Wikiversity enwikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikiversity Wikiversity talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk School School talk Portal Portal talk Topic Topic talk Collection Collection talk Draft Draft talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 4 1786 2690011 2688642 2024-12-02T19:54:43Z Tres Libras 2993673 /* Vandalism */ Reply 2690011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Shortcut|WV:NOTICE|WV:AN}} {{/Header}} == [[Special:Contribs/84.126.165.13]] == Vandalism. – [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 14:42, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :CC {{ping|Antandrus}} since you were deleted a vandalism page. – [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 15:23, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :I'm not able to block, only protect and delete - I can protect it from re-creation though. [[User:Antandrus|Antandrus]] ([[User talk:Antandrus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Antandrus|contribs]]) 15:25, 11 January 2023 (UTC) ::Blocked and hidden. Thank you, &mdash;Hasley&nbsp;[[user talk:Hasley|<span style="color: #0645AD; vertical-align: super; font-size: smaller;">talk</span>]] 16:10, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :::See also [[Special:Contributions/Goggdoggdetroyer]]. This is a long-term abuser who will edit from several IPs. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:54, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::[[Special:Contributions/201.146.32.131]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:55, 12 January 2023 (UTC) :::::Please make sure to revdel all of these as well. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:56, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::::[[Special:Contributions/189.129.121.186]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:17, 12 January 2023 (UTC) :::::::[[Special:Contributions/189.223.219.134]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 03:20, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::::::{{done}}. &mdash;Hasley&nbsp;[[user talk:Hasley|<span style="color: #0645AD; vertical-align: super; font-size: smaller;">talk</span>]] 15:16, 12 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/41.214.18.231]] == Long-term abuse. [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 08:05, 24 January 2023 (UTC) :{{done}} by GV. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:33, 24 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/ApprenticeFan]] == Long-term abuse. – [[Special:Contributions/2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239|2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239]] ([[User talk:2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239|discuss]]) 14:59, 28 January 2023 (UTC) :Globally locked. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 15:17, 28 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/41.202.78.57]] == Long-term abuse: Globally+WMF banned: [[:w:en:WP:LTA/GRP]]. – [[Special:Contributions/2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F|2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F]] ([[User talk:2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F|discuss]]) 13:02, 30 January 2023 (UTC) :I will take no action on this because I am confused: One IP user is requesting that action be taken against another IP user. Who is [[User:2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F]]?--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 00:43, 31 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/2A02:1210:5493:6F00:8D60:CF27:AC3E:C328]] == Block and revdel, please. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:29, 13 February 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 23:59, 13 February 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/KEMONO PANTSU X]] == Vandalism, please block. [[User:Blua lago|Blua lago]] ([[User talk:Blua lago|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Blua lago|contribs]]) 08:29, 29 March 2023 (UTC) : {{done}} The user has been locked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 09:15, 29 March 2023 (UTC) ==[[Special:Contributions/2600:1003:B03E:C660:0:19:5833:C401]]== Revdel, please. --[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan Kameníček]] ([[User talk:Jan.Kamenicek|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan.Kamenicek|contribs]]) 19:12, 23 April 2023 (UTC) :@[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan.Kamenicek]]: {{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 16:13, 24 April 2023 (UTC) == GRP socks == * {{user|170.83.119.121}} * {{user|181.115.60.123}} Long-term abuse: [[w:WP:LTA/GRP]]. [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 02:13, 4 May 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:26, 4 May 2023 (UTC) ::Revdel request: [[Special:Contributions/154.246.203.175]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:44, 7 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/189.223.144.31|189.223.144.31]] == * {{user|189.223.144.31}} * Report reason: Open proxy (used by [[w:WP:LTA/GRP|GRP]]), left an abusive edit summary on my talk page. [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 01:50, 14 May 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 02:09, 14 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3|2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3]] == * {{user|2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3}} * Report reason: Edit warring on [[Types of Dinosaur]] (see [[special:diff/2521104|1]], [[special:diff/2521102|2]], [[special:diff/2521100|3]], [[special:diff/2521098|4]]) [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 23:10, 16 May 2023 (UTC) :Now blocked, thanks! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:56, 17 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/I Join john|I Join john]] == * {{user|I Join john}} * Report reason: spam [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 02:58, 10 June 2023 (UTC) :Late notice, but for recording purposes: blocked by Dave Braunschweig on June 17. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:52, 3 October 2023 (UTC) == New special page to fight spam == {{int:please-translate}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello, We are replacing most of the functionalities of [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] with a new special page called [[Special:BlockedExternalDomains]]. In this special page, admins can simply add a domain and notes on the block (usually reasoning and/or link to a discussion) and the added domain would automatically be blocked to be linked in Wikis anymore (including its subdomains). Content of this list is stored in [[MediaWiki:BlockedExternalDomains.json]]. You can see [[:w:fa:Special:BlockedExternalDomains]] as an example. Check [[phab:T337431|the phabricator ticket]] for more information. This would make fighting spam easier and safer without needing to know regex or accidentally breaking wikis while also addressing the need to have some notes next to each domain on why it’s blocked. It would also make the list of blocked domains searchable and would make editing Wikis in general faster by optimizing matching links added against the blocked list in every edit (see [[phab:T337431#8936498]] for some measurements). If you want to migrate your entries in [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]], there is a python script in [[phab:P49299]] that would produce contents of [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] and [[MediaWiki:BlockedExternalDomains.json]] for you automatically migrating off simple regex cases. Note that this new feature doesn’t support regex (for complex cases) nor URL paths matching. Also it doesn’t support bypass by spam whitelist. For those, please either keep using [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] or switch to an abuse filter if possible. And adding a link to the list might take up to five minutes to be fully in effect (due to server-side caching, this is already the case with the old system) and admins and bots automatically bypass the blocked list. Let me know if you have any questions or encounter any issues. Happy editing. [[User:Ladsgroup|Amir]] ([[User talk:Ladsgroup|talk]]) 09:41, 19 June 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ladsgroup@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ladsgroup/target_ANs&oldid=25167735 --> ==Vandal: [[User:Ceoalphonso]]== They were spamming on Wikipedia, later claimed that their account was hacked. They were blocked for having a compromised account. They have started editing Wikiversity. High risk of future vandalism. They should be blocked for having a compromised account, in spite of the fact that this is dubious, because of AGF. [[User:Janhrach|Janhrach]] ([[User talk:Janhrach|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Janhrach|contribs]]) 07:45, 30 September 2023 (UTC) :This user hasn't edited since February. Unless their editing picks back up and becomes problematic, there's no action necessary at this time. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 12:47, 30 September 2023 (UTC) ::{{ping|Atcovi}} They have not been active here since February, but they have made several edits across other wikis in the meantime. Their edits include highly visible vandalism, such as spamming in TemplateData. I would highly recommend a block. [[User:Janhrach|Janhrach]] ([[User talk:Janhrach|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Janhrach|contribs]]) 14:52, 30 September 2023 (UTC) :::Since I still personally disagree, I'll leave this another custodian to take whatever action they deem reasonable. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:06, 30 September 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/2600:1003:B05E:6EC6:0:33:95BF:E701]] == * {{user|2600:1003:B05E:6EC6:0:33:95BF:E701}} Cross-wiki vandalism. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:21, 2 June 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:22, 2 June 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you, Koavf! --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:26, 2 June 2024 (UTC) == Maintenance vs administration == Bumping a [[User_talk:Tule-hog#Wikiversity:Administration|redirect for discussion]] concerning custodianship. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:50, 6 October 2024 (UTC) == Vandalism == Please block [[Special:Contributions/76.121.217.240]]. --[[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 03:09, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :Not a local sysop here but {{done}}. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 03:18, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :: {{comment}} Page deleted. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:21, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :::Hi it's me again. Please block [[Special:Contributions/216.186.51.108]] &mdash; @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. [[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 19:54, 2 December 2024 (UTC) jelt5fi5iyv71k8jf55wzcj5ahzn3dr 2690014 2690011 2024-12-02T19:55:12Z 216.186.51.108 2690014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Shortcut|WV:NOTICE|WV:AN}} {{/Header}} == [[Special:Contribs/84.126.165.13]] == Vandalism. – [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 14:42, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :CC {{ping|Antandrus}} since you were deleted a vandalism page. – [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 15:23, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :I'm not able to block, only protect and delete - I can protect it from re-creation though. [[User:Antandrus|Antandrus]] ([[User talk:Antandrus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Antandrus|contribs]]) 15:25, 11 January 2023 (UTC) ::Blocked and hidden. Thank you, &mdash;Hasley&nbsp;[[user talk:Hasley|<span style="color: #0645AD; vertical-align: super; font-size: smaller;">talk</span>]] 16:10, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :::See also [[Special:Contributions/Goggdoggdetroyer]]. This is a long-term abuser who will edit from several IPs. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:54, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::[[Special:Contributions/201.146.32.131]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:55, 12 January 2023 (UTC) :::::Please make sure to revdel all of these as well. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:56, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::::[[Special:Contributions/189.129.121.186]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:17, 12 January 2023 (UTC) :::::::[[Special:Contributions/189.223.219.134]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 03:20, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::::::{{done}}. &mdash;Hasley&nbsp;[[user talk:Hasley|<span style="color: #0645AD; vertical-align: super; font-size: smaller;">talk</span>]] 15:16, 12 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/41.214.18.231]] == Long-term abuse. [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 08:05, 24 January 2023 (UTC) :{{done}} by GV. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:33, 24 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/ApprenticeFan]] == Long-term abuse. – [[Special:Contributions/2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239|2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239]] ([[User talk:2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239|discuss]]) 14:59, 28 January 2023 (UTC) :Globally locked. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 15:17, 28 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/41.202.78.57]] == Long-term abuse: Globally+WMF banned: [[:w:en:WP:LTA/GRP]]. – [[Special:Contributions/2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F|2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F]] ([[User talk:2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F|discuss]]) 13:02, 30 January 2023 (UTC) :I will take no action on this because I am confused: One IP user is requesting that action be taken against another IP user. Who is [[User:2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F]]?--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 00:43, 31 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/2A02:1210:5493:6F00:8D60:CF27:AC3E:C328]] == Block and revdel, please. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:29, 13 February 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 23:59, 13 February 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/KEMONO PANTSU X]] == Vandalism, please block. [[User:Blua lago|Blua lago]] ([[User talk:Blua lago|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Blua lago|contribs]]) 08:29, 29 March 2023 (UTC) : {{done}} The user has been locked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 09:15, 29 March 2023 (UTC) ==[[Special:Contributions/2600:1003:B03E:C660:0:19:5833:C401]]== Revdel, please. --[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan Kameníček]] ([[User talk:Jan.Kamenicek|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan.Kamenicek|contribs]]) 19:12, 23 April 2023 (UTC) :@[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan.Kamenicek]]: {{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 16:13, 24 April 2023 (UTC) == GRP socks == * {{user|170.83.119.121}} * {{user|181.115.60.123}} Long-term abuse: [[w:WP:LTA/GRP]]. [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 02:13, 4 May 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:26, 4 May 2023 (UTC) ::Revdel request: [[Special:Contributions/154.246.203.175]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:44, 7 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/189.223.144.31|189.223.144.31]] == * {{user|189.223.144.31}} * Report reason: Open proxy (used by [[w:WP:LTA/GRP|GRP]]), left an abusive edit summary on my talk page. [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 01:50, 14 May 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 02:09, 14 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3|2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3]] == * {{user|2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3}} * Report reason: Edit warring on [[Types of Dinosaur]] (see [[special:diff/2521104|1]], [[special:diff/2521102|2]], [[special:diff/2521100|3]], [[special:diff/2521098|4]]) [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 23:10, 16 May 2023 (UTC) :Now blocked, thanks! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:56, 17 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/I Join john|I Join john]] == * {{user|I Join john}} * Report reason: spam [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 02:58, 10 June 2023 (UTC) :Late notice, but for recording purposes: blocked by Dave Braunschweig on June 17. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:52, 3 October 2023 (UTC) == New special page to fight spam == {{int:please-translate}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello, We are replacing most of the functionalities of [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] with a new special page called [[Special:BlockedExternalDomains]]. In this special page, admins can simply add a domain and notes on the block (usually reasoning and/or link to a discussion) and the added domain would automatically be blocked to be linked in Wikis anymore (including its subdomains). Content of this list is stored in [[MediaWiki:BlockedExternalDomains.json]]. You can see [[:w:fa:Special:BlockedExternalDomains]] as an example. Check [[phab:T337431|the phabricator ticket]] for more information. This would make fighting spam easier and safer without needing to know regex or accidentally breaking wikis while also addressing the need to have some notes next to each domain on why it’s blocked. It would also make the list of blocked domains searchable and would make editing Wikis in general faster by optimizing matching links added against the blocked list in every edit (see [[phab:T337431#8936498]] for some measurements). If you want to migrate your entries in [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]], there is a python script in [[phab:P49299]] that would produce contents of [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] and [[MediaWiki:BlockedExternalDomains.json]] for you automatically migrating off simple regex cases. Note that this new feature doesn’t support regex (for complex cases) nor URL paths matching. Also it doesn’t support bypass by spam whitelist. For those, please either keep using [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] or switch to an abuse filter if possible. And adding a link to the list might take up to five minutes to be fully in effect (due to server-side caching, this is already the case with the old system) and admins and bots automatically bypass the blocked list. Let me know if you have any questions or encounter any issues. Happy editing. [[User:Ladsgroup|Amir]] ([[User talk:Ladsgroup|talk]]) 09:41, 19 June 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ladsgroup@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ladsgroup/target_ANs&oldid=25167735 --> ==Vandal: [[User:Ceoalphonso]]== They were spamming on Wikipedia, later claimed that their account was hacked. They were blocked for having a compromised account. They have started editing Wikiversity. High risk of future vandalism. They should be blocked for having a compromised account, in spite of the fact that this is dubious, because of AGF. [[User:Janhrach|Janhrach]] ([[User talk:Janhrach|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Janhrach|contribs]]) 07:45, 30 September 2023 (UTC) :This user hasn't edited since February. Unless their editing picks back up and becomes problematic, there's no action necessary at this time. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 12:47, 30 September 2023 (UTC) ::{{ping|Atcovi}} They have not been active here since February, but they have made several edits across other wikis in the meantime. Their edits include highly visible vandalism, such as spamming in TemplateData. I would highly recommend a block. [[User:Janhrach|Janhrach]] ([[User talk:Janhrach|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Janhrach|contribs]]) 14:52, 30 September 2023 (UTC) :::Since I still personally disagree, I'll leave this another custodian to take whatever action they deem reasonable. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:06, 30 September 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/2600:1003:B05E:6EC6:0:33:95BF:E701]] == * {{user|2600:1003:B05E:6EC6:0:33:95BF:E701}} Cross-wiki vandalism. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:21, 2 June 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:22, 2 June 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you, Koavf! --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:26, 2 June 2024 (UTC) == Maintenance vs administration == Bumping a [[User_talk:Tule-hog#Wikiversity:Administration|redirect for discussion]] concerning custodianship. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:50, 6 October 2024 (UTC) == Vandalism == Please block [[Special:Contributions/76.121.217.240]]. --[[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 03:09, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :Not a local sysop here but {{done}}. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 03:18, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :: {{comment}} Page deleted. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:21, 24 November 2024 (UTC) ix741hevqqgd9wcsikmdairnsrundly 2690015 2690014 2024-12-02T19:55:18Z Tres Libras 2993673 Undid edits by [[Special:Contribs/216.186.51.108|216.186.51.108]] ([[User talk:216.186.51.108|talk]]) to last version by Tres Libras 2690015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Shortcut|WV:NOTICE|WV:AN}} {{/Header}} == [[Special:Contribs/84.126.165.13]] == Vandalism. – [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 14:42, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :CC {{ping|Antandrus}} since you were deleted a vandalism page. – [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 15:23, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :I'm not able to block, only protect and delete - I can protect it from re-creation though. [[User:Antandrus|Antandrus]] ([[User talk:Antandrus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Antandrus|contribs]]) 15:25, 11 January 2023 (UTC) ::Blocked and hidden. Thank you, &mdash;Hasley&nbsp;[[user talk:Hasley|<span style="color: #0645AD; vertical-align: super; font-size: smaller;">talk</span>]] 16:10, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :::See also [[Special:Contributions/Goggdoggdetroyer]]. This is a long-term abuser who will edit from several IPs. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:54, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::[[Special:Contributions/201.146.32.131]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:55, 12 January 2023 (UTC) :::::Please make sure to revdel all of these as well. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:56, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::::[[Special:Contributions/189.129.121.186]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:17, 12 January 2023 (UTC) :::::::[[Special:Contributions/189.223.219.134]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 03:20, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::::::{{done}}. &mdash;Hasley&nbsp;[[user talk:Hasley|<span style="color: #0645AD; vertical-align: super; font-size: smaller;">talk</span>]] 15:16, 12 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/41.214.18.231]] == Long-term abuse. [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 08:05, 24 January 2023 (UTC) :{{done}} by GV. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:33, 24 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/ApprenticeFan]] == Long-term abuse. – [[Special:Contributions/2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239|2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239]] ([[User talk:2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239|discuss]]) 14:59, 28 January 2023 (UTC) :Globally locked. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 15:17, 28 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/41.202.78.57]] == Long-term abuse: Globally+WMF banned: [[:w:en:WP:LTA/GRP]]. – [[Special:Contributions/2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F|2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F]] ([[User talk:2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F|discuss]]) 13:02, 30 January 2023 (UTC) :I will take no action on this because I am confused: One IP user is requesting that action be taken against another IP user. Who is [[User:2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F]]?--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 00:43, 31 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/2A02:1210:5493:6F00:8D60:CF27:AC3E:C328]] == Block and revdel, please. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:29, 13 February 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 23:59, 13 February 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/KEMONO PANTSU X]] == Vandalism, please block. [[User:Blua lago|Blua lago]] ([[User talk:Blua lago|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Blua lago|contribs]]) 08:29, 29 March 2023 (UTC) : {{done}} The user has been locked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 09:15, 29 March 2023 (UTC) ==[[Special:Contributions/2600:1003:B03E:C660:0:19:5833:C401]]== Revdel, please. --[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan Kameníček]] ([[User talk:Jan.Kamenicek|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan.Kamenicek|contribs]]) 19:12, 23 April 2023 (UTC) :@[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan.Kamenicek]]: {{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 16:13, 24 April 2023 (UTC) == GRP socks == * {{user|170.83.119.121}} * {{user|181.115.60.123}} Long-term abuse: [[w:WP:LTA/GRP]]. [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 02:13, 4 May 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:26, 4 May 2023 (UTC) ::Revdel request: [[Special:Contributions/154.246.203.175]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:44, 7 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/189.223.144.31|189.223.144.31]] == * {{user|189.223.144.31}} * Report reason: Open proxy (used by [[w:WP:LTA/GRP|GRP]]), left an abusive edit summary on my talk page. [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 01:50, 14 May 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 02:09, 14 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3|2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3]] == * {{user|2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3}} * Report reason: Edit warring on [[Types of Dinosaur]] (see [[special:diff/2521104|1]], [[special:diff/2521102|2]], [[special:diff/2521100|3]], [[special:diff/2521098|4]]) [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 23:10, 16 May 2023 (UTC) :Now blocked, thanks! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:56, 17 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/I Join john|I Join john]] == * {{user|I Join john}} * Report reason: spam [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 02:58, 10 June 2023 (UTC) :Late notice, but for recording purposes: blocked by Dave Braunschweig on June 17. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:52, 3 October 2023 (UTC) == New special page to fight spam == {{int:please-translate}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello, We are replacing most of the functionalities of [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] with a new special page called [[Special:BlockedExternalDomains]]. In this special page, admins can simply add a domain and notes on the block (usually reasoning and/or link to a discussion) and the added domain would automatically be blocked to be linked in Wikis anymore (including its subdomains). Content of this list is stored in [[MediaWiki:BlockedExternalDomains.json]]. You can see [[:w:fa:Special:BlockedExternalDomains]] as an example. Check [[phab:T337431|the phabricator ticket]] for more information. This would make fighting spam easier and safer without needing to know regex or accidentally breaking wikis while also addressing the need to have some notes next to each domain on why it’s blocked. It would also make the list of blocked domains searchable and would make editing Wikis in general faster by optimizing matching links added against the blocked list in every edit (see [[phab:T337431#8936498]] for some measurements). If you want to migrate your entries in [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]], there is a python script in [[phab:P49299]] that would produce contents of [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] and [[MediaWiki:BlockedExternalDomains.json]] for you automatically migrating off simple regex cases. Note that this new feature doesn’t support regex (for complex cases) nor URL paths matching. Also it doesn’t support bypass by spam whitelist. For those, please either keep using [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] or switch to an abuse filter if possible. And adding a link to the list might take up to five minutes to be fully in effect (due to server-side caching, this is already the case with the old system) and admins and bots automatically bypass the blocked list. Let me know if you have any questions or encounter any issues. Happy editing. [[User:Ladsgroup|Amir]] ([[User talk:Ladsgroup|talk]]) 09:41, 19 June 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ladsgroup@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ladsgroup/target_ANs&oldid=25167735 --> ==Vandal: [[User:Ceoalphonso]]== They were spamming on Wikipedia, later claimed that their account was hacked. They were blocked for having a compromised account. They have started editing Wikiversity. High risk of future vandalism. They should be blocked for having a compromised account, in spite of the fact that this is dubious, because of AGF. [[User:Janhrach|Janhrach]] ([[User talk:Janhrach|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Janhrach|contribs]]) 07:45, 30 September 2023 (UTC) :This user hasn't edited since February. Unless their editing picks back up and becomes problematic, there's no action necessary at this time. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 12:47, 30 September 2023 (UTC) ::{{ping|Atcovi}} They have not been active here since February, but they have made several edits across other wikis in the meantime. Their edits include highly visible vandalism, such as spamming in TemplateData. I would highly recommend a block. [[User:Janhrach|Janhrach]] ([[User talk:Janhrach|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Janhrach|contribs]]) 14:52, 30 September 2023 (UTC) :::Since I still personally disagree, I'll leave this another custodian to take whatever action they deem reasonable. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:06, 30 September 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/2600:1003:B05E:6EC6:0:33:95BF:E701]] == * {{user|2600:1003:B05E:6EC6:0:33:95BF:E701}} Cross-wiki vandalism. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:21, 2 June 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:22, 2 June 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you, Koavf! --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:26, 2 June 2024 (UTC) == Maintenance vs administration == Bumping a [[User_talk:Tule-hog#Wikiversity:Administration|redirect for discussion]] concerning custodianship. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:50, 6 October 2024 (UTC) == Vandalism == Please block [[Special:Contributions/76.121.217.240]]. --[[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 03:09, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :Not a local sysop here but {{done}}. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 03:18, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :: {{comment}} Page deleted. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:21, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :::Hi it's me again. Please block [[Special:Contributions/216.186.51.108]] &mdash; @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. [[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 19:54, 2 December 2024 (UTC) jelt5fi5iyv71k8jf55wzcj5ahzn3dr 2690017 2690015 2024-12-02T19:55:54Z 216.186.51.108 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/2690015|2690015]] by [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|talk]]) 2690017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Shortcut|WV:NOTICE|WV:AN}} {{/Header}} == [[Special:Contribs/84.126.165.13]] == Vandalism. – [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 14:42, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :CC {{ping|Antandrus}} since you were deleted a vandalism page. – [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 15:23, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :I'm not able to block, only protect and delete - I can protect it from re-creation though. [[User:Antandrus|Antandrus]] ([[User talk:Antandrus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Antandrus|contribs]]) 15:25, 11 January 2023 (UTC) ::Blocked and hidden. Thank you, &mdash;Hasley&nbsp;[[user talk:Hasley|<span style="color: #0645AD; vertical-align: super; font-size: smaller;">talk</span>]] 16:10, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :::See also [[Special:Contributions/Goggdoggdetroyer]]. This is a long-term abuser who will edit from several IPs. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:54, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::[[Special:Contributions/201.146.32.131]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:55, 12 January 2023 (UTC) :::::Please make sure to revdel all of these as well. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:56, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::::[[Special:Contributions/189.129.121.186]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:17, 12 January 2023 (UTC) :::::::[[Special:Contributions/189.223.219.134]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 03:20, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::::::{{done}}. &mdash;Hasley&nbsp;[[user talk:Hasley|<span style="color: #0645AD; vertical-align: super; font-size: smaller;">talk</span>]] 15:16, 12 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/41.214.18.231]] == Long-term abuse. [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 08:05, 24 January 2023 (UTC) :{{done}} by GV. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:33, 24 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/ApprenticeFan]] == Long-term abuse. – [[Special:Contributions/2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239|2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239]] ([[User talk:2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239|discuss]]) 14:59, 28 January 2023 (UTC) :Globally locked. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 15:17, 28 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/41.202.78.57]] == Long-term abuse: Globally+WMF banned: [[:w:en:WP:LTA/GRP]]. – [[Special:Contributions/2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F|2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F]] ([[User talk:2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F|discuss]]) 13:02, 30 January 2023 (UTC) :I will take no action on this because I am confused: One IP user is requesting that action be taken against another IP user. Who is [[User:2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F]]?--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 00:43, 31 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/2A02:1210:5493:6F00:8D60:CF27:AC3E:C328]] == Block and revdel, please. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:29, 13 February 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 23:59, 13 February 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/KEMONO PANTSU X]] == Vandalism, please block. [[User:Blua lago|Blua lago]] ([[User talk:Blua lago|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Blua lago|contribs]]) 08:29, 29 March 2023 (UTC) : {{done}} The user has been locked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 09:15, 29 March 2023 (UTC) ==[[Special:Contributions/2600:1003:B03E:C660:0:19:5833:C401]]== Revdel, please. --[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan Kameníček]] ([[User talk:Jan.Kamenicek|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan.Kamenicek|contribs]]) 19:12, 23 April 2023 (UTC) :@[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan.Kamenicek]]: {{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 16:13, 24 April 2023 (UTC) == GRP socks == * {{user|170.83.119.121}} * {{user|181.115.60.123}} Long-term abuse: [[w:WP:LTA/GRP]]. [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 02:13, 4 May 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:26, 4 May 2023 (UTC) ::Revdel request: [[Special:Contributions/154.246.203.175]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:44, 7 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/189.223.144.31|189.223.144.31]] == * {{user|189.223.144.31}} * Report reason: Open proxy (used by [[w:WP:LTA/GRP|GRP]]), left an abusive edit summary on my talk page. [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 01:50, 14 May 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 02:09, 14 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3|2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3]] == * {{user|2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3}} * Report reason: Edit warring on [[Types of Dinosaur]] (see [[special:diff/2521104|1]], [[special:diff/2521102|2]], [[special:diff/2521100|3]], [[special:diff/2521098|4]]) [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 23:10, 16 May 2023 (UTC) :Now blocked, thanks! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:56, 17 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/I Join john|I Join john]] == * {{user|I Join john}} * Report reason: spam [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 02:58, 10 June 2023 (UTC) :Late notice, but for recording purposes: blocked by Dave Braunschweig on June 17. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:52, 3 October 2023 (UTC) == New special page to fight spam == {{int:please-translate}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello, We are replacing most of the functionalities of [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] with a new special page called [[Special:BlockedExternalDomains]]. In this special page, admins can simply add a domain and notes on the block (usually reasoning and/or link to a discussion) and the added domain would automatically be blocked to be linked in Wikis anymore (including its subdomains). Content of this list is stored in [[MediaWiki:BlockedExternalDomains.json]]. You can see [[:w:fa:Special:BlockedExternalDomains]] as an example. Check [[phab:T337431|the phabricator ticket]] for more information. This would make fighting spam easier and safer without needing to know regex or accidentally breaking wikis while also addressing the need to have some notes next to each domain on why it’s blocked. It would also make the list of blocked domains searchable and would make editing Wikis in general faster by optimizing matching links added against the blocked list in every edit (see [[phab:T337431#8936498]] for some measurements). If you want to migrate your entries in [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]], there is a python script in [[phab:P49299]] that would produce contents of [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] and [[MediaWiki:BlockedExternalDomains.json]] for you automatically migrating off simple regex cases. Note that this new feature doesn’t support regex (for complex cases) nor URL paths matching. Also it doesn’t support bypass by spam whitelist. For those, please either keep using [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] or switch to an abuse filter if possible. And adding a link to the list might take up to five minutes to be fully in effect (due to server-side caching, this is already the case with the old system) and admins and bots automatically bypass the blocked list. Let me know if you have any questions or encounter any issues. Happy editing. [[User:Ladsgroup|Amir]] ([[User talk:Ladsgroup|talk]]) 09:41, 19 June 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ladsgroup@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ladsgroup/target_ANs&oldid=25167735 --> ==Vandal: [[User:Ceoalphonso]]== They were spamming on Wikipedia, later claimed that their account was hacked. They were blocked for having a compromised account. They have started editing Wikiversity. High risk of future vandalism. They should be blocked for having a compromised account, in spite of the fact that this is dubious, because of AGF. [[User:Janhrach|Janhrach]] ([[User talk:Janhrach|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Janhrach|contribs]]) 07:45, 30 September 2023 (UTC) :This user hasn't edited since February. Unless their editing picks back up and becomes problematic, there's no action necessary at this time. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 12:47, 30 September 2023 (UTC) ::{{ping|Atcovi}} They have not been active here since February, but they have made several edits across other wikis in the meantime. Their edits include highly visible vandalism, such as spamming in TemplateData. I would highly recommend a block. [[User:Janhrach|Janhrach]] ([[User talk:Janhrach|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Janhrach|contribs]]) 14:52, 30 September 2023 (UTC) :::Since I still personally disagree, I'll leave this another custodian to take whatever action they deem reasonable. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:06, 30 September 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/2600:1003:B05E:6EC6:0:33:95BF:E701]] == * {{user|2600:1003:B05E:6EC6:0:33:95BF:E701}} Cross-wiki vandalism. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:21, 2 June 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:22, 2 June 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you, Koavf! --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:26, 2 June 2024 (UTC) == Maintenance vs administration == Bumping a [[User_talk:Tule-hog#Wikiversity:Administration|redirect for discussion]] concerning custodianship. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:50, 6 October 2024 (UTC) == Vandalism == Please block [[Special:Contributions/76.121.217.240]]. --[[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 03:09, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :Not a local sysop here but {{done}}. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 03:18, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :: {{comment}} Page deleted. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:21, 24 November 2024 (UTC) ix741hevqqgd9wcsikmdairnsrundly 2690018 2690017 2024-12-02T19:56:00Z Tres Libras 2993673 Undid edits by [[Special:Contribs/216.186.51.108|216.186.51.108]] ([[User talk:216.186.51.108|talk]]) to last version by Tres Libras 2690018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Shortcut|WV:NOTICE|WV:AN}} {{/Header}} == [[Special:Contribs/84.126.165.13]] == Vandalism. – [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 14:42, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :CC {{ping|Antandrus}} since you were deleted a vandalism page. – [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 15:23, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :I'm not able to block, only protect and delete - I can protect it from re-creation though. [[User:Antandrus|Antandrus]] ([[User talk:Antandrus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Antandrus|contribs]]) 15:25, 11 January 2023 (UTC) ::Blocked and hidden. Thank you, &mdash;Hasley&nbsp;[[user talk:Hasley|<span style="color: #0645AD; vertical-align: super; font-size: smaller;">talk</span>]] 16:10, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :::See also [[Special:Contributions/Goggdoggdetroyer]]. This is a long-term abuser who will edit from several IPs. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:54, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::[[Special:Contributions/201.146.32.131]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:55, 12 January 2023 (UTC) :::::Please make sure to revdel all of these as well. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:56, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::::[[Special:Contributions/189.129.121.186]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:17, 12 January 2023 (UTC) :::::::[[Special:Contributions/189.223.219.134]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 03:20, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::::::{{done}}. &mdash;Hasley&nbsp;[[user talk:Hasley|<span style="color: #0645AD; vertical-align: super; font-size: smaller;">talk</span>]] 15:16, 12 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/41.214.18.231]] == Long-term abuse. [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 08:05, 24 January 2023 (UTC) :{{done}} by GV. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:33, 24 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/ApprenticeFan]] == Long-term abuse. – [[Special:Contributions/2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239|2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239]] ([[User talk:2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239|discuss]]) 14:59, 28 January 2023 (UTC) :Globally locked. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 15:17, 28 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/41.202.78.57]] == Long-term abuse: Globally+WMF banned: [[:w:en:WP:LTA/GRP]]. – [[Special:Contributions/2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F|2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F]] ([[User talk:2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F|discuss]]) 13:02, 30 January 2023 (UTC) :I will take no action on this because I am confused: One IP user is requesting that action be taken against another IP user. Who is [[User:2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F]]?--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 00:43, 31 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/2A02:1210:5493:6F00:8D60:CF27:AC3E:C328]] == Block and revdel, please. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:29, 13 February 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 23:59, 13 February 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/KEMONO PANTSU X]] == Vandalism, please block. [[User:Blua lago|Blua lago]] ([[User talk:Blua lago|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Blua lago|contribs]]) 08:29, 29 March 2023 (UTC) : {{done}} The user has been locked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 09:15, 29 March 2023 (UTC) ==[[Special:Contributions/2600:1003:B03E:C660:0:19:5833:C401]]== Revdel, please. --[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan Kameníček]] ([[User talk:Jan.Kamenicek|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan.Kamenicek|contribs]]) 19:12, 23 April 2023 (UTC) :@[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan.Kamenicek]]: {{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 16:13, 24 April 2023 (UTC) == GRP socks == * {{user|170.83.119.121}} * {{user|181.115.60.123}} Long-term abuse: [[w:WP:LTA/GRP]]. [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 02:13, 4 May 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:26, 4 May 2023 (UTC) ::Revdel request: [[Special:Contributions/154.246.203.175]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:44, 7 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/189.223.144.31|189.223.144.31]] == * {{user|189.223.144.31}} * Report reason: Open proxy (used by [[w:WP:LTA/GRP|GRP]]), left an abusive edit summary on my talk page. [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 01:50, 14 May 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 02:09, 14 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3|2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3]] == * {{user|2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3}} * Report reason: Edit warring on [[Types of Dinosaur]] (see [[special:diff/2521104|1]], [[special:diff/2521102|2]], [[special:diff/2521100|3]], [[special:diff/2521098|4]]) [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 23:10, 16 May 2023 (UTC) :Now blocked, thanks! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:56, 17 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/I Join john|I Join john]] == * {{user|I Join john}} * Report reason: spam [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 02:58, 10 June 2023 (UTC) :Late notice, but for recording purposes: blocked by Dave Braunschweig on June 17. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:52, 3 October 2023 (UTC) == New special page to fight spam == {{int:please-translate}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello, We are replacing most of the functionalities of [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] with a new special page called [[Special:BlockedExternalDomains]]. In this special page, admins can simply add a domain and notes on the block (usually reasoning and/or link to a discussion) and the added domain would automatically be blocked to be linked in Wikis anymore (including its subdomains). Content of this list is stored in [[MediaWiki:BlockedExternalDomains.json]]. You can see [[:w:fa:Special:BlockedExternalDomains]] as an example. Check [[phab:T337431|the phabricator ticket]] for more information. This would make fighting spam easier and safer without needing to know regex or accidentally breaking wikis while also addressing the need to have some notes next to each domain on why it’s blocked. It would also make the list of blocked domains searchable and would make editing Wikis in general faster by optimizing matching links added against the blocked list in every edit (see [[phab:T337431#8936498]] for some measurements). If you want to migrate your entries in [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]], there is a python script in [[phab:P49299]] that would produce contents of [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] and [[MediaWiki:BlockedExternalDomains.json]] for you automatically migrating off simple regex cases. Note that this new feature doesn’t support regex (for complex cases) nor URL paths matching. Also it doesn’t support bypass by spam whitelist. For those, please either keep using [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] or switch to an abuse filter if possible. And adding a link to the list might take up to five minutes to be fully in effect (due to server-side caching, this is already the case with the old system) and admins and bots automatically bypass the blocked list. Let me know if you have any questions or encounter any issues. Happy editing. [[User:Ladsgroup|Amir]] ([[User talk:Ladsgroup|talk]]) 09:41, 19 June 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ladsgroup@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ladsgroup/target_ANs&oldid=25167735 --> ==Vandal: [[User:Ceoalphonso]]== They were spamming on Wikipedia, later claimed that their account was hacked. They were blocked for having a compromised account. They have started editing Wikiversity. High risk of future vandalism. They should be blocked for having a compromised account, in spite of the fact that this is dubious, because of AGF. [[User:Janhrach|Janhrach]] ([[User talk:Janhrach|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Janhrach|contribs]]) 07:45, 30 September 2023 (UTC) :This user hasn't edited since February. Unless their editing picks back up and becomes problematic, there's no action necessary at this time. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 12:47, 30 September 2023 (UTC) ::{{ping|Atcovi}} They have not been active here since February, but they have made several edits across other wikis in the meantime. Their edits include highly visible vandalism, such as spamming in TemplateData. I would highly recommend a block. [[User:Janhrach|Janhrach]] ([[User talk:Janhrach|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Janhrach|contribs]]) 14:52, 30 September 2023 (UTC) :::Since I still personally disagree, I'll leave this another custodian to take whatever action they deem reasonable. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:06, 30 September 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/2600:1003:B05E:6EC6:0:33:95BF:E701]] == * {{user|2600:1003:B05E:6EC6:0:33:95BF:E701}} Cross-wiki vandalism. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:21, 2 June 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:22, 2 June 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you, Koavf! --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:26, 2 June 2024 (UTC) == Maintenance vs administration == Bumping a [[User_talk:Tule-hog#Wikiversity:Administration|redirect for discussion]] concerning custodianship. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:50, 6 October 2024 (UTC) == Vandalism == Please block [[Special:Contributions/76.121.217.240]]. --[[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 03:09, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :Not a local sysop here but {{done}}. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 03:18, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :: {{comment}} Page deleted. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:21, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :::Hi it's me again. Please block [[Special:Contributions/216.186.51.108]] &mdash; @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. [[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 19:54, 2 December 2024 (UTC) jelt5fi5iyv71k8jf55wzcj5ahzn3dr 2690019 2690018 2024-12-02T19:56:20Z 216.186.51.108 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/2690018|2690018]] by [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|talk]]) 2690019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Shortcut|WV:NOTICE|WV:AN}} {{/Header}} == [[Special:Contribs/84.126.165.13]] == Vandalism. – [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 14:42, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :CC {{ping|Antandrus}} since you were deleted a vandalism page. – [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 15:23, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :I'm not able to block, only protect and delete - I can protect it from re-creation though. [[User:Antandrus|Antandrus]] ([[User talk:Antandrus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Antandrus|contribs]]) 15:25, 11 January 2023 (UTC) ::Blocked and hidden. Thank you, &mdash;Hasley&nbsp;[[user talk:Hasley|<span style="color: #0645AD; vertical-align: super; font-size: smaller;">talk</span>]] 16:10, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :::See also [[Special:Contributions/Goggdoggdetroyer]]. This is a long-term abuser who will edit from several IPs. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:54, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::[[Special:Contributions/201.146.32.131]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:55, 12 January 2023 (UTC) :::::Please make sure to revdel all of these as well. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:56, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::::[[Special:Contributions/189.129.121.186]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:17, 12 January 2023 (UTC) :::::::[[Special:Contributions/189.223.219.134]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 03:20, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::::::{{done}}. &mdash;Hasley&nbsp;[[user talk:Hasley|<span style="color: #0645AD; vertical-align: super; font-size: smaller;">talk</span>]] 15:16, 12 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/41.214.18.231]] == Long-term abuse. [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 08:05, 24 January 2023 (UTC) :{{done}} by GV. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:33, 24 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/ApprenticeFan]] == Long-term abuse. – [[Special:Contributions/2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239|2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239]] ([[User talk:2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239|discuss]]) 14:59, 28 January 2023 (UTC) :Globally locked. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 15:17, 28 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/41.202.78.57]] == Long-term abuse: Globally+WMF banned: [[:w:en:WP:LTA/GRP]]. – [[Special:Contributions/2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F|2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F]] ([[User talk:2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F|discuss]]) 13:02, 30 January 2023 (UTC) :I will take no action on this because I am confused: One IP user is requesting that action be taken against another IP user. Who is [[User:2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F]]?--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 00:43, 31 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/2A02:1210:5493:6F00:8D60:CF27:AC3E:C328]] == Block and revdel, please. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:29, 13 February 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 23:59, 13 February 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/KEMONO PANTSU X]] == Vandalism, please block. [[User:Blua lago|Blua lago]] ([[User talk:Blua lago|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Blua lago|contribs]]) 08:29, 29 March 2023 (UTC) : {{done}} The user has been locked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 09:15, 29 March 2023 (UTC) ==[[Special:Contributions/2600:1003:B03E:C660:0:19:5833:C401]]== Revdel, please. --[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan Kameníček]] ([[User talk:Jan.Kamenicek|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan.Kamenicek|contribs]]) 19:12, 23 April 2023 (UTC) :@[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan.Kamenicek]]: {{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 16:13, 24 April 2023 (UTC) == GRP socks == * {{user|170.83.119.121}} * {{user|181.115.60.123}} Long-term abuse: [[w:WP:LTA/GRP]]. [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 02:13, 4 May 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:26, 4 May 2023 (UTC) ::Revdel request: [[Special:Contributions/154.246.203.175]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:44, 7 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/189.223.144.31|189.223.144.31]] == * {{user|189.223.144.31}} * Report reason: Open proxy (used by [[w:WP:LTA/GRP|GRP]]), left an abusive edit summary on my talk page. [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 01:50, 14 May 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 02:09, 14 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3|2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3]] == * {{user|2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3}} * Report reason: Edit warring on [[Types of Dinosaur]] (see [[special:diff/2521104|1]], [[special:diff/2521102|2]], [[special:diff/2521100|3]], [[special:diff/2521098|4]]) [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 23:10, 16 May 2023 (UTC) :Now blocked, thanks! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:56, 17 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/I Join john|I Join john]] == * {{user|I Join john}} * Report reason: spam [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 02:58, 10 June 2023 (UTC) :Late notice, but for recording purposes: blocked by Dave Braunschweig on June 17. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:52, 3 October 2023 (UTC) == New special page to fight spam == {{int:please-translate}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello, We are replacing most of the functionalities of [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] with a new special page called [[Special:BlockedExternalDomains]]. In this special page, admins can simply add a domain and notes on the block (usually reasoning and/or link to a discussion) and the added domain would automatically be blocked to be linked in Wikis anymore (including its subdomains). Content of this list is stored in [[MediaWiki:BlockedExternalDomains.json]]. You can see [[:w:fa:Special:BlockedExternalDomains]] as an example. Check [[phab:T337431|the phabricator ticket]] for more information. This would make fighting spam easier and safer without needing to know regex or accidentally breaking wikis while also addressing the need to have some notes next to each domain on why it’s blocked. It would also make the list of blocked domains searchable and would make editing Wikis in general faster by optimizing matching links added against the blocked list in every edit (see [[phab:T337431#8936498]] for some measurements). If you want to migrate your entries in [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]], there is a python script in [[phab:P49299]] that would produce contents of [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] and [[MediaWiki:BlockedExternalDomains.json]] for you automatically migrating off simple regex cases. Note that this new feature doesn’t support regex (for complex cases) nor URL paths matching. Also it doesn’t support bypass by spam whitelist. For those, please either keep using [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] or switch to an abuse filter if possible. And adding a link to the list might take up to five minutes to be fully in effect (due to server-side caching, this is already the case with the old system) and admins and bots automatically bypass the blocked list. Let me know if you have any questions or encounter any issues. Happy editing. [[User:Ladsgroup|Amir]] ([[User talk:Ladsgroup|talk]]) 09:41, 19 June 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ladsgroup@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ladsgroup/target_ANs&oldid=25167735 --> ==Vandal: [[User:Ceoalphonso]]== They were spamming on Wikipedia, later claimed that their account was hacked. They were blocked for having a compromised account. They have started editing Wikiversity. High risk of future vandalism. They should be blocked for having a compromised account, in spite of the fact that this is dubious, because of AGF. [[User:Janhrach|Janhrach]] ([[User talk:Janhrach|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Janhrach|contribs]]) 07:45, 30 September 2023 (UTC) :This user hasn't edited since February. Unless their editing picks back up and becomes problematic, there's no action necessary at this time. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 12:47, 30 September 2023 (UTC) ::{{ping|Atcovi}} They have not been active here since February, but they have made several edits across other wikis in the meantime. Their edits include highly visible vandalism, such as spamming in TemplateData. I would highly recommend a block. [[User:Janhrach|Janhrach]] ([[User talk:Janhrach|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Janhrach|contribs]]) 14:52, 30 September 2023 (UTC) :::Since I still personally disagree, I'll leave this another custodian to take whatever action they deem reasonable. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:06, 30 September 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/2600:1003:B05E:6EC6:0:33:95BF:E701]] == * {{user|2600:1003:B05E:6EC6:0:33:95BF:E701}} Cross-wiki vandalism. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:21, 2 June 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:22, 2 June 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you, Koavf! --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:26, 2 June 2024 (UTC) == Maintenance vs administration == Bumping a [[User_talk:Tule-hog#Wikiversity:Administration|redirect for discussion]] concerning custodianship. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:50, 6 October 2024 (UTC) == Vandalism == Please block [[Special:Contributions/76.121.217.240]]. --[[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 03:09, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :Not a local sysop here but {{done}}. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 03:18, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :: {{comment}} Page deleted. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:21, 24 November 2024 (UTC) ix741hevqqgd9wcsikmdairnsrundly 2690020 2690019 2024-12-02T19:56:25Z Tres Libras 2993673 Undid edits by [[Special:Contribs/216.186.51.108|216.186.51.108]] ([[User talk:216.186.51.108|talk]]) to last version by Tres Libras 2690020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Shortcut|WV:NOTICE|WV:AN}} {{/Header}} == [[Special:Contribs/84.126.165.13]] == Vandalism. – [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 14:42, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :CC {{ping|Antandrus}} since you were deleted a vandalism page. – [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 15:23, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :I'm not able to block, only protect and delete - I can protect it from re-creation though. [[User:Antandrus|Antandrus]] ([[User talk:Antandrus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Antandrus|contribs]]) 15:25, 11 January 2023 (UTC) ::Blocked and hidden. Thank you, &mdash;Hasley&nbsp;[[user talk:Hasley|<span style="color: #0645AD; vertical-align: super; font-size: smaller;">talk</span>]] 16:10, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :::See also [[Special:Contributions/Goggdoggdetroyer]]. This is a long-term abuser who will edit from several IPs. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:54, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::[[Special:Contributions/201.146.32.131]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:55, 12 January 2023 (UTC) :::::Please make sure to revdel all of these as well. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:56, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::::[[Special:Contributions/189.129.121.186]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:17, 12 January 2023 (UTC) :::::::[[Special:Contributions/189.223.219.134]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 03:20, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::::::{{done}}. &mdash;Hasley&nbsp;[[user talk:Hasley|<span style="color: #0645AD; vertical-align: super; font-size: smaller;">talk</span>]] 15:16, 12 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/41.214.18.231]] == Long-term abuse. [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 08:05, 24 January 2023 (UTC) :{{done}} by GV. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:33, 24 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/ApprenticeFan]] == Long-term abuse. – [[Special:Contributions/2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239|2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239]] ([[User talk:2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239|discuss]]) 14:59, 28 January 2023 (UTC) :Globally locked. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 15:17, 28 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/41.202.78.57]] == Long-term abuse: Globally+WMF banned: [[:w:en:WP:LTA/GRP]]. – [[Special:Contributions/2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F|2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F]] ([[User talk:2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F|discuss]]) 13:02, 30 January 2023 (UTC) :I will take no action on this because I am confused: One IP user is requesting that action be taken against another IP user. Who is [[User:2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F]]?--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 00:43, 31 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/2A02:1210:5493:6F00:8D60:CF27:AC3E:C328]] == Block and revdel, please. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:29, 13 February 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 23:59, 13 February 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/KEMONO PANTSU X]] == Vandalism, please block. [[User:Blua lago|Blua lago]] ([[User talk:Blua lago|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Blua lago|contribs]]) 08:29, 29 March 2023 (UTC) : {{done}} The user has been locked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 09:15, 29 March 2023 (UTC) ==[[Special:Contributions/2600:1003:B03E:C660:0:19:5833:C401]]== Revdel, please. --[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan Kameníček]] ([[User talk:Jan.Kamenicek|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan.Kamenicek|contribs]]) 19:12, 23 April 2023 (UTC) :@[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan.Kamenicek]]: {{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 16:13, 24 April 2023 (UTC) == GRP socks == * {{user|170.83.119.121}} * {{user|181.115.60.123}} Long-term abuse: [[w:WP:LTA/GRP]]. [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 02:13, 4 May 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:26, 4 May 2023 (UTC) ::Revdel request: [[Special:Contributions/154.246.203.175]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:44, 7 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/189.223.144.31|189.223.144.31]] == * {{user|189.223.144.31}} * Report reason: Open proxy (used by [[w:WP:LTA/GRP|GRP]]), left an abusive edit summary on my talk page. [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 01:50, 14 May 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 02:09, 14 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3|2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3]] == * {{user|2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3}} * Report reason: Edit warring on [[Types of Dinosaur]] (see [[special:diff/2521104|1]], [[special:diff/2521102|2]], [[special:diff/2521100|3]], [[special:diff/2521098|4]]) [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 23:10, 16 May 2023 (UTC) :Now blocked, thanks! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:56, 17 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/I Join john|I Join john]] == * {{user|I Join john}} * Report reason: spam [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 02:58, 10 June 2023 (UTC) :Late notice, but for recording purposes: blocked by Dave Braunschweig on June 17. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:52, 3 October 2023 (UTC) == New special page to fight spam == {{int:please-translate}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello, We are replacing most of the functionalities of [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] with a new special page called [[Special:BlockedExternalDomains]]. In this special page, admins can simply add a domain and notes on the block (usually reasoning and/or link to a discussion) and the added domain would automatically be blocked to be linked in Wikis anymore (including its subdomains). Content of this list is stored in [[MediaWiki:BlockedExternalDomains.json]]. You can see [[:w:fa:Special:BlockedExternalDomains]] as an example. Check [[phab:T337431|the phabricator ticket]] for more information. This would make fighting spam easier and safer without needing to know regex or accidentally breaking wikis while also addressing the need to have some notes next to each domain on why it’s blocked. It would also make the list of blocked domains searchable and would make editing Wikis in general faster by optimizing matching links added against the blocked list in every edit (see [[phab:T337431#8936498]] for some measurements). If you want to migrate your entries in [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]], there is a python script in [[phab:P49299]] that would produce contents of [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] and [[MediaWiki:BlockedExternalDomains.json]] for you automatically migrating off simple regex cases. Note that this new feature doesn’t support regex (for complex cases) nor URL paths matching. Also it doesn’t support bypass by spam whitelist. For those, please either keep using [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] or switch to an abuse filter if possible. And adding a link to the list might take up to five minutes to be fully in effect (due to server-side caching, this is already the case with the old system) and admins and bots automatically bypass the blocked list. Let me know if you have any questions or encounter any issues. Happy editing. [[User:Ladsgroup|Amir]] ([[User talk:Ladsgroup|talk]]) 09:41, 19 June 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ladsgroup@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ladsgroup/target_ANs&oldid=25167735 --> ==Vandal: [[User:Ceoalphonso]]== They were spamming on Wikipedia, later claimed that their account was hacked. They were blocked for having a compromised account. They have started editing Wikiversity. High risk of future vandalism. They should be blocked for having a compromised account, in spite of the fact that this is dubious, because of AGF. [[User:Janhrach|Janhrach]] ([[User talk:Janhrach|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Janhrach|contribs]]) 07:45, 30 September 2023 (UTC) :This user hasn't edited since February. Unless their editing picks back up and becomes problematic, there's no action necessary at this time. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 12:47, 30 September 2023 (UTC) ::{{ping|Atcovi}} They have not been active here since February, but they have made several edits across other wikis in the meantime. Their edits include highly visible vandalism, such as spamming in TemplateData. I would highly recommend a block. [[User:Janhrach|Janhrach]] ([[User talk:Janhrach|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Janhrach|contribs]]) 14:52, 30 September 2023 (UTC) :::Since I still personally disagree, I'll leave this another custodian to take whatever action they deem reasonable. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:06, 30 September 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/2600:1003:B05E:6EC6:0:33:95BF:E701]] == * {{user|2600:1003:B05E:6EC6:0:33:95BF:E701}} Cross-wiki vandalism. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:21, 2 June 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:22, 2 June 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you, Koavf! --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:26, 2 June 2024 (UTC) == Maintenance vs administration == Bumping a [[User_talk:Tule-hog#Wikiversity:Administration|redirect for discussion]] concerning custodianship. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:50, 6 October 2024 (UTC) == Vandalism == Please block [[Special:Contributions/76.121.217.240]]. --[[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 03:09, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :Not a local sysop here but {{done}}. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 03:18, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :: {{comment}} Page deleted. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:21, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :::Hi it's me again. Please block [[Special:Contributions/216.186.51.108]] &mdash; @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. [[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 19:54, 2 December 2024 (UTC) jelt5fi5iyv71k8jf55wzcj5ahzn3dr 2690022 2690020 2024-12-02T19:58:24Z Koavf 147 /* Vandalism */ Reply 2690022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Shortcut|WV:NOTICE|WV:AN}} {{/Header}} == [[Special:Contribs/84.126.165.13]] == Vandalism. – [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 14:42, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :CC {{ping|Antandrus}} since you were deleted a vandalism page. – [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 15:23, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :I'm not able to block, only protect and delete - I can protect it from re-creation though. [[User:Antandrus|Antandrus]] ([[User talk:Antandrus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Antandrus|contribs]]) 15:25, 11 January 2023 (UTC) ::Blocked and hidden. Thank you, &mdash;Hasley&nbsp;[[user talk:Hasley|<span style="color: #0645AD; vertical-align: super; font-size: smaller;">talk</span>]] 16:10, 11 January 2023 (UTC) :::See also [[Special:Contributions/Goggdoggdetroyer]]. This is a long-term abuser who will edit from several IPs. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:54, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::[[Special:Contributions/201.146.32.131]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:55, 12 January 2023 (UTC) :::::Please make sure to revdel all of these as well. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:56, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::::[[Special:Contributions/189.129.121.186]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:17, 12 January 2023 (UTC) :::::::[[Special:Contributions/189.223.219.134]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 03:20, 12 January 2023 (UTC) ::::::::{{done}}. &mdash;Hasley&nbsp;[[user talk:Hasley|<span style="color: #0645AD; vertical-align: super; font-size: smaller;">talk</span>]] 15:16, 12 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/41.214.18.231]] == Long-term abuse. [[User:Tryvix1509|Tryvix1509]] ([[User talk:Tryvix1509|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tryvix1509|contribs]]) 08:05, 24 January 2023 (UTC) :{{done}} by GV. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:33, 24 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/ApprenticeFan]] == Long-term abuse. – [[Special:Contributions/2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239|2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239]] ([[User talk:2405:4802:1AB:E140:91F9:4320:8977:E239|discuss]]) 14:59, 28 January 2023 (UTC) :Globally locked. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 15:17, 28 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/41.202.78.57]] == Long-term abuse: Globally+WMF banned: [[:w:en:WP:LTA/GRP]]. – [[Special:Contributions/2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F|2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F]] ([[User talk:2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F|discuss]]) 13:02, 30 January 2023 (UTC) :I will take no action on this because I am confused: One IP user is requesting that action be taken against another IP user. Who is [[User:2405:4802:36C:3B0:1C90:9B74:603F:E6F]]?--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 00:43, 31 January 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/2A02:1210:5493:6F00:8D60:CF27:AC3E:C328]] == Block and revdel, please. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:29, 13 February 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 23:59, 13 February 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/KEMONO PANTSU X]] == Vandalism, please block. [[User:Blua lago|Blua lago]] ([[User talk:Blua lago|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Blua lago|contribs]]) 08:29, 29 March 2023 (UTC) : {{done}} The user has been locked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 09:15, 29 March 2023 (UTC) ==[[Special:Contributions/2600:1003:B03E:C660:0:19:5833:C401]]== Revdel, please. --[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan Kameníček]] ([[User talk:Jan.Kamenicek|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan.Kamenicek|contribs]]) 19:12, 23 April 2023 (UTC) :@[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan.Kamenicek]]: {{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 16:13, 24 April 2023 (UTC) == GRP socks == * {{user|170.83.119.121}} * {{user|181.115.60.123}} Long-term abuse: [[w:WP:LTA/GRP]]. [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 02:13, 4 May 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:26, 4 May 2023 (UTC) ::Revdel request: [[Special:Contributions/154.246.203.175]] —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:44, 7 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/189.223.144.31|189.223.144.31]] == * {{user|189.223.144.31}} * Report reason: Open proxy (used by [[w:WP:LTA/GRP|GRP]]), left an abusive edit summary on my talk page. [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 01:50, 14 May 2023 (UTC) :{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 02:09, 14 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3|2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3]] == * {{user|2601:206:8580:35D0:714E:77DC:EAE3:DFE3}} * Report reason: Edit warring on [[Types of Dinosaur]] (see [[special:diff/2521104|1]], [[special:diff/2521102|2]], [[special:diff/2521100|3]], [[special:diff/2521098|4]]) [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 23:10, 16 May 2023 (UTC) :Now blocked, thanks! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:56, 17 May 2023 (UTC) == [[special:contribs/I Join john|I Join john]] == * {{user|I Join john}} * Report reason: spam [[User:Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|contribs]]) 02:58, 10 June 2023 (UTC) :Late notice, but for recording purposes: blocked by Dave Braunschweig on June 17. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:52, 3 October 2023 (UTC) == New special page to fight spam == {{int:please-translate}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello, We are replacing most of the functionalities of [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] with a new special page called [[Special:BlockedExternalDomains]]. In this special page, admins can simply add a domain and notes on the block (usually reasoning and/or link to a discussion) and the added domain would automatically be blocked to be linked in Wikis anymore (including its subdomains). Content of this list is stored in [[MediaWiki:BlockedExternalDomains.json]]. You can see [[:w:fa:Special:BlockedExternalDomains]] as an example. Check [[phab:T337431|the phabricator ticket]] for more information. This would make fighting spam easier and safer without needing to know regex or accidentally breaking wikis while also addressing the need to have some notes next to each domain on why it’s blocked. It would also make the list of blocked domains searchable and would make editing Wikis in general faster by optimizing matching links added against the blocked list in every edit (see [[phab:T337431#8936498]] for some measurements). If you want to migrate your entries in [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]], there is a python script in [[phab:P49299]] that would produce contents of [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] and [[MediaWiki:BlockedExternalDomains.json]] for you automatically migrating off simple regex cases. Note that this new feature doesn’t support regex (for complex cases) nor URL paths matching. Also it doesn’t support bypass by spam whitelist. For those, please either keep using [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] or switch to an abuse filter if possible. And adding a link to the list might take up to five minutes to be fully in effect (due to server-side caching, this is already the case with the old system) and admins and bots automatically bypass the blocked list. Let me know if you have any questions or encounter any issues. Happy editing. [[User:Ladsgroup|Amir]] ([[User talk:Ladsgroup|talk]]) 09:41, 19 June 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ladsgroup@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ladsgroup/target_ANs&oldid=25167735 --> ==Vandal: [[User:Ceoalphonso]]== They were spamming on Wikipedia, later claimed that their account was hacked. They were blocked for having a compromised account. They have started editing Wikiversity. High risk of future vandalism. They should be blocked for having a compromised account, in spite of the fact that this is dubious, because of AGF. [[User:Janhrach|Janhrach]] ([[User talk:Janhrach|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Janhrach|contribs]]) 07:45, 30 September 2023 (UTC) :This user hasn't edited since February. Unless their editing picks back up and becomes problematic, there's no action necessary at this time. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 12:47, 30 September 2023 (UTC) ::{{ping|Atcovi}} They have not been active here since February, but they have made several edits across other wikis in the meantime. Their edits include highly visible vandalism, such as spamming in TemplateData. I would highly recommend a block. [[User:Janhrach|Janhrach]] ([[User talk:Janhrach|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Janhrach|contribs]]) 14:52, 30 September 2023 (UTC) :::Since I still personally disagree, I'll leave this another custodian to take whatever action they deem reasonable. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:06, 30 September 2023 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/2600:1003:B05E:6EC6:0:33:95BF:E701]] == * {{user|2600:1003:B05E:6EC6:0:33:95BF:E701}} Cross-wiki vandalism. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:21, 2 June 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:22, 2 June 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you, Koavf! --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:26, 2 June 2024 (UTC) == Maintenance vs administration == Bumping a [[User_talk:Tule-hog#Wikiversity:Administration|redirect for discussion]] concerning custodianship. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:50, 6 October 2024 (UTC) == Vandalism == Please block [[Special:Contributions/76.121.217.240]]. --[[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 03:09, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :Not a local sysop here but {{done}}. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 03:18, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :: {{comment}} Page deleted. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:21, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :::Hi it's me again. Please block [[Special:Contributions/216.186.51.108]] &mdash; @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. [[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 19:54, 2 December 2024 (UTC) ::::{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:58, 2 December 2024 (UTC) kyo8nolvqsjw4m7wiruozp95cvugt6v 0 3276 2690039 2445282 2024-12-02T23:34:12Z Magnetic Chutney 2989916 Fixed typo 2690039 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>Part of the [[School:Strategic_Studies|Strategic Studies]] curriculum</small> '''Political Science''', in rudimentary terms, is the study of power. It is considered a social science and is interdisciplinary by nature. Its interconnectedness to many other fields and must be viewed, compared and contrasted though each relative field in order to fully understand the [[subject matter]]. Political Science relates to the way humans will organize themselves into a working society that is in the interest of the [[public good]]. By doing this, the society will advance and benefit as a whole through a process known as [[collective action]], and will be able to live fairly and justly. Political Science observes many aspects of how societies accomplish this goal through four major fields of study. In addition, these fields are usually studies along with other relative fields such as: [[w:Anthropology]], [[w:Economics]], [[w:Geography]], [[w:Religion]], [[w:Philosophy]], [[w:Psychology]], and [[w:Sociology]]. == Political Theory == The field of [[Political theory|Political Theory]] is one of the four major fields in the study of Political Science. It will explore and analyze the philosophy by which a society has chosen to organize its government, construct its laws, and achieve its desired goals (Political, Economic, or Social). Political Theorists do '''not''' compare and contrast which theories are '''better''' than others. Political Theorists simply compare and contrast different political theories, and see how well they meet the needs of the people and the goals for which this theory was created so that it may accomplish. == Government & Politics == The field of Government & Politics is one of the four major fields in the study of Political Science. It explores the product(s) of political theories on people and nations. When studying Government & Politics, it is important to carefully consider all aspects of how a society is meant to function under the laws and institutions they have created. Many government types are explored, but only briefly. Depending on the country a student is in, this field is dominated by an in-depth analysis of that country's government and political structure. == Comparative Politics == The field of [[Comparative Politics]] is one of the four major fields in the study of Political Science. Unlike the field of Government & Politics, in comparativepolitics, students are usually given two or more types of governments and asked to conduct an in-depth analysis on how each form of government is either beneficial for the people, or a burden on the people, as well as see how well each government type does in yielding the desired goals for society. == International Politics == The field of International Politics is one of the four major fields in the study of Political Science. This field is considered quite new when compared to all other fields in Political Science. However, International Politics dates back to Ancient Greece and the relationship the individual city-states had between themselves. This field looks at how societies form governments that must work and cooperate to coexist with other governments of other societies in an increasingly international community. Such topics include: International [[School:Law|Law]], [[International Relations]], International Organization, Global Political Economy, and Foreign Policy. == See also == * [[School:Political science]] * [[Indian Government]] * [[Introduction to political science]] [[Category:Political science| ]] [[Category:Introductions]] [[Category:Strategic Studies|{{PAGENAME}}]] fzsfx01frev2pjzswpvluvwz1oyvbrm 0 34753 2690057 2180991 2024-12-03T05:40:57Z Ekbreckenridge 2994477 Adding electrical symbols and terms 2690057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Robelbox|theme=1|title=Mechatronics I}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <big>An introductory course in Mechatronics</big> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} {{Robelbox|theme=3|title=Syllabus}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> [[DC Generator]] [[DC Motor]] [[Testing of DC Machines]] [[Transformer]] [[Synchronous Motors]] [[Induction Motor|Induction/asynchronous motor]] [[Alternators]] </div> {{Robelbox/close}} == Symbols and Terms == ==== Units: ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Unit Name !Symbol !Quantity !Definition !Measurement |- |Ampere |A |Electrical Current (I) |Electrical current is the flow rate of electric charge in electric field, usually in electrical circuit. Using water pipe analogy, we can visualize the electrical current as water current that flows in a pipe. |1V = 1J / 1C |- |Volts |V |Voltage (V, E) |Electrical voltage is defined as electric potential difference between two points of an electric field. Using water pipe analogy, we can visualize the voltage as height difference that makes the water flow down. |1A = 1C / 1s |- |Ohm |Ω |Resistance (R) |Resistance is an electrical quantity that measures how the device or material reduces the electric current flow through it. If we make an analogy to water flow in pipes, the resistance is bigger when the pipe is thinner, so the water flow is decreased |1Ω = 1V / 1A |- |Watt |W |Electrical Power (P) |Electric power is the rate of energy consumption in an electrical circuit. |1W = 1J / 1s 1W = 1V ⋅ 1A |- |Decibel-milliwatt |dBm |Electric Power (P) |Decibel-milliwatt or dBm is a unit of electric power, measured with logarithmic scale referenced to 1mW. |10dBm = 10 ⋅ log₁₀(10mW / 1mW) |- |Decibel-Watt |dBW |Electric Power (P) |Decibel-watt or dBW is a unit of electric power, measured with logarithmic scale referenced to 1W. |10dBW = 10 ⋅ log₁₀(10W / 1W) |- |Volt-Ampere-Reactive |var |Reactive Power (Q) | | |- |Volt-Ampere |VA |Apparent Power (S) |VA is a unit of apparent power |1VA = 1V * 1A |- |Farad |F |Capacitance (C) |Farad is the unit of capacitance. It represents the amount of electric charge in coulombs that is stored per 1 volt. |1F = 1C / 1V |- |Henry |H |Inductance (L) |Henry is the unit of inductance. |1H = 1Wb / 1A |- |siemens / mho |S |Conductance (G) Admittance (Y) |siemens is the unit of conductance, which is the opposite of resistance. |1S = 1 / 1Ω |- |Coulomb |C |Electrical Charge (Q) |Coulomb is the unit of electric charge. |1C = 6.238792×10¹⁸ electron charges |- |Ampere-hour |Ah |Electrical Charge (Q) |One ampere-hour is the electric charge that flow in electrical circuit, when a current of 1 ampere is applied for 1 hour. |1Ah = 1A ⋅ 1hour One ampere-hour is equal to 3600 coulombs. 1Ah = 3600C |- |Joule |J |Energy (E) |Joule is the unit of energy. |1J = 1 kg ⋅ m² / s² |- |Kilowatt-hour |kWh |Energy (E) |Kilowatt-hour is a unit of energy. |1kWh = 1kW ⋅ 1h = 1000W ⋅ 1h |- |Electron-volt |eV |Energy (E) | | |- |Ohm-meter |Ω*m |Resistivity (''ρ'') | | |- |siemens per meter |S/m |Conductivity (''σ'') | | |- |Volts per meter | |Electric field (E) | | |- |Newtons per coulomb | |Electric field (E) | | |- |Volt-meter | |Electric flux (Φ_e) | | |- |Tesla | |Magnetic field (B) |Tesla is the unit of magnetic field. |1T = 1Wb / 1m² |- |Gauss | |Magnetic field (B) |Weber is the unit of magnetic flux. |1Wb = 1V ⋅ 1s |- |Weber | |Magnetic flux (Φ_m) | | |- |Hertz | |Frequency (f) | | |- |Seconds | |Time (t) | | |- |Meter / metre | |Length (l) | | |- |Square-meter | |Area (A) | | |- |Decibel | | | | |- |Parts per million | | | | |} Definitions for the table came from Rapid Tables<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rapidtables.com/electric/Electric_units.html|title=Electrical units of measurment (V,A,Ω,W,...)|website=www.rapidtables.com|access-date=2024-12-03}}</ref>. == DC Generator == An Electrical Generator converts mechanical energy (or power) into electrical energy (or power).And motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. '''Principle''' It is based on the principle of production of dynamically (or motionally) induced e.m.f (Electromotive Force). Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced e.m.f. is produced in it according to [[Wikipedia:Faraday's law of induction|Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction]]. This e.m.f. causes a current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed. Hence, the basic essential parts of an electric generator are : *A magnetic field, *A conductor or conductors which can so move as to cut the flux. === Simple Loop Generator === ===='Construction==== A single turn rectangular copper coil ''''ABCD'''' rotates about it's own axis in a magnetic field. In practice, this field can be due to permanent magnets or electromagnets. The two ends of the coil are connected to slip rings ''''a'''' and ''''b'''' which are insulated from each other and from the central shaft. Two collecting brushed made up of carbon or copper press against these slip rings in order to collect the current induced in the coil. This current is conveyed to the external resistance ''''R'''' The rotating coil is referred to as the 'Armature' and the magnets are called 'Field Magnets' ====Working==== [[File:AC DC gen smoothed.svg|thumb|right|Current produced by an AC slip-ring generator, DC split-ring generator, and smoothed DC split-ring generator]] If the coil rotates in clockwise direction, the flux lined with it changes as it assumes successive positions in the field.Hence, an e.m.f is induced in it and this e.m.f is proportional to the rate of change of flux linkages, i.e ''e=NdΦ/dt'' [[File:Britannica Dynamo 7.jpg|thumb|left|Split ring dynamo showing unidirectional, non-continuous current.]] When the plane of the coil is at right angles to the lines of flux, i.e. position '1' in the figure, the flux,''Φ'', is maximum but the rate of change of flux,''dΦ/dt'' is minimum. This is because the segments ''''AB'''' and ''''CD'''' don't cut the flux but move along parallel to it. Thus, no e.m.f. is induced in the coil. This position is assumed as the starting position and hence, the angle of rotation is measured from here. As the coil rotates further, ''dΦ/dt'' increases till it reaches a maximum value at position 3 where the angle of rotation,θ, reaches a value of 90 degrees. Since the coil plane is now horizontal, the flux linked is minimum, but the rate of change of flux is maximum. In a similar manner,as the angle varies from 90 degrees to 180 degrees, the flux increases and rate of change of flux decreases till position 5. According to [[Wikipedia:Fleming's right hand rule|Fleming's Right Hand Rule]], the current is found to be flowing from '''A''' to '''B''' and '''C''' to '''D'''. The same process is repeated as the coil continues to rotate through angles 180 degrees to 360 degrees and positions 5 to 8, back to 1. However, by Fleming's Right Hand Rule, the current is found to be flowing from '''D''' to '''C''' and then '''B''' to '''A''' Thus, the direction of current is reversed every half cycle and this is called '''ALTERNATING CURRENT'''. This is illustrated in the figure above. A.C current, unlike D.C current does not maintain a constant direction, or even a constant magnitude in one direction. For making the flow of current unidirectional, slip rings are replaced by split rings. These are made up of conducting cylinders, cut into two halves or segments, insulated from each other by a thin mica sheet or other insulating material. Slit rings result in unidirectional current, but not this current is not continous like pure DC current. === Practical Generator === [[File:Dynamo (PSF).png|thumb|right|A cutaway drawing of a dynamo, showing the commutator]] The basic principle of a generator was explained in the above section. In practice, a generator has the following parts : 1.'''Frame or Yoke''' The yoke serves two purposes. The first one is to provide an outer covering, i.e. it should provide mechanical suppot for the motor. The second use is to provide a path for the magnetic field. Since the field is stationary( caused by DC) there are is no need to laminate the yoke. It is made from cast iron in cheap machines or sometimes using fabricated steel to obtain high values of permeability. 2.'''Pole''' The poles house the field coils around them. They also need not be laminated as they carry stationary field. Poles are usually made from cast iron for small machines and fabricated steel for high power machines. The pole shoes present at the end of poles act as support for the field coils and spread out the magnetic flux generated. The pole shoes thereby, reduce the reluctance of the air gap. This reduces the requirement of field currrent. 3.'''Field Coils''' The objective of the field coils is to provide the necessary mmf resulting in flux. Now, mmf is the product of number of turns and current. To reduce the current drawn, more number of turns are normally wound on the pole. The windings are usually made with copper. By reducing the currrent, the diameter of wire is reduced, leading to critical copper saving in the field coils. 4.'''Armature core''' It is the rotating part of the machine, and is cylindrical in shape. The purpose of the armature is to rotate the conductors in a uniform magnetic field. The armature is slotted and these slots house the armature conductors. The armature conductors are made of copper and are insulated. The field produced from these conductors is not stationary. Therfore, the armature is made from silicon steel stampings to reduce the hysteresis and eddy current losses. There are small key holes present throughout the armature to aid in proper cooling. The armature conductors are placed in the slots in different patterns to control the performance of the machine. 5.'''Armature windings or conductors''' The armature windings as previously specified are made of copper and are insulated from each other. There are placed in the slots present in the armature. The armature windings have diffferent arrangements leading to a different performance of the machine. Some popular armature winding arrangements are Wave, Lap, Drum, etc. 6.'''Commutator''' The commutator is one of the most important parts of the DC machine. It is like a rotating switch placed between the armature and the external circuit. It is arranged in such a way that it will reverse the connections to the external circuit at the instant of each reversal of current in the armature coil. The commutator essentially converts alternating current generated in the armature conductors to a unidirectional current. Coomutator is made using high conductivity copper segments seperated by thin layers of mica. 7.'''Brushes and Bearings''' The function of the brushes is to collect current from the commutator segments and supply it to the external load circuit. The brushes are rectangular in shape and rest on the commutator. Brushes are made from a variety of materials like carbon, graphite and copper. Copper brushes are costlier and are used only in machines with very high current ratings. Carbon is the preferred material for making brushes for the smaller rating machines. == DC Motor == The theory behind DC Motors are near identical to DC Generators. The main difference between DC Generators and DC Motors is as follows; DC Motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion, whereas DC Generators convert mechanical motion into electrical energy. That is how electric cars have regenerative breaking. The battery provides electrical current to the motor units, the motors spin the wheels, and the car moves. When the car starts to brake, through the use of some software and some electrical properties, the motors slows the rotation of the wheel by converting the rotation back into electrical energy for the batteries. == Testing of DC Machines == == Transformer == == Induction Motor == == Alternators == == Synchronous Motors == A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in which, at steady state,[1] the rotation of the shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the supply current; the rotation period is exactly equal to an integral number of AC cycles. Synchronous motors contain electromagnets on the stator of the motor that create a magnetic field which rotates in time with the oscillations of the line current. The rotor turns in step with this field, at the same rate. The motor does not rely on "slip" under usual operating conditions, and as a result produces torque at synchronous speed. Synchronous motors can be contrasted with induction motors, which must slip in order to produce the rotor magnetic field and to provide torque. The speed of the synchronous motor is determined by the number of magnetic poles and the line frequency. Synchronous motors are available in sub-fractional self-excited sizes[2] to high-horsepower industrial sizes.[1] In the fractional horsepower range, most synchronous motors are used where precise constant speed is required. In high-horsepower industrial sizes, the synchronous motor provides two important functions. First, it is a highly efficient means of converting AC energy to work. Second, it can operate at leading or unity power factor and thereby provide power-factor correction. ==Active Participants== [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Laxmi.nair17 Laxmi Nair] - B.Tech,EEE,Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Amit Kumar - B.Tech,EEE, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham ==See also== [[Mechatronics II]] [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/School:Electrical_engineering School of Engineering] {{yawn}} {{engineering}} {{tertiary}} [[Category:Electrical engineering]] [[Category:Technology courses]] r08i94m1nd4dxbr2ce4q1u3qhh9rb1b 2690058 2690057 2024-12-03T05:42:21Z Ekbreckenridge 2994477 Adding detail to syllabus 2690058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Robelbox|theme=1|title=Mechatronics I}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <big>An introductory course in Mechatronics</big> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} {{Robelbox|theme=3|title=Syllabus}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> Electrical [[Symbols and Terms]] [[DC Generator]] [[DC Motor]] [[Testing of DC Machines]] [[Transformer]] [[Synchronous Motors]] [[Induction Motor|Induction/asynchronous motor]] [[Alternators]] </div> {{Robelbox/close}} == Symbols and Terms == ==== Units: ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Unit Name !Symbol !Quantity !Definition !Measurement |- |Ampere |A |Electrical Current (I) |Electrical current is the flow rate of electric charge in electric field, usually in electrical circuit. Using water pipe analogy, we can visualize the electrical current as water current that flows in a pipe. |1V = 1J / 1C |- |Volts |V |Voltage (V, E) |Electrical voltage is defined as electric potential difference between two points of an electric field. Using water pipe analogy, we can visualize the voltage as height difference that makes the water flow down. |1A = 1C / 1s |- |Ohm |Ω |Resistance (R) |Resistance is an electrical quantity that measures how the device or material reduces the electric current flow through it. If we make an analogy to water flow in pipes, the resistance is bigger when the pipe is thinner, so the water flow is decreased |1Ω = 1V / 1A |- |Watt |W |Electrical Power (P) |Electric power is the rate of energy consumption in an electrical circuit. |1W = 1J / 1s 1W = 1V ⋅ 1A |- |Decibel-milliwatt |dBm |Electric Power (P) |Decibel-milliwatt or dBm is a unit of electric power, measured with logarithmic scale referenced to 1mW. |10dBm = 10 ⋅ log₁₀(10mW / 1mW) |- |Decibel-Watt |dBW |Electric Power (P) |Decibel-watt or dBW is a unit of electric power, measured with logarithmic scale referenced to 1W. |10dBW = 10 ⋅ log₁₀(10W / 1W) |- |Volt-Ampere-Reactive |var |Reactive Power (Q) | | |- |Volt-Ampere |VA |Apparent Power (S) |VA is a unit of apparent power |1VA = 1V * 1A |- |Farad |F |Capacitance (C) |Farad is the unit of capacitance. It represents the amount of electric charge in coulombs that is stored per 1 volt. |1F = 1C / 1V |- |Henry |H |Inductance (L) |Henry is the unit of inductance. |1H = 1Wb / 1A |- |siemens / mho |S |Conductance (G) Admittance (Y) |siemens is the unit of conductance, which is the opposite of resistance. |1S = 1 / 1Ω |- |Coulomb |C |Electrical Charge (Q) |Coulomb is the unit of electric charge. |1C = 6.238792×10¹⁸ electron charges |- |Ampere-hour |Ah |Electrical Charge (Q) |One ampere-hour is the electric charge that flow in electrical circuit, when a current of 1 ampere is applied for 1 hour. |1Ah = 1A ⋅ 1hour One ampere-hour is equal to 3600 coulombs. 1Ah = 3600C |- |Joule |J |Energy (E) |Joule is the unit of energy. |1J = 1 kg ⋅ m² / s² |- |Kilowatt-hour |kWh |Energy (E) |Kilowatt-hour is a unit of energy. |1kWh = 1kW ⋅ 1h = 1000W ⋅ 1h |- |Electron-volt |eV |Energy (E) | | |- |Ohm-meter |Ω*m |Resistivity (''ρ'') | | |- |siemens per meter |S/m |Conductivity (''σ'') | | |- |Volts per meter | |Electric field (E) | | |- |Newtons per coulomb | |Electric field (E) | | |- |Volt-meter | |Electric flux (Φ_e) | | |- |Tesla | |Magnetic field (B) |Tesla is the unit of magnetic field. |1T = 1Wb / 1m² |- |Gauss | |Magnetic field (B) |Weber is the unit of magnetic flux. |1Wb = 1V ⋅ 1s |- |Weber | |Magnetic flux (Φ_m) | | |- |Hertz | |Frequency (f) | | |- |Seconds | |Time (t) | | |- |Meter / metre | |Length (l) | | |- |Square-meter | |Area (A) | | |- |Decibel | | | | |- |Parts per million | | | | |} Definitions for the table came from Rapid Tables<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rapidtables.com/electric/Electric_units.html|title=Electrical units of measurment (V,A,Ω,W,...)|website=www.rapidtables.com|access-date=2024-12-03}}</ref>. == DC Generator == An Electrical Generator converts mechanical energy (or power) into electrical energy (or power).And motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. '''Principle''' It is based on the principle of production of dynamically (or motionally) induced e.m.f (Electromotive Force). Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced e.m.f. is produced in it according to [[Wikipedia:Faraday's law of induction|Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction]]. This e.m.f. causes a current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed. Hence, the basic essential parts of an electric generator are : *A magnetic field, *A conductor or conductors which can so move as to cut the flux. === Simple Loop Generator === ===='Construction==== A single turn rectangular copper coil ''''ABCD'''' rotates about it's own axis in a magnetic field. In practice, this field can be due to permanent magnets or electromagnets. The two ends of the coil are connected to slip rings ''''a'''' and ''''b'''' which are insulated from each other and from the central shaft. Two collecting brushed made up of carbon or copper press against these slip rings in order to collect the current induced in the coil. This current is conveyed to the external resistance ''''R'''' The rotating coil is referred to as the 'Armature' and the magnets are called 'Field Magnets' ====Working==== [[File:AC DC gen smoothed.svg|thumb|right|Current produced by an AC slip-ring generator, DC split-ring generator, and smoothed DC split-ring generator]] If the coil rotates in clockwise direction, the flux lined with it changes as it assumes successive positions in the field.Hence, an e.m.f is induced in it and this e.m.f is proportional to the rate of change of flux linkages, i.e ''e=NdΦ/dt'' [[File:Britannica Dynamo 7.jpg|thumb|left|Split ring dynamo showing unidirectional, non-continuous current.]] When the plane of the coil is at right angles to the lines of flux, i.e. position '1' in the figure, the flux,''Φ'', is maximum but the rate of change of flux,''dΦ/dt'' is minimum. This is because the segments ''''AB'''' and ''''CD'''' don't cut the flux but move along parallel to it. Thus, no e.m.f. is induced in the coil. This position is assumed as the starting position and hence, the angle of rotation is measured from here. As the coil rotates further, ''dΦ/dt'' increases till it reaches a maximum value at position 3 where the angle of rotation,θ, reaches a value of 90 degrees. Since the coil plane is now horizontal, the flux linked is minimum, but the rate of change of flux is maximum. In a similar manner,as the angle varies from 90 degrees to 180 degrees, the flux increases and rate of change of flux decreases till position 5. According to [[Wikipedia:Fleming's right hand rule|Fleming's Right Hand Rule]], the current is found to be flowing from '''A''' to '''B''' and '''C''' to '''D'''. The same process is repeated as the coil continues to rotate through angles 180 degrees to 360 degrees and positions 5 to 8, back to 1. However, by Fleming's Right Hand Rule, the current is found to be flowing from '''D''' to '''C''' and then '''B''' to '''A''' Thus, the direction of current is reversed every half cycle and this is called '''ALTERNATING CURRENT'''. This is illustrated in the figure above. A.C current, unlike D.C current does not maintain a constant direction, or even a constant magnitude in one direction. For making the flow of current unidirectional, slip rings are replaced by split rings. These are made up of conducting cylinders, cut into two halves or segments, insulated from each other by a thin mica sheet or other insulating material. Slit rings result in unidirectional current, but not this current is not continous like pure DC current. === Practical Generator === [[File:Dynamo (PSF).png|thumb|right|A cutaway drawing of a dynamo, showing the commutator]] The basic principle of a generator was explained in the above section. In practice, a generator has the following parts : 1.'''Frame or Yoke''' The yoke serves two purposes. The first one is to provide an outer covering, i.e. it should provide mechanical suppot for the motor. The second use is to provide a path for the magnetic field. Since the field is stationary( caused by DC) there are is no need to laminate the yoke. It is made from cast iron in cheap machines or sometimes using fabricated steel to obtain high values of permeability. 2.'''Pole''' The poles house the field coils around them. They also need not be laminated as they carry stationary field. Poles are usually made from cast iron for small machines and fabricated steel for high power machines. The pole shoes present at the end of poles act as support for the field coils and spread out the magnetic flux generated. The pole shoes thereby, reduce the reluctance of the air gap. This reduces the requirement of field currrent. 3.'''Field Coils''' The objective of the field coils is to provide the necessary mmf resulting in flux. Now, mmf is the product of number of turns and current. To reduce the current drawn, more number of turns are normally wound on the pole. The windings are usually made with copper. By reducing the currrent, the diameter of wire is reduced, leading to critical copper saving in the field coils. 4.'''Armature core''' It is the rotating part of the machine, and is cylindrical in shape. The purpose of the armature is to rotate the conductors in a uniform magnetic field. The armature is slotted and these slots house the armature conductors. The armature conductors are made of copper and are insulated. The field produced from these conductors is not stationary. Therfore, the armature is made from silicon steel stampings to reduce the hysteresis and eddy current losses. There are small key holes present throughout the armature to aid in proper cooling. The armature conductors are placed in the slots in different patterns to control the performance of the machine. 5.'''Armature windings or conductors''' The armature windings as previously specified are made of copper and are insulated from each other. There are placed in the slots present in the armature. The armature windings have diffferent arrangements leading to a different performance of the machine. Some popular armature winding arrangements are Wave, Lap, Drum, etc. 6.'''Commutator''' The commutator is one of the most important parts of the DC machine. It is like a rotating switch placed between the armature and the external circuit. It is arranged in such a way that it will reverse the connections to the external circuit at the instant of each reversal of current in the armature coil. The commutator essentially converts alternating current generated in the armature conductors to a unidirectional current. Coomutator is made using high conductivity copper segments seperated by thin layers of mica. 7.'''Brushes and Bearings''' The function of the brushes is to collect current from the commutator segments and supply it to the external load circuit. The brushes are rectangular in shape and rest on the commutator. Brushes are made from a variety of materials like carbon, graphite and copper. Copper brushes are costlier and are used only in machines with very high current ratings. Carbon is the preferred material for making brushes for the smaller rating machines. == DC Motor == The theory behind DC Motors are near identical to DC Generators. The main difference between DC Generators and DC Motors is as follows; DC Motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion, whereas DC Generators convert mechanical motion into electrical energy. That is how electric cars have regenerative breaking. The battery provides electrical current to the motor units, the motors spin the wheels, and the car moves. When the car starts to brake, through the use of some software and some electrical properties, the motors slows the rotation of the wheel by converting the rotation back into electrical energy for the batteries. == Testing of DC Machines == == Transformer == == Induction Motor == == Alternators == == Synchronous Motors == A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in which, at steady state,[1] the rotation of the shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the supply current; the rotation period is exactly equal to an integral number of AC cycles. Synchronous motors contain electromagnets on the stator of the motor that create a magnetic field which rotates in time with the oscillations of the line current. The rotor turns in step with this field, at the same rate. The motor does not rely on "slip" under usual operating conditions, and as a result produces torque at synchronous speed. Synchronous motors can be contrasted with induction motors, which must slip in order to produce the rotor magnetic field and to provide torque. The speed of the synchronous motor is determined by the number of magnetic poles and the line frequency. Synchronous motors are available in sub-fractional self-excited sizes[2] to high-horsepower industrial sizes.[1] In the fractional horsepower range, most synchronous motors are used where precise constant speed is required. In high-horsepower industrial sizes, the synchronous motor provides two important functions. First, it is a highly efficient means of converting AC energy to work. Second, it can operate at leading or unity power factor and thereby provide power-factor correction. ==Active Participants== [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Laxmi.nair17 Laxmi Nair] - B.Tech,EEE,Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Amit Kumar - B.Tech,EEE, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham ==See also== [[Mechatronics II]] [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/School:Electrical_engineering School of Engineering] {{yawn}} {{engineering}} {{tertiary}} [[Category:Electrical engineering]] [[Category:Technology courses]] rf8d58yh02plsywxk704ze81xxvls4g 2 61412 2690037 2689140 2024-12-02T23:17:43Z Jtneill 10242 /* 2024 */ Brichacek, A. L., Neill, J. T., Murray, K., Rieger, E., & Watsford, C. (in press). The effectiveness of body image flexibility interventions in youth: A systematic review with meta-analysis. ''[https://link.springer.com/journal/40894 Adolescent Research Review]''. 2690037 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Profiles== {{Scholia|Q85765119}} * [https://researchprofiles.canberra.edu.au/en/persons/james-neill James Neill] (UC, PURE) * [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0710-4550 ORCId] ==2024== {{Hanging indent|1= Black, H. M., & Neill, J. T. (accepted pending revisions). Wellbeing through nature: A qualitative exploration of psychosocial aspects of a Landcare ACT nature-connection program. ''Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education''. Boerma, M., Beel, N., Neill, J. T., Jeffries, C., Krishnamoorthy, G., & Guerri-Guttenberg, J. (2024). Male-friendly counselling for young men: a thematic analysis of client and caregiver experiences of Menslink counselling. ''Australian Psychologist'', 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050067.2024.2378119 Brichacek, A. L., Neill, J. T., Murray, K., Rieger, E., & Watsford, C. (accepted). The Body Image Flexibility and Inflexibility Scale (BIFIS). In V. Ramseyer Winter, T. Tylka, & A. Landor (Eds.), ''Handbook of body image-related measures'' (pp. *–*). Cambridge University Press. Brichacek, A. L., Neill, J. T., Murray, K., Rieger, E., & Watsford, C. (2024). The distinct affect regulation functions of body image flexibility and inflexibility: A prospective study in adolescents and emerging adults. ''Body Image'', ''50'', 101726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101726 Brichacek, A. L., Neill, J. T., Murray, K., Rieger, E., & Watsford, C. (in press). The effectiveness of body image flexibility interventions in youth: A systematic review with meta-analysis. ''[https://link.springer.com/journal/40894 Adolescent Research Review]''. {{User:Jtneill/Publications/2024/Collaborative}} Neill, J. T. & Black. H. (2024). ''Landcare ACT Wellbeing through Nature program evaluation: Final report''. University of Canberra, Australia. {{User:Jtneill/Publications/2024/Rich}} Neill, J. T., Herbert, S., Hartley, R., & D'Cunha, N. (in preparation). ''Art for Wellbeing at the National Gallery of Australia: Thematic analysis of participant and staff perspectives''. }} ==2023== {{Hanging indent|1= Brichacek, A. L., Neill, J. T., Murray, K., Rieger, E., & Watsford, C. (2023). Ways of responding to body image threats: Development of the Body Image Flexibility and Inflexibility Scale for Youth. ''Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science'', ''30'', 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.08.007 {{/2023/WIL}} Ross, B. M., & Neill, J. T. (2023). Exploring the relationship between mental health, drug use, personality, and attitudes towards psilocybin-assisted therapy. ''[https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/2054-overview.xml Journal of Psychedelic Studies]'' (published online ahead of print 2023). https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2023.00264}} ==2022== {{Hanging indent|1= Stevenson, D. J., Neill, J. T., Ball, K., Smith, R., & Shores, M. C. (2022). How do preschool to year 6 educators prevent and cope with occupational violence from students? ''Australian Journal of Education'', ''66''(2), 154–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/00049441221092472. [https://www.teachermagazine.com/au_en/articles/the-research-files-episode-77-coping-with-violence-from-students Podcast].}} ==2021== {{Hanging indent|1=Brichacek, A. L., Murray, K., Neill, J. T., & Rieger, E. (2021). Contextual behavioral approaches to understanding body image threats and coping in youth: A qualitative study. ''Journal of Adolescent Research'', ''39''(2), 328–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/07435584211007851}} ==2016== {{Hanging indent|1=Bowen, D. J., & Neill, J. T. (2016). Effects of the PCYC Catalyst outdoor adventure intervention program on youths' life skills, mental health, and delinquent behaviour. ''International Journal of Adolescence and Youth'', ''21''(1), 34–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2015.1027716 {{/2016/Internationalisation}}}} ==2013== {{Hanging indent|1= {{/2013/Promoting}} {{/2013/Teaching}} }} ==2008== {{Hanging indent|1=Neill, J. T. (2008). Enhancing life effectiveness: The impacts of outdoor education programs. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Western Sydney. https://researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws:6441/}} ==2002== {{/2002/Dramaturgy}} ==Theses== * [[User:Jtneill/PhD|PhD]] <!-- ==Published== * [http://www.wilderdom.com/JamesNeill/JamesNeillpublications.htm Articles & presentations by James Neill] --> ==Ideas / In progress== * [[User:Jtneill/4 pillars of free and open teaching|4 pillars of free and open teaching]] * Some international trends in outdoor education - Past, present, and future * Ingando camp (life effectiveness) * Life Effectiveness Questionnaire psychometrics * OE outcomes (longitudinal study) * Adolescent Coping Scale psychometrics * Resilience Scale psychometrics * Overview of Outdoor Education Theory and/or Research * Overview of Outdoor Education in Australia * Overview of Adventure Therapy Theory and/or Education * Past Trends and Future Directions for Outdoor Education * Psychological Aspects of Outdoor Education * Outdoor Education and Modern Technology * Outdoor Education and Environmental Sustainability ==See also== * [[User:Jtneill/Presentations]] 8hb5giddurh3ephhqwgrusmjdgfmyx6 0 113381 2689976 2688001 2024-12-02T14:46:38Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals */ 2689976 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Complex analysis''' is a study of functions of a complex variable. This is a one quarter course in complex analysis at the undergraduate level. ==Articles== * [[Algebra II]] * [[Dummy variable]] * [[Materials Science and Engineering/Equations/Quantum Mechanics]] == Slides for Lectures == === Chapter 1 - Intoduction === * '''[[Complex Numbers/From real to complex numbers|Complex Numbers]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Numbers/From%20real%20to%20complex%20numbers&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Complex%20Numbers&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Heine–Borel_theorem|Heine-Borel Theorem]] * '''[[Riemann sphere|Riemann sphere]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Riemann%20sphere&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Riemann%20sphere&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root|Exponentiation and roots]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Exponentiation_and_square_root&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 2 - Topological Foundations === * '''[[Complex Analysis/Sequences and series|Sequences and series]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Sequences%20and%20series&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Sequences%20and%20series&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[/Power series/]] * '''[[Inverse-producing extensions of Topological Algebras/topological algebra|Topological algebra]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=topological%20algebra&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[w:en:Topological space|Topological space]] - Definition: [[Norms, metrics, topology#Definition:_topology|Topology]] * '''[[Norms, metrics, topology|Norms, metrics, topology]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 3 - Complex Derivative === * '''[[Holomorphic function|Holomorphic function]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphic%20function&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphic%20function&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Partial derivative|Partial Derivative]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Partial%20derivative&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Partial%20Derivative&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Cauchy-Riemann Equations (CRE)]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals === * [[Line integral|Line integral in <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math>]] * [[Curves]] ** [[w:en:Integral|Integral]] * [[/Line Integral/]] ==Lectures== * [[/Cauchy-Riemann equations/]] * [[Cauchy Theorem for a triangle]] * [[Complex analytic function]] * [[Complex Numbers]] * [[Divergent series]] * [[Estimation lemma]] * [[Fourier series]] * [[Fourier transform]] * [[Fourier transforms]] * [[Laplace transform]] * [[Riemann hypothesis]] * [[The Real and Complex Number System]] * [[Warping functions]] ==Sample exams== [[/Sample Midterm Exam 1/]] [[/Sample Midterm Exam 2/]] ==See also== * [[Boundary Value Problems]] * [[Introduction to Elasticity]] * [[The Prime Sequence Problem]] * [[Wikipedia: Complex analysis]] *[[Complex number]] [[Category:Complex analysis| ]] [[Category:Mathematics courses]] [[Category:Mathematics]] <noinclude>[[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie]]</noinclude> grcd0t6oewh5zba1ivg9fazmov2dse0 2689977 2689976 2024-12-02T14:47:47Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals */ 2689977 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Complex analysis''' is a study of functions of a complex variable. This is a one quarter course in complex analysis at the undergraduate level. ==Articles== * [[Algebra II]] * [[Dummy variable]] * [[Materials Science and Engineering/Equations/Quantum Mechanics]] == Slides for Lectures == === Chapter 1 - Intoduction === * '''[[Complex Numbers/From real to complex numbers|Complex Numbers]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Numbers/From%20real%20to%20complex%20numbers&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Complex%20Numbers&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Heine–Borel_theorem|Heine-Borel Theorem]] * '''[[Riemann sphere|Riemann sphere]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Riemann%20sphere&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Riemann%20sphere&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root|Exponentiation and roots]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Exponentiation_and_square_root&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 2 - Topological Foundations === * '''[[Complex Analysis/Sequences and series|Sequences and series]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Sequences%20and%20series&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Sequences%20and%20series&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[/Power series/]] * '''[[Inverse-producing extensions of Topological Algebras/topological algebra|Topological algebra]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=topological%20algebra&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[w:en:Topological space|Topological space]] - Definition: [[Norms, metrics, topology#Definition:_topology|Topology]] * '''[[Norms, metrics, topology|Norms, metrics, topology]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 3 - Complex Derivative === * '''[[Holomorphic function|Holomorphic function]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphic%20function&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphic%20function&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Partial derivative|Partial Derivative]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Partial%20derivative&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Partial%20Derivative&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Cauchy-Riemann Equations (CRE)]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals === * '''[[Line integral|Line integral in <math>\mathbb{R}^n]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[Curves]] ** [[w:en:Integral|Integral]] * [[/Line Integral/]] ==Lectures== * [[/Cauchy-Riemann equations/]] * [[Cauchy Theorem for a triangle]] * [[Complex analytic function]] * [[Complex Numbers]] * [[Divergent series]] * [[Estimation lemma]] * [[Fourier series]] * [[Fourier transform]] * [[Fourier transforms]] * [[Laplace transform]] * [[Riemann hypothesis]] * [[The Real and Complex Number System]] * [[Warping functions]] ==Sample exams== [[/Sample Midterm Exam 1/]] [[/Sample Midterm Exam 2/]] ==See also== * [[Boundary Value Problems]] * [[Introduction to Elasticity]] * [[The Prime Sequence Problem]] * [[Wikipedia: Complex analysis]] *[[Complex number]] [[Category:Complex analysis| ]] [[Category:Mathematics courses]] [[Category:Mathematics]] <noinclude>[[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie]]</noinclude> e5sjk073uwssc0wucly90fjunemwj51 2689989 2689977 2024-12-02T15:56:06Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals */ 2689989 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Complex analysis''' is a study of functions of a complex variable. This is a one quarter course in complex analysis at the undergraduate level. ==Articles== * [[Algebra II]] * [[Dummy variable]] * [[Materials Science and Engineering/Equations/Quantum Mechanics]] == Slides for Lectures == === Chapter 1 - Intoduction === * '''[[Complex Numbers/From real to complex numbers|Complex Numbers]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Numbers/From%20real%20to%20complex%20numbers&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Complex%20Numbers&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Heine–Borel_theorem|Heine-Borel Theorem]] * '''[[Riemann sphere|Riemann sphere]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Riemann%20sphere&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Riemann%20sphere&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root|Exponentiation and roots]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Exponentiation_and_square_root&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 2 - Topological Foundations === * '''[[Complex Analysis/Sequences and series|Sequences and series]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Sequences%20and%20series&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Sequences%20and%20series&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[/Power series/]] * '''[[Inverse-producing extensions of Topological Algebras/topological algebra|Topological algebra]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=topological%20algebra&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[w:en:Topological space|Topological space]] - Definition: [[Norms, metrics, topology#Definition:_topology|Topology]] * '''[[Norms, metrics, topology|Norms, metrics, topology]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 3 - Complex Derivative === * '''[[Holomorphic function|Holomorphic function]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphic%20function&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphic%20function&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Partial derivative|Partial Derivative]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Partial%20derivative&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Partial%20Derivative&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Cauchy-Riemann Equations (CRE)]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals === * '''[[Line integral|Line integral in <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math>]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[Curves]] ** [[w:en:Holomorphic function|Wikipedia: Holomorphic function]] ** [[w:en:Integral|Wikipedia: Integral]] * [[/Line Integral/]] ==Lectures== * [[/Cauchy-Riemann equations/]] * [[Cauchy Theorem for a triangle]] * [[Complex analytic function]] * [[Complex Numbers]] * [[Divergent series]] * [[Estimation lemma]] * [[Fourier series]] * [[Fourier transform]] * [[Fourier transforms]] * [[Laplace transform]] * [[Riemann hypothesis]] * [[The Real and Complex Number System]] * [[Warping functions]] ==Sample exams== [[/Sample Midterm Exam 1/]] [[/Sample Midterm Exam 2/]] ==See also== * [[Boundary Value Problems]] * [[Introduction to Elasticity]] * [[The Prime Sequence Problem]] * [[Wikipedia: Complex analysis]] *[[Complex number]] [[Category:Complex analysis| ]] [[Category:Mathematics courses]] [[Category:Mathematics]] <noinclude>[[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie]]</noinclude> gwrw088xstnc8ipakvh9zv8di50cks5 2689995 2689989 2024-12-02T16:46:51Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals */ 2689995 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Complex analysis''' is a study of functions of a complex variable. This is a one quarter course in complex analysis at the undergraduate level. ==Articles== * [[Algebra II]] * [[Dummy variable]] * [[Materials Science and Engineering/Equations/Quantum Mechanics]] == Slides for Lectures == === Chapter 1 - Intoduction === * '''[[Complex Numbers/From real to complex numbers|Complex Numbers]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Numbers/From%20real%20to%20complex%20numbers&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Complex%20Numbers&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Heine–Borel_theorem|Heine-Borel Theorem]] * '''[[Riemann sphere|Riemann sphere]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Riemann%20sphere&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Riemann%20sphere&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root|Exponentiation and roots]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Exponentiation_and_square_root&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 2 - Topological Foundations === * '''[[Complex Analysis/Sequences and series|Sequences and series]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Sequences%20and%20series&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Sequences%20and%20series&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[/Power series/]] * '''[[Inverse-producing extensions of Topological Algebras/topological algebra|Topological algebra]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=topological%20algebra&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[w:en:Topological space|Topological space]] - Definition: [[Norms, metrics, topology#Definition:_topology|Topology]] * '''[[Norms, metrics, topology|Norms, metrics, topology]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 3 - Complex Derivative === * '''[[Holomorphic function|Holomorphic function]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphic%20function&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphic%20function&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Partial derivative|Partial Derivative]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Partial%20derivative&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Partial%20Derivative&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Cauchy-Riemann Equations (CRE)]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals === * '''[[Line integral|Line integral in <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math>]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[/Curves/]] ** [[w:en:Holomorphic function|Wikipedia: Holomorphic function]] ** [[w:en:Integral|Wikipedia: Integral]] * [[/Line Integral/]] ==Lectures== * [[/Cauchy-Riemann equations/]] * [[Cauchy Theorem for a triangle]] * [[Complex analytic function]] * [[Complex Numbers]] * [[Divergent series]] * [[Estimation lemma]] * [[Fourier series]] * [[Fourier transform]] * [[Fourier transforms]] * [[Laplace transform]] * [[Riemann hypothesis]] * [[The Real and Complex Number System]] * [[Warping functions]] ==Sample exams== [[/Sample Midterm Exam 1/]] [[/Sample Midterm Exam 2/]] ==See also== * [[Boundary Value Problems]] * [[Introduction to Elasticity]] * [[The Prime Sequence Problem]] * [[Wikipedia: Complex analysis]] *[[Complex number]] [[Category:Complex analysis| ]] [[Category:Mathematics courses]] [[Category:Mathematics]] <noinclude>[[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie]]</noinclude> iq1jkukm3vn0d7r8iqssv1zu46wlv6a 0 139384 2690074 2689392 2024-12-03T10:14:08Z Young1lim 21186 /* Adder */ 2690074 wikitext text/x-wiki == Adder == * Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:Adder.20131113.pdf|pdf]] ) {| class="wikitable" |- ! Adder type !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design !! CMOS Level Design |- | '''1. Ripple Carry Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20211108.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.rca.20140313.pdf|pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]] |- | '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CLA.20221130.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.cla.20140313.pdf|pdf]]|| |- | '''3. Carry Save Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''4. Carry Select Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''5. Carry Skip Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20241202.pdf|A]]|| || || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]] |- || '''6. Carry Chain Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf|pdf]], [[Media:Adder.cca.20140313.pdf|pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf|pdf]] |- || '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.ksa.20140409.pdf|pdf]]|| |- || '''8. Prefix Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''9.1 Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.VBA.20221110.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1B.VBA.20230911.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20240622.pdf|C]]|| || || |- || '''9.2 Multi-Level Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA-Multi.20221031.pdf|A]]|| || || |} </br> === Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === * FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf|pdf]]) * Carry-Skip Adder </br> == Barrel Shifter == * Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:Bshift.20131105.pdf|bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:Bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf|bshfit.makefile]]) </br> '''Mux Based Barrel Shifter''' * Analysis ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf|pdf]]) * Implementation </br> == Multiplier == === Array Multipliers === * Analysis ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Tree Mulltipliers === * Lattice Multiplication ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf|pdf]]) * Wallace Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf|pdf]]) * Dadda Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Booth Multipliers === * [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf|Booth Encoding Note]] * Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf|H1.pdf]]) </br> == Divider == * Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf|pdf]])</br> </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Digital Circuit Design]] [[Category:FPGA]] 94gzryt3xmz9vjq60ied4kmx7bovpde 2690076 2690074 2024-12-03T10:15:44Z Young1lim 21186 /* Adder */ 2690076 wikitext text/x-wiki == Adder == * Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:Adder.20131113.pdf|pdf]] ) {| class="wikitable" |- ! Adder type !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design !! CMOS Level Design |- | '''1. Ripple Carry Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20211108.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.rca.20140313.pdf|pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]] |- | '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CLA.20221130.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.cla.20140313.pdf|pdf]]|| |- | '''3. Carry Save Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''4. Carry Select Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''5. Carry Skip Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20241203.pdf|A]]|| || || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]] |- || '''6. Carry Chain Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf|pdf]], [[Media:Adder.cca.20140313.pdf|pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf|pdf]] |- || '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.ksa.20140409.pdf|pdf]]|| |- || '''8. Prefix Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''9.1 Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.VBA.20221110.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1B.VBA.20230911.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20240622.pdf|C]]|| || || |- || '''9.2 Multi-Level Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA-Multi.20221031.pdf|A]]|| || || |} </br> === Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === * FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf|pdf]]) * Carry-Skip Adder </br> == Barrel Shifter == * Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:Bshift.20131105.pdf|bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:Bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf|bshfit.makefile]]) </br> '''Mux Based Barrel Shifter''' * Analysis ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf|pdf]]) * Implementation </br> == Multiplier == === Array Multipliers === * Analysis ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Tree Mulltipliers === * Lattice Multiplication ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf|pdf]]) * Wallace Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf|pdf]]) * Dadda Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Booth Multipliers === * [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf|Booth Encoding Note]] * Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf|H1.pdf]]) </br> == Divider == * Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf|pdf]])</br> </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Digital Circuit Design]] [[Category:FPGA]] rbuvoz7eq9goa5buvs4zt91gtnauz8p 4 162205 2690034 2688833 2024-12-02T22:22:55Z MediaWiki message delivery 983498 /* Tech News: 2024-49 */ new section 2690034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Archive box|[[/2014/]] · [[/2015/]] · [[/2016/]] · [[/2017/]] · [[/2018/]] · [[/2019/]] · [[/2020/]] · [[/2021/]] · [[/2022/]]}} __TOC__ {{Clear}} == Tech News: 2023-02 == <section begin="technews-2023-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use tags to filter edits in the recent changes feed or on your watchlist. You can now use tags to filter out edits you don't want to see. Previously you could only use tags to focus on the edits with those tags. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174349] * [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] shows all pages that link to a specific page. There is now a [https://wlh.toolforge.org prototype] for how to sort those pages alphabetically. You can see the discussion in the [[phab:T4306|Phabricator ticket]]. * You can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thanks]] function on your watchlist and the user contribution page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51541] * A wiki page can be moved to give it a new name. You can now get a dropdown menu with common reasons when you move a page. This is so you don't have to write the explanation every time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325257] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Matrix.org|Matrix]] is a chat tool. You can now use <code>matrix:</code> to create Matrix links on wiki pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326021] * You can filter out translations when you look at the recent changes on multilingual wikis. This didn't hide translation pages. You can now also hide subpages which are translation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233493] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime preview for wikitext]] is a tool which lets editors preview the page when they edit wikitext. It will be enabled for all users of the 2010 wikitext editor. You will find it in the editor toolbar. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W02"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:07, 10 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24342971 --> == Tech News: 2023-03 == <section begin="technews-2023-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in "{{int:last}}" links on page history now contain <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=prev&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi> in place of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=[revision ID]&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi>. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on <code>{{ns:1}}:</code> and <code>{{ns:3}}:</code> namespaces. These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as <code>{{ns:5}}:</code>. They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including <code>{{ns:4}}:</code> pages (e.g., at the Village Pump). You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417] *On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:10, 17 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24381020 --> == Tech News: 2023-04 == <section begin="technews-2023-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907] * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:46, 23 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24418874 --> == Tech News: 2023-05 == <section begin="technews-2023-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:05, 31 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24455949 --> == Tech News: 2023-06 == <section begin="technews-2023-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433] * Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as "What links here" in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692] *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins=…</code></bdi> for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10:21, 6 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24491749 --> == Tech News: 2023-07 == <section begin="technews-2023-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:48, 14 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24540832 --> == Tech News: 2023-08 == <section begin="technews-2023-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). *The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February. '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:57, 21 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24570514 --> == Tech News: 2023-09 == <section begin="technews-2023-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 27 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24634242 --> == Tech News: 2023-10 == <section begin="technews-2023-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023. * On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:49, 6 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24676916 --> == Tech News: 2023-11 == <section begin="technews-2023-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:20, 13 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24700189 --> == Tech News: 2023-12 == <section begin="technews-2023-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:25, 21 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24732558 --> == Tech News: 2023-13 == <section begin="technews-2023-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609] * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521] * Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:13, 28 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24780854 --> == Tech News: 2023-14 == <section begin="technews-2023-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.hoverIntent</code></bdi> module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hover()</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>on()</code></bdi> instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194] * Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242] * You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__ARCHIVEDTALK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. There will also be a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mw-archivedtalk</code></bdi> CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221] '''Future changes''' * The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:39, 3 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24820268 --> == Tech News: 2023-15 == <section begin="technews-2023-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the "{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}" option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 10 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24851886 --> == Tech News: 2023-16 == <section begin="technews-2023-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature "{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}". Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for "{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}" for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246] '''Problems''' * At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:54, 18 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24881071 --> == Tech News: 2023-17 == <section begin="technews-2023-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316] '''Problems''' * Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940] * For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794] '''Changes later this week''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:03, 24 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24933592 --> == Tech News: 2023-18 == <section begin="technews-2023-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits] * The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:45, 2 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24966974 --> == Tech News: 2023-19 == <section begin="technews-2023-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>wikitext</code></bdi> as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html5</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>moin</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html+handlebars</code></bdi>, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&section=new&preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>preload=MediaWiki:July</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337] '''Problems''' * Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like <bdi lang="de" dir="ltr">[[w:de:Modul:Graph]]</bdi>. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750] '''Future changes''' * During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805] * There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] <code>jquery.tipsy</code> will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with <code>.tipsy(</code> can be commented out. <code>OO.ui.PopupWidget</code> can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:36, 9 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24998636 --> == Tech News: 2023-20 == <section begin="technews-2023-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] '''Future changes''' * There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi>. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:45, 15 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25011501 --> == Tech News: 2023-21 == <section begin="technews-2023-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The "recent edits" time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250] '''Changes later this week''' * An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W21"/> 16:55, 22 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25028325 --> == Tech News: 2023-22 == <section begin="technews-2023-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has "{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}" options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - "check all" checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252] '''Problems''' * For a few days earlier this month, the "Add interlanguage link" item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:03, 29 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25079963 --> == Tech News: 2023-23 == <section begin="technews-2023-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750] * Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for "{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}". This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081] '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:52, 5 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25114640 --> == Tech News: 2023-24 == <section begin="technews-2023-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341] * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937] * The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064] '''Problems''' * For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended <code><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></code> (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101] * Currently, the "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing <code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code> keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#wpReason</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;"><code>#wpReason > input</code></bdi>. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&diff=22859956&oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''Future changes''' * From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:51, 12 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25133779 --> == Tech News: 2023-25 == <section begin="technews-2023-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing <code>\</code> or pressing <code>ctrl + shift + p</code>. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W25"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:08, 19 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25159510 --> == Tech News: 2023-26 == <section begin="technews-2023-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>/</code></bdi> to all <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prop=extlinks</code></bdi> responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the <code>externallinks</code> database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994] '''Problems''' * Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mbox-text</code></bdi> CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|targets=</code></bdi> parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|skins=</code></bdi> parameter in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition</bdi>) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268] * All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126] * The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W26"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:18, 26 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25202311 --> == Tech News: 2023-27 == <section begin="technews-2023-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W27"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:51, 3 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25231546 --> == Tech News: 2023-28 == <section begin="technews-2023-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159] * [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431] * The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&messages=&x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the "Completion" for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810] * [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218] '''Future changes''' * There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] * There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W28"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:54, 10 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25278797 --> == Tech News: 2023-29 == <section begin="technews-2023-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[w:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-ca</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-gb</code></bdi> subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthsetmentorstatus</code></bdi> API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthmanagementorlist</code></bdi> API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W29"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:08, 17 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25289122 --> == Tech News: 2023-30 == <section begin="technews-2023-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W30"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:20, 25 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25332248 --> == Tech News: 2023-31 == <section begin="technews-2023-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates. * The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338] * The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open "office hours"|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] '''Problems''' * It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:54, 31 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25362228 --> == Tech News: 2023-32 == <section begin="technews-2023-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on "{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}" in your settings and use the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" button in the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:20, 7 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25420038 --> == Tech News: 2023-33 == <section begin="technews-2023-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] <!-- TODO replace wiki codes --> '''Future changes''' * A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:59, 15 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25428668 --> == Tech News: 2023-34 == <section begin="technews-2023-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868] * From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages. ** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created: *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|<code>wikt:blk:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540] *** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|<code>s:su:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539] ** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are: *** Wikifunctions ([[f:|<code>f:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|<code>wikt:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|<code>w:gpe:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969] *** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|<code>n:guw:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|<code>wikt:kbd:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|<code>w:fat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W34"/> 15:25, 21 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25497111 --> == Tech News: 2023-35 == <section begin="technews-2023-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166] * Wikisource users can now use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpbengalicurrency</code></bdi> label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><pagelist></nowiki></code></bdi> tag. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932] * Two preferences have been relocated. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}" is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|"{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab at some wikis. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}" is now also shown on the "{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab at all wikis, instead of the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]</bdi>, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]]. * All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><=></code></bdi> symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]]. * A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:00, 28 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25510866 --> == Tech News: 2023-36 == <section begin="technews-2023-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294] * One new wiki has been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|<code>w:tly:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:33, 4 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25566983 --> == Tech News: 2023-37 == <section begin="technews-2023-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, "{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}" and "{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}"), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115] * When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called "[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]". Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely "newsworthy" topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:07, 11 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25589064 --> == Tech News: 2023-38 == <section begin="technews-2023-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:19, 18 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25623533 --> == Tech News: 2023-39 == <section begin="technews-2023-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui</nowiki></code></bdi> modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there. * Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "namespaces" option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces. '''Future changes''' * New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_groups</bdi></code> and <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_editcount</bdi></code>. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 26 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25655264 --> == Tech News: 2023-40 == <section begin="technews-2023-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for "{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}". This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "<var>contentModels</var>" option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">wikitext</bdi></code> or <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">css</bdi></code>. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:26, 3 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25686930 --> == Tech News: 2023-41 == <section begin="technews-2023-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|<code>w:fon:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139] * At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under "Images recommendations" [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#page-actions</nowiki></code></bdi> will be replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-views</nowiki></code></bdi>. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W41"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:39, 9 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25712895 --> == Tech News: 2023-42 == <section begin="technews-2023-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click "Log in" or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-namespaces</nowiki></code></bdi> that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the "Discussion" tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 16 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25745824 --> == Tech News: 2023-43 == <section begin="technews-2023-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:16, 23 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25782286 --> == Tech News: 2023-44 == <section begin="technews-2023-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]). * The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] * Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]]. * The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 30 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25801989 --> == Tech News: 2023-45 == <section begin="technews-2023-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:05, 6 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25838105 --> == Tech News: 2023-46 == <section begin="technews-2023-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Four new wikis have been created: ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|<code>w:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|<code>w:dga:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|<code>w:bbc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320] ** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|<code>q:bjn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217] '''Problems''' * Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695] * Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>meta.domain == "canary"</nowiki></code></bdi>. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:52, 13 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25859263 --> == Tech News: 2023-47 == <section begin="technews-2023-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] * The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:55, 21 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25884616 --> == Tech News: 2023-48 == <section begin="technews-2023-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499] * The deployment of "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]" announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:08, 27 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25906379 --> == Tech News: 2023-49 == <section begin="technews-2023-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754] * The "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code></bdi> keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for "{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}" will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__NEWSECTIONLINK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/] * Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]]. '''Events''' * Registration & Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:50, 4 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25914435 --> == Tech News: 2023-50 == <section begin="technews-2023-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the "choosing own vs not own work" step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709] '''Problems''' * There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the "impact module" and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:12, 12 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25945501 --> == Tech News: 2023-51 == <section begin="technews-2023-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The "Move Page" feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]]. * The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:17, 18 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25959059 --> == Tech News: 2024-02 == <section begin="technews-2024-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W02"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:19, 9 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26026251 --> == Tech News: 2024-03 == <section begin="technews-2024-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as "ES2015") and ES7 ("ES2016"). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>requiresES6</nowiki></code></bdi> option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957] * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388] * An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> module was deprecated and replaced with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi> module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966] '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:13, 16 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26074460 --> == Tech News: 2024-04 == <section begin="technews-2024-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:03, 23 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26096197 --> == Tech News: 2024-05 == <section begin="technews-2024-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].<!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011] * There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the "Tools" menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>targets</code></bdi> option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins</code></bdi> option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:31, 29 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26137870 --> == Tech News: 2024-06 == <section begin="technews-2024-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]]. *On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about "action blocks"]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199] '''Future changes''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:22, 5 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26180971 --> == Tech News: 2024-07 == <section begin="technews-2024-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation] '''Problems''' *There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:48, 13 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26223994 --> == Tech News: 2024-08 == <section begin="technews-2024-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you have the "{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}" option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984] * There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively. *Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]]. *The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid. * The CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]</code></bdi> property can now be used in HTML <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>style</code></bdi> attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:36, 19 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26254282 --> == Tech News: 2024-09 == <section begin="technews-2024-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value <code>wgGlobalGroups</code> now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get("wgGlobalGroups")))</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>changetags</code></bdi>) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:23, 26 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26294125 --> == Tech News: 2024-10 == <section begin="technews-2024-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Special:Book</code></bdi> page (as well as the associated "Create a book" functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437] * [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace. Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details. * Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget_definition</code></bdi> namespaces and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>gadgets-definition-edit</code></bdi> user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272] * A usability improvement to the "Add a citation" in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233] * The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?useparsoid=1</code></bdi> to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]). * '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:47, 4 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26329807 --> == Tech News: 2024-11 == <section begin="technews-2024-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498] *The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 11 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26374013 --> == Tech News: 2024-12 == <section begin="technews-2024-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The notice "Language links are at the top of the page" that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/] * Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:39, 18 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26410165 --> == Tech News: 2024-13 == <section begin="technews-2024-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:56, 25 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26446209 --> == Tech News: 2024-14 == <section begin="technews-2024-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:36, 2 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26462933 --> == Tech News: 2024-15 == <section begin="technews-2024-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey. * Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727] * Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:37, 8 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == Tech News: 2024-16 == <section begin="technews-2024-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the "{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}" tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435] * A new variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>page_last_edit_age</code></bdi> will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769] '''Future changes''' * Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter_history</code></bdi> tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:29, 15 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == Tech News: 2024-17 == <section begin="technews-2024-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086] * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:28, 22 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26647188 --> == Tech News: 2024-18 == <section begin="technews-2024-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491] * Seven new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|<code>w:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|<code>w:kus:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|<code>w:igl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|<code>wikt:kaa:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|<code>s:my:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|<code>s:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|<code>s:ka:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085] * You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501] * Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]]. '''Problems''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mapstyle="osm"</nowiki></code></bdi>. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:33, 30 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26689057 --> == Tech News: 2024-19 == <section begin="technews-2024-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the <code>SiteAdminHelper</code>. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled "All public logs", but it only shows some logs. This label will now say "Main public logs". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729] '''Future changes''' * A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension. * Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]". This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:44, 6 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26729363 --> == Tech News: 2024-20 == <section begin="technews-2024-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__</code></bdi> to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214] * If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] "{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}", then the template-page feature "{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}" will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907] * [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. This is identical in usage to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137] * The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]" feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295] '''Future changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]</code></bdi> database table (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_title</code></bdi>) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]</code></bdi> table instead (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_title</code></bdi>). In your existing SQL queries: *# Replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN linktarget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_</code></bdi> in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>ON</code></bdi> statement *# Below that add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id</code></bdi> ** See <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T222224]]</bdi> for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:58, 13 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26762074 --> == Tech News: 2024-21 == <section begin="technews-2024-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351] * New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 20 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26786311 --> == Tech News: 2024-22 == <section begin="technews-2024-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.collapsible</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.multicol</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.reflist</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.coordinates</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.topicon</code></bdi>. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:15, 28 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26832205 --> == Tech News: 2024-23 == <section begin="technews-2024-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086] * The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>" to "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>". [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|<code>w:dtp:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:35, 3 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26844397 --> == Tech News: 2024-24 == <section begin="technews-2024-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-reference-text</code></bdi> class, Parsoid now also adds the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>reference-text</code></bdi> class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705] '''Problems''' * There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><span class="mw-cite-backlink"></nowiki></code></bdi> wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] * On multilingual wikis that use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><translate></nowiki></code></bdi> system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:20, 10 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26893898 --> == Tech News: 2024-25 == <section begin="technews-2024-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954] * The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370] '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph] * Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]<!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W25"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:48, 17 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26911987 --> == Tech News: 2024-26 == <section begin="technews-2024-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717] * The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515] '''Problems''' * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W26"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:32, 24 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26989424 --> == Tech News: 2024-27 == <section begin="technews-2024-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364] * Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] * If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode] * Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458] * Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|<code>w:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] '''Problems''' * Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119] '''Future changes''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W27"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:59, 1 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27038456 --> == Tech News: 2024-28 == <section begin="technews-2024-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. * Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia. * Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects. '''Problems''' * A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. '''Future changes''' * The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W28"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:31, 8 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27080357 --> == Tech News: 2024-29 == <section begin="technews-2024-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page. * The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]]. * Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]]. * Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. '''Changes later this week''' * This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895] * Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W29"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:31, 16 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27124561 --> == Tech News: 2024-30 == <section begin="technews-2024-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available. '''Feature News''' * Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public. * Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] * Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329] * Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. * Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/] '''Project Updates''' * Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language. '''Learn more''' * Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. * How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W30"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:04, 23 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27142915 --> == Tech News: 2024-31 == <section begin="technews-2024-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]]. '''Bugs status''' * Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing. * Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week. '''Project updates''' * There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]]. * There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|<code>voy:cs:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] '''Learn more''' * There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times. * There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images. * Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:10, 29 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27164109 --> == Tech News: 2024-32 == <section begin="technews-2024-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. These will reduce the need for <code>Template:Dir</code> and <code>Template:BCP47</code> on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the "what links here" database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623] * Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces. * The tracking category "Pages using Timeline" has been renamed to "Pages using the EasyTimeline extension" [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. '''Project updates''' * Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. '''Learn more''' * There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]]. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available. * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:43, 5 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27233905 --> == Tech News: 2024-33 == <section begin="technews-2024-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses. '''Project updates''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|<code>w:bdr:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 12 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27253654 --> == Tech News: 2024-34 == <section begin="technews-2024-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]]. * Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">categories</bdi></code> property of <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]</bdi></code>. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372] '''Bugs status''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with <code>Talk:WP:</code> so that their titles start with <code>Wikipedia talk:</code>), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]</bdi> instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]]. * Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee. '''Learn more''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W34"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:54, 20 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27307284 --> == Tech News: 2024-35 == <section begin="technews-2024-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. * Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Bugs status''' * Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization. * Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013. '''Learn more''' * If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]]. * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:33, 26 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27341211 --> == Tech News: 2024-36 == <section begin="technews-2024-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts. '''Feature news''' * Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|<code dir="ltr"><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__</nowiki></code>]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633] * Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243] * Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]]. '''Project updates''' * A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded. '''Learn more''' * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:07, 3 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27390268 --> == Tech News: 2024-37 == <section begin="technews-2024-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>entity:getSitelink()</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)</code></bdi> will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356] '''Project updates''' * Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] * Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS</code></bdi> namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mos</code></bdi>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:52, 9 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27424457 --> == Tech News: 2024-38 == <section begin="technews-2024-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available. '''Improvements and Maintenance''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]]. * The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag "Edit Check (references) activated" was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692] * It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-message-box</code></bdi> need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&regex=1&namespaces=&title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>cdx-message</code></bdi> group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&diff=prev&oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499] '''Technical project updates''' * Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] '''Tech in depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task. ** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:02, 17 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27460876 --> == Tech News: 2024-39 == <section begin="technews-2024-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]] * Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]". Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]]. * The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax <code><nowiki>{{…}}</nowiki></code> are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166] * Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223] * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: ** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too. ** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content. '''In depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the "[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]" and "[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]" subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:36, 23 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27493779 --> == Tech News: 2024-40 == <section begin="technews-2024-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month. * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding <code dir=ltr>?veaction=editsource</code> to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796] * For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the "donate" link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to "Create an account". This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585] * The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]]. * View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis. '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/] '''Meetings and events''' * October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa * November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:20, 30 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27530062 --> == Tech News: 2024-41 == <section begin="technews-2024-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new "Revert Risk" machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934] '''Updates for editors''' * Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422] * View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * It is now possible for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code></bdi> code blocks to offer readers a "Copy" button if the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>copy=1</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932] * Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]]. * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|<code>w:kge:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|<code>m:mos:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|<code>wikt:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|<code>q:gor:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|<code>n:shn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W41"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:42, 7 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27557422 --> == Tech News: 2024-42 == <section begin="technews-2024-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722] * WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''hastemplate''</bdi> and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''incategory''</bdi> keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29] * View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the "search engine" option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a <code><nowiki><bdi></nowiki></code> element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975] '''In depth''' * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:21, 14 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27597254 --> == Tech News: 2024-43 == <section begin="technews-2024-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the "Donate" button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years. [[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]] '''Updates for editors''' * Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]]. * Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]]. * View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556] * It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new <code dir="ltr">{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}</code> parser function. For example, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#timef:now|date|en}}</nowiki></code> will show as "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#timef:now|date|en}}</bdi>". Previously, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#time:…}}</nowiki></code> could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. <code dir="ltr">#timef</code> (or <code dir="ltr">#timefl</code> for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{USERLANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code> instead of using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{int:lang}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects. * The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content. '''Meetings and events''' * 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel. * 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:52, 21 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27634672 --> == Tech News: 2024-44 == <section begin="technews-2024-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia]. * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set <code>emitTransitionOnStep</code> to <code>true</code> to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag <code>allowAutomaticBack</code> to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528] * Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the "Nuke" tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:56, 28 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27668811 --> == Tech News: 2024-45 == <section begin="technews-2024-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949] * Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help. * The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446] * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/] '''In depth''' * Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:50, 4 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27693917 --> == Tech News: 2024-46 == <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:07, 12 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27732268 --> == Tech News: 2024-47 == <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:00, 19 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27806858 --> == Tech News: 2024-48 == <section begin="technews-2024-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. * The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>B</code></bdi> for bold and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>I</code></bdi> for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928] * Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>bswiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>elwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>euwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiquote</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiversity</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikivoyage</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>idwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>lvwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>plwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>ptwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>urwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>viwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwikisource</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to "protected" [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>,</code></bdi> and un-selecting "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Live Autocompletion</bdi>". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:42, 25 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27847039 --> == Tech News: 2024-49 == <section begin="technews-2024-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Two new parser functions were added this week. The <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the <code>mos</code> language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]]. * Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/] * Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>arwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>cawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>mediawikiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>orwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiktionary</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wikidatawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwiki</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910] * This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the "Download as PDF" system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:22, 2 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27873992 --> bubc8l6og11ygs1q0xlspnvq5o7dfcs 0 171005 2690087 2689608 2024-12-03T10:50:08Z Young1lim 21186 /* Geometric Series Examples */ 2690087 wikitext text/x-wiki Many of the functions that arise naturally in mathematics and real world applications can be extended to and regarded as complex functions, meaning the input, as well as the output, can be complex numbers <math>x+iy</math>, where <math>i=\sqrt{-1}</math>, in such a way that it is a more natural object to study. '''Complex analysis''', which used to be known as '''function theory''' or '''theory of functions of a single complex variable''', is a sub-field of analysis that studies such functions (more specifically, '''holomorphic''' functions) on the complex plane, or part (domain) or extension (Riemann surface) thereof. It notably has great importance in number theory, e.g. the [[Riemann zeta function]] (for the distribution of primes) and other <math>L</math>-functions, modular forms, elliptic functions, etc. <blockquote>The shortest path between two truths in the real domain passes through the complex domain. — [[wikipedia:Jacques_Hadamard|Jacques Hadamard]]</blockquote>In a certain sense, the essence of complex functions is captured by the principle of [[analytic continuation]].{{mathematics}} ==''' Complex Functions '''== * Complex Functions ([[Media:CAnal.1.A.CFunction.20140222.Basic.pdf|1.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.B.CFunction.20140111.Octave.pdf|1.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.C.CFunction.20140111.Extend.pdf|1.C.pdf]]) * Complex Exponential and Logarithm ([[Media:CAnal.5.A.CLog.20131017.pdf|5.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.5.A.Octave.pdf|5.B.pdf]]) * Complex Trigonometric and Hyperbolic ([[Media:CAnal.7.A.CTrigHyper..pdf|7.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.7.A.Octave..pdf|7.B.pdf]]) '''Complex Function Note''' : 1. Exp and Log Function Note ([[Media:ComplexExp.29160721.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 2. Trig and TrigH Function Note ([[Media:CAnal.Trig-H.29160901.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 3. Inverse Trig and TrigH Functions Note ([[Media:CAnal.Hyper.29160829.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Integrals '''== * Complex Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.2.A.CIntegral.20140224.Basic.pdf|2.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.B.CIntegral.20140117.Octave.pdf|2.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.C.CIntegral.20140117.Extend.pdf|2.C.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Series '''== * Complex Series ([[Media:CPX.Series.20150226.2.Basic.pdf|3.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.B.CSeries.20140121.Octave.pdf|3.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.C.CSeries.20140303.Extend.pdf|3.C.pdf]]) ==''' Residue Integrals '''== * Residue Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.4.A.Residue.20140227.Basic.pdf|4.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.B.pdf|4.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.C.Residue.20140423.Extend.pdf|4.C.pdf]]) ==='''Residue Integrals Note'''=== * Laurent Series with the Residue Theorem Note ([[Media:Laurent.1.Residue.20170713.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series with Applications Note ([[Media:Laurent.2.Applications.20170327.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series and the z-Transform Note ([[Media:Laurent.3.z-Trans.20170831.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series as a Geometric Series Note ([[Media:Laurent.4.GSeries.20170802.pdf|H1.pdf]]) === Laurent Series and the z-Transform Example Note === * Overview ([[Media:Laurent.4.z-Example.20170926.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ====Geometric Series Examples==== * Causality ([[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.A.20191026n.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.B.20191026.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Time Shift ([[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.A.20191028.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.B.20191029.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Reciprocity ([[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3A.20191030.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3B.20191031.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Combinations ([[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4A.20200702.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4B.20201002.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5A.20220105.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5B.20220126.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Permutations ([[Media:Laurent.6.Permutation.6A.20230711.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6B.20241202.pdf|B.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6C.20240528.pdf|C.pdf]]) * Applications ([[Media:Laurent.5.Application.6B.20220723.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Double Pole Case :- Examples ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7A.20220722.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7B.20220720.pdf|B.pdf]]) :- Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5A.20190226.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5B.20190228.pdf|B.pdf]]) ====The Case Examples==== * Example Overview : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.0.A.20171208.pdf|0A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.6.CaseExample.0.B.20180205.pdf|0B.pdf]]) * Example Case 1 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.A.20171107.pdf|1A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.B.20171227.pdf|1B.pdf]]) * Example Case 2 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.A.20171107.pdf|2A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.B.20171227.pdf|2B.pdf]]) * Example Case 3 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.A.20171017.pdf|3A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.B.20171226.pdf|3B.pdf]]) * Example Case 4 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.A.20171017.pdf|4A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.B.20171228.pdf|4B.pdf]]) * Example Summary : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.A.20171212.pdf|5A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.B.20171230.pdf|5B.pdf]]) ==''' Conformal Mapping '''== * Conformal Mapping ([[Media:CAnal.6.A.Conformal.20131224.pdf|6.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.6.A.Octave..pdf|6.B.pdf]]) go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Complex analysis]] 354tirbmqtfsjrlaz0fky0vq22dd3ef 2690089 2690087 2024-12-03T10:53:44Z Young1lim 21186 /* Geometric Series Examples */ 2690089 wikitext text/x-wiki Many of the functions that arise naturally in mathematics and real world applications can be extended to and regarded as complex functions, meaning the input, as well as the output, can be complex numbers <math>x+iy</math>, where <math>i=\sqrt{-1}</math>, in such a way that it is a more natural object to study. '''Complex analysis''', which used to be known as '''function theory''' or '''theory of functions of a single complex variable''', is a sub-field of analysis that studies such functions (more specifically, '''holomorphic''' functions) on the complex plane, or part (domain) or extension (Riemann surface) thereof. It notably has great importance in number theory, e.g. the [[Riemann zeta function]] (for the distribution of primes) and other <math>L</math>-functions, modular forms, elliptic functions, etc. <blockquote>The shortest path between two truths in the real domain passes through the complex domain. — [[wikipedia:Jacques_Hadamard|Jacques Hadamard]]</blockquote>In a certain sense, the essence of complex functions is captured by the principle of [[analytic continuation]].{{mathematics}} ==''' Complex Functions '''== * Complex Functions ([[Media:CAnal.1.A.CFunction.20140222.Basic.pdf|1.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.B.CFunction.20140111.Octave.pdf|1.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.C.CFunction.20140111.Extend.pdf|1.C.pdf]]) * Complex Exponential and Logarithm ([[Media:CAnal.5.A.CLog.20131017.pdf|5.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.5.A.Octave.pdf|5.B.pdf]]) * Complex Trigonometric and Hyperbolic ([[Media:CAnal.7.A.CTrigHyper..pdf|7.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.7.A.Octave..pdf|7.B.pdf]]) '''Complex Function Note''' : 1. Exp and Log Function Note ([[Media:ComplexExp.29160721.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 2. Trig and TrigH Function Note ([[Media:CAnal.Trig-H.29160901.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 3. Inverse Trig and TrigH Functions Note ([[Media:CAnal.Hyper.29160829.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Integrals '''== * Complex Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.2.A.CIntegral.20140224.Basic.pdf|2.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.B.CIntegral.20140117.Octave.pdf|2.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.C.CIntegral.20140117.Extend.pdf|2.C.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Series '''== * Complex Series ([[Media:CPX.Series.20150226.2.Basic.pdf|3.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.B.CSeries.20140121.Octave.pdf|3.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.C.CSeries.20140303.Extend.pdf|3.C.pdf]]) ==''' Residue Integrals '''== * Residue Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.4.A.Residue.20140227.Basic.pdf|4.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.B.pdf|4.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.C.Residue.20140423.Extend.pdf|4.C.pdf]]) ==='''Residue Integrals Note'''=== * Laurent Series with the Residue Theorem Note ([[Media:Laurent.1.Residue.20170713.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series with Applications Note ([[Media:Laurent.2.Applications.20170327.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series and the z-Transform Note ([[Media:Laurent.3.z-Trans.20170831.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series as a Geometric Series Note ([[Media:Laurent.4.GSeries.20170802.pdf|H1.pdf]]) === Laurent Series and the z-Transform Example Note === * Overview ([[Media:Laurent.4.z-Example.20170926.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ====Geometric Series Examples==== * Causality ([[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.A.20191026n.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.B.20191026.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Time Shift ([[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.A.20191028.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.B.20191029.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Reciprocity ([[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3A.20191030.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3B.20191031.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Combinations ([[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4A.20200702.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4B.20201002.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5A.20220105.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5B.20220126.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Permutations ([[Media:Laurent.6.Permutation.6A.20230711.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6B.20241203.pdf|B.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6C.20240528.pdf|C.pdf]]) * Applications ([[Media:Laurent.5.Application.6B.20220723.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Double Pole Case :- Examples ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7A.20220722.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7B.20220720.pdf|B.pdf]]) :- Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5A.20190226.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5B.20190228.pdf|B.pdf]]) ====The Case Examples==== * Example Overview : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.0.A.20171208.pdf|0A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.6.CaseExample.0.B.20180205.pdf|0B.pdf]]) * Example Case 1 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.A.20171107.pdf|1A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.B.20171227.pdf|1B.pdf]]) * Example Case 2 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.A.20171107.pdf|2A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.B.20171227.pdf|2B.pdf]]) * Example Case 3 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.A.20171017.pdf|3A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.B.20171226.pdf|3B.pdf]]) * Example Case 4 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.A.20171017.pdf|4A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.B.20171228.pdf|4B.pdf]]) * Example Summary : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.A.20171212.pdf|5A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.B.20171230.pdf|5B.pdf]]) ==''' Conformal Mapping '''== * Conformal Mapping ([[Media:CAnal.6.A.Conformal.20131224.pdf|6.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.6.A.Octave..pdf|6.B.pdf]]) go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Complex analysis]] hix8ahmj6yi1xx97awj9rh4fq9cjy0a 0 203942 2690052 2689820 2024-12-03T04:11:15Z Young1lim 21186 /* Lambda Calculus */ 2690052 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== * Overview I ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.1.A.20160806.pdf |pdf]]) * Overview II ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.2.A.20160926.pdf |pdf]]) * Overview III ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.3.A.20161011.pdf |pdf]]) * Overview IV ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.4.A.20161104.pdf |pdf]]) * Overview V ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.5.A.20161108.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Applications== * Sudoku Background ([[Media:Sudoku.Background.0.A.20161108.pdf |pdf]]) * Bird's Implementation :- Specification ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.1.A.Spec.20170425.pdf |pdf]]) :- Rules ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.2.A.Rule.20170201.pdf |pdf]]) :- Pruning ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.3.A.Pruning.20170211.pdf |pdf]]) :- Expanding ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.4.A.Expand.20170506.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Using GHCi== * Getting started ([[Media:GHCi.Start.1.A.20170605.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Using Libraries== * Library ([[Media:Library.1.A.20170605.pdf |pdf]]) </br> </br> ==Types== * Constructors ([[Media:Background.1.A.Constructor.20180904.pdf |pdf]]) * TypeClasses ([[Media:Background.1.B.TypeClass.20180904.pdf |pdf]]) * Types ([[Media:MP3.1A.Mut.Type.20200721.pdf |pdf]]) * Primitive Types ([[Media:MP3.1B.Mut.PrimType.20200611.pdf |pdf]]) * Polymorphic Types ([[Media:MP3.1C.Mut.Polymorphic.20201212.pdf |pdf]]) ==Functions== * Functions ([[Media:Background.1.C.Function.20180712.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:Background.1.E.Operator.20180707.pdf |pdf]]) * Continuation Passing Style ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.Continuation.20220110.pdf |pdf]]) ==Expressions== * Expressions I ([[Media:Background.1.D.Expression.20180707.pdf |pdf]]) * Expressions II ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.Expression.20220628.pdf |pdf]]) * Non-terminating Expressions ([[Media:MP3.1F.Mut.Non-terminating.20220616.pdf |pdf]]) </br> </br> ==Lambda Calculus== * Lambda Calculus - informal description ([[Media:LCal.1A.informal.20220831.pdf |pdf]]) * Lambda Calculus - Formal definition ([[Media:LCal.2A.formal.20221015.pdf |pdf]]) * Expression Reduction ([[Media:LCal.3A.reduction.20220920.pdf |pdf]]) * Normal Forms ([[Media:LCal.4A.Normal.20220903.pdf |pdf]]) * Encoding Datatypes :- Church Numerals ([[Media:LCal.5A.Numeral.20230627.pdf |pdf]]) :- Church Booleans ([[Media:LCal.6A.Boolean.20230815.pdf |pdf]]) :- Functions ([[Media:LCal.7A.Function.20231230.pdf |pdf]]) :- Combinators ([[Media:LCal.8A.Combinator.20241202.pdf |pdf]]) :- Recursions ([[Media:LCal.9A.Recursion.20241202.pdf |pdf]]) </br> </br> ==Function Oriented Typeclasses== === Functors === * Functor Overview ([[Media:Functor.1.A.Overview.20180802.pdf |pdf]]) * Function Functor ([[Media:Functor.2.A.Function.20180804.pdf |pdf]]) * Functor Lifting ([[Media:Functor.2.B.Lifting.20180721.pdf |pdf]]) === Applicatives === * Applicatives Overview ([[Media:Applicative.3.A.Overview.20180606.pdf |pdf]]) * Applicatives Methods ([[Media:Applicative.3.B.Method.20180519.pdf |pdf]]) * Function Applicative ([[Media:Applicative.3.A.Function.20180804.pdf |pdf]]) * Applicatives Sequencing ([[Media:Applicative.3.C.Sequencing.20180606.pdf |pdf]]) === Monads I : Background === * Side Effects ([[Media:Monad.P1.1A.SideEffect.20190316.pdf |pdf]]) * Monad Overview ([[Media:Monad.P1.2A.Overview.20190308.pdf |pdf]]) * Monadic Operations ([[Media:Monad.P1.3A.Operations.20190308.pdf |pdf]]) * Maybe Monad ([[Media:Monad.P1.4A.Maybe.201900606.pdf |pdf]]) * IO Actions ([[Media:Monad.P1.5A.IOAction.20190606.pdf |pdf]]) * Several Monad Types ([[Media:Monad.P1.6A.Types.20191016.pdf |pdf]]) === Monads II : State Transformer Monads === * State Transformer : - State Transformer Basics ([[Media:MP2.1A.STrans.Basic.20191002.pdf |pdf]]) : - State Transformer Generic Monad ([[Media:MP2.1B.STrans.Generic.20191002.pdf |pdf]]) : - State Transformer Monads ([[Media:MP2.1C.STrans.Monad.20191022.pdf |pdf]]) * State Monad : - State Monad Basics ([[Media:MP2.2A.State.Basic.20190706.pdf |pdf]]) : - State Monad Methods ([[Media:MP2.2B.State.Method.20190706.pdf |pdf]]) : - State Monad Examples ([[Media:MP2.2C.State.Example.20190706.pdf |pdf]]) === Monads III : Mutable State Monads === * Mutability Background : - Inhabitedness ([[Media:MP3.1F.Mut.Inhabited.20220319.pdf |pdf]]) : - Existential Types ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.Existential.20220128.pdf |pdf]]) : - forall Keyword ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.forall.20210316.pdf |pdf]]) : - Mutability and Strictness ([[Media:MP3.1C.Mut.Strictness.20200613.pdf |pdf]]) : - Strict and Lazy Packages ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.Package.20200620.pdf |pdf]]) * Mutable Objects : - Mutable Variables ([[Media:MP3.1B.Mut.Variable.20200224.pdf |pdf]]) : - Mutable Data Structures ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.DataStruct.20191226.pdf |pdf]]) * IO Monad : - IO Monad Basics ([[Media:MP3.2A.IO.Basic.20191019.pdf |pdf]]) : - IO Monad Methods ([[Media:MP3.2B.IO.Method.20191022.pdf |pdf]]) : - IORef Mutable Variable ([[Media:MP3.2C.IO.IORef.20191019.pdf |pdf]]) * ST Monad : - ST Monad Basics ([[Media:MP3.3A.ST.Basic.20191031.pdf |pdf]]) : - ST Monad Methods ([[Media:MP3.3B.ST.Method.20191023.pdf |pdf]]) : - STRef Mutable Variable ([[Media:MP3.3C.ST.STRef.20191023.pdf |pdf]]) === Monads IV : Reader and Writer Monads === * Function Monad ([[Media:Monad.10.A.Function.20180806.pdf |pdf]]) * Monad Transformer ([[Media:Monad.3.I.Transformer.20180727.pdf |pdf]]) * MonadState Class :: - State & StateT Monads ([[Media:Monad.9.A.MonadState.Monad.20180920.pdf |pdf]]) :: - MonadReader Class ([[Media:Monad.9.B.MonadState.Class.20180920.pdf |pdf]]) * MonadReader Class :: - Reader & ReaderT Monads ([[Media:Monad.11.A.Reader.20180821.pdf |pdf]]) :: - MonadReader Class ([[Media:Monad.12.A.MonadReader.20180821.pdf |pdf]]) * Control Monad ([[Media:Monad.9.A.Control.20180908.pdf |pdf]]) === Monoid === * Monoids ([[Media:Monoid.4.A.20180508.pdf |pdf]]) === Arrow === * Arrows ([[Media:Arrow.1.A.20190504.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Polymorphism== * Polymorphism Overview ([[Media:Poly.1.A.20180220.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Concurrent Haskell == </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] ==External links== * [http://learnyouahaskell.com/introduction Learn you Haskell] * [http://book.realworldhaskell.org/read/ Real World Haskell] * [http://www.scs.stanford.edu/14sp-cs240h/slides/ Standford Class Material] [[Category:Haskell|programming in plain view]] azwa3zhiv4xt1c0znehpypxgvbxvf5q 0 205349 2690002 2483121 2024-12-02T18:43:10Z 2601:680:8300:A530:BCC6:3EA1:C5D4:FCA6 /* Roots 1.0 */ Added information about duplicate roots found in the lexicon. 2690002 wikitext text/x-wiki === New Ithkuil Official Website === Mainly in Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/Ithkuil/comments/114u95w/found_errors_on_the_new_ithkuil_website/ Other: === Roots 1.0 === 007 Sec. 1.4 lacks a root for frame category and -LMPY- can include concatenation type 076 it should be "... see -ŠNY- below" in the asterisk-marked note of -ZŢ- 088 in the section 2.1.3 '''''Common Household Appliances and Electronic Devices''''', one still doesn't have stems 1-3 assigned for these roots. 207 two roots have the Cr value -ÇŢ- ("sound of a hiss" and "sound of a poof"). It has been suggested to replace the latter meaning with -ÇW-, which is already in use, pending confirmation. 248, 454 the Cr value -NĻT- is duplicated with meanings "cicada" and "undergarments." 325, 534 the Cr value -ŘTL- is duplicated. The entry on page 534 appears to be missing an additional "T" and is likely intended to be -ŘTTL-. 400, 417 the Cr value -ZZC- is duplicated with meanings "turtle" and "stinging insect." 88, 301 the Cr value -KSMY- is duplicated. It denotes "oven" on page 88 and "outline shape with irregular points" on page 301 === WRITING SYSTEM FOR NEW ITHKUIL (December 2022) === 02 "3 Relations '''x''' 2 Concatenation shown by under-posed diacritic" should be "3 Relations '''OR''' 2 Concatenation'''s''' shown by under-posed diacritic" 14 "ICP" Valence should be "RCP" 14 It is unclear how to show more than two of Aspect, Valence, Phase, and Effect on a formative, as the tertiary character only admits up to two non-Valence characters. 14 There is no way to show Vh values for a modular adjunct 16 "accom-panied" should be "accompanied" 19 It is not mentioned how to write a Combination Referential with Specification; this can easily be achieved using underposed diacritics for CTE, CSV, and OBJ on the secondary character 19 VxCs affixes on Combination Referentials are not explicitly described, but would presumably be handled the same as in a formative, by adding a secondary character with appropriate diacritics === Phonotaxis === * ç should be an non-sibilant fricative, and it was instead misclassified as a sibilant fricative. * ç is placed in the wrong position of the table PHONEMIC INVENTORY * some prohibited conjuncts in sec. 2.9. lack preceding asterisks * there is a stray ň above section 11 * -ÇÇ-, -ĻĻ-, -ŢŢ- are valid roots *-ÇẒ- and -ÇJ- (already in use) are impermissible as a root/affix *-ḐS-, -ḐŠ-, -ḐZ-, -ḐŽ- and -NŇ- are permissible as a root/affix *kļ is listed as a valid root/affix but is indistinguishable from tļ *the table for permissible biconsonanantal roots beginning with ç, c and ż should count 24 forms, and beginning with č and j should count 22 forms, so the total should be 684 instead of 679 === Root Gaps in Roots 1.0 === Please check. If there is any phrase that does not fit, please delete it. If a relevant root already exists, please apply Strikethrough style to the text. *'''Supplement to -RTV-:''' printing, to print (a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template) *Page: Canons of page construction, Column, Even working, Margin, Page numbering, Paper size, Pagination, Pull quote, Recto and verso, Intentionally blank page *A '''typeface''' (or font family) is the design of lettering that can include variations in size, weight (e.g. bold), slope (e.g. italic), width (e.g. condensed), and so on. Each of these variations of the typeface is a font.; '''Font'''. In metal typesetting, a font is a particular size, weight and style of a typeface. Each font is a matched set of type, with a piece (a "sort") for each glyph. A typeface consists various fonts that share an overall design. In modern usage, with the advent of computer fonts, the term "font" has come to be used as a synonym for "typeface", although a typical typeface (or "font family") consists of several fonts. *Character: **Typeface anatomy ***Counter, Diacritics, Dingbat, Glyph, Ink trap, Ligature, Rotation, Subscript and superscript, Swash, Text figures, Tittle **Capitalization ***All caps, Camel case, Initial, Letter case, Small caps, Snake case **Visual distinction ***Italics, Oblique, Bold, Color printing, Underline, Blackboard bold, Blackletter **Horizontal aspects ***Figure space, Kerning, Letter-spacing, Paren space, Sentence spacing, Space **Vertical aspects ***Ascender, Baseline, Body height, Cap height, Descender, Median, Overshootx-height *Typographic units: point, pixel, metric units *Calligraphy, Type design, Type foundry *Math concepts proposal: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XfLgFwxtyy8BKfAH2MYKC1iOciv9pZIjW1YW-hLGEaw/edit] *cardinal and ordinal numbers *to mate, to copulate; Erection, Insemination, Nocturnal emission, Orgasm (Female and male ejaculation), Pelvic thrust, Pre-ejaculate. Sex positions, Sexual fantasy, Sexual fetishism, Sexual intercourse (Foreplay), Sexual penetration *heat, oestrus, rut (A condition where a mammal is aroused sexually or where it is especially fertile and therefore eager to mate; an animal‘s readiness to mate.); Sexual arousal, to be sexually aroused, amorous, lustful, concupiscent; to be sexually frustrated, agitated by a lack of desired sexual outlet, ineffectual at courtship or attaining sexual intercourse; to be sexually attractive or arousing, sexy, seductive. Sexual stimulation *Contraception, condom, birth control, Age of consent, Incest, Indecent exposure, Obscenity, Sexual abuse (Cybersex trafficking, Rape, Sex trafficking, Sexual assault, Sexual harassment, Sexual misconduct, Sexual slavery, Sexual violence) *Non-reproductive sexual behavior, incl. non-penetrative sexual activities, masturbation, etc (a hyperonom of any erotic stimulation of the genitals or other erotic regions, often to orgasm, either by oneself or a partner.) *data, computer files; file format, a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file. **Properties: Filename, Filename extension, File attribute, File size **Organisation: Directory/folder, File system, Path **Operations: [[wikipedia:Open_(system_call)|Open]], [[wikipedia:Close_(system_call)|Close]], [[wikipedia:Read_(system_call)|Read]], [[wikipedia:Write_(system_call)|Write]] *[[wikipedia:Character_encoding|character encoding]], to encode, to decode; *Paper products **Containers: Box, Carton, Cigarette pack, Coffee cup sleeve, Corrugated box, Corrugated fiberboard, Envelope, Molded pulp, Oyster pail, Paper bag, Paper cup, Paperboard, Shipping tube **Hygiene: Facial tissue, Napkin, Paper towel, Toilet paper, Wet wipe **Stationery: Continuous stationery, Greeting card, Index card, Letter, Manila folder, Notebook, Postage stamp, Postcard, Post-it Note **Financial: Banknote, Business card, Coupon, Passbook, Visiting card **Decorations: Ingrain wallpaper, Mat, Wallpaper **Media: Book, Magazine, Newspaper, Newsprint, Pamphlet ***someone thinks "book" is such a basic popular object with strong symbolic value and cultural importance, that I would expect Ithkuil to not only have a root for book, but also for parts of a book, act of bookbinding, codex, vellum, paperback, hardcover, a manuscript, the printing press, etc; and instead, we just have... written.document-MSC/COA. which could mean a lot of stuff, like stapled pamphlet; Ithkuil views books as basically "accidental complexity" -- just a byproduct of whatever it took to get the pages to freakin stick together -- rather than the specific product of a specific craft with its own essence or gestalt or symbolism or aesthetics. ***parts of a book: https://imgur.com/ImDqwZU ***Production: Binding, Covers (dust jackets), Design, Editing, Illustration (Illuminated manuscripts), Printing (edition, incunabula, instant book, limited edition), Publishing (advance copy, hardcover, paperback) Size, Typesetting, Volume (bibliography), Collection (publishing), Book series ***Consumption: Awards, Bestsellers, Bibliography, Bibliomania, Bibliophilia, Bibliotherapy, Bookmarks, Bookselling, Censorship, Clubs, Collecting, Digitizing, Bookworm (insect), Furniture (bookcases, bookends), Library, Print culture, Reading (literacy), Reviews ***The book publishing process: ****Copy preparation *****Submission: Literary agent, Publisher's reader *****Contract negotiation: intellectual property rights, royalty rates, format, etc. *****Editing: Literary editor, Commissioning editor, Developmental editor, Authors' editor, Book editor, Copy editing ****Prepress: Design, Indexing, Typesetting, Proof-reading ****Book production: Printing, Folding, Binding, Trimming, Imprint ***how about e-book? ****E-book reading devices/software, editing software. **Recreation: Confetti, Paper craft, Paper toys, Playing card, Quilling **Other: Drink coaster, Filter paper, Form, Sandpaper, Security paper *Academic publishing **Journals: Academic journal, Scientific journal, Open access journal **Papers: Scholarly paper, Review article, Position paper, Literature review **Grey literature: Working paper, White paper, Technical report, Annual report, Pamphlet, Essay, Lab notes **Other types of publication: Thesis (Collection of articles, Monograph), Specialized patent (biological, chemical), Book chapter, Poster session, Abstract **Impact and ranking: Acknowledgement index, Altmetrics, Article-level metrics, Author-level metrics, Bibliometrics, Citation impact, Citation index, Journal ranking, Eigenfactor, h-index, Impact factor, Scientometrics **Versioning: Preprint, Postprint, Version of record, Erratum/corrigendum, Retraction * Marketing ** Key concepts *** Distribution, Pricing, Retail, Service, Activation, Brand licensing, Brand management, Co-creation, Corporate identity, Dominance, Effectiveness, Ethics, Management, Promotion, Research, Segmentation, Strategy, Account-based marketing, Digital marketing, Product marketing, Social marketing ** Promotional contents *** Advertising, Branding, Corporate anniversary, Direct marketing, Loyalty marketing, Mobile marketing, On-hold messaging, Personal selling, Premiums, Prizes, Product placement, Propaganda, Publicity, Sales promotion, Sex in advertising, Underwriting spot **Promotional media ***Behavioral targeting, Brand ambassador, Broadcasting, Display advertising, Drip marketing, In-game advertising, Mobile advertising, Native advertising, New media, Online advertising, Out-of-home advertising, Point of sale, Printing, Product demonstration, Promotional merchandise, Publication, Visual merchandising, Web banner, Word-of-mouth === Affix Gaps === * degree of stretchiness/tightness/looseness/bagginess * CNM/8 is a redundant form of the PAR case accessor * associative plurals ("X together with the persons/things associated with it/them; X and co."), possibly patterned similarly to the OAU suffix; this may be used to derive a pronoun "we" from the first person singular pronoun, for example. (-çẓ and -çj are free Gradient 0 forms which could be suitable.)<br /> == Archive == === ''Morpho-phonology 1.3.1'' === 65 "hlusëudnéi-eḑt'''ë'''ila áfrika" should be "hlusëudnéi-eḑtila áfrika" and "hluséi-eḑt'''ë'''ila domínika" should be "hluséi-eḑtila domínika" === ''Morpho-phonology 1.3'' === 30 Problematic: Considering that the function of Type-3 affixes is meant to be applied not to the formative itself, but rather to the immediately adjacent affix, need to clarify the usage of all T3 affixes that are expressed as "heads“ (including all Type-3 Case-Accessor & Inverse Case-Accessor Affixes), e.g. * "cat"-AFT/2-<u>MAK₁/7</u> ** <u>a making of</u> cute cat. vs. * "cat"-AFT/2-MAK₃/7 ** "<u>a making of</u> cute cat"? ** "a cat that is <u>made</u> cute"? ** "a cat that is cute <u>in terms of making</u>" ? For an example of Case-Accessor Affixes, refer: * Wiarräčhiswa * S1.N​-“cat”​-AFT₁/2​-<u>(acc:AFF)₁</u> ** "<u>Experiencer of</u> cute cats <u>(as an affective experience)</u>" vs. * Wiarräčhičwa * S1.N​-“cat”​-AFT₁/2​-<u>(acc:AFF)₃</u> ** "<u>Experiencer of</u> cute cats <u>(as an affective experience)</u>"? ** "<u>Experiencer of</u> cats’ cuteness <u>(as an affective experience)</u>"? ** "<u>Experiencer of</u> being cute cats <u>(as an affective experience)</u>"? ** "Cats that <u>experiences</u> being cute"? ** "Cats that is cute <u>in terms of experiencer</u>"? Since the example sentences reflect inconsistencies in the behavior of T3 affixes, The instructions of the section New Type-3 Case-Accessor & Inverse Case-Accessor Affixes on page 30 of the grammar design document may need to be revisited. 31 The Illocution+Validation table is missing descriptions of the Illocutions 55-56 In "The girl is eating an apple.", "The girl gets eaten." and "The girl gets herself eaten." there are some formatives “welaic-” for ''girl'' compared to "welac-" in other examples 65 for "Central African Republic" and "Dominican Republic", "eḑtëila" should replaced with "eḑtila" === ''Morpho-phonology 1.2'' === 1 "CHC Aspect" > "CHC affix" 14 For the two allomorphic substitutions, ff > vw and ţţ > ḑy, given that they cannot be combined by Ca subvalues and other allomorphic substitutions, it is suggested that they be replaced by (fbm >) fv > vw and (ţbn >) ţḑ > ḑy 36 For the Slot 5 Vh value i/u, its description has initially double "affixes" 56-57 Degrees of CHC affix need to be corrected in many examples since degrees 2 through 5 of the CHC affix have been corrected * CHC/2 > CHC/3 * CHC/5 > CHC/2 61 for ''Andes Mountains, Himalaya Mountains'' and ''Niagara Falls'', there are obsolute Ca values in their formatives: -msk- in v0.18 should be replaced with -rçt- in v1.2 for COA.MDC.PRX; and -ňsk- in v0.18 with -rft- in v1.2 for COA.MDC.PRX 65 for Central African Republic and Dominican Republic, eḑtëila should replaced with eḑtila === ''Morpho-phonology 1.1'' === 5 The charts still reference the now-eliminated category Expectation 6 ''Section 2.3'' - "VERIFICATIVE Illocution+Expectation" should be changed to "VERIFICATIVE Illocution" 14 The [C]f and [C]ţ substitutions for [C]bm and [C]bn create ambiguity with Affiliation+(MDC or MDS) - for example, ASO/DPL/RPV/N (*-lbm-) can resolve to either -lf- or -lv-, the former of which is ambiguous with ASO/MDF. Easily fixed by only allowing [C]v and [C]ḑ as susbstitutes, respectively. 34 ''Section 4.1'' - It is not pragmatic for an affix to scope above an entire formative; forms could instead mark scoping in concatenation chains 36 The statement about the "absence of any full consonant forms" is now incorrect due to the use of ''ň'' in Slot 3 36 ''uhlaihrwi'' and ''öhwoyó'' use Slot 2's Cn values in Slot 3 36 Slot 3 provides no way to distinguish Aspect from the other categories since Cn was replaced with ''ň''; one option is to have Slot 3's Cn only accept "h" or "w"/"y" (with the implication that this would not be interpeted as stacking a second Mood/Case-Scope) 36 There are many left-over references to the v1.1's slot order * "''If only Slots 1 and 5 are filled, then Slot 5 = Aspect"'' should be "''If only Slots 1 and 4 are filled, then Slot 4 = Aspect"'' * "''If any of Slots 2, 3, or 4 are filled & stress is penultimate, then Slot 5 = ..."'' should be "''If any of Slots 2 or 3 are filled & stress is penultimate, then Slot 4 = ..."'' * "''If any of Slots 2, 3, or 4 are filled and stress is ultimate, then Slot 5 ='' ''..."'' should be "''If any of Slots 2 or 3 are filled and stress is ultimate, then Slot 4 = ..."'' * For Slot 4 Vh values, ''a, e, i/u,'' and ''o,'' "''affixes in Slots 2, 3, and 4 have successive right-to-left scope order over each other (Slot 2 < Slot 3 < Slot 4)''" should be "''affixes in Slots 2 and 3 have successive right-to-left scope order over each other (Slot 2 < Slot 3)''" 36 There is no clean way for the adjunct to show two Aspects alone (Slot 4 is required, but can only show Aspect if Slots 2 and 3 are empty) 39 The default Detrimental form of the Provisional Referential should be ''ňň'', not ''ň'' (see example ''Ňňeöxinļ'' ‘Resulting (detrimentally) in what? / With what undesirable result?’ on page 54). 51 obsolete phonological values from previous versions of the grammar: ''txasá, tlasatřá, wurçpi, urçpuli'' should be ''txadá, tladatřá, wurçpëi, urçpulëi'' 56 For the CHC Affix, here are the values of some degrees that differ from ones in Affixes 0.7.5; they should be aligned with degrees of IMP affix. * D2 "... tries to prevent/avoid but fails" vs "... chooses to acquiesce due to being okay with, or indifferent as to outcome" * D3 "... tries to avoid and partially succeeds/mitigates impact" vs "... tries to prevent/avoid but fails" * D4 "... tries to prevent/avoid and succeeds" vs "... tries to avoid and partially succeeds/mitigates impact" * D5 "... chooses to acquiesce due to being OK with, or indifferent as to outcome" vs "... tries to prevent/avoid and succeeds" 64 Are Liberia ''laibirya'' and Malaysia ''mëleisya'' English pronunciations with local accents? Why using -a instead of schwa? === ''Morpho-phonology 1.0.2'' === 2 The charts still reference the now-eliminated category Expectation 3 ''Section 2.3'' - "PERFORMATIVE-RESPONSIVE Illocution+Expectation" should be changed to "VERIFICATIVE Illocution" 11 ''Section 3.3'' - Roots are now only up to five consonants in length 14 ''Section 3.6'' - "MONDADIC" should be "MONADIC" 15 ''Section 3.6.1'' - "pm -> vmm" should maybe be "pm -> vvm" 18 Due to the -y- infix in level morphemes, modular adjuncts are always ambiguous when encoding any absolute level. For example, the adjunct "oyeha" could encode either just SPLa level or REG aspect + CRO valence 20 ''Section 3.8.1.1'' mentions using a VxCs affix for Mood, which doesn’t exist; only Modular Adjunct and Mood Adjuncts are available, as explained in Section 4.7 20 ''Section 3.9'' - The title still references Expectation 22 The case accessor for INTERPRETATIVE case should read "the party by / thru which / whom X is subjectively interpreted / considered / described" 30 "Case-Assessor" should be "Case-Accessor" 30 ''Section 3.9.3'' still mentions Expectation 30 ''Section 3.9.3'' - "Sections 6.1 through 6.3" and "Sec. 6.4" should be changed to "Sections 3.9.3.1 through 3.9.3.3" and "Sec. 3.9.3.4" 34 ''Section 4.1'' - It is not pragmatic for an affix to scope above an entire formative; forms could instead mark scoping in concatenation chains 34 ''Section 4.1.2'' - ''<nowiki/>'w'' and ''<nowiki/>'y'' are listed in the examples, but are not valid Cz forms in the table 36 ''Section 4.3'' still references Expectation 36 ''uhlaihlwi'' should be changed to ''uhlai'''hrw'''i'' to reflect the updated Cn value for ASM/CCS 36 ''wahnyuá'' should be changed to ''wahňwìähňwa'' (or similar) to reflect the updated Cn value for HYP/CCV, and to avoid an invalid Vh value (as of v16, ultimate stress indicates Vh instead of Aspect in slot 5) 36 Modular adjunct slots 3 and 4 use a redundant Cn, which can simply be ň; Vh scoping is impractical (what does it mean to scope above Validation+Illocution+Expectation?) and is de facto given by affixual adjunct scoping 39 ''Section 4.6'' - Agglomerative form v is ambiguous with pi/DET 39 ''Section 4.6'' - Agglomerative form -tļ- is ambiguous with 2p/BEN+pi/NEU. i.e. an adjunct like ëstļu can parse as ë-s-tļ-u or as ë-s-t-ļ-u. Easily solved by eliminating -ļ- as a combining form for pi/NEU 43 Due to geminate referential forms, a word like kapreomma is ambiguous, and may be parsed as k-a-pr-eomm-a, with a VxCs referential affix -eomm-, or as k-a-preo-mm-a with a -preo- referential CsVx and geminated Ca value. This can be resolved by banning referential affixes in slot V or by taking the Nomic -ç- form to form non-geminate forms, e.g. mm→mç, ll→lç, nn→nç, etc. 43 A second ambiguity concerning referential affixes: they are ambiguous with type three case accessors when the latter bear an adverbial case or a spatio-temporal II case. For example, kalöečwa could bear either a type three CON accessor or bear the referential Mx/N/BEN-CON. One solution would be to prohibit using Nomic in referential affixes. For consistency, we could ban all Ca modifications to referentials in affix form, similarly to how it's done in referential formatives 46 In the definition of the Satiative bias, pleasure is misspelled 46 ''Section 4.9 - Parsing Adjunct'' says to refer back to ''Section 2.2 Paragraph 5'', when it means ''Section 2.3 Paragraph 5''. 50 ''Section 5.3'' still references Expectation 51 ''Section 5.4 - Relative Clause Formation'' contains a superfluous note saying that default values in the linear analysis haven't been included, when this has been the case throughout the document. 54 ''Section 5.6'' - ''Mmiäxinļ'' should be ''Mm'''ie'''xinļ''; ''Nniexinļ'' should be ''Nn'''io'''xinļ''; ''Ňňeoxinļ'' should be ''Ňň'''eö'''xinļ'' 55 ''Section 5.7'' - ''Kšölaelwêi'' should be ''kšöl'''aö'''lwêi'' 57 ''Section 6.0'' - ''ksialärsirwa'' should be '''''u'''ksialärs'''ë'''irwa'' (or perhaps ''wuksärsëirwa'', if RPS was not intended); ''ksialärsëirwiasta'' should similarly be '''''u'''ksialärs'''ë'''irwiasta'' or ''wuksärsëirwiasta''; ''SPT/5 affix -irw-'' should be ''SPT/5 affix -'''ë'''irw-'' 59 ''Section 6.1'' - ''wurḑaušš'' should be ''wurḑauj'' 62 ''Section 7.5'' - Yangtze River should be "''caň"'' instead of "''caňčyaň''" which means "Long river", parallel to hwaň "Yellow river" 62 ''Section 7.6'' - ''phwära hle’e'' should be ''phwära hle’i'' 62 ''Section 7.6'' - "riyadh" should be spelled "Riyadh" (with a capital R) 62 Ithkuil phonotactic restraints do not apply as long as the name is pronounceable. According to this principle, ''hönkoň'' should be made ''höňkoň'' for Hong Kong, parallel to ''čuňkwo'' for China; Likewise ''tuňkwan'' for Dongguan 64 "Papua New Gunea" should be "Papua New Gu'''i'''nea" 64 Are Liberia ''laibirya'' and Malaysia ''mëleisya'' English pronunciations with local accents? Why using -a instead of schwa? 64 ''romênia'' should be ''romên'''ì'''a'' as per Section 1.3.1; ''tonga'' should be ''toňa'' 64 ''saintvinsentangrénadinz'' for ''St. Vincent & the Grenadines'' should be ''s'''ei'''ntvinsentangrénadinz'' (as ''seintkicannevis'' for ''Saint Kitts & Nevis'') 65 ''hlaḑtáu-eḑtëila hi kongo'' should be ''hlaḑtáu-eḑt'''i'''la hi kongo''; Also, this seems to make more sense: ''T1-S1-“democratic government“-OBJ-ASI—S2-“republican government“-OBJ?'' === Root Gaps in ''Roots 0.5.1'' === * a note should be made to conjugate pluralia tantum like scissors with DPX instead of noting individual roots * flask, beaker, test tube, graduated cylinder (not necessarily for foodstuff) * mortar, pestle, stirrer, pipette, eyedropper, baster * eyeshadow/eyeliner, mascara, rouge, lipstick/gloss/liner * Artiopod (trilobite), Megacheira (great appendage arthropod), other extinct Arthropod (e.g. Dinocaridid) * igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rock * plant fiber, thatching/wicker, rope * stalagtite/stalagmite (ice, brine) * volcano, geothermal vent, hot spring * cumuliform/stratiform/cirriform cloud (stems concatenate for distinctions like stratocumulus, cirrocumulus, and cirrostratus; nimbus clouds have a tall/multilevel shape, alto clouds are in the middle of the troposphere) * pasta/noodle, vinegar, icing/frosting, juice, gelatin, colloid *caramel, molasses, toffee *snack, candy, confectionery (foodstuffs that taste very sweet, taken as a group; candies, sweetmeats and confections collectively.) *a collective name for sugars, including all -ose chemical compounds * bite (front of mouth), chew (back of mouth)/masticate, swallow * pad/compress/dressing, bandage, tape/patch/film * extract/absolute/concrete, wax (MTÇ), essential oil * blanket/quilt/tarp/mesh/net *pile carpet/mat/rug * pillow/cushion/trampoline * rag/mop/towel * bag, satchel, sack, (coin)purse/wallet, * transistor, diode, LED; * spring, crank, roller chain, sprocket, worm gear, Archimedes' screw * segway/self-balancing scooter/oneway/dicycle * dolly/barrow/hand truck, pallet truck, garage creeper, snowplow, snowblower * pion, kaon, rho meson, eta meson, D-meson, B-meson, omega meson, phi meson, psion, upsilon meson, theta meson * cape, hijab/shayla, gaiter mask, balaclava, headband/bandana, hairtie/scrunchie, hair clip/barrette * rest (as in, recover from tiredness without sleeping) * deduction, induction, abduction, argument *Parts of the head: forehead, brow, temple *The outer ear: ear, ear canal, earlobe; Auditory ossicles: stapes, incus, malleus; Inner ear: cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canal; Cochlear duct: basilar membrane, vestibular membrane, tectorial membrane; Vestibule: otolith, saccule, utricle; Semicircular canal: osseous ampula, ampullary cupola, hair cell; *The front eye: cornea, lens, sclera; Uvea: iris, ciliary body, choroid; Back of eye: retina, macula, optic disk; Photoreceptor cell: cone cell, rod cell, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion; Other eye part: eyelid, lacrimal gland, lacrimal sac *The outer nose: ala (nostril area), philtrum, nasal bridge; Nasal cavity: nasal septum, nasal concha, nasal meatus; Other nose part: sinus, tonsil, eustachian tube *The upper gastrointestinal tract: pharynx, esophagus, epiglottis; Respiratory system: trachea, bronchus, pulmonary alveolus; Linguistic system: larynx, vocal chord, glottis; Throat: hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage * Aotidae (night monkeys), Pitheciidae (titis, sakis, uakaris), Atelidae (howler monkeys, spider monkeys, muriquis, woolly monkeys) * Boselaphus (nilgai), Tetracerus (four-horned antelope) * Scotocerca (streaked scrub warbler), Erythrocercus (yellow flycatchers) *Muscles: plantar fascia, semitendinosus, quadriceps femoris, articularis genus, vastus intermedius, quadratus femoris, adductor minimus *Ligaments: superior ex. / fl. retinaculum, peroneous/fibular retinaculum, lateral retinaculum, medial patellar retinaculum, inguinal ligament, lacunar ligament, pectineal ligament *Connective tissues: calcaneal tendon, labrum, pubic symphysis, tendinous intersection, linea alba, linea semilunaris *to verify; to check *to stay (to remain in a particular place, especially for a definite or short period of time; sojourn; abide; to continue in a place; to remain stable or fixed in some state or condition; to be left; to retain (someone or something) in a given state, position, etc.) *a collective name for weapons, incl. ‘NON-BALLISTIC WEAPON’, ‘BALLISTIC WEAPON’, and ‘MICROBIAL, SONIC, CYBER- WEAPON’ === ''Roots 0.5.1'' === 005 the third example for -Č- is missing a closing parenthesis 007 Sec. 1.4 lacks a root for frame category and -LMPY- can include concatenation type 009 CTE of -LŢT- has a typo in pursue 012 S2 of -KŠF- has a typo in belief 013 CTE of -RSN- has an extra comma at the end 017 for MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIONS, there is an extra line break 024/042 -TV- is similar to -LDR- and -RTV- is similar to -DRR- 026 S3 of -GT- can instead be "obligation/duty" 033 S3 of -ẒŘ- should be extrusion 037/113 "conjecture/estimate" can be moved to S1 of -LČ-, "suggest/propose" can be added to S2 of -LČ-, "postulate" can be moved to S3 of -LČ-; this switches S2 and S3 of -LČW- and eliminates -LTÇ- and -ŇTÇ-, and 038 -LČW- has a typo in hypothesizing 039 S2 of -RŇČ- can include "to coax" and S3 can be substituted with "to socially pressure/shame/guilt" 041 -VLL- should be worded as making/noting an implication; inferring what an implication suggests should be part of the root for guessing or thinking 042 S2 of -DRR- differs from S1 of -LDR- by case marking; "implication" can be taken from -VLL- instead 042 For -ŢRR S1 can be merged into S3 of -DRR- and include "broadcast", S2 is used in -FÇ-, and S3 is used in -TKH- 054 S3 of -THW- should not include "utilizing" 057 S3/OBJ of -JJ- should be the medium in which a depression is made 060/209 -MSY- is shared between "energy output differential or redirection via gear mechanism" and "pleasant/mellifluous sound" 062 -ÇJ- is not permissible as a root 067 S3 of -CY- has a typo in crowd 069 S3 of -RPĻ- can include "e.g. twisting/turning a wheel left/right" and S3 of -LXR- can include "e.g. rolling/raveling up a carpet" as examples 072 S2 of -ŇM- should refer to application of gel-like substance [CPT: foam/froth] 072 S3 of -ŇFY- is defined on page 315; lacquer can be used instead 072 -ŇFY- should be merged into one stem; poultice and organic oil can be added 072 -ŇFL- can be 1. disinfectant/sterilant 2. insecticide/pesticide 3. insect repellant; -ŇFR- can be sunscreen, moisturizer/emollient, bronzer 074 S2 has a typo in 'space' 075/133 S3 of -SXL- and -RFČ- both use "segregate" 076 S2 of -SXR- can refer to massaging/scratching/rubbing together, with brushing being moved to S1 077 CTE & CVS of -BN- is missing 080-081 S3 of -CŇ- and S3 of -KŢT- are the same "staple" 083 -FÇT- has stray ` marks and -LZDR- has a typo 084 CTE of -SSV- is missing 085 S1 of -KŢG- can be screen/display, because computing device is similar to S1 of -KŢGW- 085 -KŢGY- can instead be 1. program/app/software 2. firmware 3. operating system 086 S2 of -KŢGR- should refer to the transformation/compilation of instructions/text into a different format for a computer to execute 086 S2 of -KŢGL- should read "lambda calculus representation" and S3 has a typo in finite 087/131 -ŠGW- is shared between "cup/bowl/measuring cup" and "detention/confiscation/usurpation" 088 -ŇSL- should be electrical socket 093 OBJ of -ŽTĻ- should be an individual stair 102 S3 of -Ţ- can refer to the opposing direction or origin from which something emerges, so that S0 can refer to the general vicinity of a position 104 -F- is missing a hyphen 110 OBJ/2 of -KM- should be that to which one is (intended to be) early 111 -LPŠ- has a typo in refreshed 113 "suggest/propose" can be moved into -LČ-, "advice/counsel/recommendation" should form a root similar to -TP-, and "advocate" should be removed from -ŇTÇ- and -RŇČ- to only remain in -NN- 116 -ŢČ- and -RŢČ- can be merged with S3 referring to a gesture as they can be distinguished via the FRM affix 116 S2 of -ŢRR- and S3 of -FÇ- both include "report", S1 of -FÇM- can be merged with S3 of -FÇ-, S2 of -FÇM- can be moved into S1 of -FÇN- (narration=description or recounting), and S3 of -FÇM- can be moved into S2 of -M- 117/130 S3 of -FÇN- is given by S3 of -NŢT- and S2 of -FÇN- is given by CTE. S3 of -MKR- and "use of a doll/puppet/marionette" can be added instead; -MKR- itself can be distinguished from -MK- with the FRM affix 118 the stems of -MSX- do not translate into different languages; -VLL- is sufficient 120 -RRJ- can include "claim" 121 -VŽŘ- has a typo in "metonym" in the root title 124 S2 of -ŇŇS- can include "to insist" 125 S3 of -PĻĻ- suggests buffoonery and absurdism (given by -KŠ-), and can instead be "prank/slapstick"; -RPĻĻ- can include amusement or cynicism 129 -NN- refers to a root present on pg. 33 130 S3 of -NNW- can include "propagandize" 130 -MK- can instead be 1. pretending/feigning 2. imitation 3. parody/charicature. -MKR- can be distinguished with the FRM affix and by moving S2 to -ḐM- and S3 to -FÇN- 135 S2 of -NXW- has a typo in destination 136 -ŠČ- has an extra hyphen 152 S2 of -BČ- has redundant phrases '', by legal adoption, or long-term informal adoption]'' 153 -SR- and -LH- have stray slashes 159 S1 of -ĻĻTĻ- can refer to belief in purgatory so that S0 can refer to belief in an afterlife 159 S3 of -TP- can refer to panic; warning should constitute a new root: 1. recommendation/advice/counsel 2. guidance/guideline 3. warning/beware 160 -ŠF- can list "understatement" as a derivation 160 S3 of -RŢ- can include "to haze" 161 -RKŠ- can be 1. buffoonery/silliness/goofiness/zaniness 2. eccentricity/quirkiness/ridiculousness 3. geekiness/nerdiness/dorkiness and -KŠ- can be 1. clownery/jesting 2. absurdism/Dadaism 3. inanity/surrealism 172 -MBR- is missing a bracket and has a hyphen in achieving 174 S3 of -JM- should list sympathy/tolerance/impartiality vs. prejudice/bigotry 174 -ŽT- has a hyphen in unobtrusive 175 -ÇF- andf -VSP- both uses conciliate; -VSP- is missing brackets around CPT 178 -PŠX- has an extra space in the root expression, and also a missing space in "behavior toward" 179/236 -RXŢ- is already shown through -RTK- 188 S1 of -NNŢ- can include "concentration"; OBJ includes extra forward slashes 188 tolerance can be moved from -ŘS- to S2 of -ŘSW- since "affirming/recognizing, confirming, claiming/alleging" can be its own root 189 S3 of -ḐM- can include impersonation 192 For -ŽŘ- S2 can be mockery and S3 can be mimicry; for -ŘŽŘ- S1 can be derision/ridicule and S2 can be farce 200 -ẒXM- has an extra forward slash 200 -DDY- is missing the closing single quotation mark 202 S1 and S2 of -ŇJ- can be merged (differing only by stativeness), so S3 can refer to a trait of being down-to-earth/anchored, having bearings 205 -ÇŢ- can include whiff, woosh, and sizzle; -ĻB- can include drip drop 211 the musical note affixes have outdated values 217 S2 of -ÇÇKL- can also be spelled "khene" 219/339 S2 of -ŽG- should be olfactory bulb so that the note on -LMW- can be removed 221 -ŠP- refers to informal designation and the paragraph below the color roots refers to incorporating instead of concatenating 224/293 -VR- should switch values with -VC- to match its affix value 224 -BŢ- should be patterned as a "degree of" root 225 -XẒ- can include "lint/pollen/ash/soot-like", -SG- can include "silky", and -ḐĻ- has odd punctuation 231 Section 4.5.7 has a typo in "The 13 roots below..." 232 S2 of -BŽB- can include "dazed" 232/173 -BŘ- is a near-duplicate of -ČX- and S3 of -VZN- can list "paranoia" 233 S2 of -ŇC- should not include "qualms" and S3 should be "anxious/uneasy" instead of "cowardly" (these could rather be in -ŢŠ- and -ŘŠ-) 237 -LTW- contains misspelling of "camaraderie" 240 -ZGL- contains an extra "to" and S3 of -ẒGR- can include "panic" 248 S2 of -XVY-  has an extra closing parenthesis 248/252 -TGL- is shared between "spear/pike" and "cue stick/broom (curling)/jump rope" 249 -JTÇ- has an extra slash 247/249 S2 of -DKW- is a duplicate of S3 of -ẒVY- 250 -ŠV- and -NZV- can be merged and distinguished by valence and the FRM affix 253 -ŢSKL- contains a misspelling in xiangqi 256/257 "parasailing" is shared between stem 2 of -ĻKY- and stem 2 of -ÇÇTL- 256/257 "snowkiting" is shared between stem 2 of -ĻKÇ- and stem 2 of -ÇÇTW- 268 -KSTR- has stems 2 and 3 switched and a typo in accessing 271 -FM- is missing a closing parenthesis 279 CSV of -LX- contains a misspelling in ''the'' 280 S2 of -MTW- is missing a closing parenthesis and -KKY- incorrectly uses the term neutronium 283 -SH- can be 1. fresh air 2. stale air 3. atmosphere to give stem 0 wider meaning 284 OBJ of biome roots should be "the impact of X on its surrounding environment." 285 -VŇ- makes a difference between canyon and gorge; perhaps gully can be used 285 OBJ of -VŇ- should be "...a particular (i.e, named) ''valley'' 291 stems of -FPH- should line up with those of -FŠR- 301/451 -FBL- is shared between "spiked circle" and "Adegphagan beetle 3" 303/451 -FBR- is shared between "3-dimensional spiked spheroid" and "Adegphagan beetle 4" 306 CPT forms of -RẒ- can refer to the oxidation states of zero, oxidized, and reduced ions 311 The following roots most likely follow -RẒB- instead of -RẒ- 311 There are 2 roots for ''baking soda'': -ÇPF- and -DPF- 312 -MSDŘ- has a typo in "carcinoembryonic antigen" 312 "vitamin B3" is shared among -PFKW-, -PFKN- and -PFKH- 312 -PFKÇ- has a typo in ''pyridoxine'' 312 -PFKM- has an extra comma 312 -PFGR- has a typo in ''phylloquinone'' 312 -ŇTPŢ- has a typo in ''calcitonin'' 312 -MSGY- has a typo in ''dehydroepiandrosterone'' 312 "hemoglobin" is shared between -MFBL- and -MFBŘ- 313 "gastrin" is shared between -ŇFPF- and -ŇFPĻ- 313 -MSV- has a typo in ''fibrinogen'' 316 CTE of -TX- can specify nourishment 320/322 -NDK- is shared between "guava/finger cherry" and "allspice" 322/350 -MŽDY- is shared between "stevia" and "rotator cuff" 323 there is a typo in "vegetables" 324 -CK- is not alphabetized 325 The legumes and nuts section is missing S1 of -NḐKN- macadamia nut 327/554 the ‘spirulina’ and ‘CYANOBACTERIA’ share the same value -PFTW- 332 S1 of -ŇPY- not yet changed to new meanings 335 S2 of -TÇŇ- can be derived by concatenating positional roots; armpit works instead 335 -TÇŇ- has a typo in knee 337/502 -GZG- is shared between small intestine and Hydrangeaceae 338 S3 of -DDV- can list concatenation with -PFW- for "premolar" 341 S3 of -LPÇN- should be monocyte 342 distal carpal bones are missing; S3 of -LÇTY- should be replaced with 'hamate' (so that the carpal and tarsal bone roots are analogous) and -LÇTW-- should be changed to 1. metacarpal/metatarsal 2. 1st, 2nd, or 3rd cuneiform/trapezium, trapezoid, or capitate 3. cuboid/triquetrum; if this should be split into two roots, -LÇTL- can be overwritten because malleoli are mere bone features 342 -LÇPW- and -LÇPL- both include talus; S1 of -LÇTR- can be replaced with pubic symphysis 343 -LÇFN- should be 1. humerus 2. radius 3. ulna to parallel 1. femur 2. tibia 3. fibula 343 -LÇFR- has a typo in caracoid 344 S3 of -LTÇL- has a 1 345 DYN function can refer to muscle contraction or ligament pulling 345 S2 of -MZXR- has a typo 347 S2 of -MZKY- has a typo in genus 352 -MŽPŢ- shouldn't refer to the uvula itself; since hard palate is given by -LTÇR-, -LDN- should take uvula 354 the titles of -MÇFW- and -MÇFY- names don't match up 357/358 "radial collateral ligament" is shared between S2 of -KŢTL- and S3 of -KŢTH-; more specification needed 357 "ulnar collateral ligament" is shared between S2 of -KŢTR- and S3 of -KŢTÇ-; more specification needed 358 -PŢTW- is missing a closing parenthesis 362 -ŇNY- and -PSX- both list palpitation 380/386 -MMŠTL- and -ŇŇŠPR- are duplicates of -GZDR- 386 -ŇŇSKH- has a typo 388 -ŇŇZDL- has a typo 393 S3 of -NV- is mostly given by -LKHW- and should instead be caterpillar 401 PZE degrees 3-9 and MZE degrees 2-9 should use 'period' instead of 'epoch' 401 MZE/4 has a typo in Triassic 402/463 OBJ specification between animals and plants differs, making it unclear for other lifeforms 403 -NÇV- erroneously listed "Beira" as the generic name for beira; correct generic name should be "Dorcatragus" instead 404 -ČTF- has a typo in "Mephitis" 405 -VḐ- is missing [stem unassigned] 406 S1 of -BZL- is missing the genera Poliocitellus & Sciurotamias, and S2 has Scirillus instead of Syntheosciurus 407 BZKH- is missing a parenthesis and has an extra comma 407 -BZKÇ- has a misspelling in "Calomyscus" 408 -LGY- has an extra apostrophe 416 -MSKW- thru -MSKL- are the only avian roots built upon an unrelated root (-MSK- necessity) 420 -ŇSGŘ- and -NSKF- are missing [stem unassigned] and in S1 of -NSKY- Stiphromis should be Stiphrornis 424 S2 of -PSTY- has a typo in ginbuna and is missing koi, and -PSTĻ- has an additional stem 3 424 -RPSTL- has a typo in Psilorhynchus 425 -ŘPSNW- has a typo in voladora 428 the second instance of -PŢSP- should be -PŢST- 439 -KFŘ- has an extra closing parenthesis 447 S3 of -ḐPĻ- has a redundant “mantis” 458 -ŘZBY- should have a III 462 S2 of -LZVW- has an extra parenthesis 468 S2 of -SŢW- has an extra parenthesis 470 S3 of -NÇPY- has a typo in ginger 478 -FTL- is missing [stem unassigned] 482 S3 of -RŽTW- is missing tarragon 485 -ŇZBW- is missing [stem unassigned] and -ŇZBL- and -ŇZBR- have an unresolved duplicate 486 S1 of -RẒL- has a typo in Taraxacum 491 -FŠPÇ- has a typo in Lamium and -FŠPS- is missing [stem unassigned] 520 -ŇSXM- is missing descriptions 526 Missing: ‘FABOIDEAE’ XVIII 1. (genus Marina) false prairie-clover 2. (genus Parryella) common dunebroom 3. (genus Psorothamnus) indigo bush, dalea, smoketree / smokethorn 527 -ŘPTHW- is a duplicate of -ŘTP- 530 -ÇFL- has a typo in ''Euonymus'' 531 There are two forms of -LMÇN- ‘EUPHORBIACEAE’ VII and S1 of -RMÇL- and -RMÇR- are the same 542 -SSW- has a typo in Peperomia 543 -RJGY- has a typo in physodermataceous and -RJGL- is missing an open parenthesis (-RJGL- and -RJGḐ- both include basidiobolaceous fungus, but who knows how the spelling should differ?) 543 -RJTL- redundantly lists phaeohyphomycosis twice 544 S3 of -RJTH- should list Claviceps, making -RJTHW- ‘SORDARIOMYCETES’ III S1. Xylaria 2. Colletotrichum 3. other sordariomycetes fungus 544 -RJXN- has an extra semicolon 546 -PŢPY- includes [stem unassigned] but the fungal family continues into a fourth root 547 -LVMY- is numbered but -BZVY- -BZVW- -NZGY- -NZGL- aren't numbered 547 S1 of -NZGW- uses "genus" and S2 of -BZDV- repeats "fungus" 549 S2 of -LMḐN- should read "(Sagenista, including Labyrinthulomycetes and Eogyrea; several genera)" 550 -NŢKÇ- should read ‘COLPODEA’ II 551 -NŢPR- and -NŢPŘ- share stems 2 and 3, and -NŢPĻ- should be numbered IX 552 S1 of -NŢFR- is capitalized, -RMT- is partially missing stems, and -RMTÇ- and -RMTF- are not numbered 553 -ŇŠKL- is partially missing its stems 556 -LMŠ- is shared between "fusobacteria" and "other bacteria 1" 557 S2 of -RŠTY- includes a number as part of the genus 557 S2 of -LFMW- should have HSV-1 instead of HHV-1 557 S1 of -LFMY- should have papiine betaherpesvirus 3/4 instead of panine betaherpesvirus 3/4 558 -RŠTF- has a typo in Cressdnaviricota 561 S1 of -NXPR- has a typo in spotted orthotospovirus and S3 of -NXFW- has a typo in metapneumovirus 563 -PSFR- has a typo in virus and in 563 -RCXW- should be SPHAEROLIPOVIRIDAE 1. Alphasphaerolipovirus 2. Yingchengvirus 3. Hukuchivirus 564 -FŠTM- has a typo in Virtovirus === ''Affixes 1.0.1'' === 002 for the Gradient Type A2, "Gradient Type D affixes consist of or end in -h" should be corrected to "Gradient Type A2 affixes consist of or end in -h" 004 DCD affix degree 5: "Obviative PRA" should replaced by "Reduplicative Referential" 010 to swap the new ST2 affix's D1 and D9 is better 102 on the MCS affix, CCQ case-scope is listed twice, degree 9 should be CCP instead 104 IVE affix still reference the now-eliminated category Expectation, should be replaced with the IVL table from the Morphology doc 123 SEX affix has an associated Cr root, but its three-letter abbreviation is not followed by an asterisk. === ''Affixes 0.7.5'' === 006 DCD hasn't been updated re: the split of Obviative (it also still uses the term "PRA") 10/12 ELA should disclude nanoseconds and include weeks; UST should include Plank time, quectosecond, and rontosecond 011 TD2/6 should be "for a few months" 012 STT degrees 4 and 6 can be removed to have degrees 1 and 9 be ereyesterday and overmorrow 014 CYC/CYL recurrence affixes are not needed because FQC/FQL can be used without a number to imply 1 019 for P07*, it should be "''position at +X / 0 / 0''" instead of "''position at -X / 0 / 0''" 020 there are the affixes corresponding to the 3 following roots not included in the affixes doc: -ČḐ- ‘''INTERNAL POINT-LIKE INTERIOR VERTEX/“CORNER” OF AN ENTITY''’, -XḐR- ‘''EXTERNAL LINEAR OUTWARD-FACING “CORNER” EDGE OR “CORNER” SPACE OF AN ENTITY''’, -ČḐR- ‘''INTERNAL LINEAR INTERIOR “CORNER” EDGE OR “CORNER” SPACE OF AN ENTITY''’ 051 in the NOTE, XXX should be change to EFP 059 HND values have symmetric duplicates 75/110 the KBP and ENS affixes share the same value 082 IEC has redundant specifications when interpreted as a root 084 TCT doesn't have a Cs value 104 NCD and NCE are not updated with Agglomerative perspective 107 the section name above PG1 has a typo in Differentiation 110 OBN/6 is not pluralized 114 PZE degrees 3-9 and MZE degrees 2-9 should use 'period' instead of 'epoch' 115 MZE/4 has a typo in Triassic 122 KIN is a geminate form, leading to confusion with Ca 140 GPB/6 ''carboxy-'' should be ''carboxylato-'' 140 GPD/1 has a typo in ''methylenedioxy'' 141 GPG/5 has two typos in ''borinic'' and ''di… borinic'' 141 GPG/7 has a typo in ''alkyllithium'' 141 GPG/7 has a typo in ''alkylmagnesium'' 141 GPH/9 has a typo in ''sulfanylidene-'' 142 GPJ/3 has two same values with the above GPH/9: ''carbonothioyl'' and ''sulfanylidene-'' 142 GPJ/6 has a typo in ''thioester'' === ''WRITING SYSTEM FOR NEW ITHKUIL (December 2021)'' === 02 "Vr Specification, Function, & Stem, plus Vv Designation & Version" should be "Vr Specification, Function, & Context, plus Vv Version & Stem" 02 The table for Relation/Concatenation lists values for concatenated verbs, but it's unclear whether these would show up in actuality, as concatenated formatives do not distinguish between Relations (Slot X stress, which indicates Relation on standalone and parent formatives, instead distinguishes Format series 1-36 from 37-68) 11 "Vlanece" should be "Valence" 13 It is not stated how to write a formative with a Specialized Personal Reference Root; one option is to use the same inverted consonant as Specialized Cs-Roots, but with a superposed diacritic instead (since the Cs-Roots only take underposed diacritics) 15 It is unclear whether Cases RLT, VOC, NAV, and PLM should be written as #8 (reflecting the literal order) or #9 (reflecting the vowel sequence, which skips the ü-series for cases 37-68) 15 The section on Illocution/Expectation is out of date as of the release of Morpho-phonology document v1.0, which removed Expectation and expanded Illocution to 9 values 15 The list of Validation values is incomplete as of the release of Morpho-phonology document v1.0, which added USP Validation 16 "Case Assessor" should be "Case Accessor" 16 There is no method to differentiate between Type-1, -2, and -3 Case Accessor affixes; easily fixed by making both Regular and Inverse diacritics underposed, and using the same superposed diacritics as for VxCs affixes 16 Since the quaternary character is symmetrical, it is unclear how one would differentiate a Case Accessor as the last (or only) affix in Slot V from the first (or only) affix in Slot VII 17 The list of diacritics for Illocution/Expectation/Validation is out of date as of the release of Morpho-phonology document v1.0, as described for page 15 above 18 It is unclear how the bias adjuncts for ACC vs DCC and FSC vs PSM are differentiated, as they all show an unmodified bar 19 It is not stated how to show case-stacking on a referential; likely the best option would be to put the second quaternary character after the consonant (since putting it between the first quaternary character and the consonant can result in ambiguity as to whether the first quaternary character applies to the referential or the preceding formative) 24 The transcription of amļolaňá uses a secondary character for -ml- instead of -mļ-. This character is also rendered in its Cursive Calligraphic form in the Standard Calligraphic example 24 Several diacritics on the Standard Calligraphic example use their Cursive Calligraphic forms instead [[Category:Ithkuil]] 92lzvedlftm29snz82ebkxxsavfyfok 0 212733 2690060 2689358 2024-12-03T06:09:56Z Young1lim 21186 /* Using Libraries */ 2690060 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''' Part I '''== <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Introduction === * Overview * Memory * Number <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Python for C programmers === * Hello, World! ([[Media:CProg.Hello.1A.20230406.pdf |pdf]]) * Statement Level ([[Media:CProg.Statement.1A.20230509.pdf |pdf]]) * Output with print * Formatted output * File IO <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Using Libraries === * Scripts ([[Media:Python.Work2.Script.1A.20231129.pdf |pdf]]) * Modules ([[Media:Python.Work2.Module.1A.20231216.pdf |pdf]]) * Packages ([[Media:Python.Work2.Package.1A.20241201.pdf |pdf]]) * Libraries ([[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1A.20241109.pdf |pdf]]) * Namespaces ([[Media:Python.Work2.Scope.1A.20231021.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:Python.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20230314.pdf |pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:Repeat2.Loop.1A.20230401.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling a Big Work === * Functions ([[Media:Python.Work1.Function.1A.20230529.pdf |pdf]]) * Lambda ([[Media:Python.Work2.Lambda.1A.20230705.pdf |pdf]]) * Type Annotations ([[Media:Python.Work2.AtypeAnnot.1A.20230817.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Series of Data === * Arrays ([[Media:Python.Series1.Array.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series2.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Lists ([[Media:Python.Series3.List.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series4.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Sets ([[Media:Python.Series5.Set.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Dictionary ([[Media:Python.Series6.Dictionary.1A.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types * Operators ([[Media:Python.Data3.Operators.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:Python.Data4.File.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Class and Objects === * Classes & Objects ([[Media:Python.Work2.Class.1A.20230906.pdf |pdf]]) * Inheritance <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> == Python in Numerical Analysis == </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] ==External links== * [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/training/python/pdfs/Python-for-Computational-Science-and-Engineering.pdf Python and Computational Science and Engineering] 7pzngsr3ph7twndn3q7thvpul1sx8kw 2690062 2690060 2024-12-03T06:12:00Z Young1lim 21186 /* Using Libraries */ 2690062 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''' Part I '''== <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Introduction === * Overview * Memory * Number <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Python for C programmers === * Hello, World! ([[Media:CProg.Hello.1A.20230406.pdf |pdf]]) * Statement Level ([[Media:CProg.Statement.1A.20230509.pdf |pdf]]) * Output with print * Formatted output * File IO <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Using Libraries === * Scripts ([[Media:Python.Work2.Script.1A.20231129.pdf |pdf]]) * Modules ([[Media:Python.Work2.Module.1A.20231216.pdf |pdf]]) * Packages ([[Media:Python.Work2.Package.1A.20241202.pdf |pdf]]) * Libraries ([[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1A.20241109.pdf |pdf]]) * Namespaces ([[Media:Python.Work2.Scope.1A.20231021.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:Python.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20230314.pdf |pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:Repeat2.Loop.1A.20230401.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling a Big Work === * Functions ([[Media:Python.Work1.Function.1A.20230529.pdf |pdf]]) * Lambda ([[Media:Python.Work2.Lambda.1A.20230705.pdf |pdf]]) * Type Annotations ([[Media:Python.Work2.AtypeAnnot.1A.20230817.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Series of Data === * Arrays ([[Media:Python.Series1.Array.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series2.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Lists ([[Media:Python.Series3.List.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series4.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Sets ([[Media:Python.Series5.Set.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Dictionary ([[Media:Python.Series6.Dictionary.1A.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types * Operators ([[Media:Python.Data3.Operators.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:Python.Data4.File.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Class and Objects === * Classes & Objects ([[Media:Python.Work2.Class.1A.20230906.pdf |pdf]]) * Inheritance <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> == Python in Numerical Analysis == </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] ==External links== * [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/training/python/pdfs/Python-for-Computational-Science-and-Engineering.pdf Python and Computational Science and Engineering] fhkz0h1m7ajk53cj8ak0a5arrqqtd9u 2 219126 2689950 2689412 2024-12-02T12:44:37Z ThaniosAkro 2805358 /* Implementation */ 2689950 wikitext text/x-wiki = Hyperbola = {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0911hyperbola00.png|thumb|400px|''' Figure 1: Hyperbola at origin with transverse axis horizontal.''' </br></br> Origin at point <math>O</math><math>: (0,0)</math>.</br> Foci are points <math>F_1 (-c,0),\ F_2 (c,0). OF_1 = OF_2 = c.</math></br> Vertices are points <math>V_1 (-a,0),\ V_2 (a,0). OV_1 = OV_2 = a.</math></br> Line segment <math>V_1OV_2</math> is the <math>transverse\ axis.</math></br> <math>PF_1 - PF_2 = 2a.</math> ]] In cartesian [[geometry]] in two dimensions hyperbola is locus of a point <math>P</math> that moves relative to two fixed points called <math>foci</math><math>: F_1, F_2.</math> The distance <math>F_1 F_2</math> from one <math>focus\ (F_1)</math> to the other <math>focus\ (F_2)</math> is non-zero. The absolute difference of the distances <math>(PF_1, PF_2)</math> from point to foci is constant. <math>PF_1 - PF_2 = K.</math> See figure 1. Center of hyperbola is located at the origin <math>O (0,0)</math> and the foci <math>(F_1, F_2)</math> are on the <math>X\ axis</math> at distance <math>c</math> from <math>O. </math> <math>F_1</math> has coordinates <math>(-c, 0). F_2</math> has coordinates <math>(c,0)</math>. Line segments <math>OF_1 = OF_2 = c.</math> Each point <math>(V_1,V_2)</math> where the curve intersects the transverse axis is called a <math>vertex.\ V_1,V_2</math> are the vertices of the ellipse. By definition <math>PF_1 - PF_2 = V_2F_1 - V_2F_2 = V_1F_2 - V_1F_1 = K.</math> <math>\therefore V_2F_1 - V_2F_2 = V_2F_1 - V_1F_1 = V_1V_2 = K = 2a,</math> the length of the <math>transverse\ axis\ (V_1V_2).</math> <math>OV_1 = OV_2 = a.</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Radians, the natural angle== [[File:1129radian00.png|thumb|400px|'''Diagram illustrating one radian of angular measurement.''' </br> Arc of circle (red curved line with arrows) with length equal to radius of circle subtends one radian at center. </br> In diagram above, length of radius = length of arc = 1. </br> One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232\dots^\circ.</math> <math></math> <math></math> ]] If you were a mathematician among the ancient Sumerians of the 3rd millennium BC and you were determined to define the angle that could be adopted as a standard to be used by all users of trigonometry, you would probably suggest the angle in an equilateral triangle. This angle is easily defined, easily constructed, easily understood and easily reproduced. It would be easy to call this angle the "natural" angle. The numeral system used by the ancient Sumerians was Sexagesimal, also known as base 60, a numeral system with sixty as its base. In practice the natural angle could be divided into 60 parts, now called degrees, and each degree could be divided into 60 parts, now called minutes, and so on. Three equilateral triangles fit neatly into a semi-circle, hence 180 degrees in a semi-circle. We know that <math>\tan 30^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}.</math> Therefore, <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> should be <math>0.5,</math> or one half of our concept of the natural angle. Whatever the natural angle might be, it has existed for billions of years, but it has come to light only in recent times with invention of the calculus. In mathematics, the arctangent series, traditionally called Gregory's series, is the Taylor series expansion at the origin of the arctangent function: <math>\arctan x = x - \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{x^5}{5} - \frac{x^7}{7} + \frac{x^9}{9} + \cdots.</math> The following python code calculates <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> using Gregory's series: <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code r3 = 3 ** .5 x = r3/3 arctan_x = ( x - x**3/3 + x**5/5 - x**7/7 + x**9/9 - x**11/11 + x**13/13 - x**15/15 + x**17/17 - x**19/19 + x**21/21 - x**23/23 + x**25/25 - x**27/27 + x**29/29 - x**31/31 + x**33/33 - x**35/35 + x**37/37 - x**39/39 + x**41/41 - x**43/43 + x**45/45 - x**47/47 + x**49/49 - x**51/51 + x**53/53 - x**55/55 + x**57/57 - x**59/59 + x**61/61 - x**63/63 + x**65/65 - x**67/67 + x**69/69 ) sx = 'arctan_x' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x = 0.5235987755982988 </syntaxhighlight> Our assessment of the natural angle as the angle in an equilateral triangle was a very reasonable guess. However, the natural angle is the radian, the angle that subtends an arc on the circumference of a circle equal to the radius. Six times arctan_x <math>= 180^\circ</math> or the number of radians in a semi-circle: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code sx = 'arctan_x * 6' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = '180/(arctan_x * 6)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x * 6 = 3.141592653589793 180/(arctan_x * 6) = 57.29577951308232 </syntaxhighlight> <math>\pi = 3.141592653589793\dots,</math> number of radians in semi-circle. One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232^\circ,</math> slightly less than <math>60^\circ.</math> Because the value <math>\frac\sqrt{3}{3}</math> is fairly large, calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> above required 34 operations to produce result accurate to 16 places of decimals. The calculation did not converge quickly. Python code below uses much smaller values of <math>x</math> and calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> for precision of 1001 is quite fast. <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> ==tan(A/2)== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:1122tanA_200.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphical calculation of <math>\tan \frac{A}{2}</math>.''' </br> <math>OQ = 1;\ QP = t.</math> </br> <math>\tan(A) = \frac{QP}{OQ} = \frac{t}{1} = t.</math> </br> <math>OP = OR = \sqrt{1 + t^2}</math> <math></math> <math></math> ]] In diagram: Point <math>P</math> has coordinates <math>(1,t).</math> Point <math>R</math> has coordinates <math>(\sqrt{1 + t^2},0).</math> Mid point of <math>PR,\ M</math> has coordinates <math>( \frac{ 1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{2}, \frac{t}{2} ).</math> <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{t}{2} / \frac{ 1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{2} = \frac{t}{1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }</math> <math>= \frac{t}{1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} } \cdot \frac{1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2}}{1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} }</math> <math>= \frac{t( 1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} )}{1-(1+t^2)}</math> <math>= \frac{t( 1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} )}{-t^2}</math> <math>= \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{t}</math> <math></math> <math></math> * <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{\tan(A)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}} = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2 (A)} }{\tan (A)}</math> * <math>\tan (2A) = \frac{2\tan (A)}{ 1 - \tan^2 (A) }</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Implementation== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} This section calculates five values of <math>\pi</math> using the following known values of <math>\tan(A):</math> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Angle <math>A</math> || <math>\tan(A)</math> |- | <math>45^\circ</math> | <math>1</math> |- | <math>36^\circ</math> | <math>\sqrt{ 5 - 2\sqrt{5} }</math> |- | <math>30^\circ</math> | <math>\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}</math> |- | <math>27^\circ</math> | <math>\sqrt{ 11 - 4\sqrt{5} + (\sqrt{5} - 3) \sqrt{ 10 - 2\sqrt{5} } }</math> |- | <math>24^\circ</math> | <math>\frac{ (3\sqrt{5} + 7) \sqrt{5 - 2\sqrt{5}} - (\sqrt{5} + 3)\sqrt{3} }{2}</math> |} Values of <math>x</math> in table below are derived from the above values by using identity <math>\tan(\frac{A}{2}) = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}}{\tan(A)}</math>: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Angle <math>\theta</math> || <math>x = \tan(\theta)</math> |- | <math>\frac{45^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912</code> |- | <math>\frac{36^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713</code> |- | <math>\frac{30^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689</code> |- | <math>\frac{27^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738</code> |- | <math>\frac{24^\circ}{2^{32}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778</code> |} <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code desired_precision = 1001 number_of_leading_zeroes = 10 # See below. import decimal dD = decimal.Decimal # decimal object is like float with (almost) infinite precision. dgt = decimal.getcontext() Precision = dgt.prec = desired_precision + 3 # Adjust as necessary. Tolerance = dD("1e-" + str(Precision-2)) # Adjust as necessary. adjustment_to_precision = number_of_leading_zeroes * 2 + 3 def tan_halfA(tan_A) : dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision top = -1 + (1+tan_A**2).sqrt() dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision tan_A_2 = top/tan_A return tan_A_2 def tan_2A (tanA) : ''' 2 * tanA tan(2A) = ----------- 1 - tanA**2 ''' if tanA in (1,-1) : return '1/0' dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision bottom = (1 - tanA**2) output = 2*tanA/bottom dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision return output+0 def θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA) : ''' if input == 45,1 output is: "dD(45) / (2 ** (33))", "0.00000_00000_91432_37995_....._63759_3912" ^^^^^^^^^^^ number_of_leading_zeroes refers to these zeroes. θ,tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA) ''' θ, tanθ = angleA, tanA for p in range (1,100) : θ /= 2 tanθ = tan_halfA(tanθ) if tanθ >= dD('1e-' + str(number_of_leading_zeroes)) : continue str1 = str(tanθ) # str1 = "n.nnnnnnnnnnnnn ..... nnnnnnnnnnnnE-11" str1a = str1[0] + str1[2:-4] list1 = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range (0, len(str1a), 5) ] str2 = '0.00000_00000_' + ('_'.join(list1)) dD2 = dD(str2) (dD2 == tanθ) or ({}[2]) ((θ * (2**p)) == angleA ) or ({}[3]) str3 = 'dD({}) / (2 ** ({}))'.format(angleA,p) (θ == eval(str3)) or ({}[4]) return str3, str2 ({}[5]) r3 = dD(3).sqrt() r5 = dD(5).sqrt() tan36 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt() tan45 = dD(1) tan30 = r3/3 v1 = 3*r5+7 v2 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt() v3 = (r5+3)*r3 tan24 = ( v1*v2 - v3 )/2 v1 = r5 - 3 ; v2 = (10 - 2*r5).sqrt() tan27 = ( 11 - 4*r5 + v1*v2 ).sqrt() values_of_A_tanA = ( (dD(45), tan45), (dD(36), tan36), (dD(30), tan30), (dD(27), tan27), (dD(24), tan24), ) values_of_θ_tanθ = [] for (A, tanA) in values_of_A_tanA : θ, tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (A, tanA) print() sx = 'θ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) # sx = 'tanθ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) print ('tanθ =', '{}.....{}'.format(tanθ[:30], tanθ[-20:])) values_of_θ_tanθ += [ (θ, tanθ) ] # Check for (v1,v2),(v3,v4) in zip (values_of_A_tanA, values_of_θ_tanθ) : A, tanA = v1,v2 θ = eval(v3) tanθ = dD(v4) status = 0 for p in range (1,100) : θ *= 2 tanθ = tan_2A (tanθ) if θ == A : dgt.prec = desired_precision (+tanθ == +tanA) or ({}[10]) dgt.prec = Precision status = 1 break status or ({}[11]) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> θ = dD(45) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912 θ = dD(36) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713 θ = dD(30) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689 θ = dD(27) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738 θ = dD(24) / (2 ** (32)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code def calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : ''' angleθ may be: "dD(27) / (2 ** (33))" tanθ may be: "0.00000_00000_54859_42797_ ..... _03540_9738" π = calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) ''' thisName = 'calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) :' if isinstance(angleθ, dD) : pass elif isinstance(angleθ, str) : angleθ = eval(angleθ) else : ({}[21]) if isinstance(tanθ, dD) : pass elif isinstance(tanθ, str) : tanθ = dD(tanθ) else : ({}[22]) x = tanθ ; multiplier = -1 ; sum = x ; count = 0; status = 0 # x**3 x**5 x**7 x**9 # y = x - ---- + ---- - ---- + ---- # 3 5 7 9 # # Each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term multiplied by x**2. # Each value of x contains 10 leading zeroes after decimal point. # Therefore, each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term with 20 more leading zeroes. # Each pass through main loop adds about 20 digits to current value of sum # and θ is calculated to precision of 1004 digits with about 50 passes through main loop. # for p in range (3,200,2) : # This is main loop. count += 1 addendum = (multiplier * (x**p)) / p sum += addendum if abs(addendum) < Tolerance : status = 1; break multiplier = -multiplier status or ({}[23]) print(thisName, 'count =',count) π = sum * 180 / angleθ dgt.prec = desired_precision π += 0 # This forces π to adopt precision of desired_precision. dgt.prec = Precision return π # Calculate five values of π: values_of_π = [] for θ,tanθ in values_of_θ_tanθ : π = calculate_π (θ,tanθ) values_of_π += [ π ] </syntaxhighlight> Each calculation of π required about 50 passes through main loop: <syntaxhighlight> calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50 </syntaxhighlight> Check that all 5 values of π are equal: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code set1 = set(values_of_π) sx = 'len(values_of_π)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = 'len(set1)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = 'set1' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) π, = set1 # Note the syntax. If length of set1 is not 1, this statement fails. </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> len(values_of_π) = 5 len(set1) = 1 set1 = {Decimal('3.141592653589793238462643383279.....12268066130019278766111959092164201989')} </syntaxhighlight> Print value of π as python command formatted: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code newLine = ''' '''[-1:] def print_π (π) : ''' Input π is : Decimal('3.141592653589793238 ..... 66111959092164201989') This function prints: π = ( "3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510" + "58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679" ..... + "18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989" ) ''' πstr = str(π) (len(πstr) == (desired_precision + 1)) or ({}[31]) (πstr[:2] == '3.') or ({}[32]) twenty_rows = [] for p in range (2, len(πstr), 50) : str1a = πstr[p:p+50] list1a = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range(0, len(str1a), 5) ] str1b = '_'.join(list1a) twenty_rows += [str1b] twenty_rows[0] = '3.' + twenty_rows[0] joiner = '"{} + "'.format(newLine) str3 = '( "{}" )'.format(joiner.join(twenty_rows)) str4 = eval(str3) (dD(str4) == π) or ({}[33]) lines = str3.split(newLine) paragraphs = [ newLine.join(lines[p:p+4]) for p in range(0,len(lines),4) ] str5 = (newLine*2).join(paragraphs) str6 = eval(str5) (dD(str6) == π) or ({}[34]) print ('π =', str5) return str5 π1 = print_π (π) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> π = ( "3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510" + "58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679" + "82148_08651_32823_06647_09384_46095_50582_23172_53594_08128" + "48111_74502_84102_70193_85211_05559_64462_29489_54930_38196" + "44288_10975_66593_34461_28475_64823_37867_83165_27120_19091" + "45648_56692_34603_48610_45432_66482_13393_60726_02491_41273" + "72458_70066_06315_58817_48815_20920_96282_92540_91715_36436" + "78925_90360_01133_05305_48820_46652_13841_46951_94151_16094" + "33057_27036_57595_91953_09218_61173_81932_61179_31051_18548" + "07446_23799_62749_56735_18857_52724_89122_79381_83011_94912" + "98336_73362_44065_66430_86021_39494_63952_24737_19070_21798" + "60943_70277_05392_17176_29317_67523_84674_81846_76694_05132" + "00056_81271_45263_56082_77857_71342_75778_96091_73637_17872" + "14684_40901_22495_34301_46549_58537_10507_92279_68925_89235" + "42019_95611_21290_21960_86403_44181_59813_62977_47713_09960" + "51870_72113_49999_99837_29780_49951_05973_17328_16096_31859" + "50244_59455_34690_83026_42522_30825_33446_85035_26193_11881" + "71010_00313_78387_52886_58753_32083_81420_61717_76691_47303" + "59825_34904_28755_46873_11595_62863_88235_37875_93751_95778" + "18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989" ) </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:1130value_of_pi.png|thumb|400px|'''Value of <math>\pi</math> highlighted.''']] If you highlight the above expression for <math>\pi</math> as shown in diagram, you can copy and paste it into your python source file as valid python code. {{RoundBoxBottom}} <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Asymptotes of hyperbola== ===Line and hyperbola=== This section describes possibilities that arise when we consider intersection of line and hyperbola. ====With two common points==== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:01hyperbola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Diagram of hyperbola and line.''' </br> Line and hyperbola have two common points. </br> When line and hyperbola have two common points, line cannot be parallel to asymptote. </br> ]] Line 1: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 704, -1404, 1344, -11040, -41220, -161775 abc = a,b,c = .96, .28, .2 result = hyperbola_and_line (ABCDEF, abc) sx = 'result' ; print (sx, eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> Code returns list containing two points: <syntaxhighlight> result [ (1.425,-5.6), (4.575,-16.4) ] </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Length of latus rectum== ----------------------- <math>b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0</math> <math>b^2c^2 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0</math> <math>b^2(a^2 - b^2) + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0</math> <math>b^2a^2 - b^4 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 =0</math> <math>a^2y^2 = b^4</math> <math>y^2 = \frac{b^4}{a^2}</math> <math>y = \frac{b^2}{a}</math> Length of latus rectum <math>= L_1R_1 = L_2R_2 = \frac{2b^2}{a}.</math> =Conic sections generally= Within the two dimensional space of Cartesian Coordinate Geometry a conic section may be located anywhere and have any orientation. This section examines the parabola, ellipse and hyperbola, showing how to calculate the equation of the section, and also how to calculate the foci and directrices given the equation. ==Slope of curve== Given equation of conic section: <math>Ax^2 + By^2 + Cxy + Dx + Ey + F = 0,</math> differentiate both sides with respect to <math>x.</math> <math>2Ax + B(2yy') + C(xy' + y) + D + Ey' = 0</math> <math>2Ax + 2Byy' + Cxy' + Cy + D + Ey' = 0</math> <math>2Byy' + Cxy' + Ey' + 2Ax + Cy + D = 0</math> <math>y'(2By + Cx + E) = -(2Ax + Cy + D)</math> <math>y' = \frac{-(2Ax + Cy + D)}{Cx + 2By + E}</math> For slope horizontal: <math>2Ax + Cy + D = 0.</math> For slope vertical: <math>Cx + 2By + E = 0.</math> For given slope <math>m = \frac{-(2Ax + Cy + D)}{Cx + 2By + E}</math> <math>m(Cx + 2By + E) = -2Ax - Cy - D</math> <math>mCx + 2Ax + m2By + Cy + mE + D = 0</math> <math>(mC + 2A)x + (m2B + C)y + (mE + D) = 0.</math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> ===Implementation=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code def three_slopes (ABCDEF, slope, flag = 0) : ''' equation1, equation2, equation3 = three_slopes (ABCDEF, slope[, flag]) equation1 is equation for slope horizontal. equation2 is equation for slope vertical. equation3 is equation for slope supplied. All equations are in format (a,b,c) where ax + by + c = 0. ''' A,B,C,D,E,F = ABCDEF output = [] abc = 2*A, C, D ; output += [ abc ] abc = C, 2*B, E ; output += [ abc ] m = slope # m(Cx + 2By + E) = -2Ax - Cy - D # mCx + m2By + mE = -2Ax - Cy - D # mCx + 2Ax + m2By + Cy + mE + D = 0 abc = m*C + 2*A, m*2*B + C, m*E + D ; output += [ abc ] if flag : str1 = '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (A,B,C,D,E,F) print (str1) a,b,c = output[0] str1 = 'For slope horizontal: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (a,b,c) print (str1) a,b,c = output[1] str1 = 'For slope vertical: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (a,b,c) print (str1) a,b,c = output[2] str1 = 'For slope {}: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (slope, a,b,c) print (str1) return output </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Examples=== ====Quadratic function==== <math>y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}</math> <math>\text{line 1:}\ x = 7</math> <math>\text{line 2:}\ x = 17</math> <math></math> =====y = f(x)===== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0502quadratic01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of quadratic function <math>y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}.</math>''' </br> At interscetion of <math>\text{line 1}</math> and curve, slope = <math>0</math>.</br> At interscetion of <math>\text{line 2}</math> and curve, slope = <math>5</math>.</br> Slope of curve is never vertical. ]] Consider conic section: <math>(-1)x^2 + (0)y^2 + (0)xy + (14)x + (4)y + (39) = 0.</math> This is quadratic function: <math>y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}</math> Slope of this curve: <math>m = y' = \frac{2x - 14}{4}</math> Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>5:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = -1,0,0,14,4,39 # quadratic three_slopes (ABCDEF, 5, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (-1)x^2 + (0)y^2 + (0)xy + (14)x + (4)y + (39) = 0 For slope horizontal: (-2)x + (0)y + (14) = 0 # x = 7 For slope vertical: (0)x + (0)y + (4) = 0 # This does not make sense. # Slope is never vertical. For slope 5: (-2)x + (0)y + (34) = 0 # x = 17. </syntaxhighlight> Check results: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code for x in (7,17) : m = (2*x - 14)/4 s1 = 'x,m' ; print (s1, eval(s1)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> x,m (7, 0.0) # When x = 7, slope = 0. x,m (17, 5.0) # When x =17, slope = 5. </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} =====x = f(y)===== <math>x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}</math> <math>\text{line 1:}\ y = -7</math> <math>\text{line 2:}\ y = -11</math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0502quadratic02.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of quadratic function <math>x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}.</math>''' </br> At interscetion of <math>\text{line 1}</math> and curve, slope is vertical.</br> At interscetion of <math>\text{line 2}</math> and curve, slope = <math>0.5</math>.</br> Slope of curve is never horizontal. ]] Consider conic section: <math>(0)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (-4)x + (-14)y + (-5) = 0.</math> This is quadratic function: <math>x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}</math> Slope of this curve: <math>\frac{dx}{dy} = \frac{-2y - 14}{4}</math> <math>m = y' = \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-4}{2y + 14}</math> Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>0.5:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 0,-1,0,-4,-14,-5 # quadratic x = f(y) three_slopes (ABCDEF, 0.5, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (0)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (-4)x + (-14)y + (-5) = 0 For slope horizontal: (0)x + (0)y + (-4) = 0 # This does not make sense. # Slope is never horizontal. For slope vertical: (0)x + (-2)y + (-14) = 0 # y = -7 For slope 0.5: (0.0)x + (-1.0)y + (-11.0) = 0 # y = -11 </syntaxhighlight> Check results: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code for y in (-7,-11) : top = -4 ; bottom = 2*y + 14 if bottom == 0 : print ('y,m',y,'{}/{}'.format(top,bottom)) continue m = top/bottom s1 = 'y,m' ; print (s1, eval(s1)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> y,m -7 -4/0 # When y = -7, slope is vertical. y,m (-11, 0.5) # When y = -11, slope is 0.5. </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ====Parabola==== <math>(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 1:}</math> <math>(18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 2:}</math> <math>(-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 3:}</math> <math>(-30)x + (40)y + (160) = 0</math> <math></math><math></math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0504parabola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of parabola <math>(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0.</math>''' </br> At interscetion of <math>\text{Line 1}</math> and curve, slope is horizontal.</br> At interscetion of <math>\text{Line 2}</math> and curve, slope is vertical.</br> At interscetion of <math>\text{Line 3}</math> and curve, slope = <math>2</math>.</br> Slope of curve is never <math>0.75</math> because axis has slope <math>0.75</math> and curve is never parallel to axis. ]] Consider conic section: <math>(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0.</math> This curve is a parabola. Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>2:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 9,16,-24,104,28,-144 # parabola three_slopes (ABCDEF, 2, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0 For slope horizontal: (18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0 For slope vertical: (-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0 For slope 2: (-30)x + (40)y + (160) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> Because all 3 lines are parallel to axis, all 3 lines have slope <math>\frac{3}{4}.</math> Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>0.75:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code three_slopes (ABCDEF, 0.75, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0 For slope horizontal: (18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0 # Same as above. For slope vertical: (-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0 # Same as above. For slope 0.75: (0.0)x + (0.0)y + (125.0) = 0 # Impossible. </syntaxhighlight> Axis has slope <math>0.75</math> and curve is never parallel to axis. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ====Ellipse==== <math>(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 1:}</math> <math>(3542)x + (1944)y + (-44860) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 2:}</math> <math>(1944)x + (2408)y + (-18520) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 3:}</math> <math>(1598)x + (-464)y + (-26340) = 0</math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0504ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse <math>(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0.</math>''' </br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 1}</math> and curve, slope is horizontal.</br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 2}</math> and curve, slope is vertical.</br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 3}</math> and curve, slope = <math>-1.</math> ]] Consider conic section: <math>(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0.</math> This curve is an ellipse. Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>-1:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 1771, 1204, 1944, -44860, -18520, 214400 # ellipse three_slopes (ABCDEF, -1, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0 For slope horizontal: (3542)x + (1944)y + (-44860) = 0 For slope vertical: (1944)x + (2408)y + (-18520) = 0 For slope -1: (1598)x + (-464)y + (-26340) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> Because curve is closed loop, slope of curve may be any value including <math>\frac{1}{0}.</math> If slope of curve is given as <math>\frac{1}{0},</math> it means that curve is vertical at that point and tangent to curve has equation <math>x = k.</math> For any given slope there are always 2 points on opposite sides of curve where tangent to curve at those points has the given slope. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ====Hyperbola==== <math>(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 1:}</math> <math>(-702)x + (-336)y + (4182) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 2:}</math> <math>(-336)x + (352)y + (-3824) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 3:}</math> <math>(-1374)x + (368)y + (-3466) = 0</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0505hyperbola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of hyperbola <math>(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0.</math>''' </br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 1}</math> and curve, slope is horizontal.</br> <math>\text{Line 2}</math> and curve do not intersect. Slope is never vertical.</br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 3}</math> and curve, slope = <math>2.</math> ]] Consider conic section: <math>(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0.</math> This curve is a hyperbola. Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>2:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = -351, 176, -336, 4182, -3824, -16231 # hyperbola three_slopes (ABCDEF, 2, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0 For slope horizontal: (-702)x + (-336)y + (4182) = 0 For slope vertical: (-336)x + (352)y + (-3824) = 0 For slope 2: (-1374)x + (368)y + (-3466) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Latera recta et cetera== "Latus rectum" is a Latin expression meaning "straight side." According to Google, the Latin plural of "latus rectum" is "latera recta," but English allows "latus rectums" or possibly "lati rectums." The title of this section is poetry to the eyes and music to the ears of a Latin student and this author hopes that the gentle reader will permit such poetic licence in a mathematical topic. The translation of the title is "Latus rectums and other things." This section describes the calculation of interesting items associated with the ellipse: latus rectums, major axis, minor axis, focal chords, directrices and various points on these lines. When given the equation of an ellipse, the first thing is to calculate eccentricity, foci and directrices as shown above. Then verify that the curve is in fact an ellipse. From these values everything about the ellipse may be calculated. For example: {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0608ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse <math>1771x^2 + 1204y^2 + 1944xy -44860x - 18520y + 214400 = 0.</math>''' </br> </br> Axis : (-0.8)x + (-0.6)y + (9.4) = 0</br> Eccentricity = 0.9</br> </br> Directrix 2 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (2) = 0</br> Latus rectum RS : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-0.8) = 0</br> Minor axis : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-12.73684210526315789474) = 0</br> Latus rectum PU : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-24.67368421052631578947) = 0</br> Directrix 1 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-27.47368421052631578947) = 0</br> </br> <math>\text{ID2}</math> = (6.32, 7.24)</br> <math>\text{I2}</math> = (7.204210526315789473684, 6.061052631578947368421)</br> F2 = (8, 5)</br> M = (15.16210526315789473684, -4.54947368421052631579)</br> F1 = (22.32421052631578947368, -14.09894736842105263158)</br> <math>\text{I1}</math> = (23.12, -15.16)</br> <math>\text{ID1}</math> = (24.00421052631578947368, -16.33894736842105263158)</br> </br> P = (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158)</br> Q = (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299)</br> R = (5.984, 3.488)</br> S = (10.016, 6.512)</br> T = (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281)</br> U = (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158)</br> </br> Length of major axis: <math>\text{I1I2}</math> = 26.52631578947368421052</br> Length of minor axis: QT = 11.56255298707631300170</br> Length of latus rectum: RS = PU = 5.04 ]] Consider conic section: <math>1771x^2 + 1204y^2 + 1944xy -44860x - 18520y + 214400 = 0.</math> This curve is ellipse with random orientation. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 1771, 1204, 1944, -44860, -18520, 214400 # ellipse result = calculate_abc_epq(ABCDEF) (len(result) == 2) or 1/0 # ellipse or hyperbola (abc1,epq1), (abc2,epq2) = result a1,b1,c1 = abc1 ; e1,p1,q1 = epq1 a2,b2,c2 = abc2 ; e2,p2,q2 = epq2 (e1 == e2) or 2/0 (1 > e1 > 0) or 3/0 print ( '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(A,B,C,D,E,F) ) A,B,C,D,E,F = ABCDEF_from_abc_epq(abc1,epq1) print ('Equation of ellipse in standard form:') print ( '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(A,B,C,D,E,F) ) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0 Equation of ellipse in standard form: (-0.7084)x^2 + (-0.4816)y^2 + (-0.7776)xy + (17.944)x + (7.408)y + (-85.76) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code def sum_zero(input) : ''' sum = sum_zero(input) If sum is close to 0 and Tolerance permits, sum is returned as 0. For example: if input contains (2, -1.999999999999999999999) this function returns sum of these 2 values as 0. ''' global Tolerance sump = sumn = 0 for v in input : if v > 0 : sump += v elif v < 0 : sumn -= v sum = sump - sumn if abs(sum) < Tolerance : return (type(Tolerance))(0) min, max = sorted((sumn,sump)) if abs(sum) <= Tolerance*min : return (type(Tolerance))(0) return sum </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Major axis=== <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # axis is perpendicular to directrix. ax,bx = b1,-a1 # axis contains foci. ax + by + c = 0 cx = reduce_Decimal_number(-(ax*p1 + bx*q1)) axis = ax,bx,cx print ( ' Axis : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(ax,bx,cx) ) print ( ' Eccentricity = {}'.format(e1) ) print () print ( ' Directrix 1 : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a1,b1,c1) ) print ( ' Directrix 2 : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a2,b2,c2) ) F1 = p1,q1 # Focus 1. print ( ' F1 : ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1) ) F2 = p2,q2 # Focus 2. print ( ' F2 : ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2) ) # Direction cosines along axis from F1 towards F2: dx,dy = a1,b1 # p2 = p1 + dx*distance_F1_F2 # q2 = q1 + dy*distance_F1_F2 if dx : distance_F1_F2 = (p2 - p1)/dx else : distance_F1_F2 = (q2 - q1) if distance_F1_F2 < 0 : distance_F1_F2 *= -1 dx *= -1 ; dy *= -1 # Intercept on directrix1 distance_from_F1_to_ID1 = abs(a1*p1 + b1*q1 + c1) ID1 = xID1,yID1 = p1 - dx*distance_from_F1_to_ID1, q1 - dy*distance_from_F1_to_ID1 print ( ' Intercept ID1 : ({}, {})'.format(xID1,yID1) ) # # distance_F1_F2 # -------------------- = e # length_of_major_axis # length_of_major_axis = distance_F1_F2 / e1 # Intercept1 on curve distance_from_F1_to_curve = (length_of_major_axis - distance_F1_F2 )/2 xI1,yI1 = p1 - dx*distance_from_F1_to_curve, q1 - dy*distance_from_F1_to_curve I1 = xI1,yI1 = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in (xI1,yI1) ] print ( ' Intercept I1 : ({}, {})'.format(xI1,yI1) ) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> Axis : (-0.8)x + (-0.6)y + (9.4) = 0 Eccentricity = 0.9 Directrix 1 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-27.47368421052631578947) = 0 Directrix 2 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (2) = 0 F1 : (22.32421052631578947368, -14.09894736842105263158) F2 : (8, 5) Intercept ID1 : (24.00421052631578947368, -16.33894736842105263158) Intercept I1 : (23.12, -15.16) </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points <math>I2, ID2.</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Latus rectums=== <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # direction cosines along latus rectum. dlx,dly = -dy,dx # # distance from U to F1 half_latus_rectum # ------------------------------ = ----------------------- = e1 # distance from U to directrix 1 distance_from_F1_to_ID1 # half_latus_rectum = reduce_Decimal_number(e1*distance_from_F1_to_ID1) # latus rectum 1 # Focal chord has equation (afc)x + (bfc)y + (cfc) = 0. afc,bfc = a1,b1 cfc = reduce_Decimal_number(-(afc*p1 + bfc*q1)) print ( ' Focal chord PU : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(afc,bfc,cfc) ) P = xP,yP = p1 + dlx*half_latus_rectum, q1 + dly*half_latus_rectum print ( ' Point P : ({}, {})'.format(xP,yP) ) U = xU,yU = p1 - dlx*half_latus_rectum, q1 - dly*half_latus_rectum print ( ' Point U : ({}, {})'.format(xU,yU) ) distance = reduce_Decimal_number(( (xP - xU)**2 + (yP - yU)**2 ).sqrt()) print (' Length PU =', distance) print (' half_latus_rectum =', half_latus_rectum) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> Focal chord PU : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-24.67368421052631578947) = 0 Point P : (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158) Point U : (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158) Length PU = 5.04 half_latus_rectum = 2.52 </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points <math>R, S.</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Minor axis=== <syntaxhighlight lang=python> print () # Mid point between F1, F2: M = xM,yM = (p1 + p2)/2, (q1 + q2)/2 print ( ' Mid point M : ({}, {})'.format(xM,yM) ) half_major = length_of_major_axis / 2 half_distance = distance_F1_F2 / 2 # half_distance**2 + half_minor**2 = half_major**2 half_minor = ( half_major**2 - half_distance**2 ).sqrt() length_of_minor_axis = half_minor * 2 Q = xQ,yQ = xM + dlx*half_minor, yM + dly*half_minor T = xT,yT = xM - dlx*half_minor, yM - dly*half_minor print ( ' Point Q : ({}, {})'.format(xQ,yQ) ) print ( ' Point T : ({}, {})'.format(xT,yT) ) print (' length_of_major_axis =', length_of_major_axis) print (' length_of_minor_axis =', length_of_minor_axis) # # A basic check. # length_of_minor_axis**2 = (length_of_major_axis**2)(1-e**2) # # length_of_minor_axis**2 # ----------------------- = 1-e**2 # length_of_major_axis**2 # # length_of_minor_axis**2 # ----------------------- + (e**2 - 1) = 0 # length_of_major_axis**2 # values = (length_of_minor_axis/length_of_major_axis)**2, e1**2 - 1 sum_zero(values) and 3/0 aM,bM = a1,b1 # Minor axis is parallel to directrix. cM = reduce_Decimal_number(-(aM*xM + bM*yM)) print ( ' Minor axis : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(aM,bM,cM) ) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> Mid point M : (15.16210526315789473684, -4.54947368421052631579) Point Q : (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299) Point T : (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281) length_of_major_axis = 26.52631578947368421052 length_of_minor_axis = 11.56255298707631300170 Minor axis : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-12.73684210526315789474) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> ===Checking=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} All interesting points have been calculated without using equations of any of the relevant lines. However, equations of relevant lines are very useful for testing, for example: * Check that points <math>ID2, I2, F2, M, F1, I1, ID1</math> are on axis. * Check that points <math>R, F2, S</math> are on latus rectum through <math>F2.