbreviation=DOGE
|key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]:
* [[w:Elon Musk]] 
* [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }}
|website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}}
}}

This &quot;'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''&quot; (WOGE) will analyze the [[w:U.S._Federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the public interest, and in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]&lt;nowiki/&gt;s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], with non-partisan research, analysis, and criticism of forward-looking proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) might fulfill its mission to ''&quot;dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies&quot;'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''&quot;massive waste and fraud&quot;'' in government spending.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;   The DOGE will work with through the [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] as its &quot;policy vector&quot;.   Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE.

The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]].   The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&amp;t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
[[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]]
DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act.

{{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''&lt;span class=&quot;skin-invert&quot;&gt;This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the&lt;/span&gt;'''|title=[[United States federal budget|&lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-base, #000000);&quot;&gt;Budget and debt in the&lt;br/&gt;United States of America&lt;/span&gt;]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]]
* [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]]
* [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]]
* [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]]
* [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]]
* [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]]
* [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]]
* [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]]
* [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]
* [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] 
* [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom:0.5em&quot;&gt;
[[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--Bu--&gt;  [[Bush tax cuts]]
* &lt;!--Deb--&gt; [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]]
** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]]
* &lt;!--Def--&gt; [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]]
* &lt;!--F--&gt;   [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]]
* &lt;!--H--&gt;   [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]]
* &lt;!--P--&gt;   [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]]
* &lt;!--So--&gt;  [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]]
* &lt;!--St--&gt;  &quot;[[Starve the beast]]&quot;
* &lt;!--Su--&gt;  [[Subprime mortgage crisis]]
{{endflatlist}}
&lt;/div&gt;
[[2007–2008 financial crisis]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--D--&gt; [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]]
** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]]
** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]]
** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]]
{{endflatlist}}
[[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--G--&gt; [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]]
** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]]
** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]]
** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]]
** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]]
** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]]
** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]]
** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]]
{{endflatlist}}
Related events
{{flatlist}}
*&lt;!--E--&gt;[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]]
{{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] 
* [[Balance of payments]]
* [[Inflation]]
* [[Continuing resolution]]}}

[[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]]

== Deregulate the Economy ==
The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one.  The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year.  [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year].

DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]].  A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA.

The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]].  While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed.

The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024.  Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_166&amp;cx_artPos=0]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections.&quot;

&quot;This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers.&quot;

&quot;When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach.  In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so&quot;

Mssrs. [https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_165&amp;cx_artPos=5 Musk and Ramaswamy, WSJ, 11/20/2024]&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Shrink the federal civil service ==
The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022.

The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers.  

Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections.

WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s]

The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.”   The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so.

Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area.  The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_165&amp;cx_artPos=5 

Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab.  Musk &amp; Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds ==

=== Impound appropriated funds ===
Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them.  the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days.   [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits.

He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;  If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional.   The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail.  The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it.

=== Reduce the budget deficit ===
[[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]

The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following.

Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]].   Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to

During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_2022&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]&lt;/ref&gt;

CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_budgetOutlook2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt; Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_MBRFY2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Variable As % GDP
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!Hist Avg
|-
!Revenue&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt;
|18.0%
|17.6%
|17.2%
|16.4%
|16.4%
|16.2%
|17.9%
|19.6%
|17.4%
|-
!Outlays&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
|20.4%
|20.8%
|20.6%
|20.2%
|21.0%
|31.1%
|30.1%
|25.1%
|21.0%
|-
!Budget Deficit&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
| -2.4%
| -3.2%
| -3.5%
| -3.8%
| -4.6%
| -14.9%
| -12.3%
| -5.5%
| -3.6%
|-
!Debt Held by Public&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
|72.5%
|76.4%
|76.2%
|77.6%
|79.4%
|100.3%
|99.6%
|94.7%
|
|}
The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that &quot;No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.&quot;

Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party.

=== Reduce the National debt ===

== Reform Entitlements ==

=== Healthcare and  Medicare ===
[[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]&lt;/ref&gt;

See below:  Department of Health and Human Services

=== Social Security ===
Even FDR was aware of its flaw:  it discourages working and saving.

== Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform ==

=== Department of State ===
{{Main article|w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump#Prospective_foreign_policy|w:State Department}}

=== U.S. Department of Defense ===
The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence,&quot; and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership.  This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,”  consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

There are legal obstacles.  The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.”  A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Musk said, &quot;Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35,&quot; and later added: &quot;Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk.&quot;   [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: &quot;Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments ==

=== Department of Education ===
[[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|w:Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;DOE-mission&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury.   Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate;  Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone.  A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson.   WSJ 11/20/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ===
[[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion.  It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;hhs_budget_fy2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget &amp; Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health &amp; Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Program
!2020 Budget
!2024 Budget
! employees
!2025 Budget
!2026 Budget
|-
|[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)
|$3,329 MM
|-
|[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA)
|$11,004
|-
|[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS)
|$6,104
|-
|[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)
|$6,767
|-
|[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH)
|$33,669
|-
|[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA)
|$5,535
|-
|[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ)
|$0
|-
|[[w:Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services]] (CMMS)
|$1,169,091
|-
|[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF)
|$52,121
|-
|[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL)
|$1,997
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Program
!2020 Budget
!2024 Budget
! employees
!2025 Budget
!2026 Budget
|-
|[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]]
|$340
|-
|Non-Recurring Expense Fund
|$-400
|-
|[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]]
|$186
|-
|[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]]
|$43
|-
|[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]]
|$30
|-
|[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]]
|$82
|-
|[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]]
|$2,667
|-
|[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]]
|$749
|-
|Offsetting Collections
|$-629
|-
|Other Collections
|$-163
|-
|'''TOTAL'''
|'''$1,292,523'''
|}
The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health.  These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;hhs_budget_fy2020&quot; /&gt;

Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health &amp; Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] has been nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services]]

He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],&lt;ref name=&quot;v502&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the mission of &quot;Making America Healthy Again&quot;.  He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith_12/15/2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KW&quot; /&gt;

== CPB, PBS, NPR ==
[[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1&lt;/ref&gt;

== NASA ==

== History and Miscellaneous facts ==
See also:  [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]]

DOGE's work will &quot;conclude&quot; no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed &quot;Great American Fair&quot;.

Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]].   NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}}

Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is &quot;absolutely doable&quot; over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year &quot;without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government.

The body is &quot;unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the &quot;Department of Government Efficiency.&quot; What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception and Criticism ==
See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]]

The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}}

== See also ==
* [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]]
* [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]]
* [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933
* [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms
* [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government
* [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform
* [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]]
* [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]]
== Reference Notes ==
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="38940" sha1="namdwaacqy554ygcln4wdta27pvea92" xml:space="preserve">The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]].

{{Infobox Organization
|name=Department of Government Efficiency
|logo=DOGE Logo as of November 14, 2024.jpg
|logo_size=150px
|logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024
|seal=
|seal_size=
|seal_caption=
|formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established
|abbreviation=DOGE
|key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]:
* [[w:Elon Musk]] 
* [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }}
|website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}}
}}

This &quot;'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''&quot; (WOGE) will analyze the [[w:U.S._Federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the public interest, and in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]&lt;nowiki/&gt;s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], with non-partisan research, analysis, and criticism of forward-looking proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) might fulfill its mission to ''&quot;dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies&quot;'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''&quot;massive waste and fraud&quot;'' in government spending.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;   The DOGE will work with through the [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] as its &quot;policy vector&quot;.   Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE.

The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]].   The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&amp;t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
[[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]]
DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act.

{{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''&lt;span class=&quot;skin-invert&quot;&gt;This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the&lt;/span&gt;'''|title=[[United States federal budget|&lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-base, #000000);&quot;&gt;Budget and debt in the&lt;br/&gt;United States of America&lt;/span&gt;]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]]
* [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]]
* [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]]
* [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]]
* [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]]
* [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]]
* [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]]
* [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]]
* [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]
* [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] 
* [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom:0.5em&quot;&gt;
[[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--Bu--&gt;  [[Bush tax cuts]]
* &lt;!--Deb--&gt; [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]]
** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]]
* &lt;!--Def--&gt; [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]]
* &lt;!--F--&gt;   [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]]
* &lt;!--H--&gt;   [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]]
* &lt;!--P--&gt;   [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]]
* &lt;!--So--&gt;  [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]]
* &lt;!--St--&gt;  &quot;[[Starve the beast]]&quot;
* &lt;!--Su--&gt;  [[Subprime mortgage crisis]]
{{endflatlist}}
&lt;/div&gt;
[[2007–2008 financial crisis]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--D--&gt; [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]]
** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]]
** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]]
** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]]
{{endflatlist}}
[[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--G--&gt; [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]]
** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]]
** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]]
** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]]
** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]]
** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]]
** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]]
** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]]
{{endflatlist}}
Related events
{{flatlist}}
*&lt;!--E--&gt;[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]]
{{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] 
* [[Balance of payments]]
* [[Inflation]]
* [[Continuing resolution]]}}

[[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]]

== Deregulate the Economy ==
The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one.  The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year.  [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year].

DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]].  A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA.

The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]].  While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed.

The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024.  Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_166&amp;cx_artPos=0]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections.&quot;

&quot;This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers.&quot;

&quot;When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach.  In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so&quot;

Mssrs. [https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_165&amp;cx_artPos=5 Musk and Ramaswamy, WSJ, 11/20/2024]&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Shrink the federal civil service ==
The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022.

The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers.  

Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections.

WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s]

The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.”   The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so.

Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area.  The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_165&amp;cx_artPos=5 

Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab.  Musk &amp; Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds ==

=== Impound appropriated funds ===
Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them.  the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days.   [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits.

He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;  If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional.   The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail.  The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it.

=== Reduce the budget deficit ===
[[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]

The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following.

Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]].   Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to

During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_2022&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]&lt;/ref&gt;

CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_budgetOutlook2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt; Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_MBRFY2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Variable As % GDP
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!Hist Avg
|-
!Revenue&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt;
|18.0%
|17.6%
|17.2%
|16.4%
|16.4%
|16.2%
|17.9%
|19.6%
|17.4%
|-
!Outlays&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
|20.4%
|20.8%
|20.6%
|20.2%
|21.0%
|31.1%
|30.1%
|25.1%
|21.0%
|-
!Budget Deficit&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
| -2.4%
| -3.2%
| -3.5%
| -3.8%
| -4.6%
| -14.9%
| -12.3%
| -5.5%
| -3.6%
|-
!Debt Held by Public&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
|72.5%
|76.4%
|76.2%
|77.6%
|79.4%
|100.3%
|99.6%
|94.7%
|
|}
The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that &quot;No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.&quot;

Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party.

=== Reduce the National debt ===

== Reform Entitlements ==

=== Healthcare and  Medicare ===
[[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]&lt;/ref&gt;

See below:  Department of Health and Human Services

=== Social Security ===
Even FDR was aware of its flaw:  it discourages working and saving.

== Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform ==

=== Department of State ===
{{Main article|w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump#Prospective_foreign_policy|w:State Department}}

=== U.S. Department of Defense ===
The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence,&quot; and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership.  This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,”  consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

There are legal obstacles.  The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.”  A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Musk said, &quot;Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35,&quot; and later added: &quot;Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk.&quot;   [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: &quot;Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Failed its fifth audit in June 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments ==

=== Department of Education ===
[[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|w:Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;DOE-mission&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury.   Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate;  Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone.  A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson.   WSJ 11/20/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ===
[[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion.  It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;hhs_budget_fy2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget &amp; Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health &amp; Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Program
!2020 Budget
!2024 Budget
! employees
!2025 Budget
!2026 Budget
|-
|[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)
|$3,329 MM
|-
|[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA)
|$11,004
|-
|[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS)
|$6,104
|-
|[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)
|$6,767
|-
|[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH)
|$33,669
|-
|[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA)
|$5,535
|-
|[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ)
|$0
|-
|[[w:Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services]] (CMMS)
|$1,169,091
|-
|[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF)
|$52,121
|-
|[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL)
|$1,997
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Program
!2020 Budget
!2024 Budget
! employees
!2025 Budget
!2026 Budget
|-
|[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]]
|$340
|-
|Non-Recurring Expense Fund
|$-400
|-
|[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]]
|$186
|-
|[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]]
|$43
|-
|[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]]
|$30
|-
|[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]]
|$82
|-
|[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]]
|$2,667
|-
|[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]]
|$749
|-
|Offsetting Collections
|$-629
|-
|Other Collections
|$-163
|-
|'''TOTAL'''
|'''$1,292,523'''
|}
The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health.  These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;hhs_budget_fy2020&quot; /&gt;

Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health &amp; Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] has been nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services]]

He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],&lt;ref name=&quot;v502&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the mission of &quot;Making America Healthy Again&quot;.  He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith_12/15/2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KW&quot; /&gt;

== CPB, PBS, NPR ==
[[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1&lt;/ref&gt;

== NASA ==
In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]].

== History and Miscellaneous facts ==
See also:  [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]]

DOGE's work will &quot;conclude&quot; no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed &quot;Great American Fair&quot;.

Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]].   NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}}

Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is &quot;absolutely doable&quot; over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year &quot;without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government.

The body is &quot;unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the &quot;Department of Government Efficiency.&quot; What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception and Criticism ==
See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]]

The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}}

== See also ==
* [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]]
* [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]]
* [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933
* [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms
* [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government
* [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform
* [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]]
* [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]]
== Reference Notes ==
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>namdwaacqy554ygcln4wdta27pvea92</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689830</id>
      <parentid>2689829</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T03:56:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jaredscribe</username>
        <id>2906761</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* NASA */ prev. Artemis program.  curr: The U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in October, put out a report titled &quot;NASA at a Crossroads,&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="39591" sha1="66db7qh7iduq72egxv1z69loq15sxyj" xml:space="preserve">The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]].

{{Infobox Organization
|name=Department of Government Efficiency
|logo=DOGE Logo as of November 14, 2024.jpg
|logo_size=150px
|logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024
|seal=
|seal_size=
|seal_caption=
|formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established
|abbreviation=DOGE
|key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]:
* [[w:Elon Musk]] 
* [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }}
|website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}}
}}

This &quot;'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''&quot; (WOGE) will analyze the [[w:U.S._Federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the public interest, and in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]&lt;nowiki/&gt;s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], with non-partisan research, analysis, and criticism of forward-looking proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) might fulfill its mission to ''&quot;dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies&quot;'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''&quot;massive waste and fraud&quot;'' in government spending.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;   The DOGE will work with through the [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] as its &quot;policy vector&quot;.   Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE.

The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]].   The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&amp;t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
[[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]]
DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act.

{{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''&lt;span class=&quot;skin-invert&quot;&gt;This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the&lt;/span&gt;'''|title=[[United States federal budget|&lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-base, #000000);&quot;&gt;Budget and debt in the&lt;br/&gt;United States of America&lt;/span&gt;]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]]
* [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]]
* [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]]
* [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]]
* [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]]
* [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]]
* [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]]
* [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]]
* [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]
* [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] 
* [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom:0.5em&quot;&gt;
[[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--Bu--&gt;  [[Bush tax cuts]]
* &lt;!--Deb--&gt; [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]]
** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]]
* &lt;!--Def--&gt; [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]]
* &lt;!--F--&gt;   [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]]
* &lt;!--H--&gt;   [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]]
* &lt;!--P--&gt;   [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]]
* &lt;!--So--&gt;  [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]]
* &lt;!--St--&gt;  &quot;[[Starve the beast]]&quot;
* &lt;!--Su--&gt;  [[Subprime mortgage crisis]]
{{endflatlist}}
&lt;/div&gt;
[[2007–2008 financial crisis]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--D--&gt; [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]]
** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]]
** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]]
** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]]
{{endflatlist}}
[[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--G--&gt; [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]]
** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]]
** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]]
** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]]
** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]]
** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]]
** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]]
** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]]
{{endflatlist}}
Related events
{{flatlist}}
*&lt;!--E--&gt;[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]]
{{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] 
* [[Balance of payments]]
* [[Inflation]]
* [[Continuing resolution]]}}

[[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]]

== Deregulate the Economy ==
The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one.  The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year.  [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year].

DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]].  A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA.

The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]].  While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed.

The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024.  Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_166&amp;cx_artPos=0]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections.&quot;

&quot;This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers.&quot;

&quot;When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach.  In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so&quot;

Mssrs. [https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_165&amp;cx_artPos=5 Musk and Ramaswamy, WSJ, 11/20/2024]&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Shrink the federal civil service ==
The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022.

The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers.  

Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections.

WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s]

The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.”   The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so.

Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area.  The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_165&amp;cx_artPos=5 

Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab.  Musk &amp; Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds ==

=== Impound appropriated funds ===
Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them.  the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days.   [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits.

He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;  If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional.   The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail.  The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it.

=== Reduce the budget deficit ===
[[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]

The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following.

Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]].   Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to

During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_2022&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]&lt;/ref&gt;

CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_budgetOutlook2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt; Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_MBRFY2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Variable As % GDP
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!Hist Avg
|-
!Revenue&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt;
|18.0%
|17.6%
|17.2%
|16.4%
|16.4%
|16.2%
|17.9%
|19.6%
|17.4%
|-
!Outlays&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
|20.4%
|20.8%
|20.6%
|20.2%
|21.0%
|31.1%
|30.1%
|25.1%
|21.0%
|-
!Budget Deficit&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
| -2.4%
| -3.2%
| -3.5%
| -3.8%
| -4.6%
| -14.9%
| -12.3%
| -5.5%
| -3.6%
|-
!Debt Held by Public&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
|72.5%
|76.4%
|76.2%
|77.6%
|79.4%
|100.3%
|99.6%
|94.7%
|
|}
The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that &quot;No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.&quot;

Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party.

=== Reduce the National debt ===

== Reform Entitlements ==

=== Healthcare and  Medicare ===
[[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]&lt;/ref&gt;

See below:  Department of Health and Human Services

=== Social Security ===
Even FDR was aware of its flaw:  it discourages working and saving.

== Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform ==

=== Department of State ===
{{Main article|w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump#Prospective_foreign_policy|w:State Department}}

=== U.S. Department of Defense ===
The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence,&quot; and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership.  This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,”  consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

There are legal obstacles.  The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.”  A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Musk said, &quot;Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35,&quot; and later added: &quot;Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk.&quot;   [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: &quot;Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Failed its fifth audit in June 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments ==

=== Department of Education ===
[[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|w:Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;DOE-mission&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury.   Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate;  Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone.  A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson.   WSJ 11/20/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ===
[[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion.  It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;hhs_budget_fy2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget &amp; Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health &amp; Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Program
!2020 Budget
!2024 Budget
! employees
!2025 Budget
!2026 Budget
|-
|[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)
|$3,329 MM
|-
|[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA)
|$11,004
|-
|[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS)
|$6,104
|-
|[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)
|$6,767
|-
|[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH)
|$33,669
|-
|[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA)
|$5,535
|-
|[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ)
|$0
|-
|[[w:Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services]] (CMMS)
|$1,169,091
|-
|[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF)
|$52,121
|-
|[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL)
|$1,997
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Program
!2020 Budget
!2024 Budget
! employees
!2025 Budget
!2026 Budget
|-
|[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]]
|$340
|-
|Non-Recurring Expense Fund
|$-400
|-
|[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]]
|$186
|-
|[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]]
|$43
|-
|[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]]
|$30
|-
|[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]]
|$82
|-
|[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]]
|$2,667
|-
|[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]]
|$749
|-
|Offsetting Collections
|$-629
|-
|Other Collections
|$-163
|-
|'''TOTAL'''
|'''$1,292,523'''
|}
The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health.  These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;hhs_budget_fy2020&quot; /&gt;

Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health &amp; Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] has been nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services]]

He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],&lt;ref name=&quot;v502&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the mission of &quot;Making America Healthy Again&quot;.  He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith_12/15/2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KW&quot; /&gt;

== CPB, PBS, NPR ==
[[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1&lt;/ref&gt;

== NASA ==
In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]].

The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled &quot;NASA at a Crossroads,&quot; which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History and Miscellaneous facts ==
See also:  [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]]

DOGE's work will &quot;conclude&quot; no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed &quot;Great American Fair&quot;.

Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]].   NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}}

Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is &quot;absolutely doable&quot; over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year &quot;without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government.

The body is &quot;unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the &quot;Department of Government Efficiency.&quot; What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception and Criticism ==
See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]]

The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}}

== See also ==
* [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]]
* [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]]
* [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933
* [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms
* [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government
* [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform
* [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]]
* [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]]
== Reference Notes ==
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>66db7qh7iduq72egxv1z69loq15sxyj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689833</id>
      <parentid>2689830</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T04:04:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jaredscribe</username>
        <id>2906761</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* NASA */ statement from administrator Jim Free</comment>
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      <text bytes="40407" sha1="se399pjsfzgnxn4dihed4rn2d473fox" xml:space="preserve">The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]].

{{Infobox Organization
|name=Department of Government Efficiency
|logo=DOGE Logo as of November 14, 2024.jpg
|logo_size=150px
|logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024
|seal=
|seal_size=
|seal_caption=
|formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established
|abbreviation=DOGE
|key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]:
* [[w:Elon Musk]] 
* [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }}
|website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}}
}}

This &quot;'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''&quot; (WOGE) will analyze the [[w:U.S._Federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the public interest, and in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]&lt;nowiki/&gt;s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], with non-partisan research, analysis, and criticism of forward-looking proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) might fulfill its mission to ''&quot;dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies&quot;'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''&quot;massive waste and fraud&quot;'' in government spending.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;   The DOGE will work with through the [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] as its &quot;policy vector&quot;.   Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE.

The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]].   The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&amp;t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
[[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]]
DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act.

{{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''&lt;span class=&quot;skin-invert&quot;&gt;This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the&lt;/span&gt;'''|title=[[United States federal budget|&lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-base, #000000);&quot;&gt;Budget and debt in the&lt;br/&gt;United States of America&lt;/span&gt;]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]]
* [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]]
* [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]]
* [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]]
* [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]]
* [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]]
* [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]]
* [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]]
* [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]
* [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] 
* [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom:0.5em&quot;&gt;
[[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--Bu--&gt;  [[Bush tax cuts]]
* &lt;!--Deb--&gt; [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]]
** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]]
* &lt;!--Def--&gt; [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]]
* &lt;!--F--&gt;   [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]]
* &lt;!--H--&gt;   [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]]
* &lt;!--P--&gt;   [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]]
* &lt;!--So--&gt;  [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]]
* &lt;!--St--&gt;  &quot;[[Starve the beast]]&quot;
* &lt;!--Su--&gt;  [[Subprime mortgage crisis]]
{{endflatlist}}
&lt;/div&gt;
[[2007–2008 financial crisis]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--D--&gt; [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]]
** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]]
** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]]
** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]]
{{endflatlist}}
[[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--G--&gt; [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]]
** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]]
** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]]
** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]]
** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]]
** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]]
** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]]
** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]]
{{endflatlist}}
Related events
{{flatlist}}
*&lt;!--E--&gt;[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]]
{{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] 
* [[Balance of payments]]
* [[Inflation]]
* [[Continuing resolution]]}}

[[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]]

== Deregulate the Economy ==
The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one.  The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year.  [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year].

DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]].  A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA.

The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]].  While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed.

The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024.  Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_166&amp;cx_artPos=0]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections.&quot;

&quot;This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers.&quot;

&quot;When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach.  In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so&quot;

Mssrs. [https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_165&amp;cx_artPos=5 Musk and Ramaswamy, WSJ, 11/20/2024]&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Shrink the federal civil service ==
The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022.

The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers.  

Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections.

WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s]

The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.”   The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so.

Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area.  The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_165&amp;cx_artPos=5 

Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab.  Musk &amp; Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds ==

=== Impound appropriated funds ===
Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them.  the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days.   [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits.

He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;  If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional.   The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail.  The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it.

=== Reduce the budget deficit ===
[[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]

The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following.

Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]].   Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to

During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_2022&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]&lt;/ref&gt;

CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_budgetOutlook2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt; Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_MBRFY2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Variable As % GDP
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!Hist Avg
|-
!Revenue&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt;
|18.0%
|17.6%
|17.2%
|16.4%
|16.4%
|16.2%
|17.9%
|19.6%
|17.4%
|-
!Outlays&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
|20.4%
|20.8%
|20.6%
|20.2%
|21.0%
|31.1%
|30.1%
|25.1%
|21.0%
|-
!Budget Deficit&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
| -2.4%
| -3.2%
| -3.5%
| -3.8%
| -4.6%
| -14.9%
| -12.3%
| -5.5%
| -3.6%
|-
!Debt Held by Public&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
|72.5%
|76.4%
|76.2%
|77.6%
|79.4%
|100.3%
|99.6%
|94.7%
|
|}
The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that &quot;No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.&quot;

Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party.

=== Reduce the National debt ===

== Reform Entitlements ==

=== Healthcare and  Medicare ===
[[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]&lt;/ref&gt;

See below:  Department of Health and Human Services

=== Social Security ===
Even FDR was aware of its flaw:  it discourages working and saving.

== Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform ==

=== Department of State ===
{{Main article|w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump#Prospective_foreign_policy|w:State Department}}

=== U.S. Department of Defense ===
The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence,&quot; and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership.  This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,”  consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

There are legal obstacles.  The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.”  A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Musk said, &quot;Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35,&quot; and later added: &quot;Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk.&quot;   [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: &quot;Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Failed its fifth audit in June 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments ==

=== Department of Education ===
[[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|w:Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;DOE-mission&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury.   Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate;  Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone.  A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson.   WSJ 11/20/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ===
[[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion.  It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;hhs_budget_fy2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget &amp; Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health &amp; Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Program
!2020 Budget
!2024 Budget
! employees
!2025 Budget
!2026 Budget
|-
|[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)
|$3,329 MM
|-
|[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA)
|$11,004
|-
|[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS)
|$6,104
|-
|[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)
|$6,767
|-
|[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH)
|$33,669
|-
|[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA)
|$5,535
|-
|[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ)
|$0
|-
|[[w:Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services]] (CMMS)
|$1,169,091
|-
|[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF)
|$52,121
|-
|[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL)
|$1,997
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Program
!2020 Budget
!2024 Budget
! employees
!2025 Budget
!2026 Budget
|-
|[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]]
|$340
|-
|Non-Recurring Expense Fund
|$-400
|-
|[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]]
|$186
|-
|[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]]
|$43
|-
|[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]]
|$30
|-
|[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]]
|$82
|-
|[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]]
|$2,667
|-
|[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]]
|$749
|-
|Offsetting Collections
|$-629
|-
|Other Collections
|$-163
|-
|'''TOTAL'''
|'''$1,292,523'''
|}
The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health.  These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;hhs_budget_fy2020&quot; /&gt;

Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health &amp; Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] has been nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services]]

He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],&lt;ref name=&quot;v502&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the mission of &quot;Making America Healthy Again&quot;.  He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith_12/15/2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KW&quot; /&gt;

== CPB, PBS, NPR ==
[[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1&lt;/ref&gt;

== NASA ==
In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]].

The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled &quot;NASA at a Crossroads,&quot; which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices.

NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million.  

NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying &quot;We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History and Miscellaneous facts ==
See also:  [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]]

DOGE's work will &quot;conclude&quot; no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed &quot;Great American Fair&quot;.

Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]].   NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}}

Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is &quot;absolutely doable&quot; over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year &quot;without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government.

The body is &quot;unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the &quot;Department of Government Efficiency.&quot; What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception and Criticism ==
See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]]

The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}}

== See also ==
* [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]]
* [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]]
* [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933
* [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms
* [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government
* [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform
* [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]]
* [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]]
== Reference Notes ==
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;</text>
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      <comment>/* NASA */ NASA has already asked both SpaceX and also Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin, to develop cargo landers ..</comment>
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      <text bytes="40994" sha1="05ejb2kfycapsmlj5wfybdoaz1kft3i" xml:space="preserve">The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]].

{{Infobox Organization
|name=Department of Government Efficiency
|logo=DOGE Logo as of November 14, 2024.jpg
|logo_size=150px
|logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024
|seal=
|seal_size=
|seal_caption=
|formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established
|abbreviation=DOGE
|key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]:
* [[w:Elon Musk]] 
* [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }}
|website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}}
}}

This &quot;'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''&quot; (WOGE) will analyze the [[w:U.S._Federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the public interest, and in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]&lt;nowiki/&gt;s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], with non-partisan research, analysis, and criticism of forward-looking proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) might fulfill its mission to ''&quot;dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies&quot;'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''&quot;massive waste and fraud&quot;'' in government spending.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;   The DOGE will work with through the [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] as its &quot;policy vector&quot;.   Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE.

The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]].   The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&amp;t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
[[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]]
DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act.

{{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''&lt;span class=&quot;skin-invert&quot;&gt;This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the&lt;/span&gt;'''|title=[[United States federal budget|&lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-base, #000000);&quot;&gt;Budget and debt in the&lt;br/&gt;United States of America&lt;/span&gt;]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]]
* [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]]
* [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]]
* [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]]
* [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]]
* [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]]
* [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]]
* [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]]
* [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]
* [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] 
* [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom:0.5em&quot;&gt;
[[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--Bu--&gt;  [[Bush tax cuts]]
* &lt;!--Deb--&gt; [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]]
** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]]
* &lt;!--Def--&gt; [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]]
* &lt;!--F--&gt;   [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]]
* &lt;!--H--&gt;   [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]]
* &lt;!--P--&gt;   [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]]
* &lt;!--So--&gt;  [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]]
* &lt;!--St--&gt;  &quot;[[Starve the beast]]&quot;
* &lt;!--Su--&gt;  [[Subprime mortgage crisis]]
{{endflatlist}}
&lt;/div&gt;
[[2007–2008 financial crisis]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--D--&gt; [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]]
** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]]
** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]]
** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]]
{{endflatlist}}
[[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--G--&gt; [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]]
** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]]
** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]]
** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]]
** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]]
** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]]
** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]]
** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]]
{{endflatlist}}
Related events
{{flatlist}}
*&lt;!--E--&gt;[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]]
{{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] 
* [[Balance of payments]]
* [[Inflation]]
* [[Continuing resolution]]}}

[[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]]

== Deregulate the Economy ==
The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one.  The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year.  [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year].

DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]].  A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA.

The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]].  While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed.

The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024.  Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_166&amp;cx_artPos=0]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections.&quot;

&quot;This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers.&quot;

&quot;When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach.  In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so&quot;

Mssrs. [https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_165&amp;cx_artPos=5 Musk and Ramaswamy, WSJ, 11/20/2024]&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Shrink the federal civil service ==
The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022.

The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers.  

Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections.

WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s]

The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.”   The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so.

Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area.  The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_165&amp;cx_artPos=5 

Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab.  Musk &amp; Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds ==

=== Impound appropriated funds ===
Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them.  the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days.   [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits.

He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;  If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional.   The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail.  The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it.

=== Reduce the budget deficit ===
[[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]

The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following.

Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]].   Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to

During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_2022&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]&lt;/ref&gt;

CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_budgetOutlook2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt; Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_MBRFY2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Variable As % GDP
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!Hist Avg
|-
!Revenue&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt;
|18.0%
|17.6%
|17.2%
|16.4%
|16.4%
|16.2%
|17.9%
|19.6%
|17.4%
|-
!Outlays&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
|20.4%
|20.8%
|20.6%
|20.2%
|21.0%
|31.1%
|30.1%
|25.1%
|21.0%
|-
!Budget Deficit&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
| -2.4%
| -3.2%
| -3.5%
| -3.8%
| -4.6%
| -14.9%
| -12.3%
| -5.5%
| -3.6%
|-
!Debt Held by Public&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
|72.5%
|76.4%
|76.2%
|77.6%
|79.4%
|100.3%
|99.6%
|94.7%
|
|}
The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that &quot;No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.&quot;

Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party.

=== Reduce the National debt ===

== Reform Entitlements ==

=== Healthcare and  Medicare ===
[[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]&lt;/ref&gt;

See below:  Department of Health and Human Services

=== Social Security ===
Even FDR was aware of its flaw:  it discourages working and saving.

== Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform ==

=== Department of State ===
{{Main article|w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump#Prospective_foreign_policy|w:State Department}}

=== U.S. Department of Defense ===
The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence,&quot; and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership.  This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,”  consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

There are legal obstacles.  The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.”  A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Musk said, &quot;Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35,&quot; and later added: &quot;Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk.&quot;   [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: &quot;Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Failed its fifth audit in June 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments ==

=== Department of Education ===
[[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|w:Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;DOE-mission&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury.   Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate;  Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone.  A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson.   WSJ 11/20/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ===
[[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion.  It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;hhs_budget_fy2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget &amp; Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health &amp; Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Program
!2020 Budget
!2024 Budget
! employees
!2025 Budget
!2026 Budget
|-
|[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)
|$3,329 MM
|-
|[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA)
|$11,004
|-
|[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS)
|$6,104
|-
|[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)
|$6,767
|-
|[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH)
|$33,669
|-
|[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA)
|$5,535
|-
|[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ)
|$0
|-
|[[w:Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services]] (CMMS)
|$1,169,091
|-
|[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF)
|$52,121
|-
|[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL)
|$1,997
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Program
!2020 Budget
!2024 Budget
! employees
!2025 Budget
!2026 Budget
|-
|[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]]
|$340
|-
|Non-Recurring Expense Fund
|$-400
|-
|[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]]
|$186
|-
|[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]]
|$43
|-
|[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]]
|$30
|-
|[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]]
|$82
|-
|[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]]
|$2,667
|-
|[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]]
|$749
|-
|Offsetting Collections
|$-629
|-
|Other Collections
|$-163
|-
|'''TOTAL'''
|'''$1,292,523'''
|}
The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health.  These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;hhs_budget_fy2020&quot; /&gt;

Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health &amp; Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] has been nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services]]

He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],&lt;ref name=&quot;v502&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the mission of &quot;Making America Healthy Again&quot;.  He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith_12/15/2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KW&quot; /&gt;

== CPB, PBS, NPR ==
[[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1&lt;/ref&gt;

== NASA ==
In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]].

The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled &quot;NASA at a Crossroads,&quot; which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices.

NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million.  

NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying &quot;We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by.&quot;

NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033.  &quot;Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity,&quot; Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History and Miscellaneous facts ==
See also:  [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]]

DOGE's work will &quot;conclude&quot; no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed &quot;Great American Fair&quot;.

Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]].   NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}}

Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is &quot;absolutely doable&quot; over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year &quot;without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government.

The body is &quot;unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the &quot;Department of Government Efficiency.&quot; What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception and Criticism ==
See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]]

The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}}

== See also ==
* [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]]
* [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]]
* [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933
* [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms
* [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government
* [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform
* [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]]
* [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]]
== Reference Notes ==
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>05ejb2kfycapsmlj5wfybdoaz1kft3i</sha1>
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      <text bytes="41703" sha1="2nuoh4172td1wwb42fboi0vjlb39kp9" xml:space="preserve">The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]].

{{Infobox Organization
|name=Department of Government Efficiency
|logo=DOGE Logo as of November 14, 2024.jpg
|logo_size=150px
|logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024
|seal=
|seal_size=
|seal_caption=
|formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established
|abbreviation=DOGE
|key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]:
* [[w:Elon Musk]] 
* [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }}
|website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}}
}}

This &quot;'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''&quot; (WOGE) will analyze the [[w:U.S._Federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the public interest, and in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]&lt;nowiki/&gt;s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], with non-partisan research, analysis, and criticism of forward-looking proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) might fulfill its mission to ''&quot;dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies&quot;'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''&quot;massive waste and fraud&quot;'' in government spending.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;   The DOGE will work with through the [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] as its &quot;policy vector&quot;.   Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE.

The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]].   The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&amp;t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
[[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]]
DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act.

{{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''&lt;span class=&quot;skin-invert&quot;&gt;This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the&lt;/span&gt;'''|title=[[United States federal budget|&lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-base, #000000);&quot;&gt;Budget and debt in the&lt;br/&gt;United States of America&lt;/span&gt;]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]]
* [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]]
* [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]]
* [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]]
* [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]]
* [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]]
* [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]]
* [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]]
* [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]
* [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] 
* [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom:0.5em&quot;&gt;
[[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--Bu--&gt;  [[Bush tax cuts]]
* &lt;!--Deb--&gt; [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]]
** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]]
* &lt;!--Def--&gt; [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]]
* &lt;!--F--&gt;   [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]]
* &lt;!--H--&gt;   [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]]
* &lt;!--P--&gt;   [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]]
* &lt;!--So--&gt;  [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]]
* &lt;!--St--&gt;  &quot;[[Starve the beast]]&quot;
* &lt;!--Su--&gt;  [[Subprime mortgage crisis]]
{{endflatlist}}
&lt;/div&gt;
[[2007–2008 financial crisis]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--D--&gt; [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]]
** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]]
** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]]
** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]]
{{endflatlist}}
[[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]]
{{flatlist}}
* &lt;!--G--&gt; [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]]
** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]]
** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]]
** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]]
** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]]
** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]]
** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]]
** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]]
{{endflatlist}}
Related events
{{flatlist}}
*&lt;!--E--&gt;[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]]
{{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] 
* [[Balance of payments]]
* [[Inflation]]
* [[Continuing resolution]]}}

[[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]]

== Deregulate the Economy ==
The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one.  The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year.  [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year].

DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]].  A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA.

The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]].  While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed.

The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024.  Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_166&amp;cx_artPos=0]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections.&quot;

&quot;This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers.&quot;

&quot;When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach.  In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so&quot;

Mssrs. [https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_165&amp;cx_artPos=5 Musk and Ramaswamy, WSJ, 11/20/2024]&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Shrink the federal civil service ==
The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022.

The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers.  

Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections.

WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s]

The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.”   The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so.

Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area.  The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_165&amp;cx_artPos=5 

Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab.  Musk &amp; Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds ==

=== Impound appropriated funds ===
Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them.  the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days.   [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits.

He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;  If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional.   The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail.  The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it.

=== Reduce the budget deficit ===
[[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]

The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following.

Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]].   Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to

During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_2022&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]&lt;/ref&gt;

CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_budgetOutlook2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt; Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_MBRFY2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Variable As % GDP
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!Hist Avg
|-
!Revenue&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt;
|18.0%
|17.6%
|17.2%
|16.4%
|16.4%
|16.2%
|17.9%
|19.6%
|17.4%
|-
!Outlays&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
|20.4%
|20.8%
|20.6%
|20.2%
|21.0%
|31.1%
|30.1%
|25.1%
|21.0%
|-
!Budget Deficit&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
| -2.4%
| -3.2%
| -3.5%
| -3.8%
| -4.6%
| -14.9%
| -12.3%
| -5.5%
| -3.6%
|-
!Debt Held by Public&lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_Hist_20&quot; /&gt;
|72.5%
|76.4%
|76.2%
|77.6%
|79.4%
|100.3%
|99.6%
|94.7%
|
|}
The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that &quot;No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.&quot;

Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party.

=== Reduce the National debt ===

== Reform Entitlements ==

=== Healthcare and  Medicare ===
[[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]&lt;/ref&gt;

See below:  Department of Health and Human Services

=== Social Security ===
Even FDR was aware of its flaw:  it discourages working and saving.

== Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform ==

=== Department of State ===
{{Main article|w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump#Prospective_foreign_policy|w:State Department}}

=== U.S. Department of Defense ===
The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence,&quot; and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership.  This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,”  consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

There are legal obstacles.  The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.”  A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Musk said, &quot;Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35,&quot; and later added: &quot;Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk.&quot;   [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: &quot;Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Failed its fifth audit in June 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments ==

=== Department of Education ===
[[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|w:Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;DOE-mission&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury.   Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate;  Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone.  A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d&lt;nowiki&gt; Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson.   WSJ 11/20/2024]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ===
[[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion.  It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;hhs_budget_fy2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget &amp; Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health &amp; Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Program
!2020 Budget
!2024 Budget
! employees
!2025 Budget
!2026 Budget
|-
|[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)
|$3,329 MM
|-
|[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA)
|$11,004
|-
|[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS)
|$6,104
|-
|[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)
|$6,767
|-
|[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH)
|$33,669
|-
|[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA)
|$5,535
|-
|[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ)
|$0
|-
|[[w:Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services]] (CMMS)
|$1,169,091
|-
|[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF)
|$52,121
|-
|[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL)
|$1,997
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Program
!2020 Budget
!2024 Budget
! employees
!2025 Budget
!2026 Budget
|-
|[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]]
|$340
|-
|Non-Recurring Expense Fund
|$-400
|-
|[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]]
|$186
|-
|[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]]
|$43
|-
|[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]]
|$30
|-
|[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]]
|$82
|-
|[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]]
|$2,667
|-
|[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]]
|$749
|-
|Offsetting Collections
|$-629
|-
|Other Collections
|$-163
|-
|'''TOTAL'''
|'''$1,292,523'''
|}
The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health.  These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;hhs_budget_fy2020&quot; /&gt;

Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health &amp; Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] has been nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services]]

He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],&lt;ref name=&quot;v502&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the mission of &quot;Making America Healthy Again&quot;.  He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith_12/15/2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KW&quot; /&gt;

== CPB, PBS, NPR ==
[[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1&lt;/ref&gt;

== NASA ==
In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]].

The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled &quot;NASA at a Crossroads,&quot; which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices.

NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million.  

NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying &quot;We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by.&quot;

NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033.  &quot;Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity,&quot; Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership.

&quot;For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!&quot; Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019.

Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021.

Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of &quot;Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History and Miscellaneous facts ==
See also:  [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]]

DOGE's work will &quot;conclude&quot; no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed &quot;Great American Fair&quot;.

Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]].   NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}}

Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is &quot;absolutely doable&quot; over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year &quot;without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government.

The body is &quot;unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the &quot;Department of Government Efficiency.&quot; What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception and Criticism ==
See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]]

The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}}

== See also ==
* [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]]
* [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]]
* [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933
* [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms
* [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government
* [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform
* [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]]
* [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]]
== Reference Notes ==
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]] ----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori – Pande and Sarveshvara Ghats|Khori, Pandey and Sarveshvara Ghats]] [[File:Pandey_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Pandey Ghat, Varanasi]]  === Location === 25º 18.207’ North and 83º 00.519’ East (Sarveshvara temple)...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3116" sha1="lv0ycgwobjyvfht8rn6wa54bn1b9842" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori – Pande and Sarveshvara Ghats|Khori, Pandey and Sarveshvara Ghats]]
[[File:Pandey_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Pandey Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.207’ North and 83º 00.519’ East (Sarveshvara temple)

===== Exact location on a map =====
Khori – Pande and Sarveshvara Ghats

==== Area ====
0.126 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Also known as Ganga Mahal Ghat, the Khori Ghat was made pucca in the late 19th century by Kavindra Narayan Singh. At the top, a compound of five temples presents a magnificent view. Presently, this ghat is neglected with respect to religious and cultural festivities. Even for daily sacred baths, visitors do not prefer this ghat. In ca 1805 Babua Pande, a wealthy Brahmin of Chhapra (Bihar) has built a wrestling place and made this ghat pucca, which resulted to called it Babua Pande Ghat. Prinsep (1822) mentioned it as Panree Ghat; remember that Prinsep, in almost all cases, misspelled the names. As mentioned in the Giravan-padamanjari (17th century) this was described as Sarveshvara Ghat. Babua Pande Ghat is the southern part of the Sarveshvara Ghat. In its vicinity lies the old water-front site of Prabhasa Tirtha, but presently the rituals on the name of Prabhasa Turth are performed near the Raja Ghat. The scene of this ghat has been dominated prominently by the Dhobis (washermen) so much that Motichand (1985) has described it as Dhobi Ghat. The landmark at this ghat is the wrestling place (no. D 24/ 17-19 and D 25/24) opened by Babua Pande. There is also a guesthouse for pilgrims. There is a temple of Someshvara in the vicinity. The ghat was reconstructed in 1965 by the government of Uttar Pradesh. Sarveshvara Ghat is mentioned in the Giravan-padamanjari (17th century), which testifies its historicity. However, the overall space of the ghat was made pucca by Mathura Pandey's patronage in the late 18th century. The ancient water-front site of Ganga Keshava Tirtha is described as close to the ghat.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trusts directly taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their perspectives without specific plans.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.
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      <text bytes="2418" sha1="1cpkyetyq8kimqt1ruakm8qugjptjo5" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori – Pande and Sarveshvara Ghats|Khori, Pandey and Sarveshvara Ghats]]
[[File:Pandey_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Pande Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.207’ North and 83º 00.519’ East (Sarveshvara temple)

===== Exact location on a map =====
Khori – Pande and Sarveshvara Ghats

==== Area ====
0.126 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Babua Pande Ghat is the southern part of the Sarveshvara Ghat. In its vicinity lies the old water-front site of Prabhasa Tirtha, but presently the rituals on the name of Prabhasa Turth are performed near the Raja Ghat. The scene of this ghat has been dominated prominently by the Dhobis (washermen) so much that Motichand (1985) has described it as Dhobi Ghat. The landmark at this ghat is the wrestling place (no. D 24/ 17-19 and D 25/24) opened by Babua Pande. There is also a guesthouse for pilgrims. There is a temple of Someshvara in the vicinity. The ghat was reconstructed in 1965 by the government of Uttar Pradesh. Sarveshvara Ghat is mentioned in the Giravan-padamanjari (17th century), which testifies its historicity. However, the overall space of the ghat was made pucca by Mathura Pandey's patronage in the late 18th century. The ancient water-front site of Ganga Keshava Tirtha is described as close to the ghat.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trusts directly taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their perspectives without specific plans.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="1954" sha1="tod1i6n85w3jtmqpgeyjjsykcftp7tt" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori – Pande and Sarveshvara Ghats|Khori, Pandey and Sarveshvara Ghats]]
[[File:Pandey_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Pande Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.207’ North and 83º 00.519’ East (Sarveshvara temple)

===== Exact location on a map =====
Khori – Pande and Sarveshvara Ghats

==== Area ====
0.126 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Babua Pande Ghat is the southern part of the Sarveshvara Ghat. In its vicinity lies the old water-front site of Prabhasa Tirtha, but presently the rituals on the name of Prabhasa Turth are performed near the Raja Ghat. The scene of this ghat has been dominated prominently by the Dhobis (washermen) so much that Motichand (1985) has described it as Dhobi Ghat. The landmark at this ghat is the wrestling place (no. D 24/ 17-19 and D 25/24) opened by Babua Pande. 