</math> * Check that points <math>Q, M, T</math> are on minor axis through <math>M.</math> * Check that points <math>P, F1, U</math> are on latus rectum through <math>F1.</math> Test below checks that 8 points <math>I1, I2, P, Q, R, S, T, U</math> are on ellipse and satisfy eccentricity <math>e = 0.9.</math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> t1 = ( ('I1'), ('I2'), ('P'), ('Q'), ('R'), ('S'), ('T'), ('U'), ) for name in t1 : value = eval(name) x,y = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in value ] print ('{} : ({}, {})'.format((name+' ')[:2], x,y)) values = A*x**2, B*y**2, C*x*y, D*x, E*y, F sum_zero(values) and 3/0 # Relative to Directrix 1 and Focus 1: distance_to_F1 = ( (x-p1)**2 + (y-q1)**2 ).sqrt() distance_to_directrix1 = a1*x + b1*y + c1 e1 = distance_to_F1 / distance_to_directrix1 print (' e1 =',e1) # Raw value is printed. # Relative to Directrix 2 and Focus 2: distance_to_F2 = ( (x-p2)**2 + (y-q2)**2 ).sqrt() distance_to_directrix2 = a2*x + b2*y + c2 e2 = distance_to_F2 / distance_to_directrix2 e2 = reduce_Decimal_number(e2) print (' e2 =',e2) # Clean value is printed. </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} Note the differences between "raw" values of <math>e_1</math> and "clean" values of <math>e_2.</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> I1 : (23.12, -15.16) e1 = -0.9000000000000000000034 e2 = 0.9 I2 : (7.204210526315789473684, 6.061052631578947368421) e1 = -0.9 e2 = 0.9 P : (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158) e1 = -0.9 e2 = 0.9 Q : (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299) e1 = -0.9000000000000000000002 e2 = 0.9 R : (5.984, 3.488) e1 = -0.9000000000000000000003 e2 = 0.9 S : (10.016, 6.512) e1 = -0.9000000000000000000003 e2 = 0.9 T : (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281) e1 = -0.8999999999999999999996 e2 = 0.9 U : (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158) e1 = -0.9 e2 = 0.9 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> ==Traditional definition of ellipse== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0617ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse.''' </br> Sum of distance <math>F_1G</math> and distance <math>F_2G</math> is constant. ]] Ellipse may be defined as the locus of a point that moves so that the sum of its distances from two fixed points is constant. In the diagram the two fixed points are the foci, Focus 1 or <math>F_1</math> and Focus 2 or <math>F_2.</math> Distance between <math>F_1</math> and <math>F_2</math>, distance <math>F_1F_2</math>, must be non-zero. Point <math>G</math> on perimeter of ellipse moves so that sum of distance <math>F_1G</math> and distance <math>F_2G</math> is constant. Points <math>T_1</math> and <math>T_2</math> are on axis of ellipse and the same rule applies to these points. distance <math>F_1T_1</math> + distance <math>T_1F_2</math> is constant. distance <math>F_1T_1</math> + distance <math>T_1F_2</math> <math>=</math> distance <math>F_1G</math> + distance <math>F_2G</math> <math>=</math> distance <math>F_2T_2</math> + distance <math>T_1F_2</math> <math>= \text{length of major axis.}</math> Therefore the constant is <math>\text{length of major axis}</math> which must be greater than distance <math>F_1F_2.</math> From information given, calculate eccentricity <math>e</math> and equation of one directrix. Choose directrix 1 <math>dx1</math> associated with focus F1. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Ellipse at origin== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0901ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse.''' </br> Sum of distance <math>F_1P</math> and distance <math>F_2P</math> is constant. ]] Traditional definition of ellipse states that ellipse is locus of a point that moves so that sum of its distances from two fixed points is constant. By definition distance <math>F_2P</math> + distance <math>F_1P</math> is constant. <math>\sqrt{(x-(-p))^2 + y^2} + \sqrt{(x-p)^2 + y^2} = k\ \dots\ (1)</math> Expand <math>(1)</math> and result is <math>Ax^2 + By^2 + F = 0\ \dots\ (2)</math> where: <math>A = 4k^2 - 16p^2</math> <math>B = 4k^2</math> <math>F = 4k^2p^2 - k^4</math> When <math>y = 0,</math> point <math>B,\ Ax^2 = -F</math> <math>x^2 = \frac{-F}{A}</math> <math>= \frac{k^4 - 4k^2p^2}{4k^2 - 16p^2}</math> <math>=\frac{k^2(k^2-4p^2)}{4(k^2 - 4p^2)} = \frac{k^2}{4}.</math> Therefore: <math>x = \frac{k}{2} = a</math> <math>k = \text{length of major axis.}</math> By definition, distance <math>F_2A</math> + distance <math>F_1A = k.</math> Therefore distance <math>F_1A = a.</math> Intercept form of ellipse at origin: <math>(4k^2 - 16p^2)x^2 + (4k^2)y^2 = k^4 - 4k^2p^2</math> <math>\frac{4(k^2-4p^2)}{k^2(k^2-4p^2)}x^2 + \frac{4k^2}{k^2(k^2 - 4p^2)}y^2 = 1</math> <math>\frac{4}{(2a)^2}x^2 + \frac{4}{(2a)^2 - 4p^2}y^2 = 1</math> <math>\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1</math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Second definition of ellipse== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0901ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse <math>\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1</math> where <math>a,b = 20,12</math>.''' </br> At point <math>B,\ \frac{u}{v} = e.</math> </br> At point <math>A,\ \frac{a}{t} = e.</math> ]] Ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant. Let <math>\frac{p}{a} = e</math> where: * <math>p</math> is non-zero, * <math>a > p,</math> * <math>a = p + u.</math> Therefore, <math>1 > e > 0.</math> Let directrix have equation <math>x = t</math> where <math>\frac{a}{t} = e.</math> At point <math>B:</math> <math>\frac{p}{p+u} = \frac{p+u}{p+u+v} = e</math> <math>(p+u)^2 = p(p+u+v)</math> <math>pp + pu + pu + uu = pp + pu + pv</math> <math>pu + uu = pv</math> <math>u(p + u) = pv</math> <math>\frac{u}{v} = \frac{p}{p+u} = e</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance to focus}}{\text{distance to directrix}} = e\ \dots\ (3)</math> Statement <math>(3)</math> is true at point <math>A</math> also. Section under "Proof" below proves that statement (3) is true for any point <math>P</math> on ellipse. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Proof=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0902ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Proving that <math>\frac{\text{distance from point to focus}}{\text{distance from point to directrix}} = e</math>.''' </br> Graph is part of curve <math>\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1.</math> </br> distance to Directrix1 <math>= t - x = \frac{a}{e} - x = \frac{a - ex}{e}.</math> </br> base = <math>x - p = x - ae</math> </br> <math>\text{(distance to Focus1)}^2 = \text{base}^2 + y^2</math> ]] As expressed above in statement <math>3,</math> second definition of ellipse states that ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant. This section proves that this definition is true for any point <math>P</math> on the ellipse. At point <math>P:</math> <math>(a^2 - p^2)x^2 + a^2y^2 -a^2(a^2 - p^2) = 0</math> <math>y^2 = \frac{-(a^2 - p^2)x^2 + a^2(a^2 - p^2)}{a^2}</math> <math>= \frac{a^2e^2x^2 - a^2x^2 + a^2a^2 - a^2a^2e^2}{a^2}</math> <math>= e^2x^2 - x^2 + a^2 - a^2e^2</math> base <math>= x-p = x-ae</math> <math>(\text{distance}\ F_1P)^2 = y^2 + \text{base}^2 = y^2 + (x-ae)^2</math> <math>= a^2 - 2aex + e^2x^2</math> <math>= (a-ex)^2</math> <math>\text{distance to Focus1} = \text{distance}\ F_1P = a - ex</math> <math>\text{distance to Directrix1} = t - x = \frac{a}{e} - x = \frac{a-ex}{e}</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance to Focus1}}{\text{distance to Directrix1}}</math> <math>= (a - ex)\frac{e}{(a-ex)}</math> <math>= e</math> Similar calculations can be used to prove the case for Focus2 <math>(-p, 0)</math> and Directrix2 <math>(x = -t)</math> in which case: <math>\frac{\text{distance to Focus2}}{\text{distance to Directrix2}}</math> <math>= (a + ex)\frac{e}{(a + ex)}</math> <math>= e</math> Therefore: <math>\frac{\text{distance to focus}}{\text{distance to directrix}} = e</math> where <math>1 > e > 0.</math> Ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant, called eccentricity <math>e.</math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Heading== ===Properties of ellipse=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0822ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse used to illustrate and calculate certain properties of ellipses.''' </br> </br> Traditional definition of ellipse: </br> <math>\text{distance } AF_1 + \text{distance } AF_2 = \text{constant } k.</math> </br> </br> Second definition of ellipse: </br> <math>\frac{\text{distance } AF_1} {\text{distance } AG } = \text{eccentricity } e.</math> </br> </br> Triangle <math>A F_1 G</math> is right triangle. </br> <math>e = \cos \angle O F_1 A = \cos \angle F_1 A G</math> ]] Ellipse in diagram has: * Two foci: <math>F_1\ (p,0),\ F_2\ (-p,0).</math> * Length of major axis <math>= \text{distance } I_2 I_1 = 2a</math> * Length of minor axis <math>= \text{distance } A B = 2b</math> * Equation: <math>\frac {x^2} {a^2} + \frac {y^2} {b^2} = 1</math> * Length of latus rectum <math>= \text{distance } P Q</math> * Distance between directrices <math>= \text{distance } D_2 D_1 = 2t</math> Properties of ellipse: * <math>\frac{\text{length of major axis}} {\text{distance between directrices}} = e</math> * <math>\frac{\text{distance between foci}} {\text{length of major axis}} = e</math> * <math>\frac{\text{distance between foci}} {\text{distance between directrices}}= e^2</math> * <math>(\frac{\text{length of minor axis}} {\text{length of major axis}})^2 + e^2 = 1</math> * <math>\frac{\text{length of latus rectum}} {\text{length of major axis}} + e^2 = 1</math> * line <math>PD_1</math> is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point <math>P.</math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ====Major axis==== From traditional definition of ellipse: Distance <math>AF_2\ +</math> distance <math>AF_1</math> = distance <math>I_1F_1\ +</math> distance <math>I_1F_2</math> = distance <math>I_2F_2\ +</math> distance <math>I_2F_1</math> = <math>k.</math> Therefore: Length of major axis = distance <math>I_2I_1 = 2a = k.</math> Distance <math>AF_1 = \frac{k}{2} = a.</math> From second definition of ellipse: <math>\frac{\text{distance }AF_1}{\text{distance }AG} = \frac{a}{t} = \text{eccentricity }e</math> <math>= \frac{\text{distance }OI_1}{\text{distance }OD_1}.</math> <math>\frac{\text{length of major axis}}{\text{distance between directrices}} = e.</math> ====Foci==== From second definition of ellipse: <math>\frac{\text{distance }I_1F_1}{\text{distance }I_1D_1} = \frac{a-p}{t-a} = e.</math> <math>a - p = te - ae</math> <math>a - p = a - ae</math> Therefore: <math>p = ae</math> or <math>\frac{p}{a} = e.</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance between foci}}{\text{length of major axis}} = e.</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance between foci}}{\text{distance between directrices}} = e^2.</math> ====Minor axis==== Triangle <math>AOF_1</math> is right triangle. <math>\cos ^2 \angle OAF_1 + \sin ^2 \angle OAF_1</math> <math>= (\frac{b}{a})^2 + (\frac{p}{a})^2 </math> <math>= (\frac{b}{a})^2 + (\frac{ae}{a})^2 </math> <math>= (\frac{b}{a})^2 + e^2 = 1</math> <math>( \frac{\text{length of minor axis}} {\text{length of major axis}} )^2 + e^2 = 1</math> Triangles <math>AOF_1,\ AF_1G</math> are similar. Triangle <math>AF_1G</math> is right triangle. <math>e = \cos \angle OF_1A = \cos \angle F_1AG.</math> ====Latus rectum==== From second definition of ellipse: <math>\frac{\text{distance }PF_1} {\text{distance }F_1D_1} = \frac{\text{distance }PF_1}{t-p} = e</math> <math>\text{distance }PF_1 = te - pe = a - (ae)e = a(1-e^2).</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance }PF_1} {a} = 1 - e^2.</math> <math> \frac{\text{length of latus rectum}} {\text{length of major axis}} + e^2 = 1</math> ====Slope of curve==== Curve has equation: <math>b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 = a^2b^2</math> Derivative of both sides: <math>b^22x + a^22yy' = 0</math> <math>y' = \frac{-xb^2}{ya^2}</math><math></math> <math>= \frac{-x(1-e^2)}{y}</math><math></math> At point <math>P:\ m_1 = y' = \frac{-p(1-e^2)}{-a(1-e^2)}</math> <math>= \frac{ae}{a} = e.</math><math></math> Slope of line <math>PD_1:\ m_2 = \frac{\text{distance }PF_1}{\text{distance }F_1D_1} = e.</math><math></math><math></math> <math>m_1 = m_2.</math> Therefore line <math>PD_1</math> is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point <math>P.</math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> ===Intercept form of equation=== <math>\frac{x^2}{20^2} + \frac{y^2}{12^2} = 1</math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0625ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Ellipse at origin with major axis on X axis.''' </br> </br> </br> </br> Equation of ellipse has format <math>\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1</math> where: </br> </br> <math>\text{Length of major axis} = 2a = \text{distance}\ I_2I_1 = 40</math> </br> <math>\text{Length of minor axis} = 2b = \text{distance}\ BA = 24</math> </br> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> </br> <math>\frac{\text{Length of minor axis}}{\text{Length of major axis}} = \sqrt{1 - e^2}</math> </br> </br> <math>e = \sqrt{1 - \frac{b^2}{a^2}} = 0.8.</math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> ]] In diagram: Intercept <math>I_1</math> has coordinates <math>(a,0).</math> Intercept <math>I_2</math> has coordinates <math>(-a,0).</math> Intercept <math>A</math> has coordinates <math>(0,b).</math> Intercept <math>B</math> has coordinates <math>(0,-b).</math> Focus <math>F_1</math> has coordinates <math>(f,0)</math> where <math>f = ea.</math> Focus <math>F_2</math> has coordinates <math>(-f,0).</math> Curve has equation <math>\frac{x^2}{20^2} + \frac{y^2}{12^2} = 1,</math> called intercept form of equation of ellipse because intercepts are apparent as the fractional value of each coefficient. Standard form of this equation is: <math>(-0.36)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (0)x + (0)y + (144) = 0.</math> While the standard form is valuable as input to a computer program, the intercept form is still attractive to the human eye because center of ellipse and intercepts are neatly contained within the equation. Slope of curve: <math>b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 = a^2b^2</math> Derivative of both sides: <math>b^22x + a^22yy' = 0</math> <math>y' = \frac{-xb^2}{ya^2}</math> <math>= \frac{-x(1-e^2)}{y}</math> At point <math>P</math> on latus rectum <math>PQ:</math> <math>m_1 = y' = \frac{-(ea)(1-e^2)}{-(a(1-e^2))} = e</math> Slope of line <math>PD = m_2 = \frac{PF_1}{F_1D} = e</math> <math>m_1 = m_2.</math> Line <math>PD</math> is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point <math>P.</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Example=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0618ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse uses abc, epq.''' </br> M is mid-point between F1 and F2. </br> Point R is on minor axis. </br> </br> <math>\frac{\text{distance from R to F1}}{\text{distance from R to directrix 1}}</math> <math>= e</math> </br> </br> <math>= \frac{\text{half major axis}}{\text{distance from M to directrix 1}}</math> </br> </br> <math>\text{distance from M to directrix 1} = \frac{\text{half major axis}}{e}</math> </br> </br> <math>\text{F1:}\ (1, -7)</math> </br> <math>\text{F2:}\ (-1.24, 0.68)</math> </br> length_of_major_axis = 10 </br> <math>\text{M:}\ (-0.12, -3.16)</math> </br> length_of_minor_axis = 6 </br> <math>\text{R:}\ (2.76, -2.32)</math> </br> <math>e = 0.8</math> </br> <math>\text{D1:}\ (1.63, -9.16)</math> </br> <math>\text{Directrix 1:}\ (-0.28)x + (0.96)y + (9.25) = 0</math> </br> <math>\text{abc}\ =\ (-0.28,\ 0.96,\ 9.25)</math> </br> <math>\text{epq}\ =\ (0.8,\ 1,\ -7)</math> ]] Given: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code F1 = 1, -7 # Focus 1 F2 = -1.24, 0.68 # Focus 2 length_of_major_axis = 10 </syntaxhighlight> Calculate equation of ellipse. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> F1 = p1,q1 = [ dD(str(v)) for v in F1 ] # Focus 1 F2 = p2,q2 = [ dD(str(v)) for v in F2 ] # Focus 2 length_of_major_axis = dD(length_of_major_axis) half_major_axis = length_of_major_axis / 2 # Direction cosines from F1 to F2 dx = p2-p1 ; dy = q2-q1 divider = (dx**2 + dy**2).sqrt() dx,dy = [ (v/divider) for v in (dx,dy) ] # F2 # p2 = p1 + dx*distance_F1_F2 # q2 = q1 + dy*distance_F1_F2 distance_F1_F2 = (q2-q1)/dy half_distance_F1_F2 = distance_F1_F2 / 2 # The mid-point M = xM,ym = p1 + dx*half_distance_F1_F2, q1 + dy*half_distance_F1_F2 # Eccentricity: e = distance_F1_F2 / length_of_major_axis # distance from point R to F1 half_major_axis # ------------------------------------ = e = ----------------------------------------- # distance from point R to Directrix 1 distance from point M to Directrix 1 distance_from_point_M_to_dx1 = half_major_axis / e # Intersection of axis and directrix 1 D1 = xM-dx*distance_from_point_M_to_dx1, yM-dy*distance_from_point_M_to_dx1 D1 = xD1, yD1 = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in D1 ] # Equation of Directrix 1 # dx1 = adx1,bdx1,cdx1 adx1,bdx1 = dx, dy # Perpendicular to axis. # adx1*x + bdx1*y + cdx1 = 0 # Directrix 1 contains point D1 cdx1 = reduce_Decimal_number( -( adx1*xD1 + bdx1*yD1 ) ) abc = adx1,bdx1,cdx1 epq = e,p1,q1 ABCDEF = ABCDEF_from_abc_epq (abc,epq, 1) </syntaxhighlight> Equation of ellipse in standard form: <math>(-0.949824)x^2 + (-0.410176)y^2 + (-0.344064)xy + (-1.3152)x + (-2.6336)y + (4.76) = 0</math> For more insight into method of calculation and proof: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> if 1 : print ('F1: ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1)) print ('F1: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(p1,q1)) print ('F2: ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2)) print ('F2: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(p2,q2)) print ('length_of_major_axis =', length_of_major_axis) print ('M: ({}, {})'.format(xM,yM)) print ('M: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xM,yM)) # half_minor_axis**2 + half_distance_F1_F2**2 = half_major_axis**2 half_minor_axis = (half_major_axis**2 - half_distance_F1_F2**2).sqrt() length_of_minor_axis = half_minor_axis * 2 s1 = 'length_of_minor_axis' ; print (s1, '=', eval(s1)) # Direction cosines on major axis: print ('dx,dy =', dx,dy) # Direction cosines on minor axis: dnx,dny = dy,-dx print ('dnx,dny =', dnx,dny) # One point on minor axis: R = xR,yR = xM + dnx*half_minor_axis, yM + dny*half_minor_axis print ('R: ({}, {})'.format(xR,yR)) print ('R: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xR,yR)) # Verify that point R is on ellipse: sum_zero((A*xR**2, B*yR**2, C*xR*yR, D*xR, E*yR, F)) and 1/0 s1 = 'e' ; print (s1, '=', eval(s1)) print ('D1: ({}, {})'.format(xD1,yD1)) print ('D1: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xD1,yD1)) print ('Directrix 1: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(adx1, bdx1, cdx1)) print() # For proof, reverse the process: (abc1,epq1), (abc2,epq2) = calculate_abc_epq (ABCDEF) a1,b1,c1 = abc1 ; e1,p1,q1 = epq1 print ('Directrix 1: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a1, b1, c1)) print ('Eccentricity e1: {}'.format(e1)) print ('F1: ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1)) print() a2,b2,c2 = abc2 ; e2,p2,q2 = epq2 print ('Directrix 2: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a2, b2, c2)) print ('Eccentricity e2: {}'.format(e2)) print ('F2: ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2)) print ('\nEquation of ellipse with integer coefficients:') A,B,C,D,E,F = [ reduce_Decimal_number(-v*1000000/64) for v in ABCDEF ] str1 = '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0' print (str1.format(A,B,C,D,E,F)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> F1: (1, -7) F1: (x - (1))^2 + (y - (-7))^2 = 1 F2: (-1.24, 0.68) F2: (x - (-1.24))^2 + (y - (0.68))^2 = 1 length_of_major_axis = 10 M: (-0.12, -3.16) M: (x - (-0.12))^2 + (y - (-3.16))^2 = 1 length_of_minor_axis = 6 dx,dy = -0.28 0.96 dnx,dny = 0.96 0.28 R: (2.76, -2.32) R: (x - (2.76))^2 + (y - (-2.32))^2 = 1 e = 0.8 D1: (1.63, -9.16) D1: (x - (1.63))^2 + (y - (-9.16))^2 = 1 Directrix 1: (-0.28)x + (0.96)y + (9.25) = 0 Directrix 1: (0.28)x + (-0.96)y + (-9.25) = 0 Eccentricity e1: 0.8 F1: (1, -7) Directrix 2: (0.28)x + (-0.96)y + (3.25) = 0 Eccentricity e2: 0.8 F2: (-1.24, 0.68) Equation of ellipse with integer coefficients: </syntaxhighlight> <math>(14841)x^2 + (6409)y^2 + (5376)xy + (20550)x + (41150)y + (-74375) = 0</math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} =allEqual= {{Robelbox|title=[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]]|theme={{{theme|9}}}}} <div style="padding-top:0.25em; padding-bottom:0.2em; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.75em;"> [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]]. </div> ====Welcomee==== {{Robelbox|title=[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]]|theme={{{theme|9}}}}} <div style="padding-top:0.25em; padding-bottom:0.2em; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.75em; background-color: #FFF800; "> [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]]. </div> =====Welcomen===== {{Robelbox|title=|theme={{{theme|9}}}}} <div style="padding-top:0.25em; padding-bottom:0.2em; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.75em; background-color: #FFFFFF; "> [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]]. </div> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code. if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 : pass </syntaxhighlight> {{Robelbox/close}} {{Robelbox/close}} {{Robelbox/close}} <noinclude> [[Category: main page templates]] </noinclude> {| class="wikitable" |- ! <math>x</math> !! <math>x^2 - N</math> |- | <code></code><code>6</code> || <code>-221</code> |- | <code></code><code>7</code> || <code>-208</code> |- |- | <code>10</code> || <code>-157</code> |- | <code>11</code> || <code>-136</code> |- | <code>12</code> || <code>-113</code> |- | <code>13</code> || <code></code><code>-88</code> |- | <code>26</code> || <code></code><code>419</code> |} =Testing= ======table1====== {|style="border-left:solid 3px blue;border-right:solid 3px blue;border-top:solid 3px blue;border-bottom:solid 3px blue;" align="center" | Hello As <math>abs(x)</math> increases, the value of <math>f(x)</math> is dominated by the term <math>-ax^3.</math> When <math>x</math> has a very large negative value, <math>f(x)</math> is always positive. When <math>x</math> has a very large negative value, <math>f(x)</math> is always positive. When <math>x</math> has a very large negative value, <math>f(x)</math> is always positive. When <math>x</math> has a very large positive value, <math>f(x)</math> is always negative. <syntaxhighlight> 1.4142135623730950488016887242096980785696718753769480731766797379907324784621070388503875343276415727 3501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141322266592750559275579995050115278206057147 0109559971605970274534596862014728517418640889198609552329230484308714321450839762603627995251407989 </syntaxhighlight> |} {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0410cubic01.png|thumb|400px|''' Graph of cubic function with coefficient a negative.''' </br> There is no absolute maximum or absolute minimum. ]] Coefficient <math>a</math> may be negative as shown in diagram. As <math>abs(x)</math> increases, the value of <math>f(x)</math> is dominated by the term <math>-ax^3.</math> When <math>x</math> has a very large negative value, <math>f(x)</math> is always positive. When <math>x</math> has a very large positive value, <math>f(x)</math> is always negative. Unless stated otherwise, any reference to "cubic function" on this page will assume coefficient <math>a</math> positive. {{RoundBoxBottom}} <math>x_{poi} = -1</math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> =====Various planes in 3 dimensions===== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} <gallery> File:0713x=4.png|<small>plane x=4.</small> File:0713y=3.png|<small>plane y=3.</small> File:0713z=-2.png|<small>plane z=-2.</small> </gallery> {{RoundBoxBottom}} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> 1.4142135623730950488016887242096980785696718753769480731766797379907324784621070388503875343276415727 3501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141322266592750559275579995050115278206057147 0109559971605970274534596862014728517418640889198609552329230484308714321450839762603627995251407989 6872533965463318088296406206152583523950547457502877599617298355752203375318570113543746034084988471 6038689997069900481503054402779031645424782306849293691862158057846311159666871301301561856898723723 5288509264861249497715421833420428568606014682472077143585487415565706967765372022648544701585880162 0758474922657226002085584466521458398893944370926591800311388246468157082630100594858704003186480342 1948972782906410450726368813137398552561173220402450912277002269411275736272804957381089675040183698 6836845072579936472906076299694138047565482372899718032680247442062926912485905218100445984215059112 0249441341728531478105803603371077309182869314710171111683916581726889419758716582152128229518488472 </syntaxhighlight> <math>\theta_1</math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0422xx_x_2.png|thumb|400px|''' Figure 1: Diagram illustrating relationship between <math>f(x) = x^2 - x - 2</math> and <math>f'(x) = 2x - 1.</math>''' </br> ]] {{RoundBoxBottom}} <math>O\ (0,0,0)</math> <math>M\ (A_1,B_1,C_1)</math> <math>N\ (A_2,B_2,C_2)</math> <math>\theta</math> <math>\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ </math> :<math>\begin{align} (6) - (7),\ 4Apq + 2Bq =&\ 0\\ 2Ap + B =&\ 0\\ 2Ap =&\ - B\\ \\ p =&\ \frac{-B}{2A}\ \dots\ (8) \end{align}</math> <math>\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ </math> :<math>\begin{align} 1.&4141475869yugh\\ &2645er3423231sgdtrf\\ &dhcgfyrt45erwesd \end{align}</math> <math>\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ </math> :<math> 4\sin 18^\circ = \sqrt{2(3 - \sqrt 5)} = \sqrt 5 - 1 </math> den75qxzqcvji6ttc4p22n0onc5zkzr 2689952 2689950 2024-12-02T13:13:27Z ThaniosAkro 2805358 /* Implementation */ 2689952 wikitext text/x-wiki = Hyperbola = {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0911hyperbola00.png|thumb|400px|''' Figure 1: Hyperbola at origin with transverse axis horizontal.''' </br></br> Origin at point <math>O</math><math>: (0,0)</math>.</br> Foci are points <math>F_1 (-c,0),\ F_2 (c,0). OF_1 = OF_2 = c.</math></br> Vertices are points <math>V_1 (-a,0),\ V_2 (a,0). OV_1 = OV_2 = a.</math></br> Line segment <math>V_1OV_2</math> is the <math>transverse\ axis.</math></br> <math>PF_1 - PF_2 = 2a.</math> ]] In cartesian [[geometry]] in two dimensions hyperbola is locus of a point <math>P</math> that moves relative to two fixed points called <math>foci</math><math>: F_1, F_2.</math> The distance <math>F_1 F_2</math> from one <math>focus\ (F_1)</math> to the other <math>focus\ (F_2)</math> is non-zero. The absolute difference of the distances <math>(PF_1, PF_2)</math> from point to foci is constant. <math>PF_1 - PF_2 = K.</math> See figure 1. Center of hyperbola is located at the origin <math>O (0,0)</math> and the foci <math>(F_1, F_2)</math> are on the <math>X\ axis</math> at distance <math>c</math> from <math>O. </math> <math>F_1</math> has coordinates <math>(-c, 0). F_2</math> has coordinates <math>(c,0)</math>. Line segments <math>OF_1 = OF_2 = c.</math> Each point <math>(V_1,V_2)</math> where the curve intersects the transverse axis is called a <math>vertex.\ V_1,V_2</math> are the vertices of the ellipse. By definition <math>PF_1 - PF_2 = V_2F_1 - V_2F_2 = V_1F_2 - V_1F_1 = K.</math> <math>\therefore V_2F_1 - V_2F_2 = V_2F_1 - V_1F_1 = V_1V_2 = K = 2a,</math> the length of the <math>transverse\ axis\ (V_1V_2).</math> <math>OV_1 = OV_2 = a.</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Radians, the natural angle== [[File:1129radian00.png|thumb|400px|'''Diagram illustrating one radian of angular measurement.''' </br> Arc of circle (red curved line with arrows) with length equal to radius of circle subtends one radian at center. </br> In diagram above, length of radius = length of arc = 1. </br> One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232\dots^\circ.</math> <math></math> <math></math> ]] If you were a mathematician among the ancient Sumerians of the 3rd millennium BC and you were determined to define the angle that could be adopted as a standard to be used by all users of trigonometry, you would probably suggest the angle in an equilateral triangle. This angle is easily defined, easily constructed, easily understood and easily reproduced. It would be easy to call this angle the "natural" angle. The numeral system used by the ancient Sumerians was Sexagesimal, also known as base 60, a numeral system with sixty as its base. In practice the natural angle could be divided into 60 parts, now called degrees, and each degree could be divided into 60 parts, now called minutes, and so on. Three equilateral triangles fit neatly into a semi-circle, hence 180 degrees in a semi-circle. We know that <math>\tan 30^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}.</math> Therefore, <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> should be <math>0.5,</math> or one half of our concept of the natural angle. Whatever the natural angle might be, it has existed for billions of years, but it has come to light only in recent times with invention of the calculus. In mathematics, the arctangent series, traditionally called Gregory's series, is the Taylor series expansion at the origin of the arctangent function: <math>\arctan x = x - \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{x^5}{5} - \frac{x^7}{7} + \frac{x^9}{9} + \cdots.</math> The following python code calculates <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> using Gregory's series: <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code r3 = 3 ** .5 x = r3/3 arctan_x = ( x - x**3/3 + x**5/5 - x**7/7 + x**9/9 - x**11/11 + x**13/13 - x**15/15 + x**17/17 - x**19/19 + x**21/21 - x**23/23 + x**25/25 - x**27/27 + x**29/29 - x**31/31 + x**33/33 - x**35/35 + x**37/37 - x**39/39 + x**41/41 - x**43/43 + x**45/45 - x**47/47 + x**49/49 - x**51/51 + x**53/53 - x**55/55 + x**57/57 - x**59/59 + x**61/61 - x**63/63 + x**65/65 - x**67/67 + x**69/69 ) sx = 'arctan_x' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x = 0.5235987755982988 </syntaxhighlight> Our assessment of the natural angle as the angle in an equilateral triangle was a very reasonable guess. However, the natural angle is the radian, the angle that subtends an arc on the circumference of a circle equal to the radius. Six times arctan_x <math>= 180^\circ</math> or the number of radians in a semi-circle: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code sx = 'arctan_x * 6' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = '180/(arctan_x * 6)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x * 6 = 3.141592653589793 180/(arctan_x * 6) = 57.29577951308232 </syntaxhighlight> <math>\pi = 3.141592653589793\dots,</math> number of radians in semi-circle. One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232^\circ,</math> slightly less than <math>60^\circ.</math> Because the value <math>\frac\sqrt{3}{3}</math> is fairly large, calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> above required 34 operations to produce result accurate to 16 places of decimals. The calculation did not converge quickly. Python code below uses much smaller values of <math>x</math> and calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> for precision of 1001 is quite fast. <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> ==tan(A/2)== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:1122tanA_200.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphical calculation of <math>\tan \frac{A}{2}</math>.''' </br> <math>OQ = 1;\ QP = t.</math> </br> <math>\tan(A) = \frac{QP}{OQ} = \frac{t}{1} = t.</math> </br> <math>OP = OR = \sqrt{1 + t^2}</math> <math></math> <math></math> ]] In diagram: Point <math>P</math> has coordinates <math>(1,t).</math> Point <math>R</math> has coordinates <math>(\sqrt{1 + t^2},0).</math> Mid point of <math>PR,\ M</math> has coordinates <math>( \frac{ 1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{2}, \frac{t}{2} ).</math> <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{t}{2} / \frac{ 1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{2} = \frac{t}{1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }</math> <math>= \frac{t}{1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} } \cdot \frac{1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2}}{1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} }</math> <math>= \frac{t( 1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} )}{1-(1+t^2)}</math> <math>= \frac{t( 1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} )}{-t^2}</math> <math>= \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{t}</math> <math></math> <math></math> * <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{\tan(A)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}} = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2 (A)} }{\tan (A)}</math> * <math>\tan (2A) = \frac{2\tan (A)}{ 1 - \tan^2 (A) }</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Implementation== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} This section calculates five values of <math>\pi</math> using the following known values of <math>\tan(A):</math> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Angle <math>A</math> || <math>\tan(A)</math> |- | <math>45^\circ</math> | <math>1</math> |- | <math>36^\circ</math> | <math>\sqrt{ 5 - 2\sqrt{5} }</math> |- | <math>30^\circ</math> | <math>\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}</math> |- | <math>27^\circ</math> | <math>\sqrt{ 11 - 4\sqrt{5} + (\sqrt{5} - 3) \sqrt{ 10 - 2\sqrt{5} } }</math> |- | <math>24^\circ</math> | <math>\frac{ (3\sqrt{5} + 7) \sqrt{5 - 2\sqrt{5}} - (\sqrt{5} + 3)\sqrt{3} }{2}</math> |} Values of <math>x</math> in table below are derived from the above values by using identity <math>\tan(\frac{A}{2}) = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}}{\tan(A)}</math>: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Angle <math>\theta</math> || <math>x = \tan(\theta)</math> |- | <math>\frac{45^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912</code> |- | <math>\frac{36^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713</code> |- | <math>\frac{30^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689</code> |- | <math>\frac{27^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738</code> |- | <math>\frac{24^\circ}{2^{32}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778</code> |} <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code desired_precision = 1001 number_of_leading_zeroes = 10 # See below. import decimal dD = decimal.Decimal # decimal object is like float with (almost) infinite precision. dgt = decimal.getcontext() Precision = dgt.prec = desired_precision + 3 # Adjust as necessary. Tolerance = dD("1e-" + str(Precision-2)) # Adjust as necessary. adjustment_to_precision = number_of_leading_zeroes * 2 + 3 def tan_halfA(tan_A) : dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision top = -1 + (1+tan_A**2).sqrt() dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision tan_A_2 = top/tan_A return tan_A_2 def tan_2A (tanA) : ''' 2 * tanA tan(2A) = ----------- 1 - tanA**2 ''' if tanA in (1,-1) : return '1/0' dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision bottom = (1 - tanA**2) output = 2*tanA/bottom dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision return output+0 def θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA) : ''' if input == 45,1 output is: "dD(45) / (2 ** (33))", "0.00000_00000_91432_37995_....._63759_3912" ^^^^^^^^^^^ number_of_leading_zeroes refers to these zeroes. θ,tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA) ''' θ, tanθ = angleA, tanA for p in range (1,100) : θ /= 2 tanθ = tan_halfA(tanθ) if tanθ >= dD('1e-' + str(number_of_leading_zeroes)) : continue str1 = str(tanθ) # str1 = "n.nnnnnnnnnnnnn ..... nnnnnnnnnnnnE-11" str1a = str1[0] + str1[2:-4] list1 = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range (0, len(str1a), 5) ] str2 = '0.00000_00000_' + ('_'.join(list1)) dD2 = dD(str2) (dD2 == tanθ) or ({}[2]) ((θ * (2**p)) == angleA ) or ({}[3]) str3 = 'dD({}) / (2 ** ({}))'.format(angleA,p) (θ == eval(str3)) or ({}[4]) return str3, str2 ({}[5]) r3 = dD(3).sqrt() r5 = dD(5).sqrt() tan36 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt() tan45 = dD(1) tan30 = r3/3 v1 = 3*r5+7 v2 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt() v3 = (r5+3)*r3 tan24 = ( v1*v2 - v3 )/2 v1 = r5 - 3 ; v2 = (10 - 2*r5).sqrt() tan27 = ( 11 - 4*r5 + v1*v2 ).sqrt() values_of_A_tanA = ( (dD(45), tan45), (dD(36), tan36), (dD(30), tan30), (dD(27), tan27), (dD(24), tan24), ) values_of_θ_tanθ = [] for (A, tanA) in values_of_A_tanA : θ, tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (A, tanA) print() sx = 'θ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) # sx = 'tanθ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) print ('tanθ =', '{}.....{}'.format(tanθ[:30], tanθ[-20:])) values_of_θ_tanθ += [ (θ, tanθ) ] # Check for (v1,v2),(v3,v4) in zip (values_of_A_tanA, values_of_θ_tanθ) : A, tanA = v1,v2 θ = eval(v3) tanθ = dD(v4) status = 0 for p in range (1,100) : θ *= 2 tanθ = tan_2A (tanθ) if θ == A : dgt.prec = desired_precision (+tanθ == +tanA) or ({}[10]) dgt.prec = Precision status = 1 break status or ({}[11]) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> θ = dD(45) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912 θ = dD(36) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713 θ = dD(30) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689 θ = dD(27) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738 θ = dD(24) / (2 ** (32)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code def calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : ''' angleθ may be: "dD(27) / (2 ** (33))" tanθ may be: "0.00000_00000_54859_42797_ ..... _03540_9738" π = calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) ''' thisName = 'calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) :' if isinstance(angleθ, dD) : pass elif isinstance(angleθ, str) : angleθ = eval(angleθ) else : ({}[21]) if isinstance(tanθ, dD) : pass elif isinstance(tanθ, str) : tanθ = dD(tanθ) else : ({}[22]) x = tanθ ; multiplier = -1 ; sum = x ; count = 0; status = 0 # x**3 x**5 x**7 x**9 # y = x - ---- + ---- - ---- + ---- # 3 5 7 9 # # Each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term multiplied by x**2. # Each value of x contains 10 leading zeroes after decimal point. # Therefore, each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term with 20 more leading zeroes. # Each pass through main loop adds about 20 digits to current value of sum # and θ is calculated to precision of 1004 digits with about 50 passes through main loop. # for p in range (3,200,2) : # This is main loop. count += 1 addendum = (multiplier * (x**p)) / p sum += addendum if abs(addendum) < Tolerance : status = 1; break multiplier = -multiplier status or ({}[23]) print(thisName, 'count =',count) π = sum * 180 / angleθ dgt.prec = desired_precision π += 0 # This forces π to adopt precision of desired_precision. dgt.prec = Precision return π # Calculate five values of π: values_of_π = [] for θ,tanθ in values_of_θ_tanθ : π = calculate_π (θ,tanθ) values_of_π += [ π ] </syntaxhighlight> Each calculation of π required about 50 passes through main loop: <syntaxhighlight> calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50 </syntaxhighlight> Check that all 5 values of π are equal: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code set1 = set(values_of_π) sx = 'len(values_of_π)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = 'len(set1)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = 'set1' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) π, = set1 # Note the syntax. If length of set1 is not 1, this statement fails. </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> len(values_of_π) = 5 len(set1) = 1 set1 = {Decimal('3.141592653589793238462643383279.....12268066130019278766111959092164201989')} </syntaxhighlight> Print value of π as python command formatted: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code newLine = ''' '''[-1:] def print_π (π) : ''' Input π is : Decimal('3.141592653589793238 ..... 66111959092164201989') This function prints: π = ( "3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510" + "58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679" ..... + "18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989" ) ''' πstr = str(π) (len(πstr) == (desired_precision + 1)) or ({}[31]) (πstr[:2] == '3.') or ({}[32]) twenty_rows = [] for p in range (2, len(πstr), 50) : str1a = πstr[p:p+50] list1a = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range(0, len(str1a), 5) ] str1b = '_'.join(list1a) twenty_rows += [str1b] twenty_rows[0] = '3.' + twenty_rows[0] joiner = '"{} + "'.format(newLine) str3 = '( "{}" )'.format(joiner.join(twenty_rows)) str4 = eval(str3) (dD(str4) == π) or ({}[33]) lines = str3.split(newLine) paragraphs = [ newLine.join(lines[p:p+4]) for p in range(0,len(lines),4) ] str5 = (newLine*2).join(paragraphs) str6 = eval(str5) (dD(str6) == π) or ({}[34]) print ('π =', str5) return str5 π1 = print_π (π) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> π = ( "3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510" + "58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679" + "82148_08651_32823_06647_09384_46095_50582_23172_53594_08128" + "48111_74502_84102_70193_85211_05559_64462_29489_54930_38196" + "44288_10975_66593_34461_28475_64823_37867_83165_27120_19091" + "45648_56692_34603_48610_45432_66482_13393_60726_02491_41273" + "72458_70066_06315_58817_48815_20920_96282_92540_91715_36436" + "78925_90360_01133_05305_48820_46652_13841_46951_94151_16094" + "33057_27036_57595_91953_09218_61173_81932_61179_31051_18548" + "07446_23799_62749_56735_18857_52724_89122_79381_83011_94912" + "98336_73362_44065_66430_86021_39494_63952_24737_19070_21798" + "60943_70277_05392_17176_29317_67523_84674_81846_76694_05132" + "00056_81271_45263_56082_77857_71342_75778_96091_73637_17872" + "14684_40901_22495_34301_46549_58537_10507_92279_68925_89235" + "42019_95611_21290_21960_86403_44181_59813_62977_47713_09960" + "51870_72113_49999_99837_29780_49951_05973_17328_16096_31859" + "50244_59455_34690_83026_42522_30825_33446_85035_26193_11881" + "71010_00313_78387_52886_58753_32083_81420_61717_76691_47303" + "59825_34904_28755_46873_11595_62863_88235_37875_93751_95778" + "18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989" ) </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:1202pi_highlighted.png|thumb|400px|'''Value of <math>\pi</math> highlighted.''']] If you highlight the above expression for <math>\pi</math> as shown in diagram, you can copy and paste it into your python source file as valid python code. {{RoundBoxBottom}} <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Asymptotes of hyperbola== ===Line and hyperbola=== This section describes possibilities that arise when we consider intersection of line and hyperbola. ====With two common points==== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:01hyperbola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Diagram of hyperbola and line.''' </br> Line and hyperbola have two common points. </br> When line and hyperbola have two common points, line cannot be parallel to asymptote. </br> ]] Line 1: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 704, -1404, 1344, -11040, -41220, -161775 abc = a,b,c = .96, .28, .2 result = hyperbola_and_line (ABCDEF, abc) sx = 'result' ; print (sx, eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> Code returns list containing two points: <syntaxhighlight> result [ (1.425,-5.6), (4.575,-16.4) ] </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Length of latus rectum== ----------------------- <math>b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0</math> <math>b^2c^2 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0</math> <math>b^2(a^2 - b^2) + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0</math> <math>b^2a^2 - b^4 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 =0</math> <math>a^2y^2 = b^4</math> <math>y^2 = \frac{b^4}{a^2}</math> <math>y = \frac{b^2}{a}</math> Length of latus rectum <math>= L_1R_1 = L_2R_2 = \frac{2b^2}{a}.</math> =Conic sections generally= Within the two dimensional space of Cartesian Coordinate Geometry a conic section may be located anywhere and have any orientation. This section examines the parabola, ellipse and hyperbola, showing how to calculate the equation of the section, and also how to calculate the foci and directrices given the equation. ==Slope of curve== Given equation of conic section: <math>Ax^2 + By^2 + Cxy + Dx + Ey + F = 0,</math> differentiate both sides with respect to <math>x.</math> <math>2Ax + B(2yy') + C(xy' + y) + D + Ey' = 0</math> <math>2Ax + 2Byy' + Cxy' + Cy + D + Ey' = 0</math> <math>2Byy' + Cxy' + Ey' + 2Ax + Cy + D = 0</math> <math>y'(2By + Cx + E) = -(2Ax + Cy + D)</math> <math>y' = \frac{-(2Ax + Cy + D)}{Cx + 2By + E}</math> For slope horizontal: <math>2Ax + Cy + D = 0.</math> For slope vertical: <math>Cx + 2By + E = 0.</math> For given slope <math>m = \frac{-(2Ax + Cy + D)}{Cx + 2By + E}</math> <math>m(Cx + 2By + E) = -2Ax - Cy - D</math> <math>mCx + 2Ax + m2By + Cy + mE + D = 0</math> <math>(mC + 2A)x + (m2B + C)y + (mE + D) = 0.</math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> ===Implementation=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code def three_slopes (ABCDEF, slope, flag = 0) : ''' equation1, equation2, equation3 = three_slopes (ABCDEF, slope[, flag]) equation1 is equation for slope horizontal. equation2 is equation for slope vertical. equation3 is equation for slope supplied. All equations are in format (a,b,c) where ax + by + c = 0. ''' A,B,C,D,E,F = ABCDEF output = [] abc = 2*A, C, D ; output += [ abc ] abc = C, 2*B, E ; output += [ abc ] m = slope # m(Cx + 2By + E) = -2Ax - Cy - D # mCx + m2By + mE = -2Ax - Cy - D # mCx + 2Ax + m2By + Cy + mE + D = 0 abc = m*C + 2*A, m*2*B + C, m*E + D ; output += [ abc ] if flag : str1 = '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (A,B,C,D,E,F) print (str1) a,b,c = output[0] str1 = 'For slope horizontal: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (a,b,c) print (str1) a,b,c = output[1] str1 = 'For slope vertical: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (a,b,c) print (str1) a,b,c = output[2] str1 = 'For slope {}: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (slope, a,b,c) print (str1) return output </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Examples=== ====Quadratic function==== <math>y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}</math> <math>\text{line 1:}\ x = 7</math> <math>\text{line 2:}\ x = 17</math> <math></math> =====y = f(x)===== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0502quadratic01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of quadratic function <math>y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}.</math>''' </br> At interscetion of <math>\text{line 1}</math> and curve, slope = <math>0</math>.</br> At interscetion of <math>\text{line 2}</math> and curve, slope = <math>5</math>.</br> Slope of curve is never vertical. ]] Consider conic section: <math>(-1)x^2 + (0)y^2 + (0)xy + (14)x + (4)y + (39) = 0.</math> This is quadratic function: <math>y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}</math> Slope of this curve: <math>m = y' = \frac{2x - 14}{4}</math> Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>5:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = -1,0,0,14,4,39 # quadratic three_slopes (ABCDEF, 5, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (-1)x^2 + (0)y^2 + (0)xy + (14)x + (4)y + (39) = 0 For slope horizontal: (-2)x + (0)y + (14) = 0 # x = 7 For slope vertical: (0)x + (0)y + (4) = 0 # This does not make sense. # Slope is never vertical. For slope 5: (-2)x + (0)y + (34) = 0 # x = 17. </syntaxhighlight> Check results: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code for x in (7,17) : m = (2*x - 14)/4 s1 = 'x,m' ; print (s1, eval(s1)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> x,m (7, 0.0) # When x = 7, slope = 0. x,m (17, 5.0) # When x =17, slope = 5. </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} =====x = f(y)===== <math>x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}</math> <math>\text{line 1:}\ y = -7</math> <math>\text{line 2:}\ y = -11</math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0502quadratic02.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of quadratic function <math>x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}.</math>''' </br> At interscetion of <math>\text{line 1}</math> and curve, slope is vertical.</br> At interscetion of <math>\text{line 2}</math> and curve, slope = <math>0.5</math>.</br> Slope of curve is never horizontal. ]] Consider conic section: <math>(0)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (-4)x + (-14)y + (-5) = 0.</math> This is quadratic function: <math>x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}</math> Slope of this curve: <math>\frac{dx}{dy} = \frac{-2y - 14}{4}</math> <math>m = y' = \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-4}{2y + 14}</math> Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>0.5:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 0,-1,0,-4,-14,-5 # quadratic x = f(y) three_slopes (ABCDEF, 0.5, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (0)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (-4)x + (-14)y + (-5) = 0 For slope horizontal: (0)x + (0)y + (-4) = 0 # This does not make sense. # Slope is never horizontal. For slope vertical: (0)x + (-2)y + (-14) = 0 # y = -7 For slope 0.5: (0.0)x + (-1.0)y + (-11.0) = 0 # y = -11 </syntaxhighlight> Check results: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code for y in (-7,-11) : top = -4 ; bottom = 2*y + 14 if bottom == 0 : print ('y,m',y,'{}/{}'.format(top,bottom)) continue m = top/bottom s1 = 'y,m' ; print (s1, eval(s1)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> y,m -7 -4/0 # When y = -7, slope is vertical. y,m (-11, 0.5) # When y = -11, slope is 0.5. </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ====Parabola==== <math>(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 1:}</math> <math>(18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 2:}</math> <math>(-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 3:}</math> <math>(-30)x + (40)y + (160) = 0</math> <math></math><math></math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0504parabola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of parabola <math>(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0.</math>''' </br> At interscetion of <math>\text{Line 1}</math> and curve, slope is horizontal.</br> At interscetion of <math>\text{Line 2}</math> and curve, slope is vertical.</br> At interscetion of <math>\text{Line 3}</math> and curve, slope = <math>2</math>.</br> Slope of curve is never <math>0.75</math> because axis has slope <math>0.75</math> and curve is never parallel to axis. ]] Consider conic section: <math>(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0.</math> This curve is a parabola. Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>2:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 9,16,-24,104,28,-144 # parabola three_slopes (ABCDEF, 2, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0 For slope horizontal: (18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0 For slope vertical: (-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0 For slope 2: (-30)x + (40)y + (160) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> Because all 3 lines are parallel to axis, all 3 lines have slope <math>\frac{3}{4}.</math> Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>0.75:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code three_slopes (ABCDEF, 0.75, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0 For slope horizontal: (18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0 # Same as above. For slope vertical: (-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0 # Same as above. For slope 0.75: (0.0)x + (0.0)y + (125.0) = 0 # Impossible. </syntaxhighlight> Axis has slope <math>0.75</math> and curve is never parallel to axis. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ====Ellipse==== <math>(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 1:}</math> <math>(3542)x + (1944)y + (-44860) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 2:}</math> <math>(1944)x + (2408)y + (-18520) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 3:}</math> <math>(1598)x + (-464)y + (-26340) = 0</math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0504ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse <math>(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0.</math>''' </br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 1}</math> and curve, slope is horizontal.</br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 2}</math> and curve, slope is vertical.</br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 3}</math> and curve, slope = <math>-1.</math> ]] Consider conic section: <math>(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0.</math> This curve is an ellipse. Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>-1:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 1771, 1204, 1944, -44860, -18520, 214400 # ellipse three_slopes (ABCDEF, -1, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0 For slope horizontal: (3542)x + (1944)y + (-44860) = 0 For slope vertical: (1944)x + (2408)y + (-18520) = 0 For slope -1: (1598)x + (-464)y + (-26340) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> Because curve is closed loop, slope of curve may be any value including <math>\frac{1}{0}.</math> If slope of curve is given as <math>\frac{1}{0},</math> it means that curve is vertical at that point and tangent to curve has equation <math>x = k.</math> For any given slope there are always 2 points on opposite sides of curve where tangent to curve at those points has the given slope. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ====Hyperbola==== <math>(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 1:}</math> <math>(-702)x + (-336)y + (4182) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 2:}</math> <math>(-336)x + (352)y + (-3824) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 3:}</math> <math>(-1374)x + (368)y + (-3466) = 0</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0505hyperbola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of hyperbola <math>(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0.</math>''' </br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 1}</math> and curve, slope is horizontal.</br> <math>\text{Line 2}</math> and curve do not intersect. Slope is never vertical.</br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 3}</math> and curve, slope = <math>2.</math> ]] Consider conic section: <math>(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0.</math> This curve is a hyperbola. Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>2:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = -351, 176, -336, 4182, -3824, -16231 # hyperbola three_slopes (ABCDEF, 2, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0 For slope horizontal: (-702)x + (-336)y + (4182) = 0 For slope vertical: (-336)x + (352)y + (-3824) = 0 For slope 2: (-1374)x + (368)y + (-3466) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Latera recta et cetera== "Latus rectum" is a Latin expression meaning "straight side." According to Google, the Latin plural of "latus rectum" is "latera recta," but English allows "latus rectums" or possibly "lati rectums." The title of this section is poetry to the eyes and music to the ears of a Latin student and this author hopes that the gentle reader will permit such poetic licence in a mathematical topic. The translation of the title is "Latus rectums and other things." This section describes the calculation of interesting items associated with the ellipse: latus rectums, major axis, minor axis, focal chords, directrices and various points on these lines. When given the equation of an ellipse, the first thing is to calculate eccentricity, foci and directrices as shown above. Then verify that the curve is in fact an ellipse. From these values everything about the ellipse may be calculated. For example: {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0608ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse <math>1771x^2 + 1204y^2 + 1944xy -44860x - 18520y + 214400 = 0.</math>''' </br> </br> Axis : (-0.8)x + (-0.6)y + (9.4) = 0</br> Eccentricity = 0.9</br> </br> Directrix 2 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (2) = 0</br> Latus rectum RS : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-0.8) = 0</br> Minor axis : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-12.73684210526315789474) = 0</br> Latus rectum PU : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-24.67368421052631578947) = 0</br> Directrix 1 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-27.47368421052631578947) = 0</br> </br> <math>\text{ID2}</math> = (6.32, 7.24)</br> <math>\text{I2}</math> = (7.204210526315789473684, 6.061052631578947368421)</br> F2 = (8, 5)</br> M = (15.16210526315789473684, -4.54947368421052631579)</br> F1 = (22.32421052631578947368, -14.09894736842105263158)</br> <math>\text{I1}</math> = (23.12, -15.16)</br> <math>\text{ID1}</math> = (24.00421052631578947368, -16.33894736842105263158)</br> </br> P = (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158)</br> Q = (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299)</br> R = (5.984, 3.488)</br> S = (10.016, 6.512)</br> T = (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281)</br> U = (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158)</br> </br> Length of major axis: <math>\text{I1I2}</math> = 26.52631578947368421052</br> Length of minor axis: QT = 11.56255298707631300170</br> Length of latus rectum: RS = PU = 5.04 ]] Consider conic section: <math>1771x^2 + 1204y^2 + 1944xy -44860x - 18520y + 214400 = 0.</math> This curve is ellipse with random orientation. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 1771, 1204, 1944, -44860, -18520, 214400 # ellipse result = calculate_abc_epq(ABCDEF) (len(result) == 2) or 1/0 # ellipse or hyperbola (abc1,epq1), (abc2,epq2) = result a1,b1,c1 = abc1 ; e1,p1,q1 = epq1 a2,b2,c2 = abc2 ; e2,p2,q2 = epq2 (e1 == e2) or 2/0 (1 > e1 > 0) or 3/0 print ( '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(A,B,C,D,E,F) ) A,B,C,D,E,F = ABCDEF_from_abc_epq(abc1,epq1) print ('Equation of ellipse in standard form:') print ( '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(A,B,C,D,E,F) ) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0 Equation of ellipse in standard form: (-0.7084)x^2 + (-0.4816)y^2 + (-0.7776)xy + (17.944)x + (7.408)y + (-85.76) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code def sum_zero(input) : ''' sum = sum_zero(input) If sum is close to 0 and Tolerance permits, sum is returned as 0. For example: if input contains (2, -1.999999999999999999999) this function returns sum of these 2 values as 0. ''' global Tolerance sump = sumn = 0 for v in input : if v > 0 : sump += v elif v < 0 : sumn -= v sum = sump - sumn if abs(sum) < Tolerance : return (type(Tolerance))(0) min, max = sorted((sumn,sump)) if abs(sum) <= Tolerance*min : return (type(Tolerance))(0) return sum </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Major axis=== <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # axis is perpendicular to directrix. ax,bx = b1,-a1 # axis contains foci. ax + by + c = 0 cx = reduce_Decimal_number(-(ax*p1 + bx*q1)) axis = ax,bx,cx print ( ' Axis : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(ax,bx,cx) ) print ( ' Eccentricity = {}'.format(e1) ) print () print ( ' Directrix 1 : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a1,b1,c1) ) print ( ' Directrix 2 : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a2,b2,c2) ) F1 = p1,q1 # Focus 1. print ( ' F1 : ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1) ) F2 = p2,q2 # Focus 2. print ( ' F2 : ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2) ) # Direction cosines along axis from F1 towards F2: dx,dy = a1,b1 # p2 = p1 + dx*distance_F1_F2 # q2 = q1 + dy*distance_F1_F2 if dx : distance_F1_F2 = (p2 - p1)/dx else : distance_F1_F2 = (q2 - q1) if distance_F1_F2 < 0 : distance_F1_F2 *= -1 dx *= -1 ; dy *= -1 # Intercept on directrix1 distance_from_F1_to_ID1 = abs(a1*p1 + b1*q1 + c1) ID1 = xID1,yID1 = p1 - dx*distance_from_F1_to_ID1, q1 - dy*distance_from_F1_to_ID1 print ( ' Intercept ID1 : ({}, {})'.format(xID1,yID1) ) # # distance_F1_F2 # -------------------- = e # length_of_major_axis # length_of_major_axis = distance_F1_F2 / e1 # Intercept1 on curve distance_from_F1_to_curve = (length_of_major_axis - distance_F1_F2 )/2 xI1,yI1 = p1 - dx*distance_from_F1_to_curve, q1 - dy*distance_from_F1_to_curve I1 = xI1,yI1 = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in (xI1,yI1) ] print ( ' Intercept I1 : ({}, {})'.format(xI1,yI1) ) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> Axis : (-0.8)x + (-0.6)y + (9.4) = 0 Eccentricity = 0.9 Directrix 1 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-27.47368421052631578947) = 0 Directrix 2 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (2) = 0 F1 : (22.32421052631578947368, -14.09894736842105263158) F2 : (8, 5) Intercept ID1 : (24.00421052631578947368, -16.33894736842105263158) Intercept I1 : (23.12, -15.16) </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points <math>I2, ID2.</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Latus rectums=== <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # direction cosines along latus rectum. dlx,dly = -dy,dx # # distance from U to F1 half_latus_rectum # ------------------------------ = ----------------------- = e1 # distance from U to directrix 1 distance_from_F1_to_ID1 # half_latus_rectum = reduce_Decimal_number(e1*distance_from_F1_to_ID1) # latus rectum 1 # Focal chord has equation (afc)x + (bfc)y + (cfc) = 0. afc,bfc = a1,b1 cfc = reduce_Decimal_number(-(afc*p1 + bfc*q1)) print ( ' Focal chord PU : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(afc,bfc,cfc) ) P = xP,yP = p1 + dlx*half_latus_rectum, q1 + dly*half_latus_rectum print ( ' Point P : ({}, {})'.format(xP,yP) ) U = xU,yU = p1 - dlx*half_latus_rectum, q1 - dly*half_latus_rectum print ( ' Point U : ({}, {})'.format(xU,yU) ) distance = reduce_Decimal_number(( (xP - xU)**2 + (yP - yU)**2 ).sqrt()) print (' Length PU =', distance) print (' half_latus_rectum =', half_latus_rectum) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> Focal chord PU : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-24.67368421052631578947) = 0 Point P : (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158) Point U : (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158) Length PU = 5.04 half_latus_rectum = 2.52 </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points <math>R, S.</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Minor axis=== <syntaxhighlight lang=python> print () # Mid point between F1, F2: M = xM,yM = (p1 + p2)/2, (q1 + q2)/2 print ( ' Mid point M : ({}, {})'.format(xM,yM) ) half_major = length_of_major_axis / 2 half_distance = distance_F1_F2 / 2 # half_distance**2 + half_minor**2 = half_major**2 half_minor = ( half_major**2 - half_distance**2 ).sqrt() length_of_minor_axis = half_minor * 2 Q = xQ,yQ = xM + dlx*half_minor, yM + dly*half_minor T = xT,yT = xM - dlx*half_minor, yM - dly*half_minor print ( ' Point Q : ({}, {})'.format(xQ,yQ) ) print ( ' Point T : ({}, {})'.format(xT,yT) ) print (' length_of_major_axis =', length_of_major_axis) print (' length_of_minor_axis =', length_of_minor_axis) # # A basic check. # length_of_minor_axis**2 = (length_of_major_axis**2)(1-e**2) # # length_of_minor_axis**2 # ----------------------- = 1-e**2 # length_of_major_axis**2 # # length_of_minor_axis**2 # ----------------------- + (e**2 - 1) = 0 # length_of_major_axis**2 # values = (length_of_minor_axis/length_of_major_axis)**2, e1**2 - 1 sum_zero(values) and 3/0 aM,bM = a1,b1 # Minor axis is parallel to directrix. cM = reduce_Decimal_number(-(aM*xM + bM*yM)) print ( ' Minor axis : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(aM,bM,cM) ) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> Mid point M : (15.16210526315789473684, -4.54947368421052631579) Point Q : (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299) Point T : (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281) length_of_major_axis = 26.52631578947368421052 length_of_minor_axis = 11.56255298707631300170 Minor axis : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-12.73684210526315789474) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> ===Checking=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} All interesting points have been calculated without using equations of any of the relevant lines. However, equations of relevant lines are very useful for testing, for example: * Check that points <math>ID2, I2, F2, M, F1, I1, ID1</math> are on axis. * Check that points <math>R, F2, S</math> are on latus rectum through <math>F2.</math> * Check that points <math>Q, M, T</math> are on minor axis through <math>M.</math> * Check that points <math>P, F1, U</math> are on latus rectum through <math>F1.</math> Test below checks that 8 points <math>I1, I2, P, Q, R, S, T, U</math> are on ellipse and satisfy eccentricity <math>e = 0.9.</math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> t1 = ( ('I1'), ('I2'), ('P'), ('Q'), ('R'), ('S'), ('T'), ('U'), ) for name in t1 : value = eval(name) x,y = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in value ] print ('{} : ({}, {})'.format((name+' ')[:2], x,y)) values = A*x**2, B*y**2, C*x*y, D*x, E*y, F sum_zero(values) and 3/0 # Relative to Directrix 1 and Focus 1: distance_to_F1 = ( (x-p1)**2 + (y-q1)**2 ).sqrt() distance_to_directrix1 = a1*x + b1*y + c1 e1 = distance_to_F1 / distance_to_directrix1 print (' e1 =',e1) # Raw value is printed. # Relative to Directrix 2 and Focus 2: distance_to_F2 = ( (x-p2)**2 + (y-q2)**2 ).sqrt() distance_to_directrix2 = a2*x + b2*y + c2 e2 = distance_to_F2 / distance_to_directrix2 e2 = reduce_Decimal_number(e2) print (' e2 =',e2) # Clean value is printed. </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} Note the differences between "raw" values of <math>e_1</math> and "clean" values of <math>e_2.</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> I1 : (23.12, -15.16) e1 = -0.9000000000000000000034 e2 = 0.9 I2 : (7.204210526315789473684, 6.061052631578947368421) e1 = -0.9 e2 = 0.9 P : (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158) e1 = -0.9 e2 = 0.9 Q : (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299) e1 = -0.9000000000000000000002 e2 = 0.9 R : (5.984, 3.488) e1 = -0.9000000000000000000003 e2 = 0.9 S : (10.016, 6.512) e1 = -0.9000000000000000000003 e2 = 0.9 T : (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281) e1 = -0.8999999999999999999996 e2 = 0.9 U : (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158) e1 = -0.9 e2 = 0.9 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> ==Traditional definition of ellipse== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0617ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse.''' </br> Sum of distance <math>F_1G</math> and distance <math>F_2G</math> is constant. ]] Ellipse may be defined as the locus of a point that moves so that the sum of its distances from two fixed points is constant. In the diagram the two fixed points are the foci, Focus 1 or <math>F_1</math> and Focus 2 or <math>F_2.</math> Distance between <math>F_1</math> and <math>F_2</math>, distance <math>F_1F_2</math>, must be non-zero. Point <math>G</math> on perimeter of ellipse moves so that sum of distance <math>F_1G</math> and distance <math>F_2G</math> is constant. Points <math>T_1</math> and <math>T_2</math> are on axis of ellipse and the same rule applies to these points. distance <math>F_1T_1</math> + distance <math>T_1F_2</math> is constant. distance <math>F_1T_1</math> + distance <math>T_1F_2</math> <math>=</math> distance <math>F_1G</math> + distance <math>F_2G</math> <math>=</math> distance <math>F_2T_2</math> + distance <math>T_1F_2</math> <math>= \text{length of major axis.}</math> Therefore the constant is <math>\text{length of major axis}</math> which must be greater than distance <math>F_1F_2.</math> From information given, calculate eccentricity <math>e</math> and equation of one directrix. Choose directrix 1 <math>dx1</math> associated with focus F1. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Ellipse at origin== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0901ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse.''' </br> Sum of distance <math>F_1P</math> and distance <math>F_2P</math> is constant. ]] Traditional definition of ellipse states that ellipse is locus of a point that moves so that sum of its distances from two fixed points is constant. By definition distance <math>F_2P</math> + distance <math>F_1P</math> is constant. <math>\sqrt{(x-(-p))^2 + y^2} + \sqrt{(x-p)^2 + y^2} = k\ \dots\ (1)</math> Expand <math>(1)</math> and result is <math>Ax^2 + By^2 + F = 0\ \dots\ (2)</math> where: <math>A = 4k^2 - 16p^2</math> <math>B = 4k^2</math> <math>F = 4k^2p^2 - k^4</math> When <math>y = 0,</math> point <math>B,\ Ax^2 = -F</math> <math>x^2 = \frac{-F}{A}</math> <math>= \frac{k^4 - 4k^2p^2}{4k^2 - 16p^2}</math> <math>=\frac{k^2(k^2-4p^2)}{4(k^2 - 4p^2)} = \frac{k^2}{4}.</math> Therefore: <math>x = \frac{k}{2} = a</math> <math>k = \text{length of major axis.}</math> By definition, distance <math>F_2A</math> + distance <math>F_1A = k.</math> Therefore distance <math>F_1A = a.</math> Intercept form of ellipse at origin: <math>(4k^2 - 16p^2)x^2 + (4k^2)y^2 = k^4 - 4k^2p^2</math> <math>\frac{4(k^2-4p^2)}{k^2(k^2-4p^2)}x^2 + \frac{4k^2}{k^2(k^2 - 4p^2)}y^2 = 1</math> <math>\frac{4}{(2a)^2}x^2 + \frac{4}{(2a)^2 - 4p^2}y^2 = 1</math> <math>\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1</math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Second definition of ellipse== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0901ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse <math>\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1</math> where <math>a,b = 20,12</math>.''' </br> At point <math>B,\ \frac{u}{v} = e.</math> </br> At point <math>A,\ \frac{a}{t} = e.</math> ]] Ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant. Let <math>\frac{p}{a} = e</math> where: * <math>p</math> is non-zero, * <math>a > p,</math> * <math>a = p + u.</math> Therefore, <math>1 > e > 0.</math> Let directrix have equation <math>x = t</math> where <math>\frac{a}{t} = e.</math> At point <math>B:</math> <math>\frac{p}{p+u} = \frac{p+u}{p+u+v} = e</math> <math>(p+u)^2 = p(p+u+v)</math> <math>pp + pu + pu + uu = pp + pu + pv</math> <math>pu + uu = pv</math> <math>u(p + u) = pv</math> <math>\frac{u}{v} = \frac{p}{p+u} = e</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance to focus}}{\text{distance to directrix}} = e\ \dots\ (3)</math> Statement <math>(3)</math> is true at point <math>A</math> also. Section under "Proof" below proves that statement (3) is true for any point <math>P</math> on ellipse. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Proof=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0902ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Proving that <math>\frac{\text{distance from point to focus}}{\text{distance from point to directrix}} = e</math>.''' </br> Graph is part of curve <math>\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1.</math> </br> distance to Directrix1 <math>= t - x = \frac{a}{e} - x = \frac{a - ex}{e}.</math> </br> base = <math>x - p = x - ae</math> </br> <math>\text{(distance to Focus1)}^2 = \text{base}^2 + y^2</math> ]] As expressed above in statement <math>3,</math> second definition of ellipse states that ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant. This section proves that this definition is true for any point <math>P</math> on the ellipse. At point <math>P:</math> <math>(a^2 - p^2)x^2 + a^2y^2 -a^2(a^2 - p^2) = 0</math> <math>y^2 = \frac{-(a^2 - p^2)x^2 + a^2(a^2 - p^2)}{a^2}</math> <math>= \frac{a^2e^2x^2 - a^2x^2 + a^2a^2 - a^2a^2e^2}{a^2}</math> <math>= e^2x^2 - x^2 + a^2 - a^2e^2</math> base <math>= x-p = x-ae</math> <math>(\text{distance}\ F_1P)^2 = y^2 + \text{base}^2 = y^2 + (x-ae)^2</math> <math>= a^2 - 2aex + e^2x^2</math> <math>= (a-ex)^2</math> <math>\text{distance to Focus1} = \text{distance}\ F_1P = a - ex</math> <math>\text{distance to Directrix1} = t - x = \frac{a}{e} - x = \frac{a-ex}{e}</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance to Focus1}}{\text{distance to Directrix1}}</math> <math>= (a - ex)\frac{e}{(a-ex)}</math> <math>= e</math> Similar calculations can be used to prove the case for Focus2 <math>(-p, 0)</math> and Directrix2 <math>(x = -t)</math> in which case: <math>\frac{\text{distance to Focus2}}{\text{distance to Directrix2}}</math> <math>= (a + ex)\frac{e}{(a + ex)}</math> <math>= e</math> Therefore: <math>\frac{\text{distance to focus}}{\text{distance to directrix}} = e</math> where <math>1 > e > 0.</math> Ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant, called eccentricity <math>e.</math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Heading== ===Properties of ellipse=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0822ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse used to illustrate and calculate certain properties of ellipses.''' </br> </br> Traditional definition of ellipse: </br> <math>\text{distance } AF_1 + \text{distance } AF_2 = \text{constant } k.</math> </br> </br> Second definition of ellipse: </br> <math>\frac{\text{distance } AF_1} {\text{distance } AG } = \text{eccentricity } e.</math> </br> </br> Triangle <math>A F_1 G</math> is right triangle. </br> <math>e = \cos \angle O F_1 A = \cos \angle F_1 A G</math> ]] Ellipse in diagram has: * Two foci: <math>F_1\ (p,0),\ F_2\ (-p,0).</math> * Length of major axis <math>= \text{distance } I_2 I_1 = 2a</math> * Length of minor axis <math>= \text{distance } A B = 2b</math> * Equation: <math>\frac {x^2} {a^2} + \frac {y^2} {b^2} = 1</math> * Length of latus rectum <math>= \text{distance } P Q</math> * Distance between directrices <math>= \text{distance } D_2 D_1 = 2t</math> Properties of ellipse: * <math>\frac{\text{length of major axis}} {\text{distance between directrices}} = e</math> * <math>\frac{\text{distance between foci}} {\text{length of major axis}} = e</math> * <math>\frac{\text{distance between foci}} {\text{distance between directrices}}= e^2</math> * <math>(\frac{\text{length of minor axis}} {\text{length of major axis}})^2 + e^2 = 1</math> * <math>\frac{\text{length of latus rectum}} {\text{length of major axis}} + e^2 = 1</math> * line <math>PD_1</math> is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point <math>P.</math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ====Major axis==== From traditional definition of ellipse: Distance <math>AF_2\ +</math> distance <math>AF_1</math> = distance <math>I_1F_1\ +</math> distance <math>I_1F_2</math> = distance <math>I_2F_2\ +</math> distance <math>I_2F_1</math> = <math>k.</math> Therefore: Length of major axis = distance <math>I_2I_1 = 2a = k.</math> Distance <math>AF_1 = \frac{k}{2} = a.</math> From second definition of ellipse: <math>\frac{\text{distance }AF_1}{\text{distance }AG} = \frac{a}{t} = \text{eccentricity }e</math> <math>= \frac{\text{distance }OI_1}{\text{distance }OD_1}.</math> <math>\frac{\text{length of major axis}}{\text{distance between directrices}} = e.</math> ====Foci==== From second definition of ellipse: <math>\frac{\text{distance }I_1F_1}{\text{distance }I_1D_1} = \frac{a-p}{t-a} = e.</math> <math>a - p = te - ae</math> <math>a - p = a - ae</math> Therefore: <math>p = ae</math> or <math>\frac{p}{a} = e.</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance between foci}}{\text{length of major axis}} = e.</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance between foci}}{\text{distance between directrices}} = e^2.</math> ====Minor axis==== Triangle <math>AOF_1</math> is right triangle. <math>\cos ^2 \angle OAF_1 + \sin ^2 \angle OAF_1</math> <math>= (\frac{b}{a})^2 + (\frac{p}{a})^2 </math> <math>= (\frac{b}{a})^2 + (\frac{ae}{a})^2 </math> <math>= (\frac{b}{a})^2 + e^2 = 1</math> <math>( \frac{\text{length of minor axis}} {\text{length of major axis}} )^2 + e^2 = 1</math> Triangles <math>AOF_1,\ AF_1G</math> are similar. Triangle <math>AF_1G</math> is right triangle. <math>e = \cos \angle OF_1A = \cos \angle F_1AG.</math> ====Latus rectum==== From second definition of ellipse: <math>\frac{\text{distance }PF_1} {\text{distance }F_1D_1} = \frac{\text{distance }PF_1}{t-p} = e</math> <math>\text{distance }PF_1 = te - pe = a - (ae)e = a(1-e^2).</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance }PF_1} {a} = 1 - e^2.</math> <math> \frac{\text{length of latus rectum}} {\text{length of major axis}} + e^2 = 1</math> ====Slope of curve==== Curve has equation: <math>b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 = a^2b^2</math> Derivative of both sides: <math>b^22x + a^22yy' = 0</math> <math>y' = \frac{-xb^2}{ya^2}</math><math></math> <math>= \frac{-x(1-e^2)}{y}</math><math></math> At point <math>P:\ m_1 = y' = \frac{-p(1-e^2)}{-a(1-e^2)}</math> <math>= \frac{ae}{a} = e.</math><math></math> Slope of line <math>PD_1:\ m_2 = \frac{\text{distance }PF_1}{\text{distance }F_1D_1} = e.</math><math></math><math></math> <math>m_1 = m_2.</math> Therefore line <math>PD_1</math> is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point <math>P.</math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> ===Intercept form of equation=== <math>\frac{x^2}{20^2} + \frac{y^2}{12^2} = 1</math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0625ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Ellipse at origin with major axis on X axis.''' </br> </br> </br> </br> Equation of ellipse has format <math>\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1</math> where: </br> </br> <math>\text{Length of major axis} = 2a = \text{distance}\ I_2I_1 = 40</math> </br> <math>\text{Length of minor axis} = 2b = \text{distance}\ BA = 24</math> </br> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> </br> <math>\frac{\text{Length of minor axis}}{\text{Length of major axis}} = \sqrt{1 - e^2}</math> </br> </br> <math>e = \sqrt{1 - \frac{b^2}{a^2}} = 0.8.</math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> ]] In diagram: Intercept <math>I_1</math> has coordinates <math>(a,0).</math> Intercept <math>I_2</math> has coordinates <math>(-a,0).</math> Intercept <math>A</math> has coordinates <math>(0,b).</math> Intercept <math>B</math> has coordinates <math>(0,-b).</math> Focus <math>F_1</math> has coordinates <math>(f,0)</math> where <math>f = ea.</math> Focus <math>F_2</math> has coordinates <math>(-f,0).</math> Curve has equation <math>\frac{x^2}{20^2} + \frac{y^2}{12^2} = 1,</math> called intercept form of equation of ellipse because intercepts are apparent as the fractional value of each coefficient. Standard form of this equation is: <math>(-0.36)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (0)x + (0)y + (144) = 0.</math> While the standard form is valuable as input to a computer program, the intercept form is still attractive to the human eye because center of ellipse and intercepts are neatly contained within the equation. Slope of curve: <math>b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 = a^2b^2</math> Derivative of both sides: <math>b^22x + a^22yy' = 0</math> <math>y' = \frac{-xb^2}{ya^2}</math> <math>= \frac{-x(1-e^2)}{y}</math> At point <math>P</math> on latus rectum <math>PQ:</math> <math>m_1 = y' = \frac{-(ea)(1-e^2)}{-(a(1-e^2))} = e</math> Slope of line <math>PD = m_2 = \frac{PF_1}{F_1D} = e</math> <math>m_1 = m_2.</math> Line <math>PD</math> is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point <math>P.</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Example=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0618ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse uses abc, epq.''' </br> M is mid-point between F1 and F2. </br> Point R is on minor axis. </br> </br> <math>\frac{\text{distance from R to F1}}{\text{distance from R to directrix 1}}</math> <math>= e</math> </br> </br> <math>= \frac{\text{half major axis}}{\text{distance from M to directrix 1}}</math> </br> </br> <math>\text{distance from M to directrix 1} = \frac{\text{half major axis}}{e}</math> </br> </br> <math>\text{F1:}\ (1, -7)</math> </br> <math>\text{F2:}\ (-1.24, 0.68)</math> </br> length_of_major_axis = 10 </br> <math>\text{M:}\ (-0.12, -3.16)</math> </br> length_of_minor_axis = 6 </br> <math>\text{R:}\ (2.76, -2.32)</math> </br> <math>e = 0.8</math> </br> <math>\text{D1:}\ (1.63, -9.16)</math> </br> <math>\text{Directrix 1:}\ (-0.28)x + (0.96)y + (9.25) = 0</math> </br> <math>\text{abc}\ =\ (-0.28,\ 0.96,\ 9.25)</math> </br> <math>\text{epq}\ =\ (0.8,\ 1,\ -7)</math> ]] Given: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code F1 = 1, -7 # Focus 1 F2 = -1.24, 0.68 # Focus 2 length_of_major_axis = 10 </syntaxhighlight> Calculate equation of ellipse. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> F1 = p1,q1 = [ dD(str(v)) for v in F1 ] # Focus 1 F2 = p2,q2 = [ dD(str(v)) for v in F2 ] # Focus 2 length_of_major_axis = dD(length_of_major_axis) half_major_axis = length_of_major_axis / 2 # Direction cosines from F1 to F2 dx = p2-p1 ; dy = q2-q1 divider = (dx**2 + dy**2).sqrt() dx,dy = [ (v/divider) for v in (dx,dy) ] # F2 # p2 = p1 + dx*distance_F1_F2 # q2 = q1 + dy*distance_F1_F2 distance_F1_F2 = (q2-q1)/dy half_distance_F1_F2 = distance_F1_F2 / 2 # The mid-point M = xM,ym = p1 + dx*half_distance_F1_F2, q1 + dy*half_distance_F1_F2 # Eccentricity: e = distance_F1_F2 / length_of_major_axis # distance from point R to F1 half_major_axis # ------------------------------------ = e = ----------------------------------------- # distance from point R to Directrix 1 distance from point M to Directrix 1 distance_from_point_M_to_dx1 = half_major_axis / e # Intersection of axis and directrix 1 D1 = xM-dx*distance_from_point_M_to_dx1, yM-dy*distance_from_point_M_to_dx1 D1 = xD1, yD1 = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in D1 ] # Equation of Directrix 1 # dx1 = adx1,bdx1,cdx1 adx1,bdx1 = dx, dy # Perpendicular to axis. # adx1*x + bdx1*y + cdx1 = 0 # Directrix 1 contains point D1 cdx1 = reduce_Decimal_number( -( adx1*xD1 + bdx1*yD1 ) ) abc = adx1,bdx1,cdx1 epq = e,p1,q1 ABCDEF = ABCDEF_from_abc_epq (abc,epq, 1) </syntaxhighlight> Equation of ellipse in standard form: <math>(-0.949824)x^2 + (-0.410176)y^2 + (-0.344064)xy + (-1.3152)x + (-2.6336)y + (4.76) = 0</math> For more insight into method of calculation and proof: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> if 1 : print ('F1: ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1)) print ('F1: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(p1,q1)) print ('F2: ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2)) print ('F2: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(p2,q2)) print ('length_of_major_axis =', length_of_major_axis) print ('M: ({}, {})'.format(xM,yM)) print ('M: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xM,yM)) # half_minor_axis**2 + half_distance_F1_F2**2 = half_major_axis**2 half_minor_axis = (half_major_axis**2 - half_distance_F1_F2**2).sqrt() length_of_minor_axis = half_minor_axis * 2 s1 = 'length_of_minor_axis' ; print (s1, '=', eval(s1)) # Direction cosines on major axis: print ('dx,dy =', dx,dy) # Direction cosines on minor axis: dnx,dny = dy,-dx print ('dnx,dny =', dnx,dny) # One point on minor axis: R = xR,yR = xM + dnx*half_minor_axis, yM + dny*half_minor_axis print ('R: ({}, {})'.format(xR,yR)) print ('R: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xR,yR)) # Verify that point R is on ellipse: sum_zero((A*xR**2, B*yR**2, C*xR*yR, D*xR, E*yR, F)) and 1/0 s1 = 'e' ; print (s1, '=', eval(s1)) print ('D1: ({}, {})'.format(xD1,yD1)) print ('D1: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xD1,yD1)) print ('Directrix 1: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(adx1, bdx1, cdx1)) print() # For proof, reverse the process: (abc1,epq1), (abc2,epq2) = calculate_abc_epq (ABCDEF) a1,b1,c1 = abc1 ; e1,p1,q1 = epq1 print ('Directrix 1: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a1, b1, c1)) print ('Eccentricity e1: {}'.format(e1)) print ('F1: ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1)) print() a2,b2,c2 = abc2 ; e2,p2,q2 = epq2 print ('Directrix 2: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a2, b2, c2)) print ('Eccentricity e2: {}'.format(e2)) print ('F2: ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2)) print ('\nEquation of ellipse with integer coefficients:') A,B,C,D,E,F = [ reduce_Decimal_number(-v*1000000/64) for v in ABCDEF ] str1 = '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0' print (str1.format(A,B,C,D,E,F)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> F1: (1, -7) F1: (x - (1))^2 + (y - (-7))^2 = 1 F2: (-1.24, 0.68) F2: (x - (-1.24))^2 + (y - (0.68))^2 = 1 length_of_major_axis = 10 M: (-0.12, -3.16) M: (x - (-0.12))^2 + (y - (-3.16))^2 = 1 length_of_minor_axis = 6 dx,dy = -0.28 0.96 dnx,dny = 0.96 0.28 R: (2.76, -2.32) R: (x - (2.76))^2 + (y - (-2.32))^2 = 1 e = 0.8 D1: (1.63, -9.16) D1: (x - (1.63))^2 + (y - (-9.16))^2 = 1 Directrix 1: (-0.28)x + (0.96)y + (9.25) = 0 Directrix 1: (0.28)x + (-0.96)y + (-9.25) = 0 Eccentricity e1: 0.8 F1: (1, -7) Directrix 2: (0.28)x + (-0.96)y + (3.25) = 0 Eccentricity e2: 0.8 F2: (-1.24, 0.68) Equation of ellipse with integer coefficients: </syntaxhighlight> <math>(14841)x^2 + (6409)y^2 + (5376)xy + (20550)x + (41150)y + (-74375) = 0</math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} =allEqual= {{Robelbox|title=[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]]|theme={{{theme|9}}}}} <div style="padding-top:0.25em; padding-bottom:0.2em; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.75em;"> [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]]. </div> ====Welcomee==== {{Robelbox|title=[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]]|theme={{{theme|9}}}}} <div style="padding-top:0.25em; padding-bottom:0.2em; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.75em; background-color: #FFF800; "> [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]]. </div> =====Welcomen===== {{Robelbox|title=|theme={{{theme|9}}}}} <div style="padding-top:0.25em; padding-bottom:0.2em; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.75em; background-color: #FFFFFF; "> [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]]. </div> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code. if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 : pass </syntaxhighlight> {{Robelbox/close}} {{Robelbox/close}} {{Robelbox/close}} <noinclude> [[Category: main page templates]] </noinclude> {| class="wikitable" |- ! <math>x</math> !! <math>x^2 - N</math> |- | <code></code><code>6</code> || <code>-221</code> |- | <code></code><code>7</code> || <code>-208</code> |- |- | <code>10</code> || <code>-157</code> |- | <code>11</code> || <code>-136</code> |- | <code>12</code> || <code>-113</code> |- | <code>13</code> || <code></code><code>-88</code> |- | <code>26</code> || <code></code><code>419</code> |} =Testing= ======table1====== {|style="border-left:solid 3px blue;border-right:solid 3px blue;border-top:solid 3px blue;border-bottom:solid 3px blue;" align="center" | Hello As <math>abs(x)</math> increases, the value of <math>f(x)</math> is dominated by the term <math>-ax^3.</math> When <math>x</math> has a very large negative value, <math>f(x)</math> is always positive. When <math>x</math> has a very large negative value, <math>f(x)</math> is always positive. When <math>x</math> has a very large negative value, <math>f(x)</math> is always positive. When <math>x</math> has a very large positive value, <math>f(x)</math> is always negative. <syntaxhighlight> 1.4142135623730950488016887242096980785696718753769480731766797379907324784621070388503875343276415727 3501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141322266592750559275579995050115278206057147 0109559971605970274534596862014728517418640889198609552329230484308714321450839762603627995251407989 </syntaxhighlight> |} {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0410cubic01.png|thumb|400px|''' Graph of cubic function with coefficient a negative.''' </br> There is no absolute maximum or absolute minimum. ]] Coefficient <math>a</math> may be negative as shown in diagram. As <math>abs(x)</math> increases, the value of <math>f(x)</math> is dominated by the term <math>-ax^3.</math> When <math>x</math> has a very large negative value, <math>f(x)</math> is always positive. When <math>x</math> has a very large positive value, <math>f(x)</math> is always negative. Unless stated otherwise, any reference to "cubic function" on this page will assume coefficient <math>a</math> positive. {{RoundBoxBottom}} <math>x_{poi} = -1</math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> =====Various planes in 3 dimensions===== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} <gallery> File:0713x=4.png|<small>plane x=4.</small> File:0713y=3.png|<small>plane y=3.</small> File:0713z=-2.png|<small>plane z=-2.</small> </gallery> {{RoundBoxBottom}} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> 1.4142135623730950488016887242096980785696718753769480731766797379907324784621070388503875343276415727 3501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141322266592750559275579995050115278206057147 0109559971605970274534596862014728517418640889198609552329230484308714321450839762603627995251407989 6872533965463318088296406206152583523950547457502877599617298355752203375318570113543746034084988471 6038689997069900481503054402779031645424782306849293691862158057846311159666871301301561856898723723 5288509264861249497715421833420428568606014682472077143585487415565706967765372022648544701585880162 0758474922657226002085584466521458398893944370926591800311388246468157082630100594858704003186480342 1948972782906410450726368813137398552561173220402450912277002269411275736272804957381089675040183698 6836845072579936472906076299694138047565482372899718032680247442062926912485905218100445984215059112 0249441341728531478105803603371077309182869314710171111683916581726889419758716582152128229518488472 </syntaxhighlight> <math>\theta_1</math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0422xx_x_2.png|thumb|400px|''' Figure 1: Diagram illustrating relationship between <math>f(x) = x^2 - x - 2</math> and <math>f'(x) = 2x - 1.</math>''' </br> ]] {{RoundBoxBottom}} <math>O\ (0,0,0)</math> <math>M\ (A_1,B_1,C_1)</math> <math>N\ (A_2,B_2,C_2)</math> <math>\theta</math> <math>\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ </math> :<math>\begin{align} (6) - (7),\ 4Apq + 2Bq =&\ 0\\ 2Ap + B =&\ 0\\ 2Ap =&\ - B\\ \\ p =&\ \frac{-B}{2A}\ \dots\ (8) \end{align}</math> <math>\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ </math> :<math>\begin{align} 1.&4141475869yugh\\ &2645er3423231sgdtrf\\ &dhcgfyrt45erwesd \end{align}</math> <math>\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ </math> :<math> 4\sin 18^\circ = \sqrt{2(3 - \sqrt 5)} = \sqrt 5 - 1 </math> leidwpg1232mfupwwpjtoc225rwll8b 2689953 2689952 2024-12-02T13:19:41Z ThaniosAkro 2805358 /* Radians, the natural angle */ 2689953 wikitext text/x-wiki = Hyperbola = {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0911hyperbola00.png|thumb|400px|''' Figure 1: Hyperbola at origin with transverse axis horizontal.''' </br></br> Origin at point <math>O</math><math>: (0,0)</math>.</br> Foci are points <math>F_1 (-c,0),\ F_2 (c,0). OF_1 = OF_2 = c.</math></br> Vertices are points <math>V_1 (-a,0),\ V_2 (a,0). OV_1 = OV_2 = a.</math></br> Line segment <math>V_1OV_2</math> is the <math>transverse\ axis.</math></br> <math>PF_1 - PF_2 = 2a.</math> ]] In cartesian [[geometry]] in two dimensions hyperbola is locus of a point <math>P</math> that moves relative to two fixed points called <math>foci</math><math>: F_1, F_2.</math> The distance <math>F_1 F_2</math> from one <math>focus\ (F_1)</math> to the other <math>focus\ (F_2)</math> is non-zero. The absolute difference of the distances <math>(PF_1, PF_2)</math> from point to foci is constant. <math>PF_1 - PF_2 = K.</math> See figure 1. Center of hyperbola is located at the origin <math>O (0,0)</math> and the foci <math>(F_1, F_2)</math> are on the <math>X\ axis</math> at distance <math>c</math> from <math>O. </math> <math>F_1</math> has coordinates <math>(-c, 0). F_2</math> has coordinates <math>(c,0)</math>. Line segments <math>OF_1 = OF_2 = c.</math> Each point <math>(V_1,V_2)</math> where the curve intersects the transverse axis is called a <math>vertex.\ V_1,V_2</math> are the vertices of the ellipse. By definition <math>PF_1 - PF_2 = V_2F_1 - V_2F_2 = V_1F_2 - V_1F_1 = K.</math> <math>\therefore V_2F_1 - V_2F_2 = V_2F_1 - V_1F_1 = V_1V_2 = K = 2a,</math> the length of the <math>transverse\ axis\ (V_1V_2).</math> <math>OV_1 = OV_2 = a.</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Radians, the natural angle== [[File:1129radian00.png|thumb|400px|'''Diagram illustrating one radian of angular measurement.''' </br> Arc of circle (red curved line with arrows) with length equal to radius of circle subtends one radian at center. </br> In diagram above, length of radius = length of arc = 1. </br> One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232\dots^\circ.</math> <math></math> <math></math> ]] If you were a mathematician among the ancient Sumerians of the 3rd millennium BC and you were determined to define the angle that could be adopted as a standard to be used by all users of trigonometry, you would probably suggest the angle in an equilateral triangle. This angle is easily defined, easily constructed, easily understood and easily reproduced. It would be easy to call this angle the "natural" angle. The numeral system used by the ancient Sumerians was Sexagesimal, also known as base 60, a numeral system with sixty as its base. In practice the natural angle could be divided into 60 parts, now called degrees, and each degree could be divided into 60 parts, now called minutes, and so on. Three equilateral triangles fit neatly into a semi-circle, hence 180 degrees in a semi-circle. We know that <math>\tan 30^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}.</math> Therefore, <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> should be <math>0.5,</math> or one half of our concept of the natural angle. Whatever the natural angle might be, it has existed for billions of years, but it has come to light only in recent times with invention of the calculus. In mathematics, the arctangent series, traditionally called Gregory's series, is the Taylor series expansion at the origin of the arctangent function: <math>\arctan x = x - \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{x^5}{5} - \frac{x^7}{7} + \frac{x^9}{9} + \cdots.</math> The following python code calculates <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> using Gregory's series: <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code r3 = 3 ** .5 x = r3/3 arctan_x = ( x - x**3/3 + x**5/5 - x**7/7 + x**9/9 - x**11/11 + x**13/13 - x**15/15 + x**17/17 - x**19/19 + x**21/21 - x**23/23 + x**25/25 - x**27/27 + x**29/29 - x**31/31 + x**33/33 - x**35/35 + x**37/37 - x**39/39 + x**41/41 - x**43/43 + x**45/45 - x**47/47 + x**49/49 - x**51/51 + x**53/53 - x**55/55 + x**57/57 - x**59/59 + x**61/61 - x**63/63 + x**65/65 - x**67/67 + x**69/69 ) sx = 'arctan_x' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x = 0.5235987755982988 </syntaxhighlight> Our assessment of the natural angle as the angle in an equilateral triangle was a very reasonable guess. However, the natural angle is the radian, the angle subtended at center of circle by an arc on the circumference equal to the radius. Six times arctan_x <math>= 180^\circ</math> or the number of radians in a semi-circle: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code sx = 'arctan_x * 6' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = '180/(arctan_x * 6)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x * 6 = 3.141592653589793 180/(arctan_x * 6) = 57.29577951308232 </syntaxhighlight> <math>\pi = 3.141592653589793\dots,</math> number of radians in semi-circle. One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232^\circ,</math> slightly less than <math>60^\circ.</math> Because the value <math>\frac\sqrt{3}{3}</math> is fairly large, calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> above required 34 operations to produce result accurate to 16 places of decimals. The calculation did not converge quickly. Python code below uses much smaller values of <math>x</math> and calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> for precision of 1001 is quite fast. <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> ==tan(A/2)== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:1122tanA_200.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphical calculation of <math>\tan \frac{A}{2}</math>.''' </br> <math>OQ = 1;\ QP = t.</math> </br> <math>\tan(A) = \frac{QP}{OQ} = \frac{t}{1} = t.</math> </br> <math>OP = OR = \sqrt{1 + t^2}</math> <math></math> <math></math> ]] In diagram: Point <math>P</math> has coordinates <math>(1,t).</math> Point <math>R</math> has coordinates <math>(\sqrt{1 + t^2},0).</math> Mid point of <math>PR,\ M</math> has coordinates <math>( \frac{ 1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{2}, \frac{t}{2} ).</math> <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{t}{2} / \frac{ 1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{2} = \frac{t}{1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }</math> <math>= \frac{t}{1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} } \cdot \frac{1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2}}{1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} }</math> <math>= \frac{t( 1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} )}{1-(1+t^2)}</math> <math>= \frac{t( 1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} )}{-t^2}</math> <math>= \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{t}</math> <math></math> <math></math> * <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{\tan(A)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}} = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2 (A)} }{\tan (A)}</math> * <math>\tan (2A) = \frac{2\tan (A)}{ 1 - \tan^2 (A) }</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Implementation== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} This section calculates five values of <math>\pi</math> using the following known values of <math>\tan(A):</math> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Angle <math>A</math> || <math>\tan(A)</math> |- | <math>45^\circ</math> | <math>1</math> |- | <math>36^\circ</math> | <math>\sqrt{ 5 - 2\sqrt{5} }</math> |- | <math>30^\circ</math> | <math>\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}</math> |- | <math>27^\circ</math> | <math>\sqrt{ 11 - 4\sqrt{5} + (\sqrt{5} - 3) \sqrt{ 10 - 2\sqrt{5} } }</math> |- | <math>24^\circ</math> | <math>\frac{ (3\sqrt{5} + 7) \sqrt{5 - 2\sqrt{5}} - (\sqrt{5} + 3)\sqrt{3} }{2}</math> |} Values of <math>x</math> in table below are derived from the above values by using identity <math>\tan(\frac{A}{2}) = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}}{\tan(A)}</math>: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Angle <math>\theta</math> || <math>x = \tan(\theta)</math> |- | <math>\frac{45^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912</code> |- | <math>\frac{36^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713</code> |- | <math>\frac{30^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689</code> |- | <math>\frac{27^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738</code> |- | <math>\frac{24^\circ}{2^{32}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778</code> |} <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code desired_precision = 1001 number_of_leading_zeroes = 10 # See below. import decimal dD = decimal.Decimal # decimal object is like float with (almost) infinite precision. dgt = decimal.getcontext() Precision = dgt.prec = desired_precision + 3 # Adjust as necessary. Tolerance = dD("1e-" + str(Precision-2)) # Adjust as necessary. adjustment_to_precision = number_of_leading_zeroes * 2 + 3 def tan_halfA(tan_A) : dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision top = -1 + (1+tan_A**2).sqrt() dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision tan_A_2 = top/tan_A return tan_A_2 def tan_2A (tanA) : ''' 2 * tanA tan(2A) = ----------- 1 - tanA**2 ''' if tanA in (1,-1) : return '1/0' dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision bottom = (1 - tanA**2) output = 2*tanA/bottom dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision return output+0 def θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA) : ''' if input == 45,1 output is: "dD(45) / (2 ** (33))", "0.00000_00000_91432_37995_....._63759_3912" ^^^^^^^^^^^ number_of_leading_zeroes refers to these zeroes. θ,tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA) ''' θ, tanθ = angleA, tanA for p in range (1,100) : θ /= 2 tanθ = tan_halfA(tanθ) if tanθ >= dD('1e-' + str(number_of_leading_zeroes)) : continue str1 = str(tanθ) # str1 = "n.nnnnnnnnnnnnn ..... nnnnnnnnnnnnE-11" str1a = str1[0] + str1[2:-4] list1 = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range (0, len(str1a), 5) ] str2 = '0.00000_00000_' + ('_'.join(list1)) dD2 = dD(str2) (dD2 == tanθ) or ({}[2]) ((θ * (2**p)) == angleA ) or ({}[3]) str3 = 'dD({}) / (2 ** ({}))'.format(angleA,p) (θ == eval(str3)) or ({}[4]) return str3, str2 ({}[5]) r3 = dD(3).sqrt() r5 = dD(5).sqrt() tan36 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt() tan45 = dD(1) tan30 = r3/3 v1 = 3*r5+7 v2 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt() v3 = (r5+3)*r3 tan24 = ( v1*v2 - v3 )/2 v1 = r5 - 3 ; v2 = (10 - 2*r5).sqrt() tan27 = ( 11 - 4*r5 + v1*v2 ).sqrt() values_of_A_tanA = ( (dD(45), tan45), (dD(36), tan36), (dD(30), tan30), (dD(27), tan27), (dD(24), tan24), ) values_of_θ_tanθ = [] for (A, tanA) in values_of_A_tanA : θ, tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (A, tanA) print() sx = 'θ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) # sx = 'tanθ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) print ('tanθ =', '{}.....{}'.format(tanθ[:30], tanθ[-20:])) values_of_θ_tanθ += [ (θ, tanθ) ] # Check for (v1,v2),(v3,v4) in zip (values_of_A_tanA, values_of_θ_tanθ) : A, tanA = v1,v2 θ = eval(v3) tanθ = dD(v4) status = 0 for p in range (1,100) : θ *= 2 tanθ = tan_2A (tanθ) if θ == A : dgt.prec = desired_precision (+tanθ == +tanA) or ({}[10]) dgt.prec = Precision status = 1 break status or ({}[11]) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> θ = dD(45) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912 θ = dD(36) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713 θ = dD(30) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689 θ = dD(27) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738 θ = dD(24) / (2 ** (32)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code def calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : ''' angleθ may be: "dD(27) / (2 ** (33))" tanθ may be: "0.00000_00000_54859_42797_ ..... _03540_9738" π = calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) ''' thisName = 'calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) :' if isinstance(angleθ, dD) : pass elif isinstance(angleθ, str) : angleθ = eval(angleθ) else : ({}[21]) if isinstance(tanθ, dD) : pass elif isinstance(tanθ, str) : tanθ = dD(tanθ) else : ({}[22]) x = tanθ ; multiplier = -1 ; sum = x ; count = 0; status = 0 # x**3 x**5 x**7 x**9 # y = x - ---- + ---- - ---- + ---- # 3 5 7 9 # # Each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term multiplied by x**2. # Each value of x contains 10 leading zeroes after decimal point. # Therefore, each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term with 20 more leading zeroes. # Each pass through main loop adds about 20 digits to current value of sum # and θ is calculated to precision of 1004 digits with about 50 passes through main loop. # for p in range (3,200,2) : # This is main loop. count += 1 addendum = (multiplier * (x**p)) / p sum += addendum if abs(addendum) < Tolerance : status = 1; break multiplier = -multiplier status or ({}[23]) print(thisName, 'count =',count) π = sum * 180 / angleθ dgt.prec = desired_precision π += 0 # This forces π to adopt precision of desired_precision. dgt.prec = Precision return π # Calculate five values of π: values_of_π = [] for θ,tanθ in values_of_θ_tanθ : π = calculate_π (θ,tanθ) values_of_π += [ π ] </syntaxhighlight> Each calculation of π required about 50 passes through main loop: <syntaxhighlight> calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50 </syntaxhighlight> Check that all 5 values of π are equal: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code set1 = set(values_of_π) sx = 'len(values_of_π)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = 'len(set1)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = 'set1' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) π, = set1 # Note the syntax. If length of set1 is not 1, this statement fails. </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> len(values_of_π) = 5 len(set1) = 1 set1 = {Decimal('3.141592653589793238462643383279.....12268066130019278766111959092164201989')} </syntaxhighlight> Print value of π as python command formatted: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code newLine = ''' '''[-1:] def print_π (π) : ''' Input π is : Decimal('3.141592653589793238 ..... 66111959092164201989') This function prints: π = ( "3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510" + "58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679" ..... + "18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989" ) ''' πstr = str(π) (len(πstr) == (desired_precision + 1)) or ({}[31]) (πstr[:2] == '3.') or ({}[32]) twenty_rows = [] for p in range (2, len(πstr), 50) : str1a = πstr[p:p+50] list1a = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range(0, len(str1a), 5) ] str1b = '_'.join(list1a) twenty_rows += [str1b] twenty_rows[0] = '3.' + twenty_rows[0] joiner = '"{} + "'.format(newLine) str3 = '( "{}" )'.format(joiner.join(twenty_rows)) str4 = eval(str3) (dD(str4) == π) or ({}[33]) lines = str3.split(newLine) paragraphs = [ newLine.join(lines[p:p+4]) for p in range(0,len(lines),4) ] str5 = (newLine*2).join(paragraphs) str6 = eval(str5) (dD(str6) == π) or ({}[34]) print ('π =', str5) return str5 π1 = print_π (π) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> π = ( "3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510" + "58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679" + "82148_08651_32823_06647_09384_46095_50582_23172_53594_08128" + "48111_74502_84102_70193_85211_05559_64462_29489_54930_38196" + "44288_10975_66593_34461_28475_64823_37867_83165_27120_19091" + "45648_56692_34603_48610_45432_66482_13393_60726_02491_41273" + "72458_70066_06315_58817_48815_20920_96282_92540_91715_36436" + "78925_90360_01133_05305_48820_46652_13841_46951_94151_16094" + "33057_27036_57595_91953_09218_61173_81932_61179_31051_18548" + "07446_23799_62749_56735_18857_52724_89122_79381_83011_94912" + "98336_73362_44065_66430_86021_39494_63952_24737_19070_21798" + "60943_70277_05392_17176_29317_67523_84674_81846_76694_05132" + "00056_81271_45263_56082_77857_71342_75778_96091_73637_17872" + "14684_40901_22495_34301_46549_58537_10507_92279_68925_89235" + "42019_95611_21290_21960_86403_44181_59813_62977_47713_09960" + "51870_72113_49999_99837_29780_49951_05973_17328_16096_31859" + "50244_59455_34690_83026_42522_30825_33446_85035_26193_11881" + "71010_00313_78387_52886_58753_32083_81420_61717_76691_47303" + "59825_34904_28755_46873_11595_62863_88235_37875_93751_95778" + "18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989" ) </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:1202pi_highlighted.png|thumb|400px|'''Value of <math>\pi</math> highlighted.''']] If you highlight the above expression for <math>\pi</math> as shown in diagram, you can copy and paste it into your python source file as valid python code. {{RoundBoxBottom}} <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Asymptotes of hyperbola== ===Line and hyperbola=== This section describes possibilities that arise when we consider intersection of line and hyperbola. ====With two common points==== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:01hyperbola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Diagram of hyperbola and line.''' </br> Line and hyperbola have two common points. </br> When line and hyperbola have two common points, line cannot be parallel to asymptote. </br> ]] Line 1: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 704, -1404, 1344, -11040, -41220, -161775 abc = a,b,c = .96, .28, .2 result = hyperbola_and_line (ABCDEF, abc) sx = 'result' ; print (sx, eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> Code returns list containing two points: <syntaxhighlight> result [ (1.425,-5.6), (4.575,-16.4) ] </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Length of latus rectum== ----------------------- <math>b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0</math> <math>b^2c^2 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0</math> <math>b^2(a^2 - b^2) + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0</math> <math>b^2a^2 - b^4 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 =0</math> <math>a^2y^2 = b^4</math> <math>y^2 = \frac{b^4}{a^2}</math> <math>y = \frac{b^2}{a}</math> Length of latus rectum <math>= L_1R_1 = L_2R_2 = \frac{2b^2}{a}.</math> =Conic sections generally= Within the two dimensional space of Cartesian Coordinate Geometry a conic section may be located anywhere and have any orientation. This section examines the parabola, ellipse and hyperbola, showing how to calculate the equation of the section, and also how to calculate the foci and directrices given the equation. ==Slope of curve== Given equation of conic section: <math>Ax^2 + By^2 + Cxy + Dx + Ey + F = 0,</math> differentiate both sides with respect to <math>x.</math> <math>2Ax + B(2yy') + C(xy' + y) + D + Ey' = 0</math> <math>2Ax + 2Byy' + Cxy' + Cy + D + Ey' = 0</math> <math>2Byy' + Cxy' + Ey' + 2Ax + Cy + D = 0</math> <math>y'(2By + Cx + E) = -(2Ax + Cy + D)</math> <math>y' = \frac{-(2Ax + Cy + D)}{Cx + 2By + E}</math> For slope horizontal: <math>2Ax + Cy + D = 0.</math> For slope vertical: <math>Cx + 2By + E = 0.</math> For given slope <math>m = \frac{-(2Ax + Cy + D)}{Cx + 2By + E}</math> <math>m(Cx + 2By + E) = -2Ax - Cy - D</math> <math>mCx + 2Ax + m2By + Cy + mE + D = 0</math> <math>(mC + 2A)x + (m2B + C)y + (mE + D) = 0.</math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> ===Implementation=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code def three_slopes (ABCDEF, slope, flag = 0) : ''' equation1, equation2, equation3 = three_slopes (ABCDEF, slope[, flag]) equation1 is equation for slope horizontal. equation2 is equation for slope vertical. equation3 is equation for slope supplied. All equations are in format (a,b,c) where ax + by + c = 0. ''' A,B,C,D,E,F = ABCDEF output = [] abc = 2*A, C, D ; output += [ abc ] abc = C, 2*B, E ; output += [ abc ] m = slope # m(Cx + 2By + E) = -2Ax - Cy - D # mCx + m2By + mE = -2Ax - Cy - D # mCx + 2Ax + m2By + Cy + mE + D = 0 abc = m*C + 2*A, m*2*B + C, m*E + D ; output += [ abc ] if flag : str1 = '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (A,B,C,D,E,F) print (str1) a,b,c = output[0] str1 = 'For slope horizontal: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (a,b,c) print (str1) a,b,c = output[1] str1 = 'For slope vertical: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (a,b,c) print (str1) a,b,c = output[2] str1 = 'For slope {}: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (slope, a,b,c) print (str1) return output </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Examples=== ====Quadratic function==== <math>y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}</math> <math>\text{line 1:}\ x = 7</math> <math>\text{line 2:}\ x = 17</math> <math></math> =====y = f(x)===== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0502quadratic01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of quadratic function <math>y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}.</math>''' </br> At interscetion of <math>\text{line 1}</math> and curve, slope = <math>0</math>.</br> At interscetion of <math>\text{line 2}</math> and curve, slope = <math>5</math>.</br> Slope of curve is never vertical. ]] Consider conic section: <math>(-1)x^2 + (0)y^2 + (0)xy + (14)x + (4)y + (39) = 0.</math> This is quadratic function: <math>y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}</math> Slope of this curve: <math>m = y' = \frac{2x - 14}{4}</math> Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>5:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = -1,0,0,14,4,39 # quadratic three_slopes (ABCDEF, 5, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (-1)x^2 + (0)y^2 + (0)xy + (14)x + (4)y + (39) = 0 For slope horizontal: (-2)x + (0)y + (14) = 0 # x = 7 For slope vertical: (0)x + (0)y + (4) = 0 # This does not make sense. # Slope is never vertical. For slope 5: (-2)x + (0)y + (34) = 0 # x = 17. </syntaxhighlight> Check results: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code for x in (7,17) : m = (2*x - 14)/4 s1 = 'x,m' ; print (s1, eval(s1)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> x,m (7, 0.0) # When x = 7, slope = 0. x,m (17, 5.0) # When x =17, slope = 5. </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} =====x = f(y)===== <math>x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}</math> <math>\text{line 1:}\ y = -7</math> <math>\text{line 2:}\ y = -11</math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0502quadratic02.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of quadratic function <math>x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}.</math>''' </br> At interscetion of <math>\text{line 1}</math> and curve, slope is vertical.</br> At interscetion of <math>\text{line 2}</math> and curve, slope = <math>0.5</math>.</br> Slope of curve is never horizontal. ]] Consider conic section: <math>(0)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (-4)x + (-14)y + (-5) = 0.</math> This is quadratic function: <math>x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}</math> Slope of this curve: <math>\frac{dx}{dy} = \frac{-2y - 14}{4}</math> <math>m = y' = \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-4}{2y + 14}</math> Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>0.5:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 0,-1,0,-4,-14,-5 # quadratic x = f(y) three_slopes (ABCDEF, 0.5, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (0)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (-4)x + (-14)y + (-5) = 0 For slope horizontal: (0)x + (0)y + (-4) = 0 # This does not make sense. # Slope is never horizontal. For slope vertical: (0)x + (-2)y + (-14) = 0 # y = -7 For slope 0.5: (0.0)x + (-1.0)y + (-11.0) = 0 # y = -11 </syntaxhighlight> Check results: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code for y in (-7,-11) : top = -4 ; bottom = 2*y + 14 if bottom == 0 : print ('y,m',y,'{}/{}'.format(top,bottom)) continue m = top/bottom s1 = 'y,m' ; print (s1, eval(s1)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> y,m -7 -4/0 # When y = -7, slope is vertical. y,m (-11, 0.5) # When y = -11, slope is 0.5. </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ====Parabola==== <math>(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 1:}</math> <math>(18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 2:}</math> <math>(-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 3:}</math> <math>(-30)x + (40)y + (160) = 0</math> <math></math><math></math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0504parabola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of parabola <math>(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0.</math>''' </br> At interscetion of <math>\text{Line 1}</math> and curve, slope is horizontal.</br> At interscetion of <math>\text{Line 2}</math> and curve, slope is vertical.</br> At interscetion of <math>\text{Line 3}</math> and curve, slope = <math>2</math>.</br> Slope of curve is never <math>0.75</math> because axis has slope <math>0.75</math> and curve is never parallel to axis. ]] Consider conic section: <math>(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0.</math> This curve is a parabola. Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>2:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 9,16,-24,104,28,-144 # parabola three_slopes (ABCDEF, 2, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0 For slope horizontal: (18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0 For slope vertical: (-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0 For slope 2: (-30)x + (40)y + (160) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> Because all 3 lines are parallel to axis, all 3 lines have slope <math>\frac{3}{4}.</math> Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>0.75:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code three_slopes (ABCDEF, 0.75, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0 For slope horizontal: (18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0 # Same as above. For slope vertical: (-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0 # Same as above. For slope 0.75: (0.0)x + (0.0)y + (125.0) = 0 # Impossible. </syntaxhighlight> Axis has slope <math>0.75</math> and curve is never parallel to axis. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ====Ellipse==== <math>(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 1:}</math> <math>(3542)x + (1944)y + (-44860) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 2:}</math> <math>(1944)x + (2408)y + (-18520) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 3:}</math> <math>(1598)x + (-464)y + (-26340) = 0</math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0504ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse <math>(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0.</math>''' </br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 1}</math> and curve, slope is horizontal.</br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 2}</math> and curve, slope is vertical.</br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 3}</math> and curve, slope = <math>-1.</math> ]] Consider conic section: <math>(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0.</math> This curve is an ellipse. Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>-1:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 1771, 1204, 1944, -44860, -18520, 214400 # ellipse three_slopes (ABCDEF, -1, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0 For slope horizontal: (3542)x + (1944)y + (-44860) = 0 For slope vertical: (1944)x + (2408)y + (-18520) = 0 For slope -1: (1598)x + (-464)y + (-26340) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> Because curve is closed loop, slope of curve may be any value including <math>\frac{1}{0}.</math> If slope of curve is given as <math>\frac{1}{0},</math> it means that curve is vertical at that point and tangent to curve has equation <math>x = k.</math> For any given slope there are always 2 points on opposite sides of curve where tangent to curve at those points has the given slope. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ====Hyperbola==== <math>(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 1:}</math> <math>(-702)x + (-336)y + (4182) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 2:}</math> <math>(-336)x + (352)y + (-3824) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 3:}</math> <math>(-1374)x + (368)y + (-3466) = 0</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0505hyperbola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of hyperbola <math>(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0.</math>''' </br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 1}</math> and curve, slope is horizontal.</br> <math>\text{Line 2}</math> and curve do not intersect. Slope is never vertical.</br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 3}</math> and curve, slope = <math>2.</math> ]] Consider conic section: <math>(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0.</math> This curve is a hyperbola. Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>2:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = -351, 176, -336, 4182, -3824, -16231 # hyperbola three_slopes (ABCDEF, 2, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0 For slope horizontal: (-702)x + (-336)y + (4182) = 0 For slope vertical: (-336)x + (352)y + (-3824) = 0 For slope 2: (-1374)x + (368)y + (-3466) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Latera recta et cetera== "Latus rectum" is a Latin expression meaning "straight side." According to Google, the Latin plural of "latus rectum" is "latera recta," but English allows "latus rectums" or possibly "lati rectums." The title of this section is poetry to the eyes and music to the ears of a Latin student and this author hopes that the gentle reader will permit such poetic licence in a mathematical topic. The translation of the title is "Latus rectums and other things." This section describes the calculation of interesting items associated with the ellipse: latus rectums, major axis, minor axis, focal chords, directrices and various points on these lines. When given the equation of an ellipse, the first thing is to calculate eccentricity, foci and directrices as shown above. Then verify that the curve is in fact an ellipse. From these values everything about the ellipse may be calculated. For example: {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0608ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse <math>1771x^2 + 1204y^2 + 1944xy -44860x - 18520y + 214400 = 0.</math>''' </br> </br> Axis : (-0.8)x + (-0.6)y + (9.4) = 0</br> Eccentricity = 0.9</br> </br> Directrix 2 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (2) = 0</br> Latus rectum RS : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-0.8) = 0</br> Minor axis : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-12.73684210526315789474) = 0</br> Latus rectum PU : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-24.67368421052631578947) = 0</br> Directrix 1 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-27.47368421052631578947) = 0</br> </br> <math>\text{ID2}</math> = (6.32, 7.24)</br> <math>\text{I2}</math> = (7.204210526315789473684, 6.061052631578947368421)</br> F2 = (8, 5)</br> M = (15.16210526315789473684, -4.54947368421052631579)</br> F1 = (22.32421052631578947368, -14.09894736842105263158)</br> <math>\text{I1}</math> = (23.12, -15.16)</br> <math>\text{ID1}</math> = (24.00421052631578947368, -16.33894736842105263158)</br> </br> P = (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158)</br> Q = (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299)</br> R = (5.984, 3.488)</br> S = (10.016, 6.512)</br> T = (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281)</br> U = (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158)</br> </br> Length of major axis: <math>\text{I1I2}</math> = 26.52631578947368421052</br> Length of minor axis: QT = 11.56255298707631300170</br> Length of latus rectum: RS = PU = 5.04 ]] Consider conic section: <math>1771x^2 + 1204y^2 + 1944xy -44860x - 18520y + 214400 = 0.</math> This curve is ellipse with random orientation. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 1771, 1204, 1944, -44860, -18520, 214400 # ellipse result = calculate_abc_epq(ABCDEF) (len(result) == 2) or 1/0 # ellipse or hyperbola (abc1,epq1), (abc2,epq2) = result a1,b1,c1 = abc1 ; e1,p1,q1 = epq1 a2,b2,c2 = abc2 ; e2,p2,q2 = epq2 (e1 == e2) or 2/0 (1 > e1 > 0) or 3/0 print ( '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(A,B,C,D,E,F) ) A,B,C,D,E,F = ABCDEF_from_abc_epq(abc1,epq1) print ('Equation of ellipse in standard form:') print ( '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(A,B,C,D,E,F) ) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0 Equation of ellipse in standard form: (-0.7084)x^2 + (-0.4816)y^2 + (-0.7776)xy + (17.944)x + (7.408)y + (-85.76) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code def sum_zero(input) : ''' sum = sum_zero(input) If sum is close to 0 and Tolerance permits, sum is returned as 0. For example: if input contains (2, -1.999999999999999999999) this function returns sum of these 2 values as 0. ''' global Tolerance sump = sumn = 0 for v in input : if v > 0 : sump += v elif v < 0 : sumn -= v sum = sump - sumn if abs(sum) < Tolerance : return (type(Tolerance))(0) min, max = sorted((sumn,sump)) if abs(sum) <= Tolerance*min : return (type(Tolerance))(0) return sum </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Major axis=== <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # axis is perpendicular to directrix. ax,bx = b1,-a1 # axis contains foci. ax + by + c = 0 cx = reduce_Decimal_number(-(ax*p1 + bx*q1)) axis = ax,bx,cx print ( ' Axis : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(ax,bx,cx) ) print ( ' Eccentricity = {}'.format(e1) ) print () print ( ' Directrix 1 : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a1,b1,c1) ) print ( ' Directrix 2 : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a2,b2,c2) ) F1 = p1,q1 # Focus 1. print ( ' F1 : ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1) ) F2 = p2,q2 # Focus 2. print ( ' F2 : ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2) ) # Direction cosines along axis from F1 towards F2: dx,dy = a1,b1 # p2 = p1 + dx*distance_F1_F2 # q2 = q1 + dy*distance_F1_F2 if dx : distance_F1_F2 = (p2 - p1)/dx else : distance_F1_F2 = (q2 - q1) if distance_F1_F2 < 0 : distance_F1_F2 *= -1 dx *= -1 ; dy *= -1 # Intercept on directrix1 distance_from_F1_to_ID1 = abs(a1*p1 + b1*q1 + c1) ID1 = xID1,yID1 = p1 - dx*distance_from_F1_to_ID1, q1 - dy*distance_from_F1_to_ID1 print ( ' Intercept ID1 : ({}, {})'.format(xID1,yID1) ) # # distance_F1_F2 # -------------------- = e # length_of_major_axis # length_of_major_axis = distance_F1_F2 / e1 # Intercept1 on curve distance_from_F1_to_curve = (length_of_major_axis - distance_F1_F2 )/2 xI1,yI1 = p1 - dx*distance_from_F1_to_curve, q1 - dy*distance_from_F1_to_curve I1 = xI1,yI1 = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in (xI1,yI1) ] print ( ' Intercept I1 : ({}, {})'.format(xI1,yI1) ) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> Axis : (-0.8)x + (-0.6)y + (9.4) = 0 Eccentricity = 0.9 Directrix 1 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-27.47368421052631578947) = 0 Directrix 2 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (2) = 0 F1 : (22.32421052631578947368, -14.09894736842105263158) F2 : (8, 5) Intercept ID1 : (24.00421052631578947368, -16.33894736842105263158) Intercept I1 : (23.12, -15.16) </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points <math>I2, ID2.</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Latus rectums=== <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # direction cosines along latus rectum. dlx,dly = -dy,dx # # distance from U to F1 half_latus_rectum # ------------------------------ = ----------------------- = e1 # distance from U to directrix 1 distance_from_F1_to_ID1 # half_latus_rectum = reduce_Decimal_number(e1*distance_from_F1_to_ID1) # latus rectum 1 # Focal chord has equation (afc)x + (bfc)y + (cfc) = 0. afc,bfc = a1,b1 cfc = reduce_Decimal_number(-(afc*p1 + bfc*q1)) print ( ' Focal chord PU : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(afc,bfc,cfc) ) P = xP,yP = p1 + dlx*half_latus_rectum, q1 + dly*half_latus_rectum print ( ' Point P : ({}, {})'.format(xP,yP) ) U = xU,yU = p1 - dlx*half_latus_rectum, q1 - dly*half_latus_rectum print ( ' Point U : ({}, {})'.format(xU,yU) ) distance = reduce_Decimal_number(( (xP - xU)**2 + (yP - yU)**2 ).sqrt()) print (' Length PU =', distance) print (' half_latus_rectum =', half_latus_rectum) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> Focal chord PU : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-24.67368421052631578947) = 0 Point P : (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158) Point U : (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158) Length PU = 5.04 half_latus_rectum = 2.52 </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points <math>R, S.</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Minor axis=== <syntaxhighlight lang=python> print () # Mid point between F1, F2: M = xM,yM = (p1 + p2)/2, (q1 + q2)/2 print ( ' Mid point M : ({}, {})'.format(xM,yM) ) half_major = length_of_major_axis / 2 half_distance = distance_F1_F2 / 2 # half_distance**2 + half_minor**2 = half_major**2 half_minor = ( half_major**2 - half_distance**2 ).sqrt() length_of_minor_axis = half_minor * 2 Q = xQ,yQ = xM + dlx*half_minor, yM + dly*half_minor T = xT,yT = xM - dlx*half_minor, yM - dly*half_minor print ( ' Point Q : ({}, {})'.format(xQ,yQ) ) print ( ' Point T : ({}, {})'.format(xT,yT) ) print (' length_of_major_axis =', length_of_major_axis) print (' length_of_minor_axis =', length_of_minor_axis) # # A basic check. # length_of_minor_axis**2 = (length_of_major_axis**2)(1-e**2) # # length_of_minor_axis**2 # ----------------------- = 1-e**2 # length_of_major_axis**2 # # length_of_minor_axis**2 # ----------------------- + (e**2 - 1) = 0 # length_of_major_axis**2 # values = (length_of_minor_axis/length_of_major_axis)**2, e1**2 - 1 sum_zero(values) and 3/0 aM,bM = a1,b1 # Minor axis is parallel to directrix. cM = reduce_Decimal_number(-(aM*xM + bM*yM)) print ( ' Minor axis : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(aM,bM,cM) ) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> Mid point M : (15.16210526315789473684, -4.54947368421052631579) Point Q : (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299) Point T : (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281) length_of_major_axis = 26.52631578947368421052 length_of_minor_axis = 11.56255298707631300170 Minor axis : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-12.73684210526315789474) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> ===Checking=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} All interesting points have been calculated without using equations of any of the relevant lines. However, equations of relevant lines are very useful for testing, for example: * Check that points <math>ID2, I2, F2, M, F1, I1, ID1</math> are on axis. * Check that points <math>R, F2, S</math> are on latus rectum through <math>F2.</math> * Check that points <math>Q, M, T</math> are on minor axis through <math>M.</math> * Check that points <math>P, F1, U</math> are on latus rectum through <math>F1.</math> Test below checks that 8 points <math>I1, I2, P, Q, R, S, T, U</math> are on ellipse and satisfy eccentricity <math>e = 0.9.</math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> t1 = ( ('I1'), ('I2'), ('P'), ('Q'), ('R'), ('S'), ('T'), ('U'), ) for name in t1 : value = eval(name) x,y = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in value ] print ('{} : ({}, {})'.format((name+' ')[:2], x,y)) values = A*x**2, B*y**2, C*x*y, D*x, E*y, F sum_zero(values) and 3/0 # Relative to Directrix 1 and Focus 1: distance_to_F1 = ( (x-p1)**2 + (y-q1)**2 ).sqrt() distance_to_directrix1 = a1*x + b1*y + c1 e1 = distance_to_F1 / distance_to_directrix1 print (' e1 =',e1) # Raw value is printed. # Relative to Directrix 2 and Focus 2: distance_to_F2 = ( (x-p2)**2 + (y-q2)**2 ).sqrt() distance_to_directrix2 = a2*x + b2*y + c2 e2 = distance_to_F2 / distance_to_directrix2 e2 = reduce_Decimal_number(e2) print (' e2 =',e2) # Clean value is printed. </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} Note the differences between "raw" values of <math>e_1</math> and "clean" values of <math>e_2.</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> I1 : (23.12, -15.16) e1 = -0.9000000000000000000034 e2 = 0.9 I2 : (7.204210526315789473684, 6.061052631578947368421) e1 = -0.9 e2 = 0.9 P : (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158) e1 = -0.9 e2 = 0.9 Q : (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299) e1 = -0.9000000000000000000002 e2 = 0.9 R : (5.984, 3.488) e1 = -0.9000000000000000000003 e2 = 0.9 S : (10.016, 6.512) e1 = -0.9000000000000000000003 e2 = 0.9 T : (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281) e1 = -0.8999999999999999999996 e2 = 0.9 U : (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158) e1 = -0.9 e2 = 0.9 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> ==Traditional definition of ellipse== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0617ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse.''' </br> Sum of distance <math>F_1G</math> and distance <math>F_2G</math> is constant. ]] Ellipse may be defined as the locus of a point that moves so that the sum of its distances from two fixed points is constant. In the diagram the two fixed points are the foci, Focus 1 or <math>F_1</math> and Focus 2 or <math>F_2.</math> Distance between <math>F_1</math> and <math>F_2</math>, distance <math>F_1F_2</math>, must be non-zero. Point <math>G</math> on perimeter of ellipse moves so that sum of distance <math>F_1G</math> and distance <math>F_2G</math> is constant. Points <math>T_1</math> and <math>T_2</math> are on axis of ellipse and the same rule applies to these points. distance <math>F_1T_1</math> + distance <math>T_1F_2</math> is constant. distance <math>F_1T_1</math> + distance <math>T_1F_2</math> <math>=</math> distance <math>F_1G</math> + distance <math>F_2G</math> <math>=</math> distance <math>F_2T_2</math> + distance <math>T_1F_2</math> <math>= \text{length of major axis.}</math> Therefore the constant is <math>\text{length of major axis}</math> which must be greater than distance <math>F_1F_2.</math> From information given, calculate eccentricity <math>e</math> and equation of one directrix. Choose directrix 1 <math>dx1</math> associated with focus F1. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Ellipse at origin== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0901ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse.''' </br> Sum of distance <math>F_1P</math> and distance <math>F_2P</math> is constant. ]] Traditional definition of ellipse states that ellipse is locus of a point that moves so that sum of its distances from two fixed points is constant. By definition distance <math>F_2P</math> + distance <math>F_1P</math> is constant. <math>\sqrt{(x-(-p))^2 + y^2} + \sqrt{(x-p)^2 + y^2} = k\ \dots\ (1)</math> Expand <math>(1)</math> and result is <math>Ax^2 + By^2 + F = 0\ \dots\ (2)</math> where: <math>A = 4k^2 - 16p^2</math> <math>B = 4k^2</math> <math>F = 4k^2p^2 - k^4</math> When <math>y = 0,</math> point <math>B,\ Ax^2 = -F</math> <math>x^2 = \frac{-F}{A}</math> <math>= \frac{k^4 - 4k^2p^2}{4k^2 - 16p^2}</math> <math>=\frac{k^2(k^2-4p^2)}{4(k^2 - 4p^2)} = \frac{k^2}{4}.</math> Therefore: <math>x = \frac{k}{2} = a</math> <math>k = \text{length of major axis.}</math> By definition, distance <math>F_2A</math> + distance <math>F_1A = k.</math> Therefore distance <math>F_1A = a.</math> Intercept form of ellipse at origin: <math>(4k^2 - 16p^2)x^2 + (4k^2)y^2 = k^4 - 4k^2p^2</math> <math>\frac{4(k^2-4p^2)}{k^2(k^2-4p^2)}x^2 + \frac{4k^2}{k^2(k^2 - 4p^2)}y^2 = 1</math> <math>\frac{4}{(2a)^2}x^2 + \frac{4}{(2a)^2 - 4p^2}y^2 = 1</math> <math>\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1</math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Second definition of ellipse== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0901ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse <math>\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1</math> where <math>a,b = 20,12</math>.''' </br> At point <math>B,\ \frac{u}{v} = e.</math> </br> At point <math>A,\ \frac{a}{t} = e.</math> ]] Ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant. Let <math>\frac{p}{a} = e</math> where: * <math>p</math> is non-zero, * <math>a > p,</math> * <math>a = p + u.</math> Therefore, <math>1 > e > 0.</math> Let directrix have equation <math>x = t</math> where <math>\frac{a}{t} = e.</math> At point <math>B:</math> <math>\frac{p}{p+u} = \frac{p+u}{p+u+v} = e</math> <math>(p+u)^2 = p(p+u+v)</math> <math>pp + pu + pu + uu = pp + pu + pv</math> <math>pu + uu = pv</math> <math>u(p + u) = pv</math> <math>\frac{u}{v} = \frac{p}{p+u} = e</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance to focus}}{\text{distance to directrix}} = e\ \dots\ (3)</math> Statement <math>(3)</math> is true at point <math>A</math> also. Section under "Proof" below proves that statement (3) is true for any point <math>P</math> on ellipse. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Proof=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0902ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Proving that <math>\frac{\text{distance from point to focus}}{\text{distance from point to directrix}} = e</math>.''' </br> Graph is part of curve <math>\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1.</math> </br> distance to Directrix1 <math>= t - x = \frac{a}{e} - x = \frac{a - ex}{e}.</math> </br> base = <math>x - p = x - ae</math> </br> <math>\text{(distance to Focus1)}^2 = \text{base}^2 + y^2</math> ]] As expressed above in statement <math>3,</math> second definition of ellipse states that ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant. This section proves that this definition is true for any point <math>P</math> on the ellipse. At point <math>P:</math> <math>(a^2 - p^2)x^2 + a^2y^2 -a^2(a^2 - p^2) = 0</math> <math>y^2 = \frac{-(a^2 - p^2)x^2 + a^2(a^2 - p^2)}{a^2}</math> <math>= \frac{a^2e^2x^2 - a^2x^2 + a^2a^2 - a^2a^2e^2}{a^2}</math> <math>= e^2x^2 - x^2 + a^2 - a^2e^2</math> base <math>= x-p = x-ae</math> <math>(\text{distance}\ F_1P)^2 = y^2 + \text{base}^2 = y^2 + (x-ae)^2</math> <math>= a^2 - 2aex + e^2x^2</math> <math>= (a-ex)^2</math> <math>\text{distance to Focus1} = \text{distance}\ F_1P = a - ex</math> <math>\text{distance to Directrix1} = t - x = \frac{a}{e} - x = \frac{a-ex}{e}</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance to Focus1}}{\text{distance to Directrix1}}</math> <math>= (a - ex)\frac{e}{(a-ex)}</math> <math>= e</math> Similar calculations can be used to prove the case for Focus2 <math>(-p, 0)</math> and Directrix2 <math>(x = -t)</math> in which case: <math>\frac{\text{distance to Focus2}}{\text{distance to Directrix2}}</math> <math>= (a + ex)\frac{e}{(a + ex)}</math> <math>= e</math> Therefore: <math>\frac{\text{distance to focus}}{\text{distance to directrix}} = e</math> where <math>1 > e > 0.</math> Ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant, called eccentricity <math>e.</math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Heading== ===Properties of ellipse=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0822ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse used to illustrate and calculate certain properties of ellipses.''' </br> </br> Traditional definition of ellipse: </br> <math>\text{distance } AF_1 + \text{distance } AF_2 = \text{constant } k.</math> </br> </br> Second definition of ellipse: </br> <math>\frac{\text{distance } AF_1} {\text{distance } AG } = \text{eccentricity } e.</math> </br> </br> Triangle <math>A F_1 G</math> is right triangle. </br> <math>e = \cos \angle O F_1 A = \cos \angle F_1 A G</math> ]] Ellipse in diagram has: * Two foci: <math>F_1\ (p,0),\ F_2\ (-p,0).</math> * Length of major axis <math>= \text{distance } I_2 I_1 = 2a</math> * Length of minor axis <math>= \text{distance } A B = 2b</math> * Equation: <math>\frac {x^2} {a^2} + \frac {y^2} {b^2} = 1</math> * Length of latus rectum <math>= \text{distance } P Q</math> * Distance between directrices <math>= \text{distance } D_2 D_1 = 2t</math> Properties of ellipse: * <math>\frac{\text{length of major axis}} {\text{distance between directrices}} = e</math> * <math>\frac{\text{distance between foci}} {\text{length of major axis}} = e</math> * <math>\frac{\text{distance between foci}} {\text{distance between directrices}}= e^2</math> * <math>(\frac{\text{length of minor axis}} {\text{length of major axis}})^2 + e^2 = 1</math> * <math>\frac{\text{length of latus rectum}} {\text{length of major axis}} + e^2 = 1</math> * line <math>PD_1</math> is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point <math>P.</math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ====Major axis==== From traditional definition of ellipse: Distance <math>AF_2\ +</math> distance <math>AF_1</math> = distance <math>I_1F_1\ +</math> distance <math>I_1F_2</math> = distance <math>I_2F_2\ +</math> distance <math>I_2F_1</math> = <math>k.</math> Therefore: Length of major axis = distance <math>I_2I_1 = 2a = k.</math> Distance <math>AF_1 = \frac{k}{2} = a.</math> From second definition of ellipse: <math>\frac{\text{distance }AF_1}{\text{distance }AG} = \frac{a}{t} = \text{eccentricity }e</math> <math>= \frac{\text{distance }OI_1}{\text{distance }OD_1}.</math> <math>\frac{\text{length of major axis}}{\text{distance between directrices}} = e.</math> ====Foci==== From second definition of ellipse: <math>\frac{\text{distance }I_1F_1}{\text{distance }I_1D_1} = \frac{a-p}{t-a} = e.</math> <math>a - p = te - ae</math> <math>a - p = a - ae</math> Therefore: <math>p = ae</math> or <math>\frac{p}{a} = e.</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance between foci}}{\text{length of major axis}} = e.</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance between foci}}{\text{distance between directrices}} = e^2.</math> ====Minor axis==== Triangle <math>AOF_1</math> is right triangle. <math>\cos ^2 \angle OAF_1 + \sin ^2 \angle OAF_1</math> <math>= (\frac{b}{a})^2 + (\frac{p}{a})^2 </math> <math>= (\frac{b}{a})^2 + (\frac{ae}{a})^2 </math> <math>= (\frac{b}{a})^2 + e^2 = 1</math> <math>( \frac{\text{length of minor axis}} {\text{length of major axis}} )^2 + e^2 = 1</math> Triangles <math>AOF_1,\ AF_1G</math> are similar. Triangle <math>AF_1G</math> is right triangle. <math>e = \cos \angle OF_1A = \cos \angle F_1AG.</math> ====Latus rectum==== From second definition of ellipse: <math>\frac{\text{distance }PF_1} {\text{distance }F_1D_1} = \frac{\text{distance }PF_1}{t-p} = e</math> <math>\text{distance }PF_1 = te - pe = a - (ae)e = a(1-e^2).</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance }PF_1} {a} = 1 - e^2.</math> <math> \frac{\text{length of latus rectum}} {\text{length of major axis}} + e^2 = 1</math> ====Slope of curve==== Curve has equation: <math>b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 = a^2b^2</math> Derivative of both sides: <math>b^22x + a^22yy' = 0</math> <math>y' = \frac{-xb^2}{ya^2}</math><math></math> <math>= \frac{-x(1-e^2)}{y}</math><math></math> At point <math>P:\ m_1 = y' = \frac{-p(1-e^2)}{-a(1-e^2)}</math> <math>= \frac{ae}{a} = e.</math><math></math> Slope of line <math>PD_1:\ m_2 = \frac{\text{distance }PF_1}{\text{distance }F_1D_1} = e.</math><math></math><math></math> <math>m_1 = m_2.</math> Therefore line <math>PD_1</math> is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point <math>P.</math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> ===Intercept form of equation=== <math>\frac{x^2}{20^2} + \frac{y^2}{12^2} = 1</math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0625ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Ellipse at origin with major axis on X axis.''' </br> </br> </br> </br> Equation of ellipse has format <math>\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1</math> where: </br> </br> <math>\text{Length of major axis} = 2a = \text{distance}\ I_2I_1 = 40</math> </br> <math>\text{Length of minor axis} = 2b = \text{distance}\ BA = 24</math> </br> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> </br> <math>\frac{\text{Length of minor axis}}{\text{Length of major axis}} = \sqrt{1 - e^2}</math> </br> </br> <math>e = \sqrt{1 - \frac{b^2}{a^2}} = 0.8.</math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> ]] In diagram: Intercept <math>I_1</math> has coordinates <math>(a,0).</math> Intercept <math>I_2</math> has coordinates <math>(-a,0).</math> Intercept <math>A</math> has coordinates <math>(0,b).</math> Intercept <math>B</math> has coordinates <math>(0,-b).</math> Focus <math>F_1</math> has coordinates <math>(f,0)</math> where <math>f = ea.</math> Focus <math>F_2</math> has coordinates <math>(-f,0).</math> Curve has equation <math>\frac{x^2}{20^2} + \frac{y^2}{12^2} = 1,</math> called intercept form of equation of ellipse because intercepts are apparent as the fractional value of each coefficient. Standard form of this equation is: <math>(-0.36)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (0)x + (0)y + (144) = 0.</math> While the standard form is valuable as input to a computer program, the intercept form is still attractive to the human eye because center of ellipse and intercepts are neatly contained within the equation. Slope of curve: <math>b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 = a^2b^2</math> Derivative of both sides: <math>b^22x + a^22yy' = 0</math> <math>y' = \frac{-xb^2}{ya^2}</math> <math>= \frac{-x(1-e^2)}{y}</math> At point <math>P</math> on latus rectum <math>PQ:</math> <math>m_1 = y' = \frac{-(ea)(1-e^2)}{-(a(1-e^2))} = e</math> Slope of line <math>PD = m_2 = \frac{PF_1}{F_1D} = e</math> <math>m_1 = m_2.</math> Line <math>PD</math> is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point <math>P.</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Example=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0618ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse uses abc, epq.''' </br> M is mid-point between F1 and F2. </br> Point R is on minor axis. </br> </br> <math>\frac{\text{distance from R to F1}}{\text{distance from R to directrix 1}}</math> <math>= e</math> </br> </br> <math>= \frac{\text{half major axis}}{\text{distance from M to directrix 1}}</math> </br> </br> <math>\text{distance from M to directrix 1} = \frac{\text{half major axis}}{e}</math> </br> </br> <math>\text{F1:}\ (1, -7)</math> </br> <math>\text{F2:}\ (-1.24, 0.68)</math> </br> length_of_major_axis = 10 </br> <math>\text{M:}\ (-0.12, -3.16)</math> </br> length_of_minor_axis = 6 </br> <math>\text{R:}\ (2.76, -2.32)</math> </br> <math>e = 0.8</math> </br> <math>\text{D1:}\ (1.63, -9.16)</math> </br> <math>\text{Directrix 1:}\ (-0.28)x + (0.96)y + (9.25) = 0</math> </br> <math>\text{abc}\ =\ (-0.28,\ 0.96,\ 9.25)</math> </br> <math>\text{epq}\ =\ (0.8,\ 1,\ -7)</math> ]] Given: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code F1 = 1, -7 # Focus 1 F2 = -1.24, 0.68 # Focus 2 length_of_major_axis = 10 </syntaxhighlight> Calculate equation of ellipse. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> F1 = p1,q1 = [ dD(str(v)) for v in F1 ] # Focus 1 F2 = p2,q2 = [ dD(str(v)) for v in F2 ] # Focus 2 length_of_major_axis = dD(length_of_major_axis) half_major_axis = length_of_major_axis / 2 # Direction cosines from F1 to F2 dx = p2-p1 ; dy = q2-q1 divider = (dx**2 + dy**2).sqrt() dx,dy = [ (v/divider) for v in (dx,dy) ] # F2 # p2 = p1 + dx*distance_F1_F2 # q2 = q1 + dy*distance_F1_F2 distance_F1_F2 = (q2-q1)/dy half_distance_F1_F2 = distance_F1_F2 / 2 # The mid-point M = xM,ym = p1 + dx*half_distance_F1_F2, q1 + dy*half_distance_F1_F2 # Eccentricity: e = distance_F1_F2 / length_of_major_axis # distance from point R to F1 half_major_axis # ------------------------------------ = e = ----------------------------------------- # distance from point R to Directrix 1 distance from point M to Directrix 1 distance_from_point_M_to_dx1 = half_major_axis / e # Intersection of axis and directrix 1 D1 = xM-dx*distance_from_point_M_to_dx1, yM-dy*distance_from_point_M_to_dx1 D1 = xD1, yD1 = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in D1 ] # Equation of Directrix 1 # dx1 = adx1,bdx1,cdx1 adx1,bdx1 = dx, dy # Perpendicular to axis. # adx1*x + bdx1*y + cdx1 = 0 # Directrix 1 contains point D1 cdx1 = reduce_Decimal_number( -( adx1*xD1 + bdx1*yD1 ) ) abc = adx1,bdx1,cdx1 epq = e,p1,q1 ABCDEF = ABCDEF_from_abc_epq (abc,epq, 1) </syntaxhighlight> Equation of ellipse in standard form: <math>(-0.949824)x^2 + (-0.410176)y^2 + (-0.344064)xy + (-1.3152)x + (-2.6336)y + (4.76) = 0</math> For more insight into method of calculation and proof: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> if 1 : print ('F1: ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1)) print ('F1: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(p1,q1)) print ('F2: ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2)) print ('F2: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(p2,q2)) print ('length_of_major_axis =', length_of_major_axis) print ('M: ({}, {})'.format(xM,yM)) print ('M: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xM,yM)) # half_minor_axis**2 + half_distance_F1_F2**2 = half_major_axis**2 half_minor_axis = (half_major_axis**2 - half_distance_F1_F2**2).sqrt() length_of_minor_axis = half_minor_axis * 2 s1 = 'length_of_minor_axis' ; print (s1, '=', eval(s1)) # Direction cosines on major axis: print ('dx,dy =', dx,dy) # Direction cosines on minor axis: dnx,dny = dy,-dx print ('dnx,dny =', dnx,dny) # One point on minor axis: R = xR,yR = xM + dnx*half_minor_axis, yM + dny*half_minor_axis print ('R: ({}, {})'.format(xR,yR)) print ('R: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xR,yR)) # Verify that point R is on ellipse: sum_zero((A*xR**2, B*yR**2, C*xR*yR, D*xR, E*yR, F)) and 1/0 s1 = 'e' ; print (s1, '=', eval(s1)) print ('D1: ({}, {})'.format(xD1,yD1)) print ('D1: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xD1,yD1)) print ('Directrix 1: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(adx1, bdx1, cdx1)) print() # For proof, reverse the process: (abc1,epq1), (abc2,epq2) = calculate_abc_epq (ABCDEF) a1,b1,c1 = abc1 ; e1,p1,q1 = epq1 print ('Directrix 1: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a1, b1, c1)) print ('Eccentricity e1: {}'.format(e1)) print ('F1: ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1)) print() a2,b2,c2 = abc2 ; e2,p2,q2 = epq2 print ('Directrix 2: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a2, b2, c2)) print ('Eccentricity e2: {}'.format(e2)) print ('F2: ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2)) print ('\nEquation of ellipse with integer coefficients:') A,B,C,D,E,F = [ reduce_Decimal_number(-v*1000000/64) for v in ABCDEF ] str1 = '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0' print (str1.format(A,B,C,D,E,F)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> F1: (1, -7) F1: (x - (1))^2 + (y - (-7))^2 = 1 F2: (-1.24, 0.68) F2: (x - (-1.24))^2 + (y - (0.68))^2 = 1 length_of_major_axis = 10 M: (-0.12, -3.16) M: (x - (-0.12))^2 + (y - (-3.16))^2 = 1 length_of_minor_axis = 6 dx,dy = -0.28 0.96 dnx,dny = 0.96 0.28 R: (2.76, -2.32) R: (x - (2.76))^2 + (y - (-2.32))^2 = 1 e = 0.8 D1: (1.63, -9.16) D1: (x - (1.63))^2 + (y - (-9.16))^2 = 1 Directrix 1: (-0.28)x + (0.96)y + (9.25) = 0 Directrix 1: (0.28)x + (-0.96)y + (-9.25) = 0 Eccentricity e1: 0.8 F1: (1, -7) Directrix 2: (0.28)x + (-0.96)y + (3.25) = 0 Eccentricity e2: 0.8 F2: (-1.24, 0.68) Equation of ellipse with integer coefficients: </syntaxhighlight> <math>(14841)x^2 + (6409)y^2 + (5376)xy + (20550)x + (41150)y + (-74375) = 0</math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} =allEqual= {{Robelbox|title=[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]]|theme={{{theme|9}}}}} <div style="padding-top:0.25em; padding-bottom:0.2em; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.75em;"> [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]]. </div> ====Welcomee==== {{Robelbox|title=[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]]|theme={{{theme|9}}}}} <div style="padding-top:0.25em; padding-bottom:0.2em; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.75em; background-color: #FFF800; "> [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]]. </div> =====Welcomen===== {{Robelbox|title=|theme={{{theme|9}}}}} <div style="padding-top:0.25em; padding-bottom:0.2em; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.75em; background-color: #FFFFFF; "> [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]]. </div> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code. if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 : pass </syntaxhighlight> {{Robelbox/close}} {{Robelbox/close}} {{Robelbox/close}} <noinclude> [[Category: main page templates]] </noinclude> {| class="wikitable" |- ! <math>x</math> !! <math>x^2 - N</math> |- | <code></code><code>6</code> || <code>-221</code> |- | <code></code><code>7</code> || <code>-208</code> |- |- | <code>10</code> || <code>-157</code> |- | <code>11</code> || <code>-136</code> |- | <code>12</code> || <code>-113</code> |- | <code>13</code> || <code></code><code>-88</code> |- | <code>26</code> || <code></code><code>419</code> |} =Testing= ======table1====== {|style="border-left:solid 3px blue;border-right:solid 3px blue;border-top:solid 3px blue;border-bottom:solid 3px blue;" align="center" | Hello As <math>abs(x)</math> increases, the value of <math>f(x)</math> is dominated by the term <math>-ax^3.