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trusts directly taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their perspectives without specific plans.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]] ----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori – Pande and Sarveshvara Ghats|Khori, Pandey and Sarveshvara Ghats]] [[File:Pandey_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Pandey Ghat, Varanasi]]  === Location === 25º 18.207’ North and 83º 00.519’ East (Sarveshvara temple)...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3116" sha1="lv0ycgwobjyvfht8rn6wa54bn1b9842" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori – Pande and Sarveshvara Ghats|Khori, Pandey and Sarveshvara Ghats]]
[[File:Pandey_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Pandey Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.207’ North and 83º 00.519’ East (Sarveshvara temple)

===== Exact location on a map =====
Khori – Pande and Sarveshvara Ghats

==== Area ====
0.126 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Also known as Ganga Mahal Ghat, the Khori Ghat was made pucca in the late 19th century by Kavindra Narayan Singh. At the top, a compound of five temples presents a magnificent view. Presently, this ghat is neglected with respect to religious and cultural festivities. Even for daily sacred baths, visitors do not prefer this ghat. In ca 1805 Babua Pande, a wealthy Brahmin of Chhapra (Bihar) has built a wrestling place and made this ghat pucca, which resulted to called it Babua Pande Ghat. Prinsep (1822) mentioned it as Panree Ghat; remember that Prinsep, in almost all cases, misspelled the names. As mentioned in the Giravan-padamanjari (17th century) this was described as Sarveshvara Ghat. Babua Pande Ghat is the southern part of the Sarveshvara Ghat. In its vicinity lies the old water-front site of Prabhasa Tirtha, but presently the rituals on the name of Prabhasa Turth are performed near the Raja Ghat. The scene of this ghat has been dominated prominently by the Dhobis (washermen) so much that Motichand (1985) has described it as Dhobi Ghat. The landmark at this ghat is the wrestling place (no. D 24/ 17-19 and D 25/24) opened by Babua Pande. There is also a guesthouse for pilgrims. There is a temple of Someshvara in the vicinity. The ghat was reconstructed in 1965 by the government of Uttar Pradesh. Sarveshvara Ghat is mentioned in the Giravan-padamanjari (17th century), which testifies its historicity. However, the overall space of the ghat was made pucca by Mathura Pandey's patronage in the late 18th century. The ancient water-front site of Ganga Keshava Tirtha is described as close to the ghat.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trusts directly taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their perspectives without specific plans.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <comment>Undo all revisions. Resource is empty, but not [[Wikiversity:Deletions|deleted]].</comment>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689699</id>
      <parentid>2689698</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T12:13:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
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      <text bytes="54" sha1="ra5sy5ca8c25ihfrtj5ywat0gml8cvo" xml:space="preserve">[[#Redirect The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pande Ghat]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2024-12-01T12:14:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>948816</id>
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      <comment>Redirected page to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Pande Ghat]]</comment>
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    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat</title>
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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori Ghat]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khori (Sarveshvara) Ghat]]</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat</title>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]] ----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya and Causatthi Ghats|Digpatia and Causatthi Ghats]] [[File:Diigpatiya_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Digpatiya Ghat, Varanasi]] [[File:Chausatthi_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Chausatthi Ghat, Varanasi]]  === Location === 25...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3620" sha1="a82t9ch71t6rotlp16z9uigrll717e4" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya and Causatthi Ghats|Digpatia and Causatthi Ghats]]
[[File:Diigpatiya_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Digpatiya Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Chausatthi_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Chausatthi Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.292’ North and 83º 00.525’ East (Causatthi Devi Temple).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Digpatia Ghat and Causatthi Ghat (Causatthi temple, Rana Mahal: D 22 / 17)

==== Area ====
0.30ha (the main sacred area, ghat and temple complex)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
-- The lower portion of Causatthi Ghat was built in 1830 by the king of Digapatiya (of Champaran, Bihar), that is how this is known as Digpatia Ghat. A beautiful and architecturally designed palace was built by the king at the ghat is an example of Bengali art and style. There are porches on both sides of the palace. Presently this is known as Sitarama Omkara Das Kashi ashram. The Kashi Khanda (61.176-177) described the ghat and images of Yoginis, and mentioned the two Jala-Tirthas (“water associated sacred spots”). The goddess Causatthi and her associated ghat are mentioned in the Giravana-padamanjari (1600-60). This ghat had privilege to provide shelter to a great Sanskrit scholar, Madhusudan Sarasvati (CE 1540-1623). Till 18th century the main image of the Causatthi Devi was in the Rana Mahal, a palace nearby, however later shifted to its present site. In the late 16th century the ghat was made pucca by King Pratapaditya, which in course of time partly destroyed. In ca 1670 the king of Udaipur (Rajasthan) renovated and expanded the ghat. Later in 19th century the ghat was fully renovated and repaired by King Digpatiya (of Champaran, Bihar). The present built structure was made in 1807. And, the ghat was made pucca, in the present condition, in 1965 by the Government of Uttar Pradesh. === Description and History ===: In the temple compound there are old images of Kali, folk goddesses, Shiva, Ganesha and Kartikeya. Among the 64 Yogini images, only 16 are presently existing in Varanasi. Of them two are in the vicinity of the Causatthi Devi, i.e. Gajanana, “the elephant-headed” (House: D 21/ 22) and Mayuri, “the peacock-headed”, on the steps of the ghat. The Yoginis are considered to be the most ancient group of goddesses. The number 64 (causatha) is attributed to directional symbolism and also association between mother-goddesses (8) and their assistant-goddesses (8), or in other way the division of space (eight directions) on the earrth and in the celestial realm; thus the archetype becomes 64. On 12th dark-half of Caitra (March-April) many pilgrims pay visit to the Yogini temple and take ritual bath at this ghat. Another important occasion of attraction is the evening on the day of Holi, a colourful festival showing state of Caitra - 1st, when homage ritual is performed at the ghat.

=== Present state of conservation ===
No specific measures are adopted, except that the Temple trust and local people and the local public groups look after its maintenance.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
No specific measures are taken to conserve and preserve the temple and the ghat, except to continue and maintain the daily religious activities by the local people.

=== Ownership ===
The Causatthi Temple Trust; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.</text>
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      <text bytes="3524" sha1="3xfgmmlnpe6ngjga0lqyzzdves5fp0d" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]
----[[TThe Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat| Causatthi Ghat]]

[[File:Chausatthi_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Chausatthi Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.292’ North and 83º 00.525’ East (Causatthi Devi Temple).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Digpatia Ghat and Causatthi Ghat (Causatthi temple, Rana Mahal: D 22 / 17)

==== Area ====
0.30ha (the main sacred area, ghat and temple complex)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
-- The lower portion of Causatthi Ghat was built in 1830 by the king of Digapatiya (of Champaran, Bihar), that is how this is known as Digpatia Ghat. A beautiful and architecturally designed palace was built by the king at the ghat is an example of Bengali art and style. There are porches on both sides of the palace. Presently this is known as Sitarama Omkara Das Kashi ashram. The Kashi Khanda (61.176-177) described the ghat and images of Yoginis, and mentioned the two Jala-Tirthas (“water associated sacred spots”). The goddess Causatthi and her associated ghat are mentioned in the Giravana-padamanjari (1600-60). This ghat had privilege to provide shelter to a great Sanskrit scholar, Madhusudan Sarasvati (CE 1540-1623). Till 18th century the main image of the Causatthi Devi was in the Rana Mahal, a palace nearby, however later shifted to its present site. In the late 16th century the ghat was made pucca by King Pratapaditya, which in course of time partly destroyed. In ca 1670 the king of Udaipur (Rajasthan) renovated and expanded the ghat. Later in 19th century the ghat was fully renovated and repaired by King Digpatiya (of Champaran, Bihar). The present built structure was made in 1807. And, the ghat was made pucca, in the present condition, in 1965 by the Government of Uttar Pradesh. === Description and History ===: In the temple compound there are old images of Kali, folk goddesses, Shiva, Ganesha and Kartikeya. Among the 64 Yogini images, only 16 are presently existing in Varanasi. Of them two are in the vicinity of the Causatthi Devi, i.e. Gajanana, “the elephant-headed” (House: D 21/ 22) and Mayuri, “the peacock-headed”, on the steps of the ghat. The Yoginis are considered to be the most ancient group of goddesses. The number 64 (causatha) is attributed to directional symbolism and also association between mother-goddesses (8) and their assistant-goddesses (8), or in other way the division of space (eight directions) on the earrth and in the celestial realm; thus the archetype becomes 64. On 12th dark-half of Caitra (March-April) many pilgrims pay visit to the Yogini temple and take ritual bath at this ghat. Another important occasion of attraction is the evening on the day of Holi, a colourful festival showing state of Caitra - 1st, when homage ritual is performed at the ghat.

=== Present state of conservation ===
No specific measures are adopted, except that the Temple trust and local people and the local public groups look after its maintenance.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
No specific measures are taken to conserve and preserve the temple and the ghat, except to continue and maintain the daily religious activities by the local people.

=== Ownership ===
The Causatthi Temple Trust; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.</text>
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      <text bytes="3522" sha1="i2tj1ql2jtr6tdbkgsi1yhh8zy503xw" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat Causatthi Ghat]]

[[File:Chausatthi_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Chausatthi Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.292’ North and 83º 00.525’ East (Causatthi Devi Temple).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Digpatia Ghat and Causatthi Ghat (Causatthi temple, Rana Mahal: D 22 / 17)

==== Area ====
0.30ha (the main sacred area, ghat and temple complex)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
-- The lower portion of Causatthi Ghat was built in 1830 by the king of Digapatiya (of Champaran, Bihar), that is how this is known as Digpatia Ghat. A beautiful and architecturally designed palace was built by the king at the ghat is an example of Bengali art and style. There are porches on both sides of the palace. Presently this is known as Sitarama Omkara Das Kashi ashram. The Kashi Khanda (61.176-177) described the ghat and images of Yoginis, and mentioned the two Jala-Tirthas (“water associated sacred spots”). The goddess Causatthi and her associated ghat are mentioned in the Giravana-padamanjari (1600-60). This ghat had privilege to provide shelter to a great Sanskrit scholar, Madhusudan Sarasvati (CE 1540-1623). Till 18th century the main image of the Causatthi Devi was in the Rana Mahal, a palace nearby, however later shifted to its present site. In the late 16th century the ghat was made pucca by King Pratapaditya, which in course of time partly destroyed. In ca 1670 the king of Udaipur (Rajasthan) renovated and expanded the ghat. Later in 19th century the ghat was fully renovated and repaired by King Digpatiya (of Champaran, Bihar). The present built structure was made in 1807. And, the ghat was made pucca, in the present condition, in 1965 by the Government of Uttar Pradesh. === Description and History ===: In the temple compound there are old images of Kali, folk goddesses, Shiva, Ganesha and Kartikeya. Among the 64 Yogini images, only 16 are presently existing in Varanasi. Of them two are in the vicinity of the Causatthi Devi, i.e. Gajanana, “the elephant-headed” (House: D 21/ 22) and Mayuri, “the peacock-headed”, on the steps of the ghat. The Yoginis are considered to be the most ancient group of goddesses. The number 64 (causatha) is attributed to directional symbolism and also association between mother-goddesses (8) and their assistant-goddesses (8), or in other way the division of space (eight directions) on the earrth and in the celestial realm; thus the archetype becomes 64. On 12th dark-half of Caitra (March-April) many pilgrims pay visit to the Yogini temple and take ritual bath at this ghat. Another important occasion of attraction is the evening on the day of Holi, a colourful festival showing state of Caitra - 1st, when homage ritual is performed at the ghat.

=== Present state of conservation ===
No specific measures are adopted, except that the Temple trust and local people and the local public groups look after its maintenance.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
No specific measures are taken to conserve and preserve the temple and the ghat, except to continue and maintain the daily religious activities by the local people.

=== Ownership ===
The Causatthi Temple Trust; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689718</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-12-01T13:46:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="3522" sha1="95gh8yuf3tir3i4whjgq3st48pazce3" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat|Causatthi Ghat]]

[[File:Chausatthi_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Chausatthi Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.292’ North and 83º 00.525’ East (Causatthi Devi Temple).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Digpatia Ghat and Causatthi Ghat (Causatthi temple, Rana Mahal: D 22 / 17)

==== Area ====
0.30ha (the main sacred area, ghat and temple complex)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
-- The lower portion of Causatthi Ghat was built in 1830 by the king of Digapatiya (of Champaran, Bihar), that is how this is known as Digpatia Ghat. A beautiful and architecturally designed palace was built by the king at the ghat is an example of Bengali art and style. There are porches on both sides of the palace. Presently this is known as Sitarama Omkara Das Kashi ashram. The Kashi Khanda (61.176-177) described the ghat and images of Yoginis, and mentioned the two Jala-Tirthas (“water associated sacred spots”). The goddess Causatthi and her associated ghat are mentioned in the Giravana-padamanjari (1600-60). This ghat had privilege to provide shelter to a great Sanskrit scholar, Madhusudan Sarasvati (CE 1540-1623). Till 18th century the main image of the Causatthi Devi was in the Rana Mahal, a palace nearby, however later shifted to its present site. In the late 16th century the ghat was made pucca by King Pratapaditya, which in course of time partly destroyed. In ca 1670 the king of Udaipur (Rajasthan) renovated and expanded the ghat. Later in 19th century the ghat was fully renovated and repaired by King Digpatiya (of Champaran, Bihar). The present built structure was made in 1807. And, the ghat was made pucca, in the present condition, in 1965 by the Government of Uttar Pradesh. === Description and History ===: In the temple compound there are old images of Kali, folk goddesses, Shiva, Ganesha and Kartikeya. Among the 64 Yogini images, only 16 are presently existing in Varanasi. Of them two are in the vicinity of the Causatthi Devi, i.e. Gajanana, “the elephant-headed” (House: D 21/ 22) and Mayuri, “the peacock-headed”, on the steps of the ghat. The Yoginis are considered to be the most ancient group of goddesses. The number 64 (causatha) is attributed to directional symbolism and also association between mother-goddesses (8) and their assistant-goddesses (8), or in other way the division of space (eight directions) on the earrth and in the celestial realm; thus the archetype becomes 64. On 12th dark-half of Caitra (March-April) many pilgrims pay visit to the Yogini temple and take ritual bath at this ghat. Another important occasion of attraction is the evening on the day of Holi, a colourful festival showing state of Caitra - 1st, when homage ritual is performed at the ghat.

=== Present state of conservation ===
No specific measures are adopted, except that the Temple trust and local people and the local public groups look after its maintenance.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
No specific measures are taken to conserve and preserve the temple and the ghat, except to continue and maintain the daily religious activities by the local people.

=== Ownership ===
The Causatthi Temple Trust; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689720</id>
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      <comment>/* Historical/cultural/natural significance */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3110" sha1="mjzg3hvqznxlshs4jfu4ul7pum6c0hf" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat|Causatthi Ghat]]

[[File:Chausatthi_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Chausatthi Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.292’ North and 83º 00.525’ East (Causatthi Devi Temple).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Digpatia Ghat and Causatthi Ghat (Causatthi temple, Rana Mahal: D 22 / 17)

==== Area ====
0.30ha (the main sacred area, ghat and temple complex)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
The Kashi Khanda (61.176-177) described the ghat and images of Yoginis, and mentioned the two Jala-Tirthas (“water associated sacred spots”). The goddess Causatthi and her associated ghat are mentioned in the Giravana-padamanjari (1600-60). This ghat had privilege to provide shelter to a great Sanskrit scholar, Madhusudan Sarasvati (CE 1540-1623). Till 18th century the main image of the Causatthi Devi was in the Rana Mahal, a palace nearby, however later shifted to its present site. In the late 16th century the ghat was made pucca by King Pratapaditya, which in course of time partly destroyed. In ca 1670 the king of Udaipur (Rajasthan) renovated and expanded the ghat. Later in 19th century the ghat was fully renovated and repaired by King Digpatiya (of Champaran, Bihar). The present built structure was made in 1807. And, the ghat was made pucca, in the present condition, in 1965 by the Government of Uttar Pradesh.

In the temple compound there are old images of Kali, folk goddesses, Shiva, Ganesha and Kartikeya. Among the 64 Yogini images, only 16 are presently existing in Varanasi. Of them two are in the vicinity of the Causatthi Devi, i.e. Gajanana, “the elephant-headed” (House: D 21/ 22) and Mayuri, “the peacock-headed”, on the steps of the ghat. The Yoginis are considered to be the most ancient group of goddesses. The number 64 (causatha) is attributed to directional symbolism and also association between mother-goddesses (8) and their assistant-goddesses (8), or in other way the division of space (eight directions) on the earrth and in the celestial realm; thus the archetype becomes 64. On 12th dark-half of Caitra (March-April) many pilgrims pay visit to the Yogini temple and take ritual bath at this ghat. Another important occasion of attraction is the evening on the day of Holi, a colourful festival showing state of Caitra - 1st, when homage ritual is performed at the ghat.

=== Present state of conservation ===
No specific measures are adopted, except that the Temple trust and local people and the local public groups look after its maintenance.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
No specific measures are taken to conserve and preserve the temple and the ghat, except to continue and maintain the daily religious activities by the local people.

=== Ownership ===
The Causatthi Temple Trust; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya and Causatthi Ghats</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689714</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya and Causatthi Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="58" sha1="7gfymz2x1ntnk7bvs8476qu2dwcvvik" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Digpatiya Ghat]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga and Munshi Ghats</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316866</id>
    <redirect title="The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Munshi Ghat" />
    <revision>
      <id>2689723</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga and Munshi Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Munshi Ghat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="65" sha1="abo6l3uxs4qa2b9edoztbuy6konkjyp" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Munshi Ghat]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Munshi Ghat</title>
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    <id>316867</id>
    <redirect title="The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat" />
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Munshi Ghat]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="58" sha1="f592fabzj6hb9bfkmz3qcwxlyglzc6a" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Darbhanga Ghat]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316868</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689729</id>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T13:59:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]] ----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta and Nepali Ghats|Phuta and Nepali Ghats]]  === Location === 25º 18.578’ North and 83º 00.671’ East (Phuta Ghat, upper part).  ===== Exact location on a map ===== Phuta and Nepali Ghats  ==== Area ==== 0.066 ha  === Histo...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1766" sha1="49h793tb5tj6g2t62r3zbr579w5g9n3" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta and Nepali Ghats|Phuta and Nepali Ghats]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.578’ North and 83º 00.671’ East (Phuta Ghat, upper part).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Phuta and Nepali Ghats

==== Area ====
0.066 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Phuta/ Naya Ghat was an old site of Yajneshvara Ghat and built pucca by Svami Maheshvarananda in the mid 19th century. In the nearby stream of the Ganga the location of Vishal Gaja Tirtha is eulogised. -- Nepali Ghat represents the southern part of the Lalita Ghat, which was made pucca in 1902 by Nanhi Babu, under the patronage of the king of Nepal.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple and shrine trusts directly taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives without specific plans.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple and shrine related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>49h793tb5tj6g2t62r3zbr579w5g9n3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689734</id>
      <parentid>2689729</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T14:03:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Present state of conservation */</comment>
      <origin>2689734</origin>
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      <text bytes="1561" sha1="l5vj12x8z5pwk9zh5hq62v1oygh0r7t" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta and Nepali Ghats|Phuta and Nepali Ghats]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.578’ North and 83º 00.671’ East (Phuta Ghat, upper part).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Phuta and Nepali Ghats

==== Area ====
0.066 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Nepali Ghat represents the southern part of the Lalita Ghat, which was made pucca in 1902 by Nanhi Babu, under the patronage of the king of Nepal.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple and shrine trusts directly taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives without specific plans.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple and shrine related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>l5vj12x8z5pwk9zh5hq62v1oygh0r7t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689742</id>
      <parentid>2689734</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T18:30:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historical/cultural/natural significance */</comment>
      <origin>2689742</origin>
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      <text bytes="1619" sha1="laudlh7qo3tvxn0dw8lj3yvbpqpmrjg" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta and Nepali Ghats|Phuta and Nepali Ghats]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.578’ North and 83º 00.671’ East (Phuta Ghat, upper part).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Phuta and Nepali Ghats

==== Area ====
0.066 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Nepali Ghat represents the southern part of the [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples|Lalita Ghat]], which was made pucca in 1902 by Nanhi Babu, under the patronage of the king of Nepal.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple and shrine trusts directly taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives without specific plans.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple and shrine related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>laudlh7qo3tvxn0dw8lj3yvbpqpmrjg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689743</id>
      <parentid>2689742</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T18:32:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2689743</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1593" sha1="bkxpby7a6vqr9qrg49xsi7w93zv7z59" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nepali Ghat|Nepali Ghat]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.578’ North and 83º 00.671’ East (Phuta Ghat, upper part).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Phuta and Nepali Ghats

==== Area ====
0.066 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Nepali Ghat represents the southern part of the [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lalita Ghat and Temples|Lalita Ghat]], which was made pucca in 1902 by Nanhi Babu, under the patronage of the king of Nepal.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple and shrine trusts directly taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives without specific plans.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple and shrine related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>bkxpby7a6vqr9qrg49xsi7w93zv7z59</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta and Nepali Ghats</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316869</id>
    <redirect title="The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta Ghat" />
    <revision>
      <id>2689731</id>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T14:01:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta and Nepali Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta Ghat]]</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Sparx Learning</title>
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      <timestamp>2024-12-01T14:24:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>84.71.181.188</ip>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;  🚫 You haven't completed Sparx Maths and Sparx Reader this week&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2689735</origin>
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      <text bytes="67" sha1="ca1my6qh0nzxrcupiwup0i22feqtp21" xml:space="preserve">

🚫 You haven't completed Sparx Maths and Sparx Reader this week</text>
      <sha1>ca1my6qh0nzxrcupiwup0i22feqtp21</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689736</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-12-01T14:26:27Z</timestamp>
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        <username>ASid</username>
        <id>2909881</id>
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      <comment>Requesting deletion</comment>
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      <text bytes="95" sha1="qvjfi6c0jn0x1n46dojp6atocm0b06a" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|No useful content}}

🚫 You haven't completed Sparx Maths and Sparx Reader this week</text>
      <sha1>qvjfi6c0jn0x1n46dojp6atocm0b06a</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689737</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>TiwariA.23</username>
        <id>2994405</id>
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      <comment>Redirect from &quot;Sparx&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2689737</origin>
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      <text bytes="121" sha1="bxfl7wh1otx9p455bdg7yrbp59mxe3c" xml:space="preserve">

🚫 You haven't completed Sparx Maths this week

Sparx Reader 100%

Sparx Maths 10%

Complete all '''Sparx''' learning</text>
      <sha1>bxfl7wh1otx9p455bdg7yrbp59mxe3c</sha1>
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      <id>2689738</id>
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        <id>2975518</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Undid edits by [[Special:Contribs/TiwariA.23|TiwariA.23]] ([[User talk:TiwariA.23|talk]]) to last version by ASid</comment>
      <origin>2689738</origin>
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      <text bytes="95" sha1="qvjfi6c0jn0x1n46dojp6atocm0b06a" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|No useful content}}

🚫 You haven't completed Sparx Maths and Sparx Reader this week</text>
      <sha1>qvjfi6c0jn0x1n46dojp6atocm0b06a</sha1>
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      <text bytes="100" sha1="g0nswpnr5jt5y8liole90igb3qi6o3x" xml:space="preserve">&quot;Sparx&quot; redirects here{{delete|No useful content}}

🚫 You haven't completed Sparx Maths this week</text>
      <sha1>g0nswpnr5jt5y8liole90igb3qi6o3x</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>TiwariA.23</username>
        <id>2994405</id>
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      <comment>Redirect from &quot;Sparx&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2689804</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="87" sha1="p75dkz5x45cs1kd54yfigb6me30yl21" xml:space="preserve">&quot;Sparx&quot; redirects here{{delete|No useful content}}

Sparx Maths 100%

Sparx Reader 100%</text>
      <sha1>p75dkz5x45cs1kd54yfigb6me30yl21</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>TiwariA.23</username>
        <id>2994405</id>
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      <comment>Redirect from &quot;Sparx&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2689805</origin>
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      <text bytes="59" sha1="exbn75haghq3nulhagrs68lvts242vp" xml:space="preserve">&quot;Sparx&quot; redirects here

Sparx Maths 100%

Sparx Reader 100%</text>
      <sha1>exbn75haghq3nulhagrs68lvts242vp</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316871</id>
    <redirect title="The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi Ghat" />
    <revision>
      <id>2689746</id>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T18:37:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi Ghat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="58" sha1="9qlg7enmja4z3h62cae9tizbps0b60r" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi Ghat]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316872</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689748</id>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T18:38:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]  ---- [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats|Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats]]  [[File:Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi]]  [[File:Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi (2).JPG|thumb|Jalasen Ghat]] === Location === 25º 18.513’ North and 83º...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2689748</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3114" sha1="2ry4swmv0r9xkib24c7px15rotutrc3" xml:space="preserve">[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]

----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats|Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats]]

[[File:Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi]]

[[File:Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi (2).JPG|thumb|Jalasen Ghat]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.513’ North and 83º 00.611’ East (Jalashayi Ghat, north part).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats
==== Area ====
0.089 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Jalashayi Ghat is also called Jalasen Ghat. According to folk legend Lord Shiva sleep in the deep water of the Ganga at this ghat, that is how the name Jalashayi. The earlier description of this ghat was mentioned under the name Mokshadvareshvara Ghat, as narrated in the Giravana-padamanjari, a 17th century text. It was believed that portion of the spirit of the corpse can go under the deep water to meet Shiva, which results to provide passage to the heaven by the bliss of Shiva. This belief has converged into a ritual that the corpse first to be put into water, near this ghat, before putting it on the funeral pyre. In the early 20th century the ghat was made pucca by Baldeodas Birla, who has also built a rest house for the attendants coming with the corpse. However, presently very few attendants take shelter in the rest house. No religious activities is performed at this ghat. The ghat serves as ferry station for transporting the wood to be used in cremation.
-- Khiraki (“the window”) Ghat was earlier developed as a built structure from where attendants can watch the cremation. Presently this is defunct. Nearby to it under an old fig tree there are several Sati stones, reminding the tradition of ‘religious suicide by the wives on the funeral of their dead husbands’. Close to cremation ground such stone statue showing husband and wife is commonly scattered. 

=== Present state of conservation ===
[[File:Jalasain skyline Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jalasain skyline Ghat, Varanasi]]

Except by the rest houses directly taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The guest house trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives without specific plans. Many of such guest houses and buildings are illegally occupied by the residents there in.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The rest house related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
      <sha1>2ry4swmv0r9xkib24c7px15rotutrc3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689754</id>
      <parentid>2689748</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T18:45:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historical/cultural/natural significance */</comment>
      <origin>2689754</origin>
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      <text bytes="2136" sha1="84xpc3k75tysbmocrp7dog13qjf0pjm" xml:space="preserve">[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]

----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats|Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats]]

[[File:Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi]]

[[File:Jalasen Ghat, Varanasi (2).JPG|thumb|Jalasen Ghat]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.513’ North and 83º 00.611’ East (Jalashayi Ghat, north part).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats
==== Area ====
0.089 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Khiraki (“the window”) Ghat was earlier developed as a built structure from where attendants can watch the cremation. Presently this is defunct. Nearby to it under an old fig tree there are several Sati stones, reminding the tradition of ‘religious suicide by the wives on the funeral of their dead husbands’. Close to cremation ground such stone statue showing husband and wife is commonly scattered. 

=== Present state of conservation ===
[[File:Jalasain skyline Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jalasain skyline Ghat, Varanasi]]

Except by the rest houses directly taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The guest house trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives without specific plans. Many of such guest houses and buildings are illegally occupied by the residents there in.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The rest house related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="1899" sha1="pwud855jjdmwzu4y25c6fea7n73grjy" xml:space="preserve">[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat| Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat]]

----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Khiraki Ghat| Khiraki Ghat]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.513’ North and 83º 00.611’ East (Jalashayi Ghat, north part).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Jalashayi and Khiraki Ghats
==== Area ====
0.089 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Khiraki (“the window”) Ghat was earlier developed as a built structure from which attendants could watch the cremation. Presently, this is defunct. Nearby, under an old fig tree, there are several Sati stones, reminding the tradition of ‘religious suicide by the wives on the funeral of their dead husbands’. Close to the cremation ground, such stone statues showing husband and wife are commonly scattered. 

=== Present state of conservation ===

Except for the rest houses directly taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The guest house trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives without specific plans. Many of such guest houses and buildings are illegally occupied by the residents.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The rest of the house-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

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    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi Ghat</title>
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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi Ghat]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jalashayi (Jalasen) Ghat]]</comment>
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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat]]</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689760</id>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>948816</id>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]] ----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats|Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats]] [[File:Scindia_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Scindia Ghat, Varanasi]] [[File:Sanktha_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Sankatha Ghat, Varanasi]]  === Location === 25º 18.72...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6381" sha1="qk8drzdgwi3ab36cnli5jt60f6k26r0" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats|Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats]]
[[File:Scindia_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Scindia Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Sanktha_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Sankatha Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.729’ North and 83º 00.935’ East (Vashistha-Vamadeva Temple). 25º 18.730’ North and 83º 00.930’ East (Atmavireshvara Temple). 25º 18.733’ North and 83º 00.933’ East (Sankatha Devi Temple).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats

==== Area ====
0.0241ha (the temple compound and nearby area)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
At the northern end of the Ghat below the high steps is a shrine of Yameshvara, the linga installed by Yama. Climbing the nearby steps, in a niche halfway up is an image of Yamaditya (“Yama’s Sun”; house near CK 7/ 164), who faces the south - the direction of Yama, ‘Lord of Death’. The merit derived from the worship of Yamaditya combines with that which comes from the merit of worshipping one’s ancestors in the south at Rameshvaram and also together with that acquired in the north by rituals at Manikarnika. It is commonly believed that Yama himself installed this image, which shows a human-like figure with signs of rays on the head. Says the Kashi Khanda (51.108): “Formerly Yama performed pure penance in Yama Tirtha. Then he installed Yameshvara (linga) and Yamaditya (Sun-image) that bestow supernatural powers”.

About 10m climbing, there is a temple on the left that consists of the lingas installed by the mythical sages Vashishtha, Vamadeva, and Janaka (Saptarshi Temple; house CK 7/ 161). All these sages are referred to the Ramayana. At the gate of this temple is the murti (idol) of one of the 56 Vinayakas (Ganesha) called Chintamani (‘giver of relief from worries’). On the river side on the right hand is a shrine of Vaikuntha Madhava, the 27th in the list of 42 Forms of Vishnu in Kashi. Adjacent to it towards the north is the shrine of Harishchandreshvara, a huge linga associated with the mythology of Harishchandra, an ancestor of Lord Rama, who for the perseverance of righteousness sacrificed his kingdom and family. Attached to this linga is Harishchandra Vinayaka. To the other side of the lane facing Harishchandreshvara (CK 7/ 166), in the niche are images of Sena (“army”) and Sima (“boundary”) Vinayakas.

The left lane takes to the temple of Atmavireshvara (CK 7/ 158), which in itself is a small world of divinities. This place is eulogised as Panchamudra Mahapitha, a mystical place possessing supernatural powers. In the Puranic literature this is also called one of the ‘self-born’ (“svayambhu”) lingas. The 6th form of Durga, Katyayini (referred also as Vikatanana in the group of 64 Yoginis), also settled in the compound. Pleased by the great tapas of sage Katyayana, the goddess was born as his daughter, and thus was given the name Katyayini. She is portrayed as three-eyed and eight armed. Katyayini is the patron deity of the Braj Mandala. Two other important lingas established in this compound are Angareshvara (by the Mars) and Budheshvara (by Mercury). The Ganesha is represented here in the form of Mitra (“friend”) Vinayaka. Coming out of the temple on the right in the lower niche there is a small image of Vira Madhava, the 28th Form of Vishnu in Kashi. Some fragments lying there are worshipped as Rahu and Ketu. Nearby, on the other side of the lane is Brihaspatishvara (a linga installed by Jupiter).

Following this lane if one goes towards the ghat one meets Parvateshvara (CK 7/ 156) on the left, and Vasukishvara and Samudreshvara on the right. After a short walk to the other side of lane one enters the temple of Sankatha Devi (“Goddess of dangers”), called Sankatha-Ji (CK 7/ 159), for she is the one who vanquishes dangers for her devotees. She was originally an ancient folk mother-goddess who later on mythologised as Shiva’s consort and her prayer eulogised her as the demon slayer. Her temple icon confirms this identity with the Great Goddess: She is shown with her foot on the vanquished demon, his bull’s head severed from his body. Entering the compound of Sankatha Devi one finds a large courtyard in the centre of which is an old holy-fig tree, with a number of tiny shrines tangled in its mass of roots. The principal one in the group is Sankataharana Hanuman. In the far corner of the compound is the entrance to the sanctuary of the goddess. Close by the gate are the lingas of Sagareshvara and Sankateshvara. The great door is flanked by the sacred cosmogram of Shri Yantra. The sanctuary is dark, lit only by the oil lamps on the altar. There are three recesses on the altar: the first one of divine gatekeepers (dvarapalas), the last one of Hanuman, and the central one occupied by the silver-masked image of goddess Sankatha Devi. Worshippers are allowed to touch the feet of the goddess, which is not common in other goddess temples.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple trusts and the local public organisations, those work on their own ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats.
[[File:Anauthorized_Constructions,_Scindia_Ghat_Varanasi.jpg|thumb|C.K. 7/147 Sidheswari Chowk - The constructions located on the northern side of this building are illegal (as also stated in at Serial no. 24 in VDA affidavits presented by VDA to the Allahabad High Court, dated 3 Dec 2012 and 24 Jan 2013) Despite VDA issuing demolition orders for this illegal construction on 27 March 2002, the illegal construction continues to exist since 11 years]]

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temples are owned by their Temple Trusts; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.
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      <text bytes="6290" sha1="04s9p3seaeoynczhq4kretmi3ql0ixh" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat| Sankatha Ghat]]

[[File:Sanktha_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Sankatha Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.729’ North and 83º 00.935’ East (Vashistha-Vamadeva Temple). 25º 18.730’ North and 83º 00.930’ East (Atmavireshvara Temple). 25º 18.733’ North and 83º 00.933’ East (Sankatha Devi Temple).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats

==== Area ====
0.0241ha (the temple compound and nearby area)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
At the northern end of the Ghat below the high steps is a shrine of Yameshvara, the linga installed by Yama. Climbing the nearby steps, in a niche halfway up is an image of Yamaditya (“Yama’s Sun”; house near CK 7/ 164), who faces the south - the direction of Yama, ‘Lord of Death’. The merit derived from the worship of Yamaditya combines with that which comes from the merit of worshipping one’s ancestors in the south at Rameshvaram and also together with that acquired in the north by rituals at Manikarnika. It is commonly believed that Yama himself installed this image, which shows a human-like figure with signs of rays on the head. Says the Kashi Khanda (51.108): “Formerly Yama performed pure penance in Yama Tirtha. Then he installed Yameshvara (linga) and Yamaditya (Sun-image) that bestow supernatural powers”.

About 10m climbing, there is a temple on the left that consists of the lingas installed by the mythical sages Vashishtha, Vamadeva, and Janaka (Saptarshi Temple; house CK 7/ 161). All these sages are referred to the Ramayana. At the gate of this temple is the murti (idol) of one of the 56 Vinayakas (Ganesha) called Chintamani (‘giver of relief from worries’). On the river side on the right hand is a shrine of Vaikuntha Madhava, the 27th in the list of 42 Forms of Vishnu in Kashi. Adjacent to it towards the north is the shrine of Harishchandreshvara, a huge linga associated with the mythology of Harishchandra, an ancestor of Lord Rama, who for the perseverance of righteousness sacrificed his kingdom and family. Attached to this linga is Harishchandra Vinayaka. To the other side of the lane facing Harishchandreshvara (CK 7/ 166), in the niche are images of Sena (“army”) and Sima (“boundary”) Vinayakas.

The left lane takes to the temple of Atmavireshvara (CK 7/ 158), which in itself is a small world of divinities. This place is eulogised as Panchamudra Mahapitha, a mystical place possessing supernatural powers. In the Puranic literature this is also called one of the ‘self-born’ (“svayambhu”) lingas. The 6th form of Durga, Katyayini (referred also as Vikatanana in the group of 64 Yoginis), also settled in the compound. Pleased by the great tapas of sage Katyayana, the goddess was born as his daughter, and thus was given the name Katyayini. She is portrayed as three-eyed and eight armed. Katyayini is the patron deity of the Braj Mandala. Two other important lingas established in this compound are Angareshvara (by the Mars) and Budheshvara (by Mercury). The Ganesha is represented here in the form of Mitra (“friend”) Vinayaka. Coming out of the temple on the right in the lower niche there is a small image of Vira Madhava, the 28th Form of Vishnu in Kashi. Some fragments lying there are worshipped as Rahu and Ketu. Nearby, on the other side of the lane is Brihaspatishvara (a linga installed by Jupiter).

Following this lane if one goes towards the ghat one meets Parvateshvara (CK 7/ 156) on the left, and Vasukishvara and Samudreshvara on the right. After a short walk to the other side of lane one enters the temple of Sankatha Devi (“Goddess of dangers”), called Sankatha-Ji (CK 7/ 159), for she is the one who vanquishes dangers for her devotees. She was originally an ancient folk mother-goddess who later on mythologised as Shiva’s consort and her prayer eulogised her as the demon slayer. Her temple icon confirms this identity with the Great Goddess: She is shown with her foot on the vanquished demon, his bull’s head severed from his body. Entering the compound of Sankatha Devi one finds a large courtyard in the centre of which is an old holy-fig tree, with a number of tiny shrines tangled in its mass of roots. The principal one in the group is Sankataharana Hanuman. In the far corner of the compound is the entrance to the sanctuary of the goddess. Close by the gate are the lingas of Sagareshvara and Sankateshvara. The great door is flanked by the sacred cosmogram of Shri Yantra. The sanctuary is dark, lit only by the oil lamps on the altar. There are three recesses on the altar: the first one of divine gatekeepers (dvarapalas), the last one of Hanuman, and the central one occupied by the silver-masked image of goddess Sankatha Devi. Worshippers are allowed to touch the feet of the goddess, which is not common in other goddess temples.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple trusts and the local public organisations, those work on their own ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats.
[[File:Anauthorized_Constructions,_Scindia_Ghat_Varanasi.jpg|thumb|C.K. 7/147 Sidheswari Chowk - The constructions located on the northern side of this building are illegal (as also stated in at Serial no. 24 in VDA affidavits presented by VDA to the Allahabad High Court, dated 3 Dec 2012 and 24 Jan 2013) Despite VDA issuing demolition orders for this illegal construction on 27 March 2002, the illegal construction continues to exist since 11 years]]

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temples are owned by their Temple Trusts; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="3391" sha1="ifb5bkryztnsmf1p7tihdk8wvpxm92s" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sankatha Ghat| Sankatha Ghat]]

[[File:Sanktha_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Sankatha Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 18.729’ North and 83º 00.935’ East (Vashistha-Vamadeva Temple). 25º 18.730’ North and 83º 00.930’ East (Atmavireshvara Temple). 25º 18.733’ North and 83º 00.933’ East (Sankatha Devi Temple).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Scindhia and Sankatha Ghats

==== Area ====
0.0241ha (the temple compound and nearby area)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Following this lane if one goes towards the ghat one meets Parvateshvara (CK 7/ 156) on the left, and Vasukishvara and Samudreshvara on the right. After a short walk to the other side of lane one enters the temple of Sankatha Devi (“Goddess of dangers”), called Sankatha-Ji (CK 7/ 159), for she is the one who vanquishes dangers for her devotees. She was originally an ancient folk mother-goddess who later on mythologised as Shiva’s consort and her prayer eulogised her as the demon slayer. Her temple icon confirms this identity with the Great Goddess: She is shown with her foot on the vanquished demon, his bull’s head severed from his body. Entering the compound of Sankatha Devi one finds a large courtyard in the centre of which is an old holy-fig tree, with a number of tiny shrines tangled in its mass of roots. The principal one in the group is Sankataharana Hanuman. In the far corner of the compound is the entrance to the sanctuary of the goddess. Close by the gate are the lingas of Sagareshvara and Sankateshvara. The great door is flanked by the sacred cosmogram of Shri Yantra. The sanctuary is dark, lit only by the oil lamps on the altar. There are three recesses on the altar: the first one of divine gatekeepers (dvarapalas), the last one of Hanuman, and the central one occupied by the silver-masked image of goddess Sankatha Devi. Worshippers are allowed to touch the feet of the goddess, which is not common in other goddess temples.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple trusts and the local public organisations, those work on their own ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats.
[[File:Anauthorized_Constructions,_Scindia_Ghat_Varanasi.jpg|thumb|C.K. 7/147 Sidheswari Chowk - The constructions located on the northern side of this building are illegal (as also stated in at Serial no. 24 in VDA affidavits presented by VDA to the Allahabad High Court, dated 3 Dec 2012 and 24 Jan 2013) Despite VDA issuing demolition orders for this illegal construction on 27 March 2002, the illegal construction continues to exist since 11 years]]

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temples are owned by their Temple Trusts; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.
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      <text bytes="188" sha1="sw6tphrrv318ezq0ogmcnmbpukn8ufu" xml:space="preserve">== Sparx Learning ==

Redirected from Sparx [[User:TiwariA.23|TiwariA.23]] ([[User talk:TiwariA.23|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TiwariA.23|contribs]]) 19:05, 1 December 2024 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats</title>
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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya) Ghat]]</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>948816</id>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]] ---- [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats|Agnishvara (Naya)–Ganesha and Mehta Ghats]] === Location === 25º 18.839’ North and 83º 00.890’ East (Agnishvara, Patni Tola). ===== Exact location on a map ===== Nay...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3939" sha1="ruhd8cnto5fwzwf27r1z9wt122wdc1k" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats|Agnishvara (Naya)–Ganesha and Mehta Ghats]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.839’ North and 83º 00.890’ East (Agnishvara, Patni Tola).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Naya-Ganesha and Mehta Ghats.

==== Area ==== 
0.21 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Agnishvara (or Naya) ghat is named after the puranic water-front tirtha in the Ganga, called Agni Tirtha, and the same temple (Patni Tola CK 2/1). This linga and tirtha are described in the Giravana-padamanjari, a 17th-century text. In Prinsep’s map (1822) this ghat is mentioned as Gularia Ghat which was made partly pucca a few years before. According to the KKT (p. 122), as mentioned in the Linga Purana, in the Ashtayatana Yatra, pilgrimage to eight directional lingas, this ghat is eulogised as the site for initiation and concluding rituals. Between Scindhia and Ganesha Ghats, five puranic sacred spots exist at the waterfront, viz. Vighnesha, Vira, Candra, Kala and Angara. In 1965, the government of Uttar Pradesh built this ghat pucca. Till 1985 this ghat was used as the centre of marketing sand and wood which were transported here by boats, however this practice has been banned here. 
-- In puranic literature, this ghat is also called Vighneshvara Ghat. During 1761-72, Madhorao Peshva built the northern part of the Agnishvara Ghat pucca. In 1807, Amritrao Peshva further made extensive repairs, made the ghat fully pucca, and built Amrit Vinayaka Ganesha Temple. After the name of the temple, the ghat is called Ganesha Ghat. At the nearby bank exists the puranic water-front spot of Ikshvaku Tirtha. In the upper part, there are temples of Bhadreshvara and Nagesha Vinayaka. On the 9th dark half of Bhadrapada (August/ September), this ghat holds a unique religious fair as part of Ganesha's sacred bath and worship. The Maharashtian pilgrims dominate this. This is an active ghat where residents bathe daily, followed by the morning rituals.
-- Till 1960, Mehta Ghat was a portion of the southern part of Rama Ghat. According to the Puranic sources, two water-front sacred spots existed, viz. Maitravaruna and Mautta Tirtha. In 1960, a wealthy merchant of Kolkata, Ballabharam Saligaram Mehta, purchased this area and built a hospital in 1962. In commemorating his services to Kashi, this ghat is called Mehta Ghat. Further, the Municipal Corporation of Varanasi made the ghat in the same year and extended it. This ghat is well known for the Sangaveda Vidyalaya (‘school of the Sanga Veda’), where teaching is performed in Sanskrit medium, and students have to strictly follow the rules of chastity, celibacy, yoga and meditation and to live a life of monk. Of this kind, this is the only school, perhaps in the whole of India. Maharashtrian people dominate this area. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple organisations and the hospital taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and hospital properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.</text>
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        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <text bytes="3033" sha1="q8jenlesbv3cuhqegzmxvjradu3e80h" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats|Agnishvara (Naya)–Ganesha and Mehta Ghats]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.839’ North and 83º 00.890’ East (Agnishvara, Patni Tola).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Naya-Ganesha and Mehta Ghats.

==== Area ==== 
0.21 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
n puranic literature, this ghat is also called Vighneshvara Ghat. During 1761-72, Madhorao Peshva built the northern part of the Agnishvara Ghat pucca. In 1807, Amritrao Peshva further made extensive repairs, made the ghat fully pucca, and built Amrit Vinayaka Ganesha Temple. After the name of the temple, the ghat is called Ganesha Ghat. At the nearby bank exists the puranic water-front spot of Ikshvaku Tirtha. In the upper part, there are temples of Bhadreshvara and Nagesha Vinayaka. On the 9th dark half of Bhadrapada (August/ September), this ghat holds a unique religious fair as part of Ganesha's sacred bath and worship. The Maharashtian pilgrims dominate this. This is an active ghat where residents bathe daily, followed by the morning rituals.
-- Till 1960, Mehta Ghat was a portion of the southern part of Rama Ghat. According to the Puranic sources, two water-front sacred spots existed, viz. Maitravaruna and Mautta Tirtha. In 1960, a wealthy merchant of Kolkata, Ballabharam Saligaram Mehta, purchased this area and built a hospital in 1962. In commemorating his services to Kashi, this ghat is called Mehta Ghat. Further, the Municipal Corporation of Varanasi made the ghat in the same year and extended it. This ghat is well known for the Sangaveda Vidyalaya (‘school of the Sanga Veda’), where teaching is performed in Sanskrit medium, and students have to strictly follow the rules of chastity, celibacy, yoga and meditation and to live a life of monk. Of this kind, this is the only school, perhaps in the whole of India. Maharashtrian people dominate this area. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple organisations and the hospital taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and hospital properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.</text>
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        <id>948816</id>
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      <text bytes="2201" sha1="2na6lrap5qevvdwuhn8qf63iocqd55x" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats|Agnishvara (Naya)–Ganesha and Mehta Ghats]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.839’ North and 83º 00.890’ East (Agnishvara, Patni Tola).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Naya-Ganesha and Mehta Ghats.