</math> When <math>x</math> has a very large negative value, <math>f(x)</math> is always positive. When <math>x</math> has a very large negative value, <math>f(x)</math> is always positive. When <math>x</math> has a very large negative value, <math>f(x)</math> is always positive. When <math>x</math> has a very large positive value, <math>f(x)</math> is always negative. <syntaxhighlight> 1.4142135623730950488016887242096980785696718753769480731766797379907324784621070388503875343276415727 3501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141322266592750559275579995050115278206057147 0109559971605970274534596862014728517418640889198609552329230484308714321450839762603627995251407989 </syntaxhighlight> |} {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0410cubic01.png|thumb|400px|''' Graph of cubic function with coefficient a negative.''' </br> There is no absolute maximum or absolute minimum. ]] Coefficient <math>a</math> may be negative as shown in diagram. As <math>abs(x)</math> increases, the value of <math>f(x)</math> is dominated by the term <math>-ax^3.</math> When <math>x</math> has a very large negative value, <math>f(x)</math> is always positive. When <math>x</math> has a very large positive value, <math>f(x)</math> is always negative. Unless stated otherwise, any reference to "cubic function" on this page will assume coefficient <math>a</math> positive. {{RoundBoxBottom}} <math>x_{poi} = -1</math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> =====Various planes in 3 dimensions===== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} <gallery> File:0713x=4.png|<small>plane x=4.</small> File:0713y=3.png|<small>plane y=3.</small> File:0713z=-2.png|<small>plane z=-2.</small> </gallery> {{RoundBoxBottom}} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> 1.4142135623730950488016887242096980785696718753769480731766797379907324784621070388503875343276415727 3501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141322266592750559275579995050115278206057147 0109559971605970274534596862014728517418640889198609552329230484308714321450839762603627995251407989 6872533965463318088296406206152583523950547457502877599617298355752203375318570113543746034084988471 6038689997069900481503054402779031645424782306849293691862158057846311159666871301301561856898723723 5288509264861249497715421833420428568606014682472077143585487415565706967765372022648544701585880162 0758474922657226002085584466521458398893944370926591800311388246468157082630100594858704003186480342 1948972782906410450726368813137398552561173220402450912277002269411275736272804957381089675040183698 6836845072579936472906076299694138047565482372899718032680247442062926912485905218100445984215059112 0249441341728531478105803603371077309182869314710171111683916581726889419758716582152128229518488472 </syntaxhighlight> <math>\theta_1</math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0422xx_x_2.png|thumb|400px|''' Figure 1: Diagram illustrating relationship between <math>f(x) = x^2 - x - 2</math> and <math>f'(x) = 2x - 1.</math>''' </br> ]] {{RoundBoxBottom}} <math>O\ (0,0,0)</math> <math>M\ (A_1,B_1,C_1)</math> <math>N\ (A_2,B_2,C_2)</math> <math>\theta</math> <math>\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ </math> :<math>\begin{align} (6) - (7),\ 4Apq + 2Bq =&\ 0\\ 2Ap + B =&\ 0\\ 2Ap =&\ - B\\ \\ p =&\ \frac{-B}{2A}\ \dots\ (8) \end{align}</math> <math>\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ </math> :<math>\begin{align} 1.&4141475869yugh\\ &2645er3423231sgdtrf\\ &dhcgfyrt45erwesd \end{align}</math> <math>\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ </math> :<math> 4\sin 18^\circ = \sqrt{2(3 - \sqrt 5)} = \sqrt 5 - 1 </math> dvfl5z2bcm5dzym4hf7gsjil73sj414 2690078 2689953 2024-12-03T10:23:33Z ThaniosAkro 2805358 /* Implementation */ 2690078 wikitext text/x-wiki = Hyperbola = {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0911hyperbola00.png|thumb|400px|''' Figure 1: Hyperbola at origin with transverse axis horizontal.''' </br></br> Origin at point <math>O</math><math>: (0,0)</math>.</br> Foci are points <math>F_1 (-c,0),\ F_2 (c,0). OF_1 = OF_2 = c.</math></br> Vertices are points <math>V_1 (-a,0),\ V_2 (a,0). OV_1 = OV_2 = a.</math></br> Line segment <math>V_1OV_2</math> is the <math>transverse\ axis.</math></br> <math>PF_1 - PF_2 = 2a.</math> ]] In cartesian [[geometry]] in two dimensions hyperbola is locus of a point <math>P</math> that moves relative to two fixed points called <math>foci</math><math>: F_1, F_2.</math> The distance <math>F_1 F_2</math> from one <math>focus\ (F_1)</math> to the other <math>focus\ (F_2)</math> is non-zero. The absolute difference of the distances <math>(PF_1, PF_2)</math> from point to foci is constant. <math>PF_1 - PF_2 = K.</math> See figure 1. Center of hyperbola is located at the origin <math>O (0,0)</math> and the foci <math>(F_1, F_2)</math> are on the <math>X\ axis</math> at distance <math>c</math> from <math>O. </math> <math>F_1</math> has coordinates <math>(-c, 0). F_2</math> has coordinates <math>(c,0)</math>. Line segments <math>OF_1 = OF_2 = c.</math> Each point <math>(V_1,V_2)</math> where the curve intersects the transverse axis is called a <math>vertex.\ V_1,V_2</math> are the vertices of the ellipse. By definition <math>PF_1 - PF_2 = V_2F_1 - V_2F_2 = V_1F_2 - V_1F_1 = K.</math> <math>\therefore V_2F_1 - V_2F_2 = V_2F_1 - V_1F_1 = V_1V_2 = K = 2a,</math> the length of the <math>transverse\ axis\ (V_1V_2).</math> <math>OV_1 = OV_2 = a.</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Radians, the natural angle== [[File:1129radian00.png|thumb|400px|'''Diagram illustrating one radian of angular measurement.''' </br> Arc of circle (red curved line with arrows) with length equal to radius of circle subtends one radian at center. </br> In diagram above, length of radius = length of arc = 1. </br> One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232\dots^\circ.</math> <math></math> <math></math> ]] If you were a mathematician among the ancient Sumerians of the 3rd millennium BC and you were determined to define the angle that could be adopted as a standard to be used by all users of trigonometry, you would probably suggest the angle in an equilateral triangle. This angle is easily defined, easily constructed, easily understood and easily reproduced. It would be easy to call this angle the "natural" angle. The numeral system used by the ancient Sumerians was Sexagesimal, also known as base 60, a numeral system with sixty as its base. In practice the natural angle could be divided into 60 parts, now called degrees, and each degree could be divided into 60 parts, now called minutes, and so on. Three equilateral triangles fit neatly into a semi-circle, hence 180 degrees in a semi-circle. We know that <math>\tan 30^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}.</math> Therefore, <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> should be <math>0.5,</math> or one half of our concept of the natural angle. Whatever the natural angle might be, it has existed for billions of years, but it has come to light only in recent times with invention of the calculus. In mathematics, the arctangent series, traditionally called Gregory's series, is the Taylor series expansion at the origin of the arctangent function: <math>\arctan x = x - \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{x^5}{5} - \frac{x^7}{7} + \frac{x^9}{9} + \cdots.</math> The following python code calculates <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> using Gregory's series: <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code r3 = 3 ** .5 x = r3/3 arctan_x = ( x - x**3/3 + x**5/5 - x**7/7 + x**9/9 - x**11/11 + x**13/13 - x**15/15 + x**17/17 - x**19/19 + x**21/21 - x**23/23 + x**25/25 - x**27/27 + x**29/29 - x**31/31 + x**33/33 - x**35/35 + x**37/37 - x**39/39 + x**41/41 - x**43/43 + x**45/45 - x**47/47 + x**49/49 - x**51/51 + x**53/53 - x**55/55 + x**57/57 - x**59/59 + x**61/61 - x**63/63 + x**65/65 - x**67/67 + x**69/69 ) sx = 'arctan_x' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x = 0.5235987755982988 </syntaxhighlight> Our assessment of the natural angle as the angle in an equilateral triangle was a very reasonable guess. However, the natural angle is the radian, the angle subtended at center of circle by an arc on the circumference equal to the radius. Six times arctan_x <math>= 180^\circ</math> or the number of radians in a semi-circle: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code sx = 'arctan_x * 6' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = '180/(arctan_x * 6)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x * 6 = 3.141592653589793 180/(arctan_x * 6) = 57.29577951308232 </syntaxhighlight> <math>\pi = 3.141592653589793\dots,</math> number of radians in semi-circle. One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232^\circ,</math> slightly less than <math>60^\circ.</math> Because the value <math>\frac\sqrt{3}{3}</math> is fairly large, calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> above required 34 operations to produce result accurate to 16 places of decimals. The calculation did not converge quickly. Python code below uses much smaller values of <math>x</math> and calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> for precision of 1001 is quite fast. <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> ==tan(A/2)== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:1122tanA_200.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphical calculation of <math>\tan \frac{A}{2}</math>.''' </br> <math>OQ = 1;\ QP = t.</math> </br> <math>\tan(A) = \frac{QP}{OQ} = \frac{t}{1} = t.</math> </br> <math>OP = OR = \sqrt{1 + t^2}</math> <math></math> <math></math> ]] In diagram: Point <math>P</math> has coordinates <math>(1,t).</math> Point <math>R</math> has coordinates <math>(\sqrt{1 + t^2},0).</math> Mid point of <math>PR,\ M</math> has coordinates <math>( \frac{ 1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{2}, \frac{t}{2} ).</math> <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{t}{2} / \frac{ 1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{2} = \frac{t}{1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }</math> <math>= \frac{t}{1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} } \cdot \frac{1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2}}{1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} }</math> <math>= \frac{t( 1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} )}{1-(1+t^2)}</math> <math>= \frac{t( 1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} )}{-t^2}</math> <math>= \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{t}</math> <math></math> <math></math> * <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{\tan(A)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}} = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2 (A)} }{\tan (A)}</math> * <math>\tan (2A) = \frac{2\tan (A)}{ 1 - \tan^2 (A) }</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Implementation== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} This section calculates five values of <math>\pi</math> using the following known values of <math>\tan(A):</math> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Angle <math>A</math> || <math>\tan(A)</math> |- | <math>45^\circ</math> | <math>1</math> |- | <math>36^\circ</math> | <math>\sqrt{ 5 - 2\sqrt{5} }</math> |- | <math>30^\circ</math> | <math>\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}</math> |- | <math>27^\circ</math> | <math>\sqrt{ 11 - 4\sqrt{5} + (\sqrt{5} - 3) \sqrt{ 10 - 2\sqrt{5} } }</math> |- | <math>24^\circ</math> | <math>\frac{ (3\sqrt{5} + 7) \sqrt{5 - 2\sqrt{5}} - (\sqrt{5} + 3)\sqrt{3} }{2}</math> |} Values of <math>x</math> in table below are derived from the above values by using identity <math>\tan(\frac{A}{2}) = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}}{\tan(A)}</math>: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Angle <math>\theta</math> || <math>x = \tan(\theta)</math> |- | <math>\frac{45^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912</code> |- | <math>\frac{36^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713</code> |- | <math>\frac{30^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689</code> |- | <math>\frac{27^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738</code> |- | <math>\frac{24^\circ}{2^{32}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778</code> |} <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code desired_precision = 1001 number_of_leading_zeroes = 10 # See below. import decimal dD = decimal.Decimal # decimal object is like float with (almost) infinite precision. dgt = decimal.getcontext() Precision = dgt.prec = desired_precision + 3 # Adjust as necessary. Tolerance = dD("1e-" + str(Precision-2)) # Adjust as necessary. adjustment_to_precision = number_of_leading_zeroes * 2 + 3 def tan_halfA(tan_A) : dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision top = -1 + (1+tan_A**2).sqrt() dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision tan_A_2 = top/tan_A return tan_A_2 def tan_2A (tanA) : ''' 2 * tanA tan(2A) = ----------- 1 - tanA**2 ''' if tanA in (1,-1) : return '1/0' dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision bottom = (1 - tanA**2) output = 2*tanA/bottom dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision return output+0 def θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA) : ''' if input == 45,1 output is: "dD(45) / (2 ** (33))", "0.00000_00000_91432_37995_....._63759_3912" ^^^^^^^^^^^ number_of_leading_zeroes refers to these zeroes. θ,tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA) ''' θ, tanθ = angleA, tanA for p in range (1,100) : θ /= 2 tanθ = tan_halfA(tanθ) if tanθ >= dD('1e-' + str(number_of_leading_zeroes)) : continue str1 = str(tanθ) # str1 = "n.nnnnnnnnnnnnn ..... nnnnnnnnnnnnE-11" str1a = str1[0] + str1[2:-4] list1 = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range (0, len(str1a), 5) ] str2 = '0.00000_00000_' + ('_'.join(list1)) dD2 = dD(str2) (dD2 == tanθ) or ({}[2]) ((θ * (2**p)) == angleA ) or ({}[3]) str3 = 'dD({}) / (2 ** ({}))'.format(angleA,p) (θ == eval(str3)) or ({}[4]) return str3, str2 ({}[5]) r3 = dD(3).sqrt() r5 = dD(5).sqrt() tan36 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt() tan45 = dD(1) tan30 = r3/3 v1 = 3*r5+7 v2 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt() v3 = (r5+3)*r3 tan24 = ( v1*v2 - v3 )/2 v1 = r5 - 3 ; v2 = (10 - 2*r5).sqrt() tan27 = ( 11 - 4*r5 + v1*v2 ).sqrt() values_of_A_tanA = ( (dD(45), tan45), (dD(36), tan36), (dD(30), tan30), (dD(27), tan27), (dD(24), tan24), ) values_of_θ_tanθ = [] for (A, tanA) in values_of_A_tanA : θ, tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (A, tanA) print() sx = 'θ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) # sx = 'tanθ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) print ('tanθ =', '{}.....{}'.format(tanθ[:30], tanθ[-20:])) values_of_θ_tanθ += [ (θ, tanθ) ] # Check for (v1,v2),(v3,v4) in zip (values_of_A_tanA, values_of_θ_tanθ) : A, tanA = v1,v2 θ = eval(v3) tanθ = dD(v4) status = 0 for p in range (1,100) : θ *= 2 tanθ = tan_2A (tanθ) if θ == A : dgt.prec = desired_precision (+tanθ == +tanA) or ({}[10]) dgt.prec = Precision status = 1 break status or ({}[11]) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> θ = dD(45) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912 θ = dD(36) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713 θ = dD(30) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689 θ = dD(27) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738 θ = dD(24) / (2 ** (32)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code def calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : ''' angleθ may be: "dD(27) / (2 ** (33))" tanθ may be: "0.00000_00000_54859_42797_ ..... _03540_9738" π = calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) ''' thisName = 'calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) :' if isinstance(angleθ, dD) : pass elif isinstance(angleθ, str) : angleθ = eval(angleθ) else : ({}[21]) if isinstance(tanθ, dD) : pass elif isinstance(tanθ, str) : tanθ = dD(tanθ) else : ({}[22]) x = tanθ ; multiplier = -1 ; sum = x ; count = 0; status = 0 # x**3 x**5 x**7 x**9 # y = x - ---- + ---- - ---- + ---- # 3 5 7 9 # # Each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term multiplied by x**2. # Each value of x contains 10 leading zeroes after decimal point. # Therefore, each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term with 20 more leading zeroes. # Each pass through main loop adds about 20 digits to current value of sum # and θ is calculated to precision of 1004 digits with about 50 passes through main loop. # for p in range (3,200,2) : # This is main loop. count += 1 addendum = (multiplier * (x**p)) / p sum += addendum if abs(addendum) < Tolerance : status = 1; break multiplier = -multiplier status or ({}[23]) print(thisName, 'count =',count) π = sum * 180 / angleθ dgt.prec = desired_precision π += 0 # This forces π to adopt precision of desired_precision. dgt.prec = Precision return π # Calculate five values of π: values_of_π = [] for θ,tanθ in values_of_θ_tanθ : π = calculate_π (θ,tanθ) values_of_π += [ π ] </syntaxhighlight> Each calculation of π required about 50 passes through main loop: <syntaxhighlight> calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50 </syntaxhighlight> Check that all 5 values of π are equal: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code set1 = set(values_of_π) sx = 'len(values_of_π)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = 'len(set1)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = 'set1' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) π, = set1 # Note the syntax. If length of set1 is not 1, this statement fails. </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> len(values_of_π) = 5 len(set1) = 1 set1 = {Decimal('3.141592653589793238462643383279.....12268066130019278766111959092164201989')} </syntaxhighlight> Because all five calculated values of π are equal, there is very high probability that this value of π is accurate. Print value of π as python command formatted: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code newLine = ''' '''[-1:] def print_π (π) : ''' Input π is : Decimal('3.141592653589793238 ..... 66111959092164201989') This function prints: π = ( "3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510" + "58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679" ..... + "18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989" ) ''' πstr = str(π) (len(πstr) == (desired_precision + 1)) or ({}[31]) (πstr[:2] == '3.') or ({}[32]) twenty_rows = [] for p in range (2, len(πstr), 50) : str1a = πstr[p:p+50] list1a = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range(0, len(str1a), 5) ] str1b = '_'.join(list1a) twenty_rows += [str1b] twenty_rows[0] = '3.' + twenty_rows[0] joiner = '"{} + "'.format(newLine) str3 = '( "{}" )'.format(joiner.join(twenty_rows)) str4 = eval(str3) (dD(str4) == π) or ({}[33]) lines = str3.split(newLine) paragraphs = [ newLine.join(lines[p:p+4]) for p in range(0,len(lines),4) ] str5 = (newLine*2).join(paragraphs) str6 = eval(str5) (dD(str6) == π) or ({}[34]) print ('π =', str5) return str5 π1 = print_π (π) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> π = ( "3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510" + "58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679" + "82148_08651_32823_06647_09384_46095_50582_23172_53594_08128" + "48111_74502_84102_70193_85211_05559_64462_29489_54930_38196" + "44288_10975_66593_34461_28475_64823_37867_83165_27120_19091" + "45648_56692_34603_48610_45432_66482_13393_60726_02491_41273" + "72458_70066_06315_58817_48815_20920_96282_92540_91715_36436" + "78925_90360_01133_05305_48820_46652_13841_46951_94151_16094" + "33057_27036_57595_91953_09218_61173_81932_61179_31051_18548" + "07446_23799_62749_56735_18857_52724_89122_79381_83011_94912" + "98336_73362_44065_66430_86021_39494_63952_24737_19070_21798" + "60943_70277_05392_17176_29317_67523_84674_81846_76694_05132" + "00056_81271_45263_56082_77857_71342_75778_96091_73637_17872" + "14684_40901_22495_34301_46549_58537_10507_92279_68925_89235" + "42019_95611_21290_21960_86403_44181_59813_62977_47713_09960" + "51870_72113_49999_99837_29780_49951_05973_17328_16096_31859" + "50244_59455_34690_83026_42522_30825_33446_85035_26193_11881" + "71010_00313_78387_52886_58753_32083_81420_61717_76691_47303" + "59825_34904_28755_46873_11595_62863_88235_37875_93751_95778" + "18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989" ) </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:1202pi_highlighted.png|thumb|400px|'''Value of <math>\pi</math> highlighted.''']] If you highlight the above expression for <math>\pi</math> as shown in diagram, you can copy and paste it into your python source file as valid python code. {{RoundBoxBottom}} <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Asymptotes of hyperbola== ===Line and hyperbola=== This section describes possibilities that arise when we consider intersection of line and hyperbola. ====With two common points==== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:01hyperbola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Diagram of hyperbola and line.''' </br> Line and hyperbola have two common points. </br> When line and hyperbola have two common points, line cannot be parallel to asymptote. </br> ]] Line 1: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 704, -1404, 1344, -11040, -41220, -161775 abc = a,b,c = .96, .28, .2 result = hyperbola_and_line (ABCDEF, abc) sx = 'result' ; print (sx, eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> Code returns list containing two points: <syntaxhighlight> result [ (1.425,-5.6), (4.575,-16.4) ] </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Length of latus rectum== ----------------------- <math>b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0</math> <math>b^2c^2 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0</math> <math>b^2(a^2 - b^2) + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0</math> <math>b^2a^2 - b^4 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 =0</math> <math>a^2y^2 = b^4</math> <math>y^2 = \frac{b^4}{a^2}</math> <math>y = \frac{b^2}{a}</math> Length of latus rectum <math>= L_1R_1 = L_2R_2 = \frac{2b^2}{a}.</math> =Conic sections generally= Within the two dimensional space of Cartesian Coordinate Geometry a conic section may be located anywhere and have any orientation. This section examines the parabola, ellipse and hyperbola, showing how to calculate the equation of the section, and also how to calculate the foci and directrices given the equation. ==Slope of curve== Given equation of conic section: <math>Ax^2 + By^2 + Cxy + Dx + Ey + F = 0,</math> differentiate both sides with respect to <math>x.</math> <math>2Ax + B(2yy') + C(xy' + y) + D + Ey' = 0</math> <math>2Ax + 2Byy' + Cxy' + Cy + D + Ey' = 0</math> <math>2Byy' + Cxy' + Ey' + 2Ax + Cy + D = 0</math> <math>y'(2By + Cx + E) = -(2Ax + Cy + D)</math> <math>y' = \frac{-(2Ax + Cy + D)}{Cx + 2By + E}</math> For slope horizontal: <math>2Ax + Cy + D = 0.</math> For slope vertical: <math>Cx + 2By + E = 0.</math> For given slope <math>m = \frac{-(2Ax + Cy + D)}{Cx + 2By + E}</math> <math>m(Cx + 2By + E) = -2Ax - Cy - D</math> <math>mCx + 2Ax + m2By + Cy + mE + D = 0</math> <math>(mC + 2A)x + (m2B + C)y + (mE + D) = 0.</math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> ===Implementation=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code def three_slopes (ABCDEF, slope, flag = 0) : ''' equation1, equation2, equation3 = three_slopes (ABCDEF, slope[, flag]) equation1 is equation for slope horizontal. equation2 is equation for slope vertical. equation3 is equation for slope supplied. All equations are in format (a,b,c) where ax + by + c = 0. ''' A,B,C,D,E,F = ABCDEF output = [] abc = 2*A, C, D ; output += [ abc ] abc = C, 2*B, E ; output += [ abc ] m = slope # m(Cx + 2By + E) = -2Ax - Cy - D # mCx + m2By + mE = -2Ax - Cy - D # mCx + 2Ax + m2By + Cy + mE + D = 0 abc = m*C + 2*A, m*2*B + C, m*E + D ; output += [ abc ] if flag : str1 = '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (A,B,C,D,E,F) print (str1) a,b,c = output[0] str1 = 'For slope horizontal: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (a,b,c) print (str1) a,b,c = output[1] str1 = 'For slope vertical: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (a,b,c) print (str1) a,b,c = output[2] str1 = 'For slope {}: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (slope, a,b,c) print (str1) return output </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Examples=== ====Quadratic function==== <math>y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}</math> <math>\text{line 1:}\ x = 7</math> <math>\text{line 2:}\ x = 17</math> <math></math> =====y = f(x)===== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0502quadratic01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of quadratic function <math>y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}.</math>''' </br> At interscetion of <math>\text{line 1}</math> and curve, slope = <math>0</math>.</br> At interscetion of <math>\text{line 2}</math> and curve, slope = <math>5</math>.</br> Slope of curve is never vertical. ]] Consider conic section: <math>(-1)x^2 + (0)y^2 + (0)xy + (14)x + (4)y + (39) = 0.</math> This is quadratic function: <math>y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}</math> Slope of this curve: <math>m = y' = \frac{2x - 14}{4}</math> Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>5:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = -1,0,0,14,4,39 # quadratic three_slopes (ABCDEF, 5, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (-1)x^2 + (0)y^2 + (0)xy + (14)x + (4)y + (39) = 0 For slope horizontal: (-2)x + (0)y + (14) = 0 # x = 7 For slope vertical: (0)x + (0)y + (4) = 0 # This does not make sense. # Slope is never vertical. For slope 5: (-2)x + (0)y + (34) = 0 # x = 17. </syntaxhighlight> Check results: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code for x in (7,17) : m = (2*x - 14)/4 s1 = 'x,m' ; print (s1, eval(s1)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> x,m (7, 0.0) # When x = 7, slope = 0. x,m (17, 5.0) # When x =17, slope = 5. </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} =====x = f(y)===== <math>x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}</math> <math>\text{line 1:}\ y = -7</math> <math>\text{line 2:}\ y = -11</math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0502quadratic02.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of quadratic function <math>x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}.</math>''' </br> At interscetion of <math>\text{line 1}</math> and curve, slope is vertical.</br> At interscetion of <math>\text{line 2}</math> and curve, slope = <math>0.5</math>.</br> Slope of curve is never horizontal. ]] Consider conic section: <math>(0)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (-4)x + (-14)y + (-5) = 0.</math> This is quadratic function: <math>x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}</math> Slope of this curve: <math>\frac{dx}{dy} = \frac{-2y - 14}{4}</math> <math>m = y' = \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-4}{2y + 14}</math> Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>0.5:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 0,-1,0,-4,-14,-5 # quadratic x = f(y) three_slopes (ABCDEF, 0.5, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (0)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (-4)x + (-14)y + (-5) = 0 For slope horizontal: (0)x + (0)y + (-4) = 0 # This does not make sense. # Slope is never horizontal. For slope vertical: (0)x + (-2)y + (-14) = 0 # y = -7 For slope 0.5: (0.0)x + (-1.0)y + (-11.0) = 0 # y = -11 </syntaxhighlight> Check results: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code for y in (-7,-11) : top = -4 ; bottom = 2*y + 14 if bottom == 0 : print ('y,m',y,'{}/{}'.format(top,bottom)) continue m = top/bottom s1 = 'y,m' ; print (s1, eval(s1)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> y,m -7 -4/0 # When y = -7, slope is vertical. y,m (-11, 0.5) # When y = -11, slope is 0.5. </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ====Parabola==== <math>(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 1:}</math> <math>(18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 2:}</math> <math>(-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 3:}</math> <math>(-30)x + (40)y + (160) = 0</math> <math></math><math></math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0504parabola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of parabola <math>(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0.</math>''' </br> At interscetion of <math>\text{Line 1}</math> and curve, slope is horizontal.</br> At interscetion of <math>\text{Line 2}</math> and curve, slope is vertical.</br> At interscetion of <math>\text{Line 3}</math> and curve, slope = <math>2</math>.</br> Slope of curve is never <math>0.75</math> because axis has slope <math>0.75</math> and curve is never parallel to axis. ]] Consider conic section: <math>(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0.</math> This curve is a parabola. Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>2:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 9,16,-24,104,28,-144 # parabola three_slopes (ABCDEF, 2, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0 For slope horizontal: (18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0 For slope vertical: (-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0 For slope 2: (-30)x + (40)y + (160) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> Because all 3 lines are parallel to axis, all 3 lines have slope <math>\frac{3}{4}.</math> Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>0.75:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code three_slopes (ABCDEF, 0.75, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0 For slope horizontal: (18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0 # Same as above. For slope vertical: (-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0 # Same as above. For slope 0.75: (0.0)x + (0.0)y + (125.0) = 0 # Impossible. </syntaxhighlight> Axis has slope <math>0.75</math> and curve is never parallel to axis. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ====Ellipse==== <math>(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 1:}</math> <math>(3542)x + (1944)y + (-44860) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 2:}</math> <math>(1944)x + (2408)y + (-18520) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 3:}</math> <math>(1598)x + (-464)y + (-26340) = 0</math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0504ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse <math>(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0.</math>''' </br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 1}</math> and curve, slope is horizontal.</br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 2}</math> and curve, slope is vertical.</br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 3}</math> and curve, slope = <math>-1.</math> ]] Consider conic section: <math>(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0.</math> This curve is an ellipse. Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>-1:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 1771, 1204, 1944, -44860, -18520, 214400 # ellipse three_slopes (ABCDEF, -1, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0 For slope horizontal: (3542)x + (1944)y + (-44860) = 0 For slope vertical: (1944)x + (2408)y + (-18520) = 0 For slope -1: (1598)x + (-464)y + (-26340) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> Because curve is closed loop, slope of curve may be any value including <math>\frac{1}{0}.</math> If slope of curve is given as <math>\frac{1}{0},</math> it means that curve is vertical at that point and tangent to curve has equation <math>x = k.</math> For any given slope there are always 2 points on opposite sides of curve where tangent to curve at those points has the given slope. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ====Hyperbola==== <math>(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 1:}</math> <math>(-702)x + (-336)y + (4182) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 2:}</math> <math>(-336)x + (352)y + (-3824) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 3:}</math> <math>(-1374)x + (368)y + (-3466) = 0</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0505hyperbola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of hyperbola <math>(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0.</math>''' </br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 1}</math> and curve, slope is horizontal.</br> <math>\text{Line 2}</math> and curve do not intersect. Slope is never vertical.</br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 3}</math> and curve, slope = <math>2.</math> ]] Consider conic section: <math>(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0.</math> This curve is a hyperbola. Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>2:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = -351, 176, -336, 4182, -3824, -16231 # hyperbola three_slopes (ABCDEF, 2, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0 For slope horizontal: (-702)x + (-336)y + (4182) = 0 For slope vertical: (-336)x + (352)y + (-3824) = 0 For slope 2: (-1374)x + (368)y + (-3466) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Latera recta et cetera== "Latus rectum" is a Latin expression meaning "straight side." According to Google, the Latin plural of "latus rectum" is "latera recta," but English allows "latus rectums" or possibly "lati rectums." The title of this section is poetry to the eyes and music to the ears of a Latin student and this author hopes that the gentle reader will permit such poetic licence in a mathematical topic. The translation of the title is "Latus rectums and other things." This section describes the calculation of interesting items associated with the ellipse: latus rectums, major axis, minor axis, focal chords, directrices and various points on these lines. When given the equation of an ellipse, the first thing is to calculate eccentricity, foci and directrices as shown above. Then verify that the curve is in fact an ellipse. From these values everything about the ellipse may be calculated. For example: {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0608ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse <math>1771x^2 + 1204y^2 + 1944xy -44860x - 18520y + 214400 = 0.</math>''' </br> </br> Axis : (-0.8)x + (-0.6)y + (9.4) = 0</br> Eccentricity = 0.9</br> </br> Directrix 2 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (2) = 0</br> Latus rectum RS : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-0.8) = 0</br> Minor axis : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-12.73684210526315789474) = 0</br> Latus rectum PU : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-24.67368421052631578947) = 0</br> Directrix 1 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-27.47368421052631578947) = 0</br> </br> <math>\text{ID2}</math> = (6.32, 7.24)</br> <math>\text{I2}</math> = (7.204210526315789473684, 6.061052631578947368421)</br> F2 = (8, 5)</br> M = (15.16210526315789473684, -4.54947368421052631579)</br> F1 = (22.32421052631578947368, -14.09894736842105263158)</br> <math>\text{I1}</math> = (23.12, -15.16)</br> <math>\text{ID1}</math> = (24.00421052631578947368, -16.33894736842105263158)</br> </br> P = (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158)</br> Q = (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299)</br> R = (5.984, 3.488)</br> S = (10.016, 6.512)</br> T = (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281)</br> U = (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158)</br> </br> Length of major axis: <math>\text{I1I2}</math> = 26.52631578947368421052</br> Length of minor axis: QT = 11.56255298707631300170</br> Length of latus rectum: RS = PU = 5.04 ]] Consider conic section: <math>1771x^2 + 1204y^2 + 1944xy -44860x - 18520y + 214400 = 0.</math> This curve is ellipse with random orientation. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 1771, 1204, 1944, -44860, -18520, 214400 # ellipse result = calculate_abc_epq(ABCDEF) (len(result) == 2) or 1/0 # ellipse or hyperbola (abc1,epq1), (abc2,epq2) = result a1,b1,c1 = abc1 ; e1,p1,q1 = epq1 a2,b2,c2 = abc2 ; e2,p2,q2 = epq2 (e1 == e2) or 2/0 (1 > e1 > 0) or 3/0 print ( '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(A,B,C,D,E,F) ) A,B,C,D,E,F = ABCDEF_from_abc_epq(abc1,epq1) print ('Equation of ellipse in standard form:') print ( '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(A,B,C,D,E,F) ) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0 Equation of ellipse in standard form: (-0.7084)x^2 + (-0.4816)y^2 + (-0.7776)xy + (17.944)x + (7.408)y + (-85.76) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code def sum_zero(input) : ''' sum = sum_zero(input) If sum is close to 0 and Tolerance permits, sum is returned as 0. For example: if input contains (2, -1.999999999999999999999) this function returns sum of these 2 values as 0. ''' global Tolerance sump = sumn = 0 for v in input : if v > 0 : sump += v elif v < 0 : sumn -= v sum = sump - sumn if abs(sum) < Tolerance : return (type(Tolerance))(0) min, max = sorted((sumn,sump)) if abs(sum) <= Tolerance*min : return (type(Tolerance))(0) return sum </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Major axis=== <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # axis is perpendicular to directrix. ax,bx = b1,-a1 # axis contains foci. ax + by + c = 0 cx = reduce_Decimal_number(-(ax*p1 + bx*q1)) axis = ax,bx,cx print ( ' Axis : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(ax,bx,cx) ) print ( ' Eccentricity = {}'.format(e1) ) print () print ( ' Directrix 1 : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a1,b1,c1) ) print ( ' Directrix 2 : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a2,b2,c2) ) F1 = p1,q1 # Focus 1. print ( ' F1 : ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1) ) F2 = p2,q2 # Focus 2. print ( ' F2 : ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2) ) # Direction cosines along axis from F1 towards F2: dx,dy = a1,b1 # p2 = p1 + dx*distance_F1_F2 # q2 = q1 + dy*distance_F1_F2 if dx : distance_F1_F2 = (p2 - p1)/dx else : distance_F1_F2 = (q2 - q1) if distance_F1_F2 < 0 : distance_F1_F2 *= -1 dx *= -1 ; dy *= -1 # Intercept on directrix1 distance_from_F1_to_ID1 = abs(a1*p1 + b1*q1 + c1) ID1 = xID1,yID1 = p1 - dx*distance_from_F1_to_ID1, q1 - dy*distance_from_F1_to_ID1 print ( ' Intercept ID1 : ({}, {})'.format(xID1,yID1) ) # # distance_F1_F2 # -------------------- = e # length_of_major_axis # length_of_major_axis = distance_F1_F2 / e1 # Intercept1 on curve distance_from_F1_to_curve = (length_of_major_axis - distance_F1_F2 )/2 xI1,yI1 = p1 - dx*distance_from_F1_to_curve, q1 - dy*distance_from_F1_to_curve I1 = xI1,yI1 = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in (xI1,yI1) ] print ( ' Intercept I1 : ({}, {})'.format(xI1,yI1) ) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> Axis : (-0.8)x + (-0.6)y + (9.4) = 0 Eccentricity = 0.9 Directrix 1 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-27.47368421052631578947) = 0 Directrix 2 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (2) = 0 F1 : (22.32421052631578947368, -14.09894736842105263158) F2 : (8, 5) Intercept ID1 : (24.00421052631578947368, -16.33894736842105263158) Intercept I1 : (23.12, -15.16) </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points <math>I2, ID2.</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Latus rectums=== <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # direction cosines along latus rectum. dlx,dly = -dy,dx # # distance from U to F1 half_latus_rectum # ------------------------------ = ----------------------- = e1 # distance from U to directrix 1 distance_from_F1_to_ID1 # half_latus_rectum = reduce_Decimal_number(e1*distance_from_F1_to_ID1) # latus rectum 1 # Focal chord has equation (afc)x + (bfc)y + (cfc) = 0. afc,bfc = a1,b1 cfc = reduce_Decimal_number(-(afc*p1 + bfc*q1)) print ( ' Focal chord PU : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(afc,bfc,cfc) ) P = xP,yP = p1 + dlx*half_latus_rectum, q1 + dly*half_latus_rectum print ( ' Point P : ({}, {})'.format(xP,yP) ) U = xU,yU = p1 - dlx*half_latus_rectum, q1 - dly*half_latus_rectum print ( ' Point U : ({}, {})'.format(xU,yU) ) distance = reduce_Decimal_number(( (xP - xU)**2 + (yP - yU)**2 ).sqrt()) print (' Length PU =', distance) print (' half_latus_rectum =', half_latus_rectum) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> Focal chord PU : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-24.67368421052631578947) = 0 Point P : (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158) Point U : (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158) Length PU = 5.04 half_latus_rectum = 2.52 </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points <math>R, S.</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Minor axis=== <syntaxhighlight lang=python> print () # Mid point between F1, F2: M = xM,yM = (p1 + p2)/2, (q1 + q2)/2 print ( ' Mid point M : ({}, {})'.format(xM,yM) ) half_major = length_of_major_axis / 2 half_distance = distance_F1_F2 / 2 # half_distance**2 + half_minor**2 = half_major**2 half_minor = ( half_major**2 - half_distance**2 ).sqrt() length_of_minor_axis = half_minor * 2 Q = xQ,yQ = xM + dlx*half_minor, yM + dly*half_minor T = xT,yT = xM - dlx*half_minor, yM - dly*half_minor print ( ' Point Q : ({}, {})'.format(xQ,yQ) ) print ( ' Point T : ({}, {})'.format(xT,yT) ) print (' length_of_major_axis =', length_of_major_axis) print (' length_of_minor_axis =', length_of_minor_axis) # # A basic check. # length_of_minor_axis**2 = (length_of_major_axis**2)(1-e**2) # # length_of_minor_axis**2 # ----------------------- = 1-e**2 # length_of_major_axis**2 # # length_of_minor_axis**2 # ----------------------- + (e**2 - 1) = 0 # length_of_major_axis**2 # values = (length_of_minor_axis/length_of_major_axis)**2, e1**2 - 1 sum_zero(values) and 3/0 aM,bM = a1,b1 # Minor axis is parallel to directrix. cM = reduce_Decimal_number(-(aM*xM + bM*yM)) print ( ' Minor axis : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(aM,bM,cM) ) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> Mid point M : (15.16210526315789473684, -4.54947368421052631579) Point Q : (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299) Point T : (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281) length_of_major_axis = 26.52631578947368421052 length_of_minor_axis = 11.56255298707631300170 Minor axis : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-12.73684210526315789474) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> ===Checking=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} All interesting points have been calculated without using equations of any of the relevant lines. However, equations of relevant lines are very useful for testing, for example: * Check that points <math>ID2, I2, F2, M, F1, I1, ID1</math> are on axis. * Check that points <math>R, F2, S</math> are on latus rectum through <math>F2.</math> * Check that points <math>Q, M, T</math> are on minor axis through <math>M.</math> * Check that points <math>P, F1, U</math> are on latus rectum through <math>F1.</math> Test below checks that 8 points <math>I1, I2, P, Q, R, S, T, U</math> are on ellipse and satisfy eccentricity <math>e = 0.9.</math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> t1 = ( ('I1'), ('I2'), ('P'), ('Q'), ('R'), ('S'), ('T'), ('U'), ) for name in t1 : value = eval(name) x,y = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in value ] print ('{} : ({}, {})'.format((name+' ')[:2], x,y)) values = A*x**2, B*y**2, C*x*y, D*x, E*y, F sum_zero(values) and 3/0 # Relative to Directrix 1 and Focus 1: distance_to_F1 = ( (x-p1)**2 + (y-q1)**2 ).sqrt() distance_to_directrix1 = a1*x + b1*y + c1 e1 = distance_to_F1 / distance_to_directrix1 print (' e1 =',e1) # Raw value is printed. # Relative to Directrix 2 and Focus 2: distance_to_F2 = ( (x-p2)**2 + (y-q2)**2 ).sqrt() distance_to_directrix2 = a2*x + b2*y + c2 e2 = distance_to_F2 / distance_to_directrix2 e2 = reduce_Decimal_number(e2) print (' e2 =',e2) # Clean value is printed. </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} Note the differences between "raw" values of <math>e_1</math> and "clean" values of <math>e_2.</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> I1 : (23.12, -15.16) e1 = -0.9000000000000000000034 e2 = 0.9 I2 : (7.204210526315789473684, 6.061052631578947368421) e1 = -0.9 e2 = 0.9 P : (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158) e1 = -0.9 e2 = 0.9 Q : (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299) e1 = -0.9000000000000000000002 e2 = 0.9 R : (5.984, 3.488) e1 = -0.9000000000000000000003 e2 = 0.9 S : (10.016, 6.512) e1 = -0.9000000000000000000003 e2 = 0.9 T : (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281) e1 = -0.8999999999999999999996 e2 = 0.9 U : (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158) e1 = -0.9 e2 = 0.9 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> ==Traditional definition of ellipse== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0617ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse.''' </br> Sum of distance <math>F_1G</math> and distance <math>F_2G</math> is constant. ]] Ellipse may be defined as the locus of a point that moves so that the sum of its distances from two fixed points is constant. In the diagram the two fixed points are the foci, Focus 1 or <math>F_1</math> and Focus 2 or <math>F_2.</math> Distance between <math>F_1</math> and <math>F_2</math>, distance <math>F_1F_2</math>, must be non-zero. Point <math>G</math> on perimeter of ellipse moves so that sum of distance <math>F_1G</math> and distance <math>F_2G</math> is constant. Points <math>T_1</math> and <math>T_2</math> are on axis of ellipse and the same rule applies to these points. distance <math>F_1T_1</math> + distance <math>T_1F_2</math> is constant. distance <math>F_1T_1</math> + distance <math>T_1F_2</math> <math>=</math> distance <math>F_1G</math> + distance <math>F_2G</math> <math>=</math> distance <math>F_2T_2</math> + distance <math>T_1F_2</math> <math>= \text{length of major axis.}</math> Therefore the constant is <math>\text{length of major axis}</math> which must be greater than distance <math>F_1F_2.</math> From information given, calculate eccentricity <math>e</math> and equation of one directrix. Choose directrix 1 <math>dx1</math> associated with focus F1. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Ellipse at origin== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0901ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse.''' </br> Sum of distance <math>F_1P</math> and distance <math>F_2P</math> is constant. ]] Traditional definition of ellipse states that ellipse is locus of a point that moves so that sum of its distances from two fixed points is constant. By definition distance <math>F_2P</math> + distance <math>F_1P</math> is constant. <math>\sqrt{(x-(-p))^2 + y^2} + \sqrt{(x-p)^2 + y^2} = k\ \dots\ (1)</math> Expand <math>(1)</math> and result is <math>Ax^2 + By^2 + F = 0\ \dots\ (2)</math> where: <math>A = 4k^2 - 16p^2</math> <math>B = 4k^2</math> <math>F = 4k^2p^2 - k^4</math> When <math>y = 0,</math> point <math>B,\ Ax^2 = -F</math> <math>x^2 = \frac{-F}{A}</math> <math>= \frac{k^4 - 4k^2p^2}{4k^2 - 16p^2}</math> <math>=\frac{k^2(k^2-4p^2)}{4(k^2 - 4p^2)} = \frac{k^2}{4}.</math> Therefore: <math>x = \frac{k}{2} = a</math> <math>k = \text{length of major axis.}</math> By definition, distance <math>F_2A</math> + distance <math>F_1A = k.</math> Therefore distance <math>F_1A = a.</math> Intercept form of ellipse at origin: <math>(4k^2 - 16p^2)x^2 + (4k^2)y^2 = k^4 - 4k^2p^2</math> <math>\frac{4(k^2-4p^2)}{k^2(k^2-4p^2)}x^2 + \frac{4k^2}{k^2(k^2 - 4p^2)}y^2 = 1</math> <math>\frac{4}{(2a)^2}x^2 + \frac{4}{(2a)^2 - 4p^2}y^2 = 1</math> <math>\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1</math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Second definition of ellipse== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0901ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse <math>\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1</math> where <math>a,b = 20,12</math>.''' </br> At point <math>B,\ \frac{u}{v} = e.</math> </br> At point <math>A,\ \frac{a}{t} = e.</math> ]] Ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant. Let <math>\frac{p}{a} = e</math> where: * <math>p</math> is non-zero, * <math>a > p,</math> * <math>a = p + u.</math> Therefore, <math>1 > e > 0.</math> Let directrix have equation <math>x = t</math> where <math>\frac{a}{t} = e.</math> At point <math>B:</math> <math>\frac{p}{p+u} = \frac{p+u}{p+u+v} = e</math> <math>(p+u)^2 = p(p+u+v)</math> <math>pp + pu + pu + uu = pp + pu + pv</math> <math>pu + uu = pv</math> <math>u(p + u) = pv</math> <math>\frac{u}{v} = \frac{p}{p+u} = e</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance to focus}}{\text{distance to directrix}} = e\ \dots\ (3)</math> Statement <math>(3)</math> is true at point <math>A</math> also. Section under "Proof" below proves that statement (3) is true for any point <math>P</math> on ellipse. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Proof=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0902ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Proving that <math>\frac{\text{distance from point to focus}}{\text{distance from point to directrix}} = e</math>.''' </br> Graph is part of curve <math>\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1.</math> </br> distance to Directrix1 <math>= t - x = \frac{a}{e} - x = \frac{a - ex}{e}.</math> </br> base = <math>x - p = x - ae</math> </br> <math>\text{(distance to Focus1)}^2 = \text{base}^2 + y^2</math> ]] As expressed above in statement <math>3,</math> second definition of ellipse states that ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant. This section proves that this definition is true for any point <math>P</math> on the ellipse. At point <math>P:</math> <math>(a^2 - p^2)x^2 + a^2y^2 -a^2(a^2 - p^2) = 0</math> <math>y^2 = \frac{-(a^2 - p^2)x^2 + a^2(a^2 - p^2)}{a^2}</math> <math>= \frac{a^2e^2x^2 - a^2x^2 + a^2a^2 - a^2a^2e^2}{a^2}</math> <math>= e^2x^2 - x^2 + a^2 - a^2e^2</math> base <math>= x-p = x-ae</math> <math>(\text{distance}\ F_1P)^2 = y^2 + \text{base}^2 = y^2 + (x-ae)^2</math> <math>= a^2 - 2aex + e^2x^2</math> <math>= (a-ex)^2</math> <math>\text{distance to Focus1} = \text{distance}\ F_1P = a - ex</math> <math>\text{distance to Directrix1} = t - x = \frac{a}{e} - x = \frac{a-ex}{e}</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance to Focus1}}{\text{distance to Directrix1}}</math> <math>= (a - ex)\frac{e}{(a-ex)}</math> <math>= e</math> Similar calculations can be used to prove the case for Focus2 <math>(-p, 0)</math> and Directrix2 <math>(x = -t)</math> in which case: <math>\frac{\text{distance to Focus2}}{\text{distance to Directrix2}}</math> <math>= (a + ex)\frac{e}{(a + ex)}</math> <math>= e</math> Therefore: <math>\frac{\text{distance to focus}}{\text{distance to directrix}} = e</math> where <math>1 > e > 0.</math> Ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant, called eccentricity <math>e.</math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Heading== ===Properties of ellipse=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0822ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse used to illustrate and calculate certain properties of ellipses.''' </br> </br> Traditional definition of ellipse: </br> <math>\text{distance } AF_1 + \text{distance } AF_2 = \text{constant } k.</math> </br> </br> Second definition of ellipse: </br> <math>\frac{\text{distance } AF_1} {\text{distance } AG } = \text{eccentricity } e.</math> </br> </br> Triangle <math>A F_1 G</math> is right triangle. </br> <math>e = \cos \angle O F_1 A = \cos \angle F_1 A G</math> ]] Ellipse in diagram has: * Two foci: <math>F_1\ (p,0),\ F_2\ (-p,0).</math> * Length of major axis <math>= \text{distance } I_2 I_1 = 2a</math> * Length of minor axis <math>= \text{distance } A B = 2b</math> * Equation: <math>\frac {x^2} {a^2} + \frac {y^2} {b^2} = 1</math> * Length of latus rectum <math>= \text{distance } P Q</math> * Distance between directrices <math>= \text{distance } D_2 D_1 = 2t</math> Properties of ellipse: * <math>\frac{\text{length of major axis}} {\text{distance between directrices}} = e</math> * <math>\frac{\text{distance between foci}} {\text{length of major axis}} = e</math> * <math>\frac{\text{distance between foci}} {\text{distance between directrices}}= e^2</math> * <math>(\frac{\text{length of minor axis}} {\text{length of major axis}})^2 + e^2 = 1</math> * <math>\frac{\text{length of latus rectum}} {\text{length of major axis}} + e^2 = 1</math> * line <math>PD_1</math> is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point <math>P.</math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ====Major axis==== From traditional definition of ellipse: Distance <math>AF_2\ +</math> distance <math>AF_1</math> = distance <math>I_1F_1\ +</math> distance <math>I_1F_2</math> = distance <math>I_2F_2\ +</math> distance <math>I_2F_1</math> = <math>k.</math> Therefore: Length of major axis = distance <math>I_2I_1 = 2a = k.</math> Distance <math>AF_1 = \frac{k}{2} = a.</math> From second definition of ellipse: <math>\frac{\text{distance }AF_1}{\text{distance }AG} = \frac{a}{t} = \text{eccentricity }e</math> <math>= \frac{\text{distance }OI_1}{\text{distance }OD_1}.</math> <math>\frac{\text{length of major axis}}{\text{distance between directrices}} = e.</math> ====Foci==== From second definition of ellipse: <math>\frac{\text{distance }I_1F_1}{\text{distance }I_1D_1} = \frac{a-p}{t-a} = e.</math> <math>a - p = te - ae</math> <math>a - p = a - ae</math> Therefore: <math>p = ae</math> or <math>\frac{p}{a} = e.</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance between foci}}{\text{length of major axis}} = e.</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance between foci}}{\text{distance between directrices}} = e^2.</math> ====Minor axis==== Triangle <math>AOF_1</math> is right triangle. <math>\cos ^2 \angle OAF_1 + \sin ^2 \angle OAF_1</math> <math>= (\frac{b}{a})^2 + (\frac{p}{a})^2 </math> <math>= (\frac{b}{a})^2 + (\frac{ae}{a})^2 </math> <math>= (\frac{b}{a})^2 + e^2 = 1</math> <math>( \frac{\text{length of minor axis}} {\text{length of major axis}} )^2 + e^2 = 1</math> Triangles <math>AOF_1,\ AF_1G</math> are similar. Triangle <math>AF_1G</math> is right triangle. <math>e = \cos \angle OF_1A = \cos \angle F_1AG.</math> ====Latus rectum==== From second definition of ellipse: <math>\frac{\text{distance }PF_1} {\text{distance }F_1D_1} = \frac{\text{distance }PF_1}{t-p} = e</math> <math>\text{distance }PF_1 = te - pe = a - (ae)e = a(1-e^2).</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance }PF_1} {a} = 1 - e^2.</math> <math> \frac{\text{length of latus rectum}} {\text{length of major axis}} + e^2 = 1</math> ====Slope of curve==== Curve has equation: <math>b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 = a^2b^2</math> Derivative of both sides: <math>b^22x + a^22yy' = 0</math> <math>y' = \frac{-xb^2}{ya^2}</math><math></math> <math>= \frac{-x(1-e^2)}{y}</math><math></math> At point <math>P:\ m_1 = y' = \frac{-p(1-e^2)}{-a(1-e^2)}</math> <math>= \frac{ae}{a} = e.</math><math></math> Slope of line <math>PD_1:\ m_2 = \frac{\text{distance }PF_1}{\text{distance }F_1D_1} = e.</math><math></math><math></math> <math>m_1 = m_2.</math> Therefore line <math>PD_1</math> is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point <math>P.</math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> ===Intercept form of equation=== <math>\frac{x^2}{20^2} + \frac{y^2}{12^2} = 1</math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0625ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Ellipse at origin with major axis on X axis.''' </br> </br> </br> </br> Equation of ellipse has format <math>\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1</math> where: </br> </br> <math>\text{Length of major axis} = 2a = \text{distance}\ I_2I_1 = 40</math> </br> <math>\text{Length of minor axis} = 2b = \text{distance}\ BA = 24</math> </br> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> </br> <math>\frac{\text{Length of minor axis}}{\text{Length of major axis}} = \sqrt{1 - e^2}</math> </br> </br> <math>e = \sqrt{1 - \frac{b^2}{a^2}} = 0.8.</math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> ]] In diagram: Intercept <math>I_1</math> has coordinates <math>(a,0).</math> Intercept <math>I_2</math> has coordinates <math>(-a,0).</math> Intercept <math>A</math> has coordinates <math>(0,b).</math> Intercept <math>B</math> has coordinates <math>(0,-b).</math> Focus <math>F_1</math> has coordinates <math>(f,0)</math> where <math>f = ea.</math> Focus <math>F_2</math> has coordinates <math>(-f,0).</math> Curve has equation <math>\frac{x^2}{20^2} + \frac{y^2}{12^2} = 1,</math> called intercept form of equation of ellipse because intercepts are apparent as the fractional value of each coefficient. Standard form of this equation is: <math>(-0.36)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (0)x + (0)y + (144) = 0.</math> While the standard form is valuable as input to a computer program, the intercept form is still attractive to the human eye because center of ellipse and intercepts are neatly contained within the equation. Slope of curve: <math>b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 = a^2b^2</math> Derivative of both sides: <math>b^22x + a^22yy' = 0</math> <math>y' = \frac{-xb^2}{ya^2}</math> <math>= \frac{-x(1-e^2)}{y}</math> At point <math>P</math> on latus rectum <math>PQ:</math> <math>m_1 = y' = \frac{-(ea)(1-e^2)}{-(a(1-e^2))} = e</math> Slope of line <math>PD = m_2 = \frac{PF_1}{F_1D} = e</math> <math>m_1 = m_2.</math> Line <math>PD</math> is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point <math>P.</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Example=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0618ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse uses abc, epq.''' </br> M is mid-point between F1 and F2. </br> Point R is on minor axis. </br> </br> <math>\frac{\text{distance from R to F1}}{\text{distance from R to directrix 1}}</math> <math>= e</math> </br> </br> <math>= \frac{\text{half major axis}}{\text{distance from M to directrix 1}}</math> </br> </br> <math>\text{distance from M to directrix 1} = \frac{\text{half major axis}}{e}</math> </br> </br> <math>\text{F1:}\ (1, -7)</math> </br> <math>\text{F2:}\ (-1.24, 0.68)</math> </br> length_of_major_axis = 10 </br> <math>\text{M:}\ (-0.12, -3.16)</math> </br> length_of_minor_axis = 6 </br> <math>\text{R:}\ (2.76, -2.32)</math> </br> <math>e = 0.8</math> </br> <math>\text{D1:}\ (1.63, -9.16)</math> </br> <math>\text{Directrix 1:}\ (-0.28)x + (0.96)y + (9.25) = 0</math> </br> <math>\text{abc}\ =\ (-0.28,\ 0.96,\ 9.25)</math> </br> <math>\text{epq}\ =\ (0.8,\ 1,\ -7)</math> ]] Given: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code F1 = 1, -7 # Focus 1 F2 = -1.24, 0.68 # Focus 2 length_of_major_axis = 10 </syntaxhighlight> Calculate equation of ellipse. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> F1 = p1,q1 = [ dD(str(v)) for v in F1 ] # Focus 1 F2 = p2,q2 = [ dD(str(v)) for v in F2 ] # Focus 2 length_of_major_axis = dD(length_of_major_axis) half_major_axis = length_of_major_axis / 2 # Direction cosines from F1 to F2 dx = p2-p1 ; dy = q2-q1 divider = (dx**2 + dy**2).sqrt() dx,dy = [ (v/divider) for v in (dx,dy) ] # F2 # p2 = p1 + dx*distance_F1_F2 # q2 = q1 + dy*distance_F1_F2 distance_F1_F2 = (q2-q1)/dy half_distance_F1_F2 = distance_F1_F2 / 2 # The mid-point M = xM,ym = p1 + dx*half_distance_F1_F2, q1 + dy*half_distance_F1_F2 # Eccentricity: e = distance_F1_F2 / length_of_major_axis # distance from point R to F1 half_major_axis # ------------------------------------ = e = ----------------------------------------- # distance from point R to Directrix 1 distance from point M to Directrix 1 distance_from_point_M_to_dx1 = half_major_axis / e # Intersection of axis and directrix 1 D1 = xM-dx*distance_from_point_M_to_dx1, yM-dy*distance_from_point_M_to_dx1 D1 = xD1, yD1 = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in D1 ] # Equation of Directrix 1 # dx1 = adx1,bdx1,cdx1 adx1,bdx1 = dx, dy # Perpendicular to axis. # adx1*x + bdx1*y + cdx1 = 0 # Directrix 1 contains point D1 cdx1 = reduce_Decimal_number( -( adx1*xD1 + bdx1*yD1 ) ) abc = adx1,bdx1,cdx1 epq = e,p1,q1 ABCDEF = ABCDEF_from_abc_epq (abc,epq, 1) </syntaxhighlight> Equation of ellipse in standard form: <math>(-0.949824)x^2 + (-0.410176)y^2 + (-0.344064)xy + (-1.3152)x + (-2.6336)y + (4.76) = 0</math> For more insight into method of calculation and proof: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> if 1 : print ('F1: ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1)) print ('F1: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(p1,q1)) print ('F2: ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2)) print ('F2: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(p2,q2)) print ('length_of_major_axis =', length_of_major_axis) print ('M: ({}, {})'.format(xM,yM)) print ('M: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xM,yM)) # half_minor_axis**2 + half_distance_F1_F2**2 = half_major_axis**2 half_minor_axis = (half_major_axis**2 - half_distance_F1_F2**2).sqrt() length_of_minor_axis = half_minor_axis * 2 s1 = 'length_of_minor_axis' ; print (s1, '=', eval(s1)) # Direction cosines on major axis: print ('dx,dy =', dx,dy) # Direction cosines on minor axis: dnx,dny = dy,-dx print ('dnx,dny =', dnx,dny) # One point on minor axis: R = xR,yR = xM + dnx*half_minor_axis, yM + dny*half_minor_axis print ('R: ({}, {})'.format(xR,yR)) print ('R: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xR,yR)) # Verify that point R is on ellipse: sum_zero((A*xR**2, B*yR**2, C*xR*yR, D*xR, E*yR, F)) and 1/0 s1 = 'e' ; print (s1, '=', eval(s1)) print ('D1: ({}, {})'.format(xD1,yD1)) print ('D1: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xD1,yD1)) print ('Directrix 1: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(adx1, bdx1, cdx1)) print() # For proof, reverse the process: (abc1,epq1), (abc2,epq2) = calculate_abc_epq (ABCDEF) a1,b1,c1 = abc1 ; e1,p1,q1 = epq1 print ('Directrix 1: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a1, b1, c1)) print ('Eccentricity e1: {}'.format(e1)) print ('F1: ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1)) print() a2,b2,c2 = abc2 ; e2,p2,q2 = epq2 print ('Directrix 2: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a2, b2, c2)) print ('Eccentricity e2: {}'.format(e2)) print ('F2: ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2)) print ('\nEquation of ellipse with integer coefficients:') A,B,C,D,E,F = [ reduce_Decimal_number(-v*1000000/64) for v in ABCDEF ] str1 = '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0' print (str1.format(A,B,C,D,E,F)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> F1: (1, -7) F1: (x - (1))^2 + (y - (-7))^2 = 1 F2: (-1.24, 0.68) F2: (x - (-1.24))^2 + (y - (0.68))^2 = 1 length_of_major_axis = 10 M: (-0.12, -3.16) M: (x - (-0.12))^2 + (y - (-3.16))^2 = 1 length_of_minor_axis = 6 dx,dy = -0.28 0.96 dnx,dny = 0.96 0.28 R: (2.76, -2.32) R: (x - (2.76))^2 + (y - (-2.32))^2 = 1 e = 0.8 D1: (1.63, -9.16) D1: (x - (1.63))^2 + (y - (-9.16))^2 = 1 Directrix 1: (-0.28)x + (0.96)y + (9.25) = 0 Directrix 1: (0.28)x + (-0.96)y + (-9.25) = 0 Eccentricity e1: 0.8 F1: (1, -7) Directrix 2: (0.28)x + (-0.96)y + (3.25) = 0 Eccentricity e2: 0.8 F2: (-1.24, 0.68) Equation of ellipse with integer coefficients: </syntaxhighlight> <math>(14841)x^2 + (6409)y^2 + (5376)xy + (20550)x + (41150)y + (-74375) = 0</math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} =allEqual= {{Robelbox|title=[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]]|theme={{{theme|9}}}}} <div style="padding-top:0.25em; padding-bottom:0.2em; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.75em;"> [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]]. </div> ====Welcomee==== {{Robelbox|title=[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]]|theme={{{theme|9}}}}} <div style="padding-top:0.25em; padding-bottom:0.2em; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.75em; background-color: #FFF800; "> [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]]. </div> =====Welcomen===== {{Robelbox|title=|theme={{{theme|9}}}}} <div style="padding-top:0.25em; padding-bottom:0.2em; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.75em; background-color: #FFFFFF; "> [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]]. </div> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code. if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 : pass </syntaxhighlight> {{Robelbox/close}} {{Robelbox/close}} {{Robelbox/close}} <noinclude> [[Category: main page templates]] </noinclude> {| class="wikitable" |- ! <math>x</math> !! <math>x^2 - N</math> |- | <code></code><code>6</code> || <code>-221</code> |- | <code></code><code>7</code> || <code>-208</code> |- |- | <code>10</code> || <code>-157</code> |- | <code>11</code> || <code>-136</code> |- | <code>12</code> || <code>-113</code> |- | <code>13</code> || <code></code><code>-88</code> |- | <code>26</code> || <code></code><code>419</code> |} =Testing= ======table1====== {|style="border-left:solid 3px blue;border-right:solid 3px blue;border-top:solid 3px blue;border-bottom:solid 3px blue;" align="center" | Hello As <math>abs(x)</math> increases, the value of <math>f(x)</math> is dominated by the term <math>-ax^3.</math> When <math>x</math> has a very large negative value, <math>f(x)</math> is always positive. When <math>x</math> has a very large negative value, <math>f(x)</math> is always positive. When <math>x</math> has a very large negative value, <math>f(x)</math> is always positive. When <math>x</math> has a very large positive value, <math>f(x)</math> is always negative. <syntaxhighlight> 1.4142135623730950488016887242096980785696718753769480731766797379907324784621070388503875343276415727 3501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141322266592750559275579995050115278206057147 0109559971605970274534596862014728517418640889198609552329230484308714321450839762603627995251407989 </syntaxhighlight> |} {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0410cubic01.png|thumb|400px|''' Graph of cubic function with coefficient a negative.''' </br> There is no absolute maximum or absolute minimum. ]] Coefficient <math>a</math> may be negative as shown in diagram. As <math>abs(x)</math> increases, the value of <math>f(x)</math> is dominated by the term <math>-ax^3.</math> When <math>x</math> has a very large negative value, <math>f(x)</math> is always positive. When <math>x</math> has a very large positive value, <math>f(x)</math> is always negative. Unless stated otherwise, any reference to "cubic function" on this page will assume coefficient <math>a</math> positive. {{RoundBoxBottom}} <math>x_{poi} = -1</math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> =====Various planes in 3 dimensions===== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} <gallery> File:0713x=4.png|<small>plane x=4.</small> File:0713y=3.png|<small>plane y=3.</small> File:0713z=-2.png|<small>plane z=-2.</small> </gallery> {{RoundBoxBottom}} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> 1.4142135623730950488016887242096980785696718753769480731766797379907324784621070388503875343276415727 3501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141322266592750559275579995050115278206057147 0109559971605970274534596862014728517418640889198609552329230484308714321450839762603627995251407989 6872533965463318088296406206152583523950547457502877599617298355752203375318570113543746034084988471 6038689997069900481503054402779031645424782306849293691862158057846311159666871301301561856898723723 5288509264861249497715421833420428568606014682472077143585487415565706967765372022648544701585880162 0758474922657226002085584466521458398893944370926591800311388246468157082630100594858704003186480342 1948972782906410450726368813137398552561173220402450912277002269411275736272804957381089675040183698 6836845072579936472906076299694138047565482372899718032680247442062926912485905218100445984215059112 0249441341728531478105803603371077309182869314710171111683916581726889419758716582152128229518488472 </syntaxhighlight> <math>\theta_1</math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0422xx_x_2.png|thumb|400px|''' Figure 1: Diagram illustrating relationship between <math>f(x) = x^2 - x - 2</math> and <math>f'(x) = 2x - 1.</math>''' </br> ]] {{RoundBoxBottom}} <math>O\ (0,0,0)</math> <math>M\ (A_1,B_1,C_1)</math> <math>N\ (A_2,B_2,C_2)</math> <math>\theta</math> <math>\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ </math> :<math>\begin{align} (6) - (7),\ 4Apq + 2Bq =&\ 0\\ 2Ap + B =&\ 0\\ 2Ap =&\ - B\\ \\ p =&\ \frac{-B}{2A}\ \dots\ (8) \end{align}</math> <math>\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ </math> :<math>\begin{align} 1.&4141475869yugh\\ &2645er3423231sgdtrf\\ &dhcgfyrt45erwesd \end{align}</math> <math>\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ </math> :<math> 4\sin 18^\circ = \sqrt{2(3 - \sqrt 5)} = \sqrt 5 - 1 </math> 759y7rbg0im4cy063e234lop4xsd2c6 2690081 2690078 2024-12-03T10:35:19Z ThaniosAkro 2805358 /* Implementation */ 2690081 wikitext text/x-wiki = Hyperbola = {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0911hyperbola00.png|thumb|400px|''' Figure 1: Hyperbola at origin with transverse axis horizontal.''' </br></br> Origin at point <math>O</math><math>: (0,0)</math>.</br> Foci are points <math>F_1 (-c,0),\ F_2 (c,0). OF_1 = OF_2 = c.</math></br> Vertices are points <math>V_1 (-a,0),\ V_2 (a,0). OV_1 = OV_2 = a.</math></br> Line segment <math>V_1OV_2</math> is the <math>transverse\ axis.</math></br> <math>PF_1 - PF_2 = 2a.</math> ]] In cartesian [[geometry]] in two dimensions hyperbola is locus of a point <math>P</math> that moves relative to two fixed points called <math>foci</math><math>: F_1, F_2.</math> The distance <math>F_1 F_2</math> from one <math>focus\ (F_1)</math> to the other <math>focus\ (F_2)</math> is non-zero. The absolute difference of the distances <math>(PF_1, PF_2)</math> from point to foci is constant. <math>PF_1 - PF_2 = K.</math> See figure 1. Center of hyperbola is located at the origin <math>O (0,0)</math> and the foci <math>(F_1, F_2)</math> are on the <math>X\ axis</math> at distance <math>c</math> from <math>O. </math> <math>F_1</math> has coordinates <math>(-c, 0). F_2</math> has coordinates <math>(c,0)</math>. Line segments <math>OF_1 = OF_2 = c.</math> Each point <math>(V_1,V_2)</math> where the curve intersects the transverse axis is called a <math>vertex.\ V_1,V_2</math> are the vertices of the ellipse. By definition <math>PF_1 - PF_2 = V_2F_1 - V_2F_2 = V_1F_2 - V_1F_1 = K.</math> <math>\therefore V_2F_1 - V_2F_2 = V_2F_1 - V_1F_1 = V_1V_2 = K = 2a,</math> the length of the <math>transverse\ axis\ (V_1V_2).</math> <math>OV_1 = OV_2 = a.</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Radians, the natural angle== [[File:1129radian00.png|thumb|400px|'''Diagram illustrating one radian of angular measurement.''' </br> Arc of circle (red curved line with arrows) with length equal to radius of circle subtends one radian at center. </br> In diagram above, length of radius = length of arc = 1. </br> One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232\dots^\circ.</math> <math></math> <math></math> ]] If you were a mathematician among the ancient Sumerians of the 3rd millennium BC and you were determined to define the angle that could be adopted as a standard to be used by all users of trigonometry, you would probably suggest the angle in an equilateral triangle. This angle is easily defined, easily constructed, easily understood and easily reproduced. It would be easy to call this angle the "natural" angle. The numeral system used by the ancient Sumerians was Sexagesimal, also known as base 60, a numeral system with sixty as its base. In practice the natural angle could be divided into 60 parts, now called degrees, and each degree could be divided into 60 parts, now called minutes, and so on. Three equilateral triangles fit neatly into a semi-circle, hence 180 degrees in a semi-circle. We know that <math>\tan 30^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}.</math> Therefore, <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> should be <math>0.5,</math> or one half of our concept of the natural angle. Whatever the natural angle might be, it has existed for billions of years, but it has come to light only in recent times with invention of the calculus. In mathematics, the arctangent series, traditionally called Gregory's series, is the Taylor series expansion at the origin of the arctangent function: <math>\arctan x = x - \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{x^5}{5} - \frac{x^7}{7} + \frac{x^9}{9} + \cdots.</math> The following python code calculates <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> using Gregory's series: <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code r3 = 3 ** .5 x = r3/3 arctan_x = ( x - x**3/3 + x**5/5 - x**7/7 + x**9/9 - x**11/11 + x**13/13 - x**15/15 + x**17/17 - x**19/19 + x**21/21 - x**23/23 + x**25/25 - x**27/27 + x**29/29 - x**31/31 + x**33/33 - x**35/35 + x**37/37 - x**39/39 + x**41/41 - x**43/43 + x**45/45 - x**47/47 + x**49/49 - x**51/51 + x**53/53 - x**55/55 + x**57/57 - x**59/59 + x**61/61 - x**63/63 + x**65/65 - x**67/67 + x**69/69 ) sx = 'arctan_x' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x = 0.5235987755982988 </syntaxhighlight> Our assessment of the natural angle as the angle in an equilateral triangle was a very reasonable guess. However, the natural angle is the radian, the angle subtended at center of circle by an arc on the circumference equal to the radius. Six times arctan_x <math>= 180^\circ</math> or the number of radians in a semi-circle: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code sx = 'arctan_x * 6' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = '180/(arctan_x * 6)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x * 6 = 3.141592653589793 180/(arctan_x * 6) = 57.29577951308232 </syntaxhighlight> <math>\pi = 3.141592653589793\dots,</math> number of radians in semi-circle. One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232^\circ,</math> slightly less than <math>60^\circ.</math> Because the value <math>\frac\sqrt{3}{3}</math> is fairly large, calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> above required 34 operations to produce result accurate to 16 places of decimals. The calculation did not converge quickly. Python code below uses much smaller values of <math>x</math> and calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> for precision of 1001 is quite fast. <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> ==tan(A/2)== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:1122tanA_200.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphical calculation of <math>\tan \frac{A}{2}</math>.''' </br> <math>OQ = 1;\ QP = t.</math> </br> <math>\tan(A) = \frac{QP}{OQ} = \frac{t}{1} = t.</math> </br> <math>OP = OR = \sqrt{1 + t^2}</math> <math></math> <math></math> ]] In diagram: Point <math>P</math> has coordinates <math>(1,t).</math> Point <math>R</math> has coordinates <math>(\sqrt{1 + t^2},0).</math> Mid point of <math>PR,\ M</math> has coordinates <math>( \frac{ 1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{2}, \frac{t}{2} ).</math> <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{t}{2} / \frac{ 1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{2} = \frac{t}{1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }</math> <math>= \frac{t}{1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} } \cdot \frac{1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2}}{1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} }</math> <math>= \frac{t( 1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} )}{1-(1+t^2)}</math> <math>= \frac{t( 1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} )}{-t^2}</math> <math>= \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{t}</math> <math></math> <math></math> * <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{\tan(A)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}} = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2 (A)} }{\tan (A)}</math> * <math>\tan (2A) = \frac{2\tan (A)}{ 1 - \tan^2 (A) }</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Implementation== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} This section calculates five values of <math>\pi</math> using the following known values of <math>\tan(A):</math> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Angle <math>A</math> || <math>\tan(A)</math> |- | <math>45^\circ</math> | <math>1</math> |- | <math>36^\circ</math> | <math>\sqrt{ 5 - 2\sqrt{5} }</math> |- | <math>30^\circ</math> | <math>\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}</math> |- | <math>27^\circ</math> | <math>\sqrt{ 11 - 4\sqrt{5} + (\sqrt{5} - 3) \sqrt{ 10 - 2\sqrt{5} } }</math> |- | <math>24^\circ</math> | <math>\frac{ (3\sqrt{5} + 7) \sqrt{5 - 2\sqrt{5}} - (\sqrt{5} + 3)\sqrt{3} }{2}</math> |} Values of <math>x</math> in table below are derived from the above values by using identity <math>\tan(\frac{A}{2}) = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}}{\tan(A)}</math>: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Angle <math>\theta</math> || <math>x = \tan(\theta)</math> |- | <math>\frac{45^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912</code> |- | <math>\frac{36^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713</code> |- | <math>\frac{30^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689</code> |- | <math>\frac{27^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738</code> |- | <math>\frac{24^\circ}{2^{32}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778</code> |} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code desired_precision = 1001 number_of_leading_zeroes = 10 # See below. import decimal dD = decimal.Decimal # decimal object is like float with (almost) infinite precision. dgt = decimal.getcontext() Precision = dgt.prec = desired_precision + 3 # Adjust as necessary. Tolerance = dD("1e-" + str(Precision-2)) # Adjust as necessary. adjustment_to_precision = number_of_leading_zeroes * 2 + 3 def tan_halfA(tan_A) : dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision top = -1 + (1+tan_A**2).sqrt() dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision tan_A_2 = top/tan_A return tan_A_2 def tan_2A (tanA) : ''' 2 * tanA tan(2A) = ----------- 1 - tanA**2 ''' if tanA in (1,-1) : return '1/0' dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision bottom = (1 - tanA**2) output = 2*tanA/bottom dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision return output+0 def θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA) : ''' if input == 45,1 output is: "dD(45) / (2 ** (33))", "0.00000_00000_91432_37995_....._63759_3912" ^^^^^^^^^^^ number_of_leading_zeroes refers to these zeroes. θ,tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA) ''' θ, tanθ = angleA, tanA for p in range (1,100) : θ /= 2 tanθ = tan_halfA(tanθ) if tanθ >= dD('1e-' + str(number_of_leading_zeroes)) : continue str1 = str(tanθ) # str1 = "n.nnnnnnnnnnnnn ..... nnnnnnnnnnnnE-11" str1a = str1[0] + str1[2:-4] list1 = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range (0, len(str1a), 5) ] str2 = '0.00000_00000_' + ('_'.join(list1)) dD2 = dD(str2) (dD2 == tanθ) or ({}[2]) ((θ * (2**p)) == angleA ) or ({}[3]) str3 = 'dD({}) / (2 ** ({}))'.format(angleA,p) (θ == eval(str3)) or ({}[4]) return str3, str2 ({}[5]) r3 = dD(3).sqrt() r5 = dD(5).sqrt() tan36 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt() tan45 = dD(1) tan30 = r3/3 v1 = 3*r5+7 v2 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt() v3 = (r5+3)*r3 tan24 = ( v1*v2 - v3 )/2 v1 = r5 - 3 ; v2 = (10 - 2*r5).sqrt() tan27 = ( 11 - 4*r5 + v1*v2 ).sqrt() values_of_A_tanA = ( (dD(45), tan45), (dD(36), tan36), (dD(30), tan30), (dD(27), tan27), (dD(24), tan24), ) values_of_θ_tanθ = [] for (A, tanA) in values_of_A_tanA : θ, tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (A, tanA) print() sx = 'θ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) # sx = 'tanθ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) print ('tanθ =', '{}.....{}'.format(tanθ[:30], tanθ[-20:])) values_of_θ_tanθ += [ (θ, tanθ) ] # Check for (v1,v2),(v3,v4) in zip (values_of_A_tanA, values_of_θ_tanθ) : A, tanA = v1,v2 θ = eval(v3) tanθ = dD(v4) status = 0 for p in range (1,100) : θ *= 2 tanθ = tan_2A (tanθ) if θ == A : dgt.prec = desired_precision (+tanθ == +tanA) or ({}[10]) dgt.prec = Precision status = 1 break status or ({}[11]) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> θ = dD(45) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912 θ = dD(36) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713 θ = dD(30) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689 θ = dD(27) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738 θ = dD(24) / (2 ** (32)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code def calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : ''' angleθ may be: "dD(27) / (2 ** (33))" tanθ may be: "0.00000_00000_54859_42797_ ..... _03540_9738" π = calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) ''' thisName = 'calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) :' if isinstance(angleθ, dD) : pass elif isinstance(angleθ, str) : angleθ = eval(angleθ) else : ({}[21]) if isinstance(tanθ, dD) : pass elif isinstance(tanθ, str) : tanθ = dD(tanθ) else : ({}[22]) x = tanθ ; multiplier = -1 ; sum = x ; count = 0; status = 0 # x**3 x**5 x**7 x**9 # y = x - ---- + ---- - ---- + ---- # 3 5 7 9 # # Each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term multiplied by x**2. # Each value of x contains 10 leading zeroes after decimal point. # Therefore, each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term with 20 more leading zeroes. # Each pass through main loop adds about 20 digits to current value of sum # and θ is calculated to precision of 1004 digits with about 50 passes through main loop. # for p in range (3,200,2) : # This is main loop. count += 1 addendum = (multiplier * (x**p)) / p sum += addendum if abs(addendum) < Tolerance : status = 1; break multiplier = -multiplier status or ({}[23]) print(thisName, 'count =',count) π = sum * 180 / angleθ dgt.prec = desired_precision π += 0 # This forces π to adopt precision of desired_precision. dgt.prec = Precision return π # Calculate five values of π: values_of_π = [] for θ,tanθ in values_of_θ_tanθ : π = calculate_π (θ,tanθ) values_of_π += [ π ] </syntaxhighlight> Each calculation of π required about 50 passes through main loop: <syntaxhighlight> calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50 </syntaxhighlight> Check that all 5 values of π are equal: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code set1 = set(values_of_π) sx = 'len(values_of_π)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = 'len(set1)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = 'set1' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) π, = set1 # Note the syntax. If length of set1 is not 1, this statement fails. </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> len(values_of_π) = 5 len(set1) = 1 set1 = {Decimal('3.141592653589793238462643383279.....12268066130019278766111959092164201989')} </syntaxhighlight> Because all five calculated values of π are equal, there is very high probability that this value of π is accurate. Print value of π as python command formatted: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code newLine = ''' '''[-1:] def print_π (π) : ''' Input π is : Decimal('3.141592653589793238 ..... 66111959092164201989') This function prints: π = ( "3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510" + "58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679" ..... + "18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989" ) ''' πstr = str(π) (len(πstr) == (desired_precision + 1)) or ({}[31]) (πstr[:2] == '3.') or ({}[32]) twenty_rows = [] for p in range (2, len(πstr), 50) : str1a = πstr[p:p+50] list1a = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range(0, len(str1a), 5) ] str1b = '_'.join(list1a) twenty_rows += [str1b] twenty_rows[0] = '3.' + twenty_rows[0] joiner = '"{} + "'.format(newLine) str3 = '( "{}" )'.format(joiner.join(twenty_rows)) str4 = eval(str3) (dD(str4) == π) or ({}[33]) lines = str3.split(newLine) paragraphs = [ newLine.join(lines[p:p+4]) for p in range(0,len(lines),4) ] str5 = (newLine*2).join(paragraphs) str6 = eval(str5) (dD(str6) == π) or ({}[34]) print ('π =', str5) return str5 π1 = print_π (π) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> π = ( "3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510" + "58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679" + "82148_08651_32823_06647_09384_46095_50582_23172_53594_08128" + "48111_74502_84102_70193_85211_05559_64462_29489_54930_38196" + "44288_10975_66593_34461_28475_64823_37867_83165_27120_19091" + "45648_56692_34603_48610_45432_66482_13393_60726_02491_41273" + "72458_70066_06315_58817_48815_20920_96282_92540_91715_36436" + "78925_90360_01133_05305_48820_46652_13841_46951_94151_16094" + "33057_27036_57595_91953_09218_61173_81932_61179_31051_18548" + "07446_23799_62749_56735_18857_52724_89122_79381_83011_94912" + "98336_73362_44065_66430_86021_39494_63952_24737_19070_21798" + "60943_70277_05392_17176_29317_67523_84674_81846_76694_05132" + "00056_81271_45263_56082_77857_71342_75778_96091_73637_17872" + "14684_40901_22495_34301_46549_58537_10507_92279_68925_89235" + "42019_95611_21290_21960_86403_44181_59813_62977_47713_09960" + "51870_72113_49999_99837_29780_49951_05973_17328_16096_31859" + "50244_59455_34690_83026_42522_30825_33446_85035_26193_11881" + "71010_00313_78387_52886_58753_32083_81420_61717_76691_47303" + "59825_34904_28755_46873_11595_62863_88235_37875_93751_95778" + "18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989" ) </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:1202pi_highlighted.png|thumb|400px|'''Value of <math>\pi</math> highlighted.''']] If you highlight the above expression for <math>\pi</math> as shown in diagram, you can copy and paste it into your python source file as valid python code. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Asymptotes of hyperbola== ===Line and hyperbola=== This section describes possibilities that arise when we consider intersection of line and hyperbola. ====With two common points==== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:01hyperbola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Diagram of hyperbola and line.''' </br> Line and hyperbola have two common points. </br> When line and hyperbola have two common points, line cannot be parallel to asymptote. </br> ]] Line 1: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 704, -1404, 1344, -11040, -41220, -161775 abc = a,b,c = .96, .28, .2 result = hyperbola_and_line (ABCDEF, abc) sx = 'result' ; print (sx, eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> Code returns list containing two points: <syntaxhighlight> result [ (1.425,-5.6), (4.575,-16.4) ] </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Length of latus rectum== ----------------------- <math>b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0</math> <math>b^2c^2 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0</math> <math>b^2(a^2 - b^2) + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0</math> <math>b^2a^2 - b^4 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 =0</math> <math>a^2y^2 = b^4</math> <math>y^2 = \frac{b^4}{a^2}</math> <math>y = \frac{b^2}{a}</math> Length of latus rectum <math>= L_1R_1 = L_2R_2 = \frac{2b^2}{a}.</math> =Conic sections generally= Within the two dimensional space of Cartesian Coordinate Geometry a conic section may be located anywhere and have any orientation. This section examines the parabola, ellipse and hyperbola, showing how to calculate the equation of the section, and also how to calculate the foci and directrices given the equation. ==Slope of curve== Given equation of conic section: <math>Ax^2 + By^2 + Cxy + Dx + Ey + F = 0,</math> differentiate both sides with respect to <math>x.</math> <math>2Ax + B(2yy') + C(xy' + y) + D + Ey' = 0</math> <math>2Ax + 2Byy' + Cxy' + Cy + D + Ey' = 0</math> <math>2Byy' + Cxy' + Ey' + 2Ax + Cy + D = 0</math> <math>y'(2By + Cx + E) = -(2Ax + Cy + D)</math> <math>y' = \frac{-(2Ax + Cy + D)}{Cx + 2By + E}</math> For slope horizontal: <math>2Ax + Cy + D = 0.</math> For slope vertical: <math>Cx + 2By + E = 0.</math> For given slope <math>m = \frac{-(2Ax + Cy + D)}{Cx + 2By + E}</math> <math>m(Cx + 2By + E) = -2Ax - Cy - D</math> <math>mCx + 2Ax + m2By + Cy + mE + D = 0</math> <math>(mC + 2A)x + (m2B + C)y + (mE + D) = 0.</math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> ===Implementation=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code def three_slopes (ABCDEF, slope, flag = 0) : ''' equation1, equation2, equation3 = three_slopes (ABCDEF, slope[, flag]) equation1 is equation for slope horizontal. equation2 is equation for slope vertical. equation3 is equation for slope supplied. All equations are in format (a,b,c) where ax + by + c = 0. ''' A,B,C,D,E,F = ABCDEF output = [] abc = 2*A, C, D ; output += [ abc ] abc = C, 2*B, E ; output += [ abc ] m = slope # m(Cx + 2By + E) = -2Ax - Cy - D # mCx + m2By + mE = -2Ax - Cy - D # mCx + 2Ax + m2By + Cy + mE + D = 0 abc = m*C + 2*A, m*2*B + C, m*E + D ; output += [ abc ] if flag : str1 = '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (A,B,C,D,E,F) print (str1) a,b,c = output[0] str1 = 'For slope horizontal: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (a,b,c) print (str1) a,b,c = output[1] str1 = 'For slope vertical: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (a,b,c) print (str1) a,b,c = output[2] str1 = 'For slope {}: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (slope, a,b,c) print (str1) return output </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Examples=== ====Quadratic function==== <math>y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}</math> <math>\text{line 1:}\ x = 7</math> <math>\text{line 2:}\ x = 17</math> <math></math> =====y = f(x)===== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0502quadratic01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of quadratic function <math>y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}.</math>''' </br> At interscetion of <math>\text{line 1}</math> and curve, slope = <math>0</math>.</br> At interscetion of <math>\text{line 2}</math> and curve, slope = <math>5</math>.</br> Slope of curve is never vertical. ]] Consider conic section: <math>(-1)x^2 + (0)y^2 + (0)xy + (14)x + (4)y + (39) = 0.</math> This is quadratic function: <math>y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}</math> Slope of this curve: <math>m = y' = \frac{2x - 14}{4}</math> Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>5:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = -1,0,0,14,4,39 # quadratic three_slopes (ABCDEF, 5, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (-1)x^2 + (0)y^2 + (0)xy + (14)x + (4)y + (39) = 0 For slope horizontal: (-2)x + (0)y + (14) = 0 # x = 7 For slope vertical: (0)x + (0)y + (4) = 0 # This does not make sense. # Slope is never vertical. For slope 5: (-2)x + (0)y + (34) = 0 # x = 17. </syntaxhighlight> Check results: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code for x in (7,17) : m = (2*x - 14)/4 s1 = 'x,m' ; print (s1, eval(s1)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> x,m (7, 0.0) # When x = 7, slope = 0. x,m (17, 5.0) # When x =17, slope = 5. </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} =====x = f(y)===== <math>x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}</math> <math>\text{line 1:}\ y = -7</math> <math>\text{line 2:}\ y = -11</math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0502quadratic02.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of quadratic function <math>x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}.</math>''' </br> At interscetion of <math>\text{line 1}</math> and curve, slope is vertical.</br> At interscetion of <math>\text{line 2}</math> and curve, slope = <math>0.5</math>.</br> Slope of curve is never horizontal. ]] Consider conic section: <math>(0)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (-4)x + (-14)y + (-5) = 0.</math> This is quadratic function: <math>x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}</math> Slope of this curve: <math>\frac{dx}{dy} = \frac{-2y - 14}{4}</math> <math>m = y' = \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-4}{2y + 14}</math> Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>0.5:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 0,-1,0,-4,-14,-5 # quadratic x = f(y) three_slopes (ABCDEF, 0.5, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (0)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (-4)x + (-14)y + (-5) = 0 For slope horizontal: (0)x + (0)y + (-4) = 0 # This does not make sense. # Slope is never horizontal. For slope vertical: (0)x + (-2)y + (-14) = 0 # y = -7 For slope 0.5: (0.0)x + (-1.0)y + (-11.0) = 0 # y = -11 </syntaxhighlight> Check results: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code for y in (-7,-11) : top = -4 ; bottom = 2*y + 14 if bottom == 0 : print ('y,m',y,'{}/{}'.format(top,bottom)) continue m = top/bottom s1 = 'y,m' ; print (s1, eval(s1)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> y,m -7 -4/0 # When y = -7, slope is vertical. y,m (-11, 0.5) # When y = -11, slope is 0.5. </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ====Parabola==== <math>(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 1:}</math> <math>(18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 2:}</math> <math>(-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 3:}</math> <math>(-30)x + (40)y + (160) = 0</math> <math></math><math></math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0504parabola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of parabola <math>(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0.</math>''' </br> At interscetion of <math>\text{Line 1}</math> and curve, slope is horizontal.</br> At interscetion of <math>\text{Line 2}</math> and curve, slope is vertical.</br> At interscetion of <math>\text{Line 3}</math> and curve, slope = <math>2</math>.</br> Slope of curve is never <math>0.75</math> because axis has slope <math>0.75</math> and curve is never parallel to axis. ]] Consider conic section: <math>(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0.</math> This curve is a parabola. Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>2:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 9,16,-24,104,28,-144 # parabola three_slopes (ABCDEF, 2, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0 For slope horizontal: (18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0 For slope vertical: (-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0 For slope 2: (-30)x + (40)y + (160) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> Because all 3 lines are parallel to axis, all 3 lines have slope <math>\frac{3}{4}.</math> Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>0.75:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code three_slopes (ABCDEF, 0.75, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0 For slope horizontal: (18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0 # Same as above. For slope vertical: (-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0 # Same as above. For slope 0.75: (0.0)x + (0.0)y + (125.0) = 0 # Impossible. </syntaxhighlight> Axis has slope <math>0.75</math> and curve is never parallel to axis. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ====Ellipse==== <math>(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 1:}</math> <math>(3542)x + (1944)y + (-44860) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 2:}</math> <math>(1944)x + (2408)y + (-18520) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 3:}</math> <math>(1598)x + (-464)y + (-26340) = 0</math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0504ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse <math>(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0.</math>''' </br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 1}</math> and curve, slope is horizontal.</br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 2}</math> and curve, slope is vertical.</br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 3}</math> and curve, slope = <math>-1.</math> ]] Consider conic section: <math>(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0.</math> This curve is an ellipse. Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>-1:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 1771, 1204, 1944, -44860, -18520, 214400 # ellipse three_slopes (ABCDEF, -1, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0 For slope horizontal: (3542)x + (1944)y + (-44860) = 0 For slope vertical: (1944)x + (2408)y + (-18520) = 0 For slope -1: (1598)x + (-464)y + (-26340) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> Because curve is closed loop, slope of curve may be any value including <math>\frac{1}{0}.</math> If slope of curve is given as <math>\frac{1}{0},</math> it means that curve is vertical at that point and tangent to curve has equation <math>x = k.</math> For any given slope there are always 2 points on opposite sides of curve where tangent to curve at those points has the given slope. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ====Hyperbola==== <math>(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 1:}</math> <math>(-702)x + (-336)y + (4182) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 2:}</math> <math>(-336)x + (352)y + (-3824) = 0</math> <math>\text{Line 3:}</math> <math>(-1374)x + (368)y + (-3466) = 0</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0505hyperbola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of hyperbola <math>(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0.</math>''' </br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 1}</math> and curve, slope is horizontal.</br> <math>\text{Line 2}</math> and curve do not intersect. Slope is never vertical.</br> At intersection of <math>\text{Line 3}</math> and curve, slope = <math>2.</math> ]] Consider conic section: <math>(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0.</math> This curve is a hyperbola. Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope <math>2:</math> <math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math><math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = -351, 176, -336, 4182, -3824, -16231 # hyperbola three_slopes (ABCDEF, 2, 1) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0 For slope horizontal: (-702)x + (-336)y + (4182) = 0 For slope vertical: (-336)x + (352)y + (-3824) = 0 For slope 2: (-1374)x + (368)y + (-3466) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Latera recta et cetera== "Latus rectum" is a Latin expression meaning "straight side." According to Google, the Latin plural of "latus rectum" is "latera recta," but English allows "latus rectums" or possibly "lati rectums." The title of this section is poetry to the eyes and music to the ears of a Latin student and this author hopes that the gentle reader will permit such poetic licence in a mathematical topic. The translation of the title is "Latus rectums and other things." This section describes the calculation of interesting items associated with the ellipse: latus rectums, major axis, minor axis, focal chords, directrices and various points on these lines. When given the equation of an ellipse, the first thing is to calculate eccentricity, foci and directrices as shown above. Then verify that the curve is in fact an ellipse. From these values everything about the ellipse may be calculated. For example: {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0608ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse <math>1771x^2 + 1204y^2 + 1944xy -44860x - 18520y + 214400 = 0.</math>''' </br> </br> Axis : (-0.8)x + (-0.6)y + (9.4) = 0</br> Eccentricity = 0.9</br> </br> Directrix 2 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (2) = 0</br> Latus rectum RS : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-0.8) = 0</br> Minor axis : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-12.73684210526315789474) = 0</br> Latus rectum PU : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-24.67368421052631578947) = 0</br> Directrix 1 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-27.47368421052631578947) = 0</br> </br> <math>\text{ID2}</math> = (6.32, 7.24)</br> <math>\text{I2}</math> = (7.204210526315789473684, 6.061052631578947368421)</br> F2 = (8, 5)</br> M = (15.16210526315789473684, -4.54947368421052631579)</br> F1 = (22.32421052631578947368, -14.09894736842105263158)</br> <math>\text{I1}</math> = (23.12, -15.16)</br> <math>\text{ID1}</math> = (24.00421052631578947368, -16.33894736842105263158)</br> </br> P = (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158)</br> Q = (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299)</br> R = (5.984, 3.488)</br> S = (10.016, 6.512)</br> T = (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281)</br> U = (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158)</br> </br> Length of major axis: <math>\text{I1I2}</math> = 26.52631578947368421052</br> Length of minor axis: QT = 11.56255298707631300170</br> Length of latus rectum: RS = PU = 5.04 ]] Consider conic section: <math>1771x^2 + 1204y^2 + 1944xy -44860x - 18520y + 214400 = 0.</math> This curve is ellipse with random orientation. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 1771, 1204, 1944, -44860, -18520, 214400 # ellipse result = calculate_abc_epq(ABCDEF) (len(result) == 2) or 1/0 # ellipse or hyperbola (abc1,epq1), (abc2,epq2) = result a1,b1,c1 = abc1 ; e1,p1,q1 = epq1 a2,b2,c2 = abc2 ; e2,p2,q2 = epq2 (e1 == e2) or 2/0 (1 > e1 > 0) or 3/0 print ( '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(A,B,C,D,E,F) ) A,B,C,D,E,F = ABCDEF_from_abc_epq(abc1,epq1) print ('Equation of ellipse in standard form:') print ( '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(A,B,C,D,E,F) ) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> (1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0 Equation of ellipse in standard form: (-0.7084)x^2 + (-0.4816)y^2 + (-0.7776)xy + (17.944)x + (7.408)y + (-85.76) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code def sum_zero(input) : ''' sum = sum_zero(input) If sum is close to 0 and Tolerance permits, sum is returned as 0. For example: if input contains (2, -1.999999999999999999999) this function returns sum of these 2 values as 0. ''' global Tolerance sump = sumn = 0 for v in input : if v > 0 : sump += v elif v < 0 : sumn -= v sum = sump - sumn if abs(sum) < Tolerance : return (type(Tolerance))(0) min, max = sorted((sumn,sump)) if abs(sum) <= Tolerance*min : return (type(Tolerance))(0) return sum </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Major axis=== <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # axis is perpendicular to directrix. ax,bx = b1,-a1 # axis contains foci. ax + by + c = 0 cx = reduce_Decimal_number(-(ax*p1 + bx*q1)) axis = ax,bx,cx print ( ' Axis : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(ax,bx,cx) ) print ( ' Eccentricity = {}'.format(e1) ) print () print ( ' Directrix 1 : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a1,b1,c1) ) print ( ' Directrix 2 : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a2,b2,c2) ) F1 = p1,q1 # Focus 1. print ( ' F1 : ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1) ) F2 = p2,q2 # Focus 2. print ( ' F2 : ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2) ) # Direction cosines along axis from F1 towards F2: dx,dy = a1,b1 # p2 = p1 + dx*distance_F1_F2 # q2 = q1 + dy*distance_F1_F2 if dx : distance_F1_F2 = (p2 - p1)/dx else : distance_F1_F2 = (q2 - q1) if distance_F1_F2 < 0 : distance_F1_F2 *= -1 dx *= -1 ; dy *= -1 # Intercept on directrix1 distance_from_F1_to_ID1 = abs(a1*p1 + b1*q1 + c1) ID1 = xID1,yID1 = p1 - dx*distance_from_F1_to_ID1, q1 - dy*distance_from_F1_to_ID1 print ( ' Intercept ID1 : ({}, {})'.format(xID1,yID1) ) # # distance_F1_F2 # -------------------- = e # length_of_major_axis # length_of_major_axis = distance_F1_F2 / e1 # Intercept1 on curve distance_from_F1_to_curve = (length_of_major_axis - distance_F1_F2 )/2 xI1,yI1 = p1 - dx*distance_from_F1_to_curve, q1 - dy*distance_from_F1_to_curve I1 = xI1,yI1 = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in (xI1,yI1) ] print ( ' Intercept I1 : ({}, {})'.format(xI1,yI1) ) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> Axis : (-0.8)x + (-0.6)y + (9.4) = 0 Eccentricity = 0.9 Directrix 1 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-27.47368421052631578947) = 0 Directrix 2 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (2) = 0 F1 : (22.32421052631578947368, -14.09894736842105263158) F2 : (8, 5) Intercept ID1 : (24.00421052631578947368, -16.33894736842105263158) Intercept I1 : (23.12, -15.16) </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points <math>I2, ID2.</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Latus rectums=== <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # direction cosines along latus rectum. dlx,dly = -dy,dx # # distance from U to F1 half_latus_rectum # ------------------------------ = ----------------------- = e1 # distance from U to directrix 1 distance_from_F1_to_ID1 # half_latus_rectum = reduce_Decimal_number(e1*distance_from_F1_to_ID1) # latus rectum 1 # Focal chord has equation (afc)x + (bfc)y + (cfc) = 0. afc,bfc = a1,b1 cfc = reduce_Decimal_number(-(afc*p1 + bfc*q1)) print ( ' Focal chord PU : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(afc,bfc,cfc) ) P = xP,yP = p1 + dlx*half_latus_rectum, q1 + dly*half_latus_rectum print ( ' Point P : ({}, {})'.format(xP,yP) ) U = xU,yU = p1 - dlx*half_latus_rectum, q1 - dly*half_latus_rectum print ( ' Point U : ({}, {})'.format(xU,yU) ) distance = reduce_Decimal_number(( (xP - xU)**2 + (yP - yU)**2 ).sqrt()) print (' Length PU =', distance) print (' half_latus_rectum =', half_latus_rectum) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> Focal chord PU : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-24.67368421052631578947) = 0 Point P : (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158) Point U : (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158) Length PU = 5.04 half_latus_rectum = 2.52 </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points <math>R, S.</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Minor axis=== <syntaxhighlight lang=python> print () # Mid point between F1, F2: M = xM,yM = (p1 + p2)/2, (q1 + q2)/2 print ( ' Mid point M : ({}, {})'.format(xM,yM) ) half_major = length_of_major_axis / 2 half_distance = distance_F1_F2 / 2 # half_distance**2 + half_minor**2 = half_major**2 half_minor = ( half_major**2 - half_distance**2 ).sqrt() length_of_minor_axis = half_minor * 2 Q = xQ,yQ = xM + dlx*half_minor, yM + dly*half_minor T = xT,yT = xM - dlx*half_minor, yM - dly*half_minor print ( ' Point Q : ({}, {})'.format(xQ,yQ) ) print ( ' Point T : ({}, {})'.format(xT,yT) ) print (' length_of_major_axis =', length_of_major_axis) print (' length_of_minor_axis =', length_of_minor_axis) # # A basic check. # length_of_minor_axis**2 = (length_of_major_axis**2)(1-e**2) # # length_of_minor_axis**2 # ----------------------- = 1-e**2 # length_of_major_axis**2 # # length_of_minor_axis**2 # ----------------------- + (e**2 - 1) = 0 # length_of_major_axis**2 # values = (length_of_minor_axis/length_of_major_axis)**2, e1**2 - 1 sum_zero(values) and 3/0 aM,bM = a1,b1 # Minor axis is parallel to directrix. cM = reduce_Decimal_number(-(aM*xM + bM*yM)) print ( ' Minor axis : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(aM,bM,cM) ) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> Mid point M : (15.16210526315789473684, -4.54947368421052631579) Point Q : (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299) Point T : (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281) length_of_major_axis = 26.52631578947368421052 length_of_minor_axis = 11.56255298707631300170 Minor axis : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-12.73684210526315789474) = 0 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> ===Checking=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} All interesting points have been calculated without using equations of any of the relevant lines. However, equations of relevant lines are very useful for testing, for example: * Check that points <math>ID2, I2, F2, M, F1, I1, ID1</math> are on axis. * Check that points <math>R, F2, S</math> are on latus rectum through <math>F2.</math> * Check that points <math>Q, M, T</math> are on minor axis through <math>M.</math> * Check that points <math>P, F1, U</math> are on latus rectum through <math>F1.</math> Test below checks that 8 points <math>I1, I2, P, Q, R, S, T, U</math> are on ellipse and satisfy eccentricity <math>e = 0.9.</math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> t1 = ( ('I1'), ('I2'), ('P'), ('Q'), ('R'), ('S'), ('T'), ('U'), ) for name in t1 : value = eval(name) x,y = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in value ] print ('{} : ({}, {})'.format((name+' ')[:2], x,y)) values = A*x**2, B*y**2, C*x*y, D*x, E*y, F sum_zero(values) and 3/0 # Relative to Directrix 1 and Focus 1: distance_to_F1 = ( (x-p1)**2 + (y-q1)**2 ).sqrt() distance_to_directrix1 = a1*x + b1*y + c1 e1 = distance_to_F1 / distance_to_directrix1 print (' e1 =',e1) # Raw value is printed. # Relative to Directrix 2 and Focus 2: distance_to_F2 = ( (x-p2)**2 + (y-q2)**2 ).sqrt() distance_to_directrix2 = a2*x + b2*y + c2 e2 = distance_to_F2 / distance_to_directrix2 e2 = reduce_Decimal_number(e2) print (' e2 =',e2) # Clean value is printed. </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} Note the differences between "raw" values of <math>e_1</math> and "clean" values of <math>e_2.</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> I1 : (23.12, -15.16) e1 = -0.9000000000000000000034 e2 = 0.9 I2 : (7.204210526315789473684, 6.061052631578947368421) e1 = -0.9 e2 = 0.9 P : (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158) e1 = -0.9 e2 = 0.9 Q : (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299) e1 = -0.9000000000000000000002 e2 = 0.9 R : (5.984, 3.488) e1 = -0.9000000000000000000003 e2 = 0.9 S : (10.016, 6.512) e1 = -0.9000000000000000000003 e2 = 0.9 T : (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281) e1 = -0.8999999999999999999996 e2 = 0.9 U : (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158) e1 = -0.9 e2 = 0.9 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> ==Traditional definition of ellipse== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0617ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse.''' </br> Sum of distance <math>F_1G</math> and distance <math>F_2G</math> is constant. ]] Ellipse may be defined as the locus of a point that moves so that the sum of its distances from two fixed points is constant. In the diagram the two fixed points are the foci, Focus 1 or <math>F_1</math> and Focus 2 or <math>F_2.</math> Distance between <math>F_1</math> and <math>F_2</math>, distance <math>F_1F_2</math>, must be non-zero. Point <math>G</math> on perimeter of ellipse moves so that sum of distance <math>F_1G</math> and distance <math>F_2G</math> is constant. Points <math>T_1</math> and <math>T_2</math> are on axis of ellipse and the same rule applies to these points. distance <math>F_1T_1</math> + distance <math>T_1F_2</math> is constant. distance <math>F_1T_1</math> + distance <math>T_1F_2</math> <math>=</math> distance <math>F_1G</math> + distance <math>F_2G</math> <math>=</math> distance <math>F_2T_2</math> + distance <math>T_1F_2</math> <math>= \text{length of major axis.}</math> Therefore the constant is <math>\text{length of major axis}</math> which must be greater than distance <math>F_1F_2.</math> From information given, calculate eccentricity <math>e</math> and equation of one directrix. Choose directrix 1 <math>dx1</math> associated with focus F1. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Ellipse at origin== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0901ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse.''' </br> Sum of distance <math>F_1P</math> and distance <math>F_2P</math> is constant. ]] Traditional definition of ellipse states that ellipse is locus of a point that moves so that sum of its distances from two fixed points is constant. By definition distance <math>F_2P</math> + distance <math>F_1P</math> is constant. <math>\sqrt{(x-(-p))^2 + y^2} + \sqrt{(x-p)^2 + y^2} = k\ \dots\ (1)</math> Expand <math>(1)</math> and result is <math>Ax^2 + By^2 + F = 0\ \dots\ (2)</math> where: <math>A = 4k^2 - 16p^2</math> <math>B = 4k^2</math> <math>F = 4k^2p^2 - k^4</math> When <math>y = 0,</math> point <math>B,\ Ax^2 = -F</math> <math>x^2 = \frac{-F}{A}</math> <math>= \frac{k^4 - 4k^2p^2}{4k^2 - 16p^2}</math> <math>=\frac{k^2(k^2-4p^2)}{4(k^2 - 4p^2)} = \frac{k^2}{4}.</math> Therefore: <math>x = \frac{k}{2} = a</math> <math>k = \text{length of major axis.}</math> By definition, distance <math>F_2A</math> + distance <math>F_1A = k.</math> Therefore distance <math>F_1A = a.</math> Intercept form of ellipse at origin: <math>(4k^2 - 16p^2)x^2 + (4k^2)y^2 = k^4 - 4k^2p^2</math> <math>\frac{4(k^2-4p^2)}{k^2(k^2-4p^2)}x^2 + \frac{4k^2}{k^2(k^2 - 4p^2)}y^2 = 1</math> <math>\frac{4}{(2a)^2}x^2 + \frac{4}{(2a)^2 - 4p^2}y^2 = 1</math> <math>\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1</math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Second definition of ellipse== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0901ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse <math>\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1</math> where <math>a,b = 20,12</math>.''' </br> At point <math>B,\ \frac{u}{v} = e.</math> </br> At point <math>A,\ \frac{a}{t} = e.</math> ]] Ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant. Let <math>\frac{p}{a} = e</math> where: * <math>p</math> is non-zero, * <math>a > p,</math> * <math>a = p + u.</math> Therefore, <math>1 > e > 0.</math> Let directrix have equation <math>x = t</math> where <math>\frac{a}{t} = e.</math> At point <math>B:</math> <math>\frac{p}{p+u} = \frac{p+u}{p+u+v} = e</math> <math>(p+u)^2 = p(p+u+v)</math> <math>pp + pu + pu + uu = pp + pu + pv</math> <math>pu + uu = pv</math> <math>u(p + u) = pv</math> <math>\frac{u}{v} = \frac{p}{p+u} = e</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance to focus}}{\text{distance to directrix}} = e\ \dots\ (3)</math> Statement <math>(3)</math> is true at point <math>A</math> also. Section under "Proof" below proves that statement (3) is true for any point <math>P</math> on ellipse. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Proof=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0902ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Proving that <math>\frac{\text{distance from point to focus}}{\text{distance from point to directrix}} = e</math>.''' </br> Graph is part of curve <math>\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1.</math> </br> distance to Directrix1 <math>= t - x = \frac{a}{e} - x = \frac{a - ex}{e}.</math> </br> base = <math>x - p = x - ae</math> </br> <math>\text{(distance to Focus1)}^2 = \text{base}^2 + y^2</math> ]] As expressed above in statement <math>3,</math> second definition of ellipse states that ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant. This section proves that this definition is true for any point <math>P</math> on the ellipse. At point <math>P:</math> <math>(a^2 - p^2)x^2 + a^2y^2 -a^2(a^2 - p^2) = 0</math> <math>y^2 = \frac{-(a^2 - p^2)x^2 + a^2(a^2 - p^2)}{a^2}</math> <math>= \frac{a^2e^2x^2 - a^2x^2 + a^2a^2 - a^2a^2e^2}{a^2}</math> <math>= e^2x^2 - x^2 + a^2 - a^2e^2</math> base <math>= x-p = x-ae</math> <math>(\text{distance}\ F_1P)^2 = y^2 + \text{base}^2 = y^2 + (x-ae)^2</math> <math>= a^2 - 2aex + e^2x^2</math> <math>= (a-ex)^2</math> <math>\text{distance to Focus1} = \text{distance}\ F_1P = a - ex</math> <math>\text{distance to Directrix1} = t - x = \frac{a}{e} - x = \frac{a-ex}{e}</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance to Focus1}}{\text{distance to Directrix1}}</math> <math>= (a - ex)\frac{e}{(a-ex)}</math> <math>= e</math> Similar calculations can be used to prove the case for Focus2 <math>(-p, 0)</math> and Directrix2 <math>(x = -t)</math> in which case: <math>\frac{\text{distance to Focus2}}{\text{distance to Directrix2}}</math> <math>= (a + ex)\frac{e}{(a + ex)}</math> <math>= e</math> Therefore: <math>\frac{\text{distance to focus}}{\text{distance to directrix}} = e</math> where <math>1 > e > 0.</math> Ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant, called eccentricity <math>e.</math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Heading== ===Properties of ellipse=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0822ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse used to illustrate and calculate certain properties of ellipses.''' </br> </br> Traditional definition of ellipse: </br> <math>\text{distance } AF_1 + \text{distance } AF_2 = \text{constant } k.</math> </br> </br> Second definition of ellipse: </br> <math>\frac{\text{distance } AF_1} {\text{distance } AG } = \text{eccentricity } e.</math> </br> </br> Triangle <math>A F_1 G</math> is right triangle. </br> <math>e = \cos \angle O F_1 A = \cos \angle F_1 A G</math> ]] Ellipse in diagram has: * Two foci: <math>F_1\ (p,0),\ F_2\ (-p,0).</math> * Length of major axis <math>= \text{distance } I_2 I_1 = 2a</math> * Length of minor axis <math>= \text{distance } A B = 2b</math> * Equation: <math>\frac {x^2} {a^2} + \frac {y^2} {b^2} = 1</math> * Length of latus rectum <math>= \text{distance } P Q</math> * Distance between directrices <math>= \text{distance } D_2 D_1 = 2t</math> Properties of ellipse: * <math>\frac{\text{length of major axis}} {\text{distance between directrices}} = e</math> * <math>\frac{\text{distance between foci}} {\text{length of major axis}} = e</math> * <math>\frac{\text{distance between foci}} {\text{distance between directrices}}= e^2</math> * <math>(\frac{\text{length of minor axis}} {\text{length of major axis}})^2 + e^2 = 1</math> * <math>\frac{\text{length of latus rectum}} {\text{length of major axis}} + e^2 = 1</math> * line <math>PD_1</math> is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point <math>P.</math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ====Major axis==== From traditional definition of ellipse: Distance <math>AF_2\ +</math> distance <math>AF_1</math> = distance <math>I_1F_1\ +</math> distance <math>I_1F_2</math> = distance <math>I_2F_2\ +</math> distance <math>I_2F_1</math> = <math>k.</math> Therefore: Length of major axis = distance <math>I_2I_1 = 2a = k.</math> Distance <math>AF_1 = \frac{k}{2} = a.</math> From second definition of ellipse: <math>\frac{\text{distance }AF_1}{\text{distance }AG} = \frac{a}{t} = \text{eccentricity }e</math> <math>= \frac{\text{distance }OI_1}{\text{distance }OD_1}.</math> <math>\frac{\text{length of major axis}}{\text{distance between directrices}} = e.</math> ====Foci==== From second definition of ellipse: <math>\frac{\text{distance }I_1F_1}{\text{distance }I_1D_1} = \frac{a-p}{t-a} = e.</math> <math>a - p = te - ae</math> <math>a - p = a - ae</math> Therefore: <math>p = ae</math> or <math>\frac{p}{a} = e.</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance between foci}}{\text{length of major axis}} = e.</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance between foci}}{\text{distance between directrices}} = e^2.</math> ====Minor axis==== Triangle <math>AOF_1</math> is right triangle. <math>\cos ^2 \angle OAF_1 + \sin ^2 \angle OAF_1</math> <math>= (\frac{b}{a})^2 + (\frac{p}{a})^2 </math> <math>= (\frac{b}{a})^2 + (\frac{ae}{a})^2 </math> <math>= (\frac{b}{a})^2 + e^2 = 1</math> <math>( \frac{\text{length of minor axis}} {\text{length of major axis}} )^2 + e^2 = 1</math> Triangles <math>AOF_1,\ AF_1G</math> are similar. Triangle <math>AF_1G</math> is right triangle. <math>e = \cos \angle OF_1A = \cos \angle F_1AG.</math> ====Latus rectum==== From second definition of ellipse: <math>\frac{\text{distance }PF_1} {\text{distance }F_1D_1} = \frac{\text{distance }PF_1}{t-p} = e</math> <math>\text{distance }PF_1 = te - pe = a - (ae)e = a(1-e^2).</math> <math>\frac{\text{distance }PF_1} {a} = 1 - e^2.</math> <math> \frac{\text{length of latus rectum}} {\text{length of major axis}} + e^2 = 1</math> ====Slope of curve==== Curve has equation: <math>b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 = a^2b^2</math> Derivative of both sides: <math>b^22x + a^22yy' = 0</math> <math>y' = \frac{-xb^2}{ya^2}</math><math></math> <math>= \frac{-x(1-e^2)}{y}</math><math></math> At point <math>P:\ m_1 = y' = \frac{-p(1-e^2)}{-a(1-e^2)}</math> <math>= \frac{ae}{a} = e.</math><math></math> Slope of line <math>PD_1:\ m_2 = \frac{\text{distance }PF_1}{\text{distance }F_1D_1} = e.</math><math></math><math></math> <math>m_1 = m_2.</math> Therefore line <math>PD_1</math> is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point <math>P.</math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> ===Intercept form of equation=== <math>\frac{x^2}{20^2} + \frac{y^2}{12^2} = 1</math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0625ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Ellipse at origin with major axis on X axis.''' </br> </br> </br> </br> Equation of ellipse has format <math>\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1</math> where: </br> </br> <math>\text{Length of major axis} = 2a = \text{distance}\ I_2I_1 = 40</math> </br> <math>\text{Length of minor axis} = 2b = \text{distance}\ BA = 24</math> </br> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> </br> <math>\frac{\text{Length of minor axis}}{\text{Length of major axis}} = \sqrt{1 - e^2}</math> </br> </br> <math>e = \sqrt{1 - \frac{b^2}{a^2}} = 0.8.</math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> ]] In diagram: Intercept <math>I_1</math> has coordinates <math>(a,0).</math> Intercept <math>I_2</math> has coordinates <math>(-a,0).</math> Intercept <math>A</math> has coordinates <math>(0,b).</math> Intercept <math>B</math> has coordinates <math>(0,-b).</math> Focus <math>F_1</math> has coordinates <math>(f,0)</math> where <math>f = ea.</math> Focus <math>F_2</math> has coordinates <math>(-f,0).</math> Curve has equation <math>\frac{x^2}{20^2} + \frac{y^2}{12^2} = 1,</math> called intercept form of equation of ellipse because intercepts are apparent as the fractional value of each coefficient. Standard form of this equation is: <math>(-0.36)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (0)x + (0)y + (144) = 0.</math> While the standard form is valuable as input to a computer program, the intercept form is still attractive to the human eye because center of ellipse and intercepts are neatly contained within the equation. Slope of curve: <math>b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 = a^2b^2</math> Derivative of both sides: <math>b^22x + a^22yy' = 0</math> <math>y' = \frac{-xb^2}{ya^2}</math> <math>= \frac{-x(1-e^2)}{y}</math> At point <math>P</math> on latus rectum <math>PQ:</math> <math>m_1 = y' = \frac{-(ea)(1-e^2)}{-(a(1-e^2))} = e</math> Slope of line <math>PD = m_2 = \frac{PF_1}{F_1D} = e</math> <math>m_1 = m_2.</math> Line <math>PD</math> is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point <math>P.</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math>\text{ }</math> <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Example=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0618ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse uses abc, epq.''' </br> M is mid-point between F1 and F2. </br> Point R is on minor axis. </br> </br> <math>\frac{\text{distance from R to F1}}{\text{distance from R to directrix 1}}</math> <math>= e</math> </br> </br> <math>= \frac{\text{half major axis}}{\text{distance from M to directrix 1}}</math> </br> </br> <math>\text{distance from M to directrix 1} = \frac{\text{half major axis}}{e}</math> </br> </br> <math>\text{F1:}\ (1, -7)</math> </br> <math>\text{F2:}\ (-1.24, 0.68)</math> </br> length_of_major_axis = 10 </br> <math>\text{M:}\ (-0.12, -3.16)</math> </br> length_of_minor_axis = 6 </br> <math>\text{R:}\ (2.76, -2.32)</math> </br> <math>e = 0.8</math> </br> <math>\text{D1:}\ (1.63, -9.16)</math> </br> <math>\text{Directrix 1:}\ (-0.28)x + (0.96)y + (9.25) = 0</math> </br> <math>\text{abc}\ =\ (-0.28,\ 0.96,\ 9.25)</math> </br> <math>\text{epq}\ =\ (0.8,\ 1,\ -7)</math> ]] Given: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code F1 = 1, -7 # Focus 1 F2 = -1.24, 0.68 # Focus 2 length_of_major_axis = 10 </syntaxhighlight> Calculate equation of ellipse. <syntaxhighlight lang=python> F1 = p1,q1 = [ dD(str(v)) for v in F1 ] # Focus 1 F2 = p2,q2 = [ dD(str(v)) for v in F2 ] # Focus 2 length_of_major_axis = dD(length_of_major_axis) half_major_axis = length_of_major_axis / 2 # Direction cosines from F1 to F2 dx = p2-p1 ; dy = q2-q1 divider = (dx**2 + dy**2).sqrt() dx,dy = [ (v/divider) for v in (dx,dy) ] # F2 # p2 = p1 + dx*distance_F1_F2 # q2 = q1 + dy*distance_F1_F2 distance_F1_F2 = (q2-q1)/dy half_distance_F1_F2 = distance_F1_F2 / 2 # The mid-point M = xM,ym = p1 + dx*half_distance_F1_F2, q1 + dy*half_distance_F1_F2 # Eccentricity: e = distance_F1_F2 / length_of_major_axis # distance from point R to F1 half_major_axis # ------------------------------------ = e = ----------------------------------------- # distance from point R to Directrix 1 distance from point M to Directrix 1 distance_from_point_M_to_dx1 = half_major_axis / e # Intersection of axis and directrix 1 D1 = xM-dx*distance_from_point_M_to_dx1, yM-dy*distance_from_point_M_to_dx1 D1 = xD1, yD1 = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in D1 ] # Equation of Directrix 1 # dx1 = adx1,bdx1,cdx1 adx1,bdx1 = dx, dy # Perpendicular to axis. # adx1*x + bdx1*y + cdx1 = 0 # Directrix 1 contains point D1 cdx1 = reduce_Decimal_number( -( adx1*xD1 + bdx1*yD1 ) ) abc = adx1,bdx1,cdx1 epq = e,p1,q1 ABCDEF = ABCDEF_from_abc_epq (abc,epq, 1) </syntaxhighlight> Equation of ellipse in standard form: <math>(-0.949824)x^2 + (-0.410176)y^2 + (-0.344064)xy + (-1.3152)x + (-2.6336)y + (4.76) = 0</math> For more insight into method of calculation and proof: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> if 1 : print ('F1: ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1)) print ('F1: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(p1,q1)) print ('F2: ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2)) print ('F2: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(p2,q2)) print ('length_of_major_axis =', length_of_major_axis) print ('M: ({}, {})'.format(xM,yM)) print ('M: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xM,yM)) # half_minor_axis**2 + half_distance_F1_F2**2 = half_major_axis**2 half_minor_axis = (half_major_axis**2 - half_distance_F1_F2**2).sqrt() length_of_minor_axis = half_minor_axis * 2 s1 = 'length_of_minor_axis' ; print (s1, '=', eval(s1)) # Direction cosines on major axis: print ('dx,dy =', dx,dy) # Direction cosines on minor axis: dnx,dny = dy,-dx print ('dnx,dny =', dnx,dny) # One point on minor axis: R = xR,yR = xM + dnx*half_minor_axis, yM + dny*half_minor_axis print ('R: ({}, {})'.format(xR,yR)) print ('R: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xR,yR)) # Verify that point R is on ellipse: sum_zero((A*xR**2, B*yR**2, C*xR*yR, D*xR, E*yR, F)) and 1/0 s1 = 'e' ; print (s1, '=', eval(s1)) print ('D1: ({}, {})'.format(xD1,yD1)) print ('D1: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xD1,yD1)) print ('Directrix 1: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(adx1, bdx1, cdx1)) print() # For proof, reverse the process: (abc1,epq1), (abc2,epq2) = calculate_abc_epq (ABCDEF) a1,b1,c1 = abc1 ; e1,p1,q1 = epq1 print ('Directrix 1: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a1, b1, c1)) print ('Eccentricity e1: {}'.format(e1)) print ('F1: ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1)) print() a2,b2,c2 = abc2 ; e2,p2,q2 = epq2 print ('Directrix 2: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a2, b2, c2)) print ('Eccentricity e2: {}'.format(e2)) print ('F2: ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2)) print ('\nEquation of ellipse with integer coefficients:') A,B,C,D,E,F = [ reduce_Decimal_number(-v*1000000/64) for v in ABCDEF ] str1 = '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0' print (str1.format(A,B,C,D,E,F)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> F1: (1, -7) F1: (x - (1))^2 + (y - (-7))^2 = 1 F2: (-1.24, 0.68) F2: (x - (-1.24))^2 + (y - (0.68))^2 = 1 length_of_major_axis = 10 M: (-0.12, -3.16) M: (x - (-0.12))^2 + (y - (-3.16))^2 = 1 length_of_minor_axis = 6 dx,dy = -0.28 0.96 dnx,dny = 0.96 0.28 R: (2.76, -2.32) R: (x - (2.76))^2 + (y - (-2.32))^2 = 1 e = 0.8 D1: (1.63, -9.16) D1: (x - (1.63))^2 + (y - (-9.16))^2 = 1 Directrix 1: (-0.28)x + (0.96)y + (9.25) = 0 Directrix 1: (0.28)x + (-0.96)y + (-9.25) = 0 Eccentricity e1: 0.8 F1: (1, -7) Directrix 2: (0.28)x + (-0.96)y + (3.25) = 0 Eccentricity e2: 0.8 F2: (-1.24, 0.68) Equation of ellipse with integer coefficients: </syntaxhighlight> <math>(14841)x^2 + (6409)y^2 + (5376)xy + (20550)x + (41150)y + (-74375) = 0</math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} =allEqual= {{Robelbox|title=[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]]|theme={{{theme|9}}}}} <div style="padding-top:0.25em; padding-bottom:0.2em; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.75em;"> [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]]. </div> ====Welcomee==== {{Robelbox|title=[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]]|theme={{{theme|9}}}}} <div style="padding-top:0.25em; padding-bottom:0.2em; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.75em; background-color: #FFF800; "> [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]]. </div> =====Welcomen===== {{Robelbox|title=|theme={{{theme|9}}}}} <div style="padding-top:0.25em; padding-bottom:0.2em; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.75em; background-color: #FFFFFF; "> [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]]. </div> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code. if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 : pass </syntaxhighlight> {{Robelbox/close}} {{Robelbox/close}} {{Robelbox/close}} <noinclude> [[Category: main page templates]] </noinclude> {| class="wikitable" |- ! <math>x</math> !! <math>x^2 - N</math> |- | <code></code><code>6</code> || <code>-221</code> |- | <code></code><code>7</code> || <code>-208</code> |- |- | <code>10</code> || <code>-157</code> |- | <code>11</code> || <code>-136</code> |- | <code>12</code> || <code>-113</code> |- | <code>13</code> || <code></code><code>-88</code> |- | <code>26</code> || <code></code><code>419</code> |} =Testing= ======table1====== {|style="border-left:solid 3px blue;border-right:solid 3px blue;border-top:solid 3px blue;border-bottom:solid 3px blue;" align="center" | Hello As <math>abs(x)</math> increases, the value of <math>f(x)</math> is dominated by the term <math>-ax^3.</math> When <math>x</math> has a very large negative value, <math>f(x)</math> is always positive. When <math>x</math> has a very large negative value, <math>f(x)</math> is always positive. When <math>x</math> has a very large negative value, <math>f(x)</math> is always positive. When <math>x</math> has a very large positive value, <math>f(x)</math> is always negative. <syntaxhighlight> 1.4142135623730950488016887242096980785696718753769480731766797379907324784621070388503875343276415727 3501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141322266592750559275579995050115278206057147 0109559971605970274534596862014728517418640889198609552329230484308714321450839762603627995251407989 </syntaxhighlight> |} {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0410cubic01.png|thumb|400px|''' Graph of cubic function with coefficient a negative.''' </br> There is no absolute maximum or absolute minimum. ]] Coefficient <math>a</math> may be negative as shown in diagram. As <math>abs(x)</math> increases, the value of <math>f(x)</math> is dominated by the term <math>-ax^3.</math> When <math>x</math> has a very large negative value, <math>f(x)</math> is always positive. When <math>x</math> has a very large positive value, <math>f(x)</math> is always negative. Unless stated otherwise, any reference to "cubic function" on this page will assume coefficient <math>a</math> positive. {{RoundBoxBottom}} <math>x_{poi} = -1</math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> <math></math> =====Various planes in 3 dimensions===== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} <gallery> File:0713x=4.png|<small>plane x=4.</small> File:0713y=3.png|<small>plane y=3.</small> File:0713z=-2.png|<small>plane z=-2.</small> </gallery> {{RoundBoxBottom}} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> 1.4142135623730950488016887242096980785696718753769480731766797379907324784621070388503875343276415727 3501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141322266592750559275579995050115278206057147 0109559971605970274534596862014728517418640889198609552329230484308714321450839762603627995251407989 6872533965463318088296406206152583523950547457502877599617298355752203375318570113543746034084988471 6038689997069900481503054402779031645424782306849293691862158057846311159666871301301561856898723723 5288509264861249497715421833420428568606014682472077143585487415565706967765372022648544701585880162 0758474922657226002085584466521458398893944370926591800311388246468157082630100594858704003186480342 1948972782906410450726368813137398552561173220402450912277002269411275736272804957381089675040183698 6836845072579936472906076299694138047565482372899718032680247442062926912485905218100445984215059112 0249441341728531478105803603371077309182869314710171111683916581726889419758716582152128229518488472 </syntaxhighlight> <math>\theta_1</math> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:0422xx_x_2.png|thumb|400px|''' Figure 1: Diagram illustrating relationship between <math>f(x) = x^2 - x - 2</math> and <math>f'(x) = 2x - 1.</math>''' </br> ]] {{RoundBoxBottom}} <math>O\ (0,0,0)</math> <math>M\ (A_1,B_1,C_1)</math> <math>N\ (A_2,B_2,C_2)</math> <math>\theta</math> <math>\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ </math> :<math>\begin{align} (6) - (7),\ 4Apq + 2Bq =&\ 0\\ 2Ap + B =&\ 0\\ 2Ap =&\ - B\\ \\ p =&\ \frac{-B}{2A}\ \dots\ (8) \end{align}</math> <math>\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ </math> :<math>\begin{align} 1.&4141475869yugh\\ &2645er3423231sgdtrf\\ &dhcgfyrt45erwesd \end{align}</math> <math>\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ </math> :<math> 4\sin 18^\circ = \sqrt{2(3 - \sqrt 5)} = \sqrt 5 - 1 </math> p9mzje0v7q3kglaex2azl8bs6z37lrw 0 228498 2689948 2656171 2024-12-02T12:33:55Z Lbeaumont 278565 /* Intellectual integrity */ Improved link 2689948 wikitext text/x-wiki —Excellence in the Quest for Knowledge ==Introduction== [[File:Seeking True Beliefs.jpg|thumb|300px|right|True beliefs are a subset of reality. Intellectual virtues are motivations toward true beliefs. Skills and faculties assist us in acting on virtuous motives and seeking true beliefs.]] {{TOC right | limit|limit=2}} How important is it to you to hold beliefs that are true rather than beliefs that are false? How do you choose what knowledge is important for you to acquire and understand? Do you take personal responsibility for the truth of your own beliefs? Can you handle the truth?<ref>The accusation “You can’t handle the truth!” was made famous by the 1992 film A Few Good Men. See the Wikiquote entry for A [[q:A_Few_Good_Men|Few Good Men]]. </ref> Are you more interested in attaining true beliefs than in: wielding power, winning an argument, adhering to an ideology, social conformity, respect for authority, loyalty, pride, comfort, or ambivalence? History shows us the dangers of holding false beliefs such as: [[w:Human_sacrifice|human sacrifice]], [[w:Quackery|quackery]], [[w:Slavery|slavery]], [[w:Mass_suicide|mass suicides]], [[w:Inquisition|the inquisition]], [[w:Moral_panic|moral panic]], specious arguments, [[w:Genocide|genocide]], and [[w:Totalitarianism|totalitarianism]]. True beliefs, on the other hand, have brought us: indoor plumbing, sanitary systems, medical advances, agricultural advances, labor saving machines, photography, electric lighting, telephones, radio, trains, automobiles, air travel, calculators, liberty, and [[Assessing Human Rights|human rights]]. Beliefs that are true are those that correspond to [[w:Reality|reality]]. Because each of us is able to choose our own beliefs, we can decide to choose true beliefs. ''Intellectual virtues'', the primary topic of this course, are motivations toward true beliefs. Intellectual virtues are the ''character traits'' of a good thinker or learner.<ref name="Baehr">{{cite book |last=Baehr |first=Jason |date=2015 |url=http://intellectualvirtues.org/why-should-we-educate-for-intellectual-virtues-2-2 |title=Cultivating Good Minds: A Philosophical & Practical Guide to Educating for Intellectual Virtues}}</ref> In this course, we’ll be looking at the virtues of: love of knowledge, firmness, courage and caution, humility, autonomy, perseverance, generosity, insightfulness, and practical wisdom. Each of these virtues is an intention toward attaining true beliefs. [[File:Seeking True Beliefs Audio Dialogue.wav|thumb|Seeking True Beliefs Audio Dialogue]] However, intention is not enough. Motivations toward true beliefs need to be coupled with various skills that enable us to assess whether these beliefs correspond with reality. These skills include: reading, observing, fact finding, evaluating evidence, investigation skills, dialogue, sound reasoning, mathematical reasoning, and many others. Attaining true beliefs is as much a matter of ''will'' as it is of ''skill''. The diagram on the right provides a conceptual overview of the structure of this course. In the diagram, true beliefs are shown as a [[w:Subset|subset]] of reality using a [[w:Venn_diagram|Venn diagram]] representation—true beliefs accurately describe some portion of reality. Intellectual virtues are illustrated at the apex of a pyramid directed toward true beliefs. Below these in the pyramid are the techniques, methods and practices that are useful for assessing our beliefs. These skills in turn rely on various ''faculties''—natural abilities—that are so basic to being human they may be taken for granted. These faculties include our senses, such as acute eyesight and attuned hearing, reliable memory, language, inference, and others. The intellectual virtues are acts of will that engage and amplify our ''faculties'' while overcoming—or at least diminishing—our ''frailties'' in pursuit of true beliefs. In this course, we will look at how to develop motivations toward true beliefs—our ''intellectual virtues''—and some of the techniques, methods and practices that are useful for assessing our beliefs. Exercising the ''moral virtues'' results in actions for the good. Similarly, exercising the ''intellectual virtues'' results in true beliefs. ==Objectives== {{100%done}}{{By|lbeaumont}} The objectives of this course are to help you to: *Improve your own practice of the intellectual virtues, *Explore your motivations toward true beliefs, *Learn how to learn, *Increase your cognitive contact with reality, *Attain a firm basis for evaluating beliefs, *Take personal responsibility for the beliefs you hold, *Attain true beliefs, *Dismiss untrue beliefs, *Embrace reality as our common ground. The topic of this course is traditionally known to philosophers as the study of ''[[w:Intellectual_virtue|intellectual virtues]]'', ''[[w:Epistemic_virtue|epistemic virtue]]'', or ''virtue epistemology''<ref>See: Turri, John, Alfano, Mark and Greco, John, "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/epistemology-virtue Virtue Epistemology]", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), </ref>. I often use the term ''seeking true beliefs'' throughout this course with the intent of making the material more accessible to a wider audience. Philosopher Jason Baehr compares the values pursued by the intellectual virtues to those of moral virtues: “However, these values are ‘intellectual’ in nature. They include things like knowledge, understanding, thinking, reasoning, wondering, being open to experience, acknowledging one’s intellectual limitations, embracing intellectual challenge and struggle, and so on.”<ref>{{cite book |last=Baehr |first=Jason |date=2015 |url=http://intellectualvirtues.org/why-should-we-educate-for-intellectual-virtues-2-2 |title=Cultivating Good Minds: A Philosophical & Practical Guide to Educating for Intellectual Virtues}} Page 50</ref> All students are welcome and there are no prerequisites to this course. If you are having difficulty with any of the material, it may be beneficial to begin your studies at the beginning of the [[Deductive Logic/Clear Thinking curriculum|Clear Thinking curriculum]]. Students interested in learning more about the moral virtues may be interested in the Wikiversity course on [[virtues]]. The course contains many [[w:Hyperlink|hyperlinks]] to further information. Use your judgment and these [[What Matters/link following guidelines|link following guidelines]] to decide when to follow a link, and when to skip over it. This course is part of the [[Wisdom/Curriculum|Applied Wisdom curriculum]] and of the [[Deductive Logic/Clear Thinking curriculum|Clear Thinking curriculum]]. If you wish to contact the instructor, please [[Special:EmailUser/Lbeaumont|click here to send me an email]] or leave a comment or question on the [[Talk:Seeking True Beliefs|discussion page]]. This [[/Quick Reference/]] on the intellectual virtues may provide a helpful summary and reference. OK, let’s begin seeking true beliefs! ==Choosing Your Beliefs== A [[w:Belief|belief]] is a state of mind in which you hold something to be true.<ref>Schwitzgebel, Eric, "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/belief Belief]", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)</ref> Beliefs may range from true to false, spanning various degrees of likelihood, doubt, indifference, or unawareness. ''True beliefs'' correspond to [[ w:Reality|reality]]. We are influenced by many factors that ripple through our minds as our beliefs form, evolve, and may eventually change. [[File:Shepards Table Illusion.jpg|left|thumb|Which table is longer?]] To what extent do you choose your beliefs? To find out, please try this experiment. Look at the two tables shown in the diagram on the left. (This is known as the [[w:Shepard_tables|Shepard’s Tables]] illusion.<ref>See, for example: [http://www.psychologyconcepts.com/shepards-tables-illusion/ Shepard’s Tables Illusion], Psychology Concepts</ref>) Do you believe: #The table on the left is longer than the table on the right? #The table on the right is longer than the table on the left? #The two tables are the same size? Now use a ruler to carefully measure the size of each table. Based on this measurement, reconsider your belief about the relative size of the two tables. Did you choose what to believe before measuring the tables? Do you choose what to believe now that you’ve measured the tables? In his book ''[[w:Thinking,_Fast_and_Slow|Thinking Fast and Slow]]'', [[w:Daniel_Kahneman|Daniel Kahneman]] describes a dichotomy between two distinct modes of thinking. These modes of thought are briefly described as: *"System 1"—fast, automatic, frequent, emotional, stereotypic, and subconscious; *"System 2"—slow, effortful, infrequent, logical, calculating, and conscious. In the experiment above, it is likely that you first engaged system 1 thinking to immediately conclude the table on the left was longer. After reconsideration, you engaged system 2 thinking, deliberately measured the images, and concluded the two tables are the same size. Beliefs are ''voluntary'' when we have an opportunity to engage conscious thought—system 2 thinking, reflective access, or [[w:Awareness|awareness]]—in forming those beliefs. We choose beliefs when we have an opportunity to reflect on those beliefs. ===Reasons to Believe=== [[File:Ripples of influence.jpg|thumb|300px |We are influenced by many factors that ripple through our minds as our beliefs form, evolve, and may eventually change.]] Carefully evaluating evidence is the most reliable approach for choosing true beliefs. Evidence informs true beliefs. In his 1877 paper “The Ethics of Belief” philosopher [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|William Clifford]] strongly advocated a philosophy now known as [[w:Evidentialism|evidentialism]] with the statement: <blockquote> ([[w:Clifford's_principle|Clifford's Principle]]) “It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone to believe anything on insufficient evidence.”<ref>Chignell, Andrew, "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/ethics-belief/ The Ethics of Belief]", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)</ref> </blockquote> And then, in a somewhat softer statement: <blockquote> (Clifford's Other Principle) “It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone to ignore evidence that is relevant to his beliefs, or to dismiss relevant evidence in a facile way.” <ref>Chignell, Andrew, "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/ethics-belief/ The Ethics of Belief]", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.) Attributed to Van Inwagen, Peter, 1996, in J. Jordan and D. Howard-Snyder (eds.), ''Faith, freedom and rationality'', Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 137–153</ref> </blockquote> In support of this view, the [[w:Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy|Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] entry on The Ethics of Belief states: “Evidentialism of some sort is far and away the dominant ethic of belief among early modern and contemporary philosophers alike. The central principle, [of Evidentialism], is that one ought only to base one's beliefs on relevant evidence (i.e. evidence that bears on the truth of the proposition) that is in one's possession.” The entry elaborates: “Many Evidentialists ([[w:John_Locke|Locke]], [[w:David_Hume|Hume]], and [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]], for example) add the condition that the amount of evidence in one's possession must be proportioned to one's degree of belief, and that one should only firmly believe on the basis of “sufficient” evidence (where “sufficient” involves the evidence being strong enough for the belief to count as knowledge if true).”<ref>Chignell, Andrew, "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/ethics-belief/ The Ethics of Belief]", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)</ref> Our beliefs may be true or false. True beliefs correspond to reality. Because we can choose to form beliefs using reliable processes rather than unreliable processes “…we are responsible for our own habits of forming beliefs… .”<ref>{{cite book |last=Zagzebski |first=Linda Trinkaus |date=September 13, 1996 |title=Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=384 |isbn=978-0521578264 |author-link=w:Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski }} @ 681 of 1227</ref> We often conceive of and state beliefs in ways that are too vague to be evaluated as true or false. We may say “I believe in freedom “, or “I believe in fairness” or “I believe in patriotism” or “I believe in marriage.” But each of these concepts is so complex that the stated belief is not clear. When a person states “I believe in freedom” are they describing freedom for themselves, freedom for a few others, or freedom for everyone? Is this freedom unlimited? Does this include the freedom to harm others? What limits on freedom might they have in mind? People may state their beliefs in terms of some probability or likelihood. For example “I believe it is likely that life exists on other planets” or “I believe it may rain today.” Although it may be true or false that this person believes it may rain, the stated belief is true regardless of the weather outcome because it is so vaguely stated. Ideally, for a belief to be assessed as either true or false, the statement of belief must be precise enough to be [[w:Falsifiability|falsifiable]]. When a statement is falsifiable it is possible to conceive of an observation or an argument which can negate the claim. ====Assignment==== #Complete the Wikiversity course on [[Evaluating Evidence]]. #Choose your beliefs based on careful evaluation of evidence. ===Real Hope Yields to Evidence=== We often form beliefs even when clear evidence is lacking, insufficient, or ambiguous. In cases of inconclusive evidence we may be able to suspend judgement, accommodate the ambiguity, or choose some belief that seems advantageous to us. This weakly founded belief may be chosen to give us comfort, inspire our hope, feed our optimism, satisfy some moral principle, or for some other practical reason. It is important, however, to remain flexible in changing this belief as more evidence becomes available. If you are diagnosed with cancer and told you have only a 10% chance of living, it is probably helpful for you to believe you will be one of the survivors. Optimism is often helpful, but hope must yield to reality. Admiral [[w:James_Stockdale|James Stockdale]] was the highest ranking US military officer in the [[w:Hoa Loa_Prison|Hoa Loa prisoner-of-war camp]] during the Vietnam War. He was brutally tortured more than twenty times over the eight years he was imprisoned from 1965 to 1973. During that time he dedicated himself to helping the other soldiers survive the ordeal. [[w:James_C._Collins|Jim Collins]], author of the book ''[[w:Good_to_Great|Good to Great]]'', asked Stockdale how he endured, and who in the camp failed to endure. In answering Stockdale said: “This is a very important lesson. You must never confuse faith that you will prevail in the end—which you cannot afford to lose—with the discipline to confront the most brutal facts of your current reality, whatever that may be.” Jim Collins summarizes this wisdom as the “Stockdale Paradox”: <blockquote> '''Retain faith that you will prevail in the end, regardless of the difficulties'''<br> <blockquote> '''and at the same time'''<br> </blockquote> '''Confront the most brutal facts of your current reality, whatever they may be.''' </blockquote> Optimism ''and'' reality combine for ''real'' hope. Hope must yield to evidence. Hope must yield to reality. ====Assignment==== #Consider some belief you hold that is primarily supported by hope. #What contrary evidence, if any, are you avoiding, discounting, denying, or distorting to sustain that hope? #Are you “confronting the most brutal facts of your current reality, whatever they may be”? #If you objectively and fairly evaluate the evidence, must your hope yield to that evidence? Why or why not? #Do you now choose to change some belief based on this reevaluation? #Reflect on this question: are you seeking true beliefs? ===Willing to Believe=== Because we are able to choose our own beliefs, choosing ''true'' beliefs is a matter of [[w:Will_(philosophy)|will]]—your ability to choose deliberately, intentionally, and voluntarily. In ''[[w:Pensees|Pensées]]'', [[w:Blaise_Pascal|Blaise Pascal]] wrote: <blockquote> “The will is one of the chief organs of belief, not that it creates belief, but because thinking things are true or false according to the aspect by which we judge them. When the will likes one aspect more than another, it deflects the mind from considering the qualities of the one it does not care to see. Thus the mind, keeping in step with the will, remains looking at the aspect preferred by the will and so judges by what it see there.“ </blockquote> In her book ''Virtues of the Mind'', [[w:Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski|Linda Zagzebski]] makes the strong case that intellectual virtues—the willful decision to choose true beliefs—are not just analogous to moral virtues, but indeed are moral virtues. She gives several examples: *the intellectual vice of conformity is as voluntary as the moral vice of greed, *the lack of will demonstrated by the prideful person who dismisses fair criticism of his positions is comparable to the vengeful person who retaliates in a business deal, *Intellectual prejudice is no easier to overcome than ethical prejudices. Agreeing with Pascal and others regarding the role of ''will'', Linda Zagzebski takes the position that beliefs, like acts, arrange themselves on a continuum of degrees of voluntariness, ranging from quite a bit to none at all.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zagzebski |first=Linda Trinkaus |date=September 13, 1996 |title=Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=384 |isbn=978-0521578264 |author-link=w:Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski }} @ 215 of 1227, Section 4.2</ref> Roberts and Wood agree when they propose “that the will is a central epistemic faculty, and that its proper formation is crucial to intellectual character.