==== Area ==== 
0.21 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
n puranic literature, this ghat is also called Vighneshvara Ghat. During 1761-72, Madhorao Peshva built the northern part of the Agnishvara Ghat pucca. In 1807, Amritrao Peshva further made extensive repairs, made the ghat fully pucca, and built Amrit Vinayaka Ganesha Temple. After the name of the temple, the ghat is called Ganesha Ghat. At the nearby bank exists the puranic water-front spot of Ikshvaku Tirtha. In the upper part, there are temples of Bhadreshvara and Nagesha Vinayaka. On the 9th dark half of Bhadrapada (August/ September), this ghat holds a unique religious fair as part of Ganesha's sacred bath and worship. The Maharashtian pilgrims dominate this. This is an active ghat where residents bathe daily, followed by the morning rituals. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple organisations and the hospital taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and hospital properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.</text>
      <sha1>2na6lrap5qevvdwuhn8qf63iocqd55x</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689782</id>
      <parentid>2689779</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T19:15:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>948816</id>
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----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat|Ganesha Ghat]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.839’ North and 83º 00.890’ East (Agnishvara, Patni Tola).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Naya-Ganesha and Mehta Ghats.

==== Area ==== 
0.21 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
In puranic literature, this ghat is also called Vighneshvara Ghat. During 1761-72, Madhorao Peshva built the northern part of the Agnishvara Ghat pucca. In 1807, Amritrao Peshva further made extensive repairs, made the ghat fully pucca, and built Amrit Vinayaka Ganesha Temple. After the name of the temple, the ghat is called Ganesha Ghat. At the nearby bank exists the puranic water-front spot of Ikshvaku Tirtha. In the upper part, there are temples of Bhadreshvara and Nagesha Vinayaka. On the 9th dark half of Bhadrapada (August/ September), this ghat holds a unique religious fair as part of Ganesha's sacred bath and worship. The Maharashtian pilgrims dominate this. This is an active ghat where residents bathe daily, followed by the morning rituals. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple organisations and the hospital taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and hospital properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.</text>
      <sha1>2gq5joo3w0jbiql7e450d497g957wgf</sha1>
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    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]] ---- [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats|Agnishvara (Naya)–Ganesha and Mehta Ghats]] === Location === 25º 18.839’ North and 83º 00.890’ East (Agnishvara, Patni Tola). ===== Exact location on a map ===== Nay...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3939" sha1="ruhd8cnto5fwzwf27r1z9wt122wdc1k" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats|Agnishvara (Naya)–Ganesha and Mehta Ghats]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.839’ North and 83º 00.890’ East (Agnishvara, Patni Tola).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Naya-Ganesha and Mehta Ghats.

==== Area ==== 
0.21 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Agnishvara (or Naya) ghat is named after the puranic water-front tirtha in the Ganga, called Agni Tirtha, and the same temple (Patni Tola CK 2/1). This linga and tirtha are described in the Giravana-padamanjari, a 17th-century text. In Prinsep’s map (1822) this ghat is mentioned as Gularia Ghat which was made partly pucca a few years before. According to the KKT (p. 122), as mentioned in the Linga Purana, in the Ashtayatana Yatra, pilgrimage to eight directional lingas, this ghat is eulogised as the site for initiation and concluding rituals. Between Scindhia and Ganesha Ghats, five puranic sacred spots exist at the waterfront, viz. Vighnesha, Vira, Candra, Kala and Angara. In 1965, the government of Uttar Pradesh built this ghat pucca. Till 1985 this ghat was used as the centre of marketing sand and wood which were transported here by boats, however this practice has been banned here. 
-- In puranic literature, this ghat is also called Vighneshvara Ghat. During 1761-72, Madhorao Peshva built the northern part of the Agnishvara Ghat pucca. In 1807, Amritrao Peshva further made extensive repairs, made the ghat fully pucca, and built Amrit Vinayaka Ganesha Temple. After the name of the temple, the ghat is called Ganesha Ghat. At the nearby bank exists the puranic water-front spot of Ikshvaku Tirtha. In the upper part, there are temples of Bhadreshvara and Nagesha Vinayaka. On the 9th dark half of Bhadrapada (August/ September), this ghat holds a unique religious fair as part of Ganesha's sacred bath and worship. The Maharashtian pilgrims dominate this. This is an active ghat where residents bathe daily, followed by the morning rituals.
-- Till 1960, Mehta Ghat was a portion of the southern part of Rama Ghat. According to the Puranic sources, two water-front sacred spots existed, viz. Maitravaruna and Mautta Tirtha. In 1960, a wealthy merchant of Kolkata, Ballabharam Saligaram Mehta, purchased this area and built a hospital in 1962. In commemorating his services to Kashi, this ghat is called Mehta Ghat. Further, the Municipal Corporation of Varanasi made the ghat in the same year and extended it. This ghat is well known for the Sangaveda Vidyalaya (‘school of the Sanga Veda’), where teaching is performed in Sanskrit medium, and students have to strictly follow the rules of chastity, celibacy, yoga and meditation and to live a life of monk. Of this kind, this is the only school, perhaps in the whole of India. Maharashtrian people dominate this area. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple organisations and the hospital taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and hospital properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689780</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historical/cultural/natural significance */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2272" sha1="kltbf47tst3gxxftaive7gykzlc8yti" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agnishvara (Naya), Ganesha and Mehta Ghats|Agnishvara (Naya)–Ganesha and Mehta Ghats]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.839’ North and 83º 00.890’ East (Agnishvara, Patni Tola).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Naya-Ganesha and Mehta Ghats.

==== Area ==== 
0.21 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Till 1960, Mehta Ghat was a portion of the southern part of Rama Ghat. According to the Puranic sources, two water-front sacred spots existed, viz. Maitravaruna and Mautta Tirtha. In 1960, a wealthy merchant of Kolkata, Ballabharam Saligaram Mehta, purchased this area and built a hospital in 1962. In commemorating his services to Kashi, this ghat is called Mehta Ghat. Further, the Municipal Corporation of Varanasi made the ghat in the same year and extended it. This ghat is well known for the Sangaveda Vidyalaya (‘school of the Sanga Veda’), where teaching is performed in Sanskrit medium, and students have to strictly follow the rules of chastity, celibacy, yoga and meditation and to live a life of monk. Of this kind, this is the only school, perhaps in the whole of India. Maharashtrian people dominate this area. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple organisations and the hospital taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and hospital properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.</text>
      <sha1>kltbf47tst3gxxftaive7gykzlc8yti</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689781</id>
      <parentid>2689780</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T19:14:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <text bytes="2193" sha1="9n291a026i5xz2y8j712rz9n8vbbtod" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.839’ North and 83º 00.890’ East (Agnishvara, Patni Tola).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Naya-Ganesha and Mehta Ghats.

==== Area ==== 
0.21 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Till 1960, Mehta Ghat was a portion of the southern part of Rama Ghat. According to the Puranic sources, two water-front sacred spots existed, viz. Maitravaruna and Mautta Tirtha. In 1960, a wealthy merchant of Kolkata, Ballabharam Saligaram Mehta, purchased this area and built a hospital in 1962. In commemorating his services to Kashi, this ghat is called Mehta Ghat. Further, the Municipal Corporation of Varanasi made the ghat in the same year and extended it. This ghat is well known for the Sangaveda Vidyalaya (‘school of the Sanga Veda’), where teaching is performed in Sanskrit medium, and students have to strictly follow the rules of chastity, celibacy, yoga and meditation and to live a life of monk. Of this kind, this is the only school, perhaps in the whole of India. Maharashtrian people dominate this area. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple organisations and the hospital taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The respective trusts own the temple-related and hospital properties along the ghat, the inhabitants own the houses and other properties, and the Municipal Corporation owns the ghat area.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats</title>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>948816</id>
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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama Ghat]]</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Jatar Ghat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316881</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689788</id>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T19:23:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]] ---- [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats|Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats]] [[File:Ram Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Rama Ghat, Varanasi]]  [[File:Jatar Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jatar Ghat, Varanasi]]  File:Raja Gwalior Gha...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4899" sha1="cgvi90lkgvtn6e9urkhvy36m5rqw68s" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats|Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats]]
[[File:Ram Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Rama Ghat, Varanasi]]

[[File:Jatar Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jatar Ghat, Varanasi]]

[[File:Raja Gwalior Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Raja Gwalior Ghat, Varanasi]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.924’ North and 83º 01.047’ East (Gwalior Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map=====
Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats
==== Area ====
0.22 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Its reference is mentioned in the 17th century text, Giravana-padamanjari. Near Rama Ghat at the bank is the water-front puranic tirtha named Rama Tirtha, and there is a temple of Rama Pancayatana (the five images together). The name of the ghat is derived in this reference. There are three other water-front sacred spots, viz. Kala Ganga, Tamra Varaha and Indradhyumna. In 1665 the French traveller Jean Baptiste Tavernier paid visit to Varanasi and has described this ghat. It is obvious from this account that the ghat and Rama temple were built in the nearby past and were prominent in the scene. The Rama temple and the attached ghat both built by king of Jaipur (Rajasthan), Raja Savai Jaisingh. During the period of mass destruction of temples by the order of Mughal emperor Aurangazeb in late 1660s, this temple was also demolished. The present temple was built up in late 18th century. Other notable temples at this ghat are of Badri Narayana and Kala Vinayaka. Nearby to the latter one is a temple of Khandoba, a regional deity of Maharashtra, whose annual celebration takes place during 5th-8th light-half of Margashirsha (November/ December). This area is dominated by Maharashtrian people.
-- In the mid 19th century the finance secretary of Gwalior Estate, Balaji Cimadaji Jatar has built this ghat with the support of the king Jiyajirao Shinde. After his name this is called Jatar Ghat. He has also built a multi-storeyed building (no. CK 24/ 33), in a portion of which exists the temple of Lakshminarayana. This temple is an example of the local craftsmanship, consisting of mosaic of colourful glasses in the large windows and light areas. At the gate there is an inscription, which reads the names of the finance secretary and the king, and their portraits are also shown there. Prinsep (1822) mentions this ghat as Chor Ghat. The name “Chor” (thief) reminds a fable about this ghat, which narrates the story that this ghat was defamed in the past for theft of the cloths of pilgrims and bathers. Greaves (1909) has mentioned this ghat as Jadau Ghat. The architectural beauty of the Lakshiminarayan temple is at the verge of danger limit; in lack of proper and immediate care this temple can be lost at any time. 
-- Till mid 19th century Gwalior ghat was part of Jatar Ghat. When Jatar Ghat was under construction the king of Gwalior Maharaja Jiyajirao Shinde has built this ghat; and after his name this is known as Gwalior Ghat. According to another tale one of the Peshava kings had also repaired and partly made the ghat pucca. There are three shrines containing Shiva lingas. The ghat is not important for cultural and religious activities. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple organisations and the Estate Trust taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives.
[[|thumb|K 24/28 Ram Ghat That this building is illegal not only because it is built on the Ganga riverfront ghats in Varanasi after the year 2000 but primarily because it is built within 100 metres of an ASI protected monument (Dharhara Mosque), thereby violating the National Monument Act of 1958.
Repeated FIRs filed by ASI (12.6.2000; 8.9.2001; 8.9.2003; 1.3.2004; 22.12.2004) against the owners of this illegal construction.
Despite VDA issuing demolition orders for this illegal construction on 8 November 2005 and 28 June 2006, the illegal construction continues to exist since 7 years.]]

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and estate properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.</text>
      <sha1>cgvi90lkgvtn6e9urkhvy36m5rqw68s</sha1>
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      <text bytes="4768" sha1="85kjbvo8908l8qns5vp1pglp2knizbd" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats|Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats]]


[[File:Jatar Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jatar Ghat, Varanasi]]


=== Location ===
25º 18.924’ North and 83º 01.047’ East (Gwalior Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map=====
Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats
==== Area ====
0.22 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Its reference is mentioned in the 17th century text, Giravana-padamanjari. Near Rama Ghat at the bank is the water-front puranic tirtha named Rama Tirtha, and there is a temple of Rama Pancayatana (the five images together). The name of the ghat is derived in this reference. There are three other water-front sacred spots, viz. Kala Ganga, Tamra Varaha and Indradhyumna. In 1665 the French traveller Jean Baptiste Tavernier paid visit to Varanasi and has described this ghat. It is obvious from this account that the ghat and Rama temple were built in the nearby past and were prominent in the scene. The Rama temple and the attached ghat both built by king of Jaipur (Rajasthan), Raja Savai Jaisingh. During the period of mass destruction of temples by the order of Mughal emperor Aurangazeb in late 1660s, this temple was also demolished. The present temple was built up in late 18th century. Other notable temples at this ghat are of Badri Narayana and Kala Vinayaka. Nearby to the latter one is a temple of Khandoba, a regional deity of Maharashtra, whose annual celebration takes place during 5th-8th light-half of Margashirsha (November/ December). This area is dominated by Maharashtrian people.
-- In the mid 19th century the finance secretary of Gwalior Estate, Balaji Cimadaji Jatar has built this ghat with the support of the king Jiyajirao Shinde. After his name this is called Jatar Ghat. He has also built a multi-storeyed building (no. CK 24/ 33), in a portion of which exists the temple of Lakshminarayana. This temple is an example of the local craftsmanship, consisting of mosaic of colourful glasses in the large windows and light areas. At the gate there is an inscription, which reads the names of the finance secretary and the king, and their portraits are also shown there. Prinsep (1822) mentions this ghat as Chor Ghat. The name “Chor” (thief) reminds a fable about this ghat, which narrates the story that this ghat was defamed in the past for theft of the cloths of pilgrims and bathers. Greaves (1909) has mentioned this ghat as Jadau Ghat. The architectural beauty of the Lakshiminarayan temple is at the verge of danger limit; in lack of proper and immediate care this temple can be lost at any time. 
-- Till mid 19th century Gwalior ghat was part of Jatar Ghat. When Jatar Ghat was under construction the king of Gwalior Maharaja Jiyajirao Shinde has built this ghat; and after his name this is known as Gwalior Ghat. According to another tale one of the Peshava kings had also repaired and partly made the ghat pucca. There are three shrines containing Shiva lingas. The ghat is not important for cultural and religious activities. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple organisations and the Estate Trust taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives.
[[|thumb|K 24/28 Ram Ghat That this building is illegal not only because it is built on the Ganga riverfront ghats in Varanasi after the year 2000 but primarily because it is built within 100 metres of an ASI protected monument (Dharhara Mosque), thereby violating the National Monument Act of 1958.
Repeated FIRs filed by ASI (12.6.2000; 8.9.2001; 8.9.2003; 1.3.2004; 22.12.2004) against the owners of this illegal construction.
Despite VDA issuing demolition orders for this illegal construction on 8 November 2005 and 28 June 2006, the illegal construction continues to exist since 7 years.]]

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and estate properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.</text>
      <sha1>85kjbvo8908l8qns5vp1pglp2knizbd</sha1>
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        <id>948816</id>
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      <comment>/* Historical/cultural/natural significance */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3130" sha1="p8e8nvxgxg3304yp184hddzadd5ju0t" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats|Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats]]


[[File:Jatar Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jatar Ghat, Varanasi]]


=== Location ===
25º 18.924’ North and 83º 01.047’ East (Gwalior Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map=====
Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats
==== Area ====
0.22 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
- In the mid 19th century the finance secretary of Gwalior Estate, Balaji Cimadaji Jatar has built this ghat with the support of the king Jiyajirao Shinde. After his name this is called Jatar Ghat. He has also built a multi-storeyed building (no. CK 24/ 33), in a portion of which exists the temple of Lakshminarayana. This temple is an example of the local craftsmanship, consisting of mosaic of colourful glasses in the large windows and light areas. At the gate there is an inscription, which reads the names of the finance secretary and the king, and their portraits are also shown there. Prinsep (1822) mentions this ghat as Chor Ghat. The name “Chor” (thief) reminds a fable about this ghat, which narrates the story that this ghat was defamed in the past for theft of the cloths of pilgrims and bathers. Greaves (1909) has mentioned this ghat as Jadau Ghat. The architectural beauty of the Lakshiminarayan temple is at the verge of danger limit; in lack of proper and immediate care this temple can be lost at any time.  
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple organisations and the Estate Trust taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives.
[[|thumb|K 24/28 Ram Ghat That this building is illegal not only because it is built on the Ganga riverfront ghats in Varanasi after the year 2000 but primarily because it is built within 100 metres of an ASI protected monument (Dharhara Mosque), thereby violating the National Monument Act of 1958.
Repeated FIRs filed by ASI (12.6.2000; 8.9.2001; 8.9.2003; 1.3.2004; 22.12.2004) against the owners of this illegal construction.
Despite VDA issuing demolition orders for this illegal construction on 8 November 2005 and 28 June 2006, the illegal construction continues to exist since 7 years.]]

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and estate properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.</text>
      <sha1>p8e8nvxgxg3304yp184hddzadd5ju0t</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Raja Gwalior Ghat</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2024-12-01T19:23:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]] ---- [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats|Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats]] [[File:Ram Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Rama Ghat, Varanasi]]  [[File:Jatar Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jatar Ghat, Varanasi]]  File:Raja Gwalior Gha...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4899" sha1="cgvi90lkgvtn6e9urkhvy36m5rqw68s" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats|Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats]]
[[File:Ram Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Rama Ghat, Varanasi]]

[[File:Jatar Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jatar Ghat, Varanasi]]

[[File:Raja Gwalior Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Raja Gwalior Ghat, Varanasi]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.924’ North and 83º 01.047’ East (Gwalior Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map=====
Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats
==== Area ====
0.22 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Its reference is mentioned in the 17th century text, Giravana-padamanjari. Near Rama Ghat at the bank is the water-front puranic tirtha named Rama Tirtha, and there is a temple of Rama Pancayatana (the five images together). The name of the ghat is derived in this reference. There are three other water-front sacred spots, viz. Kala Ganga, Tamra Varaha and Indradhyumna. In 1665 the French traveller Jean Baptiste Tavernier paid visit to Varanasi and has described this ghat. It is obvious from this account that the ghat and Rama temple were built in the nearby past and were prominent in the scene. The Rama temple and the attached ghat both built by king of Jaipur (Rajasthan), Raja Savai Jaisingh. During the period of mass destruction of temples by the order of Mughal emperor Aurangazeb in late 1660s, this temple was also demolished. The present temple was built up in late 18th century. Other notable temples at this ghat are of Badri Narayana and Kala Vinayaka. Nearby to the latter one is a temple of Khandoba, a regional deity of Maharashtra, whose annual celebration takes place during 5th-8th light-half of Margashirsha (November/ December). This area is dominated by Maharashtrian people.
-- In the mid 19th century the finance secretary of Gwalior Estate, Balaji Cimadaji Jatar has built this ghat with the support of the king Jiyajirao Shinde. After his name this is called Jatar Ghat. He has also built a multi-storeyed building (no. CK 24/ 33), in a portion of which exists the temple of Lakshminarayana. This temple is an example of the local craftsmanship, consisting of mosaic of colourful glasses in the large windows and light areas. At the gate there is an inscription, which reads the names of the finance secretary and the king, and their portraits are also shown there. Prinsep (1822) mentions this ghat as Chor Ghat. The name “Chor” (thief) reminds a fable about this ghat, which narrates the story that this ghat was defamed in the past for theft of the cloths of pilgrims and bathers. Greaves (1909) has mentioned this ghat as Jadau Ghat. The architectural beauty of the Lakshiminarayan temple is at the verge of danger limit; in lack of proper and immediate care this temple can be lost at any time. 
-- Till mid 19th century Gwalior ghat was part of Jatar Ghat. When Jatar Ghat was under construction the king of Gwalior Maharaja Jiyajirao Shinde has built this ghat; and after his name this is known as Gwalior Ghat. According to another tale one of the Peshava kings had also repaired and partly made the ghat pucca. There are three shrines containing Shiva lingas. The ghat is not important for cultural and religious activities. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple organisations and the Estate Trust taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives.
[[|thumb|K 24/28 Ram Ghat That this building is illegal not only because it is built on the Ganga riverfront ghats in Varanasi after the year 2000 but primarily because it is built within 100 metres of an ASI protected monument (Dharhara Mosque), thereby violating the National Monument Act of 1958.
Repeated FIRs filed by ASI (12.6.2000; 8.9.2001; 8.9.2003; 1.3.2004; 22.12.2004) against the owners of this illegal construction.
Despite VDA issuing demolition orders for this illegal construction on 8 November 2005 and 28 June 2006, the illegal construction continues to exist since 7 years.]]

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and estate properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.</text>
      <sha1>cgvi90lkgvtn6e9urkhvy36m5rqw68s</sha1>
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      <text bytes="4780" sha1="hmo3r22kdh6t15yhitilaibm54m4pzz" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats|Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats]]


[[File:Raja Gwalior Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Raja Gwalior Ghat, Varanasi]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.924’ North and 83º 01.047’ East (Gwalior Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map=====
Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats
==== Area ====
0.22 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Its reference is mentioned in the 17th century text, Giravana-padamanjari. Near Rama Ghat at the bank is the water-front puranic tirtha named Rama Tirtha, and there is a temple of Rama Pancayatana (the five images together). The name of the ghat is derived in this reference. There are three other water-front sacred spots, viz. Kala Ganga, Tamra Varaha and Indradhyumna. In 1665 the French traveller Jean Baptiste Tavernier paid visit to Varanasi and has described this ghat. It is obvious from this account that the ghat and Rama temple were built in the nearby past and were prominent in the scene. The Rama temple and the attached ghat both built by king of Jaipur (Rajasthan), Raja Savai Jaisingh. During the period of mass destruction of temples by the order of Mughal emperor Aurangazeb in late 1660s, this temple was also demolished. The present temple was built up in late 18th century. Other notable temples at this ghat are of Badri Narayana and Kala Vinayaka. Nearby to the latter one is a temple of Khandoba, a regional deity of Maharashtra, whose annual celebration takes place during 5th-8th light-half of Margashirsha (November/ December). This area is dominated by Maharashtrian people.
-- In the mid 19th century the finance secretary of Gwalior Estate, Balaji Cimadaji Jatar has built this ghat with the support of the king Jiyajirao Shinde. After his name this is called Jatar Ghat. He has also built a multi-storeyed building (no. CK 24/ 33), in a portion of which exists the temple of Lakshminarayana. This temple is an example of the local craftsmanship, consisting of mosaic of colourful glasses in the large windows and light areas. At the gate there is an inscription, which reads the names of the finance secretary and the king, and their portraits are also shown there. Prinsep (1822) mentions this ghat as Chor Ghat. The name “Chor” (thief) reminds a fable about this ghat, which narrates the story that this ghat was defamed in the past for theft of the cloths of pilgrims and bathers. Greaves (1909) has mentioned this ghat as Jadau Ghat. The architectural beauty of the Lakshiminarayan temple is at the verge of danger limit; in lack of proper and immediate care this temple can be lost at any time. 
-- Till mid 19th century Gwalior ghat was part of Jatar Ghat. When Jatar Ghat was under construction the king of Gwalior Maharaja Jiyajirao Shinde has built this ghat; and after his name this is known as Gwalior Ghat. According to another tale one of the Peshava kings had also repaired and partly made the ghat pucca. There are three shrines containing Shiva lingas. The ghat is not important for cultural and religious activities. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple organisations and the Estate Trust taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives.
[[|thumb|K 24/28 Ram Ghat That this building is illegal not only because it is built on the Ganga riverfront ghats in Varanasi after the year 2000 but primarily because it is built within 100 metres of an ASI protected monument (Dharhara Mosque), thereby violating the National Monument Act of 1958.
Repeated FIRs filed by ASI (12.6.2000; 8.9.2001; 8.9.2003; 1.3.2004; 22.12.2004) against the owners of this illegal construction.
Despite VDA issuing demolition orders for this illegal construction on 8 November 2005 and 28 June 2006, the illegal construction continues to exist since 7 years.]]