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 218 of 1329</ref> Because beliefs are attained voluntarily, we choose our beliefs. Therefore we are responsible for the beliefs we hold. Carefully attained true beliefs are more valuable than arbitrarily obtained beliefs. If person “A” holds a particular belief based on a conscientious examination of representative evidence from reliable sources, and person “B” holds a contrary belief based on a whim, the two conditions are not comparable. To claim that “each person is equally entitled to his or her own belief” is a [[w:False_equivalence|false equivalency]] based on a [[w:Argument_from_analogy#False_analogy|false analogy]] that ignores essential differences in the intent and skill exercised by the two people in choosing their beliefs. ====Assignment==== Consider a variety of beliefs you currently hold. #Scan your beliefs to identify some belief you currently hold that you did not choose to hold. #How did you form that belief? Why do you still retain that belief? #Do you hold yourself responsible for the beliefs you hold? If not, why not? What beliefs do you currently hold that you do not hold yourself responsible for? Do you hold beliefs that you know are not true? #Do you hold yourself responsible for the truth—correspondence with reality—of the beliefs you hold? #Consider these [[/Reasons to seek true beliefs/|additional reasons to seek true beliefs]]. #Reflect on this question: are you seeking ''true'' beliefs? ===Summary=== The following statements summarize this section on choosing your beliefs: #We are able to choose our beliefs. #Therefore personally responsible people willingly and willfully choose their beliefs. #Therefore we are personally responsible for the beliefs we hold. #Therefore we are [[w:Moral_responsibility|morally responsible]] for the beliefs we hold. #Therefore we can choose to seek ''true'' beliefs. #Therefore we are ''morally'' responsible for the truth of the beliefs we hold. Holding true beliefs is morally praiseworthy. Holding untrue beliefs is morally blameworthy. #We have the justified opportunity to hold others accountable for their beliefs. ==Knowledge== ===Valuing Knowledge=== It is generally recognized that knowledge is good, and humans have an intrinsic motivation to acquire knowledge. For example, Aristotle begins the ''[[w:Metaphysics_(Aristotle)|Metaphysics]]'' with the declaration, “All men by nature desire to know.”<ref>See: http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/metaphysics.1.i.html</ref> Agreeing with [[w:John_Locke|John Locke]]<ref>For example: Locke says: “… 'tis the Knowledge of Things that is only to be priz'd; 'tis this alone gives a Value to our Reasonings, and Preference to one Man's Knowledge over another's, that is of Things as they really are, and of Dreams and Fancies." from [[w:An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding#Book_IV|Book IV, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding]], by John Locke. </ref>, Linda Zagzebski states: “the motivation for knowledge is an intrinsic good that is not derivative from the value of the possession of knowledge.”<ref>{{cite book |last=Zagzebski |first=Linda Trinkaus |date=September 13, 1996 |title=Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=384 |isbn=978-0521578264 |author-link=w:Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski }} @ 673 of 1227</ref> Simply stated, people seek knowledge because seeking knowledge is good. The goal to seek ''widespread significant knowledge without widespread significant error motivates'' epistemic [[w:Evidentialism|evidentialism]].<ref>Chignell, Andrew, "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/ethics-belief The Ethics of Belief]", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)</ref> In other words, an evidentialist evaluates methods of knowing based on the accuracy of those methods. Methods that result more often in true beliefs are superior to methods that are more likely to result in false beliefs. ===Defining Knowledge=== Although it is widely held that knowledge is good, there is less agreement on what knowledge is, and what knowledge is most important to acquire. The traditional definition of [[w:Knowledge|knowledge]] as “[[w:Belief#Justified_true_belief|justified true belief]]” is difficult to defend rigorously, and alternative conceptions of knowledge continue to be sought. To solve various problems with this traditional definition of knowledge, various philosophers have recently turned to the intellectual virtues in search of a more satisfactory definition. Linda Zagzebski proposes this alternative definition of knowledge: <blockquote> Knowledge is a state of belief arising out of acts of intellectual virtue.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zagzebski |first=Linda Trinkaus |date=September 13, 1996 |title=Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=384 |isbn=978-0521578264 |author-link=w:Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski }} @ 917 of 1227 and also Greco, John and Turri, John, "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/epistemology-virtue/ Virtue Epistemology]", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)</ref> </blockquote> Basically this is stating that knowledge is what a skillful person motivated toward true beliefs will choose to believe. ===Forms of Knowledge=== Knowledge exists in several forms, including propositional knowledge, acquaintance, and understanding. *'''Propositional knowledge'''—"Knowing that..."—is the type of knowledge that is, by its very nature, expressed in declarative sentences or indicative propositions.<ref>Fantl, Jeremy, "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/knowledge-how/ Knowledge How]", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)</ref> These are facts and figures you can recall. For example: the earth is nearly spherical, Paris is the capital of France, air is approximately 78% nitrogen, the sun rises in the east and sets in the west, whales are mammals, etc. *'''Acquaintance'''—is experiencing for oneself.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 186 of 1329</ref> Knowledge by acquaintance is obtained through a direct experience-based interaction between a person and the object that person is perceiving. This is your firsthand experience with something. For example, you are acquainted with the taste of coffee, or feeling chilled on a very cold day, or the pain of a headache, or the effort of running a marathon. Roberts, and Wood provide these characterizations: “Sensory experience is a necessary condition of some kinds of knowing. It is hard to see how one could know what coffee tastes like without tasting some…”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 187 of 1329</ref> “So acquaintance is a kind of knowledge that typically involves understanding, and does not necessarily involve belief, even when it is propositional.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 189 of 1329</ref> *'''Understanding'''—is grasping the complexity, interconnection, causality, or other structure of something. For example, you might understand why the sun (appears to) rise each morning, what causes earthquakes, what causes the tides, how a gyroscope works, or how to predict the weather. Explaining something requires understanding. Roberts, and Wood provide these characterizations: “Understanding often emerges only with concerted intellectual activities like exploration, testing, dialectical interchange, probing, comparing, writing, and reflecting.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 182 of 1329</ref> “The central feature of understanding is the grasping of coherence in something complex…”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 206 of 1329</ref> In addition to these forms of knowledge there is also [[w:Procedural_knowledge|procedural knowledge]]—knowing how to perform some task—for example knowing how to tie your shoes or how to ride a bike or juggle. Procedural knowledge does not entail beliefs; instead it is acquired by doing. Procedural knowledge may also be called non-propositional knowledge. Throughout this course we mean ''knowledge'' to express a richly intertwined bundle of understanding, acquaintance, and propositional knowledge.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 536 of 1329</ref> Roberts and Wood use the phrase “intellectual goods” roughly meaning important knowledge, understanding, or acquaintance. In their terminology, intellectual goods consist of some excellent grasp of important knowledge. ====Assignment==== #List examples of your own ''propositional'' knowledge. #List examples of your own knowledge from ''acquaintance''. #List examples of something you ''understand'' well enough to explain in detail. #Find examples where you have propositional, acquaintance, and understanding. For example, perhaps you can recite facts about the sunrise, have enjoyed seeing a sunrise, and can explain what causes the sun to (appear to) rise. ==Virtues== [[Virtues#What_is_Virtue.3F|''Virtue'' is excellence]], and human virtue is excellence in being human. There are many ways in which a person can be excellent, including: *'''Performance excellence'''—doing things right.—A physically strong person with an excellent memory can use those assets for good or for evil. Certain virtues, such as having a good memory or being physically strong are certainly valuable, but they lack any particular disposition toward the good. These performance virtues are distinct from moral virtues because moral virtues are concerned with the good. *'''Moral excellence'''—doing the right thing, taking good actions. Often when the word virtue is used alone it is intended to refer to moral virtue. The [[Virtues|Wikiversity course on Virtues]] focuses on the moral virtues. *'''Intellectual excellence'''—seeking true beliefs. This course focuses primarily on these intellectual virtues. Commonly identified human virtues include: wisdom, courage, benevolence, justice, honesty, generosity, compassion, mercy, gratitude, humility, tolerance, and others. While these virtues are often thought of as [[Virtues|moral virtues]], they are also important ''intellectual'' virtues. Because virtue is an excellence of the person it is connected directly with the idea of ''good''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zagzebski |first=Linda Trinkaus |date=September 13, 1996 |title=Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=384 |isbn=978-0521578264 |author-link=w:Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski }} @ 317 of 1227</ref> A virtue is an ''acquired human'' excellence.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zagzebski |first=Linda Trinkaus |date=September 13, 1996 |title=Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=384 |isbn=978-0521578264 |author-link=w:Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski }} @ 354 of 1227</ref> A virtuous person is someone who not only has a good heart—intends to do good—but is also successful in making the world a place where people with a good heart want to be.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zagzebski |first=Linda Trinkaus |date=September 13, 1996 |title=Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=384 |isbn=978-0521578264 |author-link=w:Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski }} @ 347 of 1227</ref> These ideas are captured in these more formal definitions of virtue. Roberts and Wood propose that: <blockquote> “in general a human virtue is an acquired base of excellent functioning in some generically human sphere of activity that is challenging and important.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 214 of 1329</ref> </blockquote> In her book Virtues of the Mind, Linda Zagzebski defines a virtue as: <blockquote> “A deep and enduring acquired excellence of a person, involving a characteristic motivation to produce a certain desired end and reliable success in bringing about that end.”<ref>{{cite book |last=Zagzebski |first=Linda Trinkaus |date=September 13, 1996 |title=Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=384 |isbn=978-0521578264 |author-link=w:Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski }} @ 459 of 1227</ref> </blockquote> These definitions capture several important features of a virtue:<ref>{{cite book |last=Zagzebski |first=Linda Trinkaus |date=September 13, 1996 |title=Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=384 |isbn=978-0521578264 |author-link=w:Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski }} beginning @ 453 of 1227</ref> #A virtue is an ''acquired excellence'' of the person in a deep and lasting sense. Virtues are salient and excellent elements of a person’s character. Virtues have many features of habits in that they develop over a long period of time. ''Virtue'' is contrasted with [[w:Vice|''vice'']], which is an acquired defect of a person’s character. We may often describe a person in terms of the virtues (or vices) that most often characterize them. #A person must deliberately ''devote time and effort'' toward developing virtues. Because of the time and effort required, virtues attain a deep and lasting quality that begins to make the virtue part of the person’s identity. #A virtue has a deeper intrinsic value than a ''skill''. #A virtue is a ''motivation'' that directs actions toward an ''identifiable end''. [[w:Motivation|Motives]] are intentional. #Virtue is ''oriented toward success''. A person only possesses a virtue if they reliably attain the goal of the virtue’s motivation. For example, we only praise a person for being fair (having the virtue of fairness) if the actions of that person reliably result in outcomes that are recognized as being fair. Zagzebski argues that intellectual virtues are best viewed as forms of moral virtue, and deliberately forms her definition in a way that includes both the traditional moral virtues and the intellectual virtues. In the same way that moral virtues are motivations toward good acts, intellectual virtues are motivations toward true beliefs. Roberts and Wood agree when they say: “We find it unhelpful to try to draw a strict line between the intellectual and the moral virtues.” How people learn to believe in the way they should rather than in the way they want parallels how they lean how to act in the way they should rather than the way they want.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zagzebski |first=Linda Trinkaus |date=September 13, 1996 |title=Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=384 |isbn=978-0521578264 |author-link=w:Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski }} @ 914 of 1227</ref> As examples consider how the virtues of: honesty, courage, generosity, tolerance, humility, and perseverance contribute to both moral excellence and intellectual excellence. Because true beliefs are aligned with reality, Zagzebski observes that “All intellectual virtues have a motivational component that aims at cognitive contact with reality.”<ref>{{cite book |last=Zagzebski |first=Linda Trinkaus |date=September 13, 1996 |title=Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=384 |isbn=978-0521578264 |author-link=w:Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski }} @ 551 of 1227</ref> The motivational basis of intellectual virtue needs to be described as the motivation for truth or cognitive contact with reality, where that is understood to include contact that is high quality and nonpropositional.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zagzebski |first=Linda Trinkaus |date=September 13, 1996 |title=Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=384 |isbn=978-0521578264 |author-link=w:Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski }} @ 555 of 1227</ref> ===Virtue Overcomes Vice=== [[File:Frailties breed false beleifs.jpg|thumb|300px|Human frailties breed false beliefs.]] A virtue is an acquired excellence; however a vice is an acquired defect<ref>{{cite book |last=Zagzebski |first=Linda Trinkaus |date=September 13, 1996 |title=Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=384 |isbn=978-0521578264 |author-link=w:Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski }} @ 395 of 1227</ref> that exposes many human frailties. While humans are endowed with many ''facilities'', we are also susceptible to many ''frailties''. Willfully and deliberately exercising the virtues helps us overcome these frailties. Many human frailties are inclinations toward false beliefs, as illustrated in the diagram to the right. Common human frailties including: [[w:Confirmation_bias|confirmation bias]], [[w:Prejudice|prejudice]], [[w:Motivated_reasoning|motivated reasoning]], wishful thinking, selfishness, egocentrism, fear, vanity, envy, jealousy, hate, revenge, laziness, impatience, boredom, distraction, cowardice, social pressures, arrogance, rigidity, obstinacy, need-to-be right, carelessness, illusion, superstitions, gullibility, deceit, malice, negligence, apathy, ignorance, obtuseness, and others naturally, effortlessly, and often unknowingly influence the beliefs we form. This often leads to false beliefs. We willfully and effortfully exercise our virtues to overcome our natural inclination to succumb to our vices. True beliefs arise when our intellectual virtues overcome our vices. False beliefs arise when our intellectual virtues are overcome by our vices. ===Assignment=== #Identify several virtues that you have attained or that you aspire to. #Classify each as being a performance virtue, a moral virtue, an intellectual virtue, or some combination of these. #Identify several vices you are susceptible to. What virtue, if any, typically prevails over each vice? ==The Intellectual Virtues== The intellectual virtues are motivations toward true beliefs. Various researchers have identified a variety of intellectual virtues. The central focus of Loraine Code’s approach<ref>''Epistemic Responsibility'', by Loraine Code</ref> is the notion of ''epistemic responsibility'', arguing that an epistemically responsible person is especially likely to succeed in the most important areas of the cognitive life—seeking true beliefs. She claims epistemic responsibility is the virtue "from which other virtues radiate". Some of these associated virtues are open-mindedness, intellectual openness, honesty, and integrity.<ref>See The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Virtue Epistemology, Virtue Responsibilism, [http://www.iep.utm.edu/virtueep Key Figures]. </ref> James Montmarquet identifies the chief intellectual virtue as epistemic conscientiousness, which he characterizes as a desire to achieve the proper ends of the intellectual life, especially the desire for truth and the avoidance of error.”<ref>See: [http://www.iep.utm.edu/virtueep/#H3 Virtue Epistemology], Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy </ref> Linda Zagzebski<ref>{{cite book |last=Zagzebski |first=Linda Trinkaus |date=September 13, 1996 |title=Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=384 |isbn=978-0521578264 |author-link=w:Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski }} @ 387 of 1227</ref> identifies several virtues including: recognizing salient facts, sensitivity to detail, open-mindedness in collecting and appraising evidence, fairness, intellectual humility, perseverance, diligence, care, thoroughness, adaptability, recognizing reliable authority; insight into people, problems and theories, and the teaching virtues including candor. Jason Baehr<ref>{{cite book |last=Baehr |first=Jason |date=2015 |url=http://intellectualvirtues.org/why-should-we-educate-for-intellectual-virtues-2-2 |title=Cultivating Good Minds: A Philosophical & Practical Guide to Educating for Intellectual Virtues }} chapter 4</ref> focuses on the nine intellectual virtues of: curiosity, intellectual autonomy, intellectual humility, attentiveness, intellectual carefulness, intellectual thoroughness, open-mindedness, intellectual courage, and intellectual tenacity. Roberts and Wood identify: love of knowledge, firmness, courage and caution, humility, autonomy, perseverance, generosity, insightfulness, and practical wisdom. Because of its generality and scope, we use their framework as the headings for the following sections. ===Love of Knowledge=== Love of knowledge is a motivation to pursue true beliefs regarding important knowledge.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 262 of 1329</ref> People who love knowledge are intrinsically motivated to gain a deep understanding of important knowledge. They seek to learn what is important, what is true, they weigh evidence for and against various beliefs, and they seek coherence in their set of beliefs. They can recognize salient facts and pay attention to relevant details. They are skilled at evaluating the reliability of authorities, experts, and other sources. Roberts and Wood characterize a person who exemplifies the virtue of love of knowledge as wanting significant rather than trivial, relevant rather than irrelevant, knowledge. They want knowledge that ennobles human life and promotes human well-being rather than knowledge that degrades and destroys. They want true beliefs, not false ones.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 541 of 1329</ref> Love of knowledge is a matter of intent. *If your goal is to win the argument you are choosing love of winning over love of knowledge. *If your goal is to exert power you are choosing love of power over love of knowledge. *If your goal is to promote an ideology you are choosing love of ideology over love of knowledge. * If your goal is to demonstrate tribal loyalty, you are choosing tribal loyalty over love of knowledge. *If your goal is to conform socially you are choosing love of social conformity over love of knowledge. *If your goal is to obey authority you are choosing love of authority over love of knowledge. *If your goal is [[w:Face_(sociological_concept)|saving face]] you are choosing to save face over love of knowledge. *If your goal is to sooth your [[w:Self-concept|ego]] you are choosing love of self over love of knowledge. *If your goal is to remain comfortable you are choosing love of comfort over love of knowledge. ====Coherence==== People who love knowledge recognize that [[w:Consilience|reality is coherent]]; however our understanding is always incomplete and evolving.<ref>The Wikiversity course [[Facing Facts]] explores the coherence of reality and the unity of knowledge in more depth.</ref> This can be illustrated using our [[w:Timeline_of_cosmological_theories|evolving understanding of cosmology]] as an example.<ref>''Seven Brief Lessons on Physics'', Carolo Rovelli, “The Architecture of the Cosmos”</ref> In ancient times the cosmos was understood as consisting simply of the earth below with the sky above. This was sufficient to explain simple observations made when standing on the earth and seeing the sky, however it was insufficient to explain how the sun, moon, and stars appear to move. In approximately 500 BC the Greek philosopher [[w:Anaximander#Cosmology|Anaximander]] conceived a mechanical model of the world with the earth unsupported at the center and the stars, moon, and sun revolving around the earth. This helps to explain basic celestial motions, while failing to explain how the earth is held in place. Details of celestial motions are also inconsistent with this simple model. [[Image:Anaximander cosmology-en.svg|thumb|280px|Map of Anaximander's universe]] Aristotle and others taught that [[w:Celestial_spheres|celestial spheres]] were the fundamental entities of the cosmos. In the 2nd century AD, the astronomer [[w:Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemy]] standardized a [[w:Geocentric_model|geocentric model]] of the cosmos. This earth-centered model was remarkably accurate in describing the observed motions of the sun, stars, moon, and planets. In 1543, the geocentric system met its first serious challenge when [[w:Nicolaus_Copernicus|Nicolaus Copernicus]] published [[w:De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium|''De revolutionibus orbium coelestium'']] (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres), which posited a [[w:Heliocentric|heliocentric]] model where the Earth and the other planets revolved around the Sun. When this model was proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus it was based on little more than speculation until the careful astronomical observations by [[w:Tycho_Brahe|Tyco Brahe]], laws of planetary motions developed by [[w:Johannes_Kepler|Johannes Kepler]], observations of the moon, the phases of Venus, and the moons of Jupiter by [[w:Galileo_Galilei|Galileo Galilei]], and the law of universal gravity developed by [[w:Isaac_Newton|Isaac Newton]], gave us a more complete understanding. The heliocentric model of the universe described by Isaac Newton in 1687 and explained by his [[w:Newtons_laws_of_motion|laws of motion]] and [[w:Newtons_law_of_universal_gravitation|law of universal gravitation]] proved to be very accurate. Discrepancies between this model and careful observations lead to the [[w:Discovery_of_Neptune|discovery of the planet Neptune]]. This provided further [[w:Corroborating_evidence|corroboration]] of the Newtonian model. A discrepancy regarding the [[w:Tests_of_general_relativity#Perihelion_precession_of_Mercury|perihelion precession of the planet Mercury]] demonstrated limitations of the Newtonian model and remained unexplained until this anomaly in Newton’s model corroborated Einstein’s theory of [[w:General_relativity|General Relativity]]. Current theories of the cosmos seek to explain the size and extent of the universe, the formation of stars, galaxies, and planets, the dynamics of the universe, the origins of chemical elements, and many other mysteries that arise as the cycle of exploration, explanation, anomalies, [[w:Paradigm_shift|paradigm shift]], and further exploration continues. Other examples where evolving theories reveal coherence include: 1) the [[w:Germ_theory_of_disease|germ theory of disease]], 2) the theory of [[w:Evolution|biological evolution]], 3) [[w:Plate_tectonics|plate tectonics]], 4) the [[w:Special_relativity|special theory of relativity]], 5) the [[w:General_relativity|general theory of relativity]], 6) [[w:Quantum_mechanics|quantum mechanics]], 7) and the [[w:Standard_Model|standard model]] of particle physics. In each case existing observations are explained by a theory which is eventually [[w:The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions|superseded by a more general]] and accurate theory providing greater [[w:Explanatory_power|explanatory power]]. While the lover of knowledge seeks coherence among her beliefs, the mature lover of knowledge will tolerate inevitable inconsistencies while seeking a structure with greater explanatory power. Rejecting simplistic, superficial, and often false explanations, people motivated toward true beliefs seek an elegant yet comprehensive and accurate explanatory framework. As the examples above illustrate, this is often revealed as an elegant simplicity that is only reached after slogging through a messy and complex series of preliminary and partial understanding. Roberts and Woods provide guidance on when incoherence can be tolerated and when it is a cause for concern. Use good judgements regarding which apparent incoherencies are ''important'', and about whether they are important for oneself, and about whether now is the time to be concerned about them.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 149 of 1329</ref> “High intellectual functioning sometimes requires living for periods of time with what appears to be incoherent set of important beliefs. So intellectual virtue includes the ability to live with the discomfort of puzzlement…”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 150 of 1329</ref> This essay describing how [[/Science is like a living tree/]] provides a useful way to understand how coherence is increased as exploration and discovery continue to evolve. ====Important Knowledge==== Because “discrimination among epistemic goods<ref>Roberts and Wood use the phrase “epistemic goods” to refer to a deep understanding of or acquaintance with important knowledge.</ref> is essential to the virtue that consists in loving them”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 546 of 1329</ref> the lover of knowledge seeks out important information and avoids wasting time on trivia. Three primary criteria identify important knowledge. Important knowledge is: *'''Significant'''—knowledge is significant when it forms the basis for other important knowledge. To assess the significance a particular belief, consider what other beliefs depend on this belief. “Beliefs can gain in value by being supports for other beliefs.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 547 of 1329</ref> Knowledge is trivial and unimportant unless other knowledge depends on it. “The gawker’s desire and delight are going nowhere”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 548 of 1329</ref> because nothing important depends on this information. Memorizing page 550 of the Wichita phone book is not generally useful. “The fact and extent of some of knowledge’s bearing an epistemic load is thus one of the criteria by which the lover of knowledge discriminates in her appetite for knowledge.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 550 of 1329</ref> *'''Worthy'''—knowledge that promotes human well-being is worthy. Worthy information has a bearing on human flourishing and the intrinsic importance of their objects.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 551 of 1329</ref> *'''Relevant'''—This knowledge is useful because it helps to solve important problems. “The intellectually virtuous person is acutely circumspect—that is, has a strong and sharp sense of the relevance of the parts of his knowledge to his current circumstances and his finitude—and his appetite for knowledge will be governed, in part, by his sense of relevance”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 561 of 1329</ref> People who love knowledge also enjoy solving problems.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 564 of 1329</ref> ====Communication==== “The two main kinds of social roles people occupy with respect to [knowledge] are those of ''acquiring'' it from others and ''purveying'' it to others.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 574 of 1329</ref> People who love knowledge not only enjoy acquiring knowledge, they also enjoy sharing knowledge with others. As knowledge is shared, take care to ensure the accuracy and clarity of your communications. Be impeccable with your word.<ref>''[[w:Don_Miguel_Ruiz#The_Four_Agreements|The Four Agreements]]'', by Don Miguel Ruiz</ref> Advance no falsehoods. Be careful to identify and clear up any actual or potential misunderstandings. Be clear about your own depth of understanding of the knowledge you are sharing. Describe your own uncertainties and doubts about the reliability of the information you are sharing. Distinguish among fact, controversy, opinion, and taste. Identify the sources used to attain the knowledge you are sharing. Discuss the reliability of those sources. Include a discussion of relevant and responsible competing viewpoints. Seek [[w:Objectivity_(science)|objectivity]] and disclose any sources of bias that may prevent you from being totally objective. Be candid about any vices that may be occluding or diminishing your [[w:Perspicacity|perspicacity]]—your perceptual and cognitive clarity, discernment, and accurate insight. ====Intellectual integrity==== Exercising [[w:Integrity|integrity]] requires being honest and having strong moral principles; being morally upright. Integrity is generally a personal choice to hold oneself to consistent moral and ethical standards. Intellectual integrity is the will to uphold the highest standards of inquiry, fair-mindedness, accuracy, perseverance, and honesty in seeking true beliefs. Intellectual integrity is the pursuit of deep understanding of important knowledge. Intellectual integrity requires fair-mindedness and freedom from bias or prejudice. Intellectual integrity avoids [[w:Motivated_reasoning|''motivated reasoning'']] and [[w:Confirmation_bias|''confirmation bias'']]. [[Intellectual honesty]] characterized by an unbiased, honest attitude, is a close synonym for intellectual integrity. Harvard ethicist Louis M. Guenin describes the "kernel" of intellectual honesty to be "a virtuous disposition to eschew deception when given an incentive for deception." Don’t convey a false message even when using literal truths.<ref>“Bill and I were in a race the other day. I came in second, but Bill came in next to last.” The statement is literally true; however because there were only two people in the race it is very misleading. It is clearer and more honest to state Bill came in first and I came in last.</ref> Several vices can tempt us to compromise our intellectual integrity. Roberts and Wood describe several faults of epistemic will<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 592 of 1329</ref> that are evidence of immaturity and vice. These are: #'''Failures of concern to know'''—people succumb to this lack of intellectual integrity when they avoid an opportunity to test their most closely held beliefs, or they engage such an opportunity too casually, or they offer weak defenses of their own beliefs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 594 of 1329</ref> Other examples include passing up opportunities to gain a deeper understanding of some important knowledge, a fear of paradoxes, or a lack of interest in them,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 600 of 1329</ref> and overlooking anomalies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 599 of 1329</ref> #'''Unvirtuous concerns to know'''—seeking knowledge so it can be used for some cruel or mischievous purpose is a lapse of intellectual integrity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 609 of 1329</ref> “Another perversion of the love of knowledge is that of being a willing purveyor or consumer of [[w:Gossip|gossip]].”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 610 of 1329</ref> [[w:Voyeurism|Voyeurism]] is a vice and must not be mistaken for a love of knowledge. Allowing your attention to be drawn toward bright and shiny objects may be fun, but it distracts you from acquiring more important knowledge.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 615 of 1329</ref> #'''Failures of concern not to know'''—Cleary state “you don’t want to know” when offered gossip, or the opportunity to eavesdrop or invade privacy. An appetite for gathering illicit or salacious knowledge, or a thirst for gaining knowledge that can only be used for evil demonstrates a lack of intellectual integrity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 626 of 1329</ref> #'''Unvirtuous concerns not to know'''—avoiding inconvenient truths, such as the low balance in your bank account, evidence that your child is using drugs,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 628 of 1329</ref> or evidence contrary to your political or religious beliefs are all failures of intellectual integrity. “When other motives conflict with the concern for truth, these defective individuals tend to forsake truth to satisfy other motives.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 595 of 1329</ref> Better choices can be made using accurate and complete information, even if gaining this information is emotionally difficult. ====Curiosity==== [[w:Curiosity|Curiosity]] is the virtue of wanting to understand. Love of knowledge is often apparent as a curiosity focused on understanding important knowledge. Curiosity is a fundamental ''motivating'' virtue.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baehr |first=Jason |date=2015 |url=http://intellectualvirtues.org/why-should-we-educate-for-intellectual-virtues-2-2 |title=Cultivating Good Minds: A Philosophical & Practical Guide to Educating for Intellectual Virtues }} Page 59</ref> Curiosity results in asking good questions motivated by genuine understanding.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baehr |first=Jason |date=2015 |url=http://intellectualvirtues.org/why-should-we-educate-for-intellectual-virtues-2-2 |title=Cultivating Good Minds: A Philosophical & Practical Guide to Educating for Intellectual Virtues }} Page 61</ref> Curiosity can take the forms of awe, wonder, and inquisitiveness. “The virtue of curiosity aims at understanding ‘significant’ rather than trivial or salacious subject matters.”<ref>{{cite book |last=Baehr |first=Jason |date=2015 |url=http://intellectualvirtues.org/why-should-we-educate-for-intellectual-virtues-2-2 |title=Cultivating Good Minds: A Philosophical & Practical Guide to Educating for Intellectual Virtues }} Page 62</ref> Curiosity is also directed at understanding various anomalies. Does the anomaly represent a random outlier, or is it evidence of some basic lack of understanding, as in the mismatch between a geocentric model of the solar system and careful astronomical observations? Unbridled curiosity is not a love of learning. “Unfettered curiosity is wonderful; unchanneled curiosity is not.”<ref>{{cite book |last=Leslie |first=Ian |date=December 1, 2015 |title=Curious: The Desire to Know and Why Your Future Depends On It |publisher=Basic Books |pages=256 |isbn=978-0465097623 }} @ 41 of 539 </ref> An attraction to everything novel is called ''diversive'' curiosity.<ref>{{cite book |last=Leslie |first=Ian |date=December 1, 2015 |title=Curious: The Desire to Know and Why Your Future Depends On It |publisher=Basic Books |pages=256 |isbn=978-0465097623 }} @ 40 of 539</ref> In contrast, ''epistemic'' curiosity is a deeper, more disciplined effortful curiosity in pursuit of deep understating of important knowledge. Research by [[w:George_Loewenstein|George Loewenstein]] characterizes curiosity as a response to an ''information gap''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Leslie |first=Ian |date=December 1, 2015 |title=Curious: The Desire to Know and Why Your Future Depends On It |publisher=Basic Books |pages=256 |isbn=978-0465097623 }} @ 126 of 539</ref> Curiosity is elicited when there is a gap between what we know and what we want to know. Questions are formed with the intent of obtaining the information needed to close the gap. What is in the box? Why is she so sad? Who is knocking on the door? Why does the sun rise each morning? ====Assignment==== #Select a work from the following list to study for this assignment. #*The book ''[[w:Paul_de_Kruif#Microbe_Hunters|Microbe Hunters]]'' portrays several microbiologists as they pursue their love of knowledge. It is available free on-line at: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.109987 Note that it is more of a dramatization than a fully accurate history. #*The book “[[w:All_the_President's_Men|All the President’s Men]]” and the film adaptation “[[w:All_the_President's_Men_(film)|All the President’s Men]]” portray investigative journalists seeking the true story of the Watergate break-in during the Nixon presidency. #*The film “[[w:Spotlight_(film)|Spotlight]]” portrays [[w:Investigative_journalism|investigative journalists]] seeking the true story of child sex abuse in the Boston area by numerous Roman Catholic priests. #*The film “[[w:Concussion_(2015_film)|Concussion]]” portrays Dr. Bennet Omalu, a forensic pathologist who fights against the National Football League trying to suppress his research on chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) brain degeneration suffered by professional football players. #*Other examples of investigative journalism are identified at: http://www.thedailybeast.com/shoe-leather-heroes-9-investigative-journalism-triumphs #*Study the work of some investigative reporter who has been awarded a [[w:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Investigative_Reporting|Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting]]. #*Consider various documentaries by [[w:Errol_Morris|Errol Morris]], especially “[[w:The_Thin_Blue_Line_(1988_film)|The Thin Blue Line]]”. #*The [[w:Kon-Tiki_expedition|1947 Kon-Tiki expedition]] popularized a hypothesis proposed at that time that the people of Easter Island were migrants from Peru. Later [[w:Kon-Tiki_expedition#Anthropology|DNA evidence supported]] the traditional hypothesis that they were Polynesian descendants. Study both efforts and describe the various motivations and their orientation toward truth-seeking of the explorers and investigators. #*Choose some other book or film that accurately portrays someone who exemplifies the love of knowledge. #Read the book or watch the movie you have selected to study. #Identify and describe instances where ''love of knowledge'' was the primary motivation of the people portrayed. #Identify motives of others who obstructed the various investigations or resisted adopting the various true beliefs being uncovered or communicated. #How did a commitment to ''love of knowledge'' help each of these people overcome difficulties and other influences? What, if any, true beliefs resulted? ===Firmness=== How do we decide how strongly to hold onto each of our current beliefs? How do we decide when to change our beliefs? People seeking true beliefs choose their beliefs based on an integrated assessment of the available relevant and reliable evidence. Their beliefs are based on a deep understanding of each belief, in combination with an assessment of the correspondence of their beliefs with reality and the coherence with other beliefs. They understand evidence and arguments for and against each belief. When seeking true beliefs, hold firmly to well-founded beliefs. Change your beliefs if reliable new evidence becomes available but always [[Knowing How You Know|know how you know]]. Knowing how you know is the knowledge equivalent of “[[w:Caveat_emptor|let the buyer beware]]”. Acquiring knowledge requires holding on to our beliefs but also on adjusting them as we acquire evidence for or against them. When you know how you know, you can be intellectually firm. When you don’t know how you know, and your beliefs are challenged, there is no basis for any deeper consideration of your beliefs. You may become obstinate and simply reassert your beliefs without giving any justification. Alternatively you may simply change your beliefs arbitrarily, because they have not basis. [[w:John_Maynard_Keynes|John Maynard Keynes]] expressed the concept of firmness well when he said “When the facts change, I change my mind. What do you do, sir?”<ref>As reported in the Wikiquote entry on [[q:John Maynard Keynes|John Maynard Keynes]].</ref> Firmness is the thoughtful position between ''flaccidity''—changing beliefs indiscriminately—and ''rigidity''—failing to change beliefs despite reliable contrary evidence. People can be firm in their beliefs when those beliefs are based on sound reasoning. If new information provides a new basis for reason, then the beliefs can change. If no better information is presented, then there is no reason to change beliefs. The firmness with which we hold any particular belief must be guided by our motivation toward true beliefs. If our current belief is judged to be more likely the true belief, then we hold onto it. If some new belief is judged to be more likely true, then we adopt that new belief. A person who holds firm beliefs is always ready to ask “What can I learn here?” rather than “How can I squash every objection?”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 724 of 1329</ref> Our current beliefs are anchored by our current world view. We may resist changing our beliefs, even in the face of clear evidence, because of attachments we have to our current world view. [[Exploring Worldviews|Exploring our worldviews]], and our reasons for holding those views, can help us become more objective. [[File:Spheres of Evidence.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Available evidence is filtered through our confirmation biases and interpreted through our worldview.]] There are important analogies between the intellectual virtue of firmness, and the moral [[Virtues/Tolerance|virtue of tolerance]]. Both virtues require a careful assessment of when to hold firm and when to yield to the views of others. ====Flaccidity==== People who lack a firm foundation for their beliefs find it is easier to fall for anything than to stand for something.<ref>Quote Investigator, [https://quoteinvestigator.com/2014/02/18/stand-fall/ If You Don’t Stand for Something, You’ll Fall for Anything.]</ref> Their beliefs are tossed about by whatever they encounter most recently. They agree with ideas indiscriminately as they soak up gossip, embrace every fad, seek to please every acquaintance, and change their mind to embrace every opinion as they hear it. They disregard any considerations of: consistency, insight, understanding, integration of ideas, or basis in fact or reliable sources. Rather than holding firmly to beliefs based on a deep understanding, such a belief system is weak and flaccid, allowing loosely held beliefs to flap around easily. ====Rigidity==== Whenever a belief is not based on [[w:Reason|reason]], reason becomes irrelevant. People who hold beliefs on some non-rational basis are often rigid in those beliefs. Arguments based on reason are ineffective in altering rigidly held beliefs because reasonable arguments do not address the unreasonable basis for the belief. When people become rigid in some belief they are often accurately described as being ''unreasonable''. If a belief is based on respect for authority<ref>Consider this quote from Albert Einstein “Unthinking respect for authority is the greatest enemy of truth”. See the [[q:Albert_Einstein|Wikiquote entry on Albert Einstein]].</ref>, obedience, loyalty, tradition, hope, or preserving some sunk cost, then reason becomes irrelevant. Beliefs become rigidly held when the motivation toward true belief is lost or superseded. Roberts and Woods consider five kinds of rigidity: dogmatism, doxastic complacency, stolid perseverance, perceptual rigidity, and comprehensional rigidity.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 681 of 1329</ref> *'''Dogmatism'''—is when people base their beliefs on some doctrine. Doctrines include fundamentalism of various kinds including political, social, economic, and especially religious. Because the beliefs are codified into a coherent, yet isolated, body of instructions, appeals to reason outside that body of instruction become irrelevant. Dogmatism is a hardened position that is irrationally resistant to criticism. As a result, and somewhat paradoxically, dogmatic people do not know very clearly what it is they believe.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 695 of 1329</ref> *'''Doxastic complacency'''—is laziness in forming beliefs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 695 of 1329</ref> When a person has formed some belief long ago, has not recently thought about the basis for this belief, and has forgotten any rational basis for the belief, they cannot be bothered to engage in reasonable reconsideration of this belief. Furthermore, because a particular belief has been adopted long ago, many other beliefs may now depend on it. Changing one belief risks having to change many beliefs, and the [[w:House_of_cards|house of cards]] may come tumbling down if its shaky foundation is disturbed. It is easier and more comfortable to decline to examine such long-held beliefs. *'''Stolid perseverance'''—is stubbornly holding fast to some ideal hypothesis or explanatory structure—your [[w:Theory_of_everything_(philosophy)|theory of everything]]—despite a chronic lack of evidence. This is a well-intended perseverance that has become foolish. This is tricky because some of the most significant breakthroughs begin as ideas that seemed foolish when first proposed. *'''Perceptual rigidity'''—is the inability to perceive or assimilate new information because it does not fit into the customarily understood categories. For example a [[w:Racism|racist]] might deny the validity of some excellent achievement by someone in the disparaged group because it conflicts with his racist worldview. *'''Comprehensional rigidity'''—is the inability to comprehend ideas that fall outside of some narrowly defined discipline or conceptual framework. It is the inability to attain a viewpoint from some alternative framework. When a [[w:Hominidae|hominid]] scull was discovered that provided important evidence challenging a widely accepted hypothesis of human evolution, one paleontologist responded with glee excited to learn more, and another with distain, remarking “They ought to put it back in the ground”<ref>Reported in {{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 722 of 1329</ref> because it did not fit within his existing conceptual framework for human evolution. Determining the specific cause of rigidity in each case can provide some insight into how to dislodge that rigidity. ====Open-mindedness==== [[w:Open-mindedness|Open-mindedness]] is a virtue closely related to intellectual firmness.<ref>Explicating Curiosity via Uncertainty and Interest, Augmented with Open-Mindedness, Ali Far, GSTF Journal of General Philosophy (JPhilo) Vol.1 No.2, March 2015</ref> Because no one fully grasps the full extent of reality, we need to be willing and able to consider alternative standpoints, to give them a fair and honest hearing, and to revise our own standpoint or beliefs accordingly.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baehr |first=Jason |date=2015 |url=http://intellectualvirtues.org/why-should-we-educate-for-intellectual-virtues-2-2 |title=Cultivating Good Minds: A Philosophical & Practical Guide to Educating for Intellectual Virtues }} Page 126</ref> Unless we can be certain from the outset that our own beliefs are entirely correct, that they are without even the possibility of any kind of error, we need open-mindedness.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baehr |first=Jason |date=2015 |url=http://intellectualvirtues.org/why-should-we-educate-for-intellectual-virtues-2-2 |title=Cultivating Good Minds: A Philosophical & Practical Guide to Educating for Intellectual Virtues }} Page 126</ref> The real intention of being open-minded requires giving the object of interest a fair, honest, and objective hearing.<ref>Explicating Curiosity via Uncertainty and Interest, Augmented with Open-Mindedness, Ali Far, GSTF Journal of General Philosophy (JPhilo) Vol.1 No.2, March 2015</ref> Intellectual humility is a kind of precondition for open-mindedness.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baehr |first=Jason |date=2015 |url=http://intellectualvirtues.org/why-should-we-educate-for-intellectual-virtues-2-2 |title=Cultivating Good Minds: A Philosophical & Practical Guide to Educating for Intellectual Virtues }} Page 130</ref> Only by considering the possibility that you may not be entirely correct can you genuinely embrace alternative points of view. One reason open-mindedness is so important is that it serves to combat or mitigate a deeply felt and widely shared need to be right. [[w:Confirmation_bias|Open-mindedness]] is a powerful antidote to confirmation bias.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baehr |first=Jason |date=2015 |url=http://intellectualvirtues.org/why-should-we-educate-for-intellectual-virtues-2-2 |title=Cultivating Good Minds: A Philosophical & Practical Guide to Educating for Intellectual Virtues }} Page 128</ref> Open-mindedness brings us closer to true beliefs when we: *explore and examine our own beliefs, *identify gaps or inconsistencies in our understanding, *examine the evidence for and contrary to our beliefs, *consider new evidence, *explore our various doubts, *learn from others, *challenge our own beliefs, *examine the basis for the beliefs we currently hold, and *gain a deeper understanding of the topic at hand. Because closed minded people fail to explore their own beliefs as described above, they tend to be stuck not in truth, but in falsehood.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zagzebski |first=Linda Trinkaus |date=September 13, 1996 |title=Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=384 |isbn=978-0521578264 |author-link=w:Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski }} @ 617 of 1227</ref> Jason Baehr offers this formal characterization of an open-minded person: <blockquote> An open-minded person is characteristically: willing and (within limits) able to transcend a default cognitive standpoint in order to take up or take seriously the merits of a distinct cognitive standpoint.<ref>Baehr, Jason. “The Structure of Open-Mindedness.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 41 (2011): 191-213. Print.</ref> </blockquote> This definition characterizes open-mindedness as a willful choice to think beyond the viewpoint you have become comfortable with because you are motivated by the sincere intent of understanding an alternative point-of-view. Because we are considering open-mindedness in the context of intellectual firmness “Don’t be so open-minded that your brains fall out.”<ref>Baehr, Jason. “The Structure of Open-Mindedness.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 41 (2011): 191-213. Print.</ref> Open mindedness is not gullibility; firm conviction and open-mindedness can coexist.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baehr |first=Jason |date=2015 |url=http://intellectualvirtues.org/why-should-we-educate-for-intellectual-virtues-2-2 |title=Cultivating Good Minds: A Philosophical & Practical Guide to Educating for Intellectual Virtues }} Page 127</ref> Jason Baehr offers guidance on when we should exercise open-mindedness rather than intellectual tenacity or intellectual courage:<ref>See discussion at {{cite book |last=Baehr |first=Jason |date=2015 |url=http://intellectualvirtues.org/why-should-we-educate-for-intellectual-virtues-2-2 |title=Cultivating Good Minds: A Philosophical & Practical Guide to Educating for Intellectual Virtues }} Page 133</ref> #If you are in danger of being intellectually rigid for any of the reasons cited in the section on “rigidity” then it is helpful to participate with an open-mind and seriously consider alternative points of view, #If you can learn more, strengthen your understanding, or increase the accuracy of your beliefs, then it is best to proceed with an open mind. Open your mind with the motivation toward attaining true beliefs. Exercising your open mind is more beneficial in the company of people who are also motivated toward true beliefs than it is with people who have some other motivation. There is little benefit to indulging [[w:Charlatan|charlatans]]. Consider this analogy: if you dialogue with each of the six [[w:Blind_men_and_an_elephant|blind men describing the elephant]], and you are able to adopt and integrate each of their viewpoints, perhaps you can come to an integrated and unified representation of an elephant. The various viewpoints all converge toward reality. However, if you are also including charlatans in the discussions who insist on describing a [[w:Unicorn|unicorn]] as if it is real and you do not distinguish this [[w:Falsity|falsehood]] from the true representation of the elephant, you cannot come to a unified reconciliation of the information being provided. ====Assignment==== Complete this assignment to better understand the virtue of ''intellectual firmness''. #Watch any performance of the drama [[w:Twelve_Angry_Men|Twelve Angry Men]]. #Notice who is ''firm'', who is ''rigid'', and who is ''flaccid'' during the jury deliberations. #Notice when various jurors become ''open-minded'' and when they are closed minded. #Notice as each juror changes their disposition and beliefs as the drama unfolds. #What conditions cause each juror to change their minds? Was it information, evidence, understanding, viewpoint, empathy, interest, charisma, fear, coercion, fatigue, appeasement, accommodation, loyalty, engagement, or some other factor? ===Courage and Caution=== ''[[w:Courage|Moral courage]]'' is the decision to do the right thing despite dangers, fears, or hardships. Intellectual courage is an ability to perform intellectual tasks well despite significant threats.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 272 of 1329</ref> Throughout history brave people have taken great risks to acquire important knowledge. [[w:Exploration|Exploration]] to discover new information began in ancient times and now extends beyond earth as modern [[w:Space_exploration|space exploration]]. [[w:War_correspondent|War correspondents]] take great risks to get close enough to combat action to provide written accounts, photos, or film footage. [[w:Investigative_journalism|Investigative journalists]] often take significant personal and professional risks to uncover important information. [[w:Self-experimentation_in_medicine|Several medical pioneers]] have volunteered themselves as the first to test new medical procedures. For example, [[w:Jesse_William_Lazear|Jesse William Lazear]] deliberately allowed a mosquito known to be infected with yellow fever to bite him in order to study the disease. [[w:Jane_Goodall|Jane Goodall]] lived in jungle environments for many years to better understand primate behavior. Brave people have taken great risks to share knowledge that threatens the status quo. In 1632 Galileo published his ''Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems'', which implicitly defended heliocentrism. Responding to mounting controversy over theology, astronomy and philosophy, the [[w:Galileo_affair|Roman Inquisition tried Galileo in 1633]] and found him "vehemently suspect of heresy", sentencing him to indefinite imprisonment. Galileo was kept under house arrest until his death in 1642. Charles Darwin proceeded to research, write, and publish his book ''[[w:Reactions_to_On_the_Origin_of_Species|The Origin of the Species]]'' despite criticism and strong opposition to the ideas he presented. Rachel Carson’s book [[w:Silent_Spring|''Silent Spring'']] was met with fierce opposition by chemical companies, but it spurred a reversal in national pesticide policy, led to a nationwide ban on DDT for agricultural uses, and inspired an environmental movement that led to the creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. During the Vietnam War, Walter Cronkite and Earnest Leiser travelled to Vietnam to cover the aftermath of the Tet Offensive. Upon return Cronkite published an [[w:Walter_Cronkite#Vietnam_War|editorial report]] critical of the war saying in part: “We have been too often disappointed by the optimism of the American leaders, both in Vietnam and Washington, to have faith any longer in the silver linings they find in the darkest clouds.” Several weeks later President [[w:Lyndon_B._Johnson|Lyndon Johnson]] announced he would not seek reelection. [[w:Albert_Einstein|Albert Einstein]] had the courage to imagine a very different structure to the universe when he developed, described, and published his [[w:History_of_special_relativity|special theory of relativity]] and his [[w:General_relativity|general theory of relativity]]. While we may never rise to these levels of intellectual courage, we often have the opportunity to ask questions that may be provocative, or explore topics that traditions or ideologies consider to be out of bounds.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baehr |first=Jason |date=2015 |url=http://intellectualvirtues.org/why-should-we-educate-for-intellectual-virtues-2-2 |title=Cultivating Good Minds: A Philosophical & Practical Guide to Educating for Intellectual Virtues }} Page 140</ref> We can decide to face inconvenient truths and probe taboos. Everyday acts of courage may be speaking one’s mind, continuing one’s research, publishing one’s ideas, thinking carefully, and refusing to suppress data and arguments.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 272 of 1329</ref> Courage is not recklessness; sometimes caution is the prudent choice. “Intellectual caution is wise fearing in cognitive matters.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 824 of 1329</ref> “…caution is the disposition to fear the right things, at the right times, for the right reasons, and in the right degree.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 770 of 1329</ref> Intellectual courage is wisely balanced by intellectual caution. We exercise ''intellectual caution'' whenever we are careful in our work. When we are diligent in rechecking our work, consulting additional references, regarding rumors with skepticism, engaging in critical thinking, and asking others to check our work we are exercising the care that caution demands. Cautious investigators are careful to check their preliminary findings to avoid advancing falsehoods. In 2011 an experiment [[w:Faster-than-light_neutrino_anomaly|mistakenly observed neutrinos appearing to travel faster than light]]. Even before the mistake was discovered, the result was considered anomalous because speeds higher than that of light in a vacuum are generally thought to violate special relativity, a cornerstone of the modern understanding of physics for over a century. These cautious scientists announced the results of the experiment in September 2011 with the stated intent of promoting further inquiry and debate. Later the team reported two flaws in their equipment set-up that had caused errors far outside their original confidence interval. Careless researchers can cause significant harm. In 1998 [[w:MMR_vaccine_controversy|a fraudulent research paper]] which claimed autism spectrum disorders are linked to certain vaccines was published in the respected medical journal ''The Lancet''. In 2011, this paper was described as "perhaps, the most damaging medical hoax of the last 100 years" because of the harmful impact this disinformation has had on understanding autism, and by casting unfounded doubts on the safety of vaccines. It is careless to form our beliefs without sufficient evidence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 813 of 1329</ref> Carelessness is compounded when unfounded beliefs are advanced as if they are fact. This is the origin of [[w:Conspiracy_theory|conspiracy theories]], [[w:Pseudoscience|pseudoscience]], [[w:Quackery|quackery]], failed ideologies, and [[w:Cult|cults]]. ====Assignment==== Complete this assignment to better understand the virtues of ''intellectual courage and caution''. #Complete the Wikiversity module on moral [[w:Virtues/Courage|Courage]]. #Recall a time when fear prevented you from pursuing some true belief or acquiring important knowledge. Describe the internal struggle and self-dialogue that allowed your values to prevail over your fears or other difficulties. #Recall a time when insufficient caution allowed you to attain or advance some untrue belief. Describe the internal struggle and self-dialogue that allowed you to subordinate your values in the face of fears or other difficulties. ===Humility=== Humility is admitting your limitations. Humility is the realization that although we are each very special, we are nobody special. At its core, humility is openness to learning based on knowledge of your own ignorance.<ref>[http://westsidetoastmasters.com/resources/thinking_tools/ch03lev1sec3.html Intellectual Humility:] Having Knowledge of Ignorance, Thinking Tools, West Side Toast Masters.</ref> Intellectual humility is deciding that facts are more real and more important than ego. It is the opposite of ego involvement. Because arrogance sustains ignorance, humility is a prerequisite to learning. The book ''The Power of Humility'' identifies these twelve characteristics of humility:<ref>{{cite book |title=The Power of Humility: Choosing Peace over Conflict in Relationships |last1=Whitfield |first1=Charles |last2=Whitfield |first2=Barbara | first3=Russell | last3=Park| first4=Jeneane | last4=Prevett |year=2006 |publisher=HCI |isbn=978-0757303999 |pages=180}} </ref> *'''Openness'''—poised to learn more about ourselves, others, and the world we live in. Receptive to understanding [[Facing Facts|''what is'']]. Willing to change beliefs, opinions, and attitudes as new information is assimilated. Willingness to ask ‘what can I learn here?’ *'''An attitude of “I don’t know”'''—if you wish to see the truth, then hold no opinions for or against anything. [[Practicing Dialogue|Suspend judgment]] while you continue to learn. *'''Curiosity'''—wanting to discover what is not known. Exploring more deeply, wanting to learn more. *'''Innocence'''—we never see what does not exist and we always see what does. We are free of our (non-existent) [http://emotionalcompetency.com/self.htm#Detaching egos]. *'''A childlike nature'''—a combination of enthusiasm, openness, innocence, and curiosity, *'''Spontaneity'''—living authentically in this moment. *'''Spirituality'''—connecting with all that is beyond ourselves, *'''[[Virtues/Tolerance|Tolerance]]'''—respecting the beliefs, customs, and practices of ourselves and others. Asking ‘what can I learn from you?’ *'''Patience'''—tolerant of delay, annoyance, tedium, or other hardship without complaint. *'''Integrity'''—wholeness; integrating virtue throughout our character. Integrating our actions and our character. Living as our authentic selves. *'''Detachment'''—separating from distractions that compromise our own integrity, and *'''Letting go'''—dismissing our [http://emotionalcompetency.com/self.htm#Detaching ego involvement]. Knowing that we [[Virtues/How can you change another person?|cannot fix anyone else]]. Detaching from all that we [[What you can change and what you cannot|cannot change]]. Intellectual humility requires motivations toward true belief which exceed any motivations toward social status. Baehr notes “To the extent that an intellectually humble person can do something to improve or rectify her intellectual limitations, weaknesses, or mistakes, she’ll be inclined to do so; but to the extent that these things are fixed or unavoidable, she’ll simply do her best to come to terms with or accept them. She won’t become preoccupied with or be overly self-conscious about them.”<ref>{{cite book |last=Baehr |first=Jason |date=2015 |title=Cultivating Good Minds: A Philosophical & Practical Guide to Educating for Intellectual Virtues | URL=http://intellectualvirtues.org/why-should-we-educate-for-intellectual-virtues-2-2/ }} Page 81</ref> Roberts and Wood characterize intellectual humility as opposite to a number of vices including:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 827 of 1329</ref> *[[w:Hubris|arrogance]]—foolish pride or dangerous overconfidence *vanity—excessive belief in one's own abilities or attractiveness to others *conceit—excessively favorable opinion of one's own ability, importance, wit, etc. *egoism—selfishness, valuing everything only in reference to one's personal interest *hyper-autonomy—failing to acknowledge your dependence on others and accept their help *[[w:Grandiosity|grandiosity]]—an unrealistic sense of superiority *pretentiousness—an exaggerated or undeserved sense of importance *[[w:Snob|snobbishness]]—assessing human worth based on social status *impertinence (presumption)—irrelevant intrusion or rudeness *haughtiness—arrogant, vain, snobbish *[[w:Self-righteousness|self-righteousness]]—an attitude of moral superiority *[[w:Dominance_(ethology)|domination]]—power based on the ability to do harm *selfish ambition—advancing your interests to the detriment of others *self-complacency—approving your abilities and accomplishments without due criticism. They then focus on the contrast of intellectual humility with the vices of ''[[w:Vanity|vanity]]'' and ''[[w:Hubris|arrogance]]''. It is difficult to identify well-known exemplars of intellectual humility, perhaps because such people are ''actually'' humble. Incidents where Abraham Lincoln acted humbly have been cited,<ref>[https://www.ravenfoundation.org/lincoln-as-a-model-of-humility/ Lincoln As A Model of Humility], Raven Foundation, January 11, 2010 </ref> the humility of Socrates has been debated,<ref>[https://philosophynow.org/issues/53/Socratic_Humility Socratic Humility], Philosophy Now</ref> and the life of Nobel Prize winning Geneticist [[w:Barbara_McClintock|Barbara McClintock]] has been mentioned as an example. The virtue is [[w:Caricature|caricatured]] by the unassuming police detective [[w:Columbo|Columbo]] who wore disheveled clothing and was constantly underestimated by his suspects as he shrewdly gathered the information needed to solve each case. ====Assignment==== '''Part 1:''' #Recall an occasion when your vanity or arrogance prevented you from seeking true beliefs. #What caused your motivations toward ego preservation to exceed your motivations toward true belief in that occasion? '''Part 2:''' #Watch [https://www.ted.com/talks/megan_phelps_roper_i_grew_up_in_the_westboro_baptist_church_here_s_why_i_left Megan Phelps-Roper in this TED talk] describe how she grew up in the [[w:Westboro_Baptist_Church|Westboro Baptist Church]] and explain why she left. #What role did ''intellectual humility'' play in transforming her beliefs? ===Autonomy=== Before each US Air Force flight takes off, one of the pilots is assigned the role of “Aircraft Commander”. When critical decisions need to be made quickly to ensure the safety of the crew and completion of the mission, the Aircraft Commander asks for advice from each crew member and other informative professionals as time permits, relies on her own training and experience, and then makes the decision. The process is inclusive because each crew member has an opportunity to contribute ideas, opinions, and suggestions, however because the final decision is made by the Aircraft Commander, the commander acts autonomously. In a similar way the intellectually autonomous person works as her own “Belief Commander”. She seeks knowledge, ideas, advice, and opinions from many sources, integrates this with her own experience, and then decides for herself what to believe. Intellectual autonomy requires that motivations toward true belief exceed any motivations toward affiliations. ====Rely on your Theory of Knowledge==== [[File:Knowing how you Know.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Each of us uses some ''theory of knowledge'' to assess the cacophony of raw stimulus we are constantly exposed to and decide what it is we believe.]] The intellectually autonomous person relies on her well-developed ''[[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge.3F|theory of knowledge]]'' as her approach to deciding what she believes. Our world is full of various stimuli that contend for our attention and masquerade as the truth. Unfortunately much of the information we are exposed to is unreliable and misleading. The diagram on the right illustrates our need to filter the raw stimuli we are exposed to in the world to arrive at our own beliefs. Our theory of knowledge is the process we use to analyze and integrate raw information sources into our beliefs about what is true, what is false, what we are unsure of, and what we are unaware of. Your theory of knowledge is the set of rules you follow to decide what to believe. Since you have chosen your beliefs, you must have some theory of knowledge in some form, however it is unlikely you have given it much thought, written it down, tested it, refined it, or applied it conscientiously to evaluating your own beliefs. A well-developed theory of knowledge allows intellectually autonomous people to think independently, after integrating information gathered from many diverse sources. Intellectual autonomy is exemplified in the student or researcher who is able to work on her own, where working on her own involves a wise dependence, a willingness and ability to tap the intelligence and knowledge of others as needed; but it also means an intelligent ability to stand one’s own ground against bullying, as well as gentler forms of pressure to conform.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 903 of 1329</ref> ====Interdependence==== Intellectual autonomy also involves knowing when to call on help.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 923 of 1329</ref> Intellectual autonomy is not independence. Instead it is a thoughtful interdependence. It requires establishing good working relationships with trusted colleagues who you can share ideas with and learn from. It requires your genuine consideration of alternative points of view provided by people from other disciplines and with other interests, experiences, and insights. It also requires listening carefully to critics and detractors so you can decide if they have a deeper understanding of the issue or new sources of information that can provide you with new insights. [[w:Nicolaus_Copernicus|Nicolaus Copernicus]] exercised intellectual autonomy as he developed and described a [[w:Heliocentrism|heliocentric]]—sun centered—model for the universe. The publication of Copernicus' model in his book ''De revolutionibus orbium coelestium'' (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) in 1543 was a major event in the history of science, making an important contribution to the Scientific Revolution. At that time, the [[w:Geocentric_model#Ptolemaic_model|Ptolemaic system]], standardized geocentrism and allowed this earth-centered model of the universe to dominate thinking until at least the 17th century. Copernicus needed to fully understand the strengths and weaknesses of this Ptolemaic system and then think independently to imagine, explain, and defend his heliocentric model. He delayed in publishing his views not wishing—as he confessed—to risk the scorn "to which he would expose himself on account of the novelty and incomprehensibility of his theses." Ultimately Copernicus trusted his own analysis and evidence, acted autonomously, and published his model. ====Assignment==== '''Part 1:''' #Complete the Wikiversity course on [[Knowing How You Know]]. #Combine deep understanding with your theory of knowledge to make autonomous decisions on what to believe. '''Part 2:''' #If you notice yourself drifting from firmness toward rigidity, examine any lingering attachments to friends or acquaintances with unfounded opinions and beliefs or a lapse toward the comfort of traditional thinking causing this rigidity. #If you notice yourself drifting from firmness toward flaccidly, examine any lack of understanding that may be causing this vacillation. ===Perseverance=== Several exemplars of perseverance have greatly advanced our knowledge. In 1902 [[w:Marie_Curie|Marie Curie]] refined a ton of pitchblende to obtain one-tenth of a gram of radium chloride. She persevered in her work and in 1910 isolated pure radium metal. She discovered two new chemical elements and was awarded two Nobel prizes for pioneering radiation research. Upon returning to his lab on September 3, 1928 [[w:Alexander_Fleming|Alexander Fleming]] noticed that one bacterial culture was contaminated with a fungus, and that the colonies of staphylococci immediately surrounding the fungus had been destroyed, whereas other staphylococci colonies farther away were normal. He famously remarked "That's funny", persevered in investigating this anomaly further, and went on to [[w:History_of_penicillin|discover penicillin]]. Penicillin became a widely used antibiotic and Fleming was awarded a Nobel Prize for his work. While wondering how a Gecko sticks to the ceiling, [[w:Jeffrey_Karp|Jeffery Karp]] persevered to solve this mystery, study the stickiness of slugs, and develop glue that seals tiny holes in the heart.<ref>Innovation Hub, [http://blogs.wgbh.org/innovation-hub/2017/7/6/what-nature-can-teach-science/ What Nature can Teach Science], July 6, 2017</ref> The virtue of intellectual perseverance is a combination of diligence, care, thoroughness, attentiveness, tenacity, and intellectual sobriety in pursuit of true beliefs. Intellectual persistence requires not only stamina, but attentiveness, a special care in looking and listening. Attentiveness combines three ingredients: being present, listening, and sustained attention to important details.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baehr |first=Jason |date=2015 |url=http://intellectualvirtues.org/why-should-we-educate-for-intellectual-virtues-2-2 |title=Cultivating Good Minds: A Philosophical & Practical Guide to Educating for Intellectual Virtues }} Page 95</ref> We persevere when motivations to solve a particular mystery exceed any motivations toward idleness or distraction. Highlighting a distinction between [[w:Puzzle|''puzzles'']] and ''mysteries'' helps us to better understand the virtue of perseverance. Puzzles have definite answers, however mysteries are more complex.<ref>{{cite book |last=Leslie |first=Ian |date=December 1, 2015 |title=Curious: The Desire to Know and Why Your Future Depends On It |publisher=Basic Books |pages=256 |isbn=978-0465097623 }} @ 154 of 542 </ref> Puzzles ask questions about ''who, what, where'', or ''how many''. Mysteries keep asking ''why'' or ''how'' until all the relevant observations are coherently explained. Each new answer often reveals a deeper mystery and motivates the next question. Intellectual perseverance is a motivation to solve important mysteries. ====Assignment==== #Recall an occasion when you stopped looking or failed to dig deeper and settled for an incomplete or inaccurate understanding of some mystery. #What prevented you from persevering on that occasion? ===Generosity=== Medical researcher [[w:Jonas_Salk|Jonas Salk]] discovered and developed one of the first successful polio vaccines. It is difficult to overstate the benefits of his work. When news of the vaccine's success was made public on April 12, 1955, Salk was hailed as a "miracle worker" and the day almost became a national holiday. Around the world, an immediate rush to vaccinate began, using Salk's vaccine. Jonas Salk was generous. When broadcast journalist Edward Murrow asked him, "Who owns this patent?” Salk replied, "Well, the people I would say. There is no patent. Could you patent the sun?" The vaccine is estimated to be worth $7 billion had it been patented. We are intellectually generous when motivations to share what we have learned—whether material goods, knowledge, time or energy—exceed any selfish motivations. There are a variety of claims authors and artists can make to the [[w:Intellectual_property|intellectual property]] they create. Authors often use a [[w:Copyright|copyright]] to secure the creator of original work exclusive rights for its use and distribution. A relatively recent and generous alternative to copyright is the [[w:Creative_Commons_license|Creative Commons license]]. A Creative Commons (CC) license is one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work. A CC license is used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they have created. This is one example of [[w:Open_collaboration|open collaboration]] where participates share products they create. [[Wikiversity]] is an example of an open collaboration. The [[w:PLOS|Public Library of Science]] is one of many [[w:Open_access|open-access]] publishers. Intellectual generosity moves us toward true beliefs in several ways. Sharing general knowledge widely helps people become factually informed. Sharing research results quickly allows more people to move forward based on these findings so that they, in turn, might build on this knowledge and share their own findings. Generously sharing credit for work done by colleagues encourages teamwork and a collegiate environment for learning, discovery explorations, and researching. ====Assignment==== #Recall an occasion when you failed to give credit to someone who assisted you in gaining a deeper understanding of something. #Recall an occasion when you failed to share some important knowledge with others who could have benefitted from that sharing. #What motivated your lack of generosity in these instances? ===Insightfulness=== [[File:Archimedes bath.jpg|thumb|right|A 16th century woodcut of Archimedes' eureka moment]] Several exemplars illustrate the virtue of insightfulness. [[w:Archimedes|Archimedes]] famously proclaimed “Eureka” when while taking a bath, he noticed that the level of the water in the tub rose as he got in, and realized that this [[w:Archimedes#Archimedes.27_principle|effect could be used to determine the volume]] of the king’s crown he was asked to [[w:Assay|assay]]. In 1666 Isaac Newton was reflecting on the motions of the planets when [[w:Isaac_Newton#Apple_incident|he saw an apple fall from a tree]] and the notion of gravitation came into his mind. He asked himself “Why should that apple always descend perpendicularly to the ground?” and quickly realized the same force that pulled the apple toward the center of the earth also kept the moon in orbit around the earth, and the planets in orbit around the sun. Newton’s insight soon developed into his [[s:Newton's_law_of_universal_gravitation|law of universal gravitation]]. [[w:Insight|Insight]] is the understanding of a specific cause and effect within a specific context. A sudden insight might be described as an [[w:Epiphany_(feeling)|epiphany]], ‘Aha!’ moment, or [[w:Eureka_effect|a eureka moment]]. Insight generally provides a new understanding that provides greater explanatory power. Insightfulness is the motivation to continue exploring, studying, reflecting on, and understanding some topic until a deeper understanding with greater [[w:Explanatory_power|explanatory power]] becomes apparent. Insight into people, problems, and theories requires originality, creativity, inventiveness, and discernment. The skills of a detective to propose coherent explanations of the facts and an [[w:Inductive_reasoning_aptitude|aptitude for inductive reasoning]] are useful. Creative, off-beat, and inventive explanations often turn out to be wrong, however creativity and inventiveness are the adventuresome members of the truth-seeking virtues. “They operate on the borders of knowledge and lead to the discovery of new truths for the human race.”<ref>{{cite book |last=Zagzebski |first=Linda Trinkaus |date=September 13, 1996 |title=Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=384 |isbn=978-0521578264 |author-link=w:Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski }} @ 624 of 1227</ref> Creativity is the adventurer of the intellectual virtues. ====Assignment==== #Recall some occasion when you enjoyed some flash of insight that helped you solve a problem, illuminate a mystery, or provided some new and useful point of view. #What prepared you to attain that insight? Was it working long and hard on the problem, letting go of the problem, engaging in some creative endeavor, or something else that allowed you to see a new solutions to a difficult problem? ===Practical Wisdom=== Aristotle defined the virtue of [[w:Phronesis|''phronesis'']], or practical wisdom as: <blockquote> “a truth-attaining intellectual quality concerned with doing and with the things that are good for human beings.”<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cu31924091301162 Aristotle Nichomachean ethics]. Book six, with essays, notes, and translation</ref> </blockquote> Virtues often come into conflict. The moral virtues of justice and mercy must both be considered when a judge sentences a criminal. Similarly, the intellectual virtues of humility, autonomy, and courage must all be considered when deciding to advance a bold new theory or defend an inconvenient truth. Linda Zagzebski argues that “we ought to consider the virtue of ''phronesis'', or practical wisdom, as a higher-order virtue that governs the entire range of moral and intellectual virtues.”<ref>{{cite book |last=Zagzebski |first=Linda Trinkaus |date=September 13, 1996 |title=Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=384 |isbn=978-0521578264 |author-link=w:Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski }} @ 745 of 1227</ref> She goes on to say: “A ''justified belief'', all things considered, is what a person with phronesis might believe in like circumstances.” <ref>{{cite book |last=Zagzebski |first=Linda Trinkaus |date=September 13, 1996 |title=Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=384 |isbn=978-0521578264 |author-link=w:Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski }} @ 796 of 1227</ref> Roberts and Wood agree when they state “Practical wisdom, too, is involved in every virtue, as constituting the good judgement without which no human virtue could be exemplified in action, emotion, or judgement.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 1074 of 1329</ref> Roberts and Wood continue to describe practical wisdom as the virtue of integrating each of the individual intellectual virtues “Intellectual practical wisdom is in a sense the whole of intellectual virtue—not a specialized part, like courage.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 1091 of 1329</ref> “… we have argued that intellectual practical wisdom is the power of good perception and judgment that an agent needs to exemplify the particular intellectual virtues in the contexts of intellectual practices.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 1142 of 1329</ref> Practical wisdom is the motivation to apply each of the intellectual virtues in a well balanced approach to seeking true beliefs. ====Assignment==== #Consider previously cited examples of discovery, including Microbe hunters, investigative journalists, documentary film makers, explorers, medical pioneers, Rachel Carson, Walter Cronkite, Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, Darwin, Alexander Fleming, Jonas Salk, and Albert Einstein. #Choose one example to consider for this assignment. #How might a concern for humility conflict with autonomy and a resolve toward courage in the example you have chosen to study? How does each pioneer resolve that conflict? ==Skills== The intellectual virtues described in the previous section are applied through a variety of techniques, methods, and practices we call skills. Skills are neutral in their intent. Skills can be exercised to advance some virtue, or to advance some vice. For example, skills such as keen observation or explanatory skills can be used to seek true beliefs, to bolster arguments in defense of a failed ideology, or to defend a despicable criminal. The list of skills that are useful in seeking true beliefs is extensive. Important skills are listed below and only briefly described. The list is incomplete because there are an unlimited number of useful skills. Please develop these skills and apply them carefully as you seek true beliefs.<ref>It will be better when Wikiversity includes excellent courses to help students develop each of these skills. I encourage subsequent editors to develop such courses and link them here. </ref> ===Acquiring Information=== What information can be discovered and collected? *[[w:Exploration|'''Exploration''']]—searching for information sources. This may be as accessible as an Internet search, as effective as a library visit, as personal as a conversation or interview, or as adventuresome as travel to far away and exotic places. *[[w:Observation|'''Observational skills''']] direct and focus attention to acquire information from primary sources. *[[w:Listening|'''Listening''']] helps us to explore, observe, and learn from our environment by paying careful attention to sounds, including human speech. *[[w:Interview|'''Interviewing''']] to gather information from other people. *[[w:Reading_(process)|'''Reading''']] and other forms of [[w:literacy|literacy]] are basic skills for learning from written information. *'''Mechanical skills''' and techniques required to operate tools or equipment such as a microscope, telescope or other equipment such as laboratory equipment, office equipment, computer equipment or other devices required for the tasks you are performing. *[[w:Research|'''Research skills''']]—A wide variety of skills are used to increase our stock of knowledge. Research is used to confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories. A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field. ===Assessing Information=== How accurately does each piece of information represent reality? How is it relevant? What is the context? What is the importance of each clue? *'''Identifying reliable information sources'''—[[w:Source_criticism|information evaluation]], also known as source criticism, is the process of evaluating an information source such as a document, a person, a speech, a fingerprint, a photo, an observation or anything used to obtain knowledge. In relation to a given purpose, a given information source may be more or less valid, reliable or relevant. Broadly, "source criticism" is the interdisciplinary study of how information sources are evaluated for given tasks. The Wikipedia project provides useful guidance in [[w:Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources|identifying reliable sources]]. *[[Evaluating Evidence|'''Evaluating evidence''']]— As we go about our lives we inevitably encounter clues that tell us something about the world we live in. Each of these clues is a piece of evidence that provides some glimpse of reality, however it is up to us to assess the quality of that evidence, to interpret that evidence, and to constantly assemble a lifetime of evidence gathering into a coherent description of our world. *[[Thinking Scientifically|'''Thinking Scientifically''']]— Scientific methods provide powerful techniques for disproving conjectures. Specific skills include: wonder, curiosity, open-mindedness, exploration, [[w:Learning_through_play|learning through play]], observation, discovery, gathering and evaluating evidence, humility, investigation, [[w:Experiment|experimentation]], a [[w:Skepticism|skeptical stance]], applying the [[w:Law_of_noncontradiction|law of non-contradiction]], understanding and valuing consilience, understanding and valuing coherence, [[w:Insight|insight]], learning, understanding and seeking [[w:Causality|causal mechanisms]], valid [[Deductive Logic|deductive reasoning]], understanding [[w:Inductive_reasoning_aptitude|inductive reasoning]], understanding [[w:Falsifiability|falsifiability]], valuing [[w:Transparency_(behavior)|transparency]], [[w:Open_research|open research]], valuing [[w:Reproducibility|reproducibility]], engaging in [[w:Peer_review|peer review]], and understanding and valuing [[w:Occam's_razor|parsimony]]. There are several related skills: **Understanding and applying the [[w:Scientific_method|Scientific method]], **[[w:Scientific_method#Hypothesis_development|Forming hypotheses]], **[[w:Design_of_experiments|Design of experiments]], **[[w:Statistical_hypothesis_testing|Testing hypothesis]], and **Recognizing [[w:Pseudoscience|pseudoscience]]. *[[Knowing How You Know|'''Knowing how you know''']]— Developing and applying your own theory of knowledge. *[[w:Fact_checking|'''Fact checking''']]—checking factual claims to determine their veracity and correctness. *[[w:Fact-finding|'''Fact finding skills''']]—determining what really happened requires the investigative skills of a [[w:Detective|detective]], [[w:Journalist|journalist]], [[w:Archaeology|archeologist]], [[w:Historian|historian]], [[w:Forensic_science|forensic scientist]], or other investigator. *'''[[Practicing Dialogue]]'''—seeking insight while learning together. ===Analyzing Information=== How does each piece of information fit together with all that is known? *[[w:Logic|'''Logic skills''']]—forming, understanding, and analyzing valid arguments requires several skills, including: understanding [[Deductive Logic|deductive logic]], [[Recognizing Fallacies|recognizing fallacies]], identifying [[w:Counterexample|counter examples]], and [[w:Critical_thinking|critical thinking]]. *[[w:Numeracy|'''Numeracy''']]—the ability to reason and apply numerical concepts requires several related skills, including: counting, arithmetic, computation skills, measurement skills, geometry, graphing, probability, and statistics. *[[w:Systems_theory|'''System thinking skills''']] consider the interactions of many interrelated elements to analyze the resulting behavior. *[[Global Perspective|'''Adopting a global perspective''']]—understand the full extent of effects and the many causes of problems, examine interconnections, and design solutions considering a broad perspective. *[[w:Critical_thinking|'''Critical Thinking''']]—objectively analyzing information to form a judgement. ===Synthesizing Information=== How does all that is known fit together into a consistent and coherent paradigm? What are the consistent and coherent interconnections? How can this be understood in the context of all we know? *[[w:Puzzle|'''Puzzle solving skills''']] *[[w:Problem_solving|'''Problem solving skills''']] *[[w:Spatial_visualization_ability|'''Spatial visualization abilities''']]—allow us to imagine and manipulate images in our heads. *[[w:Insight|'''Gaining insight''']]—understanding relevant cause and effect. *[[w:Contemplation|'''Contemplation''']] allows us to reflect on the various information we have and often results in a new understanding of the problem we are addressing. ===Expressing Ideas=== How can others best understand our ideas? *[[w:Communication|'''Communication skills''']]—communicating meaning to others through the use of language or images requires use of several related skills. These include: [[w:language|language]] skills, [[w:listening|listening]], [[w:Composition_(language)|composition]], writing, typing, word processor usage, [[w:Illustration|illustration]], [[w:Presentation|presentation]] skills, [[w:Explanation|explanatory]] skills, [[w:Persuasion|persuasion]], [[w:Rhetoric|rhetoric]], [[Socratic methods]], [[w:Negotiation|negotiation]], [[Practicing Dialogue|dialogue]], and [[w:Interview|interviewing]] skills. *[[w:Trivium|'''Trivium''']] including grammar, logic, and rhetoric are basic skills. *[[w:Teaching_method|'''Teaching skills''']]—assisting learners requires use of several related skills. These include lecturing, demonstrating, collaborating, posing questions, assessing understanding, explaining, and clarifying. ===Assignment=== #Develop the skills you need to seek true beliefs. #Notice as you apply your skills if you are using them toward true beliefs, or for some other purpose. ==Faculties== Humans have many natural abilities—such as eyesight, the acuity of other senses, and memory—that we call ''faculties''. These various faculties are powers that are natural to us as human beings, and although they are not acquired through practice,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 303 of 1329</ref> it is possible to develop them and take steps to prevent them from deteriorating. We are equipped with faculties for knowing things, and we pursue knowledge by various means using these faculties.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} @ 311 of 1329</ref> Various researchers<ref>See, for example Roberts and Wood @ 307 of 1329, Zagzebski @ 55 of 1227, the [[w:Mind#Mental_faculties|Wikipedia article on the Mind]], and the work of [[w:Thomas_Reid_(humanist)|Thomas Reid]]. </ref> have identified several faculties, including: *The [[w:Sense|senses]], including eyesight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell that inform our perceptions. *[[w:Stimulus_modality|Sensory modalities]], including temperature sensitivity, kinesthetic sense ([[w:proprioception|proprioception]]), pain, balance, vibration, and various internal stimuli such as the sense of hunger. *[[w:Memory|Memory]]—the ability to preserve, retain, and subsequently recall knowledge, information, or experience. *[[w:Thought|Thinking]]—allows humans to make sense of the things in the world. *[[w:Imagination|Imagination]]—the creative ability to form images, ideas, and sensations in the mind without any immediate input of the senses *[[w:Consciousness|Consciousness]]—being aware of an external object or something within oneself. *[[w:Introspection|Introspection]]—the ability to know directly that one exists, who one is, and some of one’s own state of mind *[[w:Inductive_reasoning|Inference]]—the ability to logically derive one thought from another *Induction—the ability to generalize from specific cases *Language readiness—the ability to learn and understand languages *Coherence seeking—the disposition to demand consistency and mutual support among one’s beliefs. These faculties form the foundation for developing the various skills identified in the previous section. For example, we rely on the ''faculty'' of sight to develop the ''skills'' of observation and reading. We then rely on various ''intellectual virtues'' to apply our skills toward seeking true beliefs. Some faculties, such as the ability to [[w:Pattern_recognition_(psychology)|recognize patterns]], are often very helpful but can also [[w:Apophenia|cause illusions]] and may not be oriented toward attaining true beliefs. In addition to the ''faculties'' listed here, humans have several ''frailties'', such as [[w:Confirmation_bias|confirmation bias]], prejudice, wishful thinking, selfishness, fear, vanity, and laziness. These are the origins of the various ''vices'' identified in an earlier section. The intellectual virtues are acts of will that engage and amplify our ''faculties'' while overcoming—or at least diminishing—our ''frailties'', in pursuit of true beliefs. ===Assignment=== #Choose one ''faculty'' from the above list to focus on for this assignment. #Identify various ''skills'' that rely on that faculty that you have developed. #Choose one ''frailty'' to study for this assignment. #How do you use your ''intellectual virtue''s to motivate use of your skills to overcome frailty and seek true belief? ==Conclusions== Reality is vast and nearly unlimited. True beliefs correspond to reality. Untrue beliefs are inconsistent with reality, conflict with reality, and are not based in reality. True beliefs are the portion of reality we are able to experience, learn about, and understand. ''Intellectual virtues'', the primary topic of this course, are ''motivations'' toward true beliefs. Because we choose our beliefs we are personally responsible for the beliefs we hold. We are morally responsible for our beliefs and we have a moral obligation to choose true beliefs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://philosophyasawayoflife.medium.com/the-ethics-of-belief-f1d459c572e3|title=The ethics (or lack thereof) of belief|last=Life|first=Philosophy as a Way of|date=2022-08-31|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2022-09-06}}</ref> A ''virtue'' is a deep and lasting acquired excellence that has been ''deliberately'' developed over time. Virtues have intrinsic value, they are motivations toward an identifiable end, and are oriented toward success. [[File:Intellectual Virtues Overcome Vices.jpg|thumb|Intellectual virtues work to overcome various vices as we pursue true beliefs.]] Virtues are willful efforts to overcome naturally occurring frailties we call vices. The intellectual virtues are acts of will that engage and amplify our skills and faculties while overcoming—or at least diminishing—our frailties in pursuit of true beliefs. Assimilate these key lessons into your daily life: *Attaining true beliefs is as much a matter of ''will'' as it is of ''skill''. *Maintain your motivation toward true beliefs as your primary epistemological motive—your way of knowing. *Important knowledge is significant, worthy, and relevant. Seek to understand important knowledge. *Develop and exercise your intellectual virtues of: the love of knowledge, firmness, courage and caution, humility, autonomy, perseverance, generosity, insightfulness, and practical wisdom. *Develop and exercise your skills in service to your intellectual virtues. *[[Facing Facts/Reality is our common ground|Reality is our common ground]]. Seek true beliefs to better understand our common ground. ===Assignment=== Exercise your intellectual virtues as follows: #Seek true beliefs. #Dismiss untrue beliefs. #Dispel unfounded beliefs. #[[Living Wisely/Advance no falsehoods|Advance no falsehoods]]. Be impeccable with your word. As you communicate, represent only true beliefs as being true. #[[Practicing Dialogue|Practice dialogue]]. #Embrace [[Facing Facts/Reality is our common ground|reality as our common ground]]. ==Further Reading== Students who are interested in learning more about the intellectual virtues may wish to read these books: *{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Robert C. |last2=Wood |first2=W. Jay |date=2007 |title=Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0199575701 }} *{{cite book |last=Zagzebski |first=Linda Trinkaus |date=September 13, 1996 |title=Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=384 |isbn=978-0521578264 |author-link=w:Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski }} *{{cite book |last=Baehr |first=Jason |date=2015 |title=Cultivating Good Minds: A Philosophical & Practical Guide to Educating for Intellectual Virtues }} See: http://intellectualvirtues.org/why-should-we-educate-for-intellectual-virtues-2-2/ *{{cite book |last=Leslie |first=Ian |date=December 1, 2015 |title=Curious: The Desire to Know and Why Your Future Depends On It |publisher=Basic Books |pages=256 |isbn=978-0465097623 }} *{{cite book |last=Ariely |first=Dan |author-link=w:Dan_Ariely |date=September 17, 2024 |title=Misbelief: What Makes Rational People Believe Irrational Things |publisher=Harper Perennial |pages=320 |isbn=978-0063280434}} *{{cite book |last=Pinker |first= Steven |author-link=w:Steven_Pinker|date= September 28, 2021 |title=[[w:Rationality_(book)| Rationality: What It Is, Why It Seems Scarce, Why It Matters]]| publisher= Viking |pages=432 |isbn= 978-0525561996 }} *{{cite book |last=Kashdan |first=Todd B. |date=December 7, 2010 |title=Curious?: Discover the Missing Ingredient to a Fulfilling Life |publisher=Harper Perennial |pages=336 |isbn=978-0061661198 }} *{{cite book |last=Chalmers |first=Alan F. |date=September 15, 2013 |title=What Is This Thing Called Science? |publisher=Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. |pages=304 |isbn=978-1624660382 |author-link=w:Alan_Chalmers }} *{{cite book |last=Kuhn |first=Thomas S. |date=April 30, 2012 |title=The Structure of Scientific Revolutions |publisher=University Of Chicago Press |pages=264 |isbn=978-0226458120 |author-link=w:Thomas_Kuhn }} *{{cite book |last=Gimbel |first=Steven |date=April 15, 2011 |title=Exploring the Scientific Method: Cases and Questions |publisher=University Of Chicago Press |pages=424 |isbn= 978-0226294834 }} *{{cite book |last=Dennett |first=Daniel C. |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Intuition Pumps And Other Tools for Thinking |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |pages=512 |isbn=978-0393348781 |author-link=w:Daniel_Dennett }} *{{cite book |last=Kahneman |first=Daniel |date=April 2, 2013 |title=Thinking, Fast and Slow |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |pages=499 |isbn=978-0374533557 |author-link=w:Daniel_Kahneman }} *{{cite book |last=Fisher |first=Alec |date=October 25, 2004 |title=The Logic of Real Arguments |publisher=Cambridge University Press }} *{{cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert A. |date=March 17, 2009 |title=On Being Certain: Believing You Are Right Even When You're Not |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |pages=272 |isbn=978-0312541521}} *[https://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/630/things-i-mean-to-know Things I Mean to Know], This American Life podcast, October 27 * {{cite book |last=Caulfield |first=Michael A. |title= Web Literacy for Student Fact-Checkers |publisher=BCcampus OpenEd |pages=127 }} See: https://open.bccampus.ca/find-open-textbooks/?uuid=ccbb4e77-b20f-4dec-8a9f-67ccc9bc774b&contributor=&keyword=&subject= *{{cite book |last=Andersen |first=Kurt |date=September 5, 2017 |title=Fantasyland: How America Went Haywire: A 500-Year History |publisher=Random House |pages=480 |isbn=978-1400067213 |author-link=w:Kurt_Andersen }} *{{cite book |last=Gray |first=Dave |author-link= |date=September 14, 2016 |title=Liminal Thinking: Create the Change You Want by Changing the Way You Think |publisher=Two Waves Books |pages=184 |isbn=978-1933820460}} I have not yet read the following books, but they seem interesting and relevant. They are listed here to invite further research. *''Epistemic Responsibility'', by Loraine Code *''Epistemic Virtue and Doxastic Responsibility'', by James Montmarquet *''The Concept of the Mind'', by Gilbert Ryle *''Rational Belief: Structure, Grounds, and Intellectual Virtue'', by Robert Audi *''Intellectual Character: What It Is, Why It Matters, and How Get It'', by Ron Ritchhart *''Mastermind: How to Think Like Sherlock Holmes'', by Maria Konnikova *''Believing is Seeing: Observations on the Mysteries of Photography'', by Errol Morris *''The Master and His Emissary'', by Iain McGilchrist *''Quackery: A Brief History of the Worst Ways to Cure Everything'', by Lydia Kang and Nate Pedersen *''Overload: Finding the Truth in Today's Deluge of News'', by Bob Schieffer *''The Truth-Seeker’s Handbook: A Science-Based Guide'', by Gleb Tsipursky *''The Constitution of Knowledge: A Defense of Truth'', by Jonathan Rauch ==References== Note that many references are to electronic versions of the books cited. The traditional concept of page numbers is not relevant to an electric book. Therefore, this course uses the convention of @ nnn of mmm to denote the citation is located at information position nnn when viewing the electronic book at a font size that results in a total of mmm information locations. <references/> [[Category:Life skills]] [[Category:Applied Wisdom]] [[Category:Philosophy]] [[Category:Clear Thinking]] [[Category:Courses]] {{CourseCat}} {{Clear Thinking}} fadv1vihdn0tbybi0qeoti85cjxjaop 0 232469 2690055 2689822 2024-12-03T05:01:42Z Young1lim 21186 /* ARM Assembly Programming (II) */ 2690055 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Background''' == '''Combinational and Sequential Circuits''' * [[Media:DD2.B.4..Adder.20131007.pdf |Adder]] * [[Media:DD3.A.1.LatchFF.20160308.pdf |Latches and Flipflops]] '''FSM''' * [[Media:DD3.A.3.FSM.20131030.pdf |FSM]] * [[Media:CArch.2.A.Bubble.20131021.pdf |FSM Example]] '''Tiny CPU Example''' * [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.A.ISA.20160511.pdf |Instruction Set]] * [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.B.DPath.20160502.pdf |Data Path]] * [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.C.CPath.20160427.pdf |Control Path]] * [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.D.Implement.20160513.pdf |FPGA Implementation]] </br> == '''Microprocessor Architecture''' == * ARM Architecture : - Programmer's Model ([[Media:ARM.1Arch.1A.Model.20180321.pdf |pdf]]) : - Pipelined Architecture ([[Media:ARM.1Arch.2A.Pipeline.20180419.pdf |pdf]]) * ARM Organization * ARM Cortex-M Processor Architecture * ARM Processor Cores </br> == '''Instruction Set Architecture''' == * ARM Instruction Set : - Overview ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.1A.Overview.20190611.pdf |pdf]]) : - Addressing Modes ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.2A.AddrMode.20191108.pdf |pdf]]) : - Multiple Transfer ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.3A.MTransfer.20190903.pdf |pdf]]) : - Assembler Format :: - Data Processing ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4A.Proc.Format.20200204.pdf |pdf]]) :: - Data Transfer ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4B.Trans.Format.20200205.pdf |pdf]]) :: - Coprocessor ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4C.CoProc.Format.20191214.pdf |pdf]]) :: - Summary ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4D.Summary.Format.20200205.pdf |pdf]]) : - Binary Encoding ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.5A.Encoding.201901105.pdf |pdf]]) * Thumb Instruction Set </br> == '''Assembly Programming''' == === ARM Assembly Programming (I) === * 1. Overview ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.1A.Overview.20200101.pdf |pdf]]) * 2. Example Programs ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.2A.Program.20200108.pdf |pdf]]) * 3. Addressing Modes ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.3A.Address.20200127.pdf |pdf]]) * 4. Data Transfer ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.4A.DTransfer.20230726.pdf |pdf]]) * 5. Data Processing ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.5A.DProcess.20200208.pdf |pdf]]) * 6. Control ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.6A.Control.20200215.pdf |pdf]]) * 7. Arrays ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.7A.Array.20200311.pdf |pdf]]) * 8. Data Structures ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.8A.DataStruct.20200718.pdf |pdf]]) * 9. Finite State Machines ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.9A.FSM.20200417.pdf |pdf]]) * 10. Functions ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.10A.Function.20210115.pdf |pdf]]) * 11. Parameter Passing ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.11A.Parameter.20210106.pdf |pdf]]) * 12. Stack Frames ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.12A.StackFrame.20210611.pdf |pdf]]) :: :: === ARM Assembly Programming (II) === :: * 1. Branch and Return Methods ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.Branch.20241202.pdf |pdf]]) * 2. PC Relative Addressing ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.PCRelative.20241123.pdf |pdf]]) * 3. Thumb instruction Set ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.Thumb.20241123.pdf |pdf]]) * 4. Exceptions ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.Exception.20220722.pdf |pdf]]) * 5. Exception Programming ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.ExceptionProg.20220311.pdf |pdf]]) * 6. Exception Handlers ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.ExceptionHandler.20220131.pdf |pdf]]) * 7. Interrupt Programming ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.InterruptProg.20211030.pdf |pdf]]) * 8. Interrupt Handlers ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.InterruptHandler.20211030.pdf |pdf]]) * 9. Vectored Interrupt Programming ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.VectorInt.20230610.pdf |pdf]]) * 10. Tail Chaining ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.TailChain.20230816.pdf |pdf]]) </br> * ARM Assembly Exercises ([[Media:ESys.3.A.ARM-ASM-Exercise.20160608.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:ESys.3.B.Assembly.20160716.pdf |B.pdf]]) :: === ARM Assembly Programming (III) === * 1. Fixed point arithmetic (integer division) * 2. Floating point arithmetic * 3. Matrix multiply === ARM Linking === * arm link ([[Media:arm_link.20211208.pdf |pdf]]) </br> === ARM Microcontroller Programming === * 1. Input / Output * 2. Serial / Parallel Port Interfacing * 3. Analog I/O Interfacing * 4. Communication </br> == '''Memory Architecture''' == </br> === '''Memory Hierarchy''' === </br> === '''System and Peripheral Buses''' === </br> === '''Architectural Support''' === * High Level Languages * System Development * Operating Systems </br> == '''Peripheral Architecture''' == </br> === '''Vectored Interrupt Controller ''' === </br> === '''Timers ''' === * Timer / Counter ([[Media:ARM.4ASM.Timer.20220801.pdf |pdf]]) * Real Time Clock * Watchdog Timer </br> === '''Serial Bus''' === * '''UART''' : Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter ([[Media:ARM.4ASM.UART.20220924.pdf |pdf]]) * '''I2C''' : Inter-Integrated Circuit * '''SPI''' : Serial Peripheral Interface * '''USB''' : Universal Serial Bus Device Controller </br> === '''I/Os ''' === * General Purpose Input/Output ports (GPIO) * Pulse Width Modulator * Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) * Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) </br> <!-- == '''Interrupts and Exceptions ''' == --> </br> == '''Synchrnoization'''== </br> === H/W and S/W Synchronization === * busy wait synchronization * handshake interface </br> === Interrupt Synchronization === * interrupt synchronization * reentrant programming * buffered IO * periodic interrupt * periodic polling </br> ==''' Interfacing '''== </br> === Time Interfacing === * input capture * output compare </br> === Serial Interfacing === * Programming UART * Programming SPI * Programming I2C * Programming USB </br> === Analog Interfacing === * OP Amp * Filters * ADC * DAC </br> == '''Old materials''' == === '''Instruction Set Architecture''' === * ARM Instruction Set :: - Overview ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.1A.Overview.20180528.pdf |pdf]]) :: - Binary Encoding ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.2A.Encoding.20180528.pdf |pdf]]) :: - Assembler Format ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.3A.Format.20180528.pdf |pdf]]) * Thumb Instruction Set * ARM Assembly Language ([[Media:ESys3.1A.Assembly.20160608.pdf |pdf]]) * ARM Machine Language ([[Media:ESys3.2A.Machine.20160615.pdf |pdf]]) </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] k4h7pp92ozl51kstnk2az9js343lw3o 2 240847 2689965 2688807 2024-12-02T14:32:07Z Jason M. C., Han 2696291 opening new channel for our beautiful piano classroom - New Time of Openness 2689965 wikitext text/x-wiki '''No Orders, Beautiful flowers were blooming from Childhood! Let us pick up your most beautiful moments...''' [[File:Salzburg Cathedral (Inside) - Mozart Baptized place 1. - Mozart-Complexes World under Water (Modernist View).jpg|thumb|Piano Kids, on that day, modern colours, lights and technologies made Mozart's birthplace (Washing) -Salzburg Cathedral like a world (palace) under the biggest water - Blue Sea]] [[File:Beautiful landscapes surrounding Mozart's birthplace - Heavenly Spring flowing from Alps Moutain.jpg|thumb|Heavenly Ice-spring from Alps Mountain]] [[File:Mozart from Green Nature 1.jpg|thumb|Mozart comes from Green Mountain and Nature]] [[File:Beautiful Sunset View of Oceanic City from top building during COVID-19 period.jpeg|thumb|Beautiful Sunset View of Oceanic City during COVID-19 period]] [[File:Panorama of Hi-tech Industrial Park in Dalian from Top Rock of Xiaoping Island.jpg|thumb|Panorama of Earlier Spring Mountain-City from 'Top Rock' of Xiaoping Island]] [[File:Small items in Commons Life of 2019 Spring 2.jpg|thumb|Flaming Katy and piano-peers as Micro-landscape in classroom ]] [[File:An Oil Painting watched since born.jpeg|thumb|Oil Painting: Forest Cabin in front of Fuji(or Helan) Mountain 'hanging on the wall']] Oh, dear piano pupils, we have seen so many beautiful landscapes, across the times and spaces. Now, firstly, getting into East- your nature and self-meditation, let us try to take the Pentatonic Scales Exercises for relaxing you 'busy heart' and focusing your attention back to piano... *[[Portal:Pentatonic Impressionism (China Wu Sheng) in the view of Neo-classical Piano Techniques-training]] *[[Portal:Fresh Air of Piano after COVID-19 and beginning up a Recovering New Time of Openness from 2024]] '''Afterwards, we can take further great life-tasks in piano...''' ===='''Firstly, passing by a Skyline of Citylife Night-Skyline'''==== [[File:Flowing City (Lin Hai), Player and Teacher JMC,Han (Jason).ogg|thumb| Flowing City from 'Forest Sea', JMC,Han [[File:Dalian Urban Night Skyline from Xiao Ping Island Mountain-top No.2.jpg|thumb|Dalian Urban Night Skyline from Xiao Ping Island Mountain-top No.2]] ]] ===='''New Era is coming...:(New Teaching List)'''==== [[File:Skiing Statue made during my rollers-skating.jpg|thumb|Skiing Statue shows Spirit (like piano)]] [[File:The new situation of bubbles-fish statue.jpg|thumb|Ice & Snow Bubbles-fish are welcoming]] [[File:Mmexport1614470203508.jpg|thumb|Picture of piano lessons still under Covid-19 situation]] Etude in the Advanced level - Sir Chopin's famous Black-keys (Flatten G Major) Etude: [[File:Chopin Black-keys Flat G Etude (Exercise), player JMC, Han.ogg|thumb| Black-keys: An Etude your teacher has no chance in childhood, but still hurries up to be better]] [[File:Chopin Impromptus Op.29, JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|Chopin Impromptus Op.29, JMC, Han - Deep Fast Waltz-thinking in Quiet Gentleman's Self-Expression (Improvising)]] [[File:Sogdian whirl with large pipa.jpg|thumb| (Public Domain Work: See original page: https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sogdian_whirl_with_large_pipa.jpg#mw-jump-to-license): Could you find some musicality similarly with Chopin's Black-keys' Pentatonic?]] True Fairland - a piano melody of The Nutcracker (Dance of Sugar Plum Fairy): the advanture from childhood realizes your piano dream-"Fingering Ballet" [[File:The Nutcracker (Dance of Sugar Plum Fairy), Piano performer JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|The piano performance of <Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy> in 'The Nutcracker' (Ballet Re-edited Piano Melody)]] Czerny 299 etudes were designed for the smart&strong fingering&modelling of hands and a pair of Vienna school's ears for the harmony...such as No.23... [[File:Czerny 299 No. 23 JMC,Han.ogg|thumb|Czerny 299 No. 23, player JMC,Han]] A peacefully praying Sinfonia of Sir Bach is freshly added in the "New exam book's list' during this COVID-19 period, to which you can have a relaxing hear and try (Don't worry, listening, it's enough time, you knew, 'Andatino'-Peacefully walking, and to sing by hands, in a small Baroque place : [[File:Sinfonia No.11 - 3Ps Invention, Bach, JMC,Han.ogg|thumb|Sinfonia No.11 Andatino- 3Ps Invention, Bach, Teacher JMC,Han (COVID-19 Protection Time)]] Encouragement in Italy Smart Fashion, but needs the very carefully fingering-techniques training (Long time, advanced), feet-edges' staccato, sentence-Pizzicato, flowing streams...Italian artist techniques always attract our eyeballs... Let us attempt to... make out your own Italy style! Cheer up! [[File:Domenico Scarlatti G Major Sonata, JMC,Han.ogg|thumb| Domenico Scarlatti G Major Sonata (In COVID-19 Pandemic Period), JMC,Han.ogg]] '''A good teaching video result played by Yixuan, Wang:''' http://m.kugou.com/mv/?hash=f00b36624f27b091b79e3f30e158aa03&sruserid=640650901 Baroque staccato techniques were always in a reasonable, confident, relaxing(wrists), fluent and vivid - 'Enough manners' of the Era, which needs us apply very careful fingering trainings. In a view of the whole structure, according to ears' musical suitable habits(psychological), I gave 1st section a twice repetitions, and then a throughout 2nd section to the Code. Hopefully, French Suite would make us brave, confident and relaxed. (but it also need years' accumulation of hand working to let those out and better) Have a try? Good luck! [[File:BWV.816 Gigue-French Suites No.5 Bach, Player JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|BWV.816 Gigue-French Suites No.5 Bach, Player JMC, Han]] (By turning to Wikimedia Commons, you will find two versions under its 'historical tree', currently. They are showing different stages we can reach. The first version was kept because it's relatively slower and more stable that in the basic stage we can make notes heard staccato and clear. After feeling suitable in this stage, we need to improve its tempo and get Gigue Dances' happy, vivid,,dialoguing with moods, jumping and wrists' breathing naturally. It needs time to train your hands frequently, untill relaxing but accurately. Main Difficulties: Stiffen wrists, Cramp and Tiredness... Now, it's the time of yourself...) Hi! We, piano kids: Imaging a scene, let us hands-dances with the good manners and a earnest mind in a beautiful Baroque palace. It's easy and natural... [[File:Primary Bach No. 16 March, Player JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|'Primary Bach No. 16 March' -A peaceful Bach-melody for all 'Piano Kids'...]] Sir Debussy's Arabesque Suites (The second suite) is also in the list. The musicality in my world is: It's the legend of Butterfly in birds' chorus... it took us to a Life-mountain behind our living garden facing a quiet sea... Watching, in some time of one section, you can also hear Monet's 'Quiet Morning' upon the sea... Alongside Butterfly's dance-suite, imagination is beginning. Oh, listening... (Main meaning referenced from my main page) What about it in your world and imagination? '''Sound teaching demonstration:''' [[File:Claude Debussy - 2nd Arabic Suite (Arabesque) - Spring Butterfly, Performer JMC, Han.wav|thumb|2nd Arabic Suite- Spring Butterfly (Impressionism Singing -Main Natural Lines&Breathes from Sir Debussy)]] '''Good video teaching result from a 12 years' old little girl piano-pupil Mo Zhou:''' http://m.kugou.com/mv/?hash=b50e133a360fa8d30cdcd9fca4163e73&sruserid=640650901 (Photographer: Ms. Yang, Gao) Listening! boys and girls, Dvorak's Humor-jumping and Homesick-expressing: A true Czech-homeland heart, but Dancing... somewhere in American Countryside [[File:Flatten G Humoresque Dvorak, Player JMC,Han.ogg|thumb|Flatten G Humoresque, A. Dvorak, Player JMC,Han]] [[File:One Town-view from Cesky Krumlov Castle.jpeg|thumb| Krumlov Castle-town's view]] ====Xinran, Yu - a lovely Chinese little piano girl's 'Ink-Mountain & Green Rivers' view of <The Cowherd's Flute> ==== '''Comment:''' "Before taking the national examination and the exhibition competition, we together listened and learned to the net-editions of young master Lang Lang and Yujia Wang...(regarding with this famous little melody of Chinese tradition) I think in this melody, she tried out her best for the techniques-training and the musicality in her age... from a little performer's view. Therefore,I gave the comment-Excellent. Close your eyes, thinking of a little lovely girl happily playing among ink-mountains and the green rivers, with a water buffalo, some birds followed, and her smart flute... let us relax in the Chinese Ink-Landscape and listen to this little melody...(referenced partly from the writing in Wikimedia Commons page) [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 02:28, 27 May 2021 (UTC) ==== Zichen Tao - A little Chinese snowgirl's hardworking of D Major Sonatina==== '''Comment:''' D Major Sonatina is still piano Children's favorites to perform and show... taken to the national grade examination, daily performed with each other, and also to city's piano Competition &Exhibition. That's an educational case lasting for many years in Dalian. This edition is played by a lovely and white Chinese girl - Zichen, Tao. She and her mother took the very responsibility to check the wrong notes, improve the learning progress, and make the performing manners and designs for the stage-show... Therefore, in my view as her piano teacher, this edition is already great in her age...(though hand-running details need to improve for her age). Hopefully, her family can enjoy this piano experience, companying with this melody in her childhood. (Partly referenced from her Wikimedia Commons' page) [[File:D major Sonatina , Piano student Zichen Tao.ogg|thumb| D major Sonatina (Kuhlau's) played by piano pupil Zichen Tao]] ==== Meng's Performance and Comments after learning in the reality from Jason M. C.,Han in Children's Corner: ==== [[File:Children's corner of Meng.ogg|thumb| Meng Meng (nick name)'s edition of Doctorial in Children's Corner: Currently, the Fourth Version was her most beautiful one self-made in classroom before Piano Grade Test Exanimation. Regarding with all editions' comments and reasons, please reference to the original file in Wikimedia Commons]] [[File:MM Good classroom F major 1838 Grande valse brillante.ogg|thumb|MM Good classroom F major 1838 Grande valse brillante]] '''[[Portal: Part of Comments - 'for students' Examination Performance, Piano tutor's teaching self-reflexivity and possible some requirements of Pedalling Sound-effects with Artist Fashion of Post-impressionism' | Part of Comments - 'for students' Examination Performance, Piano tutor's teaching self-reflexivity and possible some requirements of Pedalling Sound-effects with Artist Fashion of Post-impressionism']]''' [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 04:15, 12 October 2018 (UTC) ==== Kim Hui's 'Doctoral Training','Under the sunshine' in Children's Corner: ==== '''Comments for Kim Hui's first draft:''' 1. She did the second theme (associated) well 'much deeper like vocally singing out a better life in New Era under the sunshine, on a piece of small area in a rainforest'... 2. Her Korean dance (Wikipedia introduction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_dance) has been done well, in which I can hear traditional drum-points in bass-part and crossing hand to tremble part. 3. I can hear Time-travelling and space-shaking to the past through a 'Dark-cave', from..., minutes 1.30-1.40... But, I think: if 'dramatically' and 'significantly' in dynamics (loudness), it would be better to show... 4. I can hear Forest's Evensong in Coda part - 'dim.' to the silence of night and a 'rit.' slowing down to the sleeping dream, and even several night-birds' dreaming voices...But, please make a much gentler taste (not so hurry up and not so strong) of those pictures. Meanwhile, I hope you can get a better & coherent control of the rhythm among different sections. 5. I knew, regarding with 'peak-parts', she had made many attempts 'drumming beats rights and keeping those connections clear'. However, still, in minutes 1.04 and 1.59, I felt it's a little bit 'rough', and needed to be handled in of the solidification... Oh, maybe, I am so severe... sorry, I should give you the encouragement. Main comment: 'Under the sunshine' is suitable to Kim Hui's fashion and can be kept in her performance list. Her first draft and its preparation has given me an enjoyable teaching experience and many beautiful memories of life. It's fluent and vivid, expressive and dedicated. Thanks, Kim Hui! More colours and lights would be added from technique details, from her independent fingering and some traditional piano manners, meanwhile, the rhythm should be balanced well in the future. There are many developing zones of 'this painting' she can better and draw out for her future.[[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 21:22, 17 October 2018 (UTC) ===== Kim Hui's second 'Show-Time' in classroom - Poem of Music (Piano Etude) ===== '''Teacher's Demonstration:''' [[File:Poem of music.ogg|thumb|Poem of music JMC, Han]] '''Student's Second Performance - Poem of Music: ''' [[File:Poem of Music (Piano Etude) - Student Kim Hui.ogg|thumb|Poem of Music (Piano Etude) - Student Kim Hui]] '''Comments for Kim Hui's first draft:''' 1. She has mainly got the technique-points, but a little bit of rough in some details, such as the minutes 0.30-0.31 - 'Tail-closing part' of a sentence - in the progression of 'Diminished Seventh Chord-Arpeggio'... However, as her first draft and the random collection from a normal classroom, I thought it's well-done. we can wish its further 'Developing Zone', in the view of piano education. 2. In 'Coda Part' of Poem of Music (Piano Etude), she was able to show a great controllability of the 'Legato' between two hands, as the pieces of falling leaves slowly flying-upon the surface of water. Sometimes, it was evenly better than mine. I hoped she could manage it in a better way. 3. She showed some thoughts of musicality... However, 'Techniques-points' still wasted much of her energy. I think the total Dynamics in physics will be improved soon. (waiting more) [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 14:53, 23 May 2019 (UTC) ===== Kim Hui can reach the advanced level of piano performance in this 'Little Children's Corner' ===== Though It's still Covid-19 Health-protection Time, after Home-self-Training Time, some classroom face-mask covering & health-good-protection lessons and an examination of China Culture&Tourism Ministry, She can play this 'Doctoral Etude' which is dreamed many piano pupils, with impressionism style. As her teacher, I didn't think It's a simple Etude which was expressed in many scenes, but with the big universe imagination and impression. Therefore, we have trained it as Meng's approach and further developed it. Indeed, I think she performed far greater than this edition, right in that online national examination. She got it, Congratulation! Let us listen to her ... [[File:Debussy-Children's Corner-Doctorial Etude, Piano pupil Jinghui Jin (Kim).ogg|thumb|Debussy-Children's Corner-Doctorial Etude, Piano pupil Jinghui Jin (Kim)]] ==== 'Colourful Clouds Running After Moon' impressed into the Heart of Xinyi, Hua (Hua family's Heart-sweet girl from 'Painting Imagery')==== '''Comments for the first draft of Xinyi, Hua:''' 1. I like her treatment of the prelude part in 'Colourful Clouds Running After Moon'. It's light and soft like silky clouds up-bridging alongside moonlight towards a round moon above the dark-blue sea. However, please try to link each silky pentatonic-arpeggio weave as a smooth whole from the bottom to the top, and from the left hand to the right hand. If so, her progress will be enlarged; 2. I can hear the situation 'Colourful Clouds Running After Moon' appeared in many linking parts before and later. She was attempting to give an acceleration imitating this procedure from a slower speed to a fast one, and between two hands' echo-following from a loose density to a tight one... However, if obviously, it will be better; 3. Like 0.58 to 1.03 minutes, I can hear that in some parts, she would like to make a returning sound-boomerang (Wikipedia introduction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang) up-rising 'to the moon' and down-landing upon the sea-surface. If a small time of middle reaction was canceled out by her proficiency, we will appreciate the musical beauty in a much more advanced situation; 4. In 1.22 to 1.30 minutes, I know she would like to make a silky veil, with the colourful clouds as material, upon moon's beautiful face by her right hand. It's a little bit of pity that the controlling ability of relative loudness made she carried this willing but harder to realize. Meanwhile, this veil needed to be smooth. Oh, sorry, I am so critical... indeed, she did not bad; 5. There is a hard hurt in 1.36 minute - it's still a repetition of bass-chord though she has already attempted her best to grasp the bass large chord through left hand's opening degrees (Little girl, I knew you had tried your best. Though the momentum was great, I still need to point it out.); 6. 2.12 - 2.40 minutes is the part - 'Bright Moon up-rising above the harvest sea'. This is a grand scene which needs great forces from students' forearms and a fast reactions for some flexible connections to arpeggio-parts... Congratulations, little girl, she have got it, though it's a little bit slower. She have given out a great momentum; 7. In the Moon-tail part, she has expressed her great musicality to make moon disappear in the dawn of sea; 8. Many ornamentations she has done well, though still some need to be gently breezing in the impressionism of Chinese landscape painting. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 12:22, 24 October 2018 (UTC) ===== 'Pure White Dove' in Young Teenager Xinyi's Eyes ===== [[File:Dove in the eyes of Young Teenager girl Xinyi, Hua.ogg|thumb|'Pure White Dove' ('La Paloma' - 'No More' in English) in the eyes of Young Teenager girl Xinyi, Hua]] '''Congratulation to your beautifully singing of the 'Melodic lines' behind the right hand's octaves-grasping!''' '''Comments:''' 1. Four biggest designs appeared: around B50 (Minutes 1.36), B55 (Minutes 1.48), B58 (Minutes 1.54) and B62 (Minutes 2.01) - four Peak-currents, we'd like to throw (rit.) the 'missing notes' into the air and rotate them a little bit more slowly - like to send, wait and feel Dove's messages across the ocean in a self-holding & self-releasing intoxication. She tried her best to make them out, but not quite clearly and still need much time to grow up... 2. I liked her coda part (from B65 Minutes 2.08 to the end): She was so sure about two hands' March-doubling, as a confirmation of future and belief; or to say, she transformed her 'missing' in the melody to be a true hope of tomorrow, or someday... Evenly, I thought it's better than mine... 3. For more than half years, we have worked hard to help her link all octave-grasping pearls out of melodic lines in singing breaths. She almost got it successfully, through small breaks... 4. Some 'Spanish Dotted notes' and 'Triples-wandering', with the rhythm of Spanish Dance Habanera-Andante (Wikipedia introduction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contradanza) can be fulfilled, but some not really... I am happy she recognized them and paid more attentions to... It's waiting time that she could perform much better. 5. Yes, I had to say: still some small faults there... The good usage of pedalling almost hide some, but... also a little bit rough... Oh, I didn't want to be a so severe teacher. Rather than, much more good wishes of her growth should be given. Okay, hopefully, she enjoyed it. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 12:57, 4 April 2019 (UTC) '''Teacher's Demonstration for standards above and Further Progress (Advanced Level):''' [[File:Dove With Spanish Sense in Piano JMC.Han.ogg|thumb|Dove With Spanish Sense in Piano JMC.Han (It was once used by the photography gallery of music friend User:PigeonIP - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:PigeonIP/Tauben/2019_April_1-10 and the main page La Paloma in wikipedia )]] '''More information and reading - articles (list) about 'Dove', please watch:''' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paloma ==== Malagueña Dream from a little Chinese girl - Yinuo's heart (A promise ... to piano) in a small beach-side classroom ==== [[File:Student edition - Malagueña Suite (modified for piano) played by Yinuo, Liu.ogg|thumb|Student edition - Malagueña Suite (modified for piano) played by Yinuo, Liu]] '''Comments for the first draft of Yinuo, Liu:''' 1. We can hear the impression of Flamenco rhythmic pattern (Compás) (Wikipedia introduction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco) diffusing from some simple rhythm-components of a parts in a total ABA structure of Malagueña Suite. This is what I - the tutor and the little girl -learner would like to express through three more different accompaniment bass-forms, including pizzicatos, small slurring breathes and some opposite weights..., which imitated some of Classical Guitar's handling ways. Thanks to the little girl Yinuo, you have realized most of our designs! Congratulations! 2. I really like her beautiful Cante jondo - associated 'vocal' lines by right hand which was balanced & flying above the flamenco accompaniment of the left hand when the second thematic melody began. It's a deep, profound and emotions-rich singing, almost from a beautiful Spanish girl's natural expression for the missing, the reasoning of life & Universe when facing a 'deep and far' sea. Though if the dynamics would be dramatically and the singing would be much deeper, the emotional atmosphere would be better: I thought to only a girl of her 11 years' old age, she has already attempted her best to understand those across cultures; 3. I like the middle B's fantastical view of holiday beach under the sunshine, which was almost formed by white waves from blue sea. It's relaxable, dreamful and graceful, like a girl poet's walk alongside a small sand bay... (Yinuo, you knew, if you can make the 'rit. - A Tempo' much more nature like the real tides of sea and the speed tiny faster, the progress zone will be enlarged); 4. I know in two middle long 'vocal' ornaments, she would like to show us ' the blackbirds or the nightingales of its gardens...' However, if making it much more smoothly, expressively, and flexibly, even a little bit down-slowed, her Spanish 'tasteful' fashion will be more beautiful; 5. Repeated A part is better to be different in small details which can show the ability of hands and the variation of music. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 13:35, 24 October 2018 (UTC) ==== Für Elise in piano boy Zhe's eyes ==== '''Teacher's demonstration in classroom for better:'''[[File:For Elise (Für Elise) Beethoven JMC Han.ogg|thumb|For Elise (Für Elise) Beethoven JMC Han]] '''Student's performance in classroom:''' [[File:Für Elise -Student Performance Zhe,Zhang.ogg|thumb|Für Elise in piano boy Zhe's eyes]] ==== D major Sonatina (Kuhlau) - Piano-pupil girl Mengshuang's 'Strong Willpower and Persistence' ==== '''Teacher's demonstration in classroom for better:''' [[File:D major sonatina 2nd movement Kuhlau (played by Jason).ogg|thumb|D major sonatina 2nd movement Kuhlau - Teacher JMC. Han]] '''Student's performance in classroom:''' [[File:D major Sonatina (Kuhlau) - the version from piano-student Meng Shuang, Wang.ogg|thumb|D major Sonatina (Kuhlau) - the version from piano-student Meng Shuang, Wang. This classroom version has been selected by https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Rsteen/Artists_from_Denmark/2019_August_1-10]] '''Comments and Statements:''' 1. Totally to say, the main melody fast-run by the right hand has kept its fluency, transparency and clearance. It's very hard in piano training for herself, owe to that her hands-shape was a little bit of 'frozen'. Thanks for your hard-working in the training. Congratulation! 2. Her musicality in this melody has also been motivated out - unrestrained and natural in the expression. 3. Left hand's accompaniment was in good triplet-treatment, but please light and dedicate a little bit... It's to say: the controllability still needs to improve. 4. Some heads of sentences and smaller phrases need to be match together between two hands in a better way - some parts, because of small ornamentations and dotted notes, weren't quite well... 5. I am very happy that you (in your 12th year of life) were willing to play out the middle 'rit. - A Tempo' in a comparison ('rit.' was slowing down the waiting, then, 'A Tempo' for the Peak expression in return). However, it was still a little bit rough (before its right time). You can try to modify it in a better view. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 03:08, 2 August 2019 (UTC) ==== How to play Mozart's Classics? ==== ===== Work from Mozart's earlier time - Turkish March ===== '''Teacher's Demonstration in classroom:''' '''Video:''' [[File:Turkey March Video-Mozart-Jason Han.webm|thumb|Turkish March (Video) for Mozart's; JMC, Han]] '''Sound:''' [[File:Turkey March for Mozart and Memory JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|Turkish March (Sound) for Mozart's and Memory (many times used in peer Tokfo/Vienna Gallery - such as https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tokfo/Vienna/2019_January_26-28 ); JMC, Han]] ==== Sure, Ma's boy-view of Mozart's 'Turkish March' ==== [[File:Sure, Ma's Version of 'Turkish March' in piano classroom for piano education.ogg|thumb|'Turkish March' - an old mysterious Turkey story in piano student (Jason's piano pupil) boy Sure, Ma's classroom edition. Thanks, this good teaching & Learning result was selected by Tokfo/Vienna Gallery: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tokfo/Vienna/2019_April_25-27 ]] '''Further Comments for his first draft:''' 1. It's very difficult for a young boy to manage Turkish March's speed in a smooth way... He tried his best to keep it stable and unified, and almost did achieve it. (Turkish March is easily to make people play faster and faster until crazily broken. He tried to solve it by giving a slower beginning ) But, it's a little bit of too serious,afraid to touch wrong. Indeed, I heard his another time, in which he totally open himself and relax from nature... We could give him more hopes. 2. His melodic flow of scale-phrases (legato) are quite fluent and natural, which shows his scale-playing and fingering were quite great. But, a small break occurred around 1.14 to 1.17 minutes could be caused by the stiff right wrist (too tried) and no-good fingering design. He should frequently move second and third fingers in a much smarter way. To a young boy in his age, it should already be 'okay'. 3. When the theme occurred in the second time, it's better to give a dynamics-difference in contrast. My mother-Ms Song said: it's like an old story (sound) heard from a far distance to near somewhere - mysteriously. However, he gave a very tight connection, as if it was linked with the previous section. 4. He tried his best to take the Worldwide difficult challenge - 'Broken-chordal Arpeggiated-octaves' (Around 2.00 to 2.14 minutes). I gave him a 'LIKE' that he had taken this challenge which even many pianists or teachers made some 'faults' as their heart pities - You can hear the edition of Romuald Greiss' in Wikipedia and several my previous times... However, this boy achieved it after many trainings time after time... Though later half one, compared with the beginning, might be in lower distinguishing degree, he didn't make any 'breaks', which comforted my teaching way so much. Thanks, boy Sure! 5. The final problem would occur in 'Alberti Bass' (left hand) of Coda part. Coming to it, you will feel easy to give up, which required more endeavors to control your hands in narrow and elaborate dealing way. He did it good, but lost in the counting of number (B111), and further, the connection with the final 'Square-opening Dance' (a small break). other things, such as the strength, are fine in his age. 6. In addition, I am planning to add a 'Turkish Stop' by a final pedaling. I didn't know whether he could, someday. Overall, I gave him an Excellent Comment. Hopefully, he will play better after better in his growth. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 14:13, 8 March 2019 (UTC) '''Further Comments for his second draft:''' 1. As his teacher, I am very happy to hear several great designs we have made in classrooms can be achieved in the second draft, according to the background knowledge of 'Turkey March' I taught, such as the final 'Turkey Stop' (not really in modern piano, but a little bit similar) and the Bass-points-layer (simulating the military drum) beneath the long fast running scale-phrases of right hand (middle section)... Cool boy, thanks that you can remember your teacher's words! Congratulation! 2. Yes, right after the chance of Music library Report-performance in local we have made and getting back, you improved the edition's speed and fluency. You can evenly save 15 seconds, contrasted with before, which showed that your fingering & running ability of hands had been greatly improved. However, the disadvantage is that it's easier to make some small motives uneven and rough (touching wrong notes) without purpose, which needs more your careful attention and exactness about details. 3. I knew you tried your best to face the peak challenge Mozart made to all people - making broken-progression of octaves message (middle part) and hearing out its hidden melodic lines. Great! However, it's still a little bit beyond your ability that its distinction with chords-effect weren't so clear. No matter, Sure boy, more exercises, it will be better. In all, progressing soon which shows the potential, thanks to your performances1 There is still the developing zone waiting for you. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 15:08, 25 April 2019 (UTC) ==== Clever Girl Jia Xin's Clever view of Sir Bach's 3-parts Invention ==== '''Teacher's Demonstration for Future Development:''' [[File:3 Parts Invention 8th- from Sir Bach.ogg|thumb|3 Parts Invention 8th- from Sir Bach's BWV 794 – Sinfonia No. 8 in F major ]] ''' Jia Xin's Performance:''' [[File:3-parts Invention No. 8 (F major) in piano-girl Jia Xin's view.ogg|thumb|3-parts Invention No. 8 (F major) in piano-girl Jia Xin's view]] '''Comments of her first draft:''' 1. Totally, 3 parts are ranged in Bach's harmony, to a girl in her age - 12 years old. It's not easier to make so clear layers out. I was satisfied with this point, after heard every time; 2. I can hear piano techniques for polyphonic & counterpoint music like Bach's, such as cannon, intimation between two hands, up-climbing shoulder by shoulder, dialogues, long-notes down-pressed for different parts' SHE (sentence-head-enhancement), long-notes kept for parts' division and maintaining, fingering grouping in one hand for 2 parts, parts' continuously melting into one for the summarization, and..., Baroque ornamentation... mentioned for long. For those trainings, and further, the internalization into her own mind-analysis, we had searched information & knowledge through Wikipedia, two more manuscripts, books and other webs online, further, spent classroom time to reason, analyse, train and fix note by note for long time... In this case, I gave her hard-working a 'Like' again; 3. There would also be some problems regarding with recording pressure and her memory...: some big ones - left hand's relatively weak ability in managing two parts, small mistakes (like B18's f note played as sharp f - around 1.13 minute, B21's final g isn't raised there - around 1.23-1.24 minutes, and others...), small ornaments in a little bit of rough view and a much more graceful manner in Coda part. (sorry, to such a 12 years old girl, my suggestions could be so severe. But when listening, they are directly in my ears...) 4. She did really pay her attention to Dynamics, but please better - lighter, smarter and more obviously... 5. The speed of later part is better than the slower earlier part. Overall, I also gave her an excellent comment for her performance (Live) in classroom. For further development, she can listen to my edition and the one in 'Inventions and Sinfonias (Bach)' - Wikipedia article (I thought it's great, but I didn't like too many speed-variations in Bach's works. It's better more reasonable: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventions_and_Sinfonias_(Bach) ) [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 07:33, 9 March 2019 (UTC) ==== Yixuan's piano-view and traveling landscapes ==== '''First view (only 9 years old) of Sir Bach's 2-parts Inventions''' [[File:Bach 2-parts Invention, played by Yixuan Wang (Only 9 years old).ogg|thumb|Bach 2-parts Invention, played by Yixuan Wang (Only 9 years old)]] '''Comments from teacher:''' 1. Musical parts and space-dimensions were much clearer than before, which reflected the little girl Yixuan's hard-working continuously after her piano examination... 2. I can hear the heads of musical sentences which were highlighted by each hand when required. I can also hear cannon-following, doubling and countermelody which were clearly shown into her performance. It's quite necessary for students in this age - 9 years old. In certain degree, she is already a good and careful student in piano. 3. Still, the controllability and the stability of hands, especially the turn of her 3rd, 4th and 5th fingers, need to be improved, which caused some small faults, such as 0.49-0.50 minutes (Bar 22) - a recovered B in right 3rd finger, 0.54-0.55 minutes (Bar 25) - 3rd, 4th & 5th fingers of left hand, and a small disharmonic note - flatten B in the right hand - 0.32 (Bar 14)... 4. It's great that I can hear Baroque staccatos were in their graceful manners - like imperfect pearls required by its era. She almost did it... 5. Totally saying: it must be a very hard-job for a student in 9 years old to play Bach's 2-parts Invention. She bravely took up this life-task and successfully completed - this point should be affirmed. Congratulation! You can do more further... [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 02:28, 6 September 2019 (UTC) '''MARIAGE D'AMOUR (Dreaming Wedding Ceremony) and its Educational Story:''' It's only no more than 2 weeks she did get the main techniques, after taking a Covid-19 Protection piano lesson and further test(Face-mask covering and breathe-prevention…).Then, she went back home and made a hard self-working exercise. Afterwards, around 10 days, this edition can come out. Why was she so keen on making it? She told me... One of her family's friends would like a piece of background music for his wedding ceremony, and they knew she was a good piano pupil.They invited her to take this task. She online self found out her long dreaming piece, and felt very happy for them. She thought only hard-working at home can realize this dream in this 'Hard Recovery Time'. She has beautifully taken this life-task for a very short time, and finally I could find a beautiful smile on her face... Though there were still some small faults in teacher's view, such as the biggest 1.02-1.03... ('''Problems:''' Mentioned one is because of the distance of the Tenth-grasping is out of her hand-shape and ability in this age - rolling but touching a wrong note; In addition, the breathing of each sentence's tail somehow is with a longer responded break... Further, the Pedaling for the coherence from natural breathing need to improve; The final departing dropping notes were too noisy... which needs to be quiet,rit. and peaceful...), her hands' ability (especially the big chords-grasping, whole-viewing, locating, and sight-reading) was improved by her own endeavors (Maybe... subjects-divided examination-taking online through self-video-recording,in this special time, motivated her self-management...). This point made me feel happy... Hopefully, the friend of her family enjoyed their wedding ceremony with this own and LIVE background music, luckily as in a fantastic, peaceful and forever-lasting life-dream of happiness. In future, Hoping: Yixuan, you can play this fantastic wedding song of piano (fluently and heart-touchingly) for more families and share their friendship, love and happiness... Little girl pupil, thank you!^_^ [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 01:55, 24 September 2020 (UTC) [[File:CCzerny 299 Etude No. 27, Piano student Yixuan Wang, Tutor Jason Han.oggzerny 299 Etude No. 27, Piano student Yixuan Wang, Tutor Jason Han.ogg|thumb| Czerny 299 Etude No. 27, Piano student Yixuan Wang, Tutor Jason Han.ogg]] I have taught two children this Etude-a girl and also a boy (with outcomes). They played all well in very different musicalities. One is like a fast gym meeting 299's standards. The other-hers is with a good sound effect -light and peaceful after her grade examination. Both I all like. Regarding with how to train this sound effect with pedal, Please see my etudes'platform: https://en.m.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal:Piano_Etudes_as_Poems '''G major Sonata L.349 - Yixuan Wang's New Attempt of Italian Baroque Style of A. Scarlatti''' A. Scarlatti's Sonatas are quite hard for young students and young teenagers to train and perform.However, Yixuan is fine, I thought. It needs a very fast & light fingering of Scale & Arpeggios and different STACCATOing keyboard-touching way, meanwhile, the exaggerating fluency of simple patterns... I thought she somehow had touched at her own little age. Just, more from nature, more details-care and the flexibility of hands&body could make things better. At her age, it's already fine.Thanks to the recent striving in this still hard time of COVID-19 Recovery. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 02:31, 20 August 2021 (UTC) [[File:G major Sonata L.349, Piano Pupil Yixuan, Wang.ogg|thumb|A, Scarlatti L.349 Sonata, Piano-pupil Yixuan, Wang]] It's very hard to train Scarlatti's Italian Style of technique skills... However, Yixuan, Wang has never given up... during this COVID-19 Time...-Protecting herself with masks, meanwhile, playing times after times... Finally, we can get some senses of fast, airily,lightly and breezily... Yes, there may also be some problems, like- it's very easy to be stressful and breathless on the stage...But to her age, do you think it's already good... Therefore, I recorded it in a video and published it on a musical platform -Kugou, and a educational platform - Youku, as to remember her growth: http://m.kugou.com/mv/?hash=f00b36624f27b091b79e3f30e158aa03&sruserid=640650901 ====Piano Pupil Mo Zhou's Smart Growth and Hard-working learning of Techniques ==== The video of Mo Zhou's most beautiful performance of Debussy's work- 2re Arabesque (I call it 'Butterfly's Dream') : Kugou musical platform - http://m.kugou.com/mv/?hash=547cb2c1e2f57a9e8ec66e8ecf36c269&sruserid=640650901 Youku educational part - http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNTgxNzA2Njk2MA==.html?x&sharefrom=android&sharekey=9631de9a76de1af3d601221019590cd26 (Published on the musical platform of Kugou and the educational part of Youku; the classroom volunteering photographer is Ms. Yang Gao) '''Piano Pupil Mo, Zhou's Violin simulation of Cremer's Etude's Art''' Catching the hands' positions (somehow borrowed from voilin's) is almost the hardest point to train.One focuses on left hand's Notes-Slipping; the other regards with the interval Position-switching (2 notes) check of right hand frequently. Though this little girl has a pair of smart&slim hands, she attempted her best. You can hear the most part's effect LIVE in classroom... In this point, I gave a 'LIKE'. [[File:Cramer Etude, Performed by Piano Pupil Mo, Zou.ogg|thumb|Cramer Etude, Performed by Piano Pupil Mo, Zhou]] '''A, Scarlatti L.349 Sonata - A Italian Style Taste of Baroque Music''' ''Comments:'' Mo,Zhou's hands are very smart, regarding with which some very tiny actions she can take, though they aren't quite big. Yes, she has been always willing to enlarge her hands. This point, but somehow, associate her to take this Italian Baroque Style (Rocca) quite easy. Yes, I thought she was fine regarding with much more details.(though it's LIVE that very few unexpected faults could be caused by the stress of the recording). I thought: to her performance, my teaching is working well. She did many requirements... Let us listen to her.[[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 03:25, 20 August 2021 (UTC) [[File:G major Sonata L.349, Piano pupil Mo, Zhou.ogg|thumb|File:G major Sonata L.349, Piano pupil Mo, Zhou.ogg]] ==== Brilliant Snow-ball boy (Yu) of Zhang family is praying for his father working in New Zealand ==== [[File:Pupil Yu,Zhang's edition - e minor sonata of Sir Haydn.ogg|thumb|E minor sonata of Sir Haydn was played by Piano student Yu, Zhang in classroom]] '''(Waiting better)''' Could you understand how hard Sir Haydn's & Mozart's mature sonata-structuralism and Classical Countermelody (from String Quartet: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart) were for the training of such a young boy or some students around this aget? Oh, looking back, I, myself, also did feel hard... However, this boy and another older piano sister did really insist on doing so. Today, they can give their own editions - very different with own personalities and natures. Another point I would like to say: It's only one week's time that this boy was fighting for 'a good hearing' of his father. Afterwards, a modified recording edition soon got out, which showed his proficiency and quality...Good boy! To be honest, reviewing the past year, in order to train Sir Haydn's melody, we researched many ways together, including mathematics... Sometimes, evenly felt hopeless... Playing from childhood, Haydn's style is quite simple to me - models, switching, sonata structure..., but to students, they didn't quite like the sense of thinking being structured... And at the very beginning, I even didn't understand why they felt difficult... Recognizing something, We began to make many games, and evenly counting out some scores for the achievement of his 'fried chicken legs'... Here, from rhythm to notation, and from melodic interaction to parts-division, I felt it's much clearer, more fluent and stable, than before... His ability of coordination has also been improved, though still some problems. I dared and felt confidential to say: it's a great edition of himself. Hopefully, he can progress further. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 16:08, 4 April 2019 (UTC) Now, he made it much more fluent and accurate, and also played out his own fashion, though some details still need to be modified. Honestly to say, I thought somehow he got his progress in this period which we can hear...[[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 03:28, 2 August 2019 (UTC) '''Comments''' It's the second time of piano boy Yu Zhang's teaching result show. In this time, he chose the melody <Under the Sunshine> - a Chinese fork teaching melody as one subject of national examination and also a performance of one piano competition in Dalian. In my view as his teacher, he gave a very different view of this melody, compared with girls'. He paid more attentions to the whole view of melody's energy, strength, fluency and the joyfulness in Under the Sunshine, but didn't too much care about the details of some parts. However, on the stage, it showed a very great expression as from boy's situation... Good luck and happy experiment. After some practices, in the classroom we together recorded it and submit it up... (Referenced Partly from his page in Wikimedia Commons) ==== How to play Chinese Folk tune - 'Kids' Dance' with Chinese kids' fashion? Listen to little girl Kunlu's performance ==== '''Teacher's Demonstration in classroom:''' [[File:Kid's Dance Chinese Folk Piano Player Jason M. C.,Han.ogg|thumb|Kid's Dance - 'Kid's Dance', from a folk piano-tune in China National Grading Book, was personally performed here, as a gift for all piano-kids' 'Happy 2019 Lucky Pig Year']] '''Student Kunlu's Performance in classroom:''' [[File:Kid's Dance (Chinese) - Student Kunlu, Han.ogg|thumb|Student Kunlu, Han's (Han family's girl born as bright as dewdrop in Kun - Saturn of Wuxing) good performance of Kid's Dance (Chinese)]] '''Teacher's Comments:''' Totally to say: Though She can play better editions (many better ones, last winter), in this sound file, she showed the coherence, fluency, flexibility and stability ( as Chinese fork-tune required). Hearing such a smart Chinese girl playing such a fugue-cannoning song, you will feel: it's a right song designing for a right girl... I think that's one meaning of piano-performance. Though spending much time, We did also research special 'Chinese supplemental positions & Dialogues' in polyphony together, which gave us many beautiful memories... Further more, in this age, her staccatos, slurs and Tenuto have been performed quite well, which helped her to keep a unified speed to the end. Taking back a step, there must still be some small faults in classroom (without purposes) that I have to point out: such as B18's #C blowing to D a little bit, the attention didn't get back in B41 head A which made a small break, and a small mistake of 'Recovered C' rather than #C... In order to dream of its accuracy and pentatonic harmony, it's a hard-working that we have already come over many problems and mistakes... Therefore, I think she fulfilled herself and achieved many things from 'Kid's Dance'. Hopefully, she enjoys the procedure of music-carving. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 15:07, 4 April 2019 (UTC) ===== Kunlu's Crystal Heart on International Children's Day - Kleine Kinder Kleine Sorgen (Little Child) ===== '''Teacher's Comments:''' 1. The degrees of proficiency, fluency (and internal speed) have been improved, right on International Children's Day. 2. I preferred her treble part very much - so cool, pure, clean and refreshing, which reflected her crystal heart in childhood. 3. The grasping of big chords - stronger, that's great - but needs to be more accurately and deep (The word 'deep' wasn't always 'loud' and 'heavy'). Please try to understand this point. Yes, it needs to show the hardness of growth (to young teenager), but also the achievement 'to be stronger and more confident of yourself...' [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 03:32, 28 June 2019 (UTC) [[File:Internationl Children&#039;s Day Gifts - 2. Kleine Kinder Kleine Sorgen (Little Child, Piano-modification of Germany Song).ogg|thumb| Kleine Kinder Kleine Sorgen (Little Child, Piano-modification of Germany Song), played by Kunlu, Han]] ==== Teacher's Shares of his own home-works from childhood (Open) - Jason, Han==== ====='''M. Moszkowsky Etude (Op.72 No.5) - "C major's Fluency, Clarification, Sunshine and Love'''===== New Beginning with...: M. Moszkowsky Etude (Op.72 No.5) played by Jixun Han (Jason) for piano teaching. It's long time that my piano classroom on the cloud in wikiversity hasn't update its situation. After so many things, now I can partly return to English writing world. The first Etude I would like to upload is still MM Edute which gave me so fluent and clean mind in my childhood. Oh, 38 years old, and after a wedding ceremony with my real lover, my fingers would not be so great as around 15s'... However, I would like to update its situation and new editions untill great someday. Now, let's began with this new melody. It's taught to my good Chinese boy pupil named Guoguo (fruit zeyu, Cui) when I grasped up and recorded. Yes, this little boy will also play well. Let's listen to my version, firstly. Thanks Jason M. C., Han (talk) 13:26, 20 November 2024 (UTC) More information, please see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Moritz_Moszkowski Homework Requirements (challenges): 1. B23-B24(B stands for Musical Bar): By right hand, heads of every 4-notes group make a down-going semi-notes scale, which needs a very careful&exact arpegio-fingering with a whole—palm holded and also thumb-measuring ability. Meanwhile, the left hand is making a whole-tenth measure, but arranged upon every two chords' link. The semi-notes scale is also its fixed channel accordingly. This point is very different to follow and be made accurately and perfectly, which needs long-time training. 2. B49-50 It's almost a two-hands doubling for playing arpeggio-phrase.But not really! You can watch the second phrase- fingering! Your left hand need a smallish shape. Meanwhile, the little finger's head of last phrase need to jump out a minor third distance down. It's very hard to control and also not a doubling. (Hard for playing, but good for sounding, if out. Therefore, dears, have a try like mine...) Yours little uncle Han [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 14:15, 25 November 2024 (UTC) [[File:M. Moszkowsky Etude (Op.72 No.5) played by Jixun Han (Jason) for piano teaching.wav|thumb|M. Moszkowsky Etude (Op.72 No.5) played by Jixun Han (Jason) for piano teaching]] ===== '''Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata''' ===== Indeed, Beethoven left a historical challenge (difficulty) but the continuously creative inspiration to understand the techniques & musicality of all his movements, equally to all people. We can attempt different approaches and own personal life-experiences to understand them, and discuss out some possible results. [[File:Moonlight Sonata - 3rd Movement of Sharp c minor Sonata Beethoven.ogg|thumb|Moonlight Sonata - 3rd Movement of Sharp c minor Sonata after a library presentation of Beethoven (Further, thanks to the April-collections of Tokfo Gallery (Vienna: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tokfo/Vienna/2019_April_28-30) and Sir James Gallery (Bonn:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Sir_James/Bonn/2019_April_29) - great encouragements!)]] '''3rd Movement- 'Moonlights Storming' - Techniques Analysis from Notation-reading ('Presto agitato' of Breitkopf & Hartel Company and Berlin Arts Collage also compared with Old New York Edition - as the remembrance of one monitor):''' '''Musicality:''' In a grandly general view, it's like...in a crazily running (very fast) race, viewed from the window, moonlights have been dismembered upon deep Lake Lucerne (many fragmental sections composed together). [[File:Vienna Beethoven Monument (with angels and children surrounding).jpg|thumb| Beethoven's Monument in Vienna]] [[File:Beside Beethoven's Musicality.jpg|thumb| A third-person's Watching of Beethoven's Musicality]] For its musicality cultivation, I could give a similar sense of its situation, like in Picasso's works- such as Picasso's Guernica (Ceridwen's Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license) For achieving it, a little bit of dark-moods anger and sadness faced from the unfairness and out of control could be inputted, after all technique points were trained in the dexterity. Therefore, from emotion to say, I thought the video right after getting back from UK and the lost one in Newcastle central station were better than this time. [[File:3rd movement of Sonata &#039;Moonlight&#039; Rocking Video JMC, Han (Jason).webm|thumb|3rd movement of moonlight sonata; Rocking Video JMC, Han (Jason)]] However, I satisfied with it, right like in life and after the presentation. From this point, we can see: Beethoven, as a piano master, has super-reached too much before the time - even abstractionism and postmodernism (deconstructionism). '''2nd Movement - 'a little Fantasy Moonflower blooming between two rocky layers' - Techniques Analysis from Notation-reading (Allegretto of Breitkopf & Hartel Company and Berlin Arts Collage):''' 1. Parts-distinguishing way can be applied to pick up the main melodic points from its background and legato them into lines. '''( Notice: Here, from the historical observation, a thing needs to be clarified: Baroque-regression (back-reasoning) was usually made by classical composers (in Vienna school: Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven etc.), especially in their later years of life for calming down the dramatical emotions, and keeping Life's Reasonability. Meanwhile, from Haydn, they discussed and created classical counterpoints from symphony and string quartet together, to modify creative inspirations. Beethoven also inherited it. Therefore, when we play some in piano, we need to analyse and apply some special techniques, commonly used in classical polyphony, to pick up the main from the background, sentence by sentence, as an era-responding.)[[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 03:38, 15 May 2019 (UTC)''' 2. Octaves-bridging and chords-connections for big hands, into their hidden melodies, are the most difficulties, which need your frequent exercises, sentence by sentence. (Painful but worthful! Finally, flexible and skillful... ) 3. Long keeping-notes, in certain parts, are important for the continuity of the tune and the texture, without broken. 4. It's better in light and tender keyboard-touching way to make melodic lines clear and 'the little flower' smile lightly. 5. 'Rondo' (ABA) formation can be applied to understand its repetitions, responding and structure. [[File:Moonlight Sonata (Sharp c minor Sonata) 2nd Movement Beethoven JMC,Han.ogg|thumb|Moonlight Sonata - a little fantasy flower between two rocky layers]][[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 14:51, 14 May 2019 (UTC) ===== Blue Danube is always flowing from heart and life, with the vitality as spring: ===== Children and young teenagers, let us swim in this life-long river, to see some beautiful landscapes! [[File:Blue Denube in my heart.jpg|thumb|Blue Denube in my heart]] [[File:Blue Danube (Exercise and variations-collections in piano) JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|Blue Danube (Exercise and variations-collections in piano) JMC, Han]] ===== Pachelbel's Canon is always the canon (polyphonic technique) since Baroque Era, but in '''Modern Piano's Pop Variations''' ===== [[File:Pachelbel&#039;s Canon in Pop Variations (Geoge Winston Notation) Player Jason, Han.ogg|thumb| Pachelbel's Canon in Pop Variations (George Winston Notation) Player Jason, Han]] '''Story of teaching & learning (from Wikimedia Commons):''' Regarding with this piano melody, there is a long story in my heart... Oh, did you hear Mag-pie's singing (I like 'pie' in the tail of this word) in the first draft? Yes, it was attracted and landing on the tree outside my balcony... You can clearly hear it at the beginning and in the tail in my first draft... Almost, it would like to share my memory... Long long ago, my old brother on my mother's side used to be one hero of my life and fashion... On each holiday, he was always able to find great music pieces, MTVs, transcripts , and scientific fictions, from foreign countries, such as American and Japan (Summer)... and brought & shared with me... Then, I attempted my best to exercise them into the reality, which included this song - Canon Variations from pianist George Winston... Those memories have never faded out, but in my deep sea. To now, evenly did I think Canon was from US and a POP song... After seeking the exact information in Wikipedia, I found it's Pachelbel's Canon in D and Baroque Era and German, rather than C and Modern and Pop in American... and with a 'Gigue for Violins and Basso Continuo', it's not only for piano in many parts than our 3 parts in original piano edition. However either, I still like it very much and would like call it American POP in my music world... Then after, a male colleague in my working college said to me: Jason, on my wedding ceremony, I would like to play it for a girl... Could you give me a simple one? Then, searching online, I found a simple (middle level) notation and an original (advanced level) notation, I downloaded both, and chose the simple one for him Three months, he was able to play it from 0 level (he wasn't able to read the notation)... I thought piano would have give him a good memory of wedding... Following, I found a girl felt bored about her piano examination... Then, by choosing the simple transcript and inserting into her lessons... it made my tutoring classrooms really beautiful, relaxable, magical and peaceful... Now, I have time to play the original edition out... One long dream of my heart is going to be fullfilled... Though my hands in several points didn't make my perfectionism satisfied contrasted with before, especially the tenth-cross design between the left hand and the right hand, I knew it's my life, and fate?... I prefered to update its situations for bettering continuously... if having time... Compared with the firstly draft, I thought the second was much down-calmed and peaceful...Somehow, I preferred the first draft, but a little bit of 'fast'... I cannot make the decision...then, kept two. However either, I still felt very happy the little natural friend - mag-pie can join... For this reason, I kept it. Hopefully, you will enjoy... [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 04:50, 16 September 2019 (UTC) ===== KV.265 12 Variations on Ah vous dirai-je, Maman - 'Twinkle Twinkle Little Star' ===== Analysis (Waiting) [[File:KV.265 12 Variations on Ah vous dirai-je, Maman Mozart JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|KV.265 12 Variations on Ah vous dirai-je, Maman Mozart JMC, Han]] [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 08:43, 7 October 2019 (UTC) =====''' 'The beautiful views of Scotti-highlands' from Thompson's Book (Advanced Level) - Teaching and demonstration '''===== [[File:The beautiful views of Scotti-highlands (Teaching demonstration - video; Jason, Han).webm|thumb| After the performance in local Crossing-year 2019-2020 Library Concert and many further exercises, a good edition in classroom got out - Piano kids, always, you knew: No pains, No gains]] For its musicality and academic thoughts, please visit Wikiverty's Portal of Piano education(The Section: The beautiful views of Scotti-highlands' in a Far-land Home (Academic thoughts, musicality, literature-writing and case-realization)): *[[Portal:Green Sleeves (Impressionist Visualization)]] *[[Portal: Sir J.S.BACH and His contributions to Piano Kids' Reasonable Life]] [[File:C minor Prelude Bach (BWV847), Performer JMC, Han.wav|thumb|C minor Prelude Bach (BWV847)]] ==== 'Swan's Dream Upon the lake' - Little Girl 'Wenxin's' (Brilliant & Sweet literatures in arts ) Performance==== '''Teacher's Demonstration:''' [[File:The Dying Swan - black angel JMC Han.ogg|thumb| Musicality from watching 'The Dying Swan - the black angel', performed by JMC Han]] '''Wenxin's Performance:''' 1. Techniques-recovery: The Arpeggio-training of left hand in the accompaniment was the biggest challenge to not only a piano-child at her age - no more than 12 (In Chinese culture, Kid's first year was in mother's womb. Thereby, I asked her - how old are you, and she gave the number '13'...), to me and evenly some expertise pianists. (Camille Saint-Saëns's 'The Swan' on wikipedia or other social editions). The arpeggio-accompaniment is travelling in rich variations of tunes, which caused left hand much harder to expand, shrink and positions-change. Therefore, it spent us more than half a year to train and recover her hand's dexterity from a small failure of her piano life in the Grade Test, just like 'Princess Swan's' experience. Now, totally to say, she got an excellent situation in which children at her age can perform. Thanks to your hard-working! 2. Musicality-cultivation: Usually, she showed a very great musicality in the first page - to the minute (Approximately 1.05) - tender, expending, lyrical and expressive... However, it's really a hardness to keep it throughout the second section - a shading & wandering heart-road in the growth. The attention has to be paid too much on the exactness of left hand's arpeggio-travelling. With a pity, still, some notes were beaten wrongly. But oppositely again, we can see: Princess Swan, in her period of Darkness growth - facing Satan, turning into a dark angel and only appearing in night... She really faced a hardness and the difficulty of life, right as beating wrong notes, getting out some noises and travelling a little bit slowly and roughly in a channel. In this view, perhaps that the difficulties can be transformed- in the musical needs and with a small fashion. Congratulation, more exercises, haha! 3. Together, we gave two great designs: one is the 'Big Brightness' began from the minute (Approximately 2.03) when the main theme happens again; and the other is 'Swan's Departure like Sound of Fall-Leaves rotating upon Lake's Surface' (from minute 2.49 to the end)... She almost achieved some - the mood calmed down very much and stably progressed to further with a confidence. However, a little bit of disfluency made the impression fade, somehow. Meanwhile, a 'rit. to a tempo' turned inversely - what a pity. Totally to say, musicality, at her age, was preciously showing in this time's performance. The hard-working of recovery and exercises, during many classes, touched my heart very much. (I knew that...) More trainings of Arpeggio-running (dominate sevenths) and its fluency can help her achieve more in the future. Wenxin, thanks to you for letting us appreciate this world-famous melody in piano. [[File:Growth of Swan in eyes of the little girl - Wenxi, Zhang.ogg|thumb|Growth of Swan in the eyes of the little girl - Wenxi, Zhang]] [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 16:06, 5 May 2019 (UTC) ==== Listen to Mother's Old Story! - A beautiful and quiet little girl's Good Wish ==== '''Teacher's Demonstration:''' [[File:Mother&#039;s Old story - China Impression.ogg|thumb| Listen to Mother's Old story - China Impression (JMC, Han - teacher's domenstration)]] '''Student's Performance:''' [[File:Listen to Mother&#039;s Old Story - Piano Pupil Yiwen, Cui.ogg|thumb| Listen to Mother's Old Story- Piano Pupil Yiwen, Cui]] '''Teacher's Comments:''' Yiwen, Cui (Direct translation of her Chinese name - A beautiful girl who is good at the translation of art and literature, from Cui family), at the age of 10, is a quite and beautiful girl. She got a good life effect from this Chinese piano-kid's song - 'Listen to Mother's Old Story': making her family and parents happy, getting some confidences through this piano song from the examination, showing her fashion in my library concert held for piano kids... After those more above, frequent exercises, and getting her permission, I can submit this classroom-recording edition. Though in the tail I found a note lost... and some parts of her left hand might run much more fluently... , I think her emotional background of this music reached to a good level, and those polyphonic parts can be clearly heard two layers, their cannoning, and so on... Congratulation! '''(Words from the description in Wikimedia Commons page)''' [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 01:04, 8 August 2019 (UTC) ==== Moonlight upon Lotus Pool (Summer) - Letters-Accompaniment Improvising Chinese Pop-song with both Classical Tradition and Pentatonic Scale ==== '''Teacher's Comment:''' 1. I am very excited that you (only 10-years-old) understood Letter-To-Accompaniment Improvising sheet and its approach in a very fast way. 2. It's great you can use both Pentatonic Arpeggios and Tenth-Rolling-Bass-dropping in your accompaniment (You can make Tenth-rolling Bass in a more fluent view, I thought) 3. We can feel the musical scene from your musicality - In a beautiful summer night, Walking along a lotus pool, you and your family members were enjoying the moonlight and a breeze of cool wind... 4. In future, hopefully, you can improve your 'new learns' to a higher level. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 01:04, 8 August 2019 (UTC) ''' Xuan, Lee's Second Attempt - Pearl of the Orient''' ==== 'Mother in the candlelight' - A little girl (Siqi)'s heart-words for her mother's birthday - in the growth and in the dreams... ==== '''Heart-story:''' Regarding with this piano-song, there is a little story about this little commons' girl: Usually, her parents were very busy in the family's restaurant... I and my mother saw she had independently managed herself well and grew up alone for many years... In this year - 2019, time was near her mother's birthday. In the KTV (a place like karaoke bar, but for small single groups of people in rooms, with TV in the middle for singing ), she heard this song - 'Mother in the candlelight' and found her parents enjoyed singing it very much. Then, she decided to play it as a gift to her mother, right on mother's birthday. It's my biggest honour to be together sight-reading the notation, making the re-designs and re-editions of this song into piano - like, Prelude, Introduction-theme 1st, theme 2nd, Development and Peak, a small Repetition and Coda... She learnt in a very fast and hard-working way that merely around one month she played it in this level. And finally, she got her heart-sweet - playing it for her mother, as a birthday gift.(Wikimedia Commons' original page, 2019) '''Comments from teacher:''' 1. The musical emotions were very rich and expressive, especially the 'Peak-Calling for mother' (2.53 minutes - 3.53 minutes). I almost can hear 'Mum...' (or Mumu...) for many times in a kid's tear-drops and in the candlelight... by your right hand's touchable singing... 2. I liked our 'Flanger tr. Ornaments' very much (I thought it's from Mozartian). I am very happy you can put it in for soon time... 3. I am very happy in the Coda-tail, you can get my suggestion - ending by a Major Seventh Progression-Arpeggio. This point should give the thanks to my mentor - Ray. I quite enjoy its special colour... 4. Your strong and mixed left hand accompaniment must have been trained for many times. I knew it's a hard-working job, but tender and flexible a little bit... better? 5. The singing of right hand and its 'breathing' were quite natural and fine, sentence by sentence..., but the total speed is too slower than normal, which reflect the running ability of the left hand needed to improve. I knew: to your 9-years-old hands, it's a very hard requirement... However, waiting the up-grown, I have the confidence you can hands-sing it in a much more fluent way... [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 14:10, 5 September 2019 (UTC) '''Night's Piano-Song - The depth of China Pop-Piano (and Siqi's Heart-Try)''' ''Comments:'' She made the depth of two peak notes but in light touching way. I thought also that she did this Pop-piano's musicality in a poet's Night-thinking... She is suitable for the performance of this-type-'songs' and improvising (still at little age and need to prepare in time). Let us listen to her and feel her expression. ==== The Cowherd's Flute played by a little girl piano pupil - Guo Guo (Nickname: Happy fruits) ==== This edition has already been her best attempt, regarding with its landscape-painting style, lovely Cowherd's Flute we can refer to Wikipedia introduction (Seeking key words 'The Cowboy's Flute' in). It's recorded as a beautiful memory of her piano-learning and her Childhood. Let us listen to her: [[File:The Cowboy&#039;s Flute - Yuxuan, Lu (Guo Guo).ogg|thumb|The Cowherd's Flute - Yuxuan, Lu (Guo Guo)]] ==== Clementi Sonata Op35 No. 5 (Movement 1st), played by Piano pupil Yixuan, Qiao ==== Clementi's Sonata-Op35 No. 5 was a so long and difficult piece for students around their ninth year. Therefore, we have divided it into many small sections and taught. She learnt in progress. Meanwhile, this little and beautiful girl (She was beautifully good at dancing, somehow rather than piano.) has already attempted her best in exercising and recording. I thought it recorded her good piano-learning experiences and those memories of childhood. Regarding with further information about this work, please refer to the educational portal: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal:Sonatinas_from_Kids%27_corner_near_heaven#Muzio_Clementi . Let us listen to her: [[File:Clementi Sonatina Op35. No 5 Movement 1st Piano pupil YIxuan, Qiao.ogg|thumb|Clementi Sonatina Op35. No 5 Movement 1st Piano pupil YIxuan, Qiao]] [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 02:42, 18 October 2019 (UTC) ====Little and Little, Twinkling Stars - Little Piano-Kids' Playground==== Say 'Hello' to our 'Little Goldman' [[File:Vienna Trip - The Little Goldman- Strauss Family.jpg|thumb|Hand-making my own picture of Strauss Family's Little Goldman]] * [[Portal:Little and Little, Twinkling Stars - Little Piano-Kids' Playground| Little and Little, Twinkling Stars - Little Piano-Kids' Playground]] nd1tqlsbsi9n6u0yu5q6dtx1xlti3kv 2689972 2689965 2024-12-02T14:44:06Z Jason M. C., Han 2696291 changing category for new thinking 2689972 wikitext text/x-wiki '''No Orders, Beautiful flowers were blooming from Childhood! Let us pick up your most beautiful moments...''' [[File:Salzburg Cathedral (Inside) - Mozart Baptized place 1. - Mozart-Complexes World under Water (Modernist View).jpg|thumb|Piano Kids, on that day, modern colours, lights and technologies made Mozart's birthplace (Washing) -Salzburg Cathedral like a world (palace) under the biggest water - Blue Sea]] [[File:Beautiful landscapes surrounding Mozart's birthplace - Heavenly Spring flowing from Alps Moutain.jpg|thumb|Heavenly Ice-spring from Alps Mountain]] [[File:Mozart from Green Nature 1.jpg|thumb|Mozart comes from Green Mountain and Nature]] [[File:Beautiful Sunset View of Oceanic City from top building during COVID-19 period.jpeg|thumb|Beautiful Sunset View of Oceanic City during COVID-19 period]] [[File:Panorama of Hi-tech Industrial Park in Dalian from Top Rock of Xiaoping Island.jpg|thumb|Panorama of Earlier Spring Mountain-City from 'Top Rock' of Xiaoping Island]] [[File:Small items in Commons Life of 2019 Spring 2.jpg|thumb|Flaming Katy and piano-peers as Micro-landscape in classroom ]] [[File:An Oil Painting watched since born.jpeg|thumb|Oil Painting: Forest Cabin in front of Fuji(or Helan) Mountain 'hanging on the wall']] Oh, dear piano pupils, we have seen so many beautiful landscapes, across the times and spaces. Now, firstly, getting into East- your nature and self-meditation, let us try to take the Pentatonic Scales Exercises for relaxing you 'busy heart' and focusing your attention back to piano... *[[Portal:Pentatonic Impressionism (China Wu Sheng) in the view of Neo-classical Piano Techniques-training]] '''Afterwards, we can take further great life-tasks in piano...''' New Time and Fresh Air from 2024 *[[Portal:Fresh Air of Piano after COVID-19 and beginning up a Recovering New Time of Openness from 2024]] ===='''Firstly, passing by a Skyline of Citylife Night-Skyline'''==== [[File:Flowing City (Lin Hai), Player and Teacher JMC,Han (Jason).ogg|thumb| Flowing City from 'Forest Sea', JMC,Han [[File:Dalian Urban Night Skyline from Xiao Ping Island Mountain-top No.2.jpg|thumb|Dalian Urban Night Skyline from Xiao Ping Island Mountain-top No.2]] ]] ===='''New Era is coming...:(New Teaching List)'''==== [[File:Skiing Statue made during my rollers-skating.jpg|thumb|Skiing Statue shows Spirit (like piano)]] [[File:The new situation of bubbles-fish statue.jpg|thumb|Ice & Snow Bubbles-fish are welcoming]] [[File:Mmexport1614470203508.jpg|thumb|Picture of piano lessons still under Covid-19 situation]] Etude in the Advanced level - Sir Chopin's famous Black-keys (Flatten G Major) Etude: [[File:Chopin Black-keys Flat G Etude (Exercise), player JMC, Han.ogg|thumb| Black-keys: An Etude your teacher has no chance in childhood, but still hurries up to be better]] [[File:Chopin Impromptus Op.29, JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|Chopin Impromptus Op.29, JMC, Han - Deep Fast Waltz-thinking in Quiet Gentleman's Self-Expression (Improvising)]] [[File:Sogdian whirl with large pipa.jpg|thumb| (Public Domain Work: See original page: https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sogdian_whirl_with_large_pipa.jpg#mw-jump-to-license): Could you find some musicality similarly with Chopin's Black-keys' Pentatonic?]] True Fairland - a piano melody of The Nutcracker (Dance of Sugar Plum Fairy): the advanture from childhood realizes your piano dream-"Fingering Ballet" [[File:The Nutcracker (Dance of Sugar Plum Fairy), Piano performer JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|The piano performance of <Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy> in 'The Nutcracker' (Ballet Re-edited Piano Melody)]] Czerny 299 etudes were designed for the smart&strong fingering&modelling of hands and a pair of Vienna school's ears for the harmony...such as No.23... [[File:Czerny 299 No. 23 JMC,Han.ogg|thumb|Czerny 299 No. 23, player JMC,Han]] A peacefully praying Sinfonia of Sir Bach is freshly added in the "New exam book's list' during this COVID-19 period, to which you can have a relaxing hear and try (Don't worry, listening, it's enough time, you knew, 'Andatino'-Peacefully walking, and to sing by hands, in a small Baroque place : [[File:Sinfonia No.11 - 3Ps Invention, Bach, JMC,Han.ogg|thumb|Sinfonia No.11 Andatino- 3Ps Invention, Bach, Teacher JMC,Han (COVID-19 Protection Time)]] Encouragement in Italy Smart Fashion, but needs the very carefully fingering-techniques training (Long time, advanced), feet-edges' staccato, sentence-Pizzicato, flowing streams...Italian artist techniques always attract our eyeballs... Let us attempt to... make out your own Italy style! Cheer up! [[File:Domenico Scarlatti G Major Sonata, JMC,Han.ogg|thumb| Domenico Scarlatti G Major Sonata (In COVID-19 Pandemic Period), JMC,Han.ogg]] '''A good teaching video result played by Yixuan, Wang:''' http://m.kugou.com/mv/?hash=f00b36624f27b091b79e3f30e158aa03&sruserid=640650901 Baroque staccato techniques were always in a reasonable, confident, relaxing(wrists), fluent and vivid - 'Enough manners' of the Era, which needs us apply very careful fingering trainings. In a view of the whole structure, according to ears' musical suitable habits(psychological), I gave 1st section a twice repetitions, and then a throughout 2nd section to the Code. Hopefully, French Suite would make us brave, confident and relaxed. (but it also need years' accumulation of hand working to let those out and better) Have a try? Good luck! [[File:BWV.816 Gigue-French Suites No.5 Bach, Player JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|BWV.816 Gigue-French Suites No.5 Bach, Player JMC, Han]] (By turning to Wikimedia Commons, you will find two versions under its 'historical tree', currently. They are showing different stages we can reach. The first version was kept because it's relatively slower and more stable that in the basic stage we can make notes heard staccato and clear. After feeling suitable in this stage, we need to improve its tempo and get Gigue Dances' happy, vivid,,dialoguing with moods, jumping and wrists' breathing naturally. It needs time to train your hands frequently, untill relaxing but accurately. Main Difficulties: Stiffen wrists, Cramp and Tiredness... Now, it's the time of yourself...) Hi! We, piano kids: Imaging a scene, let us hands-dances with the good manners and a earnest mind in a beautiful Baroque palace. It's easy and natural... [[File:Primary Bach No. 16 March, Player JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|'Primary Bach No. 16 March' -A peaceful Bach-melody for all 'Piano Kids'...]] Sir Debussy's Arabesque Suites (The second suite) is also in the list. The musicality in my world is: It's the legend of Butterfly in birds' chorus... it took us to a Life-mountain behind our living garden facing a quiet sea... Watching, in some time of one section, you can also hear Monet's 'Quiet Morning' upon the sea... Alongside Butterfly's dance-suite, imagination is beginning. Oh, listening... (Main meaning referenced from my main page) What about it in your world and imagination? '''Sound teaching demonstration:''' [[File:Claude Debussy - 2nd Arabic Suite (Arabesque) - Spring Butterfly, Performer JMC, Han.wav|thumb|2nd Arabic Suite- Spring Butterfly (Impressionism Singing -Main Natural Lines&Breathes from Sir Debussy)]] '''Good video teaching result from a 12 years' old little girl piano-pupil Mo Zhou:''' http://m.kugou.com/mv/?hash=b50e133a360fa8d30cdcd9fca4163e73&sruserid=640650901 (Photographer: Ms. Yang, Gao) Listening! boys and girls, Dvorak's Humor-jumping and Homesick-expressing: A true Czech-homeland heart, but Dancing... somewhere in American Countryside [[File:Flatten G Humoresque Dvorak, Player JMC,Han.ogg|thumb|Flatten G Humoresque, A. Dvorak, Player JMC,Han]] [[File:One Town-view from Cesky Krumlov Castle.jpeg|thumb| Krumlov Castle-town's view]] ====Xinran, Yu - a lovely Chinese little piano girl's 'Ink-Mountain & Green Rivers' view of <The Cowherd's Flute> ==== '''Comment:''' "Before taking the national examination and the exhibition competition, we together listened and learned to the net-editions of young master Lang Lang and Yujia Wang...(regarding with this famous little melody of Chinese tradition) I think in this melody, she tried out her best for the techniques-training and the musicality in her age... from a little performer's view. Therefore,I gave the comment-Excellent. Close your eyes, thinking of a little lovely girl happily playing among ink-mountains and the green rivers, with a water buffalo, some birds followed, and her smart flute... let us relax in the Chinese Ink-Landscape and listen to this little melody...(referenced partly from the writing in Wikimedia Commons page) [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 02:28, 27 May 2021 (UTC) ==== Zichen Tao - A little Chinese snowgirl's hardworking of D Major Sonatina==== '''Comment:''' D Major Sonatina is still piano Children's favorites to perform and show... taken to the national grade examination, daily performed with each other, and also to city's piano Competition &Exhibition. That's an educational case lasting for many years in Dalian. This edition is played by a lovely and white Chinese girl - Zichen, Tao. She and her mother took the very responsibility to check the wrong notes, improve the learning progress, and make the performing manners and designs for the stage-show... Therefore, in my view as her piano teacher, this edition is already great in her age...(though hand-running details need to improve for her age). Hopefully, her family can enjoy this piano experience, companying with this melody in her childhood. (Partly referenced from her Wikimedia Commons' page) [[File:D major Sonatina , Piano student Zichen Tao.ogg|thumb| D major Sonatina (Kuhlau's) played by piano pupil Zichen Tao]] ==== Meng's Performance and Comments after learning in the reality from Jason M. C.,Han in Children's Corner: ==== [[File:Children's corner of Meng.ogg|thumb| Meng Meng (nick name)'s edition of Doctorial in Children's Corner: Currently, the Fourth Version was her most beautiful one self-made in classroom before Piano Grade Test Exanimation. Regarding with all editions' comments and reasons, please reference to the original file in Wikimedia Commons]] [[File:MM Good classroom F major 1838 Grande valse brillante.ogg|thumb|MM Good classroom F major 1838 Grande valse brillante]] '''[[Portal: Part of Comments - 'for students' Examination Performance, Piano tutor's teaching self-reflexivity and possible some requirements of Pedalling Sound-effects with Artist Fashion of Post-impressionism' | Part of Comments - 'for students' Examination Performance, Piano tutor's teaching self-reflexivity and possible some requirements of Pedalling Sound-effects with Artist Fashion of Post-impressionism']]''' [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 04:15, 12 October 2018 (UTC) ==== Kim Hui's 'Doctoral Training','Under the sunshine' in Children's Corner: ==== '''Comments for Kim Hui's first draft:''' 1. She did the second theme (associated) well 'much deeper like vocally singing out a better life in New Era under the sunshine, on a piece of small area in a rainforest'... 2. Her Korean dance (Wikipedia introduction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_dance) has been done well, in which I can hear traditional drum-points in bass-part and crossing hand to tremble part. 3. I can hear Time-travelling and space-shaking to the past through a 'Dark-cave', from..., minutes 1.30-1.40... But, I think: if 'dramatically' and 'significantly' in dynamics (loudness), it would be better to show... 4. I can hear Forest's Evensong in Coda part - 'dim.' to the silence of night and a 'rit.' slowing down to the sleeping dream, and even several night-birds' dreaming voices...But, please make a much gentler taste (not so hurry up and not so strong) of those pictures. Meanwhile, I hope you can get a better & coherent control of the rhythm among different sections. 5. I knew, regarding with 'peak-parts', she had made many attempts 'drumming beats rights and keeping those connections clear'. However, still, in minutes 1.04 and 1.59, I felt it's a little bit 'rough', and needed to be handled in of the solidification... Oh, maybe, I am so severe... sorry, I should give you the encouragement. Main comment: 'Under the sunshine' is suitable to Kim Hui's fashion and can be kept in her performance list. Her first draft and its preparation has given me an enjoyable teaching experience and many beautiful memories of life. It's fluent and vivid, expressive and dedicated. Thanks, Kim Hui! More colours and lights would be added from technique details, from her independent fingering and some traditional piano manners, meanwhile, the rhythm should be balanced well in the future. There are many developing zones of 'this painting' she can better and draw out for her future.[[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 21:22, 17 October 2018 (UTC) ===== Kim Hui's second 'Show-Time' in classroom - Poem of Music (Piano Etude) ===== '''Teacher's Demonstration:''' [[File:Poem of music.ogg|thumb|Poem of music JMC, Han]] '''Student's Second Performance - Poem of Music: ''' [[File:Poem of Music (Piano Etude) - Student Kim Hui.ogg|thumb|Poem of Music (Piano Etude) - Student Kim Hui]] '''Comments for Kim Hui's first draft:''' 1. She has mainly got the technique-points, but a little bit of rough in some details, such as the minutes 0.30-0.31 - 'Tail-closing part' of a sentence - in the progression of 'Diminished Seventh Chord-Arpeggio'... However, as her first draft and the random collection from a normal classroom, I thought it's well-done. we can wish its further 'Developing Zone', in the view of piano education. 2. In 'Coda Part' of Poem of Music (Piano Etude), she was able to show a great controllability of the 'Legato' between two hands, as the pieces of falling leaves slowly flying-upon the surface of water. Sometimes, it was evenly better than mine. I hoped she could manage it in a better way. 3. She showed some thoughts of musicality... However, 'Techniques-points' still wasted much of her energy. I think the total Dynamics in physics will be improved soon. (waiting more) [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 14:53, 23 May 2019 (UTC) ===== Kim Hui can reach the advanced level of piano performance in this 'Little Children's Corner' ===== Though It's still Covid-19 Health-protection Time, after Home-self-Training Time, some classroom face-mask covering & health-good-protection lessons and an examination of China Culture&Tourism Ministry, She can play this 'Doctoral Etude' which is dreamed many piano pupils, with impressionism style. As her teacher, I didn't think It's a simple Etude which was expressed in many scenes, but with the big universe imagination and impression. Therefore, we have trained it as Meng's approach and further developed it. Indeed, I think she performed far greater than this edition, right in that online national examination. She got it, Congratulation! Let us listen to her ... [[File:Debussy-Children's Corner-Doctorial Etude, Piano pupil Jinghui Jin (Kim).ogg|thumb|Debussy-Children's Corner-Doctorial Etude, Piano pupil Jinghui Jin (Kim)]] ==== 'Colourful Clouds Running After Moon' impressed into the Heart of Xinyi, Hua (Hua family's Heart-sweet girl from 'Painting Imagery')==== '''Comments for the first draft of Xinyi, Hua:''' 1. I like her treatment of the prelude part in 'Colourful Clouds Running After Moon'. It's light and soft like silky clouds up-bridging alongside moonlight towards a round moon above the dark-blue sea. However, please try to link each silky pentatonic-arpeggio weave as a smooth whole from the bottom to the top, and from the left hand to the right hand. If so, her progress will be enlarged; 2. I can hear the situation 'Colourful Clouds Running After Moon' appeared in many linking parts before and later. She was attempting to give an acceleration imitating this procedure from a slower speed to a fast one, and between two hands' echo-following from a loose density to a tight one... However, if obviously, it will be better; 3. Like 0.58 to 1.03 minutes, I can hear that in some parts, she would like to make a returning sound-boomerang (Wikipedia introduction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang) up-rising 'to the moon' and down-landing upon the sea-surface. If a small time of middle reaction was canceled out by her proficiency, we will appreciate the musical beauty in a much more advanced situation; 4. In 1.22 to 1.30 minutes, I know she would like to make a silky veil, with the colourful clouds as material, upon moon's beautiful face by her right hand. It's a little bit of pity that the controlling ability of relative loudness made she carried this willing but harder to realize. Meanwhile, this veil needed to be smooth. Oh, sorry, I am so critical... indeed, she did not bad; 5. There is a hard hurt in 1.36 minute - it's still a repetition of bass-chord though she has already attempted her best to grasp the bass large chord through left hand's opening degrees (Little girl, I knew you had tried your best. Though the momentum was great, I still need to point it out.); 6. 2.12 - 2.40 minutes is the part - 'Bright Moon up-rising above the harvest sea'. This is a grand scene which needs great forces from students' forearms and a fast reactions for some flexible connections to arpeggio-parts... Congratulations, little girl, she have got it, though it's a little bit slower. She have given out a great momentum; 7. In the Moon-tail part, she has expressed her great musicality to make moon disappear in the dawn of sea; 8. Many ornamentations she has done well, though still some need to be gently breezing in the impressionism of Chinese landscape painting. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 12:22, 24 October 2018 (UTC) ===== 'Pure White Dove' in Young Teenager Xinyi's Eyes ===== [[File:Dove in the eyes of Young Teenager girl Xinyi, Hua.ogg|thumb|'Pure White Dove' ('La Paloma' - 'No More' in English) in the eyes of Young Teenager girl Xinyi, Hua]] '''Congratulation to your beautifully singing of the 'Melodic lines' behind the right hand's octaves-grasping!''' '''Comments:''' 1. Four biggest designs appeared: around B50 (Minutes 1.36), B55 (Minutes 1.48), B58 (Minutes 1.54) and B62 (Minutes 2.01) - four Peak-currents, we'd like to throw (rit.) the 'missing notes' into the air and rotate them a little bit more slowly - like to send, wait and feel Dove's messages across the ocean in a self-holding & self-releasing intoxication. She tried her best to make them out, but not quite clearly and still need much time to grow up... 2. I liked her coda part (from B65 Minutes 2.08 to the end): She was so sure about two hands' March-doubling, as a confirmation of future and belief; or to say, she transformed her 'missing' in the melody to be a true hope of tomorrow, or someday... Evenly, I thought it's better than mine... 3. For more than half years, we have worked hard to help her link all octave-grasping pearls out of melodic lines in singing breaths. She almost got it successfully, through small breaks... 4. Some 'Spanish Dotted notes' and 'Triples-wandering', with the rhythm of Spanish Dance Habanera-Andante (Wikipedia introduction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contradanza) can be fulfilled, but some not really... I am happy she recognized them and paid more attentions to... It's waiting time that she could perform much better. 5. Yes, I had to say: still some small faults there... The good usage of pedalling almost hide some, but... also a little bit rough... Oh, I didn't want to be a so severe teacher. Rather than, much more good wishes of her growth should be given. Okay, hopefully, she enjoyed it. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 12:57, 4 April 2019 (UTC) '''Teacher's Demonstration for standards above and Further Progress (Advanced Level):''' [[File:Dove With Spanish Sense in Piano JMC.Han.ogg|thumb|Dove With Spanish Sense in Piano JMC.Han (It was once used by the photography gallery of music friend User:PigeonIP - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:PigeonIP/Tauben/2019_April_1-10 and the main page La Paloma in wikipedia )]] '''More information and reading - articles (list) about 'Dove', please watch:''' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paloma ==== Malagueña Dream from a little Chinese girl - Yinuo's heart (A promise ... to piano) in a small beach-side classroom ==== [[File:Student edition - Malagueña Suite (modified for piano) played by Yinuo, Liu.ogg|thumb|Student edition - Malagueña Suite (modified for piano) played by Yinuo, Liu]] '''Comments for the first draft of Yinuo, Liu:''' 1. We can hear the impression of Flamenco rhythmic pattern (Compás) (Wikipedia introduction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco) diffusing from some simple rhythm-components of a parts in a total ABA structure of Malagueña Suite. This is what I - the tutor and the little girl -learner would like to express through three more different accompaniment bass-forms, including pizzicatos, small slurring breathes and some opposite weights..., which imitated some of Classical Guitar's handling ways. Thanks to the little girl Yinuo, you have realized most of our designs! Congratulations! 2. I really like her beautiful Cante jondo - associated 'vocal' lines by right hand which was balanced & flying above the flamenco accompaniment of the left hand when the second thematic melody began. It's a deep, profound and emotions-rich singing, almost from a beautiful Spanish girl's natural expression for the missing, the reasoning of life & Universe when facing a 'deep and far' sea. Though if the dynamics would be dramatically and the singing would be much deeper, the emotional atmosphere would be better: I thought to only a girl of her 11 years' old age, she has already attempted her best to understand those across cultures; 3. I like the middle B's fantastical view of holiday beach under the sunshine, which was almost formed by white waves from blue sea. It's relaxable, dreamful and graceful, like a girl poet's walk alongside a small sand bay... (Yinuo, you knew, if you can make the 'rit. - A Tempo' much more nature like the real tides of sea and the speed tiny faster, the progress zone will be enlarged); 4. I know in two middle long 'vocal' ornaments, she would like to show us ' the blackbirds or the nightingales of its gardens...' However, if making it much more smoothly, expressively, and flexibly, even a little bit down-slowed, her Spanish 'tasteful' fashion will be more beautiful; 5. Repeated A part is better to be different in small details which can show the ability of hands and the variation of music. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 13:35, 24 October 2018 (UTC) ==== Für Elise in piano boy Zhe's eyes ==== '''Teacher's demonstration in classroom for better:'''[[File:For Elise (Für Elise) Beethoven JMC Han.ogg|thumb|For Elise (Für Elise) Beethoven JMC Han]] '''Student's performance in classroom:''' [[File:Für Elise -Student Performance Zhe,Zhang.ogg|thumb|Für Elise in piano boy Zhe's eyes]] ==== D major Sonatina (Kuhlau) - Piano-pupil girl Mengshuang's 'Strong Willpower and Persistence' ==== '''Teacher's demonstration in classroom for better:''' [[File:D major sonatina 2nd movement Kuhlau (played by Jason).ogg|thumb|D major sonatina 2nd movement Kuhlau - Teacher JMC. Han]] '''Student's performance in classroom:''' [[File:D major Sonatina (Kuhlau) - the version from piano-student Meng Shuang, Wang.ogg|thumb|D major Sonatina (Kuhlau) - the version from piano-student Meng Shuang, Wang. This classroom version has been selected by https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Rsteen/Artists_from_Denmark/2019_August_1-10]] '''Comments and Statements:''' 1. Totally to say, the main melody fast-run by the right hand has kept its fluency, transparency and clearance. It's very hard in piano training for herself, owe to that her hands-shape was a little bit of 'frozen'. Thanks for your hard-working in the training. Congratulation! 2. Her musicality in this melody has also been motivated out - unrestrained and natural in the expression. 3. Left hand's accompaniment was in good triplet-treatment, but please light and dedicate a little bit... It's to say: the controllability still needs to improve. 4. Some heads of sentences and smaller phrases need to be match together between two hands in a better way - some parts, because of small ornamentations and dotted notes, weren't quite well... 5. I am very happy that you (in your 12th year of life) were willing to play out the middle 'rit. - A Tempo' in a comparison ('rit.' was slowing down the waiting, then, 'A Tempo' for the Peak expression in return). However, it was still a little bit rough (before its right time). You can try to modify it in a better view. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 03:08, 2 August 2019 (UTC) ==== How to play Mozart's Classics? ==== ===== Work from Mozart's earlier time - Turkish March ===== '''Teacher's Demonstration in classroom:''' '''Video:''' [[File:Turkey March Video-Mozart-Jason Han.webm|thumb|Turkish March (Video) for Mozart's; JMC, Han]] '''Sound:''' [[File:Turkey March for Mozart and Memory JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|Turkish March (Sound) for Mozart's and Memory (many times used in peer Tokfo/Vienna Gallery - such as https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tokfo/Vienna/2019_January_26-28 ); JMC, Han]] ==== Sure, Ma's boy-view of Mozart's 'Turkish March' ==== [[File:Sure, Ma's Version of 'Turkish March' in piano classroom for piano education.ogg|thumb|'Turkish March' - an old mysterious Turkey story in piano student (Jason's piano pupil) boy Sure, Ma's classroom edition. Thanks, this good teaching & Learning result was selected by Tokfo/Vienna Gallery: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tokfo/Vienna/2019_April_25-27 ]] '''Further Comments for his first draft:''' 1. It's very difficult for a young boy to manage Turkish March's speed in a smooth way... He tried his best to keep it stable and unified, and almost did achieve it. (Turkish March is easily to make people play faster and faster until crazily broken. He tried to solve it by giving a slower beginning ) But, it's a little bit of too serious,afraid to touch wrong. Indeed, I heard his another time, in which he totally open himself and relax from nature... We could give him more hopes. 2. His melodic flow of scale-phrases (legato) are quite fluent and natural, which shows his scale-playing and fingering were quite great. But, a small break occurred around 1.14 to 1.17 minutes could be caused by the stiff right wrist (too tried) and no-good fingering design. He should frequently move second and third fingers in a much smarter way. To a young boy in his age, it should already be 'okay'. 3. When the theme occurred in the second time, it's better to give a dynamics-difference in contrast. My mother-Ms Song said: it's like an old story (sound) heard from a far distance to near somewhere - mysteriously. However, he gave a very tight connection, as if it was linked with the previous section. 4. He tried his best to take the Worldwide difficult challenge - 'Broken-chordal Arpeggiated-octaves' (Around 2.00 to 2.14 minutes). I gave him a 'LIKE' that he had taken this challenge which even many pianists or teachers made some 'faults' as their heart pities - You can hear the edition of Romuald Greiss' in Wikipedia and several my previous times... However, this boy achieved it after many trainings time after time... Though later half one, compared with the beginning, might be in lower distinguishing degree, he didn't make any 'breaks', which comforted my teaching way so much. Thanks, boy Sure! 5. The final problem would occur in 'Alberti Bass' (left hand) of Coda part. Coming to it, you will feel easy to give up, which required more endeavors to control your hands in narrow and elaborate dealing way. He did it good, but lost in the counting of number (B111), and further, the connection with the final 'Square-opening Dance' (a small break). other things, such as the strength, are fine in his age. 6. In addition, I am planning to add a 'Turkish Stop' by a final pedaling. I didn't know whether he could, someday. Overall, I gave him an Excellent Comment. Hopefully, he will play better after better in his growth. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 14:13, 8 March 2019 (UTC) '''Further Comments for his second draft:''' 1. As his teacher, I am very happy to hear several great designs we have made in classrooms can be achieved in the second draft, according to the background knowledge of 'Turkey March' I taught, such as the final 'Turkey Stop' (not really in modern piano, but a little bit similar) and the Bass-points-layer (simulating the military drum) beneath the long fast running scale-phrases of right hand (middle section)... Cool boy, thanks that you can remember your teacher's words! Congratulation! 2. Yes, right after the chance of Music library Report-performance in local we have made and getting back, you improved the edition's speed and fluency. You can evenly save 15 seconds, contrasted with before, which showed that your fingering & running ability of hands had been greatly improved. However, the disadvantage is that it's easier to make some small motives uneven and rough (touching wrong notes) without purpose, which needs more your careful attention and exactness about details. 3. I knew you tried your best to face the peak challenge Mozart made to all people - making broken-progression of octaves message (middle part) and hearing out its hidden melodic lines. Great! However, it's still a little bit beyond your ability that its distinction with chords-effect weren't so clear. No matter, Sure boy, more exercises, it will be better. In all, progressing soon which shows the potential, thanks to your performances1 There is still the developing zone waiting for you. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 15:08, 25 April 2019 (UTC) ==== Clever Girl Jia Xin's Clever view of Sir Bach's 3-parts Invention ==== '''Teacher's Demonstration for Future Development:''' [[File:3 Parts Invention 8th- from Sir Bach.ogg|thumb|3 Parts Invention 8th- from Sir Bach's BWV 794 – Sinfonia No. 8 in F major ]] ''' Jia Xin's Performance:''' [[File:3-parts Invention No. 8 (F major) in piano-girl Jia Xin's view.ogg|thumb|3-parts Invention No. 8 (F major) in piano-girl Jia Xin's view]] '''Comments of her first draft:''' 1. Totally, 3 parts are ranged in Bach's harmony, to a girl in her age - 12 years old. It's not easier to make so clear layers out. I was satisfied with this point, after heard every time; 2. I can hear piano techniques for polyphonic & counterpoint music like Bach's, such as cannon, intimation between two hands, up-climbing shoulder by shoulder, dialogues, long-notes down-pressed for different parts' SHE (sentence-head-enhancement), long-notes kept for parts' division and maintaining, fingering grouping in one hand for 2 parts, parts' continuously melting into one for the summarization, and..., Baroque ornamentation... mentioned for long. For those trainings, and further, the internalization into her own mind-analysis, we had searched information & knowledge through Wikipedia, two more manuscripts, books and other webs online, further, spent classroom time to reason, analyse, train and fix note by note for long time... In this case, I gave her hard-working a 'Like' again; 3. There would also be some problems regarding with recording pressure and her memory...: some big ones - left hand's relatively weak ability in managing two parts, small mistakes (like B18's f note played as sharp f - around 1.13 minute, B21's final g isn't raised there - around 1.23-1.24 minutes, and others...), small ornaments in a little bit of rough view and a much more graceful manner in Coda part. (sorry, to such a 12 years old girl, my suggestions could be so severe. But when listening, they are directly in my ears...) 4. She did really pay her attention to Dynamics, but please better - lighter, smarter and more obviously... 5. The speed of later part is better than the slower earlier part. Overall, I also gave her an excellent comment for her performance (Live) in classroom. For further development, she can listen to my edition and the one in 'Inventions and Sinfonias (Bach)' - Wikipedia article (I thought it's great, but I didn't like too many speed-variations in Bach's works. It's better more reasonable: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventions_and_Sinfonias_(Bach) ) [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 07:33, 9 March 2019 (UTC) ==== Yixuan's piano-view and traveling landscapes ==== '''First view (only 9 years old) of Sir Bach's 2-parts Inventions''' [[File:Bach 2-parts Invention, played by Yixuan Wang (Only 9 years old).ogg|thumb|Bach 2-parts Invention, played by Yixuan Wang (Only 9 years old)]] '''Comments from teacher:''' 1. Musical parts and space-dimensions were much clearer than before, which reflected the little girl Yixuan's hard-working continuously after her piano examination... 2. I can hear the heads of musical sentences which were highlighted by each hand when required. I can also hear cannon-following, doubling and countermelody which were clearly shown into her performance. It's quite necessary for students in this age - 9 years old. In certain degree, she is already a good and careful student in piano. 3. Still, the controllability and the stability of hands, especially the turn of her 3rd, 4th and 5th fingers, need to be improved, which caused some small faults, such as 0.49-0.50 minutes (Bar 22) - a recovered B in right 3rd finger, 0.54-0.55 minutes (Bar 25) - 3rd, 4th & 5th fingers of left hand, and a small disharmonic note - flatten B in the right hand - 0.32 (Bar 14)... 4. It's great that I can hear Baroque staccatos were in their graceful manners - like imperfect pearls required by its era. She almost did it... 5. Totally saying: it must be a very hard-job for a student in 9 years old to play Bach's 2-parts Invention. She bravely took up this life-task and successfully completed - this point should be affirmed. Congratulation! You can do more further... [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 02:28, 6 September 2019 (UTC) '''MARIAGE D'AMOUR (Dreaming Wedding Ceremony) and its Educational Story:''' It's only no more than 2 weeks she did get the main techniques, after taking a Covid-19 Protection piano lesson and further test(Face-mask covering and breathe-prevention…).Then, she went back home and made a hard self-working exercise. Afterwards, around 10 days, this edition can come out. Why was she so keen on making it? She told me... One of her family's friends would like a piece of background music for his wedding ceremony, and they knew she was a good piano pupil.They invited her to take this task. She online self found out her long dreaming piece, and felt very happy for them. She thought only hard-working at home can realize this dream in this 'Hard Recovery Time'. She has beautifully taken this life-task for a very short time, and finally I could find a beautiful smile on her face... Though there were still some small faults in teacher's view, such as the biggest 1.02-1.03... ('''Problems:''' Mentioned one is because of the distance of the Tenth-grasping is out of her hand-shape and ability in this age - rolling but touching a wrong note; In addition, the breathing of each sentence's tail somehow is with a longer responded break... Further, the Pedaling for the coherence from natural breathing need to improve; The final departing dropping notes were too noisy... which needs to be quiet,rit. and peaceful...), her hands' ability (especially the big chords-grasping, whole-viewing, locating, and sight-reading) was improved by her own endeavors (Maybe... subjects-divided examination-taking online through self-video-recording,in this special time, motivated her self-management...). This point made me feel happy... Hopefully, the friend of her family enjoyed their wedding ceremony with this own and LIVE background music, luckily as in a fantastic, peaceful and forever-lasting life-dream of happiness. In future, Hoping: Yixuan, you can play this fantastic wedding song of piano (fluently and heart-touchingly) for more families and share their friendship, love and happiness... Little girl pupil, thank you!^_^ [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 01:55, 24 September 2020 (UTC) [[File:CCzerny 299 Etude No. 27, Piano student Yixuan Wang, Tutor Jason Han.oggzerny 299 Etude No. 27, Piano student Yixuan Wang, Tutor Jason Han.ogg|thumb| Czerny 299 Etude No. 27, Piano student Yixuan Wang, Tutor Jason Han.ogg]] I have taught two children this Etude-a girl and also a boy (with outcomes). They played all well in very different musicalities. One is like a fast gym meeting 299's standards. The other-hers is with a good sound effect -light and peaceful after her grade examination. Both I all like. Regarding with how to train this sound effect with pedal, Please see my etudes'platform: https://en.m.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal:Piano_Etudes_as_Poems '''G major Sonata L.349 - Yixuan Wang's New Attempt of Italian Baroque Style of A. Scarlatti''' A. Scarlatti's Sonatas are quite hard for young students and young teenagers to train and perform.However, Yixuan is fine, I thought. It needs a very fast & light fingering of Scale & Arpeggios and different STACCATOing keyboard-touching way, meanwhile, the exaggerating fluency of simple patterns... I thought she somehow had touched at her own little age. Just, more from nature, more details-care and the flexibility of hands&body could make things better. At her age, it's already fine.Thanks to the recent striving in this still hard time of COVID-19 Recovery. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 02:31, 20 August 2021 (UTC) [[File:G major Sonata L.349, Piano Pupil Yixuan, Wang.ogg|thumb|A, Scarlatti L.349 Sonata, Piano-pupil Yixuan, Wang]] It's very hard to train Scarlatti's Italian Style of technique skills... However, Yixuan, Wang has never given up... during this COVID-19 Time...-Protecting herself with masks, meanwhile, playing times after times... Finally, we can get some senses of fast, airily,lightly and breezily... Yes, there may also be some problems, like- it's very easy to be stressful and breathless on the stage...But to her age, do you think it's already good... Therefore, I recorded it in a video and published it on a musical platform -Kugou, and a educational platform - Youku, as to remember her growth: http://m.kugou.com/mv/?hash=f00b36624f27b091b79e3f30e158aa03&sruserid=640650901 ====Piano Pupil Mo Zhou's Smart Growth and Hard-working learning of Techniques ==== The video of Mo Zhou's most beautiful performance of Debussy's work- 2re Arabesque (I call it 'Butterfly's Dream') : Kugou musical platform - http://m.kugou.com/mv/?hash=547cb2c1e2f57a9e8ec66e8ecf36c269&sruserid=640650901 Youku educational part - http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNTgxNzA2Njk2MA==.html?x&sharefrom=android&sharekey=9631de9a76de1af3d601221019590cd26 (Published on the musical platform of Kugou and the educational part of Youku; the classroom volunteering photographer is Ms. Yang Gao) '''Piano Pupil Mo, Zhou's Violin simulation of Cremer's Etude's Art''' Catching the hands' positions (somehow borrowed from voilin's) is almost the hardest point to train.One focuses on left hand's Notes-Slipping; the other regards with the interval Position-switching (2 notes) check of right hand frequently. Though this little girl has a pair of smart&slim hands, she attempted her best. You can hear the most part's effect LIVE in classroom... In this point, I gave a 'LIKE'. [[File:Cramer Etude, Performed by Piano Pupil Mo, Zou.ogg|thumb|Cramer Etude, Performed by Piano Pupil Mo, Zhou]] '''A, Scarlatti L.349 Sonata - A Italian Style Taste of Baroque Music''' ''Comments:'' Mo,Zhou's hands are very smart, regarding with which some very tiny actions she can take, though they aren't quite big. Yes, she has been always willing to enlarge her hands. This point, but somehow, associate her to take this Italian Baroque Style (Rocca) quite easy. Yes, I thought she was fine regarding with much more details.(though it's LIVE that very few unexpected faults could be caused by the stress of the recording). I thought: to her performance, my teaching is working well. She did many requirements... Let us listen to her.[[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 03:25, 20 August 2021 (UTC) [[File:G major Sonata L.349, Piano pupil Mo, Zhou.ogg|thumb|File:G major Sonata L.349, Piano pupil Mo, Zhou.ogg]] ==== Brilliant Snow-ball boy (Yu) of Zhang family is praying for his father working in New Zealand ==== [[File:Pupil Yu,Zhang's edition - e minor sonata of Sir Haydn.ogg|thumb|E minor sonata of Sir Haydn was played by Piano student Yu, Zhang in classroom]] '''(Waiting better)''' Could you understand how hard Sir Haydn's & Mozart's mature sonata-structuralism and Classical Countermelody (from String Quartet: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart) were for the training of such a young boy or some students around this aget? Oh, looking back, I, myself, also did feel hard... However, this boy and another older piano sister did really insist on doing so. Today, they can give their own editions - very different with own personalities and natures. Another point I would like to say: It's only one week's time that this boy was fighting for 'a good hearing' of his father. Afterwards, a modified recording edition soon got out, which showed his proficiency and quality...Good boy! To be honest, reviewing the past year, in order to train Sir Haydn's melody, we researched many ways together, including mathematics... Sometimes, evenly felt hopeless... Playing from childhood, Haydn's style is quite simple to me - models, switching, sonata structure..., but to students, they didn't quite like the sense of thinking being structured... And at the very beginning, I even didn't understand why they felt difficult... Recognizing something, We began to make many games, and evenly counting out some scores for the achievement of his 'fried chicken legs'... Here, from rhythm to notation, and from melodic interaction to parts-division, I felt it's much clearer, more fluent and stable, than before... His ability of coordination has also been improved, though still some problems. I dared and felt confidential to say: it's a great edition of himself. Hopefully, he can progress further. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 16:08, 4 April 2019 (UTC) Now, he made it much more fluent and accurate, and also played out his own fashion, though some details still need to be modified. Honestly to say, I thought somehow he got his progress in this period which we can hear...[[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 03:28, 2 August 2019 (UTC) '''Comments''' It's the second time of piano boy Yu Zhang's teaching result show. In this time, he chose the melody <Under the Sunshine> - a Chinese fork teaching melody as one subject of national examination and also a performance of one piano competition in Dalian. In my view as his teacher, he gave a very different view of this melody, compared with girls'. He paid more attentions to the whole view of melody's energy, strength, fluency and the joyfulness in Under the Sunshine, but didn't too much care about the details of some parts. However, on the stage, it showed a very great expression as from boy's situation... Good luck and happy experiment. After some practices, in the classroom we together recorded it and submit it up... (Referenced Partly from his page in Wikimedia Commons) ==== How to play Chinese Folk tune - 'Kids' Dance' with Chinese kids' fashion? Listen to little girl Kunlu's performance ==== '''Teacher's Demonstration in classroom:''' [[File:Kid's Dance Chinese Folk Piano Player Jason M. C.,Han.ogg|thumb|Kid's Dance - 'Kid's Dance', from a folk piano-tune in China National Grading Book, was personally performed here, as a gift for all piano-kids' 'Happy 2019 Lucky Pig Year']] '''Student Kunlu's Performance in classroom:''' [[File:Kid's Dance (Chinese) - Student Kunlu, Han.ogg|thumb|Student Kunlu, Han's (Han family's girl born as bright as dewdrop in Kun - Saturn of Wuxing) good performance of Kid's Dance (Chinese)]] '''Teacher's Comments:''' Totally to say: Though She can play better editions (many better ones, last winter), in this sound file, she showed the coherence, fluency, flexibility and stability ( as Chinese fork-tune required). Hearing such a smart Chinese girl playing such a fugue-cannoning song, you will feel: it's a right song designing for a right girl... I think that's one meaning of piano-performance. Though spending much time, We did also research special 'Chinese supplemental positions & Dialogues' in polyphony together, which gave us many beautiful memories... Further more, in this age, her staccatos, slurs and Tenuto have been performed quite well, which helped her to keep a unified speed to the end. Taking back a step, there must still be some small faults in classroom (without purposes) that I have to point out: such as B18's #C blowing to D a little bit, the attention didn't get back in B41 head A which made a small break, and a small mistake of 'Recovered C' rather than #C... In order to dream of its accuracy and pentatonic harmony, it's a hard-working that we have already come over many problems and mistakes... Therefore, I think she fulfilled herself and achieved many things from 'Kid's Dance'. Hopefully, she enjoys the procedure of music-carving. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 15:07, 4 April 2019 (UTC) ===== Kunlu's Crystal Heart on International Children's Day - Kleine Kinder Kleine Sorgen (Little Child) ===== '''Teacher's Comments:''' 1. The degrees of proficiency, fluency (and internal speed) have been improved, right on International Children's Day. 2. I preferred her treble part very much - so cool, pure, clean and refreshing, which reflected her crystal heart in childhood. 3. The grasping of big chords - stronger, that's great - but needs to be more accurately and deep (The word 'deep' wasn't always 'loud' and 'heavy'). Please try to understand this point. Yes, it needs to show the hardness of growth (to young teenager), but also the achievement 'to be stronger and more confident of yourself...' [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 03:32, 28 June 2019 (UTC) [[File:Internationl Children&#039;s Day Gifts - 2. Kleine Kinder Kleine Sorgen (Little Child, Piano-modification of Germany Song).ogg|thumb| Kleine Kinder Kleine Sorgen (Little Child, Piano-modification of Germany Song), played by Kunlu, Han]] ==== Teacher's Shares of his own home-works from childhood (Open) - Jason, Han==== ====='''M. Moszkowsky Etude (Op.72 No.5) - "C major's Fluency, Clarification, Sunshine and Love'''===== New Beginning with...: M. Moszkowsky Etude (Op.72 No.5) played by Jixun Han (Jason) for piano teaching. It's long time that my piano classroom on the cloud in wikiversity hasn't update its situation. After so many things, now I can partly return to English writing world. The first Etude I would like to upload is still MM Edute which gave me so fluent and clean mind in my childhood. Oh, 38 years old, and after a wedding ceremony with my real lover, my fingers would not be so great as around 15s'... However, I would like to update its situation and new editions untill great someday. Now, let's began with this new melody. It's taught to my good Chinese boy pupil named Guoguo (fruit zeyu, Cui) when I grasped up and recorded. Yes, this little boy will also play well. Let's listen to my version, firstly. Thanks Jason M. C., Han (talk) 13:26, 20 November 2024 (UTC) More information, please see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Moritz_Moszkowski Homework Requirements (challenges): 1. B23-B24(B stands for Musical Bar): By right hand, heads of every 4-notes group make a down-going semi-notes scale, which needs a very careful&exact arpegio-fingering with a whole—palm holded and also thumb-measuring ability. Meanwhile, the left hand is making a whole-tenth measure, but arranged upon every two chords' link. The semi-notes scale is also its fixed channel accordingly. This point is very different to follow and be made accurately and perfectly, which needs long-time training. 2. B49-50 It's almost a two-hands doubling for playing arpeggio-phrase.But not really! You can watch the second phrase- fingering! Your left hand need a smallish shape. Meanwhile, the little finger's head of last phrase need to jump out a minor third distance down. It's very hard to control and also not a doubling. (Hard for playing, but good for sounding, if out. Therefore, dears, have a try like mine...) Yours little uncle Han [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 14:15, 25 November 2024 (UTC) [[File:M. Moszkowsky Etude (Op.72 No.5) played by Jixun Han (Jason) for piano teaching.wav|thumb|M. Moszkowsky Etude (Op.72 No.5) played by Jixun Han (Jason) for piano teaching]] ===== '''Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata''' ===== Indeed, Beethoven left a historical challenge (difficulty) but the continuously creative inspiration to understand the techniques & musicality of all his movements, equally to all people. We can attempt different approaches and own personal life-experiences to understand them, and discuss out some possible results. [[File:Moonlight Sonata - 3rd Movement of Sharp c minor Sonata Beethoven.ogg|thumb|Moonlight Sonata - 3rd Movement of Sharp c minor Sonata after a library presentation of Beethoven (Further, thanks to the April-collections of Tokfo Gallery (Vienna: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tokfo/Vienna/2019_April_28-30) and Sir James Gallery (Bonn:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Sir_James/Bonn/2019_April_29) - great encouragements!)]] '''3rd Movement- 'Moonlights Storming' - Techniques Analysis from Notation-reading ('Presto agitato' of Breitkopf & Hartel Company and Berlin Arts Collage also compared with Old New York Edition - as the remembrance of one monitor):''' '''Musicality:''' In a grandly general view, it's like...in a crazily running (very fast) race, viewed from the window, moonlights have been dismembered upon deep Lake Lucerne (many fragmental sections composed together). [[File:Vienna Beethoven Monument (with angels and children surrounding).jpg|thumb| Beethoven's Monument in Vienna]] [[File:Beside Beethoven's Musicality.jpg|thumb| A third-person's Watching of Beethoven's Musicality]] For its musicality cultivation, I could give a similar sense of its situation, like in Picasso's works- such as Picasso's Guernica (Ceridwen's Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license) For achieving it, a little bit of dark-moods anger and sadness faced from the unfairness and out of control could be inputted, after all technique points were trained in the dexterity. Therefore, from emotion to say, I thought the video right after getting back from UK and the lost one in Newcastle central station were better than this time. [[File:3rd movement of Sonata &#039;Moonlight&#039; Rocking Video JMC, Han (Jason).webm|thumb|3rd movement of moonlight sonata; Rocking Video JMC, Han (Jason)]] However, I satisfied with it, right like in life and after the presentation. From this point, we can see: Beethoven, as a piano master, has super-reached too much before the time - even abstractionism and postmodernism (deconstructionism). '''2nd Movement - 'a little Fantasy Moonflower blooming between two rocky layers' - Techniques Analysis from Notation-reading (Allegretto of Breitkopf & Hartel Company and Berlin Arts Collage):''' 1. Parts-distinguishing way can be applied to pick up the main melodic points from its background and legato them into lines. '''( Notice: Here, from the historical observation, a thing needs to be clarified: Baroque-regression (back-reasoning) was usually made by classical composers (in Vienna school: Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven etc.), especially in their later years of life for calming down the dramatical emotions, and keeping Life's Reasonability. Meanwhile, from Haydn, they discussed and created classical counterpoints from symphony and string quartet together, to modify creative inspirations. Beethoven also inherited it. Therefore, when we play some in piano, we need to analyse and apply some special techniques, commonly used in classical polyphony, to pick up the main from the background, sentence by sentence, as an era-responding.)[[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 03:38, 15 May 2019 (UTC)''' 2. Octaves-bridging and chords-connections for big hands, into their hidden melodies, are the most difficulties, which need your frequent exercises, sentence by sentence. (Painful but worthful! Finally, flexible and skillful... ) 3. Long keeping-notes, in certain parts, are important for the continuity of the tune and the texture, without broken. 4. It's better in light and tender keyboard-touching way to make melodic lines clear and 'the little flower' smile lightly. 5. 'Rondo' (ABA) formation can be applied to understand its repetitions, responding and structure. [[File:Moonlight Sonata (Sharp c minor Sonata) 2nd Movement Beethoven JMC,Han.ogg|thumb|Moonlight Sonata - a little fantasy flower between two rocky layers]][[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 14:51, 14 May 2019 (UTC) ===== Blue Danube is always flowing from heart and life, with the vitality as spring: ===== Children and young teenagers, let us swim in this life-long river, to see some beautiful landscapes! [[File:Blue Denube in my heart.jpg|thumb|Blue Denube in my heart]] [[File:Blue Danube (Exercise and variations-collections in piano) JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|Blue Danube (Exercise and variations-collections in piano) JMC, Han]] ===== Pachelbel's Canon is always the canon (polyphonic technique) since Baroque Era, but in '''Modern Piano's Pop Variations''' ===== [[File:Pachelbel&#039;s Canon in Pop Variations (Geoge Winston Notation) Player Jason, Han.ogg|thumb| Pachelbel's Canon in Pop Variations (George Winston Notation) Player Jason, Han]] '''Story of teaching & learning (from Wikimedia Commons):''' Regarding with this piano melody, there is a long story in my heart... Oh, did you hear Mag-pie's singing (I like 'pie' in the tail of this word) in the first draft? Yes, it was attracted and landing on the tree outside my balcony... You can clearly hear it at the beginning and in the tail in my first draft... Almost, it would like to share my memory... Long long ago, my old brother on my mother's side used to be one hero of my life and fashion... On each holiday, he was always able to find great music pieces, MTVs, transcripts , and scientific fictions, from foreign countries, such as American and Japan (Summer)... and brought & shared with me... Then, I attempted my best to exercise them into the reality, which included this song - Canon Variations from pianist George Winston... Those memories have never faded out, but in my deep sea. To now, evenly did I think Canon was from US and a POP song... After seeking the exact information in Wikipedia, I found it's Pachelbel's Canon in D and Baroque Era and German, rather than C and Modern and Pop in American... and with a 'Gigue for Violins and Basso Continuo', it's not only for piano in many parts than our 3 parts in original piano edition. However either, I still like it very much and would like call it American POP in my music world... Then after, a male colleague in my working college said to me: Jason, on my wedding ceremony, I would like to play it for a girl... Could you give me a simple one? Then, searching online, I found a simple (middle level) notation and an original (advanced level) notation, I downloaded both, and chose the simple one for him Three months, he was able to play it from 0 level (he wasn't able to read the notation)... I thought piano would have give him a good memory of wedding... Following, I found a girl felt bored about her piano examination... Then, by choosing the simple transcript and inserting into her lessons... it made my tutoring classrooms really beautiful, relaxable, magical and peaceful... Now, I have time to play the original edition out... One long dream of my heart is going to be fullfilled... Though my hands in several points didn't make my perfectionism satisfied contrasted with before, especially the tenth-cross design between the left hand and the right hand, I knew it's my life, and fate?... I prefered to update its situations for bettering continuously... if having time... Compared with the firstly draft, I thought the second was much down-calmed and peaceful...Somehow, I preferred the first draft, but a little bit of 'fast'... I cannot make the decision...then, kept two. However either, I still felt very happy the little natural friend - mag-pie can join... For this reason, I kept it. Hopefully, you will enjoy... [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 04:50, 16 September 2019 (UTC) ===== KV.265 12 Variations on Ah vous dirai-je, Maman - 'Twinkle Twinkle Little Star' ===== Analysis (Waiting) [[File:KV.265 12 Variations on Ah vous dirai-je, Maman Mozart JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|KV.265 12 Variations on Ah vous dirai-je, Maman Mozart JMC, Han]] [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 08:43, 7 October 2019 (UTC) =====''' 'The beautiful views of Scotti-highlands' from Thompson's Book (Advanced Level) - Teaching and demonstration '''===== [[File:The beautiful views of Scotti-highlands (Teaching demonstration - video; Jason, Han).webm|thumb| After the performance in local Crossing-year 2019-2020 Library Concert and many further exercises, a good edition in classroom got out - Piano kids, always, you knew: No pains, No gains]] For its musicality and academic thoughts, please visit Wikiverty's Portal of Piano education(The Section: The beautiful views of Scotti-highlands' in a Far-land Home (Academic thoughts, musicality, literature-writing and case-realization)): *[[Portal:Green Sleeves (Impressionist Visualization)]] *[[Portal: Sir J.S.BACH and His contributions to Piano Kids' Reasonable Life]] [[File:C minor Prelude Bach (BWV847), Performer JMC, Han.wav|thumb|C minor Prelude Bach (BWV847)]] ==== 'Swan's Dream Upon the lake' - Little Girl 'Wenxin's' (Brilliant & Sweet literatures in arts ) Performance==== '''Teacher's Demonstration:''' [[File:The Dying Swan - black angel JMC Han.ogg|thumb| Musicality from watching 'The Dying Swan - the black angel', performed by JMC Han]] '''Wenxin's Performance:''' 1. Techniques-recovery: The Arpeggio-training of left hand in the accompaniment was the biggest challenge to not only a piano-child at her age - no more than 12 (In Chinese culture, Kid's first year was in mother's womb. Thereby, I asked her - how old are you, and she gave the number '13'...), to me and evenly some expertise pianists. (Camille Saint-Saëns's 'The Swan' on wikipedia or other social editions). The arpeggio-accompaniment is travelling in rich variations of tunes, which caused left hand much harder to expand, shrink and positions-change. Therefore, it spent us more than half a year to train and recover her hand's dexterity from a small failure of her piano life in the Grade Test, just like 'Princess Swan's' experience. Now, totally to say, she got an excellent situation in which children at her age can perform. Thanks to your hard-working! 2. Musicality-cultivation: Usually, she showed a very great musicality in the first page - to the minute (Approximately 1.05) - tender, expending, lyrical and expressive... However, it's really a hardness to keep it throughout the second section - a shading & wandering heart-road in the growth. The attention has to be paid too much on the exactness of left hand's arpeggio-travelling. With a pity, still, some notes were beaten wrongly. But oppositely again, we can see: Princess Swan, in her period of Darkness growth - facing Satan, turning into a dark angel and only appearing in night... She really faced a hardness and the difficulty of life, right as beating wrong notes, getting out some noises and travelling a little bit slowly and roughly in a channel. In this view, perhaps that the difficulties can be transformed- in the musical needs and with a small fashion. Congratulation, more exercises, haha! 3. Together, we gave two great designs: one is the 'Big Brightness' began from the minute (Approximately 2.03) when the main theme happens again; and the other is 'Swan's Departure like Sound of Fall-Leaves rotating upon Lake's Surface' (from minute 2.49 to the end)... She almost achieved some - the mood calmed down very much and stably progressed to further with a confidence. However, a little bit of disfluency made the impression fade, somehow. Meanwhile, a 'rit. to a tempo' turned inversely - what a pity. Totally to say, musicality, at her age, was preciously showing in this time's performance. The hard-working of recovery and exercises, during many classes, touched my heart very much. (I knew that...) More trainings of Arpeggio-running (dominate sevenths) and its fluency can help her achieve more in the future. Wenxin, thanks to you for letting us appreciate this world-famous melody in piano. [[File:Growth of Swan in eyes of the little girl - Wenxi, Zhang.ogg|thumb|Growth of Swan in the eyes of the little girl - Wenxi, Zhang]] [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 16:06, 5 May 2019 (UTC) ==== Listen to Mother's Old Story! - A beautiful and quiet little girl's Good Wish ==== '''Teacher's Demonstration:''' [[File:Mother&#039;s Old story - China Impression.ogg|thumb| Listen to Mother's Old story - China Impression (JMC, Han - teacher's domenstration)]] '''Student's Performance:''' [[File:Listen to Mother&#039;s Old Story - Piano Pupil Yiwen, Cui.ogg|thumb| Listen to Mother's Old Story- Piano Pupil Yiwen, Cui]] '''Teacher's Comments:''' Yiwen, Cui (Direct translation of her Chinese name - A beautiful girl who is good at the translation of art and literature, from Cui family), at the age of 10, is a quite and beautiful girl. She got a good life effect from this Chinese piano-kid's song - 'Listen to Mother's Old Story': making her family and parents happy, getting some confidences through this piano song from the examination, showing her fashion in my library concert held for piano kids... After those more above, frequent exercises, and getting her permission, I can submit this classroom-recording edition. Though in the tail I found a note lost... and some parts of her left hand might run much more fluently... , I think her emotional background of this music reached to a good level, and those polyphonic parts can be clearly heard two layers, their cannoning, and so on... Congratulation! '''(Words from the description in Wikimedia Commons page)''' [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 01:04, 8 August 2019 (UTC) ==== Moonlight upon Lotus Pool (Summer) - Letters-Accompaniment Improvising Chinese Pop-song with both Classical Tradition and Pentatonic Scale ==== '''Teacher's Comment:''' 1. I am very excited that you (only 10-years-old) understood Letter-To-Accompaniment Improvising sheet and its approach in a very fast way. 2. It's great you can use both Pentatonic Arpeggios and Tenth-Rolling-Bass-dropping in your accompaniment (You can make Tenth-rolling Bass in a more fluent view, I thought) 3. We can feel the musical scene from your musicality - In a beautiful summer night, Walking along a lotus pool, you and your family members were enjoying the moonlight and a breeze of cool wind... 4. In future, hopefully, you can improve your 'new learns' to a higher level. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 01:04, 8 August 2019 (UTC) ''' Xuan, Lee's Second Attempt - Pearl of the Orient''' ==== 'Mother in the candlelight' - A little girl (Siqi)'s heart-words for her mother's birthday - in the growth and in the dreams... ==== '''Heart-story:''' Regarding with this piano-song, there is a little story about this little commons' girl: Usually, her parents were very busy in the family's restaurant... I and my mother saw she had independently managed herself well and grew up alone for many years... In this year - 2019, time was near her mother's birthday. In the KTV (a place like karaoke bar, but for small single groups of people in rooms, with TV in the middle for singing ), she heard this song - 'Mother in the candlelight' and found her parents enjoyed singing it very much. Then, she decided to play it as a gift to her mother, right on mother's birthday. It's my biggest honour to be together sight-reading the notation, making the re-designs and re-editions of this song into piano - like, Prelude, Introduction-theme 1st, theme 2nd, Development and Peak, a small Repetition and Coda... She learnt in a very fast and hard-working way that merely around one month she played it in this level. And finally, she got her heart-sweet - playing it for her mother, as a birthday gift.(Wikimedia Commons' original page, 2019) '''Comments from teacher:''' 1. The musical emotions were very rich and expressive, especially the 'Peak-Calling for mother' (2.53 minutes - 3.53 minutes). I almost can hear 'Mum...' (or Mumu...) for many times in a kid's tear-drops and in the candlelight... by your right hand's touchable singing... 2. I liked our 'Flanger tr. Ornaments' very much (I thought it's from Mozartian). I am very happy you can put it in for soon time... 3. I am very happy in the Coda-tail, you can get my suggestion - ending by a Major Seventh Progression-Arpeggio. This point should give the thanks to my mentor - Ray. I quite enjoy its special colour... 4. Your strong and mixed left hand accompaniment must have been trained for many times. I knew it's a hard-working job, but tender and flexible a little bit... better? 5. The singing of right hand and its 'breathing' were quite natural and fine, sentence by sentence..., but the total speed is too slower than normal, which reflect the running ability of the left hand needed to improve. I knew: to your 9-years-old hands, it's a very hard requirement... However, waiting the up-grown, I have the confidence you can hands-sing it in a much more fluent way... [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 14:10, 5 September 2019 (UTC) '''Night's Piano-Song - The depth of China Pop-Piano (and Siqi's Heart-Try)''' ''Comments:'' She made the depth of two peak notes but in light touching way. I thought also that she did this Pop-piano's musicality in a poet's Night-thinking... She is suitable for the performance of this-type-'songs' and improvising (still at little age and need to prepare in time). Let us listen to her and feel her expression. ==== The Cowherd's Flute played by a little girl piano pupil - Guo Guo (Nickname: Happy fruits) ==== This edition has already been her best attempt, regarding with its landscape-painting style, lovely Cowherd's Flute we can refer to Wikipedia introduction (Seeking key words 'The Cowboy's Flute' in). It's recorded as a beautiful memory of her piano-learning and her Childhood. Let us listen to her: [[File:The Cowboy&#039;s Flute - Yuxuan, Lu (Guo Guo).ogg|thumb|The Cowherd's Flute - Yuxuan, Lu (Guo Guo)]] ==== Clementi Sonata Op35 No. 5 (Movement 1st), played by Piano pupil Yixuan, Qiao ==== Clementi's Sonata-Op35 No. 5 was a so long and difficult piece for students around their ninth year. Therefore, we have divided it into many small sections and taught. She learnt in progress. Meanwhile, this little and beautiful girl (She was beautifully good at dancing, somehow rather than piano.) has already attempted her best in exercising and recording. I thought it recorded her good piano-learning experiences and those memories of childhood. Regarding with further information about this work, please refer to the educational portal: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal:Sonatinas_from_Kids%27_corner_near_heaven#Muzio_Clementi . Let us listen to her: [[File:Clementi Sonatina Op35. No 5 Movement 1st Piano pupil YIxuan, Qiao.ogg|thumb|Clementi Sonatina Op35. No 5 Movement 1st Piano pupil YIxuan, Qiao]] [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 02:42, 18 October 2019 (UTC) ====Little and Little, Twinkling Stars - Little Piano-Kids' Playground==== Say 'Hello' to our 'Little Goldman' [[File:Vienna Trip - The Little Goldman- Strauss Family.jpg|thumb|Hand-making my own picture of Strauss Family's Little Goldman]] * [[Portal:Little and Little, Twinkling Stars - Little Piano-Kids' Playground| Little and Little, Twinkling Stars - Little Piano-Kids' Playground]] rbhohkb8kh1vjjram553em70w1kvss5 2689975 2689972 2024-12-02T14:45:28Z Jason M. C., Han 2696291 highlighting points 2689975 wikitext text/x-wiki '''No Orders, Beautiful flowers were blooming from Childhood! Let us pick up your most beautiful moments...''' [[File:Salzburg Cathedral (Inside) - Mozart Baptized place 1. - Mozart-Complexes World under Water (Modernist View).jpg|thumb|Piano Kids, on that day, modern colours, lights and technologies made Mozart's birthplace (Washing) -Salzburg Cathedral like a world (palace) under the biggest water - Blue Sea]] [[File:Beautiful landscapes surrounding Mozart's birthplace - Heavenly Spring flowing from Alps Moutain.jpg|thumb|Heavenly Ice-spring from Alps Mountain]] [[File:Mozart from Green Nature 1.jpg|thumb|Mozart comes from Green Mountain and Nature]] [[File:Beautiful Sunset View of Oceanic City from top building during COVID-19 period.jpeg|thumb|Beautiful Sunset View of Oceanic City during COVID-19 period]] [[File:Panorama of Hi-tech Industrial Park in Dalian from Top Rock of Xiaoping Island.jpg|thumb|Panorama of Earlier Spring Mountain-City from 'Top Rock' of Xiaoping Island]] [[File:Small items in Commons Life of 2019 Spring 2.jpg|thumb|Flaming Katy and piano-peers as Micro-landscape in classroom ]] [[File:An Oil Painting watched since born.jpeg|thumb|Oil Painting: Forest Cabin in front of Fuji(or Helan) Mountain 'hanging on the wall']] Oh, dear piano pupils, we have seen so many beautiful landscapes, across the times and spaces. Now, firstly, getting into East- your nature and self-meditation, let us try to take the Pentatonic Scales Exercises for relaxing you 'busy heart' and focusing your attention back to piano... *[[Portal:Pentatonic Impressionism (China Wu Sheng) in the view of Neo-classical Piano Techniques-training]] '''Afterwards, we can take further great life-tasks in piano...''' '''New Time and Fresh Air from 2024''' *[[Portal:Fresh Air of Piano after COVID-19 and beginning up a Recovering New Time of Openness from 2024]] ===='''Firstly, passing by a Skyline of Citylife Night-Skyline'''==== [[File:Flowing City (Lin Hai), Player and Teacher JMC,Han (Jason).ogg|thumb| Flowing City from 'Forest Sea', JMC,Han [[File:Dalian Urban Night Skyline from Xiao Ping Island Mountain-top No.2.jpg|thumb|Dalian Urban Night Skyline from Xiao Ping Island Mountain-top No.2]] ]] ===='''New Era is coming...:(New Teaching List)'''==== [[File:Skiing Statue made during my rollers-skating.jpg|thumb|Skiing Statue shows Spirit (like piano)]] [[File:The new situation of bubbles-fish statue.jpg|thumb|Ice & Snow Bubbles-fish are welcoming]] [[File:Mmexport1614470203508.jpg|thumb|Picture of piano lessons still under Covid-19 situation]] Etude in the Advanced level - Sir Chopin's famous Black-keys (Flatten G Major) Etude: [[File:Chopin Black-keys Flat G Etude (Exercise), player JMC, Han.ogg|thumb| Black-keys: An Etude your teacher has no chance in childhood, but still hurries up to be better]] [[File:Chopin Impromptus Op.29, JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|Chopin Impromptus Op.29, JMC, Han - Deep Fast Waltz-thinking in Quiet Gentleman's Self-Expression (Improvising)]] [[File:Sogdian whirl with large pipa.jpg|thumb| (Public Domain Work: See original page: https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sogdian_whirl_with_large_pipa.jpg#mw-jump-to-license): Could you find some musicality similarly with Chopin's Black-keys' Pentatonic?]] True Fairland - a piano melody of The Nutcracker (Dance of Sugar Plum Fairy): the advanture from childhood realizes your piano dream-"Fingering Ballet" [[File:The Nutcracker (Dance of Sugar Plum Fairy), Piano performer JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|The piano performance of <Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy> in 'The Nutcracker' (Ballet Re-edited Piano Melody)]] Czerny 299 etudes were designed for the smart&strong fingering&modelling of hands and a pair of Vienna school's ears for the harmony...such as No.23... [[File:Czerny 299 No. 23 JMC,Han.ogg|thumb|Czerny 299 No. 23, player JMC,Han]] A peacefully praying Sinfonia of Sir Bach is freshly added in the "New exam book's list' during this COVID-19 period, to which you can have a relaxing hear and try (Don't worry, listening, it's enough time, you knew, 'Andatino'-Peacefully walking, and to sing by hands, in a small Baroque place : [[File:Sinfonia No.11 - 3Ps Invention, Bach, JMC,Han.ogg|thumb|Sinfonia No.11 Andatino- 3Ps Invention, Bach, Teacher JMC,Han (COVID-19 Protection Time)]] Encouragement in Italy Smart Fashion, but needs the very carefully fingering-techniques training (Long time, advanced), feet-edges' staccato, sentence-Pizzicato, flowing streams...Italian artist techniques always attract our eyeballs... Let us attempt to... make out your own Italy style! Cheer up! [[File:Domenico Scarlatti G Major Sonata, JMC,Han.ogg|thumb| Domenico Scarlatti G Major Sonata (In COVID-19 Pandemic Period), JMC,Han.ogg]] '''A good teaching video result played by Yixuan, Wang:''' http://m.kugou.com/mv/?hash=f00b36624f27b091b79e3f30e158aa03&sruserid=640650901 Baroque staccato techniques were always in a reasonable, confident, relaxing(wrists), fluent and vivid - 'Enough manners' of the Era, which needs us apply very careful fingering trainings. In a view of the whole structure, according to ears' musical suitable habits(psychological), I gave 1st section a twice repetitions, and then a throughout 2nd section to the Code. Hopefully, French Suite would make us brave, confident and relaxed. (but it also need years' accumulation of hand working to let those out and better) Have a try? Good luck! [[File:BWV.816 Gigue-French Suites No.5 Bach, Player JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|BWV.816 Gigue-French Suites No.5 Bach, Player JMC, Han]] (By turning to Wikimedia Commons, you will find two versions under its 'historical tree', currently. They are showing different stages we can reach. The first version was kept because it's relatively slower and more stable that in the basic stage we can make notes heard staccato and clear. After feeling suitable in this stage, we need to improve its tempo and get Gigue Dances' happy, vivid,,dialoguing with moods, jumping and wrists' breathing naturally. It needs time to train your hands frequently, untill relaxing but accurately. Main Difficulties: Stiffen wrists, Cramp and Tiredness... Now, it's the time of yourself...) Hi! We, piano kids: Imaging a scene, let us hands-dances with the good manners and a earnest mind in a beautiful Baroque palace. It's easy and natural... [[File:Primary Bach No. 16 March, Player JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|'Primary Bach No. 16 March' -A peaceful Bach-melody for all 'Piano Kids'...]] Sir Debussy's Arabesque Suites (The second suite) is also in the list. The musicality in my world is: It's the legend of Butterfly in birds' chorus... it took us to a Life-mountain behind our living garden facing a quiet sea... Watching, in some time of one section, you can also hear Monet's 'Quiet Morning' upon the sea... Alongside Butterfly's dance-suite, imagination is beginning. Oh, listening... (Main meaning referenced from my main page) What about it in your world and imagination? '''Sound teaching demonstration:''' [[File:Claude Debussy - 2nd Arabic Suite (Arabesque) - Spring Butterfly, Performer JMC, Han.wav|thumb|2nd Arabic Suite- Spring Butterfly (Impressionism Singing -Main Natural Lines&Breathes from Sir Debussy)]] '''Good video teaching result from a 12 years' old little girl piano-pupil Mo Zhou:''' http://m.kugou.com/mv/?hash=b50e133a360fa8d30cdcd9fca4163e73&sruserid=640650901 (Photographer: Ms. Yang, Gao) Listening! boys and girls, Dvorak's Humor-jumping and Homesick-expressing: A true Czech-homeland heart, but Dancing... somewhere in American Countryside [[File:Flatten G Humoresque Dvorak, Player JMC,Han.ogg|thumb|Flatten G Humoresque, A. Dvorak, Player JMC,Han]] [[File:One Town-view from Cesky Krumlov Castle.jpeg|thumb| Krumlov Castle-town's view]] ====Xinran, Yu - a lovely Chinese little piano girl's 'Ink-Mountain & Green Rivers' view of <The Cowherd's Flute> ==== '''Comment:''' "Before taking the national examination and the exhibition competition, we together listened and learned to the net-editions of young master Lang Lang and Yujia Wang...(regarding with this famous little melody of Chinese tradition) I think in this melody, she tried out her best for the techniques-training and the musicality in her age... from a little performer's view. Therefore,I gave the comment-Excellent. Close your eyes, thinking of a little lovely girl happily playing among ink-mountains and the green rivers, with a water buffalo, some birds followed, and her smart flute... let us relax in the Chinese Ink-Landscape and listen to this little melody...(referenced partly from the writing in Wikimedia Commons page) [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 02:28, 27 May 2021 (UTC) ==== Zichen Tao - A little Chinese snowgirl's hardworking of D Major Sonatina==== '''Comment:''' D Major Sonatina is still piano Children's favorites to perform and show... taken to the national grade examination, daily performed with each other, and also to city's piano Competition &Exhibition. That's an educational case lasting for many years in Dalian. This edition is played by a lovely and white Chinese girl - Zichen, Tao. She and her mother took the very responsibility to check the wrong notes, improve the learning progress, and make the performing manners and designs for the stage-show... Therefore, in my view as her piano teacher, this edition is already great in her age...(though hand-running details need to improve for her age). Hopefully, her family can enjoy this piano experience, companying with this melody in her childhood. (Partly referenced from her Wikimedia Commons' page) [[File:D major Sonatina , Piano student Zichen Tao.ogg|thumb| D major Sonatina (Kuhlau's) played by piano pupil Zichen Tao]] ==== Meng's Performance and Comments after learning in the reality from Jason M. C.,Han in Children's Corner: ==== [[File:Children's corner of Meng.ogg|thumb| Meng Meng (nick name)'s edition of Doctorial in Children's Corner: Currently, the Fourth Version was her most beautiful one self-made in classroom before Piano Grade Test Exanimation. Regarding with all editions' comments and reasons, please reference to the original file in Wikimedia Commons]] [[File:MM Good classroom F major 1838 Grande valse brillante.ogg|thumb|MM Good classroom F major 1838 Grande valse brillante]] '''[[Portal: Part of Comments - 'for students' Examination Performance, Piano tutor's teaching self-reflexivity and possible some requirements of Pedalling Sound-effects with Artist Fashion of Post-impressionism' | Part of Comments - 'for students' Examination Performance, Piano tutor's teaching self-reflexivity and possible some requirements of Pedalling Sound-effects with Artist Fashion of Post-impressionism']]''' [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 04:15, 12 October 2018 (UTC) ==== Kim Hui's 'Doctoral Training','Under the sunshine' in Children's Corner: ==== '''Comments for Kim Hui's first draft:''' 1. She did the second theme (associated) well 'much deeper like vocally singing out a better life in New Era under the sunshine, on a piece of small area in a rainforest'... 2. Her Korean dance (Wikipedia introduction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_dance) has been done well, in which I can hear traditional drum-points in bass-part and crossing hand to tremble part. 3. I can hear Time-travelling and space-shaking to the past through a 'Dark-cave', from..., minutes 1.30-1.40... But, I think: if 'dramatically' and 'significantly' in dynamics (loudness), it would be better to show... 4. I can hear Forest's Evensong in Coda part - 'dim.' to the silence of night and a 'rit.' slowing down to the sleeping dream, and even several night-birds' dreaming voices...But, please make a much gentler taste (not so hurry up and not so strong) of those pictures. Meanwhile, I hope you can get a better & coherent control of the rhythm among different sections. 5. I knew, regarding with 'peak-parts', she had made many attempts 'drumming beats rights and keeping those connections clear'. However, still, in minutes 1.04 and 1.59, I felt it's a little bit 'rough', and needed to be handled in of the solidification... Oh, maybe, I am so severe... sorry, I should give you the encouragement. Main comment: 'Under the sunshine' is suitable to Kim Hui's fashion and can be kept in her performance list. Her first draft and its preparation has given me an enjoyable teaching experience and many beautiful memories of life. It's fluent and vivid, expressive and dedicated. Thanks, Kim Hui! More colours and lights would be added from technique details, from her independent fingering and some traditional piano manners, meanwhile, the rhythm should be balanced well in the future. There are many developing zones of 'this painting' she can better and draw out for her future.[[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 21:22, 17 October 2018 (UTC) ===== Kim Hui's second 'Show-Time' in classroom - Poem of Music (Piano Etude) ===== '''Teacher's Demonstration:''' [[File:Poem of music.ogg|thumb|Poem of music JMC, Han]] '''Student's Second Performance - Poem of Music: ''' [[File:Poem of Music (Piano Etude) - Student Kim Hui.ogg|thumb|Poem of Music (Piano Etude) - Student Kim Hui]] '''Comments for Kim Hui's first draft:''' 1. She has mainly got the technique-points, but a little bit of rough in some details, such as the minutes 0.30-0.31 - 'Tail-closing part' of a sentence - in the progression of 'Diminished Seventh Chord-Arpeggio'... However, as her first draft and the random collection from a normal classroom, I thought it's well-done. we can wish its further 'Developing Zone', in the view of piano education. 2. In 'Coda Part' of Poem of Music (Piano Etude), she was able to show a great controllability of the 'Legato' between two hands, as the pieces of falling leaves slowly flying-upon the surface of water. Sometimes, it was evenly better than mine. I hoped she could manage it in a better way. 3. She showed some thoughts of musicality... However, 'Techniques-points' still wasted much of her energy. I think the total Dynamics in physics will be improved soon. (waiting more) [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 14:53, 23 May 2019 (UTC) ===== Kim Hui can reach the advanced level of piano performance in this 'Little Children's Corner' ===== Though It's still Covid-19 Health-protection Time, after Home-self-Training Time, some classroom face-mask covering & health-good-protection lessons and an examination of China Culture&Tourism Ministry, She can play this 'Doctoral Etude' which is dreamed many piano pupils, with impressionism style. As her teacher, I didn't think It's a simple Etude which was expressed in many scenes, but with the big universe imagination and impression. Therefore, we have trained it as Meng's approach and further developed it. Indeed, I think she performed far greater than this edition, right in that online national examination. She got it, Congratulation! Let us listen to her ... [[File:Debussy-Children's Corner-Doctorial Etude, Piano pupil Jinghui Jin (Kim).ogg|thumb|Debussy-Children's Corner-Doctorial Etude, Piano pupil Jinghui Jin (Kim)]] ==== 'Colourful Clouds Running After Moon' impressed into the Heart of Xinyi, Hua (Hua family's Heart-sweet girl from 'Painting Imagery')==== '''Comments for the first draft of Xinyi, Hua:''' 1. I like her treatment of the prelude part in 'Colourful Clouds Running After Moon'. It's light and soft like silky clouds up-bridging alongside moonlight towards a round moon above the dark-blue sea. However, please try to link each silky pentatonic-arpeggio weave as a smooth whole from the bottom to the top, and from the left hand to the right hand. If so, her progress will be enlarged; 2. I can hear the situation 'Colourful Clouds Running After Moon' appeared in many linking parts before and later. She was attempting to give an acceleration imitating this procedure from a slower speed to a fast one, and between two hands' echo-following from a loose density to a tight one... However, if obviously, it will be better; 3. Like 0.58 to 1.03 minutes, I can hear that in some parts, she would like to make a returning sound-boomerang (Wikipedia introduction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang) up-rising 'to the moon' and down-landing upon the sea-surface. If a small time of middle reaction was canceled out by her proficiency, we will appreciate the musical beauty in a much more advanced situation; 4. In 1.22 to 1.30 minutes, I know she would like to make a silky veil, with the colourful clouds as material, upon moon's beautiful face by her right hand. It's a little bit of pity that the controlling ability of relative loudness made she carried this willing but harder to realize. Meanwhile, this veil needed to be smooth. Oh, sorry, I am so critical... indeed, she did not bad; 5. There is a hard hurt in 1.36 minute - it's still a repetition of bass-chord though she has already attempted her best to grasp the bass large chord through left hand's opening degrees (Little girl, I knew you had tried your best. Though the momentum was great, I still need to point it out.); 6. 2.12 - 2.40 minutes is the part - 'Bright Moon up-rising above the harvest sea'. This is a grand scene which needs great forces from students' forearms and a fast reactions for some flexible connections to arpeggio-parts... Congratulations, little girl, she have got it, though it's a little bit slower. She have given out a great momentum; 7. In the Moon-tail part, she has expressed her great musicality to make moon disappear in the dawn of sea; 8. Many ornamentations she has done well, though still some need to be gently breezing in the impressionism of Chinese landscape painting. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 12:22, 24 October 2018 (UTC) ===== 'Pure White Dove' in Young Teenager Xinyi's Eyes ===== [[File:Dove in the eyes of Young Teenager girl Xinyi, Hua.ogg|thumb|'Pure White Dove' ('La Paloma' - 'No More' in English) in the eyes of Young Teenager girl Xinyi, Hua]] '''Congratulation to your beautifully singing of the 'Melodic lines' behind the right hand's octaves-grasping!''' '''Comments:''' 1. Four biggest designs appeared: around B50 (Minutes 1.36), B55 (Minutes 1.48), B58 (Minutes 1.54) and B62 (Minutes 2.01) - four Peak-currents, we'd like to throw (rit.) the 'missing notes' into the air and rotate them a little bit more slowly - like to send, wait and feel Dove's messages across the ocean in a self-holding & self-releasing intoxication. She tried her best to make them out, but not quite clearly and still need much time to grow up... 2. I liked her coda part (from B65 Minutes 2.08 to the end): She was so sure about two hands' March-doubling, as a confirmation of future and belief; or to say, she transformed her 'missing' in the melody to be a true hope of tomorrow, or someday... Evenly, I thought it's better than mine... 3. For more than half years, we have worked hard to help her link all octave-grasping pearls out of melodic lines in singing breaths. She almost got it successfully, through small breaks... 4. Some 'Spanish Dotted notes' and 'Triples-wandering', with the rhythm of Spanish Dance Habanera-Andante (Wikipedia introduction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contradanza) can be fulfilled, but some not really... I am happy she recognized them and paid more attentions to... It's waiting time that she could perform much better. 5. Yes, I had to say: still some small faults there... The good usage of pedalling almost hide some, but... also a little bit rough... Oh, I didn't want to be a so severe teacher. Rather than, much more good wishes of her growth should be given. Okay, hopefully, she enjoyed it. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 12:57, 4 April 2019 (UTC) '''Teacher's Demonstration for standards above and Further Progress (Advanced Level):''' [[File:Dove With Spanish Sense in Piano JMC.Han.ogg|thumb|Dove With Spanish Sense in Piano JMC.Han (It was once used by the photography gallery of music friend User:PigeonIP - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:PigeonIP/Tauben/2019_April_1-10 and the main page La Paloma in wikipedia )]] '''More information and reading - articles (list) about 'Dove', please watch:''' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paloma ==== Malagueña Dream from a little Chinese girl - Yinuo's heart (A promise ... to piano) in a small beach-side classroom ==== [[File:Student edition - Malagueña Suite (modified for piano) played by Yinuo, Liu.ogg|thumb|Student edition - Malagueña Suite (modified for piano) played by Yinuo, Liu]] '''Comments for the first draft of Yinuo, Liu:''' 1. We can hear the impression of Flamenco rhythmic pattern (Compás) (Wikipedia introduction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco) diffusing from some simple rhythm-components of a parts in a total ABA structure of Malagueña Suite. This is what I - the tutor and the little girl -learner would like to express through three more different accompaniment bass-forms, including pizzicatos, small slurring breathes and some opposite weights..., which imitated some of Classical Guitar's handling ways. Thanks to the little girl Yinuo, you have realized most of our designs! Congratulations! 2. I really like her beautiful Cante jondo - associated 'vocal' lines by right hand which was balanced & flying above the flamenco accompaniment of the left hand when the second thematic melody began. It's a deep, profound and emotions-rich singing, almost from a beautiful Spanish girl's natural expression for the missing, the reasoning of life & Universe when facing a 'deep and far' sea. Though if the dynamics would be dramatically and the singing would be much deeper, the emotional atmosphere would be better: I thought to only a girl of her 11 years' old age, she has already attempted her best to understand those across cultures; 3. I like the middle B's fantastical view of holiday beach under the sunshine, which was almost formed by white waves from blue sea. It's relaxable, dreamful and graceful, like a girl poet's walk alongside a small sand bay... (Yinuo, you knew, if you can make the 'rit. - A Tempo' much more nature like the real tides of sea and the speed tiny faster, the progress zone will be enlarged); 4. I know in two middle long 'vocal' ornaments, she would like to show us ' the blackbirds or the nightingales of its gardens...' However, if making it much more smoothly, expressively, and flexibly, even a little bit down-slowed, her Spanish 'tasteful' fashion will be more beautiful; 5. Repeated A part is better to be different in small details which can show the ability of hands and the variation of music. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 13:35, 24 October 2018 (UTC) ==== Für Elise in piano boy Zhe's eyes ==== '''Teacher's demonstration in classroom for better:'''[[File:For Elise (Für Elise) Beethoven JMC Han.ogg|thumb|For Elise (Für Elise) Beethoven JMC Han]] '''Student's performance in classroom:''' [[File:Für Elise -Student Performance Zhe,Zhang.ogg|thumb|Für Elise in piano boy Zhe's eyes]] ==== D major Sonatina (Kuhlau) - Piano-pupil girl Mengshuang's 'Strong Willpower and Persistence' ==== '''Teacher's demonstration in classroom for better:''' [[File:D major sonatina 2nd movement Kuhlau (played by Jason).ogg|thumb|D major sonatina 2nd movement Kuhlau - Teacher JMC. Han]] '''Student's performance in classroom:''' [[File:D major Sonatina (Kuhlau) - the version from piano-student Meng Shuang, Wang.ogg|thumb|D major Sonatina (Kuhlau) - the version from piano-student Meng Shuang, Wang. This classroom version has been selected by https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Rsteen/Artists_from_Denmark/2019_August_1-10]] '''Comments and Statements:''' 1. Totally to say, the main melody fast-run by the right hand has kept its fluency, transparency and clearance. It's very hard in piano training for herself, owe to that her hands-shape was a little bit of 'frozen'. Thanks for your hard-working in the training. Congratulation! 2. Her musicality in this melody has also been motivated out - unrestrained and natural in the expression. 3. Left hand's accompaniment was in good triplet-treatment, but please light and dedicate a little bit... It's to say: the controllability still needs to improve. 4. Some heads of sentences and smaller phrases need to be match together between two hands in a better way - some parts, because of small ornamentations and dotted notes, weren't quite well... 5. I am very happy that you (in your 12th year of life) were willing to play out the middle 'rit. - A Tempo' in a comparison ('rit.' was slowing down the waiting, then, 'A Tempo' for the Peak expression in return). However, it was still a little bit rough (before its right time). You can try to modify it in a better view. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 03:08, 2 August 2019 (UTC) ==== How to play Mozart's Classics? ==== ===== Work from Mozart's earlier time - Turkish March ===== '''Teacher's Demonstration in classroom:''' '''Video:''' [[File:Turkey March Video-Mozart-Jason Han.webm|thumb|Turkish March (Video) for Mozart's; JMC, Han]] '''Sound:''' [[File:Turkey March for Mozart and Memory JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|Turkish March (Sound) for Mozart's and Memory (many times used in peer Tokfo/Vienna Gallery - such as https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tokfo/Vienna/2019_January_26-28 ); JMC, Han]] ==== Sure, Ma's boy-view of Mozart's 'Turkish March' ==== [[File:Sure, Ma's Version of 'Turkish March' in piano classroom for piano education.ogg|thumb|'Turkish March' - an old mysterious Turkey story in piano student (Jason's piano pupil) boy Sure, Ma's classroom edition. Thanks, this good teaching & Learning result was selected by Tokfo/Vienna Gallery: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tokfo/Vienna/2019_April_25-27 ]] '''Further Comments for his first draft:''' 1. It's very difficult for a young boy to manage Turkish March's speed in a smooth way... He tried his best to keep it stable and unified, and almost did achieve it. (Turkish March is easily to make people play faster and faster until crazily broken. He tried to solve it by giving a slower beginning ) But, it's a little bit of too serious,afraid to touch wrong. Indeed, I heard his another time, in which he totally open himself and relax from nature... We could give him more hopes. 2. His melodic flow of scale-phrases (legato) are quite fluent and natural, which shows his scale-playing and fingering were quite great. But, a small break occurred around 1.14 to 1.17 minutes could be caused by the stiff right wrist (too tried) and no-good fingering design. He should frequently move second and third fingers in a much smarter way. To a young boy in his age, it should already be 'okay'. 3. When the theme occurred in the second time, it's better to give a dynamics-difference in contrast. My mother-Ms Song said: it's like an old story (sound) heard from a far distance to near somewhere - mysteriously. However, he gave a very tight connection, as if it was linked with the previous section. 4. He tried his best to take the Worldwide difficult challenge - 'Broken-chordal Arpeggiated-octaves' (Around 2.00 to 2.14 minutes). I gave him a 'LIKE' that he had taken this challenge which even many pianists or teachers made some 'faults' as their heart pities - You can hear the edition of Romuald Greiss' in Wikipedia and several my previous times... However, this boy achieved it after many trainings time after time... Though later half one, compared with the beginning, might be in lower distinguishing degree, he didn't make any 'breaks', which comforted my teaching way so much. Thanks, boy Sure! 5. The final problem would occur in 'Alberti Bass' (left hand) of Coda part. Coming to it, you will feel easy to give up, which required more endeavors to control your hands in narrow and elaborate dealing way. He did it good, but lost in the counting of number (B111), and further, the connection with the final 'Square-opening Dance' (a small break). other things, such as the strength, are fine in his age. 6. In addition, I am planning to add a 'Turkish Stop' by a final pedaling. I didn't know whether he could, someday. Overall, I gave him an Excellent Comment. Hopefully, he will play better after better in his growth. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 14:13, 8 March 2019 (UTC) '''Further Comments for his second draft:''' 1. As his teacher, I am very happy to hear several great designs we have made in classrooms can be achieved in the second draft, according to the background knowledge of 'Turkey March' I taught, such as the final 'Turkey Stop' (not really in modern piano, but a little bit similar) and the Bass-points-layer (simulating the military drum) beneath the long fast running scale-phrases of right hand (middle section)... Cool boy, thanks that you can remember your teacher's words! Congratulation! 2. Yes, right after the chance of Music library Report-performance in local we have made and getting back, you improved the edition's speed and fluency. You can evenly save 15 seconds, contrasted with before, which showed that your fingering & running ability of hands had been greatly improved. However, the disadvantage is that it's easier to make some small motives uneven and rough (touching wrong notes) without purpose, which needs more your careful attention and exactness about details. 3. I knew you tried your best to face the peak challenge Mozart made to all people - making broken-progression of octaves message (middle part) and hearing out its hidden melodic lines. Great! However, it's still a little bit beyond your ability that its distinction with chords-effect weren't so clear. No matter, Sure boy, more exercises, it will be better. In all, progressing soon which shows the potential, thanks to your performances1 There is still the developing zone waiting for you. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 15:08, 25 April 2019 (UTC) ==== Clever Girl Jia Xin's Clever view of Sir Bach's 3-parts Invention ==== '''Teacher's Demonstration for Future Development:''' [[File:3 Parts Invention 8th- from Sir Bach.ogg|thumb|3 Parts Invention 8th- from Sir Bach's BWV 794 – Sinfonia No. 8 in F major ]] ''' Jia Xin's Performance:''' [[File:3-parts Invention No. 8 (F major) in piano-girl Jia Xin's view.ogg|thumb|3-parts Invention No. 8 (F major) in piano-girl Jia Xin's view]] '''Comments of her first draft:''' 1. Totally, 3 parts are ranged in Bach's harmony, to a girl in her age - 12 years old. It's not easier to make so clear layers out. I was satisfied with this point, after heard every time; 2. I can hear piano techniques for polyphonic & counterpoint music like Bach's, such as cannon, intimation between two hands, up-climbing shoulder by shoulder, dialogues, long-notes down-pressed for different parts' SHE (sentence-head-enhancement), long-notes kept for parts' division and maintaining, fingering grouping in one hand for 2 parts, parts' continuously melting into one for the summarization, and..., Baroque ornamentation... mentioned for long. For those trainings, and further, the internalization into her own mind-analysis, we had searched information & knowledge through Wikipedia, two more manuscripts, books and other webs online, further, spent classroom time to reason, analyse, train and fix note by note for long time... In this case, I gave her hard-working a 'Like' again; 3. There would also be some problems regarding with recording pressure and her memory...: some big ones - left hand's relatively weak ability in managing two parts, small mistakes (like B18's f note played as sharp f - around 1.13 minute, B21's final g isn't raised there - around 1.23-1.24 minutes, and others...), small ornaments in a little bit of rough view and a much more graceful manner in Coda part. (sorry, to such a 12 years old girl, my suggestions could be so severe. But when listening, they are directly in my ears...) 4. She did really pay her attention to Dynamics, but please better - lighter, smarter and more obviously... 5. The speed of later part is better than the slower earlier part. Overall, I also gave her an excellent comment for her performance (Live) in classroom. For further development, she can listen to my edition and the one in 'Inventions and Sinfonias (Bach)' - Wikipedia article (I thought it's great, but I didn't like too many speed-variations in Bach's works. It's better more reasonable: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventions_and_Sinfonias_(Bach) ) [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 07:33, 9 March 2019 (UTC) ==== Yixuan's piano-view and traveling landscapes ==== '''First view (only 9 years old) of Sir Bach's 2-parts Inventions''' [[File:Bach 2-parts Invention, played by Yixuan Wang (Only 9 years old).ogg|thumb|Bach 2-parts Invention, played by Yixuan Wang (Only 9 years old)]] '''Comments from teacher:''' 1. Musical parts and space-dimensions were much clearer than before, which reflected the little girl Yixuan's hard-working continuously after her piano examination... 2. I can hear the heads of musical sentences which were highlighted by each hand when required. I can also hear cannon-following, doubling and countermelody which were clearly shown into her performance. It's quite necessary for students in this age - 9 years old. In certain degree, she is already a good and careful student in piano. 3. Still, the controllability and the stability of hands, especially the turn of her 3rd, 4th and 5th fingers, need to be improved, which caused some small faults, such as 0.49-0.50 minutes (Bar 22) - a recovered B in right 3rd finger, 0.54-0.55 minutes (Bar 25) - 3rd, 4th & 5th fingers of left hand, and a small disharmonic note - flatten B in the right hand - 0.32 (Bar 14)... 4. It's great that I can hear Baroque staccatos were in their graceful manners - like imperfect pearls required by its era. She almost did it... 5. Totally saying: it must be a very hard-job for a student in 9 years old to play Bach's 2-parts Invention. She bravely took up this life-task and successfully completed - this point should be affirmed. Congratulation! You can do more further... [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 02:28, 6 September 2019 (UTC) '''MARIAGE D'AMOUR (Dreaming Wedding Ceremony) and its Educational Story:''' It's only no more than 2 weeks she did get the main techniques, after taking a Covid-19 Protection piano lesson and further test(Face-mask covering and breathe-prevention…).Then, she went back home and made a hard self-working exercise. Afterwards, around 10 days, this edition can come out. Why was she so keen on making it? She told me... One of her family's friends would like a piece of background music for his wedding ceremony, and they knew she was a good piano pupil.They invited her to take this task. She online self found out her long dreaming piece, and felt very happy for them. She thought only hard-working at home can realize this dream in this 'Hard Recovery Time'. She has beautifully taken this life-task for a very short time, and finally I could find a beautiful smile on her face... Though there were still some small faults in teacher's view, such as the biggest 1.02-1.03... ('''Problems:''' Mentioned one is because of the distance of the Tenth-grasping is out of her hand-shape and ability in this age - rolling but touching a wrong note; In addition, the breathing of each sentence's tail somehow is with a longer responded break... Further, the Pedaling for the coherence from natural breathing need to improve; The final departing dropping notes were too noisy... which needs to be quiet,rit. and peaceful...), her hands' ability (especially the big chords-grasping, whole-viewing, locating, and sight-reading) was improved by her own endeavors (Maybe... subjects-divided examination-taking online through self-video-recording,in this special time, motivated her self-management...). This point made me feel happy... Hopefully, the friend of her family enjoyed their wedding ceremony with this own and LIVE background music, luckily as in a fantastic, peaceful and forever-lasting life-dream of happiness. In future, Hoping: Yixuan, you can play this fantastic wedding song of piano (fluently and heart-touchingly) for more families and share their friendship, love and happiness... Little girl pupil, thank you!^_^ [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 01:55, 24 September 2020 (UTC) [[File:CCzerny 299 Etude No. 27, Piano student Yixuan Wang, Tutor Jason Han.oggzerny 299 Etude No. 27, Piano student Yixuan Wang, Tutor Jason Han.ogg|thumb| Czerny 299 Etude No. 27, Piano student Yixuan Wang, Tutor Jason Han.ogg]] I have taught two children this Etude-a girl and also a boy (with outcomes). They played all well in very different musicalities. One is like a fast gym meeting 299's standards. The other-hers is with a good sound effect -light and peaceful after her grade examination. Both I all like. Regarding with how to train this sound effect with pedal, Please see my etudes'platform: https://en.m.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal:Piano_Etudes_as_Poems '''G major Sonata L.349 - Yixuan Wang's New Attempt of Italian Baroque Style of A. Scarlatti''' A. Scarlatti's Sonatas are quite hard for young students and young teenagers to train and perform.However, Yixuan is fine, I thought. It needs a very fast & light fingering of Scale & Arpeggios and different STACCATOing keyboard-touching way, meanwhile, the exaggerating fluency of simple patterns... I thought she somehow had touched at her own little age. Just, more from nature, more details-care and the flexibility of hands&body could make things better. At her age, it's already fine.Thanks to the recent striving in this still hard time of COVID-19 Recovery. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 02:31, 20 August 2021 (UTC) [[File:G major Sonata L.349, Piano Pupil Yixuan, Wang.ogg|thumb|A, Scarlatti L.349 Sonata, Piano-pupil Yixuan, Wang]] It's very hard to train Scarlatti's Italian Style of technique skills... However, Yixuan, Wang has never given up... during this COVID-19 Time...-Protecting herself with masks, meanwhile, playing times after times... Finally, we can get some senses of fast, airily,lightly and breezily... Yes, there may also be some problems, like- it's very easy to be stressful and breathless on the stage...But to her age, do you think it's already good... Therefore, I recorded it in a video and published it on a musical platform -Kugou, and a educational platform - Youku, as to remember her growth: http://m.kugou.com/mv/?hash=f00b36624f27b091b79e3f30e158aa03&sruserid=640650901 ====Piano Pupil Mo Zhou's Smart Growth and Hard-working learning of Techniques ==== The video of Mo Zhou's most beautiful performance of Debussy's work- 2re Arabesque (I call it 'Butterfly's Dream') : Kugou musical platform - http://m.kugou.com/mv/?hash=547cb2c1e2f57a9e8ec66e8ecf36c269&sruserid=640650901 Youku educational part - http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNTgxNzA2Njk2MA==.html?x&sharefrom=android&sharekey=9631de9a76de1af3d601221019590cd26 (Published on the musical platform of Kugou and the educational part of Youku; the classroom volunteering photographer is Ms. Yang Gao) '''Piano Pupil Mo, Zhou's Violin simulation of Cremer's Etude's Art''' Catching the hands' positions (somehow borrowed from voilin's) is almost the hardest point to train.One focuses on left hand's Notes-Slipping; the other regards with the interval Position-switching (2 notes) check of right hand frequently. Though this little girl has a pair of smart&slim hands, she attempted her best. You can hear the most part's effect LIVE in classroom... In this point, I gave a 'LIKE'. [[File:Cramer Etude, Performed by Piano Pupil Mo, Zou.ogg|thumb|Cramer Etude, Performed by Piano Pupil Mo, Zhou]] '''A, Scarlatti L.349 Sonata - A Italian Style Taste of Baroque Music''' ''Comments:'' Mo,Zhou's hands are very smart, regarding with which some very tiny actions she can take, though they aren't quite big. Yes, she has been always willing to enlarge her hands. This point, but somehow, associate her to take this Italian Baroque Style (Rocca) quite easy. Yes, I thought she was fine regarding with much more details.(though it's LIVE that very few unexpected faults could be caused by the stress of the recording). I thought: to her performance, my teaching is working well. She did many requirements... Let us listen to her.[[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 03:25, 20 August 2021 (UTC) [[File:G major Sonata L.349, Piano pupil Mo, Zhou.ogg|thumb|File:G major Sonata L.349, Piano pupil Mo, Zhou.ogg]] ==== Brilliant Snow-ball boy (Yu) of Zhang family is praying for his father working in New Zealand ==== [[File:Pupil Yu,Zhang's edition - e minor sonata of Sir Haydn.ogg|thumb|E minor sonata of Sir Haydn was played by Piano student Yu, Zhang in classroom]] '''(Waiting better)''' Could you understand how hard Sir Haydn's & Mozart's mature sonata-structuralism and Classical Countermelody (from String Quartet: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart) were for the training of such a young boy or some students around this aget? Oh, looking back, I, myself, also did feel hard... However, this boy and another older piano sister did really insist on doing so. Today, they can give their own editions - very different with own personalities and natures. Another point I would like to say: It's only one week's time that this boy was fighting for 'a good hearing' of his father. Afterwards, a modified recording edition soon got out, which showed his proficiency and quality...Good boy! To be honest, reviewing the past year, in order to train Sir Haydn's melody, we researched many ways together, including mathematics... Sometimes, evenly felt hopeless... Playing from childhood, Haydn's style is quite simple to me - models, switching, sonata structure..., but to students, they didn't quite like the sense of thinking being structured... And at the very beginning, I even didn't understand why they felt difficult... Recognizing something, We began to make many games, and evenly counting out some scores for the achievement of his 'fried chicken legs'... Here, from rhythm to notation, and from melodic interaction to parts-division, I felt it's much clearer, more fluent and stable, than before... His ability of coordination has also been improved, though still some problems. I dared and felt confidential to say: it's a great edition of himself. Hopefully, he can progress further. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 16:08, 4 April 2019 (UTC) Now, he made it much more fluent and accurate, and also played out his own fashion, though some details still need to be modified. Honestly to say, I thought somehow he got his progress in this period which we can hear...[[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 03:28, 2 August 2019 (UTC) '''Comments''' It's the second time of piano boy Yu Zhang's teaching result show. In this time, he chose the melody <Under the Sunshine> - a Chinese fork teaching melody as one subject of national examination and also a performance of one piano competition in Dalian. In my view as his teacher, he gave a very different view of this melody, compared with girls'. He paid more attentions to the whole view of melody's energy, strength, fluency and the joyfulness in Under the Sunshine, but didn't too much care about the details of some parts. However, on the stage, it showed a very great expression as from boy's situation... Good luck and happy experiment. After some practices, in the classroom we together recorded it and submit it up... (Referenced Partly from his page in Wikimedia Commons) ==== How to play Chinese Folk tune - 'Kids' Dance' with Chinese kids' fashion? Listen to little girl Kunlu's performance ==== '''Teacher's Demonstration in classroom:''' [[File:Kid's Dance Chinese Folk Piano Player Jason M. C.,Han.ogg|thumb|Kid's Dance - 'Kid's Dance', from a folk piano-tune in China National Grading Book, was personally performed here, as a gift for all piano-kids' 'Happy 2019 Lucky Pig Year']] '''Student Kunlu's Performance in classroom:''' [[File:Kid's Dance (Chinese) - Student Kunlu, Han.ogg|thumb|Student Kunlu, Han's (Han family's girl born as bright as dewdrop in Kun - Saturn of Wuxing) good performance of Kid's Dance (Chinese)]] '''Teacher's Comments:''' Totally to say: Though She can play better editions (many better ones, last winter), in this sound file, she showed the coherence, fluency, flexibility and stability ( as Chinese fork-tune required). Hearing such a smart Chinese girl playing such a fugue-cannoning song, you will feel: it's a right song designing for a right girl... I think that's one meaning of piano-performance. Though spending much time, We did also research special 'Chinese supplemental positions & Dialogues' in polyphony together, which gave us many beautiful memories... Further more, in this age, her staccatos, slurs and Tenuto have been performed quite well, which helped her to keep a unified speed to the end. Taking back a step, there must still be some small faults in classroom (without purposes) that I have to point out: such as B18's #C blowing to D a little bit, the attention didn't get back in B41 head A which made a small break, and a small mistake of 'Recovered C' rather than #C... In order to dream of its accuracy and pentatonic harmony, it's a hard-working that we have already come over many problems and mistakes... Therefore, I think she fulfilled herself and achieved many things from 'Kid's Dance'. Hopefully, she enjoys the procedure of music-carving. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 15:07, 4 April 2019 (UTC) ===== Kunlu's Crystal Heart on International Children's Day - Kleine Kinder Kleine Sorgen (Little Child) ===== '''Teacher's Comments:''' 1. The degrees of proficiency, fluency (and internal speed) have been improved, right on International Children's Day. 2. I preferred her treble part very much - so cool, pure, clean and refreshing, which reflected her crystal heart in childhood. 3. The grasping of big chords - stronger, that's great - but needs to be more accurately and deep (The word 'deep' wasn't always 'loud' and 'heavy'). Please try to understand this point. Yes, it needs to show the hardness of growth (to young teenager), but also the achievement 'to be stronger and more confident of yourself...' [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 03:32, 28 June 2019 (UTC) [[File:Internationl Children&#039;s Day Gifts - 2. Kleine Kinder Kleine Sorgen (Little Child, Piano-modification of Germany Song).ogg|thumb| Kleine Kinder Kleine Sorgen (Little Child, Piano-modification of Germany Song), played by Kunlu, Han]] ==== Teacher's Shares of his own home-works from childhood (Open) - Jason, Han==== ====='''M. Moszkowsky Etude (Op.72 No.5) - "C major's Fluency, Clarification, Sunshine and Love'''===== New Beginning with...: M. Moszkowsky Etude (Op.72 No.5) played by Jixun Han (Jason) for piano teaching. It's long time that my piano classroom on the cloud in wikiversity hasn't update its situation. After so many things, now I can partly return to English writing world. The first Etude I would like to upload is still MM Edute which gave me so fluent and clean mind in my childhood. Oh, 38 years old, and after a wedding ceremony with my real lover, my fingers would not be so great as around 15s'... However, I would like to update its situation and new editions untill great someday. Now, let's began with this new melody. It's taught to my good Chinese boy pupil named Guoguo (fruit zeyu, Cui) when I grasped up and recorded. Yes, this little boy will also play well. Let's listen to my version, firstly. Thanks Jason M. C., Han (talk) 13:26, 20 November 2024 (UTC) More information, please see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Moritz_Moszkowski Homework Requirements (challenges): 1. B23-B24(B stands for Musical Bar): By right hand, heads of every 4-notes group make a down-going semi-notes scale, which needs a very careful&exact arpegio-fingering with a whole—palm holded and also thumb-measuring ability. Meanwhile, the left hand is making a whole-tenth measure, but arranged upon every two chords' link. The semi-notes scale is also its fixed channel accordingly. This point is very different to follow and be made accurately and perfectly, which needs long-time training. 2. B49-50 It's almost a two-hands doubling for playing arpeggio-phrase.But not really! You can watch the second phrase- fingering! Your left hand need a smallish shape. Meanwhile, the little finger's head of last phrase need to jump out a minor third distance down. It's very hard to control and also not a doubling. (Hard for playing, but good for sounding, if out. Therefore, dears, have a try like mine...) Yours little uncle Han [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 14:15, 25 November 2024 (UTC) [[File:M. Moszkowsky Etude (Op.72 No.5) played by Jixun Han (Jason) for piano teaching.wav|thumb|M. Moszkowsky Etude (Op.72 No.5) played by Jixun Han (Jason) for piano teaching]] ===== '''Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata''' ===== Indeed, Beethoven left a historical challenge (difficulty) but the continuously creative inspiration to understand the techniques & musicality of all his movements, equally to all people. We can attempt different approaches and own personal life-experiences to understand them, and discuss out some possible results. [[File:Moonlight Sonata - 3rd Movement of Sharp c minor Sonata Beethoven.ogg|thumb|Moonlight Sonata - 3rd Movement of Sharp c minor Sonata after a library presentation of Beethoven (Further, thanks to the April-collections of Tokfo Gallery (Vienna: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tokfo/Vienna/2019_April_28-30) and Sir James Gallery (Bonn:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Sir_James/Bonn/2019_April_29) - great encouragements!)]] '''3rd Movement- 'Moonlights Storming' - Techniques Analysis from Notation-reading ('Presto agitato' of Breitkopf & Hartel Company and Berlin Arts Collage also compared with Old New York Edition - as the remembrance of one monitor):''' '''Musicality:''' In a grandly general view, it's like...in a crazily running (very fast) race, viewed from the window, moonlights have been dismembered upon deep Lake Lucerne (many fragmental sections composed together). [[File:Vienna Beethoven Monument (with angels and children surrounding).jpg|thumb| Beethoven's Monument in Vienna]] [[File:Beside Beethoven's Musicality.jpg|thumb| A third-person's Watching of Beethoven's Musicality]] For its musicality cultivation, I could give a similar sense of its situation, like in Picasso's works- such as Picasso's Guernica (Ceridwen's Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license) For achieving it, a little bit of dark-moods anger and sadness faced from the unfairness and out of control could be inputted, after all technique points were trained in the dexterity. Therefore, from emotion to say, I thought the video right after getting back from UK and the lost one in Newcastle central station were better than this time. [[File:3rd movement of Sonata &#039;Moonlight&#039; Rocking Video JMC, Han (Jason).webm|thumb|3rd movement of moonlight sonata; Rocking Video JMC, Han (Jason)]] However, I satisfied with it, right like in life and after the presentation. From this point, we can see: Beethoven, as a piano master, has super-reached too much before the time - even abstractionism and postmodernism (deconstructionism). '''2nd Movement - 'a little Fantasy Moonflower blooming between two rocky layers' - Techniques Analysis from Notation-reading (Allegretto of Breitkopf & Hartel Company and Berlin Arts Collage):''' 1. Parts-distinguishing way can be applied to pick up the main melodic points from its background and legato them into lines. '''( Notice: Here, from the historical observation, a thing needs to be clarified: Baroque-regression (back-reasoning) was usually made by classical composers (in Vienna school: Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven etc.), especially in their later years of life for calming down the dramatical emotions, and keeping Life's Reasonability. Meanwhile, from Haydn, they discussed and created classical counterpoints from symphony and string quartet together, to modify creative inspirations. Beethoven also inherited it. Therefore, when we play some in piano, we need to analyse and apply some special techniques, commonly used in classical polyphony, to pick up the main from the background, sentence by sentence, as an era-responding.)[[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 03:38, 15 May 2019 (UTC)''' 2. Octaves-bridging and chords-connections for big hands, into their hidden melodies, are the most difficulties, which need your frequent exercises, sentence by sentence. (Painful but worthful! Finally, flexible and skillful... ) 3. Long keeping-notes, in certain parts, are important for the continuity of the tune and the texture, without broken. 4. It's better in light and tender keyboard-touching way to make melodic lines clear and 'the little flower' smile lightly. 5. 'Rondo' (ABA) formation can be applied to understand its repetitions, responding and structure. [[File:Moonlight Sonata (Sharp c minor Sonata) 2nd Movement Beethoven JMC,Han.ogg|thumb|Moonlight Sonata - a little fantasy flower between two rocky layers]][[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 14:51, 14 May 2019 (UTC) ===== Blue Danube is always flowing from heart and life, with the vitality as spring: ===== Children and young teenagers, let us swim in this life-long river, to see some beautiful landscapes! [[File:Blue Denube in my heart.jpg|thumb|Blue Denube in my heart]] [[File:Blue Danube (Exercise and variations-collections in piano) JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|Blue Danube (Exercise and variations-collections in piano) JMC, Han]] ===== Pachelbel's Canon is always the canon (polyphonic technique) since Baroque Era, but in '''Modern Piano's Pop Variations''' ===== [[File:Pachelbel&#039;s Canon in Pop Variations (Geoge Winston Notation) Player Jason, Han.ogg|thumb| Pachelbel's Canon in Pop Variations (George Winston Notation) Player Jason, Han]] '''Story of teaching & learning (from Wikimedia Commons):''' Regarding with this piano melody, there is a long story in my heart... Oh, did you hear Mag-pie's singing (I like 'pie' in the tail of this word) in the first draft? Yes, it was attracted and landing on the tree outside my balcony... You can clearly hear it at the beginning and in the tail in my first draft... Almost, it would like to share my memory... Long long ago, my old brother on my mother's side used to be one hero of my life and fashion... On each holiday, he was always able to find great music pieces, MTVs, transcripts , and scientific fictions, from foreign countries, such as American and Japan (Summer)... and brought & shared with me... Then, I attempted my best to exercise them into the reality, which included this song - Canon Variations from pianist George Winston... Those memories have never faded out, but in my deep sea. To now, evenly did I think Canon was from US and a POP song... After seeking the exact information in Wikipedia, I found it's Pachelbel's Canon in D and Baroque Era and German, rather than C and Modern and Pop in American... and with a 'Gigue for Violins and Basso Continuo', it's not only for piano in many parts than our 3 parts in original piano edition. However either, I still like it very much and would like call it American POP in my music world... Then after, a male colleague in my working college said to me: Jason, on my wedding ceremony, I would like to play it for a girl... Could you give me a simple one? Then, searching online, I found a simple (middle level) notation and an original (advanced level) notation, I downloaded both, and chose the simple one for him Three months, he was able to play it from 0 level (he wasn't able to read the notation)... I thought piano would have give him a good memory of wedding... Following, I found a girl felt bored about her piano examination... Then, by choosing the simple transcript and inserting into her lessons... it made my tutoring classrooms really beautiful, relaxable, magical and peaceful... Now, I have time to play the original edition out... One long dream of my heart is going to be fullfilled... Though my hands in several points didn't make my perfectionism satisfied contrasted with before, especially the tenth-cross design between the left hand and the right hand, I knew it's my life, and fate?... I prefered to update its situations for bettering continuously... if having time... Compared with the firstly draft, I thought the second was much down-calmed and peaceful...Somehow, I preferred the first draft, but a little bit of 'fast'... I cannot make the decision...then, kept two. However either, I still felt very happy the little natural friend - mag-pie can join... For this reason, I kept it. Hopefully, you will enjoy... [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 04:50, 16 September 2019 (UTC) ===== KV.265 12 Variations on Ah vous dirai-je, Maman - 'Twinkle Twinkle Little Star' ===== Analysis (Waiting) [[File:KV.265 12 Variations on Ah vous dirai-je, Maman Mozart JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|KV.265 12 Variations on Ah vous dirai-je, Maman Mozart JMC, Han]] [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 08:43, 7 October 2019 (UTC) =====''' 'The beautiful views of Scotti-highlands' from Thompson's Book (Advanced Level) - Teaching and demonstration '''===== [[File:The beautiful views of Scotti-highlands (Teaching demonstration - video; Jason, Han).webm|thumb| After the performance in local Crossing-year 2019-2020 Library Concert and many further exercises, a good edition in classroom got out - Piano kids, always, you knew: No pains, No gains]] For its musicality and academic thoughts, please visit Wikiverty's Portal of Piano education(The Section: The beautiful views of Scotti-highlands' in a Far-land Home (Academic thoughts, musicality, literature-writing and case-realization)): *[[Portal:Green Sleeves (Impressionist Visualization)]] *[[Portal: Sir J.S.BACH and His contributions to Piano Kids' Reasonable Life]] [[File:C minor Prelude Bach (BWV847), Performer JMC, Han.wav|thumb|C minor Prelude Bach (BWV847)]] ==== 'Swan's Dream Upon the lake' - Little Girl 'Wenxin's' (Brilliant & Sweet literatures in arts ) Performance==== '''Teacher's Demonstration:''' [[File:The Dying Swan - black angel JMC Han.ogg|thumb| Musicality from watching 'The Dying Swan - the black angel', performed by JMC Han]] '''Wenxin's Performance:''' 1. Techniques-recovery: The Arpeggio-training of left hand in the accompaniment was the biggest challenge to not only a piano-child at her age - no more than 12 (In Chinese culture, Kid's first year was in mother's womb. Thereby, I asked her - how old are you, and she gave the number '13'...), to me and evenly some expertise pianists. (Camille Saint-Saëns's 'The Swan' on wikipedia or other social editions). The arpeggio-accompaniment is travelling in rich variations of tunes, which caused left hand much harder to expand, shrink and positions-change. Therefore, it spent us more than half a year to train and recover her hand's dexterity from a small failure of her piano life in the Grade Test, just like 'Princess Swan's' experience. Now, totally to say, she got an excellent situation in which children at her age can perform. Thanks to your hard-working! 