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and estate properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.</text>
      <sha1>hmo3r22kdh6t15yhitilaibm54m4pzz</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689795</id>
      <parentid>2689792</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T19:26:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <text bytes="2540" sha1="4s5bcqvedg34y7kkid3bwut0v51bml6" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats|Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats]]


[[File:Raja Gwalior Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Raja Gwalior Ghat, Varanasi]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.924’ North and 83º 01.047’ East (Gwalior Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map=====
Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats
==== Area ====
0.22 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Till mid 19th century Gwalior ghat was part of Jatar Ghat. When Jatar Ghat was under construction the king of Gwalior Maharaja Jiyajirao Shinde has built this ghat; and after his name this is known as Gwalior Ghat. According to another tale one of the Peshava kings had also repaired and partly made the ghat pucca. There are three shrines containing Shiva lingas. The ghat is not important for cultural and religious activities. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple organisations and the Estate Trust taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives.
[[|thumb|K 24/28 Ram Ghat That this building is illegal not only because it is built on the Ganga riverfront ghats in Varanasi after the year 2000 but primarily because it is built within 100 metres of an ASI protected monument (Dharhara Mosque), thereby violating the National Monument Act of 1958.
Repeated FIRs filed by ASI (12.6.2000; 8.9.2001; 8.9.2003; 1.3.2004; 22.12.2004) against the owners of this illegal construction.
Despite VDA issuing demolition orders for this illegal construction on 8 November 2005 and 28 June 2006, the illegal construction continues to exist since 7 years.]]

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and estate properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.</text>
      <sha1>4s5bcqvedg34y7kkid3bwut0v51bml6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689796</id>
      <parentid>2689795</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-01T19:26:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <comment>/* Present state of conservation */</comment>
      <origin>2689796</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2541" sha1="4vqyhu0b007ipfbwfvc1ijc1zztltp8" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats|Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats]]


[[File:Raja Gwalior Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Raja Gwalior Ghat, Varanasi]]
=== Location ===
25º 18.924’ North and 83º 01.047’ East (Gwalior Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map=====
Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats
==== Area ====
0.22 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Till mid 19th century Gwalior ghat was part of Jatar Ghat. When Jatar Ghat was under construction the king of Gwalior Maharaja Jiyajirao Shinde has built this ghat; and after his name this is known as Gwalior Ghat. According to another tale one of the Peshava kings had also repaired and partly made the ghat pucca. There are three shrines containing Shiva lingas. The ghat is not important for cultural and religious activities. 
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except by the temple organisations and the Estate Trust taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives.
[[|thumb|K 24/28 Ram Ghat That this building is illegal not only because it is built on the Ganga riverfront ghats in Varanasi after the year 2000 but primarily because it is built within 100 metres of an ASI protected monument (Dharhara Mosque), thereby violating the National Monument Act of 1958.
Repeated FIRs filed by ASI (12.6.2000; 8.9.2001; 8.9.2003; 1.3.2004; 22.12.2004) against the owners of this illegal construction.

Despite VDA issuing demolition orders for this illegal construction on 8 November 2005 and 28 June 2006, the illegal construction continues to exist since 7 years.]]

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple related and estate properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.</text>
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    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats</title>
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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat]]</comment>
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    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat</title>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]] ----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats|Durga and Brahma Ghats]] [[File:DurgaGhat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|DurgaGhat, Varanasi]] [[File:Brahma_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Brahma Ghat, Varanasi]]  === Location === 25º 19.029’ North and 83º 01.126’ East...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3902" sha1="huigzsv1aagsbr80p9ats6upimum36m" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga and Brahma Ghats|Durga and Brahma Ghats]]
[[File:DurgaGhat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|DurgaGhat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Brahma_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Brahma Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 19.029’ North and 83º 01.126’ East (Durga Ghat, centre). 25º 19.067’ North and 83º 01.145’ East (Brahma Ghat, centre).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Durga and Brahma Ghats

==== Area ====
0.225 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
On the northern side of the upper part, there is a temple of Brahmacarini Durga (no. K 22/ 17), from where the name of the ghat derived, i.e. Durga Ghat. The 17th-century text Giravana-padamanjari has described this ghat. In 1742, Narayana Dikshita, a guru of Peshvas, purchased land from resident fishermen and built two ghats: Durga and the succeeding one, Brahma Ghats. This was rebuilt and repaired in 1830 by Nana Phadanavisa, a finance secretary (Divan) of Gwalior Estate, whose building at the top of the ghat is known as Phadanivisa Wada. At the ghat exist the two water-front sacred spots, i.e. Markandeya and Kharva Narasimha Tirthas, and at the top is the shrine of Kharva Narasimha. In 1958, the government of Uttar Pradesh repaired and rebuilt the ghat. The steps from the ghat leading to the upper part are built in an archetypal frame, i.e. after nine steps there lies a platform, the steps symbolise the nine forms of Durga. This ghat is an active place for religious festivities and also for the annual competition of fighting, wrestling and mettle in the month of Karttika (October/November).
[[File:Durga_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Durga Ghat, Varanasi]]
The 13th-century image of Brahma in the climbing steps and temple of Brahmeshvara (no. K 22/ 82) was honoured by the name of this ghat, Brahma Ghat. According to a tale, when Brahma first came to this city, he had settled at this ghat. With Durga Ghat, this ghat was made pucca by Narayana Dikshita in 1742. There are two lanes of climbing steps, and both are made on the archetypal frame. In the lane leading to Brahmeshvara Shiva temple, each after five steps, there is a platform; the number five symbolises the five gross elements of organic reality controlled by Shiva (i.e. earth, water, fire, sky and air). In the lane leading to Brahma, each after four, there is a platform; the number four symbolises the four mouths of Brahma, i.e. four directions. There are two water-front sacred spots near the bank, viz. Bhairava and Vindu Madhav Tirthas. One of the notable buildings is Shri Kashi Math Samsthan: Sudhindra Tirtha Svami, belonging to the Gauda Sarasvata Brahmin community of south India. On the terraces of this monastery are the temples of Vindu Madhava (II) and Lakshmi Narasimha. It is believed that Shankara stayed here in the 8th century when he came to Kashi.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple organisation, which takes care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to its own perspectives.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="3815" sha1="nk8djcgbprbso08og1hmu5rlklqscty" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]

[[File:Brahma_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Brahma Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 19.029’ North and 83º 01.126’ East (Durga Ghat, centre). 25º 19.067’ North and 83º 01.145’ East (Brahma Ghat, centre).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Durga and Brahma Ghats

==== Area ====
0.225 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
On the northern side of the upper part, there is a temple of Brahmacarini Durga (no. K 22/ 17), from where the name of the ghat derived, i.e. Durga Ghat. The 17th-century text Giravana-padamanjari has described this ghat. In 1742, Narayana Dikshita, a guru of Peshvas, purchased land from resident fishermen and built two ghats: Durga and the succeeding one, Brahma Ghats. This was rebuilt and repaired in 1830 by Nana Phadanavisa, a finance secretary (Divan) of Gwalior Estate, whose building at the top of the ghat is known as Phadanivisa Wada. At the ghat exist the two water-front sacred spots, i.e. Markandeya and Kharva Narasimha Tirthas, and at the top is the shrine of Kharva Narasimha. In 1958, the government of Uttar Pradesh repaired and rebuilt the ghat. The steps from the ghat leading to the upper part are built in an archetypal frame, i.e. after nine steps there lies a platform, the steps symbolise the nine forms of Durga. This ghat is an active place for religious festivities and also for the annual competition of fighting, wrestling and mettle in the month of Karttika (October/November).
[[File:Durga_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Durga Ghat, Varanasi]]
The 13th-century image of Brahma in the climbing steps and temple of Brahmeshvara (no. K 22/ 82) was honoured by the name of this ghat, Brahma Ghat. According to a tale, when Brahma first came to this city, he had settled at this ghat. With Durga Ghat, this ghat was made pucca by Narayana Dikshita in 1742. There are two lanes of climbing steps, and both are made on the archetypal frame. In the lane leading to Brahmeshvara Shiva temple, each after five steps, there is a platform; the number five symbolises the five gross elements of organic reality controlled by Shiva (i.e. earth, water, fire, sky and air). In the lane leading to Brahma, each after four, there is a platform; the number four symbolises the four mouths of Brahma, i.e. four directions. There are two water-front sacred spots near the bank, viz. Bhairava and Vindu Madhav Tirthas. One of the notable buildings is Shri Kashi Math Samsthan: Sudhindra Tirtha Svami, belonging to the Gauda Sarasvata Brahmin community of south India. On the terraces of this monastery are the temples of Vindu Madhava (II) and Lakshmi Narasimha. It is believed that Shankara stayed here in the 8th century when he came to Kashi.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple organisation, which takes care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to its own perspectives.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the Municipal Corporation owns the ghat area.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2024-12-02T08:32:28Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="2649" sha1="pjakf96rg5yms281c2zo8bzl8zfsnmu" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Brahma Ghat|Brahma Ghat]]

[[File:Brahma_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Brahma Ghat, Varanasi (2012)]]

=== Location ===
25º 19.029’ North and 83º 01.126’ East (Durga Ghat, centre). 25º 19.067’ North and 83º 01.145’ East (Brahma Ghat, centre).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Durga and Brahma Ghats

==== Area ====
0.225 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
The 13th-century image of Brahma in the climbing steps and temple of Brahmeshvara (no. K 22/ 82) was honoured by the name of this ghat, Brahma Ghat. According to a tale, when Brahma first came to this city, he had settled at this ghat. With Durga Ghat, this ghat was made pucca by Narayana Dikshita in 1742. There are two lanes of climbing steps, and both are made on the archetypal frame. In the lane leading to Brahmeshvara Shiva temple, each after five steps, there is a platform; the number five symbolises the five gross elements of organic reality controlled by Shiva (i.e. earth, water, fire, sky and air). In the lane leading to Brahma, each after four, there is a platform; the number four symbolises the four mouths of Brahma, i.e. four directions. There are two water-front sacred spots near the bank, viz. Bhairava and Vindu Madhav Tirthas. One of the notable buildings is Shri Kashi Math Samsthan: Sudhindra Tirtha Svami, belonging to the Gauda Sarasvata Brahmin community of south India. On the terraces of this monastery are the temples of Vindu Madhava (II) and Lakshmi Narasimha. It is believed that Shankara stayed here in the 8th century when he came to Kashi.
=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple organisation, which takes care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to its own perspectives.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the Municipal Corporation owns the ghat area.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats</title>
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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Ghat]]</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]] ----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats|Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats]] [[File:Bundi_Parkota_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi]]  === Location === 25º 19.028’ North and 83º 00.197’ East (Shitala Devi temple, K 20...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3646" sha1="4d3kgwfdlnlp3quxacefp9ufvonc0em" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats|Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats]]
[[File:Bundi_Parkota_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 19.028’ North and 83º 00.197’ East (Shitala Devi temple, K 20/ 19). 2.	Exact location on a map: Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats are downstream from the river. 3.	Area (in ha) of proposed property: 0.02ha (three separate properties)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Formerly, this ghat was known as Adi Vishveshvara, as referred to in the Giravanapada-manjari in the 17th century, and later as Raj Mandir Ghat. In ca 1580, this ghat was partly made of stone, stepped by the king of Bundi (Rajasthan), Raja Rao Surajan ‘Hada’. The remains of the grand palace he built are still visible along the ghat. Again, in the mid-19th century, repairs were made, and a portion of the building was made of stone. Near the ghat is a temple of Vishveshvara, which gave the name to the ghat. Till the early 20th century, the Bundi Parkota ghat extended up to (Adi) Shitala ghat, but later, the portion in close affinity to Shitala was named after her, i.e. Shitala Ghat. This extended part of the Bundi Parkota ghat was also built by King ‘Hada’ in ca 1580. Later on, in 1772, the ghat was repaired by Narayana Diskita. In the early 19th century, the king of Bundi, Raja Rao Pritam Singh, rebuilt and repaired this ghat. In 1958, the government of Uttar Pradesh repaired the two ghats and set out the nameplates. It is believed that the image of Shitala is the original image of Nageshvari (“Goddess of snakes”). There are three goddess images on the same altar, vis. Narayani, Shitala and Nageshvari. Karnaditya Tirtha and Sankha Madhava are other puranic sacred spots. There are also some Sati stones in the vicinity.

=== Description and History ===: -- Like the other Shitala temples, on every 8th light-half of the months of Caitra, Vaishakha and Ashadha (March-July), festivities take place in honour of the mother goddess. The worship of Shitala (“coolness”) has an ancient history in Bengal. She is worshipped in the hope that she will preserve her worshippers from skin diseases like small and chicken poxes. Where there is an old shrine of Shitala, there should certainly be nima, margosa (Melia azadirachta). The name is a strong herbal tree that provides coolness to the victim of small and chicken poses. It is still very commonly used in herbal or alternative medicine. Shitala is the goddess of that healing spirit. That is how her worship helps to awaken the natural spirit for the well-being of the devotees. The soft branches of nima are also used as truth brushes in most parts of the village in India.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trust and the local public organisations, which work in their own ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.

=== Ownership ===
Their Temple Trusts own the temple; the Municipal Corporation manages the ghat area.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2024-12-02T08:39:40Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="3604" sha1="iaw09h0e0ufxwwq76a9crsocefdvk3r" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat|Parkota Ghat]]
[[File:Bundi_Parkota_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 19.028’ North and 83º 00.197’ East (Shitala Devi temple, K 20/ 19). 2.	Exact location on a map: Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats are downstream from the river. 3.	Area (in ha) of proposed property: 0.02ha (three separate properties)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Formerly, this ghat was known as Adi Vishveshvara, as referred to in the Giravanapada-manjari in the 17th century, and later as Raj Mandir Ghat. In ca 1580, this ghat was partly made of stone, stepped by the king of Bundi (Rajasthan), Raja Rao Surajan ‘Hada’. The remains of the grand palace he built are still visible along the ghat. Again, in the mid-19th century, repairs were made, and a portion of the building was made of stone. Near the ghat is a temple of Vishveshvara, which gave the name to the ghat. Till the early 20th century, the Bundi Parkota ghat extended up to (Adi) Shitala ghat, but later, the portion in close affinity to Shitala was named after her, i.e. Shitala Ghat. This extended part of the Bundi Parkota ghat was also built by King ‘Hada’ in ca 1580. Later on, in 1772, the ghat was repaired by Narayana Diskita. In the early 19th century, the king of Bundi, Raja Rao Pritam Singh, rebuilt and repaired this ghat. In 1958, the government of Uttar Pradesh repaired the two ghats and set out the nameplates. It is believed that the image of Shitala is the original image of Nageshvari (“Goddess of snakes”). There are three goddess images on the same altar, vis. Narayani, Shitala and Nageshvari. Karnaditya Tirtha and Sankha Madhava are other puranic sacred spots. There are also some Sati stones in the vicinity.

=== Description and History ===: -- Like the other Shitala temples, on every 8th light-half of the months of Caitra, Vaishakha and Ashadha (March-July), festivities take place in honour of the mother goddess. The worship of Shitala (“coolness”) has an ancient history in Bengal. She is worshipped in the hope that she will preserve her worshippers from skin diseases like small and chicken poxes. Where there is an old shrine of Shitala, there should certainly be nima, margosa (Melia azadirachta). The name is a strong herbal tree that provides coolness to the victim of small and chicken poses. It is still very commonly used in herbal or alternative medicine. Shitala is the goddess of that healing spirit. That is how her worship helps to awaken the natural spirit for the well-being of the devotees. The soft branches of nima are also used as truth brushes in most parts of the village in India.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trust and the local public organisations, which work in their ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.

=== Ownership ===
Their Temple Trusts own the temple; the Municipal Corporation manages the ghat area.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
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        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3604" sha1="iaw09h0e0ufxwwq76a9crsocefdvk3r" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat|Parkota Ghat]]
[[File:Bundi_Parkota_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Bundi Parkota Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 19.028’ North and 83º 00.197’ East (Shitala Devi temple, K 20/ 19). 2.	Exact location on a map: Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats are downstream from the river. 3.	Area (in ha) of proposed property: 0.02ha (three separate properties)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Formerly, this ghat was known as Adi Vishveshvara, as referred to in the Giravanapada-manjari in the 17th century, and later as Raj Mandir Ghat. In ca 1580, this ghat was partly made of stone, stepped by the king of Bundi (Rajasthan), Raja Rao Surajan ‘Hada’. The remains of the grand palace he built are still visible along the ghat. Again, in the mid-19th century, repairs were made, and a portion of the building was made of stone. Near the ghat is a temple of Vishveshvara, which gave the name to the ghat. Till the early 20th century, the Bundi Parkota ghat extended up to (Adi) Shitala ghat, but later, the portion in close affinity to Shitala was named after her, i.e. Shitala Ghat. This extended part of the Bundi Parkota ghat was also built by King ‘Hada’ in ca 1580. Later on, in 1772, the ghat was repaired by Narayana Diskita. In the early 19th century, the king of Bundi, Raja Rao Pritam Singh, rebuilt and repaired this ghat. In 1958, the government of Uttar Pradesh repaired the two ghats and set out the nameplates. It is believed that the image of Shitala is the original image of Nageshvari (“Goddess of snakes”). There are three goddess images on the same altar, vis. Narayani, Shitala and Nageshvari. Karnaditya Tirtha and Sankha Madhava are other puranic sacred spots. There are also some Sati stones in the vicinity.

=== Description and History ===: -- Like the other Shitala temples, on every 8th light-half of the months of Caitra, Vaishakha and Ashadha (March-July), festivities take place in honour of the mother goddess. The worship of Shitala (“coolness”) has an ancient history in Bengal. She is worshipped in the hope that she will preserve her worshippers from skin diseases like small and chicken poxes. Where there is an old shrine of Shitala, there should certainly be nima, margosa (Melia azadirachta). The name is a strong herbal tree that provides coolness to the victim of small and chicken poses. It is still very commonly used in herbal or alternative medicine. Shitala is the goddess of that healing spirit. That is how her worship helps to awaken the natural spirit for the well-being of the devotees. The soft branches of nima are also used as truth brushes in most parts of the village in India.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trust and the local public organisations, which work in their ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.

=== Ownership ===
Their Temple Trusts own the temple; the Municipal Corporation manages the ghat area.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2024-12-02T08:46:27Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="3519" sha1="n0q34espg5yn7yz6wuziyi7j17ttccb" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat|Shitala Ghat]]


=== Location ===
25º 19.028’ North and 83º 00.197’ East (Shitala Devi temple, K 20/ 19). 2.	Exact location on a map: Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats are downstream from the river. 3.	Area (in ha) of proposed property: 0.02ha (three separate properties)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Formerly, this ghat was known as Adi Vishveshvara, as referred to in the Giravanapada-manjari in the 17th century, and later as Raj Mandir Ghat. In ca 1580, this ghat was partly made of stone, stepped by the king of Bundi (Rajasthan), Raja Rao Surajan ‘Hada’. The remains of the grand palace he built are still visible along the ghat. Again, in the mid-19th century, repairs were made, and a portion of the building was made of stone. Near the ghat is a temple of Vishveshvara, which gave the name to the ghat. Till the early 20th century, the Bundi Parkota ghat extended up to (Adi) Shitala ghat, but later, the portion in close affinity to Shitala was named after her, i.e. Shitala Ghat. This extended part of the Bundi Parkota ghat was also built by King ‘Hada’ in ca 1580. Later on, in 1772, the ghat was repaired by Narayana Diskita. In the early 19th century, the king of Bundi, Raja Rao Pritam Singh, rebuilt and repaired this ghat. In 1958, the government of Uttar Pradesh repaired the two ghats and set out the nameplates. It is believed that the image of Shitala is the original image of Nageshvari (“Goddess of snakes”). There are three goddess images on the same altar, vis. Narayani, Shitala and Nageshvari. Karnaditya Tirtha and Sankha Madhava are other puranic sacred spots. There are also some Sati stones in the vicinity.

=== Description and History ===
Like the other Shitala temples, on every 8th light-half of the months of Caitra, Vaishakha and Ashadha (March-July), festivities occur in honour of the mother goddess. The worship of Shitala (“coolness”) has an ancient history in Bengal. She is worshipped in the hope that she will preserve her worshippers from skin diseases like small and chicken poxes. Where there is an old shrine of Shitala, there should certainly be nima, margosa (Melia azadirachta). The name is a strong herbal tree that provides coolness to the victim of small and chicken poses. It is still very commonly used in herbal or alternative medicine. Shitala is the goddess of that healing spirit. That is how her worship helps to awaken the natural spirit for the well-being of the devotees. The soft branches of nima are also used as truth brushes in most parts of the village in India.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trust and the local public organisations, which work in their ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.

=== Ownership ===
Their Temple Trusts own the temple; the Municipal Corporation manages the ghat area.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689863</id>
      <parentid>2689857</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T08:58:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <text bytes="3944" sha1="3b0lgtya68n51k5i8f1mjnc0wrr05pm" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat|Shitala Ghat]]


=== Location ===
25º 19.028’ North and 83º 00.197’ East (Shitala Devi temple, K 20/ 19). 2.	Exact location on a map: Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats are downstream from the river. 3.	Area (in ha) of proposed property: 0.02ha (three separate properties)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Formerly, this ghat was known as Adi Vishveshvara, as referred to in the Giravanapada-manjari in the 17th century, and later as Raj Mandir Ghat. In ca 1580, this ghat was partly made of stone, stepped by the king of Bundi (Rajasthan), Raja Rao Surajan ‘Hada’. The remains of the grand palace he built are still visible along the ghat. Again, in the mid-19th century, repairs were made, and a portion of the building was made of stone. Near the ghat is a temple of Vishveshvara, which gave the name to the ghat. Till the early 20th century, the Bundi Parkota ghat extended up to (Adi) Shitala ghat, but later, the portion in close affinity to Shitala was named after her, i.e. Shitala Ghat. This extended part of the Bundi Parkota ghat was also built by King ‘Hada’ in ca 1580. Later on, in 1772, the ghat was repaired by Narayana Diskita. In the early 19th century, the king of Bundi, Raja Rao Pritam Singh, rebuilt and repaired this ghat. In 1958, the government of Uttar Pradesh repaired the two ghats and set out the nameplates. It is believed that the image of Shitala is the original image of Nageshvari (“Goddess of snakes”). There are three goddess images on the same altar, vis. Narayani, Shitala and Nageshvari. Karnaditya Tirtha and Sankha Madhava are other puranic sacred spots. There are also some Sati stones in the vicinity.
In 1958, the government of Uttar Pradesh repaired the two ghats and set out the nameplates. It is believed that the image of Shitala is the original image of Nageshvari (“Goddess of snakes”). There are three goddess images on the same altar, vis. Narayani, Shitala and Nageshvari. Karnaditya Tirtha and Sankha Madhava are other puranic sacred spots. There are also some [[w:Sati_(practice)|Sati]] stones in the vicinity.

=== Description and History ===
Like the other Shitala temples, on every 8th light-half of the months of Caitra, Vaishakha and Ashadha (March-July), festivities occur in honour of the mother goddess. The worship of Shitala (“coolness”) has an ancient history in Bengal. She is worshipped in the hope that she will preserve her worshippers from skin diseases like small and chicken poxes. Where there is an old shrine of Shitala, there should certainly be nima, margosa (Melia azadirachta). The name is a strong herbal tree that provides coolness to the victim of small and chicken poses. It is still very commonly used in herbal or alternative medicine. Shitala is the goddess of that healing spirit. That is how her worship helps to awaken the natural spirit for the well-being of the devotees. The soft branches of nima are also used as truth brushes in most parts of the village in India.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trust and the local public organisations, which work in their ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.

=== Ownership ===
Their Temple Trusts own the temple; the Municipal Corporation manages the ghat area.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <id>2689864</id>
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        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <text bytes="3482" sha1="mssz83wahcn9ocr0fcm1337bh0sxfc1" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat|Shitala Ghat]]


=== Location ===
25º 19.028’ North and 83º 00.197’ East (Shitala Devi temple, K 20/ 19). 2.	Exact location on a map: Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats are downstream from the river. 3.	Area (in ha) of proposed property: 0.02ha (three separate properties)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Till the early 20th century, the [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota Ghat|Bundi Parkota Ghat]] extended up to (Adi) Shitala ghat, but later, the portion in close affinity to Shitala was named after her, i.e. Shitala Ghat. This extended part of the Bundi Parkota ghat was also built by King ‘Hada’ in ca 1580. Later on, in 1772, the ghat was repaired by Narayana Diskita. In the early 19th century, the king of Bundi, Raja Rao Pritam Singh, rebuilt and repaired this ghat. In 1958, the government of Uttar Pradesh repaired the two ghats and set out the nameplates. It is believed that the image of Shitala is the original image of Nageshvari (“Goddess of snakes”). There are three goddess images on the same altar, vis. Narayani, Shitala and Nageshvari. Karnaditya Tirtha and Sankha Madhava are other puranic sacred spots. There are also some Sati stones in the vicinity.
In 1958, the government of Uttar Pradesh repaired the two ghats and set out the nameplates. It is believed that the image of Shitala is the original image of Nageshvari (“Goddess of snakes”). There are three goddess images on the same altar, vis. Narayani, Shitala and Nageshvari. Karnaditya Tirtha and Sankha Madhava are other puranic sacred spots. There are also some [[w:Sati_(practice)|Sati]] stones in the vicinity.

=== Description and History ===
Like the other Shitala temples, on every 8th light-half of the months of Caitra, Vaishakha and Ashadha (March-July), festivities occur in honour of the mother goddess. The worship of Shitala (“coolness”) has an ancient history in Bengal. She is worshipped in the hope that she will preserve her worshippers from skin diseases like small and chicken poxes. Where there is an old shrine of Shitala, there should certainly be nima, margosa (Melia azadirachta). The name is a strong herbal tree that provides coolness to the victim of small and chicken poses. It is still very commonly used in herbal or alternative medicine. Shitala is the goddess of that healing spirit. That is how her worship helps to awaken the natural spirit for the well-being of the devotees. The soft branches of nima are also used as truth brushes in most parts of the village in India.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trust and the local public organisations, which work in their ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.

=== Ownership ===
Their Temple Trusts own the temple; the Municipal Corporation manages the ghat area.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="3081" sha1="kzcmc3zvynnt72452hv1g0m0bwco9ss" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat|Shitala Ghat]]


=== Location ===
25º 19.028’ North and 83º 00.197’ East (Shitala Devi temple, K 20/ 19). 2.	Exact location on a map: Bundi Parkota and Shitala Ghats are downstream from the river. 3.	Area (in ha) of proposed property: 0.02ha (three separate properties)

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Till the early 20th century, the [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota Ghat|Bundi Parkota Ghat]] extended up to (Adi) Shitala ghat, but later, the portion in close affinity to Shitala was named after her, i.e. Shitala Ghat. This extended part of the Bundi Parkota ghat was also built by King ‘Hada’ in ca 1580. Later on, in 1772, the ghat was repaired by Narayana Diskita. In the early 19th century, the king of Bundi, Raja Rao Pritam Singh, rebuilt and repaired this ghat. 

In 1958, the government of Uttar Pradesh repaired the two ghats and set out the nameplates. It is believed that the image of Shitala is the original image of Nageshvari (“Goddess of snakes”). There are three goddess images on the same altar, vis. Narayani, Shitala and Nageshvari. Karnaditya Tirtha and Sankha Madhava are other puranic sacred spots. There are also some [[w:Sati_(practice)|Sati]] stones in the vicinity.

=== Description and History ===
Like the other Shitala temples, on every 8th light-half of the months of Caitra, Vaishakha and Ashadha (March-July), festivities occur in honour of the mother goddess. The worship of Shitala (“coolness”) has an ancient history in Bengal. She is worshipped in the hope that she will preserve her worshippers from skin diseases like small and chicken poxes. Where there is an old shrine of Shitala, there should certainly be nima, margosa (Melia azadirachta). The name is a strong herbal tree that provides coolness to the victim of small and chicken poses. It is still very commonly used in herbal or alternative medicine. Shitala is the goddess of that healing spirit. That is how her worship helps to awaken the natural spirit for the well-being of the devotees. The soft branches of nima are also used as truth brushes in most parts of the village in India.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple trust and the local public organisations, which work in their ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.

=== Ownership ===
Their Temple Trusts own the temple; the Municipal Corporation manages the ghat area.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Ghat]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bundi Parkota Ghat]]</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Parkota Ghat]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shitala Ghat]]</comment>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;=African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]= This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.  ==Ismaridae == There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].   ==Diapriidae== These parasitic wasps gene...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="914" sha1="bxr7sn1jd0drctcicz6i1vmea9djywb" xml:space="preserve">=African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]=
This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.

==Ismaridae ==
There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].
 
==Diapriidae==
These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black).  However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution. (Masner, 1993).  

Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae (Masner, 1993), but some species are parasites of ants or beetles (Masner, 1993).</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689872</id>
      <parentid>2689866</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T09:12:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
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      <comment>/* Ismaridae */</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1093" sha1="1rgk7xvzlcpjq2a6occ0n8qeapmnqaf" xml:space="preserve">=African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]=
This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.

==Ismaridae ==
There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=250&gt;
Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common species of ''Ismarus'' in Africa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Diapriidae==
These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black).  However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution. (Masner, 1993).  

Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae (Masner, 1993), but some species are parasites of ants or beetles (Masner, 1993).</text>
      <sha1>1rgk7xvzlcpjq2a6occ0n8qeapmnqaf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689873</id>
      <parentid>2689872</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T09:21:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ismaridae */</comment>
      <origin>2689873</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1078" sha1="77vwtucauwps4auzodsjhcmbkopkndg" xml:space="preserve">=African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]=
This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.

==Ismaridae ==
There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=250&gt;
Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Diapriidae==
These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black).  However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution. (Masner, 1993).  

Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae (Masner, 1993), but some species are parasites of ants or beetles (Masner, 1993).</text>
      <sha1>77vwtucauwps4auzodsjhcmbkopkndg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689881</id>
      <parentid>2689873</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T09:36:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Diapriidae */</comment>
      <origin>2689881</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1063" sha1="77mly534sdax7cnn5ywhjab8sol0jxt" xml:space="preserve">=African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]=
This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.

==Ismaridae ==
There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=250&gt;
Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Diapriidae==
These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black).  However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution. (Masner, 1993).  

Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles (Masner, 1993).</text>
      <sha1>77mly534sdax7cnn5ywhjab8sol0jxt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689910</id>
      <parentid>2689881</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T10:23:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* African Diaprioidea */</comment>
      <origin>2689910</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1232" sha1="awm3i1nurrbtywm88olcfva82g3vm3v" xml:space="preserve">=African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]=
This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.&lt;ref name=waswebDiaprioidea&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ismaridae ==
There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=250&gt;
Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Diapriidae==
These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black).  However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution. (Masner, 1993).  

Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles (Masner, 1993).</text>
      <sha1>awm3i1nurrbtywm88olcfva82g3vm3v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689912</id>
      <parentid>2689910</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T10:24:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* African Diaprioidea */</comment>
      <origin>2689912</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1258" sha1="1ttc645jagg8uwn2iexo4u61dqvl6tj" xml:space="preserve">=African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]=
This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.&lt;ref name=waswebDiaprioidea&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ismaridae ==
There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=250&gt;
Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Diapriidae==
These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black).  However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution. (Masner, 1993).  

Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles (Masner, 1993).

=References=
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>1ttc645jagg8uwn2iexo4u61dqvl6tj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689913</id>
      <parentid>2689912</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T10:27:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* African Diaprioidea */ ref</comment>
      <origin>2689913</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1453" sha1="1j8c44asounqh0co1ljgsxjsx1229ff" xml:space="preserve">=African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]=
This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.&lt;ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ismaridae ==
There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].&lt;ref name=waspwebIsmaridae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=250&gt;
Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Diapriidae==
These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black).  However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution. (Masner, 1993).  

Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles (Masner, 1993).

=References=
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>1j8c44asounqh0co1ljgsxjsx1229ff</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689915</id>
      <parentid>2689913</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T10:29:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Diapriidae */</comment>
      <origin>2689915</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2003" sha1="tk9ldyf3co98yjpcmwvn82dpf6yy27j" xml:space="preserve">=African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]=
This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.&lt;ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ismaridae ==
There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].&lt;ref name=waspwebIsmaridae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=250&gt;
Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Diapriidae==
These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black).  However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.&lt;ref name=Yoder2010&gt;Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301&lt;/ref&gt;

Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles&lt;ref name=Yoder2010&gt;Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301&lt;/ref&gt;

=References=
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>tk9ldyf3co98yjpcmwvn82dpf6yy27j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689916</id>
      <parentid>2689915</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T10:53:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Diapriidae */ Ambositrinae</comment>
      <origin>2689916</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2726" sha1="0d6t1nchhvhz2qj2detwfwaj6wmf0v2" xml:space="preserve">=African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]=
This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.&lt;ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ismaridae ==
There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].&lt;ref name=waspwebIsmaridae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=250&gt;
Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Diapriidae==
These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black).  However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.&lt;ref name=Yoder2010&gt;Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301&lt;/ref&gt;

Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles&lt;ref name=Yoder2010&gt;Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301&lt;/ref&gt;

The Afrotropical taxa include:
*Ambositrinae
**A single extant species, ''Ambositra famosa '', known from Madagascar, The Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa.&lt;ref name=Chemyreva2024&gt;Chemyreva, V. G., Vasilenko, D. V., &amp; Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). ‘Where there are many cattle’in the Eocene of Ukraine: Review of Ambositra Masner (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae, Ambositrinae) from Rovno amber, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 5446(4), 499-516.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=vanNoortAmbositra&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. ''Ambositra famosa'' Masner [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Ambositrinae/Ambositra/Ambositra_famosa.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;
*Belytinae
** 
*Diapriinae
**

=References=
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>0d6t1nchhvhz2qj2detwfwaj6wmf0v2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689917</id>
      <parentid>2689916</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T11:02:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Diapriidae */</comment>
      <origin>2689917</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3213" sha1="7a5u7oqmg9oyyqyyqkh6wr33185uzqr" xml:space="preserve">=African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]=
This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.&lt;ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ismaridae ==
There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].&lt;ref name=waspwebIsmaridae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=250&gt;
Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Diapriidae==
These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black).  However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.&lt;ref name=Yoder2010&gt;Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301&lt;/ref&gt;

Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles&lt;ref name=Yoder2010&gt;Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301&lt;/ref&gt;

The Afrotropical taxa include:
*'''Ambositrinae'''
**A single extant species, ''Ambositra famosa '', known from Madagascar, The Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa.&lt;ref name=Chemyreva2024&gt;Chemyreva, V. G., Vasilenko, D. V., &amp; Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). ‘Where there are many cattle’in the Eocene of Ukraine: Review of Ambositra Masner (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae, Ambositrinae) from Rovno amber, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 5446(4), 499-516.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=vanNoortAmbositra&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. ''Ambositra famosa'' Masner [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Ambositrinae/Ambositra/Ambositra_famosa.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Belytinae'''
**Eight genera.&lt;ref name=vanNoortBelytinae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Belytinae: Belytine wasps of Africa and Madagascar. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Belytinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 
*'''Diapriinae'''
**Twenty-one genera.&lt;ref name=vanNoortDiapriinae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Diapriinae: Diapriine wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Diapriinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

=References=
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>7a5u7oqmg9oyyqyyqkh6wr33185uzqr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689918</id>
      <parentid>2689917</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T11:09:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Diapriidae */</comment>
      <origin>2689918</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3319" sha1="76dsf7olh7gyq9bfsbsnzhnro7pan77" xml:space="preserve">=African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]=
This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.&lt;ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ismaridae ==
There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].&lt;ref name=waspwebIsmaridae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=250&gt;
Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Diapriidae==
These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black).  However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.&lt;ref name=Yoder2010&gt;Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301&lt;/ref&gt;

Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles&lt;ref name=Yoder2010&gt;Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301&lt;/ref&gt;

The Afrotropical taxa include 30 genera in three subfamilies.
===Ambositrinae===
A single extant species, ''Ambositra famosa '', known from Madagascar, The Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa.&lt;ref name=Chemyreva2024&gt;Chemyreva, V. G., Vasilenko, D. V., &amp; Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). ‘Where there are many cattle’in the Eocene of Ukraine: Review of Ambositra Masner (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae, Ambositrinae) from Rovno amber, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 5446(4), 499-516.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=vanNoortAmbositra&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. ''Ambositra famosa'' Masner [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Ambositrinae/Ambositra/Ambositra_famosa.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;
===Belytinae===
There are eight Afrotropical genera in subfamily Belytinae.&lt;ref name=vanNoortBelytinae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Belytinae: Belytine wasps of Africa and Madagascar. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Belytinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 
===Diapriinae==
There are 21 Afrotropical genera in subfamily Diapriinae.&lt;ref name=vanNoortDiapriinae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Diapriinae: Diapriine wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Diapriinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

=References=
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>76dsf7olh7gyq9bfsbsnzhnro7pan77</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689919</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
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      <comment>/* =Diapriinae */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3320" sha1="906nd3wmeauxx0jx19d45hmv66k2pdd" xml:space="preserve">=African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]=
This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.&lt;ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ismaridae ==
There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].&lt;ref name=waspwebIsmaridae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=250&gt;
Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Diapriidae==
These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black).  However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.&lt;ref name=Yoder2010&gt;Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301&lt;/ref&gt;

Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles&lt;ref name=Yoder2010&gt;Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301&lt;/ref&gt;

The Afrotropical taxa include 30 genera in three subfamilies.
===Ambositrinae===
A single extant species, ''Ambositra famosa '', known from Madagascar, The Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa.&lt;ref name=Chemyreva2024&gt;Chemyreva, V. G., Vasilenko, D. V., &amp; Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). ‘Where there are many cattle’in the Eocene of Ukraine: Review of Ambositra Masner (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae, Ambositrinae) from Rovno amber, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 5446(4), 499-516.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=vanNoortAmbositra&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. ''Ambositra famosa'' Masner [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Ambositrinae/Ambositra/Ambositra_famosa.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;
===Belytinae===
There are eight Afrotropical genera in subfamily Belytinae.&lt;ref name=vanNoortBelytinae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Belytinae: Belytine wasps of Africa and Madagascar. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Belytinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 
===Diapriinae===
There are 21 Afrotropical genera in subfamily Diapriinae.&lt;ref name=vanNoortDiapriinae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Diapriinae: Diapriine wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Diapriinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

=References=
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>906nd3wmeauxx0jx19d45hmv66k2pdd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689920</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
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      <comment>/* Ambositrinae */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3321" sha1="jj1p6qymoojxtbd45jckw6a9wwjj0f0" xml:space="preserve">=African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]=
This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.&lt;ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ismaridae ==
There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].&lt;ref name=waspwebIsmaridae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=250&gt;
Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Diapriidae==
These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black).  However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.&lt;ref name=Yoder2010&gt;Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301&lt;/ref&gt;

Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles&lt;ref name=Yoder2010&gt;Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301&lt;/ref&gt;

The Afrotropical taxa include 30 genera in three subfamilies.
===Ambositrinae===
A single extant species, ''Ambositra famosa '', known from Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa.&lt;ref name=Chemyreva2024&gt;Chemyreva, V. G., Vasilenko, D. V., &amp; Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). ‘Where there are many cattle’in the Eocene of Ukraine: Review of Ambositra Masner (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae, Ambositrinae) from Rovno amber, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 5446(4), 499-516.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=vanNoortAmbositra&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. ''Ambositra famosa'' Masner [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Ambositrinae/Ambositra/Ambositra_famosa.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

===Belytinae===
There are eight Afrotropical genera in subfamily Belytinae.&lt;ref name=vanNoortBelytinae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Belytinae: Belytine wasps of Africa and Madagascar. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Belytinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 
===Diapriinae===
There are 21 Afrotropical genera in subfamily Diapriinae.&lt;ref name=vanNoortDiapriinae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Diapriinae: Diapriine wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Diapriinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

=References=
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>jj1p6qymoojxtbd45jckw6a9wwjj0f0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689921</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ambositrinae */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3339" sha1="schu4w7437vs6tt3m84wvmj6352tizy" xml:space="preserve">=African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]=
This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.&lt;ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ismaridae ==
There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].&lt;ref name=waspwebIsmaridae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=250&gt;
Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Diapriidae==
These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black).  However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.&lt;ref name=Yoder2010&gt;Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301&lt;/ref&gt;

Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles&lt;ref name=Yoder2010&gt;Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301&lt;/ref&gt;

The Afrotropical taxa include 30 genera in three subfamilies.
===Ambositrinae===
A single extant species, ''w:Ambositra famosa|Ambositra famosa'', known from Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa.&lt;ref name=Chemyreva2024&gt;Chemyreva, V. G., Vasilenko, D. V., &amp; Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). ‘Where there are many cattle’in the Eocene of Ukraine: Review of Ambositra Masner (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae, Ambositrinae) from Rovno amber, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 5446(4), 499-516.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=vanNoortAmbositra&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. ''Ambositra famosa'' Masner [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Ambositrinae/Ambositra/Ambositra_famosa.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

===Belytinae===
There are eight Afrotropical genera in subfamily Belytinae.&lt;ref name=vanNoortBelytinae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Belytinae: Belytine wasps of Africa and Madagascar. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Belytinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 
===Diapriinae===
There are 21 Afrotropical genera in subfamily Diapriinae.&lt;ref name=vanNoortDiapriinae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Diapriinae: Diapriine wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Diapriinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

=References=
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>schu4w7437vs6tt3m84wvmj6352tizy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689922</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
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      <text bytes="3343" sha1="kqfg7p90jnx5l3fmrw6cu7miq2ja0cz" xml:space="preserve">=African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]=
This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.&lt;ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ismaridae ==
There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].&lt;ref name=waspwebIsmaridae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=250&gt;
Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Diapriidae==
These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black).  However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.&lt;ref name=Yoder2010&gt;Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301&lt;/ref&gt;

Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles&lt;ref name=Yoder2010&gt;Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301&lt;/ref&gt;

The Afrotropical taxa include 30 genera in three subfamilies.
===Ambositrinae===
A single extant species, ''[[w:Ambositra famosa|Ambositra famosa]]'', known from Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa.&lt;ref name=Chemyreva2024&gt;Chemyreva, V. G., Vasilenko, D. V., &amp; Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). ‘Where there are many cattle’in the Eocene of Ukraine: Review of Ambositra Masner (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae, Ambositrinae) from Rovno amber, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 5446(4), 499-516.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=vanNoortAmbositra&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. ''Ambositra famosa'' Masner [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Ambositrinae/Ambositra/Ambositra_famosa.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

===Belytinae===
There are eight Afrotropical genera in subfamily Belytinae.&lt;ref name=vanNoortBelytinae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Belytinae: Belytine wasps of Africa and Madagascar. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Belytinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 
===Diapriinae===
There are 21 Afrotropical genera in subfamily Diapriinae.&lt;ref name=vanNoortDiapriinae&gt;van Noort, S. 2024. Diapriinae: Diapriine wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Diapriinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

=References=
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>kqfg7p90jnx5l3fmrw6cu7miq2ja0cz</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316893</id>
    <redirect title="The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat" />
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="52" sha1="86ax0o08yo539mtqlh88xdrdytqash9" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316894</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689875</id>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T09:27:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]] ---- [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat]] [[File:Hanumangarhi Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Hanumangarhi Ghat, Varanasi]]  [[File:Hanumangiri Ghat Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Hanumangiri Ghat Varanasi]]  File:Lal Ghat,...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2689875</origin>
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      <text bytes="3786" sha1="ahzy44aadz1xhqltudncmm9efokx666" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]
[[File:Hanumangarhi Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Hanumangarhi Ghat, Varanasi]]

[[File:Hanumangiri Ghat Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Hanumangiri Ghat Varanasi]]

[[File:Lal Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Lal Ghat, Varanasi]]
=== Location ===
25º 19.198’ North and 83º 01.232’ East (Lal Ghat, centre).
25º 19.049’ North and 83º 01.210’ East (Gopreksheshvara temple).
25º 19.228’ North and 83º 01.261’ East (Hanuman Garhi Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat
==== Area ====
0.12 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
The southern part of Lal Ghat was made pucca in ca 1812 by the king of Tijara (Rajasthan); a large house there is a testimony to his noble task. In 1935, Baldeodas Birla purchased the ghat area and the nearby buildings for his stay in Kashi. He built the Ghat Pucca and a mansion there. He also made a distinct ghat called Gopi Govind Ghat at the top, which is a rest house for pilgrims and many other buildings (K 4/22, 23, 44 and 45). The inscription in the upper part attached to a niche reads, “Lal Ghat Vishnupad rebuilt in 1935 by Raja Baldeodas Birla”. One of the buildings runs Baldeodas Birla Sanskrit School, and the nearby other is used as a dormitory for students. Food and shelter were provided free of cost to students and ascetics from the Birla Trust. The northern and southern portions of the ghat were open earth till 1988 and were used as sites for washing clothes by washermen. After the construction of these portions was completed by the government's irrigation department of Uttar Pradesh, the practice of washing clothes was reduced. The most prominent temple in this area is Gopreksheshvara. In the whole month of Magha (January-February), this ghat and temple attract a good mass of devout Hindus for sacred baths and worship in the above temple.

Till 1950, Hanumangarhi Ghat was the southern part of Gai Ghat. A holy man, Shyamalal Mahatyagi, a resident of Bihar and having affinity to the Hanumangarhi temple of Ayodhya, was living here and built a Hanuman temple. With time, this has been called Hanumangarhi Ghat. In 1972, one of the disciples of Shyamalal, named Tekacand Shahu, made the ghat pucca. In 1980, another disciple, Ramana Mahatyagi, built a commemorative monastery in honour of his guru, Mahatyagi Ashram, which runs the temple and the ashram. In this ashram, together with providing food and shelter to students of Sanskrit, there is an arrangement for education and training in Yoga, Tantra, astronomy and old Sanskrit texts. The wrestling site, the Ganga Akhara, and a memorial Sati stone are in the upper part.


=== Present state of conservation === 
Except for the two trusts that take care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.
=== Ownership ===
The trust-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="3699" sha1="s8zp8qanglgjv1ym5ipbqx9zubhpxho" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]
[[File:Hanumangarhi Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Hanumangarhi Ghat, Varanasi]]

[[File:Hanumangiri Ghat Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Hanumangiri Ghat Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
25º 19.198’ North and 83º 01.232’ East (Lal Ghat, centre).
25º 19.049’ North and 83º 01.210’ East (Gopreksheshvara temple).
25º 19.228’ North and 83º 01.261’ East (Hanuman Garhi Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat
==== Area ====
0.12 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
The southern part of Lal Ghat was made pucca in ca 1812 by the king of Tijara (Rajasthan); a large house there is a testimony to his noble task. In 1935, Baldeodas Birla purchased the ghat area and the nearby buildings for his stay in Kashi. He built the Ghat Pucca and a mansion there. He also made a distinct ghat called Gopi Govind Ghat at the top, which is a rest house for pilgrims and many other buildings (K 4/22, 23, 44 and 45). The inscription in the upper part attached to a niche reads, “Lal Ghat Vishnupad rebuilt in 1935 by Raja Baldeodas Birla”. One of the buildings runs Baldeodas Birla Sanskrit School, and the nearby other is used as a dormitory for students. Food and shelter were provided free of cost to students and ascetics from the Birla Trust. The northern and southern portions of the ghat were open earth till 1988 and were used as sites for washing clothes by washermen. After the construction of these portions was completed by the government's irrigation department of Uttar Pradesh, the practice of washing clothes was reduced. The most prominent temple in this area is Gopreksheshvara. During the whole month of Magha (January-February), this ghat and temple attract a good mass of devout Hindus who want sacred baths and worship in the above temple.

Till 1950, Hanumangarhi Ghat was the southern part of Gai Ghat. A holy man, Shyamalal Mahatyagi, a resident of Bihar and having affinity to the Hanumangarhi temple of Ayodhya, was living here and built a Hanuman temple. With time, this has been called Hanumangarhi Ghat. In 1972, one of the disciples of Shyamalal, named Tekacand Shahu, made the ghat pucca. In 1980, another disciple, Ramana Mahatyagi, built a commemorative monastery in honour of his guru, Mahatyagi Ashram, which runs the temple and the ashram. In this ashram, together with providing food and shelter to students of Sanskrit, there is an arrangement for education and training in Yoga, Tantra, astronomy and old Sanskrit texts. The wrestling site, the Ganga Akhara, and a memorial Sati stone are in the upper part.


=== Present state of conservation === 
Except for the two trusts that manage its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.
=== Ownership ===
The trust-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the Municipal Corporation owns the ghat area.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
        <id>948816</id>
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      <text bytes="2426" sha1="9l4rojk5hk80u6rf1ovpmfgx88miy2h" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat| Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat]]
----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Hanuman Garhi Ghat|Hanuman Garhi Ghat]]
[[File:Hanumangarhi Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Hanumangarhi Ghat, Varanasi (2012)]]

[[File:Hanumangiri Ghat Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Hanumangiri Ghat Varanasi (2012)]]

=== Location ===
25º 19.198’ North and 83º 01.232’ East (Lal Ghat, centre).
25º 19.049’ North and 83º 01.210’ East (Gopreksheshvara temple).
25º 19.228’ North and 83º 01.261’ East (Hanuman Garhi Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Lal Ghat and Hanuman Garhi Ghat
==== Area ====
0.12 ha 
=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Till 1950, Hanumangarhi Ghat was the southern part of Gai Ghat. A holy man, Shyamalal Mahatyagi, a resident of Bihar and having affinity to the Hanumangarhi temple of Ayodhya, was living here and built a Hanuman temple. With time, this has been called Hanumangarhi Ghat. In 1972, one of the disciples of Shyamalal, named Tekacand Shahu, made the ghat pucca. In 1980, another disciple, Ramana Mahatyagi, built a commemorative monastery in honour of his guru, Mahatyagi Ashram, which runs the temple and the ashram. In this ashram, together with providing food and shelter to students of Sanskrit, there is an arrangement for education and training in Yoga, Tantra, astronomy and old Sanskrit texts. The wrestling site, the Ganga Akhara, and a memorial Sati stone are in the upper part.


=== Present state of conservation === 
Except for the two trusts that manage its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.
=== Ownership ===
The trust-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the Municipal Corporation owns the ghat area.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats</title>
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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola Ghat]]</comment>
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    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat</title>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>948816</id>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]] ----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats|Gola and Nandishvara Ghats]]  === Location === -- 25º 19.184’ North and 83º 01.387’ East (Gola Ghat, centre). 25º 19.214’ North and 83º 01.390’ East (Nandishvara Ghat, centre).  ===== Exact l...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2942" sha1="o7vvoeh5qkffy64d80o08kab1fsetmo" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats|Gola and Nandishvara Ghats]]

=== Location ===
-- 25º 19.184’ North and 83º 01.387’ East (Gola Ghat, centre). 25º 19.214’ North and 83º 01.390’ East (Nandishvara Ghat, centre).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Gola–Nandishvara–Sakka– Phuta Ghats

==== Area ====
0.075 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Since the late 12th century, Gola Ghat was a ferry point known for several granaries (gola), from where the name derived. However, the site lost its importance after opening the bridge at Raj Ghat in 1887. Over time, the ghat became deserted. The Municipal Corporation, with the support of the government's irrigation department of Uttar Pradesh, renovated and built this ghat pucca in 1988. At this ghat, a puranic water-front sacred spot exists, viz. Pishegila Tirtha. This ghat has no cultural or religious importance. Washermen use a portion of this ghat to clean the clothes.

At this ghat, there is a temple called Nandishvara in the upper part. As a mark of respect, the residents, with their collective efforts, built this temple in the early 19th century. One portion of it was built in pucca by Dvarikanath Chakravorty (of Bhavanipur, West Bengal) in 1940, who also constructed a mansion (A 4/ 13). There are stone steps from the bank to the upper part, and on the way to the right side, on a platform, there is a complex of several small shrines and temples, which also includes a shrine of Bhrigu Keshav (Vishnu). In 1988, the government's irrigation department made this ghat pucca. In the recent past a wrestling site (akhara), named Nanishvara Akhara has also been opened where one can get training of Indian style of wrestling and art of body-making. The ghat area is occupied by basket and pole makers, a professional caste considered low in the hierarchy.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple organisation, which takes care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to its own perspectives.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <id>2689893</id>
      <parentid>2689888</parentid>
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      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="2360" sha1="fm1wq6kr2crr3d5udxh0enw5q7rmfpg" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gola and Nandishvara Ghats|Gola and Nandishvara Ghats]]

=== Location ===
-- 25º 19.184’ North and 83º 01.387’ East (Gola Ghat, centre). 25º 19.214’ North and 83º 01.390’ East (Nandishvara Ghat, centre).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Gola–Nandishvara–Sakka– Phuta Ghats

==== Area ====
0.075 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
At this ghat, there is a temple called Nandishvara in the upper part. As a mark of respect, the residents, with their collective efforts, built this temple in the early 19th century. One portion of it was built in pucca by Dvarikanath Chakravorty (of Bhavanipur, West Bengal) in 1940, who also constructed a mansion (A 4/ 13). There are stone steps from the bank to the upper part, and on the way to the right side, on a platform, there is a complex of several small shrines and temples, which also includes a shrine of Bhrigu Keshav (Vishnu). In 1988, the government's irrigation department made this ghat pucca. In the recent past a wrestling site (akhara), named Nanishvara Akhara has also been opened where one can get training of Indian style of wrestling and art of body-making. The ghat area is occupied by basket and pole makers, a professional caste considered low in the hierarchy.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple organisation, which takes care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to its own perspectives.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="2335" sha1="br04i07izhmw16mapfnyy3447qny2an" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Nandishvara Ghat| Nandishvara Ghat]]

=== Location ===
-- 25º 19.184’ North and 83º 01.387’ East (Gola Ghat, centre). 25º 19.214’ North and 83º 01.390’ East (Nandishvara Ghat, centre).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Gola–Nandishvara–Sakka– Phuta Ghats

==== Area ====
0.075 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
At this ghat, a temple called Nandishvara is in the upper part. As a mark of respect, the residents, with their collective efforts, built this temple in the early 19th century. One portion of it was built in pucca by Dvarikanath Chakravorty (of Bhavanipur, West Bengal) in 1940, who also constructed a mansion (A 4/ 13). There are stone steps from the bank to the upper part, and on the way to the right side, on a platform, there is a complex of several small shrines and temples, which also includes a shrine of Bhrigu Keshav (Vishnu). In 1988, the government's irrigation department made this ghat pucca. In the recent past a wrestling site (akhara), named Nanishvara Akhara has also been opened where one can get training of Indian style of wrestling and art of body-making. The ghat area is occupied by basket and pole makers, a professional caste considered low in the hierarchy.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple organisation, which takes care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to its own perspectives.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.
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    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats</title>
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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka Ghat]]</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala Ghat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316898</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689899</id>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T09:50:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>948816</id>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]] ----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats|Sakka, Telianala and Phuta Ghats]] [[File:Sakka_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Sakka Ghat, Varanasi]] [[File:Telianala_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Telianala Ghat, Varanasi]]  === Location === -- 25º...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3592" sha1="166hem3ne9g9sofgc9ubakiam4hkk8h" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Sakka, Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats|Sakka, Telianala and Phuta Ghats]]
[[File:Sakka_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Sakka Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File:Telianala_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Telianala Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
-- 25º 19.233’ North and 83º 01.392’ East (Sakka Ghat, centre). -- 25º 19.271’ North and 83º 01.400’ East (Phuta Ghat, centre).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Sakka–Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats

==== Area ====
0.045 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Considering the existence of the water-front sacred spot of Pranava Tirtha as described in the Puranic literature, this area was developed into a frame of a ghat in the late 18th century; later on, this ghat was called Sukka or Sakka Ghat. The ghat was made fully pucca by the irrigation department of the government of Uttar Pradesh in 1988. Close to this ghat is a Haridas Sevashram Trust (Mukimganj, A 7/ 22), which contains the image of Balacandreshvara Shiva. Except for the one, there is no significant temple or shrine. Most of the ghat is occupied by the washermen to clean dirty clothes. -- According to legends, the predominance of an oil-pressing community (Teli) settled along the nearby ancient drain (nala), which has assumed the name of a ghat, Telianala. The historicity of this ghat is evident from one of the paintings of the 17th-18th century preserved in the Savai Mansingh Museum (Jaipur, Rajasthan), where the ghat and the drain are shown. Prinsep (1822) has also demonstrated this ghat. The old drain was closed in 1988 when the irrigation department of the government of Uttar Pradesh built the ghat pucca. This ghat has no religious significance, except that the existence of the puranic water-front sacred spot of Hiranyagarbha Tirtha was referred to here. Presently, the ghat is occupied by washermen who clean the clothes. -- The earlier name of the Naya (“new”) ghat was Phuta or Phuteshvara Ghat, related to the shrine of Phuteshvara Shiva, which is still an active sacred place in the neighbourhood. It is said that during the 18th century, the ghat was deserted (Phuta), but later on, it was renovated and got a new (Naya) shape called Phuta, or Naya Ghat. Prinsep (1822) has also mentioned this ghat. In the early 20th century, Narsingh Japal, a wealthy resident of Chainpur (Bhabhua, Bihar), made it a pucca and constructed a mansion. Greaves (1909) mentioned this ghat as Naya Ghat. The government authorities made this ghat pucca in 1988.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple organisation, which takes care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to its own perspectives.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <id>2689905</id>
      <parentid>2689899</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-02T09:56:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahulkepapa</username>
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      <text bytes="3482" sha1="omzcjoq0zzmfxs59yrjagucqjdg221g" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala  Ghat|TelianalaGhat]]

[[File:Telianala_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Telianala Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
-- 25º 19.233’ North and 83º 01.392’ East (Sakka Ghat, centre). -- 25º 19.271’ North and 83º 01.400’ East (Phuta Ghat, centre).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Sakka–Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats

==== Area ====
0.045 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Considering the existence of the water-front sacred spot of Pranava Tirtha as described in the Puranic literature, this area was developed into a frame of a ghat in the late 18th century; later on, this ghat was called Sukka or Sakka Ghat. The ghat was made fully pucca by the irrigation department of the government of Uttar Pradesh in 1988. Close to this ghat is a Haridas Sevashram Trust (Mukimganj, A 7/ 22), which contains the image of Balacandreshvara Shiva. Except for the one, there is no significant temple or shrine. Most of the ghat is occupied by the washermen to clean dirty clothes. -- According to legends, the predominance of an oil-pressing community (Teli) settled along the nearby ancient drain (nala), which has assumed the name of a ghat, Telianala. The historicity of this ghat is evident from one of the paintings of the 17th-18th century preserved in the Savai Mansingh Museum (Jaipur, Rajasthan), where the ghat and the drain are shown. Prinsep (1822) has also demonstrated this ghat. The old drain was closed in 1988 when the irrigation department of the government of Uttar Pradesh built the ghat pucca. This ghat has no religious significance, except that the existence of the puranic water-front sacred spot of Hiranyagarbha Tirtha was referred to here. Presently, the ghat is occupied by washermen who clean the clothes. -- The earlier name of the Naya (“new”) ghat was Phuta or Phuteshvara Ghat, related to the shrine of Phuteshvara Shiva, which is still an active sacred place in the neighbourhood. It is said that during the 18th century, the ghat was deserted (Phuta), but later on, it was renovated and got a new (Naya) shape called Phuta, or Naya Ghat. Prinsep (1822) has also mentioned this ghat. In the early 20th century, Narsingh Japal, a wealthy resident of Chainpur (Bhabhua, Bihar), made it a pucca and constructed a mansion. Greaves (1909) mentioned this ghat as Naya Ghat. The government authorities made this ghat pucca in 1988.

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple organisation, which takes care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to its own perspectives.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the Municipal Corporation owns the ghat area.
{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="2255" sha1="617twi7lczj1txptio70kujfqq3c9qs" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]
----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Telianala  Ghat|TelianalaGhat]]

[[File:Telianala_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Telianala Ghat, Varanasi]]

=== Location ===
-- 25º 19.233’ North and 83º 01.392’ East (Sakka Ghat, centre). -- 25º 19.271’ North and 83º 01.400’ East (Phuta Ghat, centre).

===== Exact location on a map =====
Sakka–Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats

==== Area ====
0.045 ha

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
According to legends, the predominance of an oil-pressing community (Teli) settled along the nearby ancient drain (nala), which has assumed the name of a ghat, Telianala. The historicity of this ghat is evident from one of the paintings of the 17th-18th century preserved in the Savai Mansingh Museum (Jaipur, Rajasthan), where the ghat and the drain are shown. Prinsep (1822) has also demonstrated this ghat. The old drain was closed in 1988 when the irrigation department of the government of Uttar Pradesh built the ghat pucca. This ghat has no religious significance, except that the existence of the puranic water-front sacred spot of Hiranyagarbha Tirtha was referred to here. Presently, the ghat is occupied by washermen who clean the clothes. 

=== Present state of conservation ===
Except for the temple organisation, which takes care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to its own perspectives.

=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.

=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the Municipal Corporation owns the ghat area.
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]  ---- [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghat|Phuta Ghat]]  === Location === -- 25º 19.233’ North and 83º 01.392’ East (Sakka Ghat, centre). -- 25º 19.271’ North and 83º 01.400’ East (Phuta Ghat, centre). ===== Exact location on a map ===== Sak...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3423" sha1="4pok29kj03fvk2i0pzbftv1wbqimc6c" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]

----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghat|Phuta Ghat]]

=== Location ===
-- 25º 19.233’ North and 83º 01.392’ East (Sakka Ghat, centre).
-- 25º 19.271’ North and 83º 01.400’ East (Phuta Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Sakka–Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats
==== Area ====
0.045 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Considering the existence of the water-front sacred spot of Pranava Tirtha as described in the Puranic literature, this area was developed into a frame of a ghat in the late 18th century; later on, this ghat was called Sukka or Sakka Ghat. The ghat was made fully pucca by the irrigation department of the government of Uttar Pradesh in 1988. Close to this ghat is a Haridas Sevashram Trust (Mukimganj, A 7/ 22), which contains the image of Balacandreshvara Shiva. Except for the one, there is no significant temple or shrine. Most of the ghat is occupied by the washermen to clean dirty clothes. 
-- According to legends, the predominance of an oil-pressing community (Teli) settled along the nearby ancient drain (nala), which has assumed the name of a ghat, Telianala. The historicity of this ghat is evident from one of the paintings of the 17th-18th century preserved in the Savai Mansingh Museum (Jaipur, Rajasthan), where the ghat and the drain are shown. Prinsep (1822) has also demonstrated this ghat. The old drain was closed in 1988 when the irrigation department of the government of Uttar Pradesh built the ghat pucca. This ghat has no religious significance, except that the existence of the puranic water-front sacred spot of Hiranyagarbha Tirtha was referred to here. Presently, the ghat is occupied by washermen who clean the clothes. 
-- The earlier name of the Naya (“new”) ghat was Phuta or Phuteshvara Ghat, related to the shrine of Phuteshvara Shiva, which is still an active sacred place in the neighbourhood. It is said that during the 18th century, the ghat was deserted (Phuta), but later on, it was renovated and got a new (Naya) shape called Phuta, or Naya Ghat. Prinsep (1822) has also mentioned this ghat. In the early 20th century, Narsingh Japal, a wealthy resident of Chainpur (Bhabhua, Bihar), made it a pucca and constructed a mansion. Greaves (1909) mentioned this ghat as Naya Ghat. The government authorities made this ghat pucca in 1988. 

=== Present state of conservation === 
Except for the temple organisation, which takes care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to its own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3423" sha1="4pok29kj03fvk2i0pzbftv1wbqimc6c" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]

----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghat|Phuta Ghat]]

=== Location ===
-- 25º 19.233’ North and 83º 01.392’ East (Sakka Ghat, centre).
-- 25º 19.271’ North and 83º 01.400’ East (Phuta Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Sakka–Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats
==== Area ====
0.045 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
Considering the existence of the water-front sacred spot of Pranava Tirtha as described in the Puranic literature, this area was developed into a frame of a ghat in the late 18th century; later on, this ghat was called Sukka or Sakka Ghat. The ghat was made fully pucca by the irrigation department of the government of Uttar Pradesh in 1988. Close to this ghat is a Haridas Sevashram Trust (Mukimganj, A 7/ 22), which contains the image of Balacandreshvara Shiva. Except for the one, there is no significant temple or shrine. Most of the ghat is occupied by the washermen to clean dirty clothes. 
-- According to legends, the predominance of an oil-pressing community (Teli) settled along the nearby ancient drain (nala), which has assumed the name of a ghat, Telianala. The historicity of this ghat is evident from one of the paintings of the 17th-18th century preserved in the Savai Mansingh Museum (Jaipur, Rajasthan), where the ghat and the drain are shown. Prinsep (1822) has also demonstrated this ghat. The old drain was closed in 1988 when the irrigation department of the government of Uttar Pradesh built the ghat pucca. This ghat has no religious significance, except that the existence of the puranic water-front sacred spot of Hiranyagarbha Tirtha was referred to here. Presently, the ghat is occupied by washermen who clean the clothes. 
-- The earlier name of the Naya (“new”) ghat was Phuta or Phuteshvara Ghat, related to the shrine of Phuteshvara Shiva, which is still an active sacred place in the neighbourhood. It is said that during the 18th century, the ghat was deserted (Phuta), but later on, it was renovated and got a new (Naya) shape called Phuta, or Naya Ghat. Prinsep (1822) has also mentioned this ghat. In the early 20th century, Narsingh Japal, a wealthy resident of Chainpur (Bhabhua, Bihar), made it a pucca and constructed a mansion. Greaves (1909) mentioned this ghat as Naya Ghat. The government authorities made this ghat pucca in 1988. 

=== Present state of conservation === 
Except for the temple organisation, which takes care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to its own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <id>2689907</id>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>/* Historical/cultural/natural significance */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2067" sha1="m0yiv198hhfpx87wvjy5m1tvcvphh0t" xml:space="preserve">[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat| Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat]]

----
[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghat|Phuta Ghat]]

=== Location ===
-- 25º 19.233’ North and 83º 01.392’ East (Sakka Ghat, centre).
-- 25º 19.271’ North and 83º 01.400’ East (Phuta Ghat, centre).
===== Exact location on a map =====
Sakka–Telianala and Phuta (Naya) Ghats
==== Area ====
0.045 ha 

=== Historical/cultural/natural significance ===
The earlier name of the Naya (“new”) ghat was Phuta or Phuteshvara Ghat, related to the shrine of Phuteshvara Shiva, which is still an active sacred place in the neighbourhood. It is said that during the 18th century, the ghat was deserted (Phuta), but later on, it was renovated and got a new (Naya) shape called Phuta, or Naya Ghat. Prinsep (1822) has also mentioned this ghat. In the early 20th century, Narsingh Japal, a wealthy resident of Chainpur (Bhabhua, Bihar), made it a pucca and constructed a mansion. Greaves (1909) mentioned this ghat as Naya Ghat. The government authorities made this ghat pucca in 1988. 

=== Present state of conservation === 
Except for the temple organisation, which takes care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to its own perspectives. 
=== Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property ===
It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society.
=== Ownership ===
The temple-related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trust, the houses and other properties by the inhabitants, and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.

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      <comment>Rahulkepapa moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghats]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Phuta (Naya) Ghat]]</comment>
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    <title>AT&amp;T-x86</title>
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      <text bytes="1114" sha1="o8r54nhobtlfqjb6iglcrd0yvgbl0lj" xml:space="preserve">AT&amp;T syntax is a way of writing assembly language instructions for x86 processors. It's one of two main syntaxes, the other being Intel syntax. Though AT&amp;T syntax can be a bit more complex than Intel syntax, it's also more powerful and flexible.

== Prerequisites ==

* C-programming knowledge
* [[wikipedia:List_of_x86_manufacturers|A CPU with the x86 architecture]] (most Intel and AMD CPUs have this)
* Ability to use the terminal
* the GNU assembler
* (Some basic knowledge of [[Computer architecture|how the CPU works]])

== Lessons ==

* [[AT&amp;T-X86: intro|Intro]]
* [[AT&amp;T-X86: C-Assembly Relation|Relation to c]]
* [[AT&amp;T-X86: Registers &amp; exit codes|Registers &amp; exit codes]]
* [[AT&amp;T-X86: Labels &amp; Basic Keywords/Operations|Labels &amp; Basic Keywords/Operations]]
* Comments
* [[AT&amp;T-X86: Sections|Sections]]
* [[AT&amp;T-X86: .text|.text]]
* [[AT&amp;T-X86: .data|.data]]
* [[AT&amp;T-X86: Calling functions|Calling functions]]
* [[AT&amp;T-X86: &quot;Hello, World!&quot;|&quot;Hello, World!&quot;]]
* [[AT&amp;T-X86: Using the Stack|Using the Stack]]
* ...

== See also ==

* [[Assembly language/x86/x86 Instruction Set|AT&amp;T-x86 Instruction Set]]
*</text>
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