2. Musicality-cultivation: Usually, she showed a very great musicality in the first page - to the minute (Approximately 1.05) - tender, expending, lyrical and expressive... However, it's really a hardness to keep it throughout the second section - a shading & wandering heart-road in the growth. The attention has to be paid too much on the exactness of left hand's arpeggio-travelling. With a pity, still, some notes were beaten wrongly. But oppositely again, we can see: Princess Swan, in her period of Darkness growth - facing Satan, turning into a dark angel and only appearing in night... She really faced a hardness and the difficulty of life, right as beating wrong notes, getting out some noises and travelling a little bit slowly and roughly in a channel. In this view, perhaps that the difficulties can be transformed- in the musical needs and with a small fashion. Congratulation, more exercises, haha! 3. Together, we gave two great designs: one is the 'Big Brightness' began from the minute (Approximately 2.03) when the main theme happens again; and the other is 'Swan's Departure like Sound of Fall-Leaves rotating upon Lake's Surface' (from minute 2.49 to the end)... She almost achieved some - the mood calmed down very much and stably progressed to further with a confidence. However, a little bit of disfluency made the impression fade, somehow. Meanwhile, a 'rit. to a tempo' turned inversely - what a pity. Totally to say, musicality, at her age, was preciously showing in this time's performance. The hard-working of recovery and exercises, during many classes, touched my heart very much. (I knew that...) More trainings of Arpeggio-running (dominate sevenths) and its fluency can help her achieve more in the future. Wenxin, thanks to you for letting us appreciate this world-famous melody in piano. [[File:Growth of Swan in eyes of the little girl - Wenxi, Zhang.ogg|thumb|Growth of Swan in the eyes of the little girl - Wenxi, Zhang]] [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 16:06, 5 May 2019 (UTC) ==== Listen to Mother's Old Story! - A beautiful and quiet little girl's Good Wish ==== '''Teacher's Demonstration:''' [[File:Mother&#039;s Old story - China Impression.ogg|thumb| Listen to Mother's Old story - China Impression (JMC, Han - teacher's domenstration)]] '''Student's Performance:''' [[File:Listen to Mother&#039;s Old Story - Piano Pupil Yiwen, Cui.ogg|thumb| Listen to Mother's Old Story- Piano Pupil Yiwen, Cui]] '''Teacher's Comments:''' Yiwen, Cui (Direct translation of her Chinese name - A beautiful girl who is good at the translation of art and literature, from Cui family), at the age of 10, is a quite and beautiful girl. She got a good life effect from this Chinese piano-kid's song - 'Listen to Mother's Old Story': making her family and parents happy, getting some confidences through this piano song from the examination, showing her fashion in my library concert held for piano kids... After those more above, frequent exercises, and getting her permission, I can submit this classroom-recording edition. Though in the tail I found a note lost... and some parts of her left hand might run much more fluently... , I think her emotional background of this music reached to a good level, and those polyphonic parts can be clearly heard two layers, their cannoning, and so on... Congratulation! '''(Words from the description in Wikimedia Commons page)''' [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 01:04, 8 August 2019 (UTC) ==== Moonlight upon Lotus Pool (Summer) - Letters-Accompaniment Improvising Chinese Pop-song with both Classical Tradition and Pentatonic Scale ==== '''Teacher's Comment:''' 1. I am very excited that you (only 10-years-old) understood Letter-To-Accompaniment Improvising sheet and its approach in a very fast way. 2. It's great you can use both Pentatonic Arpeggios and Tenth-Rolling-Bass-dropping in your accompaniment (You can make Tenth-rolling Bass in a more fluent view, I thought) 3. We can feel the musical scene from your musicality - In a beautiful summer night, Walking along a lotus pool, you and your family members were enjoying the moonlight and a breeze of cool wind... 4. In future, hopefully, you can improve your 'new learns' to a higher level. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 01:04, 8 August 2019 (UTC) ''' Xuan, Lee's Second Attempt - Pearl of the Orient''' ==== 'Mother in the candlelight' - A little girl (Siqi)'s heart-words for her mother's birthday - in the growth and in the dreams... ==== '''Heart-story:''' Regarding with this piano-song, there is a little story about this little commons' girl: Usually, her parents were very busy in the family's restaurant... I and my mother saw she had independently managed herself well and grew up alone for many years... In this year - 2019, time was near her mother's birthday. In the KTV (a place like karaoke bar, but for small single groups of people in rooms, with TV in the middle for singing ), she heard this song - 'Mother in the candlelight' and found her parents enjoyed singing it very much. Then, she decided to play it as a gift to her mother, right on mother's birthday. It's my biggest honour to be together sight-reading the notation, making the re-designs and re-editions of this song into piano - like, Prelude, Introduction-theme 1st, theme 2nd, Development and Peak, a small Repetition and Coda... She learnt in a very fast and hard-working way that merely around one month she played it in this level. And finally, she got her heart-sweet - playing it for her mother, as a birthday gift.(Wikimedia Commons' original page, 2019) '''Comments from teacher:''' 1. The musical emotions were very rich and expressive, especially the 'Peak-Calling for mother' (2.53 minutes - 3.53 minutes). I almost can hear 'Mum...' (or Mumu...) for many times in a kid's tear-drops and in the candlelight... by your right hand's touchable singing... 2. I liked our 'Flanger tr. Ornaments' very much (I thought it's from Mozartian). I am very happy you can put it in for soon time... 3. I am very happy in the Coda-tail, you can get my suggestion - ending by a Major Seventh Progression-Arpeggio. This point should give the thanks to my mentor - Ray. I quite enjoy its special colour... 4. Your strong and mixed left hand accompaniment must have been trained for many times. I knew it's a hard-working job, but tender and flexible a little bit... better? 5. The singing of right hand and its 'breathing' were quite natural and fine, sentence by sentence..., but the total speed is too slower than normal, which reflect the running ability of the left hand needed to improve. I knew: to your 9-years-old hands, it's a very hard requirement... However, waiting the up-grown, I have the confidence you can hands-sing it in a much more fluent way... [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 14:10, 5 September 2019 (UTC) '''Night's Piano-Song - The depth of China Pop-Piano (and Siqi's Heart-Try)''' ''Comments:'' She made the depth of two peak notes but in light touching way. I thought also that she did this Pop-piano's musicality in a poet's Night-thinking... She is suitable for the performance of this-type-'songs' and improvising (still at little age and need to prepare in time). Let us listen to her and feel her expression. ==== The Cowherd's Flute played by a little girl piano pupil - Guo Guo (Nickname: Happy fruits) ==== This edition has already been her best attempt, regarding with its landscape-painting style, lovely Cowherd's Flute we can refer to Wikipedia introduction (Seeking key words 'The Cowboy's Flute' in). It's recorded as a beautiful memory of her piano-learning and her Childhood. Let us listen to her: [[File:The Cowboy&#039;s Flute - Yuxuan, Lu (Guo Guo).ogg|thumb|The Cowherd's Flute - Yuxuan, Lu (Guo Guo)]] ==== Clementi Sonata Op35 No. 5 (Movement 1st), played by Piano pupil Yixuan, Qiao ==== Clementi's Sonata-Op35 No. 5 was a so long and difficult piece for students around their ninth year. Therefore, we have divided it into many small sections and taught. She learnt in progress. Meanwhile, this little and beautiful girl (She was beautifully good at dancing, somehow rather than piano.) has already attempted her best in exercising and recording. I thought it recorded her good piano-learning experiences and those memories of childhood. Regarding with further information about this work, please refer to the educational portal: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal:Sonatinas_from_Kids%27_corner_near_heaven#Muzio_Clementi . Let us listen to her: [[File:Clementi Sonatina Op35. No 5 Movement 1st Piano pupil YIxuan, Qiao.ogg|thumb|Clementi Sonatina Op35. No 5 Movement 1st Piano pupil YIxuan, Qiao]] [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 02:42, 18 October 2019 (UTC) ====Little and Little, Twinkling Stars - Little Piano-Kids' Playground==== Say 'Hello' to our 'Little Goldman' [[File:Vienna Trip - The Little Goldman- Strauss Family.jpg|thumb|Hand-making my own picture of Strauss Family's Little Goldman]] * [[Portal:Little and Little, Twinkling Stars - Little Piano-Kids' Playground| Little and Little, Twinkling Stars - Little Piano-Kids' Playground]] cmeedmti7mzbdw7uctqoxw36lsji1wd 2689978 2689975 2024-12-02T14:49:38Z Jason M. C., Han 2696291 Adding new picture from 2024 Dalian Library for beginning of new channel 2689978 wikitext text/x-wiki '''No Orders, Beautiful flowers were blooming from Childhood! Let us pick up your most beautiful moments...''' [[File:Salzburg Cathedral (Inside) - Mozart Baptized place 1. - Mozart-Complexes World under Water (Modernist View).jpg|thumb|Piano Kids, on that day, modern colours, lights and technologies made Mozart's birthplace (Washing) -Salzburg Cathedral like a world (palace) under the biggest water - Blue Sea]] [[File:Beautiful landscapes surrounding Mozart's birthplace - Heavenly Spring flowing from Alps Moutain.jpg|thumb|Heavenly Ice-spring from Alps Mountain]] [[File:Mozart from Green Nature 1.jpg|thumb|Mozart comes from Green Mountain and Nature]] [[File:Beautiful Sunset View of Oceanic City from top building during COVID-19 period.jpeg|thumb|Beautiful Sunset View of Oceanic City during COVID-19 period]] [[File:Panorama of Hi-tech Industrial Park in Dalian from Top Rock of Xiaoping Island.jpg|thumb|Panorama of Earlier Spring Mountain-City from 'Top Rock' of Xiaoping Island]] [[File:Small items in Commons Life of 2019 Spring 2.jpg|thumb|Flaming Katy and piano-peers as Micro-landscape in classroom ]] [[File:An Oil Painting watched since born.jpeg|thumb|Oil Painting: Forest Cabin in front of Fuji(or Helan) Mountain 'hanging on the wall']] Oh, dear piano pupils, we have seen so many beautiful landscapes, across the times and spaces. Now, firstly, getting into East- your nature and self-meditation, let us try to take the Pentatonic Scales Exercises for relaxing you 'busy heart' and focusing your attention back to piano... *[[Portal:Pentatonic Impressionism (China Wu Sheng) in the view of Neo-classical Piano Techniques-training]] '''Afterwards, we can take further great life-tasks in piano...''' [[File:Piano Lecture of Dalian Library (Music) delivered by Jason (Jixun) on October 13th, 2024.jpg|thumb|Piano Lecture of Dalian Library (Music) Delivered by Jason (Jixun), Han and His Piano Pupils Team Associated by Family members and Library workers]] '''New Time and Fresh Air from 2024''' *[[Portal:Fresh Air of Piano after COVID-19 and beginning up a Recovering New Time of Openness from 2024]] ===='''Firstly, passing by a Skyline of Citylife Night-Skyline'''==== [[File:Flowing City (Lin Hai), Player and Teacher JMC,Han (Jason).ogg|thumb| Flowing City from 'Forest Sea', JMC,Han [[File:Dalian Urban Night Skyline from Xiao Ping Island Mountain-top No.2.jpg|thumb|Dalian Urban Night Skyline from Xiao Ping Island Mountain-top No.2]] ]] ===='''New Era is coming...:(New Teaching List)'''==== [[File:Skiing Statue made during my rollers-skating.jpg|thumb|Skiing Statue shows Spirit (like piano)]] [[File:The new situation of bubbles-fish statue.jpg|thumb|Ice & Snow Bubbles-fish are welcoming]] [[File:Mmexport1614470203508.jpg|thumb|Picture of piano lessons still under Covid-19 situation]] Etude in the Advanced level - Sir Chopin's famous Black-keys (Flatten G Major) Etude: [[File:Chopin Black-keys Flat G Etude (Exercise), player JMC, Han.ogg|thumb| Black-keys: An Etude your teacher has no chance in childhood, but still hurries up to be better]] [[File:Chopin Impromptus Op.29, JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|Chopin Impromptus Op.29, JMC, Han - Deep Fast Waltz-thinking in Quiet Gentleman's Self-Expression (Improvising)]] [[File:Sogdian whirl with large pipa.jpg|thumb| (Public Domain Work: See original page: https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sogdian_whirl_with_large_pipa.jpg#mw-jump-to-license): Could you find some musicality similarly with Chopin's Black-keys' Pentatonic?]] True Fairland - a piano melody of The Nutcracker (Dance of Sugar Plum Fairy): the advanture from childhood realizes your piano dream-"Fingering Ballet" [[File:The Nutcracker (Dance of Sugar Plum Fairy), Piano performer JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|The piano performance of <Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy> in 'The Nutcracker' (Ballet Re-edited Piano Melody)]] Czerny 299 etudes were designed for the smart&strong fingering&modelling of hands and a pair of Vienna school's ears for the harmony...such as No.23... [[File:Czerny 299 No. 23 JMC,Han.ogg|thumb|Czerny 299 No. 23, player JMC,Han]] A peacefully praying Sinfonia of Sir Bach is freshly added in the "New exam book's list' during this COVID-19 period, to which you can have a relaxing hear and try (Don't worry, listening, it's enough time, you knew, 'Andatino'-Peacefully walking, and to sing by hands, in a small Baroque place : [[File:Sinfonia No.11 - 3Ps Invention, Bach, JMC,Han.ogg|thumb|Sinfonia No.11 Andatino- 3Ps Invention, Bach, Teacher JMC,Han (COVID-19 Protection Time)]] Encouragement in Italy Smart Fashion, but needs the very carefully fingering-techniques training (Long time, advanced), feet-edges' staccato, sentence-Pizzicato, flowing streams...Italian artist techniques always attract our eyeballs... Let us attempt to... make out your own Italy style! Cheer up! [[File:Domenico Scarlatti G Major Sonata, JMC,Han.ogg|thumb| Domenico Scarlatti G Major Sonata (In COVID-19 Pandemic Period), JMC,Han.ogg]] '''A good teaching video result played by Yixuan, Wang:''' http://m.kugou.com/mv/?hash=f00b36624f27b091b79e3f30e158aa03&sruserid=640650901 Baroque staccato techniques were always in a reasonable, confident, relaxing(wrists), fluent and vivid - 'Enough manners' of the Era, which needs us apply very careful fingering trainings. In a view of the whole structure, according to ears' musical suitable habits(psychological), I gave 1st section a twice repetitions, and then a throughout 2nd section to the Code. Hopefully, French Suite would make us brave, confident and relaxed. (but it also need years' accumulation of hand working to let those out and better) Have a try? Good luck! [[File:BWV.816 Gigue-French Suites No.5 Bach, Player JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|BWV.816 Gigue-French Suites No.5 Bach, Player JMC, Han]] (By turning to Wikimedia Commons, you will find two versions under its 'historical tree', currently. They are showing different stages we can reach. The first version was kept because it's relatively slower and more stable that in the basic stage we can make notes heard staccato and clear. After feeling suitable in this stage, we need to improve its tempo and get Gigue Dances' happy, vivid,,dialoguing with moods, jumping and wrists' breathing naturally. It needs time to train your hands frequently, untill relaxing but accurately. Main Difficulties: Stiffen wrists, Cramp and Tiredness... Now, it's the time of yourself...) Hi! We, piano kids: Imaging a scene, let us hands-dances with the good manners and a earnest mind in a beautiful Baroque palace. It's easy and natural... [[File:Primary Bach No. 16 March, Player JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|'Primary Bach No. 16 March' -A peaceful Bach-melody for all 'Piano Kids'...]] Sir Debussy's Arabesque Suites (The second suite) is also in the list. The musicality in my world is: It's the legend of Butterfly in birds' chorus... it took us to a Life-mountain behind our living garden facing a quiet sea... Watching, in some time of one section, you can also hear Monet's 'Quiet Morning' upon the sea... Alongside Butterfly's dance-suite, imagination is beginning. Oh, listening... (Main meaning referenced from my main page) What about it in your world and imagination? '''Sound teaching demonstration:''' [[File:Claude Debussy - 2nd Arabic Suite (Arabesque) - Spring Butterfly, Performer JMC, Han.wav|thumb|2nd Arabic Suite- Spring Butterfly (Impressionism Singing -Main Natural Lines&Breathes from Sir Debussy)]] '''Good video teaching result from a 12 years' old little girl piano-pupil Mo Zhou:''' http://m.kugou.com/mv/?hash=b50e133a360fa8d30cdcd9fca4163e73&sruserid=640650901 (Photographer: Ms. Yang, Gao) Listening! boys and girls, Dvorak's Humor-jumping and Homesick-expressing: A true Czech-homeland heart, but Dancing... somewhere in American Countryside [[File:Flatten G Humoresque Dvorak, Player JMC,Han.ogg|thumb|Flatten G Humoresque, A. Dvorak, Player JMC,Han]] [[File:One Town-view from Cesky Krumlov Castle.jpeg|thumb| Krumlov Castle-town's view]] ====Xinran, Yu - a lovely Chinese little piano girl's 'Ink-Mountain & Green Rivers' view of <The Cowherd's Flute> ==== '''Comment:''' "Before taking the national examination and the exhibition competition, we together listened and learned to the net-editions of young master Lang Lang and Yujia Wang...(regarding with this famous little melody of Chinese tradition) I think in this melody, she tried out her best for the techniques-training and the musicality in her age... from a little performer's view. Therefore,I gave the comment-Excellent. Close your eyes, thinking of a little lovely girl happily playing among ink-mountains and the green rivers, with a water buffalo, some birds followed, and her smart flute... let us relax in the Chinese Ink-Landscape and listen to this little melody...(referenced partly from the writing in Wikimedia Commons page) [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 02:28, 27 May 2021 (UTC) ==== Zichen Tao - A little Chinese snowgirl's hardworking of D Major Sonatina==== '''Comment:''' D Major Sonatina is still piano Children's favorites to perform and show... taken to the national grade examination, daily performed with each other, and also to city's piano Competition &Exhibition. That's an educational case lasting for many years in Dalian. This edition is played by a lovely and white Chinese girl - Zichen, Tao. She and her mother took the very responsibility to check the wrong notes, improve the learning progress, and make the performing manners and designs for the stage-show... Therefore, in my view as her piano teacher, this edition is already great in her age...(though hand-running details need to improve for her age). Hopefully, her family can enjoy this piano experience, companying with this melody in her childhood. (Partly referenced from her Wikimedia Commons' page) [[File:D major Sonatina , Piano student Zichen Tao.ogg|thumb| D major Sonatina (Kuhlau's) played by piano pupil Zichen Tao]] ==== Meng's Performance and Comments after learning in the reality from Jason M. C.,Han in Children's Corner: ==== [[File:Children's corner of Meng.ogg|thumb| Meng Meng (nick name)'s edition of Doctorial in Children's Corner: Currently, the Fourth Version was her most beautiful one self-made in classroom before Piano Grade Test Exanimation. Regarding with all editions' comments and reasons, please reference to the original file in Wikimedia Commons]] [[File:MM Good classroom F major 1838 Grande valse brillante.ogg|thumb|MM Good classroom F major 1838 Grande valse brillante]] '''[[Portal: Part of Comments - 'for students' Examination Performance, Piano tutor's teaching self-reflexivity and possible some requirements of Pedalling Sound-effects with Artist Fashion of Post-impressionism' | Part of Comments - 'for students' Examination Performance, Piano tutor's teaching self-reflexivity and possible some requirements of Pedalling Sound-effects with Artist Fashion of Post-impressionism']]''' [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 04:15, 12 October 2018 (UTC) ==== Kim Hui's 'Doctoral Training','Under the sunshine' in Children's Corner: ==== '''Comments for Kim Hui's first draft:''' 1. She did the second theme (associated) well 'much deeper like vocally singing out a better life in New Era under the sunshine, on a piece of small area in a rainforest'... 2. Her Korean dance (Wikipedia introduction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_dance) has been done well, in which I can hear traditional drum-points in bass-part and crossing hand to tremble part. 3. I can hear Time-travelling and space-shaking to the past through a 'Dark-cave', from..., minutes 1.30-1.40... But, I think: if 'dramatically' and 'significantly' in dynamics (loudness), it would be better to show... 4. I can hear Forest's Evensong in Coda part - 'dim.' to the silence of night and a 'rit.' slowing down to the sleeping dream, and even several night-birds' dreaming voices...But, please make a much gentler taste (not so hurry up and not so strong) of those pictures. Meanwhile, I hope you can get a better & coherent control of the rhythm among different sections. 5. I knew, regarding with 'peak-parts', she had made many attempts 'drumming beats rights and keeping those connections clear'. However, still, in minutes 1.04 and 1.59, I felt it's a little bit 'rough', and needed to be handled in of the solidification... Oh, maybe, I am so severe... sorry, I should give you the encouragement. Main comment: 'Under the sunshine' is suitable to Kim Hui's fashion and can be kept in her performance list. Her first draft and its preparation has given me an enjoyable teaching experience and many beautiful memories of life. It's fluent and vivid, expressive and dedicated. Thanks, Kim Hui! More colours and lights would be added from technique details, from her independent fingering and some traditional piano manners, meanwhile, the rhythm should be balanced well in the future. There are many developing zones of 'this painting' she can better and draw out for her future.[[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 21:22, 17 October 2018 (UTC) ===== Kim Hui's second 'Show-Time' in classroom - Poem of Music (Piano Etude) ===== '''Teacher's Demonstration:''' [[File:Poem of music.ogg|thumb|Poem of music JMC, Han]] '''Student's Second Performance - Poem of Music: ''' [[File:Poem of Music (Piano Etude) - Student Kim Hui.ogg|thumb|Poem of Music (Piano Etude) - Student Kim Hui]] '''Comments for Kim Hui's first draft:''' 1. She has mainly got the technique-points, but a little bit of rough in some details, such as the minutes 0.30-0.31 - 'Tail-closing part' of a sentence - in the progression of 'Diminished Seventh Chord-Arpeggio'... However, as her first draft and the random collection from a normal classroom, I thought it's well-done. we can wish its further 'Developing Zone', in the view of piano education. 2. In 'Coda Part' of Poem of Music (Piano Etude), she was able to show a great controllability of the 'Legato' between two hands, as the pieces of falling leaves slowly flying-upon the surface of water. Sometimes, it was evenly better than mine. I hoped she could manage it in a better way. 3. She showed some thoughts of musicality... However, 'Techniques-points' still wasted much of her energy. I think the total Dynamics in physics will be improved soon. (waiting more) [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 14:53, 23 May 2019 (UTC) ===== Kim Hui can reach the advanced level of piano performance in this 'Little Children's Corner' ===== Though It's still Covid-19 Health-protection Time, after Home-self-Training Time, some classroom face-mask covering & health-good-protection lessons and an examination of China Culture&Tourism Ministry, She can play this 'Doctoral Etude' which is dreamed many piano pupils, with impressionism style. As her teacher, I didn't think It's a simple Etude which was expressed in many scenes, but with the big universe imagination and impression. Therefore, we have trained it as Meng's approach and further developed it. Indeed, I think she performed far greater than this edition, right in that online national examination. She got it, Congratulation! Let us listen to her ... [[File:Debussy-Children's Corner-Doctorial Etude, Piano pupil Jinghui Jin (Kim).ogg|thumb|Debussy-Children's Corner-Doctorial Etude, Piano pupil Jinghui Jin (Kim)]] ==== 'Colourful Clouds Running After Moon' impressed into the Heart of Xinyi, Hua (Hua family's Heart-sweet girl from 'Painting Imagery')==== '''Comments for the first draft of Xinyi, Hua:''' 1. I like her treatment of the prelude part in 'Colourful Clouds Running After Moon'. It's light and soft like silky clouds up-bridging alongside moonlight towards a round moon above the dark-blue sea. However, please try to link each silky pentatonic-arpeggio weave as a smooth whole from the bottom to the top, and from the left hand to the right hand. If so, her progress will be enlarged; 2. I can hear the situation 'Colourful Clouds Running After Moon' appeared in many linking parts before and later. She was attempting to give an acceleration imitating this procedure from a slower speed to a fast one, and between two hands' echo-following from a loose density to a tight one... However, if obviously, it will be better; 3. Like 0.58 to 1.03 minutes, I can hear that in some parts, she would like to make a returning sound-boomerang (Wikipedia introduction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang) up-rising 'to the moon' and down-landing upon the sea-surface. If a small time of middle reaction was canceled out by her proficiency, we will appreciate the musical beauty in a much more advanced situation; 4. In 1.22 to 1.30 minutes, I know she would like to make a silky veil, with the colourful clouds as material, upon moon's beautiful face by her right hand. It's a little bit of pity that the controlling ability of relative loudness made she carried this willing but harder to realize. Meanwhile, this veil needed to be smooth. Oh, sorry, I am so critical... indeed, she did not bad; 5. There is a hard hurt in 1.36 minute - it's still a repetition of bass-chord though she has already attempted her best to grasp the bass large chord through left hand's opening degrees (Little girl, I knew you had tried your best. Though the momentum was great, I still need to point it out.); 6. 2.12 - 2.40 minutes is the part - 'Bright Moon up-rising above the harvest sea'. This is a grand scene which needs great forces from students' forearms and a fast reactions for some flexible connections to arpeggio-parts... Congratulations, little girl, she have got it, though it's a little bit slower. She have given out a great momentum; 7. In the Moon-tail part, she has expressed her great musicality to make moon disappear in the dawn of sea; 8. Many ornamentations she has done well, though still some need to be gently breezing in the impressionism of Chinese landscape painting. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 12:22, 24 October 2018 (UTC) ===== 'Pure White Dove' in Young Teenager Xinyi's Eyes ===== [[File:Dove in the eyes of Young Teenager girl Xinyi, Hua.ogg|thumb|'Pure White Dove' ('La Paloma' - 'No More' in English) in the eyes of Young Teenager girl Xinyi, Hua]] '''Congratulation to your beautifully singing of the 'Melodic lines' behind the right hand's octaves-grasping!''' '''Comments:''' 1. Four biggest designs appeared: around B50 (Minutes 1.36), B55 (Minutes 1.48), B58 (Minutes 1.54) and B62 (Minutes 2.01) - four Peak-currents, we'd like to throw (rit.) the 'missing notes' into the air and rotate them a little bit more slowly - like to send, wait and feel Dove's messages across the ocean in a self-holding & self-releasing intoxication. She tried her best to make them out, but not quite clearly and still need much time to grow up... 2. I liked her coda part (from B65 Minutes 2.08 to the end): She was so sure about two hands' March-doubling, as a confirmation of future and belief; or to say, she transformed her 'missing' in the melody to be a true hope of tomorrow, or someday... Evenly, I thought it's better than mine... 3. For more than half years, we have worked hard to help her link all octave-grasping pearls out of melodic lines in singing breaths. She almost got it successfully, through small breaks... 4. Some 'Spanish Dotted notes' and 'Triples-wandering', with the rhythm of Spanish Dance Habanera-Andante (Wikipedia introduction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contradanza) can be fulfilled, but some not really... I am happy she recognized them and paid more attentions to... It's waiting time that she could perform much better. 5. Yes, I had to say: still some small faults there... The good usage of pedalling almost hide some, but... also a little bit rough... Oh, I didn't want to be a so severe teacher. Rather than, much more good wishes of her growth should be given. Okay, hopefully, she enjoyed it. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 12:57, 4 April 2019 (UTC) '''Teacher's Demonstration for standards above and Further Progress (Advanced Level):''' [[File:Dove With Spanish Sense in Piano JMC.Han.ogg|thumb|Dove With Spanish Sense in Piano JMC.Han (It was once used by the photography gallery of music friend User:PigeonIP - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:PigeonIP/Tauben/2019_April_1-10 and the main page La Paloma in wikipedia )]] '''More information and reading - articles (list) about 'Dove', please watch:''' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paloma ==== Malagueña Dream from a little Chinese girl - Yinuo's heart (A promise ... to piano) in a small beach-side classroom ==== [[File:Student edition - Malagueña Suite (modified for piano) played by Yinuo, Liu.ogg|thumb|Student edition - Malagueña Suite (modified for piano) played by Yinuo, Liu]] '''Comments for the first draft of Yinuo, Liu:''' 1. We can hear the impression of Flamenco rhythmic pattern (Compás) (Wikipedia introduction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco) diffusing from some simple rhythm-components of a parts in a total ABA structure of Malagueña Suite. This is what I - the tutor and the little girl -learner would like to express through three more different accompaniment bass-forms, including pizzicatos, small slurring breathes and some opposite weights..., which imitated some of Classical Guitar's handling ways. Thanks to the little girl Yinuo, you have realized most of our designs! Congratulations! 2. I really like her beautiful Cante jondo - associated 'vocal' lines by right hand which was balanced & flying above the flamenco accompaniment of the left hand when the second thematic melody began. It's a deep, profound and emotions-rich singing, almost from a beautiful Spanish girl's natural expression for the missing, the reasoning of life & Universe when facing a 'deep and far' sea. Though if the dynamics would be dramatically and the singing would be much deeper, the emotional atmosphere would be better: I thought to only a girl of her 11 years' old age, she has already attempted her best to understand those across cultures; 3. I like the middle B's fantastical view of holiday beach under the sunshine, which was almost formed by white waves from blue sea. It's relaxable, dreamful and graceful, like a girl poet's walk alongside a small sand bay... (Yinuo, you knew, if you can make the 'rit. - A Tempo' much more nature like the real tides of sea and the speed tiny faster, the progress zone will be enlarged); 4. I know in two middle long 'vocal' ornaments, she would like to show us ' the blackbirds or the nightingales of its gardens...' However, if making it much more smoothly, expressively, and flexibly, even a little bit down-slowed, her Spanish 'tasteful' fashion will be more beautiful; 5. Repeated A part is better to be different in small details which can show the ability of hands and the variation of music. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 13:35, 24 October 2018 (UTC) ==== Für Elise in piano boy Zhe's eyes ==== '''Teacher's demonstration in classroom for better:'''[[File:For Elise (Für Elise) Beethoven JMC Han.ogg|thumb|For Elise (Für Elise) Beethoven JMC Han]] '''Student's performance in classroom:''' [[File:Für Elise -Student Performance Zhe,Zhang.ogg|thumb|Für Elise in piano boy Zhe's eyes]] ==== D major Sonatina (Kuhlau) - Piano-pupil girl Mengshuang's 'Strong Willpower and Persistence' ==== '''Teacher's demonstration in classroom for better:''' [[File:D major sonatina 2nd movement Kuhlau (played by Jason).ogg|thumb|D major sonatina 2nd movement Kuhlau - Teacher JMC. Han]] '''Student's performance in classroom:''' [[File:D major Sonatina (Kuhlau) - the version from piano-student Meng Shuang, Wang.ogg|thumb|D major Sonatina (Kuhlau) - the version from piano-student Meng Shuang, Wang. This classroom version has been selected by https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Rsteen/Artists_from_Denmark/2019_August_1-10]] '''Comments and Statements:''' 1. Totally to say, the main melody fast-run by the right hand has kept its fluency, transparency and clearance. It's very hard in piano training for herself, owe to that her hands-shape was a little bit of 'frozen'. Thanks for your hard-working in the training. Congratulation! 2. Her musicality in this melody has also been motivated out - unrestrained and natural in the expression. 3. Left hand's accompaniment was in good triplet-treatment, but please light and dedicate a little bit... It's to say: the controllability still needs to improve. 4. Some heads of sentences and smaller phrases need to be match together between two hands in a better way - some parts, because of small ornamentations and dotted notes, weren't quite well... 5. I am very happy that you (in your 12th year of life) were willing to play out the middle 'rit. - A Tempo' in a comparison ('rit.' was slowing down the waiting, then, 'A Tempo' for the Peak expression in return). However, it was still a little bit rough (before its right time). You can try to modify it in a better view. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 03:08, 2 August 2019 (UTC) ==== How to play Mozart's Classics? ==== ===== Work from Mozart's earlier time - Turkish March ===== '''Teacher's Demonstration in classroom:''' '''Video:''' [[File:Turkey March Video-Mozart-Jason Han.webm|thumb|Turkish March (Video) for Mozart's; JMC, Han]] '''Sound:''' [[File:Turkey March for Mozart and Memory JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|Turkish March (Sound) for Mozart's and Memory (many times used in peer Tokfo/Vienna Gallery - such as https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tokfo/Vienna/2019_January_26-28 ); JMC, Han]] ==== Sure, Ma's boy-view of Mozart's 'Turkish March' ==== [[File:Sure, Ma's Version of 'Turkish March' in piano classroom for piano education.ogg|thumb|'Turkish March' - an old mysterious Turkey story in piano student (Jason's piano pupil) boy Sure, Ma's classroom edition. Thanks, this good teaching & Learning result was selected by Tokfo/Vienna Gallery: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tokfo/Vienna/2019_April_25-27 ]] '''Further Comments for his first draft:''' 1. It's very difficult for a young boy to manage Turkish March's speed in a smooth way... He tried his best to keep it stable and unified, and almost did achieve it. (Turkish March is easily to make people play faster and faster until crazily broken. He tried to solve it by giving a slower beginning ) But, it's a little bit of too serious,afraid to touch wrong. Indeed, I heard his another time, in which he totally open himself and relax from nature... We could give him more hopes. 2. His melodic flow of scale-phrases (legato) are quite fluent and natural, which shows his scale-playing and fingering were quite great. But, a small break occurred around 1.14 to 1.17 minutes could be caused by the stiff right wrist (too tried) and no-good fingering design. He should frequently move second and third fingers in a much smarter way. To a young boy in his age, it should already be 'okay'. 3. When the theme occurred in the second time, it's better to give a dynamics-difference in contrast. My mother-Ms Song said: it's like an old story (sound) heard from a far distance to near somewhere - mysteriously. However, he gave a very tight connection, as if it was linked with the previous section. 4. He tried his best to take the Worldwide difficult challenge - 'Broken-chordal Arpeggiated-octaves' (Around 2.00 to 2.14 minutes). I gave him a 'LIKE' that he had taken this challenge which even many pianists or teachers made some 'faults' as their heart pities - You can hear the edition of Romuald Greiss' in Wikipedia and several my previous times... However, this boy achieved it after many trainings time after time... Though later half one, compared with the beginning, might be in lower distinguishing degree, he didn't make any 'breaks', which comforted my teaching way so much. Thanks, boy Sure! 5. The final problem would occur in 'Alberti Bass' (left hand) of Coda part. Coming to it, you will feel easy to give up, which required more endeavors to control your hands in narrow and elaborate dealing way. He did it good, but lost in the counting of number (B111), and further, the connection with the final 'Square-opening Dance' (a small break). other things, such as the strength, are fine in his age. 6. In addition, I am planning to add a 'Turkish Stop' by a final pedaling. I didn't know whether he could, someday. Overall, I gave him an Excellent Comment. Hopefully, he will play better after better in his growth. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 14:13, 8 March 2019 (UTC) '''Further Comments for his second draft:''' 1. As his teacher, I am very happy to hear several great designs we have made in classrooms can be achieved in the second draft, according to the background knowledge of 'Turkey March' I taught, such as the final 'Turkey Stop' (not really in modern piano, but a little bit similar) and the Bass-points-layer (simulating the military drum) beneath the long fast running scale-phrases of right hand (middle section)... Cool boy, thanks that you can remember your teacher's words! Congratulation! 2. Yes, right after the chance of Music library Report-performance in local we have made and getting back, you improved the edition's speed and fluency. You can evenly save 15 seconds, contrasted with before, which showed that your fingering & running ability of hands had been greatly improved. However, the disadvantage is that it's easier to make some small motives uneven and rough (touching wrong notes) without purpose, which needs more your careful attention and exactness about details. 3. I knew you tried your best to face the peak challenge Mozart made to all people - making broken-progression of octaves message (middle part) and hearing out its hidden melodic lines. Great! However, it's still a little bit beyond your ability that its distinction with chords-effect weren't so clear. No matter, Sure boy, more exercises, it will be better. In all, progressing soon which shows the potential, thanks to your performances1 There is still the developing zone waiting for you. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 15:08, 25 April 2019 (UTC) ==== Clever Girl Jia Xin's Clever view of Sir Bach's 3-parts Invention ==== '''Teacher's Demonstration for Future Development:''' [[File:3 Parts Invention 8th- from Sir Bach.ogg|thumb|3 Parts Invention 8th- from Sir Bach's BWV 794 – Sinfonia No. 8 in F major ]] ''' Jia Xin's Performance:''' [[File:3-parts Invention No. 8 (F major) in piano-girl Jia Xin's view.ogg|thumb|3-parts Invention No. 8 (F major) in piano-girl Jia Xin's view]] '''Comments of her first draft:''' 1. Totally, 3 parts are ranged in Bach's harmony, to a girl in her age - 12 years old. It's not easier to make so clear layers out. I was satisfied with this point, after heard every time; 2. I can hear piano techniques for polyphonic & counterpoint music like Bach's, such as cannon, intimation between two hands, up-climbing shoulder by shoulder, dialogues, long-notes down-pressed for different parts' SHE (sentence-head-enhancement), long-notes kept for parts' division and maintaining, fingering grouping in one hand for 2 parts, parts' continuously melting into one for the summarization, and..., Baroque ornamentation... mentioned for long. For those trainings, and further, the internalization into her own mind-analysis, we had searched information & knowledge through Wikipedia, two more manuscripts, books and other webs online, further, spent classroom time to reason, analyse, train and fix note by note for long time... In this case, I gave her hard-working a 'Like' again; 3. There would also be some problems regarding with recording pressure and her memory...: some big ones - left hand's relatively weak ability in managing two parts, small mistakes (like B18's f note played as sharp f - around 1.13 minute, B21's final g isn't raised there - around 1.23-1.24 minutes, and others...), small ornaments in a little bit of rough view and a much more graceful manner in Coda part. (sorry, to such a 12 years old girl, my suggestions could be so severe. But when listening, they are directly in my ears...) 4. She did really pay her attention to Dynamics, but please better - lighter, smarter and more obviously... 5. The speed of later part is better than the slower earlier part. Overall, I also gave her an excellent comment for her performance (Live) in classroom. For further development, she can listen to my edition and the one in 'Inventions and Sinfonias (Bach)' - Wikipedia article (I thought it's great, but I didn't like too many speed-variations in Bach's works. It's better more reasonable: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventions_and_Sinfonias_(Bach) ) [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 07:33, 9 March 2019 (UTC) ==== Yixuan's piano-view and traveling landscapes ==== '''First view (only 9 years old) of Sir Bach's 2-parts Inventions''' [[File:Bach 2-parts Invention, played by Yixuan Wang (Only 9 years old).ogg|thumb|Bach 2-parts Invention, played by Yixuan Wang (Only 9 years old)]] '''Comments from teacher:''' 1. Musical parts and space-dimensions were much clearer than before, which reflected the little girl Yixuan's hard-working continuously after her piano examination... 2. I can hear the heads of musical sentences which were highlighted by each hand when required. I can also hear cannon-following, doubling and countermelody which were clearly shown into her performance. It's quite necessary for students in this age - 9 years old. In certain degree, she is already a good and careful student in piano. 3. Still, the controllability and the stability of hands, especially the turn of her 3rd, 4th and 5th fingers, need to be improved, which caused some small faults, such as 0.49-0.50 minutes (Bar 22) - a recovered B in right 3rd finger, 0.54-0.55 minutes (Bar 25) - 3rd, 4th & 5th fingers of left hand, and a small disharmonic note - flatten B in the right hand - 0.32 (Bar 14)... 4. It's great that I can hear Baroque staccatos were in their graceful manners - like imperfect pearls required by its era. She almost did it... 5. Totally saying: it must be a very hard-job for a student in 9 years old to play Bach's 2-parts Invention. She bravely took up this life-task and successfully completed - this point should be affirmed. Congratulation! You can do more further... [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 02:28, 6 September 2019 (UTC) '''MARIAGE D'AMOUR (Dreaming Wedding Ceremony) and its Educational Story:''' It's only no more than 2 weeks she did get the main techniques, after taking a Covid-19 Protection piano lesson and further test(Face-mask covering and breathe-prevention…).Then, she went back home and made a hard self-working exercise. Afterwards, around 10 days, this edition can come out. Why was she so keen on making it? She told me... One of her family's friends would like a piece of background music for his wedding ceremony, and they knew she was a good piano pupil.They invited her to take this task. She online self found out her long dreaming piece, and felt very happy for them. She thought only hard-working at home can realize this dream in this 'Hard Recovery Time'. She has beautifully taken this life-task for a very short time, and finally I could find a beautiful smile on her face... Though there were still some small faults in teacher's view, such as the biggest 1.02-1.03... ('''Problems:''' Mentioned one is because of the distance of the Tenth-grasping is out of her hand-shape and ability in this age - rolling but touching a wrong note; In addition, the breathing of each sentence's tail somehow is with a longer responded break... Further, the Pedaling for the coherence from natural breathing need to improve; The final departing dropping notes were too noisy... which needs to be quiet,rit. and peaceful...), her hands' ability (especially the big chords-grasping, whole-viewing, locating, and sight-reading) was improved by her own endeavors (Maybe... subjects-divided examination-taking online through self-video-recording,in this special time, motivated her self-management...). This point made me feel happy... Hopefully, the friend of her family enjoyed their wedding ceremony with this own and LIVE background music, luckily as in a fantastic, peaceful and forever-lasting life-dream of happiness. In future, Hoping: Yixuan, you can play this fantastic wedding song of piano (fluently and heart-touchingly) for more families and share their friendship, love and happiness... Little girl pupil, thank you!^_^ [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 01:55, 24 September 2020 (UTC) [[File:CCzerny 299 Etude No. 27, Piano student Yixuan Wang, Tutor Jason Han.oggzerny 299 Etude No. 27, Piano student Yixuan Wang, Tutor Jason Han.ogg|thumb| Czerny 299 Etude No. 27, Piano student Yixuan Wang, Tutor Jason Han.ogg]] I have taught two children this Etude-a girl and also a boy (with outcomes). They played all well in very different musicalities. One is like a fast gym meeting 299's standards. The other-hers is with a good sound effect -light and peaceful after her grade examination. Both I all like. Regarding with how to train this sound effect with pedal, Please see my etudes'platform: https://en.m.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal:Piano_Etudes_as_Poems '''G major Sonata L.349 - Yixuan Wang's New Attempt of Italian Baroque Style of A. Scarlatti''' A. Scarlatti's Sonatas are quite hard for young students and young teenagers to train and perform.However, Yixuan is fine, I thought. It needs a very fast & light fingering of Scale & Arpeggios and different STACCATOing keyboard-touching way, meanwhile, the exaggerating fluency of simple patterns... I thought she somehow had touched at her own little age. Just, more from nature, more details-care and the flexibility of hands&body could make things better. At her age, it's already fine.Thanks to the recent striving in this still hard time of COVID-19 Recovery. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 02:31, 20 August 2021 (UTC) [[File:G major Sonata L.349, Piano Pupil Yixuan, Wang.ogg|thumb|A, Scarlatti L.349 Sonata, Piano-pupil Yixuan, Wang]] It's very hard to train Scarlatti's Italian Style of technique skills... However, Yixuan, Wang has never given up... during this COVID-19 Time...-Protecting herself with masks, meanwhile, playing times after times... Finally, we can get some senses of fast, airily,lightly and breezily... Yes, there may also be some problems, like- it's very easy to be stressful and breathless on the stage...But to her age, do you think it's already good... Therefore, I recorded it in a video and published it on a musical platform -Kugou, and a educational platform - Youku, as to remember her growth: http://m.kugou.com/mv/?hash=f00b36624f27b091b79e3f30e158aa03&sruserid=640650901 ====Piano Pupil Mo Zhou's Smart Growth and Hard-working learning of Techniques ==== The video of Mo Zhou's most beautiful performance of Debussy's work- 2re Arabesque (I call it 'Butterfly's Dream') : Kugou musical platform - http://m.kugou.com/mv/?hash=547cb2c1e2f57a9e8ec66e8ecf36c269&sruserid=640650901 Youku educational part - http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNTgxNzA2Njk2MA==.html?x&sharefrom=android&sharekey=9631de9a76de1af3d601221019590cd26 (Published on the musical platform of Kugou and the educational part of Youku; the classroom volunteering photographer is Ms. Yang Gao) '''Piano Pupil Mo, Zhou's Violin simulation of Cremer's Etude's Art''' Catching the hands' positions (somehow borrowed from voilin's) is almost the hardest point to train.One focuses on left hand's Notes-Slipping; the other regards with the interval Position-switching (2 notes) check of right hand frequently. Though this little girl has a pair of smart&slim hands, she attempted her best. You can hear the most part's effect LIVE in classroom... In this point, I gave a 'LIKE'. [[File:Cramer Etude, Performed by Piano Pupil Mo, Zou.ogg|thumb|Cramer Etude, Performed by Piano Pupil Mo, Zhou]] '''A, Scarlatti L.349 Sonata - A Italian Style Taste of Baroque Music''' ''Comments:'' Mo,Zhou's hands are very smart, regarding with which some very tiny actions she can take, though they aren't quite big. Yes, she has been always willing to enlarge her hands. This point, but somehow, associate her to take this Italian Baroque Style (Rocca) quite easy. Yes, I thought she was fine regarding with much more details.(though it's LIVE that very few unexpected faults could be caused by the stress of the recording). I thought: to her performance, my teaching is working well. She did many requirements... Let us listen to her.[[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 03:25, 20 August 2021 (UTC) [[File:G major Sonata L.349, Piano pupil Mo, Zhou.ogg|thumb|File:G major Sonata L.349, Piano pupil Mo, Zhou.ogg]] ==== Brilliant Snow-ball boy (Yu) of Zhang family is praying for his father working in New Zealand ==== [[File:Pupil Yu,Zhang's edition - e minor sonata of Sir Haydn.ogg|thumb|E minor sonata of Sir Haydn was played by Piano student Yu, Zhang in classroom]] '''(Waiting better)''' Could you understand how hard Sir Haydn's & Mozart's mature sonata-structuralism and Classical Countermelody (from String Quartet: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart) were for the training of such a young boy or some students around this aget? Oh, looking back, I, myself, also did feel hard... However, this boy and another older piano sister did really insist on doing so. Today, they can give their own editions - very different with own personalities and natures. Another point I would like to say: It's only one week's time that this boy was fighting for 'a good hearing' of his father. Afterwards, a modified recording edition soon got out, which showed his proficiency and quality...Good boy! To be honest, reviewing the past year, in order to train Sir Haydn's melody, we researched many ways together, including mathematics... Sometimes, evenly felt hopeless... Playing from childhood, Haydn's style is quite simple to me - models, switching, sonata structure..., but to students, they didn't quite like the sense of thinking being structured... And at the very beginning, I even didn't understand why they felt difficult... Recognizing something, We began to make many games, and evenly counting out some scores for the achievement of his 'fried chicken legs'... Here, from rhythm to notation, and from melodic interaction to parts-division, I felt it's much clearer, more fluent and stable, than before... His ability of coordination has also been improved, though still some problems. I dared and felt confidential to say: it's a great edition of himself. Hopefully, he can progress further. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 16:08, 4 April 2019 (UTC) Now, he made it much more fluent and accurate, and also played out his own fashion, though some details still need to be modified. Honestly to say, I thought somehow he got his progress in this period which we can hear...[[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 03:28, 2 August 2019 (UTC) '''Comments''' It's the second time of piano boy Yu Zhang's teaching result show. In this time, he chose the melody <Under the Sunshine> - a Chinese fork teaching melody as one subject of national examination and also a performance of one piano competition in Dalian. In my view as his teacher, he gave a very different view of this melody, compared with girls'. He paid more attentions to the whole view of melody's energy, strength, fluency and the joyfulness in Under the Sunshine, but didn't too much care about the details of some parts. However, on the stage, it showed a very great expression as from boy's situation... Good luck and happy experiment. After some practices, in the classroom we together recorded it and submit it up... (Referenced Partly from his page in Wikimedia Commons) ==== How to play Chinese Folk tune - 'Kids' Dance' with Chinese kids' fashion? Listen to little girl Kunlu's performance ==== '''Teacher's Demonstration in classroom:''' [[File:Kid's Dance Chinese Folk Piano Player Jason M. C.,Han.ogg|thumb|Kid's Dance - 'Kid's Dance', from a folk piano-tune in China National Grading Book, was personally performed here, as a gift for all piano-kids' 'Happy 2019 Lucky Pig Year']] '''Student Kunlu's Performance in classroom:''' [[File:Kid's Dance (Chinese) - Student Kunlu, Han.ogg|thumb|Student Kunlu, Han's (Han family's girl born as bright as dewdrop in Kun - Saturn of Wuxing) good performance of Kid's Dance (Chinese)]] '''Teacher's Comments:''' Totally to say: Though She can play better editions (many better ones, last winter), in this sound file, she showed the coherence, fluency, flexibility and stability ( as Chinese fork-tune required). Hearing such a smart Chinese girl playing such a fugue-cannoning song, you will feel: it's a right song designing for a right girl... I think that's one meaning of piano-performance. Though spending much time, We did also research special 'Chinese supplemental positions & Dialogues' in polyphony together, which gave us many beautiful memories... Further more, in this age, her staccatos, slurs and Tenuto have been performed quite well, which helped her to keep a unified speed to the end. Taking back a step, there must still be some small faults in classroom (without purposes) that I have to point out: such as B18's #C blowing to D a little bit, the attention didn't get back in B41 head A which made a small break, and a small mistake of 'Recovered C' rather than #C... In order to dream of its accuracy and pentatonic harmony, it's a hard-working that we have already come over many problems and mistakes... Therefore, I think she fulfilled herself and achieved many things from 'Kid's Dance'. Hopefully, she enjoys the procedure of music-carving. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 15:07, 4 April 2019 (UTC) ===== Kunlu's Crystal Heart on International Children's Day - Kleine Kinder Kleine Sorgen (Little Child) ===== '''Teacher's Comments:''' 1. The degrees of proficiency, fluency (and internal speed) have been improved, right on International Children's Day. 2. I preferred her treble part very much - so cool, pure, clean and refreshing, which reflected her crystal heart in childhood. 3. The grasping of big chords - stronger, that's great - but needs to be more accurately and deep (The word 'deep' wasn't always 'loud' and 'heavy'). Please try to understand this point. Yes, it needs to show the hardness of growth (to young teenager), but also the achievement 'to be stronger and more confident of yourself...' [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 03:32, 28 June 2019 (UTC) [[File:Internationl Children&#039;s Day Gifts - 2. Kleine Kinder Kleine Sorgen (Little Child, Piano-modification of Germany Song).ogg|thumb| Kleine Kinder Kleine Sorgen (Little Child, Piano-modification of Germany Song), played by Kunlu, Han]] ==== Teacher's Shares of his own home-works from childhood (Open) - Jason, Han==== ====='''M. Moszkowsky Etude (Op.72 No.5) - "C major's Fluency, Clarification, Sunshine and Love'''===== New Beginning with...: M. Moszkowsky Etude (Op.72 No.5) played by Jixun Han (Jason) for piano teaching. It's long time that my piano classroom on the cloud in wikiversity hasn't update its situation. After so many things, now I can partly return to English writing world. The first Etude I would like to upload is still MM Edute which gave me so fluent and clean mind in my childhood. Oh, 38 years old, and after a wedding ceremony with my real lover, my fingers would not be so great as around 15s'... However, I would like to update its situation and new editions untill great someday. Now, let's began with this new melody. It's taught to my good Chinese boy pupil named Guoguo (fruit zeyu, Cui) when I grasped up and recorded. Yes, this little boy will also play well. Let's listen to my version, firstly. Thanks Jason M. C., Han (talk) 13:26, 20 November 2024 (UTC) More information, please see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Moritz_Moszkowski Homework Requirements (challenges): 1. B23-B24(B stands for Musical Bar): By right hand, heads of every 4-notes group make a down-going semi-notes scale, which needs a very careful&exact arpegio-fingering with a whole—palm holded and also thumb-measuring ability. Meanwhile, the left hand is making a whole-tenth measure, but arranged upon every two chords' link. The semi-notes scale is also its fixed channel accordingly. This point is very different to follow and be made accurately and perfectly, which needs long-time training. 2. B49-50 It's almost a two-hands doubling for playing arpeggio-phrase.But not really! You can watch the second phrase- fingering! Your left hand need a smallish shape. Meanwhile, the little finger's head of last phrase need to jump out a minor third distance down. It's very hard to control and also not a doubling. (Hard for playing, but good for sounding, if out. Therefore, dears, have a try like mine...) Yours little uncle Han [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 14:15, 25 November 2024 (UTC) [[File:M. Moszkowsky Etude (Op.72 No.5) played by Jixun Han (Jason) for piano teaching.wav|thumb|M. Moszkowsky Etude (Op.72 No.5) played by Jixun Han (Jason) for piano teaching]] ===== '''Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata''' ===== Indeed, Beethoven left a historical challenge (difficulty) but the continuously creative inspiration to understand the techniques & musicality of all his movements, equally to all people. We can attempt different approaches and own personal life-experiences to understand them, and discuss out some possible results. [[File:Moonlight Sonata - 3rd Movement of Sharp c minor Sonata Beethoven.ogg|thumb|Moonlight Sonata - 3rd Movement of Sharp c minor Sonata after a library presentation of Beethoven (Further, thanks to the April-collections of Tokfo Gallery (Vienna: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tokfo/Vienna/2019_April_28-30) and Sir James Gallery (Bonn:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Sir_James/Bonn/2019_April_29) - great encouragements!)]] '''3rd Movement- 'Moonlights Storming' - Techniques Analysis from Notation-reading ('Presto agitato' of Breitkopf & Hartel Company and Berlin Arts Collage also compared with Old New York Edition - as the remembrance of one monitor):''' '''Musicality:''' In a grandly general view, it's like...in a crazily running (very fast) race, viewed from the window, moonlights have been dismembered upon deep Lake Lucerne (many fragmental sections composed together). [[File:Vienna Beethoven Monument (with angels and children surrounding).jpg|thumb| Beethoven's Monument in Vienna]] [[File:Beside Beethoven's Musicality.jpg|thumb| A third-person's Watching of Beethoven's Musicality]] For its musicality cultivation, I could give a similar sense of its situation, like in Picasso's works- such as Picasso's Guernica (Ceridwen's Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license) For achieving it, a little bit of dark-moods anger and sadness faced from the unfairness and out of control could be inputted, after all technique points were trained in the dexterity. Therefore, from emotion to say, I thought the video right after getting back from UK and the lost one in Newcastle central station were better than this time. [[File:3rd movement of Sonata &#039;Moonlight&#039; Rocking Video JMC, Han (Jason).webm|thumb|3rd movement of moonlight sonata; Rocking Video JMC, Han (Jason)]] However, I satisfied with it, right like in life and after the presentation. From this point, we can see: Beethoven, as a piano master, has super-reached too much before the time - even abstractionism and postmodernism (deconstructionism). '''2nd Movement - 'a little Fantasy Moonflower blooming between two rocky layers' - Techniques Analysis from Notation-reading (Allegretto of Breitkopf & Hartel Company and Berlin Arts Collage):''' 1. Parts-distinguishing way can be applied to pick up the main melodic points from its background and legato them into lines. '''( Notice: Here, from the historical observation, a thing needs to be clarified: Baroque-regression (back-reasoning) was usually made by classical composers (in Vienna school: Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven etc.), especially in their later years of life for calming down the dramatical emotions, and keeping Life's Reasonability. Meanwhile, from Haydn, they discussed and created classical counterpoints from symphony and string quartet together, to modify creative inspirations. Beethoven also inherited it. Therefore, when we play some in piano, we need to analyse and apply some special techniques, commonly used in classical polyphony, to pick up the main from the background, sentence by sentence, as an era-responding.)[[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 03:38, 15 May 2019 (UTC)''' 2. Octaves-bridging and chords-connections for big hands, into their hidden melodies, are the most difficulties, which need your frequent exercises, sentence by sentence. (Painful but worthful! Finally, flexible and skillful... ) 3. Long keeping-notes, in certain parts, are important for the continuity of the tune and the texture, without broken. 4. It's better in light and tender keyboard-touching way to make melodic lines clear and 'the little flower' smile lightly. 5. 'Rondo' (ABA) formation can be applied to understand its repetitions, responding and structure. [[File:Moonlight Sonata (Sharp c minor Sonata) 2nd Movement Beethoven JMC,Han.ogg|thumb|Moonlight Sonata - a little fantasy flower between two rocky layers]][[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 14:51, 14 May 2019 (UTC) ===== Blue Danube is always flowing from heart and life, with the vitality as spring: ===== Children and young teenagers, let us swim in this life-long river, to see some beautiful landscapes! [[File:Blue Denube in my heart.jpg|thumb|Blue Denube in my heart]] [[File:Blue Danube (Exercise and variations-collections in piano) JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|Blue Danube (Exercise and variations-collections in piano) JMC, Han]] ===== Pachelbel's Canon is always the canon (polyphonic technique) since Baroque Era, but in '''Modern Piano's Pop Variations''' ===== [[File:Pachelbel&#039;s Canon in Pop Variations (Geoge Winston Notation) Player Jason, Han.ogg|thumb| Pachelbel's Canon in Pop Variations (George Winston Notation) Player Jason, Han]] '''Story of teaching & learning (from Wikimedia Commons):''' Regarding with this piano melody, there is a long story in my heart... Oh, did you hear Mag-pie's singing (I like 'pie' in the tail of this word) in the first draft? Yes, it was attracted and landing on the tree outside my balcony... You can clearly hear it at the beginning and in the tail in my first draft... Almost, it would like to share my memory... Long long ago, my old brother on my mother's side used to be one hero of my life and fashion... On each holiday, he was always able to find great music pieces, MTVs, transcripts , and scientific fictions, from foreign countries, such as American and Japan (Summer)... and brought & shared with me... Then, I attempted my best to exercise them into the reality, which included this song - Canon Variations from pianist George Winston... Those memories have never faded out, but in my deep sea. To now, evenly did I think Canon was from US and a POP song... After seeking the exact information in Wikipedia, I found it's Pachelbel's Canon in D and Baroque Era and German, rather than C and Modern and Pop in American... and with a 'Gigue for Violins and Basso Continuo', it's not only for piano in many parts than our 3 parts in original piano edition. However either, I still like it very much and would like call it American POP in my music world... Then after, a male colleague in my working college said to me: Jason, on my wedding ceremony, I would like to play it for a girl... Could you give me a simple one? Then, searching online, I found a simple (middle level) notation and an original (advanced level) notation, I downloaded both, and chose the simple one for him Three months, he was able to play it from 0 level (he wasn't able to read the notation)... I thought piano would have give him a good memory of wedding... Following, I found a girl felt bored about her piano examination... Then, by choosing the simple transcript and inserting into her lessons... it made my tutoring classrooms really beautiful, relaxable, magical and peaceful... Now, I have time to play the original edition out... One long dream of my heart is going to be fullfilled... Though my hands in several points didn't make my perfectionism satisfied contrasted with before, especially the tenth-cross design between the left hand and the right hand, I knew it's my life, and fate?... I prefered to update its situations for bettering continuously... if having time... Compared with the firstly draft, I thought the second was much down-calmed and peaceful...Somehow, I preferred the first draft, but a little bit of 'fast'... I cannot make the decision...then, kept two. However either, I still felt very happy the little natural friend - mag-pie can join... For this reason, I kept it. Hopefully, you will enjoy... [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 04:50, 16 September 2019 (UTC) ===== KV.265 12 Variations on Ah vous dirai-je, Maman - 'Twinkle Twinkle Little Star' ===== Analysis (Waiting) [[File:KV.265 12 Variations on Ah vous dirai-je, Maman Mozart JMC, Han.ogg|thumb|KV.265 12 Variations on Ah vous dirai-je, Maman Mozart JMC, Han]] [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 08:43, 7 October 2019 (UTC) =====''' 'The beautiful views of Scotti-highlands' from Thompson's Book (Advanced Level) - Teaching and demonstration '''===== [[File:The beautiful views of Scotti-highlands (Teaching demonstration - video; Jason, Han).webm|thumb| After the performance in local Crossing-year 2019-2020 Library Concert and many further exercises, a good edition in classroom got out - Piano kids, always, you knew: No pains, No gains]] For its musicality and academic thoughts, please visit Wikiverty's Portal of Piano education(The Section: The beautiful views of Scotti-highlands' in a Far-land Home (Academic thoughts, musicality, literature-writing and case-realization)): *[[Portal:Green Sleeves (Impressionist Visualization)]] *[[Portal: Sir J.S.BACH and His contributions to Piano Kids' Reasonable Life]] [[File:C minor Prelude Bach (BWV847), Performer JMC, Han.wav|thumb|C minor Prelude Bach (BWV847)]] ==== 'Swan's Dream Upon the lake' - Little Girl 'Wenxin's' (Brilliant & Sweet literatures in arts ) Performance==== '''Teacher's Demonstration:''' [[File:The Dying Swan - black angel JMC Han.ogg|thumb| Musicality from watching 'The Dying Swan - the black angel', performed by JMC Han]] '''Wenxin's Performance:''' 1. Techniques-recovery: The Arpeggio-training of left hand in the accompaniment was the biggest challenge to not only a piano-child at her age - no more than 12 (In Chinese culture, Kid's first year was in mother's womb. Thereby, I asked her - how old are you, and she gave the number '13'...), to me and evenly some expertise pianists. (Camille Saint-Saëns's 'The Swan' on wikipedia or other social editions). The arpeggio-accompaniment is travelling in rich variations of tunes, which caused left hand much harder to expand, shrink and positions-change. Therefore, it spent us more than half a year to train and recover her hand's dexterity from a small failure of her piano life in the Grade Test, just like 'Princess Swan's' experience. Now, totally to say, she got an excellent situation in which children at her age can perform. Thanks to your hard-working! 2. Musicality-cultivation: Usually, she showed a very great musicality in the first page - to the minute (Approximately 1.05) - tender, expending, lyrical and expressive... However, it's really a hardness to keep it throughout the second section - a shading & wandering heart-road in the growth. The attention has to be paid too much on the exactness of left hand's arpeggio-travelling. With a pity, still, some notes were beaten wrongly. But oppositely again, we can see: Princess Swan, in her period of Darkness growth - facing Satan, turning into a dark angel and only appearing in night... She really faced a hardness and the difficulty of life, right as beating wrong notes, getting out some noises and travelling a little bit slowly and roughly in a channel. In this view, perhaps that the difficulties can be transformed- in the musical needs and with a small fashion. Congratulation, more exercises, haha! 3. Together, we gave two great designs: one is the 'Big Brightness' began from the minute (Approximately 2.03) when the main theme happens again; and the other is 'Swan's Departure like Sound of Fall-Leaves rotating upon Lake's Surface' (from minute 2.49 to the end)... She almost achieved some - the mood calmed down very much and stably progressed to further with a confidence. However, a little bit of disfluency made the impression fade, somehow. Meanwhile, a 'rit. to a tempo' turned inversely - what a pity. Totally to say, musicality, at her age, was preciously showing in this time's performance. The hard-working of recovery and exercises, during many classes, touched my heart very much. (I knew that...) More trainings of Arpeggio-running (dominate sevenths) and its fluency can help her achieve more in the future. Wenxin, thanks to you for letting us appreciate this world-famous melody in piano. [[File:Growth of Swan in eyes of the little girl - Wenxi, Zhang.ogg|thumb|Growth of Swan in the eyes of the little girl - Wenxi, Zhang]] [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 16:06, 5 May 2019 (UTC) ==== Listen to Mother's Old Story! - A beautiful and quiet little girl's Good Wish ==== '''Teacher's Demonstration:''' [[File:Mother&#039;s Old story - China Impression.ogg|thumb| Listen to Mother's Old story - China Impression (JMC, Han - teacher's domenstration)]] '''Student's Performance:''' [[File:Listen to Mother&#039;s Old Story - Piano Pupil Yiwen, Cui.ogg|thumb| Listen to Mother's Old Story- Piano Pupil Yiwen, Cui]] '''Teacher's Comments:''' Yiwen, Cui (Direct translation of her Chinese name - A beautiful girl who is good at the translation of art and literature, from Cui family), at the age of 10, is a quite and beautiful girl. She got a good life effect from this Chinese piano-kid's song - 'Listen to Mother's Old Story': making her family and parents happy, getting some confidences through this piano song from the examination, showing her fashion in my library concert held for piano kids... After those more above, frequent exercises, and getting her permission, I can submit this classroom-recording edition. Though in the tail I found a note lost... and some parts of her left hand might run much more fluently... , I think her emotional background of this music reached to a good level, and those polyphonic parts can be clearly heard two layers, their cannoning, and so on... Congratulation! '''(Words from the description in Wikimedia Commons page)''' [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 01:04, 8 August 2019 (UTC) ==== Moonlight upon Lotus Pool (Summer) - Letters-Accompaniment Improvising Chinese Pop-song with both Classical Tradition and Pentatonic Scale ==== '''Teacher's Comment:''' 1. I am very excited that you (only 10-years-old) understood Letter-To-Accompaniment Improvising sheet and its approach in a very fast way. 2. It's great you can use both Pentatonic Arpeggios and Tenth-Rolling-Bass-dropping in your accompaniment (You can make Tenth-rolling Bass in a more fluent view, I thought) 3. We can feel the musical scene from your musicality - In a beautiful summer night, Walking along a lotus pool, you and your family members were enjoying the moonlight and a breeze of cool wind... 4. In future, hopefully, you can improve your 'new learns' to a higher level. [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 01:04, 8 August 2019 (UTC) ''' Xuan, Lee's Second Attempt - Pearl of the Orient''' ==== 'Mother in the candlelight' - A little girl (Siqi)'s heart-words for her mother's birthday - in the growth and in the dreams... ==== '''Heart-story:''' Regarding with this piano-song, there is a little story about this little commons' girl: Usually, her parents were very busy in the family's restaurant... I and my mother saw she had independently managed herself well and grew up alone for many years... In this year - 2019, time was near her mother's birthday. In the KTV (a place like karaoke bar, but for small single groups of people in rooms, with TV in the middle for singing ), she heard this song - 'Mother in the candlelight' and found her parents enjoyed singing it very much. Then, she decided to play it as a gift to her mother, right on mother's birthday. It's my biggest honour to be together sight-reading the notation, making the re-designs and re-editions of this song into piano - like, Prelude, Introduction-theme 1st, theme 2nd, Development and Peak, a small Repetition and Coda... She learnt in a very fast and hard-working way that merely around one month she played it in this level. And finally, she got her heart-sweet - playing it for her mother, as a birthday gift.(Wikimedia Commons' original page, 2019) '''Comments from teacher:''' 1. The musical emotions were very rich and expressive, especially the 'Peak-Calling for mother' (2.53 minutes - 3.53 minutes). I almost can hear 'Mum...' (or Mumu...) for many times in a kid's tear-drops and in the candlelight... by your right hand's touchable singing... 2. I liked our 'Flanger tr. Ornaments' very much (I thought it's from Mozartian). I am very happy you can put it in for soon time... 3. I am very happy in the Coda-tail, you can get my suggestion - ending by a Major Seventh Progression-Arpeggio. This point should give the thanks to my mentor - Ray. I quite enjoy its special colour... 4. Your strong and mixed left hand accompaniment must have been trained for many times. I knew it's a hard-working job, but tender and flexible a little bit... better? 5. The singing of right hand and its 'breathing' were quite natural and fine, sentence by sentence..., but the total speed is too slower than normal, which reflect the running ability of the left hand needed to improve. I knew: to your 9-years-old hands, it's a very hard requirement... However, waiting the up-grown, I have the confidence you can hands-sing it in a much more fluent way... [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 14:10, 5 September 2019 (UTC) '''Night's Piano-Song - The depth of China Pop-Piano (and Siqi's Heart-Try)''' ''Comments:'' She made the depth of two peak notes but in light touching way. I thought also that she did this Pop-piano's musicality in a poet's Night-thinking... She is suitable for the performance of this-type-'songs' and improvising (still at little age and need to prepare in time). Let us listen to her and feel her expression. ==== The Cowherd's Flute played by a little girl piano pupil - Guo Guo (Nickname: Happy fruits) ==== This edition has already been her best attempt, regarding with its landscape-painting style, lovely Cowherd's Flute we can refer to Wikipedia introduction (Seeking key words 'The Cowboy's Flute' in). It's recorded as a beautiful memory of her piano-learning and her Childhood. Let us listen to her: [[File:The Cowboy&#039;s Flute - Yuxuan, Lu (Guo Guo).ogg|thumb|The Cowherd's Flute - Yuxuan, Lu (Guo Guo)]] ==== Clementi Sonata Op35 No. 5 (Movement 1st), played by Piano pupil Yixuan, Qiao ==== Clementi's Sonata-Op35 No. 5 was a so long and difficult piece for students around their ninth year. Therefore, we have divided it into many small sections and taught. She learnt in progress. Meanwhile, this little and beautiful girl (She was beautifully good at dancing, somehow rather than piano.) has already attempted her best in exercising and recording. I thought it recorded her good piano-learning experiences and those memories of childhood. Regarding with further information about this work, please refer to the educational portal: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal:Sonatinas_from_Kids%27_corner_near_heaven#Muzio_Clementi . Let us listen to her: [[File:Clementi Sonatina Op35. No 5 Movement 1st Piano pupil YIxuan, Qiao.ogg|thumb|Clementi Sonatina Op35. No 5 Movement 1st Piano pupil YIxuan, Qiao]] [[User:Jason M. C., Han|Jason M. C., Han]] ([[User talk:Jason M. C., Han|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jason M. C., Han|contribs]]) 02:42, 18 October 2019 (UTC) ====Little and Little, Twinkling Stars - Little Piano-Kids' Playground==== Say 'Hello' to our 'Little Goldman' [[File:Vienna Trip - The Little Goldman- Strauss Family.jpg|thumb|Hand-making my own picture of Strauss Family's Little Goldman]] * [[Portal:Little and Little, Twinkling Stars - Little Piano-Kids' Playground| Little and Little, Twinkling Stars - Little Piano-Kids' Playground]] dyib2m1uaggykkgw5r0y2qxrp2xsuhp 3 250786 2690035 2688834 2024-12-02T22:22:55Z MediaWiki message delivery 983498 /* Tech News: 2024-49 */ new section 2690035 wikitext text/x-wiki == First Message Posting == Update Talk on Wikiversity [[User:Bnhassin|Bnhassin]] ([[User talk:Bnhassin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bnhassin|contribs]]) 21:04, 29 June 2019 (UTC) == Update Sandbox User == == Posting to sandbox == Update Sandbox on Wikiversity [[User:Bnhassin/sandbox]] ([[User talk:Bnhassin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bnhassin|contribs]])[[User:Bnhassin|Bnhassin]] ([[User talk:Bnhassin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bnhassin|contribs]]) 11:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC) == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Tech News: 2020-50]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now put pages on your watchlist for a limited period of time. Some wikis already had this function. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Watchlist_Expiry][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Watchlist_expiry] '''Changes later this week''' * Information from Wikidata that is used on a wiki page can be shown in recent changes and watchlists on a Wikimedia wiki. To see this you need to turn on showing Wikidata edits in your watchlist in the preferences. Changes to the Wikidata description in the language of a Wikimedia wiki will then be shown in recent changes and watchlists. This will not show edits to languages that are not relevant to your wiki. 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Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. It was released in India in September. It can now be downloaded in other countries too. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/12/10/growing-wikipedias-reach-with-an-app-for-kaios-feature-phones/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W51"/> 21:34, 14 December 2020 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20803489 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Tech News: 2020-52]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W52"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 11 January 2021. '''Recent changes''' * The <code><nowiki>{{citation needed}}</nowiki></code> template shows when a statement in a Wikipedia article needs a source. If you click on it when you edit with the visual editor there is a popup that explains this. Now it can also show the reason and when it was added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270107] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * You can [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Ideas|propose and discuss]] what technical improvements should be done for geographic information. 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[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W52"/> 20:54, 21 December 2020 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20833836 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Tech News: 2021-02]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can choose to be reminded when you have not added an edit summary. This can be done in your preferences. This could conflict with the [[:w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHA]]. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12729] * You can link to specific log entries. You can get these links for example by clicking the timestamps in the log. Until now, such links to private log entries showed no entry even if you had permission to view private log entries. The links now show the entry. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269761] * Admins can use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter tool]] to automatically prevent bad edits. Three changes happened last week: ** The filter editing interface now shows syntax errors while you type. This is similar to JavaScript pages. 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'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W02"/> 15:42, 11 January 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20950047 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Tech News: 2021-03]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth team]] plans to add features to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer tasks/Experiment analysis, November 2020|get more visitors to edit]] to more Wikipedias. You can help [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-growthexperiments&language=&filter=&action=translate translating the interface]. * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] posts could be automatically timestamped in the future. This is because MassMessage senders can now send pages using MassMessage. Pages are more difficult to sign. If there are times when a MassMessage post should not be timestamped you can [[phab:T270435|let the developers know]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W03"/> 16:10, 18 January 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20974628 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Tech News: 2021-04]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. You will not be able to read or edit [[:wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]] for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210128T09 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} at 09:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272388] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|Bracket matching]] will be added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] syntax highlighter on the first wikis. The first wikis are German and Catalan Wikipedia and maybe other Wikimedia wikis. This will happen on 27 January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270238] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W04"/> 18:31, 25 January 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21007423 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Tech News: 2021-05]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[:w:en:IPv6|IPv6 addresses]] were written in lowercase letters in diffs. This caused dead links since [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] only accepted uppercase letters for the IPs. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272225] '''Changes later this week''' * You can soon use Wikidata to link to pages on the multilingual Wikisource. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138332] * Often editors use a "non-breaking space" to make a gap between two items when reading but still show them together. This can be used to avoid a line break. You will now be able to add new ones via the special character tool in the 2010, 2017, and visual editors. The character will be shown in the visual editor as a space with a grey background. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T70429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96666] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=| Advanced item]] Wikis use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to stop bad edits being made. Filter maintainers can now use syntax like <code>1.2.3.4 - 1.2.3.55</code> as well as the <code>1.2.3.4/27</code> syntax for IP ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] is the skin Wikimedia wikis use for mobile traffic. When a page is protected and you can't edit it you can normally read the source wikicode. This doesn't work on Minerva on mobile devices. This is being fixed. Some text might overlap. This is because your community needs to update [[MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext|MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext]] to work on mobile. You can [[phab:T208827|read more]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Inline_styles_should_not_use_properties_that_impact_sizing_and_positioning][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Avoid_tables_for_anything_except_data] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will change the IP address they use to contact the wikis. The new IP address will be <code>185.15.56.1</code>. This will happen on February 8. You can [[:wikitech:News/CloudVPS NAT wikis|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W05"/> 22:38, 1 February 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21033195 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Tech News: 2021-06]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now has watchlists and talk pages in the app. [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia] '''Changes later this week''' * You can see edits to chosen pages on [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]]. You can add pages to your watchlist on every wiki you like. The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|GlobalWatchlist]] extension will come to Meta on 11 February. There you can see entries on watched pages on different wikis on the same page. The new watchlist will be found on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] on Meta. You can choose which wikis to watch and other preferences on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings|Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings]] on Meta. You can watch up to five wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260862] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * When admins [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protecting and unprotecting pages|protect]] pages the form will use the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [[Special:Import|Special:Import]] will also get the new look. This will make them easier to use on mobile phones. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235424][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108792] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Tech/News/2021/05|Last week]] Tech News reported that the IP address [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] use to contact the wikis will change on 8 February. This is delayed. It will happen later instead. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/CloudVPS_NAT_wikis] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W06"/> 17:42, 8 February 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21082948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Tech News: 2021-07]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There were problems with recent versions of MediaWiki. Because the updates caused problems the developers rolled back to an earlier version. Some updates and new functions will come later than planned. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094255.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094271.html] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W07"/> 17:56, 15 February 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21105437 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Tech News: 2021-08]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The visual editor will now use [[:c:Commons:Structured data/Media search|MediaSearch]] to find images. You can search for images on Commons in the visual editor when you are looking for illustrations. This is to help editors find better images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259896] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighter]] now works with more languages: [[:w:en:Futhark (programming language)|Futhark]], [[:w:en:Graphviz|Graphviz]]/[[:w:en:DOT (graph description language)|DOT]], CDDL and AMDGPU. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274741] '''Problems''' * Editing a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EasyTimeline|timeline]] might have removed all text from it. This was because of a bug and has been fixed. You might need to edit the timeline again for it to show properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274822] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a [[:m:Wikimedia Rust developers user group|user group]] for developers and users interested in working on Wikimedia wikis with the [[:w:en:Rust (programming language)|Rust programming language]]. You can join or tell others who want to make your wiki better in the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 00:17, 23 February 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21134058 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Tech News: 2021-09]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth team tools]] can now show the name of a newcomer's mentor anywhere [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship/Integrating_mentorship|through a magic word]]. This can be used for welcome messages or userboxes. * A new version of the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:VideoCutTool|VideoCutTool]] is now available. It enables cropping, trimming, audio disabling, and rotating video content. It is being created as part of the developer outreach programs. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Job queue|job queue]]. This meant some functions did not save changes and mass messages were delayed. This did not affect wiki edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275437] * Some editors may not be logged in to their accounts automatically in the latest versions of Firefox and Safari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226797] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.33|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 19:08, 1 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21161722 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Tech News: 2021-10]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section translation]] now works on Bengali Wikipedia. It helps mobile editors translate sections of articles. It will come to more wikis later. The first focus is active wikis with a smaller number of articles. You can [https://sx.wmflabs.org/index.php/Main_Page test it] and [[mw:Talk:Content translation/Section translation|leave feedback]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] now give admins the review right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275293] * When someone links to a Wikipedia article on Twitter this will now show a preview of the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276185] '''Problems''' * Many graphs have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. Graph editors can check their graphs in their browser's developer console after editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275833] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Talk pages project/New discussion|New Discussion]] tool will soon be a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|discussion tools]] beta feature for on most Wikipedias. The goal is to make it easier to start new discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275257] '''Future changes''' * There will be a number of changes to make it easier to work with templates. Some will come to the first wikis in March. Other changes will come to the first wikis in June. This is both for those who use templates and those who create or maintain them. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|read more]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on some wikis on 17 March. They will share a setting with [[mw:Page Previews|Page Previews]]. If you prefer the Reference Tooltips or Navigation-Popups gadget you can keep using them. If so Reference Previews won't be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * New JavaScript-based functions will not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 11|Internet Explorer 11]]. This is because Internet Explorer is an old browser that doesn't work with how JavaScript is written today. Everything that works in Internet Explorer 11 today will continue working in Internet Explorer for now. You can [[mw:Compatibility/IE11|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W10"/> 17:51, 8 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21175593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Tech News: 2021-11]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis that are part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project can now use a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Search|search function]]. The desktop improvements and the new search will come to more wikis later. You can also [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements#Deployment plan and timeline|test it early]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Editors who put up banners or change site-wide [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code should use the [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/000000566/overview?viewPanel=16&orgId=1 client error graph] to see that their changes has not caused problems. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/03/08/sailing-steady%e2%80%8a-%e2%80%8ahow-you-can-help-keep-wikimedia-sites-error-free read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276296] '''Problems''' * Due to [[phab:T276968|database issues]] the [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org Wikimedia Beta Cluster] was read-only for over a day. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can add a [[:w:en:Newline|newline]] or [[:w:en:Carriage return|carriage return]] character to a custom signature if you use a template. There is a proposal to not allow them in the future. This is because they can cause formatting problems. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/New_requirements_for_user_signatures#Additional_proposal_(2021)][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272322] * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|12 wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry] for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 23 March. There will be a new field to specify the database to connect to. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] and other ways to do [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the Wiki Replicas will be affected later. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W11"/> 23:22, 15 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21226057 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Tech News: 2021-12]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. They don't have a touch screen so readers navigate with the phone keys. There is now a [https://wikimedia.github.io/wikipedia-kaios/sim.html simulator] so you can see what it looks like. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|new discussion tool]] are now available as the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] in almost all wikis except German Wikipedia. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|twelve wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This can also affect password changes, logging in to new wikis, global renames and changing or confirming emails. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] colours will change to be easier to read. This will soon come to the [[phab:T276346|first wikis]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting] '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] will no longer have multiple tags like "tone" or "depth". It will also only have one tier. This was changed because very few wikis used these features and they make the tool difficult to maintain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185664][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277883] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015 this was moved from <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> to <code dir=ltr>mw.config</code>. <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> will soon no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W12"/> 16:53, 22 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21244806 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Tech News: 2021-13]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some very old [[:w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility|don’t work]] well with the Wikimedia wikis. Some old code for browsers that used to be supported is being removed. This could cause issues in those browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277803] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:m:IRC/Channels#Raw_feeds|IRC recent changes feeds]] have been moved to a new server. Make sure all tools automatically reconnect to <code>irc.wikimedia.org</code> and not to the name of any specific server. Users should also consider switching to the more modern [[:wikitech:Event Platform/EventStreams|EventStreams]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224579] '''Problems''' * When you move a page that many editors have on their watchlist the history can be split. It might also not be possible to move it again for a while. This is because of a [[:w:en:Job queue|job queue]] problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278350] * Some translatable pages on Meta could not be edited. This was because of a bug in the translation tool. The new MediaWiki version was delayed because of problems like this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 17:30, 29 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21267131 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Tech News: 2021-14]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors can collapse part of an article so you have to click on it to see it. When you click a link to a section inside collapsed content it will now expand to show the section. The browser will scroll down to the section. Previously such links didn't work unless you manually expanded the content first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276741] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] will use for example <code>2010-12-XX</code> instead of <code>2010-12</code> for dates with a month but no days. This is because <code>2010-12</code> could be confused with <code>2010-2012</code> instead of <code>December 2010</code>. This is called level 1 instead of level 0 in the [https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/ Extended Date/Time Format]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] can now connect to the new [[:wikitech:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 28 April. There is [[:wikitech:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign#How should I connect to databases in PAWS?|a new way to connect]] to the databases. Until 28 April both ways to connect to the databases will work. If you think this affects you and you need help you can post [[phab:T268498|on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 19:41, 5 April 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21287348 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Tech News: 2021-16]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Email to the Wikimedia wikis are handled by groups of Wikimedia editors. These volunteer response teams now use [https://github.com/znuny/Znuny Znuny] instead of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]]. The functions and interface remain the same. The volunteer administrators will give more details about the next steps soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279303][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275294] * If you use [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighting]], you can see line numbers in the 2010 and 2017 wikitext editors when editing templates. This is to make it easier to see line breaks or talk about specific lines. Line numbers will soon come to all namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267911][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Because of a technical change there could be problems with gadgets and scripts that have an edit summary area that looks [https://phab.wmfusercontent.org/file/data/llvdqqnb5zpsfzylbqcg/PHID-FILE-25vs4qowibmtysl7cbml/Screen_Shot_2021-04-06_at_2.34.04_PM.png similar to this one]. If they look strange they should use <code>mw.loader.using('mediawiki.action.edit.styles')</code> to go back to how they looked before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278898] * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.1|latest version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis last week. There was no Tech News issue last week. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in two weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:48, 19 April 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21356080 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Tech News: 2021-17]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Templates have parameters that can have specific values. It is possible to suggest values for editors with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateData|TemplateData]]. You can soon see them as a drop-down list in the visual editor. This is to help template users find the right values faster. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273857][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 21:24, 26 April 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21391118 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Tech News: 2021-18]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle|Twinkle]] is a gadget on English Wikipedia. It can help with maintenance and patrolling. It can [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/SD0001/Twinkle localisation/Report|now be used on other wikis]]. You can get Twinkle on your wiki using the [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle-starter twinkle-starter] GitHub repository. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] did not work for many articles for a little while. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281346] * Some things will not work for about a minute on 5 May. This will happen [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210505T0600 around 06:00 UTC]. This will affect the content translation tool and notifications among other things. This is because of an upgrade to avoid crashes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281212] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on a number of wikis on 5 May. This is later than planned because of some changes. You can use it without using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] if you want to. The earlier plan was to have the preference to use both or none. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] classes <code dir=ltr>.error</code>, <code dir=ltr>.warning</code> and <code dir=ltr>.success</code> do not work for mobile readers if they have not been specifically defined on your wiki. From June they will not work for desktop readers. This can affect gadgets and templates. The classes can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or template styles instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280766] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:43, 3 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21418010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Tech News: 2021-19]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can see what participants plan to work on at the online [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia hackathon]] 22–23 May. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:10, 10 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21428676 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Tech News: 2021-20]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new toolbar in [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|the Reply tool]]. It works in the wikitext source mode. You can enable it in [[Special:Preferences#mw-htmlform-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276608] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#13_May_2021] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion#13_May_2021] * Wikimedia [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo mailing lists] are being moved to [[:w:en:GNU Mailman|Mailman 3]]. This is a newer version. For the [[:w:en:Character encoding|character encoding]] to work it will change from <code>[[:w:en:UTF-8|UTF-8]]</code> to <code>utf8mb3</code>. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IEYQ2HS3LZF2P3DAYMNZYQDGHWPVMTPY/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282621] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|earlier issue]] of Tech News said that the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] would handle dates with a month but no days in a new way. This has been reverted for now. There needs to be more discussion of how it affects different wikis first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-blacklist</code> will be renamed <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-denylist</code>. The list can be copied to the new name. It will happen on 19 May for some wikis and 20 May for some wikis. Most wikis don't use it. It lists images that should never be used as thumbnails for articles. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 13:49, 17 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21464279 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Tech News: 2021-21]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Wikimedia movement has been using [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC|IRC]] on a network called [[:w:en:Freenode|Freenode]]. There have been changes around who is in control of the network. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Group_Contacts|Wikimedia IRC Group Contacts]] have [[m:Special:Diff/21476411|decided]] to move to the new [[:w:en:Libera Chat|Libera Chat]] network instead. This is not a formal decision for the movement to move all channels but most Wikimedia IRC channels will probably leave Freenode. There is a [[:m:IRC/Migrating_to_Libera_Chat|migration guide]] and ongoing Wikimedia [[m:Wikimedia Forum#Freenode (IRC)|discussions about this]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 17:07, 24 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21477606 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Tech News: 2021-22]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was an issue on the Vector skin with the text size of categories and notices under the page title. It was fixed last Monday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283206] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 17:05, 31 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21516076 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Tech News: 2021-23]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia movement uses [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] for technical tasks. This is where we collect technical suggestions, bugs and what developers are working on. The company behind Phabricator will stop working on it. This will not change anything for the Wikimedia movement now. It could lead to changes in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/YAXOD46INJLAODYYIJUVQWOZFIV54VUI/][https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283980] * Searching on Wikipedia will find more results in some languages. This is mainly true for when those who search do not use the correct [[:w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] because they are not seen as necessary in that language. For example searching for <code>Bedusz</code> doesn't find <code>Będusz</code> on German Wikipedia. The character <code>ę</code> isn't used in German so many would write <code>e</code> instead. This will work better in the future in some languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219550] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:Cross-site request forgery|CSRF token parameters]] in the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|action API]] were changed in 2014. The old parameters from before 2014 will stop working soon. This can affect bots, gadgets and user scripts that still use the old parameters. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IMP43BNCI32C524O5YCUWMQYP4WVBQ2B/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280806] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 20:02, 7 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21551759 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Tech News: 2021-24]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Logged-in users on the mobile web can choose to use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile mode]]. They now see categories in a similar way as users on desktop do. This means that some gadgets that have just been for desktop users could work for users of the mobile site too. If your wiki has such gadgets you could decide to turn them on for the mobile site too. Some gadgets probably need to be fixed to look good on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284763] * Language links on Wikidata now works for [[:oldwikisource:Main Page|multilingual Wikisource]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275958] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|can't show the IP]] of unregistered editors to everyone. This is because privacy regulations and norms have changed. There is now a rough draft of how [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#Updates|showing the IP to those who need to see it]] could work. * German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between 5:00 and 5:30 UTC. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 28 June. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 20:26, 14 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21587625 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Tech News: 2021-25]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code>otrs-member</code> group name is now <code>vrt-permissions</code>. This could affect abuse filters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280615] '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210623T0500 5:00 and 5:30 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:49, 21 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21593987 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Tech News: 2021-26]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth features]] now can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure Growth features directly on their wiki]]. This uses the new special page <code>Special:EditGrowthConfig</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285423] * Wikisources have a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/OCR Improvements|OCR tool]]. If you don't want to see the "extract text" button on Wikisource you can add <code>.ext-wikisource-ExtractTextWidget { display: none; }</code> to your [[Special:MyPage/common.css|common.css page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285311] '''Problems''' *You will be able to read but not edit the Wikimedia wikis for a few minutes on 29 June. This is planned at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210629T1400 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * <code>Threshold for stub link formatting</code>, <code>thumbnail size</code> and <code>auto-number headings</code> can be set in preferences. They are expensive to maintain and few editors use them. The developers are planning to remove them. Removing them will make pages load faster. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User:SKim (WMF)/Performance Dependent User Preferences|read more and give feedback]]. * A toolbar will be added to the [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]]'s wikitext source mode. This will make it easier to link to pages and to ping other users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276609][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#Status_updates] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:32, 28 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21653312 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Tech News: 2021-27]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 19 July. '''Recent changes''' * [[:wikidata:Q4063270|AutoWikiBrowser]] is a tool to make repetitive tasks easier. It now uses [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]]. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON</code> and <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/Config</code>. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/Version</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/VersionJSON</code>. The tool will eventually be configured on the wiki so that you don't have to wait until the new version to add templates or regular expression fixes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241196] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] helps saving online sources on some wikis. It adds them to [[:w:en:Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]] and links to them there. This is so they don't disappear if the page that was linked to is removed. It currently has a problem with linking to the wrong date when it moves pages from <code>archive.is</code> to <code>web.archive.org</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283432] '''Changes later this week''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] will be updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It will come to the first wikis on 7 July. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Some Wikimedia wikis use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]] or pending changes. It hides edits from new and unregistered accounts for readers until they have been patrolled. The auto review action in Flagged Revisions will no longer be logged. All old logs of auto-review will be removed. This is because it creates a lot of logs that are not very useful. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285608] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 17:33, 5 July 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21694636 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Tech News: 2021-29]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] was updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It was supposed to come to the first wikis on 7 July. It was delayed to 12 July instead. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * [[Special:UnconnectedPages|Special:UnconnectedPages]] lists pages that are not connected to Wikidata. This helps you find pages that can be connected to Wikidata items. Some pages should not be connected to Wikidata. You can use the magic word <code><nowiki>__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__</nowiki></code> on pages that should not be listed on the special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97577] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the [[:w:en:Parsing|parser's]] HTML output will soon change. This can affect bots, gadgets, user scripts and extensions. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/L2UQJRHTFK5YG3IOZEC7JSLH2ZQNZRVU/ read more]. You can test it on [[:testwiki:Main Page|Testwiki]] or [[:test2wiki:Main Page|Testwiki 2]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:31, 19 July 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21755027 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Tech News: 2021-30]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis the week before last week. This was not in Tech News because there was no newsletter that week. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * If you use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook skin]] you can choose to switch off [[:w:en:Responsive web design|responsive design]] on mobile. This will now work for more skins. If <code>{{int:monobook-responsive-label}}</code> is unticked you need to also untick the new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|preference]] <code>{{int:prefs-skin-responsive}}</code>. Otherwise it will stop working. Interface admins can automate this process on your wiki. You can [[phab:T285991|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 21:11, 26 July 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21771634 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Tech News: 2021-31]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] If your wiki uses markup like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl"></nowiki></code></bdi> without the required <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>dir</code></bdi> attribute, then these will no longer work in 2 weeks. There is a short-term fix that can be added to your local wiki's Common.css page, which is explained at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. From now on, all usages should include the full attributes, for example: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl" dir="rtl" lang="he"></nowiki></code></bdi>. This also applies to some other HTML tags, such as <code>span</code> or <code>code</code>. You can find existing examples on your wiki that need to be updated, using the instructions at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. * Reminder: Wikimedia has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Migrating to Libera Chat|migrated to the Libera Chat IRC network]], from the old Freenode network. Local documentation should be updated. '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 30 minutes. There was a problem with generating dynamic lists of articles on the Russian Wikinews, due to the bulk import of 200,000+ new articles over 3 days, which led to database problems. The problematic feature has been disabled on that wiki and developers are discussing if it can be fixed properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-07-26_ruwikinews_DynamicPageList] '''Changes later this week''' * When adding links to a page using [[mw:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]] will now only appear at the bottom of search results. This is because users do not often want to link to disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285510] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|team of the Wikipedia app for Android]] is working on communication in the app. The developers are working on how to talk to other editors and get notifications. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|read more]]. They are looking for users who want to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingJuly2021|test the plans]]. Any editor who has an Android phone and is willing to download the app can do this. * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} will be updated in the coming weeks. You will be able to [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications|subscribe to individual sections]] on a talk page at more wikis. You can test this now by adding <code>?dtenable=1</code> to the end of the talk page's URL ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Meta_talk:Sandbox?dtenable=1 example]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 20:47, 2 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21818289 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Tech News: 2021-32]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You can read but not edit 17 wikis for a few minutes on 10 August. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1628571650 05:00 UTC]. This is because of work on the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287449] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2021:Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place remotely on 13 August, starting at 5:00 UTC, for 24 hours. You can participate in many ways. You can still propose projects and sessions. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The old CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="visualClear"></div></nowiki></code></bdi> will not be supported after 12 August. Instead, templates and pages should use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div style="clear:both;"></div></nowiki></code></bdi>. Please help to replace any existing uses on your wiki. There are global-search links available at [[phab:T287962|T287962]]. '''Future changes''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is a place for Wikipedia editors to get access to sources. There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TheWikipediaLibrary|extension]] which has a new function to tell users when they can take part in it. It will use notifications. It will start pinging the first users in September. It will ping more users later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288070] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Vue.js|Vue.js]] will be the [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] framework for MediaWiki in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SOZREBYR36PUNFZXMIUBVAIOQI4N7PDU/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:21, 9 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21856726 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Tech News: 2021-33]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can add language links in the sidebar in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] '''Problems''' * There was a problem on wikis which use the Translate extension. Translations were not updated or were replaced with the English text. The problems have been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288700][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288683][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288719] '''Changes later this week''' * A [[mw:Help:Tags|revision tag]] will soon be added to edits that add links to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]]. This is because these links are usually added by accident. The tag will allow editors to easily find the broken links and fix them. If your wiki does not like this feature, it can be [[mw:Help:Tags#Deleting a tag added by the software|hidden]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287549] *Would you like to help improve the information about tools? Would you like to attend or help organize a small virtual meetup for your community to discuss the list of tools? Please get in touch on the [[m:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions|Toolhub Quality Signal Sessions]] talk page. We are also looking for feedback [[m:Talk:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions#Discussion topic for "Quality Signal Sessions: The Tool Maintainers edition"|from tool maintainers]] on some specific questions. * In the past, edits to any page in your user talk space ignored your [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications#mute|mute list]], e.g. sub-pages. Starting this week, this is only true for edits to your talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288112] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 19:27, 16 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21889213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Tech News: 2021-34]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score]] extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><score></nowiki></code></bdi> notation) has been re-enabled on public wikis and upgraded to a newer version. Some musical score functionality may no longer work because the extension is only enabled in "safe mode". The security issue has been fixed and an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score/2021 security advisory|advisory published]]. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289130|some wikis]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871217 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. During this time, operations on the CentralAuth will also not be possible. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 21:58, 23 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21923254 --> == Read-only reminder == <section begin="MassMessage"/> A maintenance operation will be performed on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871231 {{#time: l F d H:i e|2021-08-25T06:00|en}}]. It should only last for a few minutes. This will affect your wiki as well as 11 other wikis. During this time, publishing edits will not be possible. Also during this time, operations on the CentralAuth will not be possible (GlobalRenames, changing/confirming e-mail addresses, logging into new wikis, password changes). For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check [[phab:T289130|on Phabricator]]. A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation. Please help your community to be aware of this maintenance operation. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}<section end="MassMessage"/> 20:35, 24 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21927201 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Tech News: 2021-35]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some musical score syntax no longer works and may needed to be updated, you can check [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:score-error-category}}]] on your wiki for a list of pages with errors. '''Problems''' * Musical scores were unable to render lyrics in some languages because of missing fonts. This has been fixed now. If your language would prefer a different font, please file a request in Phabricator. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289554] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]] about this. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289660|Commons]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-09-06|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1630818058 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 13 September. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:01, 30 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21954810 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Tech News: 2021-36]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The wikis that have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] deployed have been part of A/B testing since deployment, in which some newcomers did not receive the new features. Now, all of the newcomers on 21 of the smallest of those wikis will be receiving the features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289786] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In 2017, the provided jQuery library was upgraded from version 1 to 3, with a compatibility layer. The migration will soon finish, to make the site load faster for everyone. If you maintain a gadget or user script, check if you have any JQMIGRATE errors and fix them, or they will break. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280944][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/6Z2BVLOBBEC2QP4VV4KOOVQVE52P3HOP/] * Last year, the Portuguese Wikipedia community embarked on an experiment to make log-in compulsory for editing.  The [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Impact report for Login Required Experiment on Portuguese Wikipedia|impact report of this trial]] is ready. Moving forward, the Anti-Harassment Tools team is looking for projects that are willing to experiment with restricting IP editing on their wiki for a short-term experiment. [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Login Required Experiment|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:20, 6 September 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21981010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Tech News: 2021-37]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * 45 new Wikipedias now have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289680] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|A majority of Wikipedias]] now have access to the Growth features. The Growth team [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ|has published an FAQ page]] about the features. This translatable FAQ covers the description of the features, how to use them, how to change the configuration, and more. '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 14 September. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628002 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting this week, Wikipedia in Italian will receive weekly software updates on Wednesdays. It used to receive the updates on Thursdays. Due to this change, bugs will be noticed and fixed sooner. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286664] * You can add language links in the sidebar in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|the new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlight]] tool marks up code with different colours. It now can highlight 23 new code languages. Additionally, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>golang</code></bdi> can now be used as an alias for the [[d:Q37227|Go programming language]], and a special <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>output</code></bdi> mode has been added to show a program's output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280117][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/SyntaxHighlight_GeSHi/+/715277/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:35, 13 September 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22009517 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Tech News: 2021-38]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Growth features are now deployed to almost all Wikipedias. [[phab:T290582|For the majority of small Wikipedias]], the features are only available for experienced users, to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#enable|test the features]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#config|configure them]]. Features will be available for newcomers starting on 20 September 2021. * MediaWiki had a feature that would highlight local links to short articles in a different style. Each user could pick the size at which "stubs" would be highlighted. This feature was very bad for performance, and following a consultation, has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284917] * A technical change was made to the MonoBook skin to allow for easier maintenance and upkeep. This has resulted in some minor changes to HTML that make MonoBook's HTML consistent with other skins. Efforts have been made to minimize the impact on editors, but please ping [[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]] on wiki or in [[phab:T290888|phabricator]] if any problems are reported. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of an accidental restart of the search servers. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-09-13_cirrussearch_restart] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[s:Special:ApiHelp/query+proofreadinfo|meta=proofreadpage API]] has changed. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>piprop</nowiki></code></bdi> parameter has been renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prpiprop</nowiki></code></bdi>. API users should update their code to avoid unrecognized parameter warnings. Pywikibot users should upgrade to 6.6.0. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290585] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki_1.37/Deprecation_of_legacy_API_token_parameters|previously announced]] change to how you obtain tokens from the API has been delayed to September 21 because of an incompatibility with Pywikibot. Bot operators using Pywikibot can follow [[phab:T291202|T291202]] for progress on a fix, and should plan to upgrade to 6.6.1 when it is released. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 18:32, 20 September 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22043415 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Tech News: 2021-39]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:IOS|iOS 15]] has a new function called [https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212614 Private Relay] (Apple website). This can hide the user's IP when they use [[w:en:Safari (software)|Safari]] browser. This is like using a [[w:en:Virtual private network|VPN]] in that we see another IP address instead. It is opt-in and only for those who pay extra for [[w:en:ICloud|iCloud]]. It will come to Safari users on [[:w:en:OSX|OSX]] later. There is a [[phab:T289795|technical discussion]] about what this means for the Wikimedia wikis. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user-scripts add items to the [[m:Customization:Explaining_skins#Portlets|portlets]] (article tools) part of the skin. A recent change to the HTML may have made those links a different font-size. This can be fixed by adding the CSS class <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.vector-menu-dropdown-noicon</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291438] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Onboarding_new_Wikipedians#New_experience|GettingStarted extension]] was built in 2013, and provides an onboarding process for new account holders in a few versions of Wikipedia. However, the recently developed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] provide a better onboarding experience. Since the vast majority of Wikipedias now have access to the Growth features, GettingStarted will be deactivated starting on 4 October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235752] * A small number of users will not be able to connect to the Wikimedia wikis after 30 September. This is because an old [[:w:en:root certificate|root certificate]] will no longer work. They will also have problems with many other websites. Users who have updated their software in the last five years are unlikely to have problems. Users in Europe, Africa and Asia are less likely to have immediate problems even if their software is too old. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/HTTPS/2021 Let's Encrypt root expiry|read more]]. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|receive notifications]] when someone leaves a comment on user talk page or mentions you in a talk page comment. Clicking the notification link will now bring you to the comment and highlight it. Previously, doing so brought you to the top of the section that contained the comment. You can find [[phab:T282029|more information in T282029.]] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [[phab:T288485|See the list of wikis.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W39"/> 22:23, 27 September 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22077885 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Tech News: 2021-40]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them has been enabled for the following 10 wikis: mediawiki.org, the Italian, Catalan, Hebrew and Vietnamese Wikipedias, French Wikisource, and English Wikivoygage, Wikibooks, Wiktionary and Wikinews. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist on those wikis you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and bots that use the API to read the AbuseFilter log might break. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hidden</code></bdi> property will no longer say an entry is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>implicit</code></bdi> for unsuppressed log entries about suppressed edits. If your bot needs to know this, do a separate revision query. Additionally, the property will have the value <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>false</code></bdi> for visible entries; previously, it wasn't included in the response. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291718] * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them will be enabled for ''all production wikis''. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Future changes''' * You can soon get cross-wiki notifications in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]]. You can also get notifications as push notifications. More notification updates will follow in later versions. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Notifications#September_2021_update] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgExtraSignatureNamespaces</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgLegalTitleChars</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgIllegalFileChars</code></bdi> will soon be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi>. These are not part of the "stable" variables available for use in wiki JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292011] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePrefix</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieDomain</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePath</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieExpiration</code></bdi> will soon be removed from mw.config. Scripts should instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.cookie</code></bdi> from the "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#mediawiki.cookie|mediawiki.cookie]]</bdi>" module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291760] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:32, 4 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22101208 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Tech News: 2021-41]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Manual:Table_of_contents#Auto-numbering|"auto-number headings" preference]] is being removed. You can read [[phab:T284921]] for the reasons and discussion. This change was [[m:Tech/News/2021/26|previously]] announced. [[mw:Snippets/Auto-number_headings|A JavaScript snippet]] is available which can be used to create a Gadget on wikis that still want to support auto-numbering. '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. A demonstration version of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|newest feature]] will be shown. The event will take place on Tuesday, 12 October at 16:00 UTC. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web/12-10-2021|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W41"/> 15:30, 11 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22152137 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Tech News: 2021-42]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *[[m:Toolhub|Toolhub]] is a catalogue to make it easier to find software tools that can be used for working on the Wikimedia projects. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LF4SSR4QRCKV6NPRFGUAQWUFQISVIPTS/ read more]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers of the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] are working on [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|communication in the app]]. You can now answer questions in [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingOctober2021|survey]] to help the development. * 3–5% of editors may be blocked in the next few months. This is because of a new service in Safari, which is similar to a [[w:en:Proxy server|proxy]] or a [[w:en:VPN|VPN]]. It is called iCloud Private Relay. There is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|discussion about this]] on Meta. The goal is to learn what iCloud Private Relay could mean for the communities. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] is a new [[w:en:API|API]] for those who use a lot of information from the Wikimedia projects on other sites. It is a way to get big commercial users to pay for the data. There will soon be a copy of the Wikimedia Enterprise dataset. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/message/B2AX6PWH5MBKB4L63NFZY3ADBQG7MSBA/ read more]. You can also ask the team questions [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/88994018553 on Zoom] on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=10&year=2021 22 October 15:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W42"/> 20:53, 18 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22176877 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Tech News: 2021-43]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 27 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff|Diff pages]] will have an improved copy and pasting experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Copy paste diffs|The changes]] will allow the text in the diff for before and after to be treated as separate columns and will remove any unwanted syntax. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192526] * The version of the [[w:en:Liberation fonts|Liberation fonts]] used in SVG files will be upgraded. Only new thumbnails will be affected. Liberation Sans Narrow will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253600] '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. News about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes will be shown. The event will take place on Wednesday, 27 October at 14:30 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/Talk to Us|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W43"/> 20:08, 25 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22232718 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Tech News: 2021-44]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a limit on the amount of emails a user can send each day. This limit is now global instead of per-wiki. This change is to prevent abuse. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293866] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W44"/> 20:28, 1 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22269406 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Tech News: 2021-45]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile IP editors are now able to receive warning notices indicating they have a talk page message on the mobile website (similar to the orange banners available on desktop). These notices will be displayed on every page outside of the main namespace and every time the user attempts to edit. The notice on desktop now has a slightly different colour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284642][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278105] '''Changes later this week''' * [[phab:T294321|Wikidata will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 11 November. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1636610400 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294321] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future, unregistered editors will be given an identity that is not their [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. This is for legal reasons. A new user right will let editors who need to know the IPs of unregistered accounts to fight vandalism, spam, and harassment, see the IP. You can read the [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|suggestions for how that identity could work]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|discuss on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W45"/> 20:36, 8 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22311003 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Tech News: 2021-46]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Most [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Maximum_file_size#MAXTHUMB|large file uploads]] errors that had messages like "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>stashfailed</code></bdi>" or "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>DBQueryError</code></bdi>" have now been fixed. An [[wikitech:Incident documentation/2021-11-04 large file upload timeouts|incident report]] is available. '''Problems''' * Sometimes, edits made on iOS using the visual editor save groups of numbers as telephone number links, because of a feature in the operating system. This problem is under investigation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116525] * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of a configuration error. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-11-10_cirrussearch_commonsfile_outage] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W46"/> 22:06, 15 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22338097 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Tech News: 2021-47]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. *The template dialog in VisualEditor and in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|new wikitext mode]] Beta feature will be [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|heavily improved]] on [[phab:T286992|a few wikis]]. Your [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|feedback is welcome]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W47"/> 20:02, 22 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22366010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Tech News: 2021-48]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W48"/> 21:15, 29 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22375666 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Tech News: 2021-49]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * MediaWiki 1.38-wmf.11 was scheduled to be deployed on some wikis last week. The deployment was delayed because of unexpected problems. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * At all Wikipedias, a Mentor Dashboard is now available at <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MentorDashboard</nowiki></code></bdi>. It allows registered mentors, who take care of newcomers' first steps, to monitor their assigned newcomers' activity. It is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. You can learn more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How_to_configure_the_mentors%27_list|activating the mentor list]] on your wiki and about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor dashboard|the mentor dashboard project]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The predecessor to the current [[mw:API|MediaWiki Action API]] (which was created in 2008), <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=ajax</nowiki></code></bdi>, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to the corresponding API module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42786] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An old ResourceLoader module, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>jquery.jStorage</nowiki></code></bdi>, which was deprecated in 2016, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.storage</nowiki></code></bdi> instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143034] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W49"/> 21:59, 6 December 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22413926 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Tech News: 2021-50]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There are now default [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespace#Other_namespace_aliases|short aliases]] for the "Project:" namespace on most wikis. E.g. On Wikibooks wikis, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[WB:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> will go to the local language default for the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[Project:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> namespace. This change is intended to help the smaller communities have easy access to this feature. Additional local aliases can still be requested via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|the usual process]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293839] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W50"/> 22:27, 13 December 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22441074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Tech News: 2021-51]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 10 January 2022. '''Recent changes''' * Queries made by the DynamicPageList extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><DynamicPageList></nowiki></code></bdi>) are now only allowed to run for 10 seconds and error if they take longer. This is in response to multiple outages where long-running queries caused an outage on all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380#7575719] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * The developers of the Wikipedia iOS app are looking for testers who edit in multiple languages. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/202112 testing|read more and let them know if you are interested]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2021 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2B7KYL5VLQNHGQQHMYLW7KTUKXKAYY3T/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W51"/> 22:05, 20 December 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22465395 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Tech News: 2022-02]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>oauth_consumer</code></bdi> variable has been added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] to enable identifying changes made by specific tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298281] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#Package_Gadgets|now able to directly include JSON pages]]. This means some gadgets can now be configured by administrators without needing the interface administrator permission, such as with the Geonotice gadget. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets [[mw:Extension:Gadgets#Options|can now specify page actions]] on which they are available. For example, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|actions=edit,history</code></bdi> will load a gadget only while editing and on history pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63007] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets can now be loaded on demand with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter. This can be used to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Snippets/Load JS and CSS by URL|an earlier snippet]] that typically looks like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withJS</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withCSS</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] At wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|the Mentorship system is configured]], you can now use the Action API to get a list of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|mentor's]] mentees. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291966] * The heading on the main page can now be configured using <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]]</span> for logged-in users and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]]</span> for logged-out users. Any CSS that was previously used to hide the heading should be removed. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Small_wiki_toolkits/Starter_kit/Main_page_customization#hide-heading] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298715] * Four special pages (and their API counterparts) now have a maximum database query execution time of 30 seconds. These special pages are: RecentChanges, Watchlist, Contributions, and Log. This change will help with site performance and stability. You can read [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IPJNO75HYAQWIGTHI5LJHTDVLVOC4LJP/ more details about this change] including some possible solutions if this affects your workflows. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297708] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|sticky header]] has been deployed for 50% of logged-in users on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions#pilot-wikis|more than 10 wikis]]. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Participate|how to take part in the project]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] begins. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W02"/> 01:23, 11 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22562156 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Tech News: 2022-03]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|WikiEditor]] (also known as the 2010 wikitext editor), people will now see a warning if they link to disambiguation pages. If you click "{{int:Disambiguator-review-link}}" in the warning, it will ask you to correct the link to a more specific term. You can [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages#Jan 12, 2021: Turning on the changes for all Wikis|read more information]] about this completed 2021 Community Wishlist item. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#subscribe|automatically subscribe to all of the talk page discussions]] that you start or comment in using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|DiscussionTools]]. You will receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when another editor replies. This is available at most wikis. Go to your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]] and turn on "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263819] * When asked to create a new page or talk page section, input fields can be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating_pages_with_preloaded_text|"preloaded" with some text]]. This feature is now limited to wikitext pages. This is so users can't be tricked into making malicious edits. There is a discussion about [[phab:T297725|if this feature should be re-enabled]] for some content types. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] continues. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W03"/> 19:55, 17 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22620285 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Tech News: 2022-04]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The following languages can now be used with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]]: BDD, Elpi, LilyPond, Maxima, Rita, Savi, Sed, Sophia, Spice, .SRCINFO. * You can now access your watchlist from outside of the user menu in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]]. The watchlist link appears next to the notification icons if you are at the top of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289619] '''Events''' * You can see the results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] and learn more about 14 tools which were selected this year. * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translate, promote]], or comment on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Proposals|the proposals]] in the Community Wishlist Survey. Voting will begin on {{#time:j xg|2022-01-28|en}}. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W04"/> 21:38, 24 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22644148 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Tech News: 2022-05]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] If a gadget should support the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|announced]] 3 weeks ago, then it must now also specify <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>supportsUrlLoad</code></bdi> in the gadget definition ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#supportsUrlLoad|documentation]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A change that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|announced]] last year was delayed. It is now ready to move ahead: ** The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in three weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. As usual, these labels can be translated on translatewiki ([[phab:T112147|direct links are available]]) or by administrators on your wiki. '''Events''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 28 January and 11 February. The survey decides what the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W05"/> 17:42, 31 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22721804 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Tech News: 2022-06]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * English Wikipedia recently set up a gadget for dark mode. You can enable it there, or request help from an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrator]] to set it up on your wiki ([[w:en:Wikipedia:Dark mode (gadget)|instructions and screenshot]]). * Category counts are sometimes wrong. They will now be completely recounted at the beginning of every month. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299823] '''Problems''' * A code-change last week to fix a bug with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live Preview]] may have caused problems with some local gadgets and user-scripts. Any code with skin-specific behaviour for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector</code></bdi> should be updated to also check for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector-2022</code></bdi>. [[phab:T300987|A code-snippet, global search, and example are available]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W06"/> 21:15, 7 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22765948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Tech News: 2022-07]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Purge|Purging]] a category page with fewer than 5,000 members will now recount it completely. This will allow editors to fix incorrect counts when it is wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85696] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> function has been updated so that it does not remove the "space" character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> with <code dir=ltr>rmwhitespace()</code> wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W07"/> 19:18, 14 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22821788 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Tech News: 2022-08]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[Special:Nuke|Special:Nuke]] will now provide the standard deletion reasons (editable at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown]]</bdi>) to use when mass-deleting pages. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Admins and patrollers/Mass-delete to offer drop-down of standard reasons, or templated reasons.|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25020] * At Wikipedias, all new accounts now get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] by default when creating an account. Communities are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Account_creation|update their help resources]]. Previously, only 80% of new accounts would get the Growth features. A few Wikipedias remain unaffected by this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301820] * You can now prevent specific images that are used in a page from appearing in other locations, such as within PagePreviews or Search results. This is done with the markup <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>class=notpageimage</nowiki></code></bdi>. For example, <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.png|class=notpageimage]]</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There has been a change to the HTML of Special:Contributions, Special:MergeHistory, and History pages, to support the grouping of changes by date in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva_Neue|the mobile skin]]. While unlikely, this may affect gadgets and user scripts. A [[phab:T298638|list of all the HTML changes]] is on Phabricator. '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey results]] have been published. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2022 results#leaderboard|ranking of prioritized proposals]] is also available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The software to play videos and audio files on pages will change soon on all wikis. The old player will be removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Toolforge's underlying operating system is being updated. If you maintain any tools there, there are two options for migrating your tools into the new system. There are [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Stretch deprecation|details, deadlines, and instructions]] on Wikitech. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EPJFISC52T7OOEFH5YYMZNL57O4VGSPR/] * Administrators will soon have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete]] the associated "talk" page when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option will also be available. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|a request from the 2021 Wishlist Survey]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W08"/> 19:12, 21 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22847768 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Tech News: 2022-09]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When searching for edits by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|change tags]], e.g. in page history or user contributions, there is now a dropdown list of possible tags. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Miscellaneous/Improve plain-text change tag selector|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27909] * Mentors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|Growth Mentor dashboard]] will now see newcomers assigned to them who have made at least one edit, up to 200 edits. Previously, all newcomers assigned to the mentor were visible on the dashboard, even ones without any edit or ones who made hundred of edits. Mentors can still change these values using the filters on their dashboard. Also, the last choice of filters will now be saved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301268][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294460] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The user group <code>oversight</code> was renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. You may need to update any local references to the old name, e.g. gadgets, links to Special:Listusers, or uses of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words|NUMBERINGROUP]]. '''Problems''' * The recent change to the HTML of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking changes|tracking changes]] pages caused some problems for screenreaders. This is being fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298638] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Working with templates will become easier. [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Templates|Several improvements]] are planned for March 9 on most wikis and on March 16 on English Wikipedia. The improvements include: Bracket matching, syntax highlighting colors, finding and inserting templates, and related visual editor features. * If you are a template developer or an interface administrator, and you are intentionally overriding or using the default CSS styles of user feedback boxes (the classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox, messagebox, errorbox, warningbox</code>), please note that these classes and associated CSS will soon be removed from MediaWiki core. This is to prevent problems when the same class-names are also used on a wiki. Please let us know by commenting at [[phab:T300314]] if you think you might be affected. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W09"/> 22:59, 28 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22902593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Tech News: 2022-10]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with some interface labels last week. It will be fixed this week. This change was part of ongoing work to simplify the support for skins which do not have active maintainers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301203] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W10"/> 21:16, 7 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22958074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Tech News: 2022-11]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Wikipedia Android app [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Communication#Updates|it is now possible]] to change the toolbar at the bottom so the tools you use more often are easier to click on. The app now also has a focused reading mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296753][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254771] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the collection of some page-view data from June 2021 to January 2022 on all wikis. This means the statistics are incomplete. To help calculate which projects and regions were most affected, relevant datasets are being retained for 30 extra days. You can [[m:Talk:Data_retention_guidelines#Added_exception_for_page_views_investigation|read more on Meta-wiki]]. * There was a problem with the databases on March 10. All wikis were unreachable for logged-in users for 12 minutes. Logged-out users could read pages but could not edit or access uncached content then. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2022-03-10_MediaWiki_availability] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * When [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message#Finding_messages_and_documentation|using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>uselang=qqx</code></bdi> to find localisation messages]], it will now show all possible message keys for navigation tabs such as "{{int:vector-view-history}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300069] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Access to [[{{#special:RevisionDelete}}]] has been expanded to include users who have <code dir=ltr>deletelogentry</code> and <code dir=ltr>deletedhistory</code> rights through their group memberships. Before, only those with the <code dir=ltr>deleterevision</code> right could access this special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301928] * On the [[{{#special:Undelete}}]] pages for diffs and revisions, there will be a link back to the main Undelete page with the list of revisions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284114] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has announced the IP Masking implementation strategy and next steps. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#feb25|announcement can be read here]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Android FAQ|Wikipedia Android app]] developers are working on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|new functions]] for user talk pages and article talk pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297617] '''Events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place as a hybrid event on 20-22 May 2022. The Hackathon will be held online and there are grants available to support local in-person meetups around the world. Grants can be requested until 20 March. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W11"/> 22:07, 14 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22993074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Tech News: 2022-12]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translations]] are available. '''New code release schedule for this week''' * There will be four MediaWiki releases this week, instead of just one. This is an experiment which should lead to fewer problems and to faster feature updates. The releases will be on all wikis, at different times, on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Release Engineering Team/Trainsperiment week|read more about this project]]. '''Recent changes''' * You can now set how many search results to show by default in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|your Preferences]]. This was the 12th most popular wish in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215716] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Jupyter notebooks tool [[wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] has been updated to a new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295043] '''Future changes''' * Interactive maps via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will soon work on wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions]] extension. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Kartographer-Workflows-EN/ Please tell us] which improvements you want to see in Kartographer. You can take this survey in simple English. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W12"/> 16:01, 21 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23034693 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Tech News: 2022-13]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a simple new Wikimedia Commons upload tool available for macOS users, [[c:Commons:Sunflower|Sunflower]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of regular database maintenance. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301850][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W13"/> 19:54, 28 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23073711 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Tech News: 2022-14]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, edits that were suggested to newcomers were not tagged in the [[{{#special:recentchanges}}]] feed. This bug has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304747] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * Starting next week, Tech News' title will be translatable. When the newsletter is distributed, its title may not be <code dir=ltr>Tech News: 2022-14</code> anymore. It may affect some filters that have been set up by some communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302920] * Over the next few months, the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" Growth feature [[phab:T304110|will become available to more Wikipedias]]. Each week, a few wikis will get the feature. You can test this tool at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth#deploymentstable|a few wikis where "Link recommendation" is already available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W14"/> 21:01, 4 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23097604 --> == Tech News: 2022-15 == <section begin="technews-2022-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new public status page at <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimediastatus.net/ www.wikimediastatus.net]</span>. This site shows five automated high-level metrics where you can see the overall health and performance of our wikis' technical environment. It also contains manually-written updates for widespread incidents, which are written as quickly as the engineers are able to do so while also fixing the actual problem. The site is separated from our production infrastructure and hosted by an external service, so that it can be accessed even if the wikis are briefly unavailable. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/03/31/announcing-www-wikimediastatus-net/ read more about this project]. * On Wiktionary wikis, the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W15"/> 19:44, 11 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23124108 --> == Tech News: 2022-16 == <section begin="technews-2022-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * Administrators will now have [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete the associated "Talk" page]] when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option is also available. This concludes the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|11th wish of the 2021 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * On [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#test-wikis|selected wikis]], 50% of logged-in users will see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Table of contents|table of contents]]. When scrolling up and down the page, the table of contents will stay in the same place on the screen. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304169] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Message boxes produced by MediaWiki code will no longer have these CSS classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>errorbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>warningbox</code>. The styles for those classes and <code dir=ltr>messagebox</code> will be removed from MediaWiki core. This only affects wikis that use these classes in wikitext, or change their appearance within site-wide CSS. Please review any local usage and definitions for these classes you may have. This was previously announced in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|28 February issue of Tech News]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will become compatible with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions page stabilization]]. Kartographer maps will also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions] The Kartographer documentation has been thoroughly updated. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Getting_started] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/Maps] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W16"/> 23:11, 18 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23167004 --> == Tech News: 2022-17 == <section begin="technews-2022-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group1.dblist many wikis] (group 1), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). * Some very old browsers and operating systems are no longer supported. Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in very old browsers like Internet Explorer 9 or 10, Android 4, or Firefox 38 or older. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306486] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W17"/> 22:56, 25 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23187115 --> == Tech News: 2022-18 == <section begin="technews-2022-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group2.dblist all remaining wikis] (group 2), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers are working on talk pages in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|Wikipedia app for iOS]]. You can [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9GBcHczQGLbQWTY give feedback]. You can take the survey in English, German, Hebrew or Chinese. * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements#Status_and_next_steps|Most wikis]] will receive an [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements|improved template dialog]] in VisualEditor and New Wikitext mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296759] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306967] * If you use syntax highlighting while editing wikitext, you can soon activate a [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|colorblind-friendly color scheme]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306867] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Several CSS IDs related to MediaWiki interface messages will be removed. Technical editors should please [[phab:T304363|review the list of IDs and links to their existing uses]]. These include <code dir=ltr>#mw-anon-edit-warning</code>, <code dir=ltr>#mw-undelete-revision</code> and 3 others. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W18"/> 19:33, 2 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23232924 --> == Tech News: 2022-19 == <section begin="technews-2022-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see categories in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia app for Android]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73966] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem with Wikidata's search autocomplete. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307586] * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 20 minutes, for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a problem with a database change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307647] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305217#7894966] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation#Current issues|Incompatibility issues]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] and the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] will be fixed: Deployment is planned for May 10 on all wikis. Kartographer will then be enabled on the [[phab:T307348|five wikis which have not yet enabled the extension]] on May 24. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] skin will be set as the default on several more wikis, including Arabic and Catalan Wikipedias. Logged-in users will be able to switch back to the old Vector (2010). See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|latest update]] about Vector (2022). '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place on 17 May. The following meetings are currently planned for: 7 June, 21 June, 5 July, 19 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W19"/> 15:22, 9 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23256717 --> == Tech News: 2022-20 == <section begin="technews-2022-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis can soon use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|add a link]] feature. This will start on Wednesday. The wikis are {{int:project-localized-name-cawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-svwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place online on May 20–22. It will be in English. There are also local [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Meetups|hackathon meetups]] in Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Nigeria and the United States. Technically interested Wikimedians can work on software projects and learn new skills. You can also host a session or post a project you want to work on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can soon edit translatable pages in the visual editor. Translatable pages exist on for examples Meta and Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/05/12/mediawiki-1-38-brings-support-for-editing-translatable-pages-with-the-visual-editor/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W20"/> 18:58, 16 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23291515 --> == Tech News: 2022-21 == <section begin="technews-2022-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Administrators using the mobile web interface can now access Special:Block directly from user pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307341] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wiktionary.org/ www.wiktionary.org]</span> portal page now uses an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304629] '''Problems''' * The Growth team maintains a mentorship program for newcomers. Previously, newcomers weren't able to opt out from the program. Starting May 19, 2022, newcomers are able to fully opt out from Growth mentorship, in case they do not wish to have any mentor at all. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287915] * Some editors cannot access the content translation tool if they load it by clicking from the contributions menu. This problem is being worked on. It should still work properly if accessed directly via Special:ContentTranslation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308802] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and user scripts developers are invited to give feedback on a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Extension:Gadget/Policy|proposed technical policy]] aiming to improve support from MediaWiki developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308686] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W21"/> 00:21, 24 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23317250 --> == Tech News: 2022-22 == <section begin="technews-2022-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, an <code dir=ltr>ip_in_ranges()</code> function has been introduced to check if an IP is in any of the ranges. Wikis are advised to combine multiple <code dir=ltr>ip_in_range()</code> expressions joined by <code>|</code> into a single expression for better performance. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305017] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature|IP Info feature]] which helps abuse fighters access information about IPs, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May 24, 2022|has been deployed]] to all wikis as a beta feature. This comes after weeks of beta testing on test.wikipedia.org. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at most wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:ApiHelp/query+usercontribs|list=usercontribs API]] will support fetching contributions from an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range blocks#Non-technical explanation|IP range]] soon. API users can set the <code>uciprange</code> parameter to get contributions from any IP range within [[:mw:Manual:$wgRangeContributionsCIDRLimit|the limit]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177150] * A new parser function will be introduced: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{=}}</nowiki></code></bdi>. It will replace existing templates named "=". It will insert an [[w:en:Equals sign|equal sign]]. This can be used to escape the equal sign in the parameter values of templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91154] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W22"/> 20:28, 30 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23340178 --> == Tech News: 2022-23 == <section begin="technews-2022-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>str_replace_regexp()</code></bdi> function can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to replace parts of text using a [[w:en:Regular expression|regular expression]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285468] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W23"/> 02:46, 7 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23366979 --> == Tech News: 2022-24 == <section begin="technews-2022-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * All wikis can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps. Kartographer maps now also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307348] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300471] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-abwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-acewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-adywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-akwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-alswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-amwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-anwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-angwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-astwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-atjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-avwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-aywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azbwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304548] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at Commons, Wikidata, and some other wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place today (13 June). The following meetings will take place on: 28 June, 12 July, 26 July. '''Future changes''' * By the end of July, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]] skin should be ready to become the default across all wikis. Discussions on how to adjust it to the communities' needs will begin in the next weeks. It will always be possible to revert to the previous version on an individual basis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W24"/> 16:58, 13 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23389956 --> == Tech News: 2022-25 == <section begin="technews-2022-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia App for Android]] now has an option for editing the whole page at once, located in the overflow menu (three-dots menu [[File:Ic more vert 36px.svg|15px|link=|alt=]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103622] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some recent database changes may affect queries using the [[m:Research:Quarry|Quarry tool]]. Queries for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>site_stats</code></bdi> at English Wikipedia, Commons, and Wikidata will need to be updated. [[phab:T306589|Read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>user_global_editcount</code></bdi> variable can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to avoid affecting globally active users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130439] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Users of non-responsive skins (e.g. MonoBook or Vector) on mobile devices may notice a slight change in the default zoom level. This is intended to optimize zooming and ensure all interface elements are present on the page (for example the table of contents on Vector 2022). In the unlikely event this causes any problems with how you use the site, we'd love to understand better, please ping <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]]</span> to any on-wiki conversations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306910] '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid's HTML output will soon stop annotating file links with different <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>typeof</code></bdi> attribute values, and instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:File</code></bdi> for all types. Tool authors should adjust any code that expects: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Image</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Audio</code></bdi>, or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Video</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273505] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W25"/> 20:18, 20 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23425855 --> == Tech News: 2022-26 == <section begin="technews-2022-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] API service now has self-service accounts with free on-demand requests and monthly snapshots ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/ API documentation]). Community access [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#community-access|via database dumps & Wikimedia Cloud Services]] continues. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wiktionary#lua|All Wikimedia wikis can now use Wikidata Lexemes in Lua]] after creating local modules and templates. Discussions are welcome [[d:Wikidata_talk:Lexicographical_data#You_can_now_reuse_Wikidata_Lexemes_on_all_wikis|on the project talk page]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311033] * Some global and cross-wiki services will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} at 06:00 UTC. This will impact ContentTranslation, Echo, StructuredDiscussions, Growth experiments and a few more services. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300472] * Users will be able to sort columns within sortable tables in the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233340] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (28 June). The following meetings will take place on 12 July and 26 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W26"/> 20:02, 27 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23453785 --> == Tech News: 2022-27 == <section begin="technews-2022-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] This change only affects pages in the main namespace in Wikisource. The Javascript config variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>proofreadpage_source_href</code></bdi> will be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi> and be replaced with the variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpSourceIndexPage</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309490] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W27"/> 19:32, 4 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23466250 --> == Tech News: 2022-28 == <section begin="technews-2022-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], the page title is now displayed above the tabs such as Discussion, Read, Edit, View history, or More. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates#Page title/tabs switch|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] It is now possible to easily view most of the configuration settings that apply to just one wiki, and to compare settings between two wikis if those settings are different. For example: [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=jawiktionary Japanese Wiktionary settings], or [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=eswiki&compare=eowiki settings that are different between the Spanish and Esperanto Wikipedias]. Local communities may want to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting_wiki_configuration_changes|discuss and propose changes]] to their local settings. Details about each of the named settings can be found by [[mw:Special:Search|searching MediaWiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308932] *The Anti-Harassment Tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May|recently deployed]] the IP Info Feature as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature at all wikis]]. This feature allows abuse fighters to access information about IP addresses. Please check our update on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#April|how to find and use the tool]]. Please share your feedback using a link you will be given within the tool itself. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W28"/> 19:24, 11 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23502519 --> == Tech News: 2022-29 == <section begin="technews-2022-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The feature on mobile web for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:NearbyPages|Nearby Pages]] was missing last week. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312864] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Forum|Technical Decision Forum]] is seeking [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Community_representation|community representatives]]. You can apply on wiki or by emailing <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">TDFSupport@wikimedia.org</span> before 12 August. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W29"/> 22:59, 18 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23517957 --> == Tech News: 2022-30 == <section begin="technews-2022-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikibooks.org/ www.wikibooks.org]</span> and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiquote.org/ www.wikiquote.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Problems''' * Last week, some wikis were in read-only mode for a few minutes because of an emergency switch of their main database ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313383] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The external link icon will change slightly in the skins Vector legacy and Vector 2022. The new icon uses simpler shapes to be more recognizable on low-fidelity screens. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261391] * Administrators will now see buttons on user pages for "{{int:changeblockip}}" and "{{int:unblockip}}" instead of just "{{int:blockip}}" if the user is already blocked. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308570] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (26 July). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W30"/> 19:27, 25 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23545370 --> == Tech News: 2022-31 == <section begin="technews-2022-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Improved [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Phantom|LaTeX capabilities for math rendering]] are now available in the wikis thanks to supporting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Phantom</code></bdi> tags. This completes part of [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Editing/Missing_LaTeX_capabilities_for_math_rendering|the #59 wish]] of the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup0.dblist Group 0]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''Future meetings''' * This week, three meetings about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] with live interpretation will take place. On Tuesday, interpretation in Russian will be provided. On Thursday, meetings for Arabic and Spanish speakers will take place. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W31"/> 21:21, 1 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23615613 --> == Tech News: 2022-32 == <section begin="technews-2022-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] copies the information from [[{{#special:GadgetUsage}}]] to an on-wiki page so you can review its history. If your project isn't already listed on the [[d:Q113143828|Wikidata entry for Project:GUS2Wiki]] you can either run GUS2Wiki yourself or [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script#Opting|make a request to receive updates]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121049] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-09|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-11|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future meetings''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place online from August 12–14. Don't miss [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|the pre-hacking showcase]] to learn about projects and find collaborators. Anyone can [[phab:/project/board/6030/|propose a project]] or [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|host a session]]. [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Newcomers|Newcomers are welcome]]! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W32"/> 19:50, 8 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23627807 --> == Tech News: 2022-33 == <section begin="technews-2022-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Persian (Farsi) Wikipedia community decided to block IP editing from October 2021 to April 2022. The Wikimedia Foundation's Product Analytics team tracked the impact of this change. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Editing Restriction Study/Farsi Wikipedia|An impact report]] is now available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup1.dblist Group 1]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#4_August_2022][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312672] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W33"/> 21:08, 15 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23658001 --> == Tech News: 2022-34 == <section begin="technews-2022-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Two problems with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps have been fixed. Maps are no longer shown as empty when a geoline was created via VisualEditor. Geolines consisting of points with QIDs (e.g., subway lines) are no longer shown with pushpins. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292613][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308560] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The colours of links and visited links will change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213778] '''Future changes''' * The new [{{int:discussiontools-topicsubscription-button-subscribe}}] button [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications#12 August 2022|helps newcomers get answers]]. The Editing team is enabling this tool everywhere. You can turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284489] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W34"/> 00:12, 23 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23675501 --> == Tech News: 2022-35 == <section begin="technews-2022-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] is available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup2.dblist Group 2]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. Please note that when this Beta feature is enabled, it may cause conflicts with some wiki-specific Gadgets. '''Problems''' * In recent months, there have been inaccurate numbers shown for various [[{{#special:statistics}}]] at Commons, Wikidata, and English Wikipedia. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315693] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation wants to improve how Wikimedia communities report harmful incidents by building the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System|Private Incident Reporting System (PIRS)]] to make it easy and safe for users to make reports. You can leave comments on the talk page, by answering the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System#Phase 1|questions provided]]. If you have ever faced a harmful situation that you wanted to report/reported, join a PIRS interview to share your experience. To sign up [[m:Special:EmailUser/MAna_(WMF)|please email]] <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:MAna (WMF)|Madalina Ana]]</span>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W35"/> 23:05, 29 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23725814 --> == Tech News: 2022-36 == <section begin="technews-2022-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On Special pages that only have one tab, the tab-bar's row will be hidden in the Vector-2022 skin to save space. The row will still show if Gadgets use it. Gadgets that currently append directly to the CSS id of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-namespaces</code></bdi> should be updated to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortletLink|mw.util.addPortletLink]]</code></bdi> function instead. Gadgets that style this id should consider also targeting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-associated-pages</code></bdi>, the new id for this row. [[phab:T316908|Examples are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316908][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313409] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W36"/> 23:22, 5 September 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23757743 --> == Tech News: 2022-37 == <section begin="technews-2022-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The search servers have been upgraded to a new major version. If you notice any issues with searching, please report them on [[phab:project/view/1849/|Phabricator]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/XPCTYYTN67FVFKN6XOHULJVGUO44J662] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|Syntax highlighting]] is now tracked as an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgExpensiveParserFunctionLimit|expensive parser function]]. Only 500 expensive function calls can be used on a single page. Pages that exceed the limit are added to a [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:expensive-parserfunction-category}}|tracking category]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316858] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W37"/> 01:50, 13 September 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23787318 --> == Tech News: 2022-38 == <section begin="technews-2022-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two database fields in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>templatelinks</nowiki></code></bdi> table are now being dropped: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_namespace</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_title</nowiki></code></bdi>. Any queries that rely on these fields need to be changed to use the new normalization field called <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_target_id</nowiki></code></bdi>. See <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T299417|T299417]]</span> for more information. This is part of [[w:Database normalization|normalization]] of links tables. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/U2U6TXIBABU3KDCVUOITIGI5OJ4COBSW/][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:ASarabadani_(WMF)/Database_for_devs_toolkit/Concepts/Normalization] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * In [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps, you can use icons on markers for common points of interest. On Tuesday, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Icons|previous icon set]] will be updated to [https://de.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Hilfe:Extension:Kartographer/Icons version maki 7.2]. That means, around 100 new icons will be available. Additionally, all existing icons were updated for clarity and to make them work better in international contexts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302861][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Update_maki_icons] '''Future changes''' * In a [[m:Content_Partnerships_Hub/Software/Volunteer_developers_discussion_at_Wikimania_2022|group discussion at Wikimania]], more than 30 people talked about how to make content partnership software in the Wikimedia movement more sustainable. What kind of support is acceptable for volunteer developers? Read the summary and [[m:Talk:Content Partnerships Hub/Software/Volunteer developers discussion at Wikimania 2022|leave your feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W38"/> <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</span> 22:16, 19 September 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23826293 --> == Tech News: 2022-39 == <section begin="technews-2022-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid clients should be updated to allow for space-separated multi-values in the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>rel</code></bdi> attribute of links. Further details are in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T315209|T315209]]</bdi>. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|Visual diffs]] will become available to all users, except at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * In the [[mw:Lua/Scripting|{{ns:828}}]] namespace, pages ending with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>.json</code></bdi> will be treated as JSON, just like they already are in the {{ns:2}} and {{ns:8}} namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144475] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:30, 27 September 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23860085 --> == Tech News: 2022-40 == <section begin="technews-2022-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now show geopoints from Wikidata, via QID or SPARQL query. Previously, this was only possible for geoshapes and geolines. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307695] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints_via_QID] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2022]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 12 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. (Last week's release was delayed) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>scribunto-console</code></bdi> API module will require a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Tokens|CSRF token]]. This module is documented as internal and use of it is not supported. [[phab:T212071|[5]]] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikimedia projects. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#Deployment_plan_and_timeline|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:23, 4 October 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23885489 --> == Tech News: 2022-41 == <section begin="technews-2022-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * On some wikis, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps in full size view will be able to display nearby articles. After a feedback period, more wikis will follow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316782][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W41"/> 14:08, 10 October 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23912412 --> == Tech News: 2022-42 == <section begin="technews-2022-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The recently implemented feature of [[phab:T306883|article thumbnails in Special:Search]] will be limited to Wikipedia projects only. Further details are in [[phab:T320510|T320510]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Data_Across_Wikimedia/Search_Improvements] * A bug that caused problems in loading article thumbnails in Special:Search has been fixed. Further details are in [[phab:T320406|T320406]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#mw.loadJsonData|mw.loadJsonData()]]</code></bdi> to load data from JSON pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217500] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can enable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Strict_library|require( "strict" )]]</code></bdi> to add errors for some possible code problems. This replaces "[[wikidata:Q16748603|Module:No globals]]" on most wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209310] '''Future changes''' * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated at most wikis. The "{{int:discussiontools-replylink}}" button will look different after this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320683] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:46, 17 October 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23943992 --> == Tech News: 2022-43 == <section begin="technews-2022-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There have been some minor visual fixes in Special:Search, regarding audio player alignment and image placeholder height. Further details are in [[phab:T319230|T319230]]. * On Wikipedias, a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|preference]] has been added to hide article thumbnails in Special:Search. Full details are in [[phab:T320337|T320337]]. '''Problems''' * Last week, three wikis ({{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruwiki/en}}) had read-only access for 25 minutes. This was caused by a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320990] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-aswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-banwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-barwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bat smgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bclwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-be x oldwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-biwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bjnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bpywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-brwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bxrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304549] * Starting on Wednesday October 26, 2022, the list of mentors will be upgraded [[d:Q14339834 | at wikis where Growth mentorship is available]]. The mentorship system will continue to work as it does now. The signup process [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#add|will be replaced]], and a new management option will be provided. Also, this change simplifies [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#create|the creation of mentorship systems at Wikipedias]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314858][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T310905][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured_mentor_list] * Pages with titles that start with a lower-case letter according to Unicode 11 will be renamed or deleted. There is a list of affected pages at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:Unicode 11 case map migration]]</bdi>. More information can be found at [[phab:T292552|T292552]]. * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikipedias. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#smallest-1|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|New Topic tool]] will soon get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Special characters|special characters menu]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249072] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:22, 24 October 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23975411 --> == Tech News: 2022-44 == <section begin="technews-2022-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using keyboard navigation on a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map, the focus will become more visible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315997] * In {{#special:RecentChanges}}, you can now hide the log entries for new user creations with the filter for "{{int:rcfilters-filter-newuserlogactions-label}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321155] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|maps dialog]] in VisualEditor now has some help texts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318818] * It is now possible to select the language of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor via a dropdown menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318817] * It is now possible to add a caption to a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318815] * It is now possible to hide the frame of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318813] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:15, 31 October 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23977539 --> == Tech News: 2022-45 == <section begin="technews-2022-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An updated version of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/EventCenter/Registration|Event Registration]] tool is now available for testing at [[testwiki:|testwiki]] and [[test2wiki:| test2wiki]]. The tool provides features for event organizers and participants. Your feedback is welcome at our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|project talkpage]]. More information about [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|the project]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318592] '''Problems''' * Twice last week, for about 45 minutes, some files and thumbnails failed to load and uploads failed, mostly for logged-in users. The cause is being investigated and an incident report will be available soon. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:32, 8 November 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24001035 --> == Tech News: 2022-46 == <section begin="technews-2022-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At Wikidata, an interwiki link can now point to a redirect page if certain conditions are met. This new feature is called [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Sitelinks_to_redirects|sitelinks to redirects]]. It is needed when one wiki uses one page to cover multiple concepts but another wiki uses more pages to cover the same concepts. Your [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata talk:Sitelinks to redirects|feedback on the talkpage]] of the new proposed guideline is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278962] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikinews.org/ www.wikinews.org]</span>, <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiversity.org/ www.wikiversity.org]</span>, and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikivoyage.org/ www.wikivoyage.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * There will be a new link to directly "Edit template data" on Template pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316759] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis where mobile [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] are enabled ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Deployment Status|these ones]]) will soon use full CSS styling to display any templates that are placed at the top of talk pages. To adapt these “talk page boxes” for narrow mobile devices you can use media queries, such as in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/tmbox.css&oldid=1097618699#L-69 this example]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312309] * Starting in January 2023, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2023 Changes Update|running the Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) every two years]]. This means that in 2024, there will be no new proposals or voting. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:54, 14 November 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == Tech News: 2022-47 == <section begin="technews-2022-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The display of non-free media in the search bar and for article thumbnails in Special:Search has been deactivated. Further details are in [[phab:T320661|T320661]]. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-22|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-24|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:22, 21 November 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == Tech News: 2022-48 == <section begin="technews-2022-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A new preference, “Enable limited width mode”, has been added to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|Vector 2022 skin]]. The preference is also available as a toggle on every page if your monitor is 1600 pixels or wider. It allows for increasing the width of the page for logged-out and logged-in users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319449] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]). * Mathematical formulas shown in SVG image format will no longer have PNG fall-backs for browsers that don't support them. This is part of work to modernise the generation system. Showing only PNG versions was the default option until in February 2018. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3BGOKWJIZGL4TC4HJ22ICRU2SEPWGCR4/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311620][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186327] * On [[phab:P40224|some wikis]] that use flagged revisions, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs#Special:Contributions|a new checkbox will be added]] to Special:Contributions that enables you to see only the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]] by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321445] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change early next week at [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train#Wednesday group1 wikis] (but not Wikimedia Commons or Meta-Wiki). This change improves the accessibility of content, and makes it easier to write related CSS. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:03, 28 November 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24114342 --> == Tech News: 2022-49 == <section begin="technews-2022-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Wikisources use a tool called ProofreadPage. ProofreadPage uses OpenSeadragon which is an open source tool. The OpenSeadragon JavaScript API has been significantly re-written to support dynamically loading images. The functionality provided by the older version of the API should still work but it is no longer supported. User scripts and gadgets should migrate over to the newer version of the API. The functionality provided by the newer version of the API is [[mw:Extension:Proofread_Page/Page_viewer#JS_API|documented on MediaWiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Proofread_Page/Edit-in-Sequence] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:41, 6 December 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24151590 --> == Tech News: 2022-50 == <section begin="technews-2022-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|A/B test has begun]] at 15 Wikipedias for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools on mobile]]. Half of the editors on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Mobile|mobile web site]] will have access to the {{int:discussiontools-replybutton}} tool and other features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321961] * The character <code>=</code> cannot be used in new usernames, to make usernames work better with templates. Existing usernames are not affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254045] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers|show discussion metadata below section headings]] will be inserted after these headings, not inside of them. This change improves the accessibility of discussion pages for screen reader software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314714] '''Events''' * The fourth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award]] will happen online on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1671210002 Friday 16 December 2022 at 17:00 UTC]! The event will be live-streamed on YouTube in the [https://www.youtube.com/user/watchmediawiki MediaWiki channel] and added to Commons afterwards. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:34, 12 December 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24216570 --> == Tech News: 2022-51 == <section begin="technews-2022-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 9 January 2023. '''Recent changes''' * On a user's contributions page, you can filter it for edits with a tag like 'reverted'. Now, you can also filter for all edits that are not tagged like that. This was part of a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119072] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new function has been used for gadget developers to add content underneath the title on article pages. This is considered a stable API that should work across all skins. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addSubtitle|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316830] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[test2wiki:|One of our test wikis]] is now being served from a new infrastructure powered by [[w:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] ([[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more]]). More Wikis will switch to this new infrastructure in early 2023. Please test and let us know of any issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290536] '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had no edit access for 9 minutes. This was caused by a database problem. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2022-12-13_sessionstore] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. * The word "{{int:discussiontools-replybutton}}" is very short in some languages, such as Arabic ("<bdi lang="ar">ردّ</bdi>"). This makes the {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} button on talk pages difficult to use. An arrow icon will be added to those languages. This will only be visible to editors who have the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] turned on. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323537] '''Future changes''' * Edits can be automatically "tagged" by the system software or the {{int:Abusefilter}} system. Those tags link to a help page about the tags. Soon they will also link to Recent Changes to let you see other edits tagged this way. This was a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301063] * The Trust & Safety tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System/Timeline and Updates|have shared new plans]] for building the Private Incident Reporting System. The system will make it easier for editors to ask for help if they are harassed or abused. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime Preview for Wikitext]] is coming out of beta as an enabled feature for every user of the 2010 Wikitext [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editor|editor]] in the week of January 9, 2023. It will be available to use via the toolbar in the 2010 Wikitext editor. The feature was the 4th most popular wish of the Community Wishlist Survey 2021. '''Events''' * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2023/Participate|register for the Wikimedia Hackathon 2023]], taking place on May 19–21 in Athens, Greece. You can also apply for a scholarship until January 14th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:00, 20 December 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24258101 --> == Tech News: 2023-02 == <section begin="technews-2023-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use tags to filter edits in the recent changes feed or on your watchlist. You can now use tags to filter out edits you don't want to see. Previously you could only use tags to focus on the edits with those tags. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174349] * [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] shows all pages that link to a specific page. There is now a [https://wlh.toolforge.org prototype] for how to sort those pages alphabetically. You can see the discussion in the [[phab:T4306|Phabricator ticket]]. * You can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thanks]] function on your watchlist and the user contribution page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51541] * A wiki page can be moved to give it a new name. You can now get a dropdown menu with common reasons when you move a page. This is so you don't have to write the explanation every time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325257] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Matrix.org|Matrix]] is a chat tool. You can now use <code>matrix:</code> to create Matrix links on wiki pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326021] * You can filter out translations when you look at the recent changes on multilingual wikis. This didn't hide translation pages. You can now also hide subpages which are translation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233493] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime preview for wikitext]] is a tool which lets editors preview the page when they edit wikitext. It will be enabled for all users of the 2010 wikitext editor. You will find it in the editor toolbar. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W02"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:07, 10 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24342971 --> == Tech News: 2023-03 == <section begin="technews-2023-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in "{{int:last}}" links on page history now contain <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=prev&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi> in place of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=[revision ID]&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi>. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on <code>{{ns:1}}:</code> and <code>{{ns:3}}:</code> namespaces. These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as <code>{{ns:5}}:</code>. They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including <code>{{ns:4}}:</code> pages (e.g., at the Village Pump). You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417] *On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:10, 17 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24381020 --> == Tech News: 2023-04 == <section begin="technews-2023-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907] * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:46, 23 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24418874 --> == Tech News: 2023-05 == <section begin="technews-2023-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:05, 31 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24455949 --> == Tech News: 2023-06 == <section begin="technews-2023-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433] * Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as "What links here" in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692] *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins=…</code></bdi> for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10:21, 6 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24491749 --> == Tech News: 2023-07 == <section begin="technews-2023-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:48, 14 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24540832 --> == Tech News: 2023-08 == <section begin="technews-2023-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). *The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February. '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:57, 21 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24570514 --> == Tech News: 2023-09 == <section begin="technews-2023-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 27 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24634242 --> == Tech News: 2023-10 == <section begin="technews-2023-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023. * On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:49, 6 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24676916 --> == Tech News: 2023-11 == <section begin="technews-2023-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:20, 13 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24700189 --> == Tech News: 2023-12 == <section begin="technews-2023-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:25, 21 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24732558 --> == Tech News: 2023-13 == <section begin="technews-2023-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609] * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521] * Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:13, 28 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24780854 --> == Tech News: 2023-14 == <section begin="technews-2023-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.hoverIntent</code></bdi> module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hover()</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>on()</code></bdi> instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194] * Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242] * You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__ARCHIVEDTALK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. There will also be a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mw-archivedtalk</code></bdi> CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221] '''Future changes''' * The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:39, 3 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24820268 --> == Tech News: 2023-15 == <section begin="technews-2023-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the "{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}" option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 10 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24851886 --> == Tech News: 2023-16 == <section begin="technews-2023-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature "{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}". Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for "{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}" for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246] '''Problems''' * At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:54, 18 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24881071 --> == Tech News: 2023-17 == <section begin="technews-2023-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316] '''Problems''' * Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940] * For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794] '''Changes later this week''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:03, 24 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24933592 --> == Tech News: 2023-18 == <section begin="technews-2023-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits] * The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:45, 2 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24966974 --> == Tech News: 2023-19 == <section begin="technews-2023-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Last week, Community Tech released the first update for providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diffs]], the #1 request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. [[phab:T324759|This update]] adds legends and tooltips to inline diffs so that users unfamiliar with the blue and yellow highlights can better understand the type of edits made. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>wikitext</code></bdi> as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html5</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>moin</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html+handlebars</code></bdi>, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&section=new&preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>preload=MediaWiki:July</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337] '''Problems''' * Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like <bdi lang="de" dir="ltr">[[:de:Modul:Graph]]</bdi>. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750] '''Future changes''' * During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805] * There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] <code>jquery.tipsy</code> will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with <code>.tipsy(</code> can be commented out. <code>OO.ui.PopupWidget</code> can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:36, 9 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24998636 --> == Tech News: 2023-20 == <section begin="technews-2023-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] '''Future changes''' * There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi>. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:45, 15 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25011501 --> == Tech News: 2023-21 == <section begin="technews-2023-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The "recent edits" time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250] '''Changes later this week''' * An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W21"/> 16:55, 22 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25028325 --> == Tech News: 2023-22 == <section begin="technews-2023-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has "{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}" options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - "check all" checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252] '''Problems''' * For a few days earlier this month, the "Add interlanguage link" item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:03, 29 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25079963 --> == Tech News: 2023-23 == <section begin="technews-2023-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750] * Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for "{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}". This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081] '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:52, 5 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25114640 --> == Tech News: 2023-24 == <section begin="technews-2023-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341] * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937] * The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064] '''Problems''' * For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended <code><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></code> (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101] * Currently, the "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing <code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code> keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#wpReason</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;"><code>#wpReason > input</code></bdi>. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&diff=22859956&oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''Future changes''' * From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:51, 12 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25133779 --> == Tech News: 2023-25 == <section begin="technews-2023-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing <code>\</code> or pressing <code>ctrl + shift + p</code>. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W25"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:08, 19 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25159510 --> == Tech News: 2023-26 == <section begin="technews-2023-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>/</code></bdi> to all <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prop=extlinks</code></bdi> responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the <code>externallinks</code> database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994] '''Problems''' * Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mbox-text</code></bdi> CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|targets=</code></bdi> parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|skins=</code></bdi> parameter in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition</bdi>) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268] * All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126] * The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W26"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:18, 26 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25202311 --> == Tech News: 2023-27 == <section begin="technews-2023-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W27"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:51, 3 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25231546 --> == Tech News: 2023-28 == <section begin="technews-2023-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159] * [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431] * The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&messages=&x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the "Completion" for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810] * [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218] '''Future changes''' * There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] * There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W28"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:54, 10 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25278797 --> == Tech News: 2023-29 == <section begin="technews-2023-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[w:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-ca</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-gb</code></bdi> subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthsetmentorstatus</code></bdi> API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthmanagementorlist</code></bdi> API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W29"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:08, 17 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25289122 --> == Tech News: 2023-30 == <section begin="technews-2023-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W30"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:20, 25 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25332248 --> == Tech News: 2023-31 == <section begin="technews-2023-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates. * The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338] * The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open "office hours"|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] '''Problems''' * It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:54, 31 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25362228 --> == Tech News: 2023-32 == <section begin="technews-2023-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on "{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}" in your settings and use the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" button in the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:20, 7 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25420038 --> == Tech News: 2023-33 == <section begin="technews-2023-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] <!-- TODO replace wiki codes --> '''Future changes''' * A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:59, 15 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25428668 --> == Tech News: 2023-34 == <section begin="technews-2023-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868] * From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages. ** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created: *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|<code>wikt:blk:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540] *** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|<code>s:su:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539] ** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are: *** Wikifunctions ([[f:|<code>f:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|<code>wikt:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|<code>w:gpe:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969] *** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|<code>n:guw:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|<code>wikt:kbd:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|<code>w:fat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W34"/> 15:25, 21 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25497111 --> == Tech News: 2023-35 == <section begin="technews-2023-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166] * Wikisource users can now use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpbengalicurrency</code></bdi> label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><pagelist></nowiki></code></bdi> tag. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932] * Two preferences have been relocated. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}" is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|"{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab at some wikis. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}" is now also shown on the "{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab at all wikis, instead of the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]</bdi>, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]]. * All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><=></code></bdi> symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]]. * A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:00, 28 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25510866 --> == Tech News: 2023-36 == <section begin="technews-2023-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294] * One new wiki has been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|<code>w:tly:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:33, 4 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25566983 --> == Tech News: 2023-37 == <section begin="technews-2023-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, "{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}" and "{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}"), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115] * When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called "[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]". Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely "newsworthy" topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:07, 11 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25589064 --> == Tech News: 2023-38 == <section begin="technews-2023-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:19, 18 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25623533 --> == Tech News: 2023-39 == <section begin="technews-2023-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui</nowiki></code></bdi> modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there. * Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "namespaces" option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces. '''Future changes''' * New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_groups</bdi></code> and <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_editcount</bdi></code>. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 26 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25655264 --> == Tech News: 2023-40 == <section begin="technews-2023-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for "{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}". This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "<var>contentModels</var>" option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">wikitext</bdi></code> or <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">css</bdi></code>. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:26, 3 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25686930 --> == Tech News: 2023-41 == <section begin="technews-2023-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|<code>w:fon:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139] * At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under "Images recommendations" [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#page-actions</nowiki></code></bdi> will be replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-views</nowiki></code></bdi>. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W41"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:39, 9 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25712895 --> == Tech News: 2023-42 == <section begin="technews-2023-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click "Log in" or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-namespaces</nowiki></code></bdi> that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the "Discussion" tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 16 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25745824 --> == Tech News: 2023-43 == <section begin="technews-2023-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:16, 23 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25782286 --> == Tech News: 2023-44 == <section begin="technews-2023-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]). * The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] * Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]]. * The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 30 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25801989 --> == Tech News: 2023-45 == <section begin="technews-2023-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:05, 6 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25838105 --> == Tech News: 2023-46 == <section begin="technews-2023-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Four new wikis have been created: ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|<code>w:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|<code>w:dga:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|<code>w:bbc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320] ** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|<code>q:bjn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217] '''Problems''' * Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695] * Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>meta.domain == "canary"</nowiki></code></bdi>. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:52, 13 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25859263 --> == Tech News: 2023-47 == <section begin="technews-2023-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] * The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:55, 21 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25884616 --> == Tech News: 2023-48 == <section begin="technews-2023-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499] * The deployment of "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]" announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:08, 27 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25906379 --> == Tech News: 2023-49 == <section begin="technews-2023-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754] * The "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code></bdi> keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for "{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}" will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__NEWSECTIONLINK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/] * Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]]. '''Events''' * Registration & Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:50, 4 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25914435 --> == Tech News: 2023-50 == <section begin="technews-2023-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the "choosing own vs not own work" step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709] '''Problems''' * There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the "impact module" and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:12, 12 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25945501 --> == Tech News: 2023-51 == <section begin="technews-2023-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The "Move Page" feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]]. * The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:17, 18 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25959059 --> == Tech News: 2024-02 == <section begin="technews-2024-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W02"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:19, 9 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26026251 --> == Tech News: 2024-03 == <section begin="technews-2024-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as "ES2015") and ES7 ("ES2016"). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>requiresES6</nowiki></code></bdi> option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957] * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388] * An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> module was deprecated and replaced with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi> module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966] '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:13, 16 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26074460 --> == Tech News: 2024-04 == <section begin="technews-2024-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:03, 23 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26096197 --> == Tech News: 2024-05 == <section begin="technews-2024-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].<!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011] * There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the "Tools" menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>targets</code></bdi> option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins</code></bdi> option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:31, 29 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26137870 --> == Tech News: 2024-06 == <section begin="technews-2024-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]]. *On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about "action blocks"]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199] '''Future changes''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:22, 5 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26180971 --> == Tech News: 2024-07 == <section begin="technews-2024-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation] '''Problems''' *There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:48, 13 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26223994 --> == Tech News: 2024-08 == <section begin="technews-2024-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you have the "{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}" option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984] * There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively. *Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]]. *The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid. * The CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]</code></bdi> property can now be used in HTML <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>style</code></bdi> attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:36, 19 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26254282 --> == Tech News: 2024-09 == <section begin="technews-2024-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value <code>wgGlobalGroups</code> now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get("wgGlobalGroups")))</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>changetags</code></bdi>) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:23, 26 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26294125 --> == Tech News: 2024-10 == <section begin="technews-2024-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Special:Book</code></bdi> page (as well as the associated "Create a book" functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437] * [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace. Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details. * Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget_definition</code></bdi> namespaces and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>gadgets-definition-edit</code></bdi> user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272] * A usability improvement to the "Add a citation" in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233] * The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?useparsoid=1</code></bdi> to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]). * '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:47, 4 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26329807 --> == Tech News: 2024-11 == <section begin="technews-2024-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498] *The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 11 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26374013 --> == Tech News: 2024-12 == <section begin="technews-2024-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The notice "Language links are at the top of the page" that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/] * Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:39, 18 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26410165 --> == Tech News: 2024-13 == <section begin="technews-2024-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:56, 25 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26446209 --> == Tech News: 2024-14 == <section begin="technews-2024-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:36, 2 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26462933 --> == Tech News: 2024-15 == <section begin="technews-2024-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey. * Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727] * Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:37, 8 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == Tech News: 2024-16 == <section begin="technews-2024-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the "{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}" tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435] * A new variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>page_last_edit_age</code></bdi> will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769] '''Future changes''' * Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter_history</code></bdi> tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:29, 15 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == Tech News: 2024-17 == <section begin="technews-2024-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086] * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:28, 22 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26647188 --> == Tech News: 2024-18 == <section begin="technews-2024-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491] * Seven new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|<code>w:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|<code>w:kus:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|<code>w:igl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|<code>wikt:kaa:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|<code>s:my:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|<code>s:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|<code>s:ka:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085] * You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501] * Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]]. '''Problems''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mapstyle="osm"</nowiki></code></bdi>. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:33, 30 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26689057 --> == Tech News: 2024-19 == <section begin="technews-2024-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the <code>SiteAdminHelper</code>. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled "All public logs", but it only shows some logs. This label will now say "Main public logs". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729] '''Future changes''' * A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension. * Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]". This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:44, 6 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26729363 --> == Tech News: 2024-20 == <section begin="technews-2024-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__</code></bdi> to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214] * If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] "{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}", then the template-page feature "{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}" will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907] * [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. This is identical in usage to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137] * The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]" feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295] '''Future changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]</code></bdi> database table (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_title</code></bdi>) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]</code></bdi> table instead (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_title</code></bdi>). In your existing SQL queries: *# Replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN linktarget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_</code></bdi> in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>ON</code></bdi> statement *# Below that add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id</code></bdi> ** See <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T222224]]</bdi> for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:58, 13 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26762074 --> == Tech News: 2024-21 == <section begin="technews-2024-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351] * New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 20 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26786311 --> == Tech News: 2024-22 == <section begin="technews-2024-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.collapsible</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.multicol</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.reflist</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.coordinates</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.topicon</code></bdi>. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:15, 28 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26832205 --> == Tech News: 2024-23 == <section begin="technews-2024-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086] * The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>" to "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>". [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|<code>w:dtp:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:35, 3 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26844397 --> == Tech News: 2024-24 == <section begin="technews-2024-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-reference-text</code></bdi> class, Parsoid now also adds the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>reference-text</code></bdi> class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705] '''Problems''' * There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><span class="mw-cite-backlink"></nowiki></code></bdi> wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] * On multilingual wikis that use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><translate></nowiki></code></bdi> system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:20, 10 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26893898 --> == Tech News: 2024-25 == <section begin="technews-2024-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954] * The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370] '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph] * Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]<!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W25"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:48, 17 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26911987 --> == Tech News: 2024-26 == <section begin="technews-2024-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717] * The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515] '''Problems''' * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W26"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:32, 24 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26989424 --> == Tech News: 2024-27 == <section begin="technews-2024-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364] * Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] * If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode] * Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458] * Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|<code>w:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] '''Problems''' * Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119] '''Future changes''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W27"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:59, 1 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27038456 --> == Tech News: 2024-28 == <section begin="technews-2024-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. * Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia. * Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects. '''Problems''' * A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. '''Future changes''' * The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W28"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:31, 8 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27080357 --> == Tech News: 2024-29 == <section begin="technews-2024-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page. * The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]]. * Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]]. * Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. '''Changes later this week''' * This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895] * Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W29"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:31, 16 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27124561 --> == Tech News: 2024-30 == <section begin="technews-2024-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available. '''Feature News''' * Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public. * Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] * Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329] * Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. * Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/] '''Project Updates''' * Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language. '''Learn more''' * Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. * How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W30"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:04, 23 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27142915 --> == Tech News: 2024-31 == <section begin="technews-2024-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]]. '''Bugs status''' * Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing. * Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week. '''Project updates''' * There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]]. * There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|<code>voy:cs:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] '''Learn more''' * There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times. * There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images. * Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:10, 29 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27164109 --> == Tech News: 2024-32 == <section begin="technews-2024-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. These will reduce the need for <code>Template:Dir</code> and <code>Template:BCP47</code> on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the "what links here" database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623] * Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces. * The tracking category "Pages using Timeline" has been renamed to "Pages using the EasyTimeline extension" [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. '''Project updates''' * Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. '''Learn more''' * There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]]. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available. * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:43, 5 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27233905 --> == Tech News: 2024-33 == <section begin="technews-2024-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses. '''Project updates''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|<code>w:bdr:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 12 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27253654 --> == Tech News: 2024-34 == <section begin="technews-2024-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]]. * Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">categories</bdi></code> property of <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]</bdi></code>. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372] '''Bugs status''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with <code>Talk:WP:</code> so that their titles start with <code>Wikipedia talk:</code>), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]</bdi> instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]]. * Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee. '''Learn more''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W34"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:54, 20 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27307284 --> == Tech News: 2024-35 == <section begin="technews-2024-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. * Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Bugs status''' * Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization. * Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013. '''Learn more''' * If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]]. * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:33, 26 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27341211 --> == Tech News: 2024-36 == <section begin="technews-2024-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts. '''Feature news''' * Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|<code dir="ltr"><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__</nowiki></code>]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633] * Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243] * Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]]. '''Project updates''' * A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded. '''Learn more''' * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:07, 3 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27390268 --> == Tech News: 2024-37 == <section begin="technews-2024-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>entity:getSitelink()</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)</code></bdi> will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356] '''Project updates''' * Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] * Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS</code></bdi> namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mos</code></bdi>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:52, 9 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27424457 --> == Tech News: 2024-38 == <section begin="technews-2024-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available. '''Improvements and Maintenance''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]]. * The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag "Edit Check (references) activated" was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692] * It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-message-box</code></bdi> need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&regex=1&namespaces=&title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>cdx-message</code></bdi> group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&diff=prev&oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499] '''Technical project updates''' * Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] '''Tech in depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task. ** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:02, 17 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27460876 --> == Tech News: 2024-39 == <section begin="technews-2024-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]] * Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]". Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]]. * The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax <code><nowiki>{{…}}</nowiki></code> are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166] * Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223] * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: ** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too. ** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content. '''In depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the "[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]" and "[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]" subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:36, 23 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27493779 --> == Tech News: 2024-40 == <section begin="technews-2024-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month. * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding <code dir=ltr>?veaction=editsource</code> to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796] * For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the "donate" link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to "Create an account". This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585] * The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]]. * View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis. '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/] '''Meetings and events''' * October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa * November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:20, 30 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27530062 --> == Tech News: 2024-41 == <section begin="technews-2024-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new "Revert Risk" machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934] '''Updates for editors''' * Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422] * View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * It is now possible for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code></bdi> code blocks to offer readers a "Copy" button if the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>copy=1</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932] * Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]]. * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|<code>w:kge:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|<code>m:mos:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|<code>wikt:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|<code>q:gor:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|<code>n:shn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W41"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:42, 7 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27557422 --> == Tech News: 2024-42 == <section begin="technews-2024-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722] * WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''hastemplate''</bdi> and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''incategory''</bdi> keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29] * View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the "search engine" option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a <code><nowiki><bdi></nowiki></code> element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975] '''In depth''' * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:21, 14 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27597254 --> == Tech News: 2024-43 == <section begin="technews-2024-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the "Donate" button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years. [[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]] '''Updates for editors''' * Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]]. * Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]]. * View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556] * It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new <code dir="ltr">{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}</code> parser function. For example, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#timef:now|date|en}}</nowiki></code> will show as "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#timef:now|date|en}}</bdi>". Previously, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#time:…}}</nowiki></code> could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. <code dir="ltr">#timef</code> (or <code dir="ltr">#timefl</code> for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{USERLANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code> instead of using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{int:lang}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects. * The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content. '''Meetings and events''' * 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel. * 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:52, 21 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27634672 --> == Tech News: 2024-44 == <section begin="technews-2024-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia]. * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set <code>emitTransitionOnStep</code> to <code>true</code> to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag <code>allowAutomaticBack</code> to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528] * Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the "Nuke" tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:56, 28 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27668811 --> == Tech News: 2024-45 == <section begin="technews-2024-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949] * Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help. * The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446] * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/] '''In depth''' * Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:50, 4 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27693917 --> == Tech News: 2024-46 == <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:07, 12 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27732268 --> == Tech News: 2024-47 == <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:00, 19 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27806858 --> == Tech News: 2024-48 == <section begin="technews-2024-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. * The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>B</code></bdi> for bold and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>I</code></bdi> for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928] * Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>bswiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>elwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>euwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiquote</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiversity</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikivoyage</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>idwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>lvwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>plwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>ptwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>urwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>viwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwikisource</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to "protected" [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>,</code></bdi> and un-selecting "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Live Autocompletion</bdi>". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:42, 25 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27847039 --> == Tech News: 2024-49 == <section begin="technews-2024-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Two new parser functions were added this week. The <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the <code>mos</code> language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]]. * Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/] * Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>arwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>cawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>mediawikiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>orwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiktionary</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wikidatawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwiki</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910] * This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the "Download as PDF" system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:22, 2 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27873992 --> frfue13sqa1ogph8dg7oayx05bvcsmw 0 263839 2689985 2689331 2024-12-02T15:18:56Z Scogdill 1331941 2689985 wikitext text/x-wiki == Overview == == Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies == == Organizations == === Lady Sarah Wilson === *"[[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|aristocratic lady journalist]]" *Lady Sarah Wilson, journalist for the ''Daily Mail''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-06|title=Sarah Wilson (war correspondent)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Wilson_(war_correspondent)&oldid=966295858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> === Gordon Wilson === *Gordon Wilson, Royal Horse Guards *Gordon Wilson, Robert Baden-Powell's aide de camp at Mafeking === Wilfred Wilson === * 5th Battalion Imperial Yeomanry == Timeline == '''1861''', Sir Samuel Wilson and Jeanne Campbell married.<ref name=":2">"Sir Samuel Wilson." {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDw6AQAAMAAJ|title=Armorial Families: A Complete Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, and a Directory of Some Gentlemen of Coat-armour, and Being the First Attempt to Show which Arms in Use at the Moment are Borne by Legal Authority|last=Fox-Davies|first=Arthur Charles|date=1895|publisher=Jack|language=en}} 1047, Col. 1a.</ref> '''1891 November 21''', Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill and Gordon Chesney Wilson married.<ref>"Lady Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p10633.htm#i106326|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-20}}</ref> '''1892 June 11''', Adeline Constance Wilson and Right Hon. the Earl of Huntingdon married.<ref name=":2" /> '''1897 July 2, Friday''', Lady Sarah Wilson and Captain Gordon Wilson attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House, as did Mr. Wilfred Wilson, Mr. Clarence Wilson, and Mr. Herbert Wilson. (Captain Gordon Wilson is #96 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who attended]]; Lady Sarah Wilson is #392; Wilfred Wilson is #232; Mr. Clarence Wilson is #300; Mr. Herbert Wilson is #307.) == Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == [[File:François Boucher 019 (Madame de Pompadour).jpg|thumb|alt=Old portrait of a reclining woman holding a book in a very ornate dress| Madame de Pompadour, by François Boucher, c. 1750–1758]] === Lady Sarah Wilson === [[File:Lady-Sarah-Isabella-Augusta-Wilson-ne-Spencer-Churchill-as-Madame-de-Pompadour.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a dog|Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], Lady Sarah Wilson went as Madame de Pompadour.<ref>"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses." London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7c}} John Thomson's portrait (left) of "Lady Sarah Isabella Augusta Wilson (née Spencer-Churchill) as Madame de Pompadour" in costume is photogravure #157 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":1">"Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker & Boutall after various photographers." 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.</ref> The printing on the portrait says, "Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour."<ref>"Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158520/Lady-Sarah-Isabella-Augusta-Wilson-ne-Spencer-Churchill-as-Madame-de-Pompadour.</ref> If Lady Sarah Wilson's dress is indeed blue, then this portrait is an excellent example of how difficult it can be to guess the colors of things in black-and-white photographs. François Boucher's portrait of Madame de Pompadour (right) shows Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Madame de Pompadour at about 35 years old.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-13|title=Madame de Pompadour|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madame_de_Pompadour&oldid=1189755757|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour.</ref> Lady Sarah Wilson was nearly 32 years old at the time of the ball. Politically active, Madame de Pompadour was Louis XV's official chief mistress until 1751 and lady in waiting to the Queen, Polish Marie Leszczyńska.<ref name=":7" /> (The color of her dress in this image may not be true to the painting; another copy shows it looking greener.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-13|title=Madame de Pompadour|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madame_de_Pompadour&oldid=1189755757|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour#/media/File:Madame_de_Pompadour.jpg</ref>) An image of Lady Sarah Wilson in costume appeared in the ''Queen'' (bottom middle of the page, the numeral 17 below the line drawing, seated, facing slightly to her right, the drawing is similar to her costume in her photograph, bows and ruffles emphasized; the drawing apparently signed by “Rook”).<ref name=":8">“Dresses Worn at the Duchess of Devonshire’s Fancy Ball on July 2.” The ''Queen'', The Lady’s Newspaper 10 July 1897, Saturday: 52 [of 98 BNA; p. 78 on printed page], full page [3 of 3 cols.]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002627/18970710/174/0052.</ref>{{rp|Col. 2b–c}} ==== Newspaper Accounts ==== * "(Mme. de Pompadour), blue and magenta, silk, lace, and pink roses; bunch of wild hyacinths, yellow daisies, and pink roses on left shoulder."<ref name=":6" />{{rp|p. 40, Col. 2b}} * The description accompanying the line drawing in the ''Queen'' says,<blockquote>Made by Mrs Mason, 4, New Burlington Street, W. … No. 17. L<small>ADY</small> S<small>ARAH</small> W<small>ILSON</small>, Madame de Pompadour (copied from the picture of “La Pompadour” of Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild). — Rich / blue satin, with ruchings of satin and white blonde lace, with wreath of roses; Alençon lace ruffles; headdress, small wreath of roses, with high aigrette.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|Col. 2–3c}}</blockquote> [[File:Gordon-Chesney-Wilson-as-a-Captain-in-the-Blues-1680.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man richly dressed in an historical costume|Gordon Chesney Wilson as a Captain in the Blues, 1680. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] === Captain Gordon Wilson === According to the typographical visualization of the quadrilles and processions in the ''Morning Post'', Captain Gordon Wilson was one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Louis XV and Louis XVI Quadrille, along with Sir Samuel Scott.<ref name=":3">"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref>{{rp|7, Col. 6b}} The newspapers, however, say he was in costume as a member of the Royal Horse Guard of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough (1650–1722<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-03|title=John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough&oldid=1188192102|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough.</ref>). Lafayette's portrait of "Gordon Chesney Wilson as a Captain in the Blues, 1680" in costume is photogravure #158 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":1" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Captain Gordon Wilson as a Captain in the Blues temp 1680."<ref>"Captain Gordon Wilson as a Captain in the Blues." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158521/Gordon-Chesney-Wilson-as-a-Captain-in-the-Blues-1680.</ref> The Blues were the Royal Regiment of Horse Guards, part of the Household Cavalry: the coat was blue, with red facings, collar and plumes.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-11-11|title=Royal Horse Guards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Horse_Guards&oldid=1054735721|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horse_Guards.</ref> ==== Newspaper Descriptions of His Costume ==== *He wore a "Costume of his own regiment at the time of the Duke of Marlborough, blue with red facings, embroidered gold crimson sash, and embroidered baldric, large velvet hat and plumes."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}} *"Sir Samuel Scott and Captain Gordon Wilson [wore] uniforms of the R.H.G. in the great Duke of Marlborough's time."<ref>“Girls’ Gossip.” ''Truth'' 8 July 1897, Thursday: 41 [of 70], Col. 1b – 42, Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18970708/089/0041.</ref>{{rp|42, Col. 2b}} *"Captain Gordon Wilson and Sir Samuel Scott (costume of their own regiments at the time of the Duke of Marlborough), blue with red facings; velvet hat and plumes."<ref name=":6" />{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}} === Wilfred Wilson === Wilfred Wilson was among the Suite of Men in the "Oriental" procession.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> The ''Gentlewoman'' says, "Messrs [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]] and Wilfred Wilson were attendants on [<nowiki/>[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|George Keppel]]'s] King Solomon," wearing "green silk tunics elaborately embroidered in gold and studs, with cloaks embroidered and lined with white; jewelled '''headdreses''', swords."<ref name=":6" />{{rp|p. 34, Col. 3a}} === Clarence Wilson === Mr. Clarence Wilson, likely Chesney Clarence Wilson?, was dressed as Buffone in the Venetians procession.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> * "Mr. Clarence Wilson (jester), in satin, with gold thread embroidery."<ref name=":6">“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|p. 34, Col. 1b}} === Herbert Wilson === Mr. Herbert Wilson was dressed as Antonio Priali<ref name=":3" /> (misspelled as Briali<ref name=":4" /><ref>“Ball at Devonshire House.” Evening ''Mail'' 05 July 1897 Monday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003187/18970705/070/0008.</ref>{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}}) in the Venetians procession. * "Mr. Herbert Wilson (Venetian noble), vieux rose brocaded velvet."<ref name=":6" />{{rp|p. 34, Col. 1b}} === Wilsons Who Attended by Family === ==== Lady Sarah and Captain Gordon Wilson Family ==== * Lady Sarah Wilson and Captain Gordon Wilson * Mr. Wilfred Wilson * Mr. Clarence Wilson * Mr. Herbert Wilson ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Stanley and Mary Wilson Family]] ==== * Arthur and Mary Wilson * Clive Wilson * Tottie (Susannah West) Wilson Menzies and Jack Graham Menzies * [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] * Mr. and Mrs. Charles Henry Wilson * Enid Wilson ==== Unknown Family ==== * Mr. T.W. Wilson == Demographics == *Nationality: she, English<ref name=":0" />; he, Australian *Samuel Wilson, born in Ireland, his wife and many of children born in Australia<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-15|title=Samuel Wilson (Portsmouth MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Wilson_(Portsmouth_MP)&oldid=945720739|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> === Residences === ==== Sir Samuel Wilson ==== * After returning from Australia * 9 Grosvenor Square, London (March 1895 – 11 June 1895)<ref name=":2" /> * Hughenden Manor, High Wycombe, Bucks (1881– September 1893?)<ref name=":2" /> == Family == === Gordon Chesney Wilson's Family === * Sir Samuel Wilson (7<ref name=":2" /> or 17<ref name=":9">Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.</ref> February 1832 – 11 June 1895)<ref name=":5" /> * Jeanne Campbell, Lady Wilson (8 May 1841 – 8 February 1925)<ref name=":9" /> *# '''Gordon Chesney Wilson''' (1 August 1865 – 6 November 1914) *# Mary Wilson (c. 1870 –<ref name=":10">''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1901''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives, 1901. Class: ''RG13''; Piece: ''82''; Folio: ''199''; Page: ''49''.</ref> ) *# '''Wilfred Wilson''' (3 March 1872 – February 1901<ref>"Man and Matters." ''Globe'' 26 February 1901 Tuesday: 3 [of 10], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/19010226/030/0003.</ref>) *# '''Clarence Chesney Wilson''' (2 March 1873 – ) *# Bertie (Herbert Hayden) Wilson (4 February 1875 – ) *# Adeline Constance Wilson Lloyd (c. 1867<ref>''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1901''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives, 1901. Class: ''RG13''; Piece: ''82''; Folio: ''198''; Page: ''48''.</ref>– 24 October 1933<ref>Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.</ref>) *# Maud Margaret Wilson (1870<ref name=":11">The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1891''; Class: ''RG12''; Piece: ''68''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''38''; GSU roll: ''6095178''.</ref>– ) [Maud, Countess Huntington?<ref name=":10" />] *# Florence Mabel Wilson () *# Herbert H. Wilson (1878<ref name=":11" />–) [see Bertie, above] *Sarah Isabella Augusta [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Spencer-Churchill]] Wilson (4 July 1865 – 22 October 1929) *Gordon Chesney Wilson (1 August 1865 – 6 November 1914)<ref>"Lt.-Col. Gordon Chesney Wilson." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p10633.htm#i106327|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-20}}</ref> #Randolph Gordon Wilson (1893–1956)<ref name=":0" /> === Relations === * Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill's brothers were [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Lord Randolph Churchill]] and Sunny (Charles Richard John) Spencer-Churchill, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|9th Duke of Marlborough]] (9 November 1892 – 30 June 1934). == Also Known As == *Family name: Wilson *Sarah Isabella Augusta [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Spencer-Churchill]] *Captain Gordon Wilson, M.V.O. *Lady Sarah Wilson *The family of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Stanley Wilson]] == Questions and Notes == #Lady Sarah Wilson is the 11th child and 6th daughter of John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Duke of Marlborough]] and Frances Anne Emily Vane Spencer-Churchill, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Duchess of Marlborough]]. #Lady Sarah Wilson is one of the "aristocratic lady journalists" and was at Mafeking with her husband, Capt. Gordon Wilson. #Gordon Chesney Wilson died in at the first battle of Ypres, 6ths November 1914. #For the Samuel Wilson family, any Miss Wilson after 1892 has to have been Florence Mabel Wilson. #Three somewhat difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the "Oriental" procession: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]], Wilfred Wilson, and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts; the Hon. Algernon Bourke is not difficult to identify at all; Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin. #There is a problem with Herbert Hayden Wilson and Herbert H. Wilson's birth dates. == Footnotes == {{reflist}} a55t1u3ah9zg473wqipelzzfw3e0603 2690023 2689985 2024-12-02T19:58:41Z Scogdill 1331941 2690023 wikitext text/x-wiki == Overview == == Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies == == Organizations == === Lady Sarah Wilson === *"[[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|aristocratic lady journalist]]" *Lady Sarah Wilson, journalist for the ''Daily Mail''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-06|title=Sarah Wilson (war correspondent)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Wilson_(war_correspondent)&oldid=966295858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> === Gordon Wilson === *Gordon Wilson, Royal Horse Guards *Gordon Wilson, Robert Baden-Powell's aide de camp at Mafeking === Wilfred Wilson === * 5th Battalion Imperial Yeomanry == Timeline == '''1861''', Sir Samuel Wilson and Jeanne Campbell married.<ref name=":2">"Sir Samuel Wilson." {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDw6AQAAMAAJ|title=Armorial Families: A Complete Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, and a Directory of Some Gentlemen of Coat-armour, and Being the First Attempt to Show which Arms in Use at the Moment are Borne by Legal Authority|last=Fox-Davies|first=Arthur Charles|date=1895|publisher=Jack|language=en}} 1047, Col. 1a.</ref> '''1891 November 21''', Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill and Gordon Chesney Wilson married.<ref>"Lady Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p10633.htm#i106326|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-20}}</ref> '''1892 June 11''', Adeline Constance Wilson and Right Hon. the Earl of Huntingdon married.<ref name=":2" /> '''1897 July 2, Friday''', Lady Sarah Wilson and Captain Gordon Wilson attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House, as did Mr. Wilfred Wilson, Mr. Clarence Wilson, and Mr. Herbert Wilson. (Captain Gordon Wilson is #96 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who attended]]; Lady Sarah Wilson is #392; Wilfred Wilson is #232; Mr. Clarence Wilson is #300; Mr. Herbert Wilson is #307.) == Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == [[File:François Boucher 019 (Madame de Pompadour).jpg|thumb|alt=Old portrait of a reclining woman holding a book in a very ornate dress| Madame de Pompadour, by François Boucher, c. 1750–1758]] === Lady Sarah Wilson === [[File:Lady-Sarah-Isabella-Augusta-Wilson-ne-Spencer-Churchill-as-Madame-de-Pompadour.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a dog|Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], Lady Sarah Wilson went as Madame de Pompadour.<ref>"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses." London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7c}} John Thomson's portrait (left) of "Lady Sarah Isabella Augusta Wilson (née Spencer-Churchill) as Madame de Pompadour" in costume is photogravure #157 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":1">"Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker & Boutall after various photographers." 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.</ref> The printing on the portrait says, "Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour."<ref>"Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158520/Lady-Sarah-Isabella-Augusta-Wilson-ne-Spencer-Churchill-as-Madame-de-Pompadour.</ref> If Lady Sarah Wilson's dress is indeed blue, then this portrait is an excellent example of how difficult it can be to guess the colors of things in black-and-white photographs. François Boucher's portrait of Madame de Pompadour (right) shows Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Madame de Pompadour at about 35 years old.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-13|title=Madame de Pompadour|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madame_de_Pompadour&oldid=1189755757|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour.</ref> Lady Sarah Wilson was nearly 32 years old at the time of the ball. Politically active, Madame de Pompadour was Louis XV's official chief mistress until 1751 and lady in waiting to the Queen, Polish Marie Leszczyńska.<ref name=":7" /> (The color of her dress in this image may not be true to the painting; another copy shows it looking greener.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-13|title=Madame de Pompadour|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madame_de_Pompadour&oldid=1189755757|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour#/media/File:Madame_de_Pompadour.jpg</ref>) An image of Lady Sarah Wilson in costume appeared in the ''Queen'' (bottom middle of the page, the numeral 17 below the line drawing, seated, facing slightly to her right, the drawing is similar to her costume in her photograph, bows and ruffles emphasized; the drawing apparently signed by “Rook”).<ref name=":8">“Dresses Worn at the Duchess of Devonshire’s Fancy Ball on July 2.” The ''Queen'', The Lady’s Newspaper 10 July 1897, Saturday: 52 [of 98 BNA; p. 78 on printed page], full page [3 of 3 cols.]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002627/18970710/174/0052.</ref>{{rp|Col. 2b–c}} ==== Newspaper Accounts ==== * "(Mme. de Pompadour), blue and magenta, silk, lace, and pink roses; bunch of wild hyacinths, yellow daisies, and pink roses on left shoulder."<ref name=":6" />{{rp|p. 40, Col. 2b}} * The description accompanying the line drawing in the ''Queen'' says,<blockquote>Made by Mrs Mason, 4, New Burlington Street, W. … No. 17. L<small>ADY</small> S<small>ARAH</small> W<small>ILSON</small>, Madame de Pompadour (copied from the picture of “La Pompadour” of Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild). — Rich / blue satin, with ruchings of satin and white blonde lace, with wreath of roses; Alençon lace ruffles; headdress, small wreath of roses, with high aigrette.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|Col. 2–3c}}</blockquote> [[File:Gordon-Chesney-Wilson-as-a-Captain-in-the-Blues-1680.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man richly dressed in an historical costume|Gordon Chesney Wilson as a Captain in the Blues, 1680. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] === Captain Gordon Wilson === According to the typographical visualization of the quadrilles and processions in the ''Morning Post'', Captain Gordon Wilson was one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Louis XV and Louis XVI Quadrille, along with Sir Samuel Scott.<ref name=":3">"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref>{{rp|7, Col. 6b}} The newspapers, however, say he was in costume as a member of the Royal Horse Guard of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough (1650–1722<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-03|title=John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough&oldid=1188192102|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough.</ref>). Lafayette's portrait of "Gordon Chesney Wilson as a Captain in the Blues, 1680" in costume is photogravure #158 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":1" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Captain Gordon Wilson as a Captain in the Blues temp 1680."<ref>"Captain Gordon Wilson as a Captain in the Blues." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158521/Gordon-Chesney-Wilson-as-a-Captain-in-the-Blues-1680.</ref> The Blues were the Royal Regiment of Horse Guards, part of the Household Cavalry: the coat was blue, with red facings, collar and plumes.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-11-11|title=Royal Horse Guards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Horse_Guards&oldid=1054735721|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horse_Guards.</ref> ==== Newspaper Descriptions of His Costume ==== *He wore a "Costume of his own regiment at the time of the Duke of Marlborough, blue with red facings, embroidered gold crimson sash, and embroidered baldric, large velvet hat and plumes."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}} *"Sir Samuel Scott and Captain Gordon Wilson [wore] uniforms of the R.H.G. in the great Duke of Marlborough's time."<ref>“Girls’ Gossip.” ''Truth'' 8 July 1897, Thursday: 41 [of 70], Col. 1b – 42, Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18970708/089/0041.</ref>{{rp|42, Col. 2b}} *"Captain Gordon Wilson and Sir Samuel Scott (costume of their own regiments at the time of the Duke of Marlborough), blue with red facings; velvet hat and plumes."<ref name=":6" />{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}} === Wilfred Wilson === Wilfred Wilson was among the Suite of Men in the "Oriental" procession.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> The ''Gentlewoman'' says, "Messrs [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]] and Wilfred Wilson were attendants on [<nowiki/>[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|George Keppel]]'s] King Solomon," wearing "green silk tunics elaborately embroidered in gold and studs, with cloaks embroidered and lined with white; jewelled headdresses, swords."<ref name=":6" />{{rp|p. 34, Col. 3a}} === Clarence Wilson === Mr. Clarence Wilson, likely Chesney Clarence Wilson?, was dressed as Buffone in the Venetians procession.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> * "Mr. Clarence Wilson (jester), in satin, with gold thread embroidery."<ref name=":6">“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032. Print p. 50, Col. 3a.</ref>{{rp|p. 34, Col. 1b}} === Herbert Wilson === Mr. Herbert Wilson was dressed as Antonio Priali<ref name=":3" /> (misspelled as Briali<ref name=":4" /><ref>“Ball at Devonshire House.” Evening ''Mail'' 05 July 1897 Monday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003187/18970705/070/0008.</ref>{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}}) in the Venetians procession. * "Mr. Herbert Wilson (Venetian noble), vieux rose brocaded velvet."<ref name=":6" />{{rp|p. 34, Col. 1b}} === Wilsons Who Attended by Family === ==== Lady Sarah and Captain Gordon Wilson Family ==== * Lady Sarah Wilson and Captain Gordon Wilson * Mr. Wilfred Wilson * Mr. Clarence Wilson * Mr. Herbert Wilson ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Stanley and Mary Wilson Family]] ==== * Arthur and Mary Wilson * Clive Wilson * Tottie (Susannah West) Wilson Menzies and Jack Graham Menzies * [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] * Mr. and Mrs. Charles Henry Wilson * Enid Wilson ==== Unknown Family ==== * Mr. T.W. Wilson == Demographics == *Nationality: she, English<ref name=":0" />; he, Australian *Samuel Wilson, born in Ireland, his wife and many of children born in Australia<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-15|title=Samuel Wilson (Portsmouth MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Wilson_(Portsmouth_MP)&oldid=945720739|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> === Residences === ==== Sir Samuel Wilson ==== * After returning from Australia * 9 Grosvenor Square, London (March 1895 – 11 June 1895)<ref name=":2" /> * Hughenden Manor, High Wycombe, Bucks (1881– September 1893?)<ref name=":2" /> == Family == === Gordon Chesney Wilson's Family === * Sir Samuel Wilson (7<ref name=":2" /> or 17<ref name=":9">Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.</ref> February 1832 – 11 June 1895)<ref name=":5" /> * Jeanne Campbell, Lady Wilson (8 May 1841 – 8 February 1925)<ref name=":9" /> *# '''Gordon Chesney Wilson''' (1 August 1865 – 6 November 1914) *# Mary Wilson (c. 1870 –<ref name=":10">''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1901''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives, 1901. Class: ''RG13''; Piece: ''82''; Folio: ''199''; Page: ''49''.</ref> ) *# '''Wilfred Wilson''' (3 March 1872 – February 1901<ref>"Man and Matters." ''Globe'' 26 February 1901 Tuesday: 3 [of 10], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/19010226/030/0003.</ref>) *# '''Clarence Chesney Wilson''' (2 March 1873 – ) *# Bertie (Herbert Hayden) Wilson (4 February 1875 – ) *# Adeline Constance Wilson Lloyd (c. 1867<ref>''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1901''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives, 1901. Class: ''RG13''; Piece: ''82''; Folio: ''198''; Page: ''48''.</ref>– 24 October 1933<ref>Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.</ref>) *# Maud Margaret Wilson (1870<ref name=":11">The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1891''; Class: ''RG12''; Piece: ''68''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''38''; GSU roll: ''6095178''.</ref>– ) [Maud, Countess Huntington?<ref name=":10" />] *# Florence Mabel Wilson () *# Herbert H. Wilson (1878<ref name=":11" />–) [see Bertie, above] *Sarah Isabella Augusta [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Spencer-Churchill]] Wilson (4 July 1865 – 22 October 1929) *Gordon Chesney Wilson (1 August 1865 – 6 November 1914)<ref>"Lt.-Col. Gordon Chesney Wilson." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p10633.htm#i106327|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-20}}</ref> #Randolph Gordon Wilson (1893–1956)<ref name=":0" /> === Relations === * Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill's brothers were [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Lord Randolph Churchill]] and Sunny (Charles Richard John) Spencer-Churchill, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|9th Duke of Marlborough]] (9 November 1892 – 30 June 1934). == Also Known As == *Family name: Wilson *Sarah Isabella Augusta [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Spencer-Churchill]] *Captain Gordon Wilson, M.V.O. *Lady Sarah Wilson *The family of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Stanley Wilson]] == Questions and Notes == #Lady Sarah Wilson is the 11th child and 6th daughter of John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Duke of Marlborough]] and Frances Anne Emily Vane Spencer-Churchill, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Duchess of Marlborough]]. #Lady Sarah Wilson is one of the "aristocratic lady journalists" and was at Mafeking with her husband, Capt. Gordon Wilson. #Gordon Chesney Wilson died in at the first battle of Ypres, 6ths November 1914. #For the Samuel Wilson family, any Miss Wilson after 1892 has to have been Florence Mabel Wilson. #Three somewhat difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the "Oriental" procession: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]], Wilfred Wilson, and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts; the Hon. Algernon Bourke is not difficult to identify at all; Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin. #There is a problem with Herbert Hayden Wilson and Herbert H. Wilson's birth dates. == Footnotes == {{reflist}} o38nugy4rh7syue3w5ebhzqu5p1ffxh 2690027 2690023 2024-12-02T21:07:03Z Scogdill 1331941 2690027 wikitext text/x-wiki == Overview == == Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies == == Organizations == === Lady Sarah Wilson === *"[[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|aristocratic lady journalist]]" *Lady Sarah Wilson, journalist for the ''Daily Mail''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-06|title=Sarah Wilson (war correspondent)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Wilson_(war_correspondent)&oldid=966295858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> === Gordon Wilson === *Gordon Wilson, Royal Horse Guards *Gordon Wilson, Robert Baden-Powell's aide de camp at Mafeking === Wilfred Wilson === * 5th Battalion Imperial Yeomanry == Timeline == '''1861''', Sir Samuel Wilson and Jeanne Campbell married.<ref name=":2">"Sir Samuel Wilson." {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDw6AQAAMAAJ|title=Armorial Families: A Complete Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, and a Directory of Some Gentlemen of Coat-armour, and Being the First Attempt to Show which Arms in Use at the Moment are Borne by Legal Authority|last=Fox-Davies|first=Arthur Charles|date=1895|publisher=Jack|language=en}} 1047, Col. 1a.</ref> '''1891 November 21''', Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill and Gordon Chesney Wilson married.<ref>"Lady Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p10633.htm#i106326|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-20}}</ref> '''1892 June 11''', Adeline Constance Wilson and Right Hon. the Earl of Huntingdon married.<ref name=":2" /> '''1897 July 2, Friday''', Lady Sarah Wilson and Captain Gordon Wilson attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House, as did Mr. Wilfred Wilson, Mr. Clarence Wilson, and Mr. Herbert Wilson. == Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == [[File:François Boucher 019 (Madame de Pompadour).jpg|thumb|alt=Old portrait of a reclining woman holding a book in a very ornate dress| Madame de Pompadour, by François Boucher, c. 1750–1758]] === Lady Sarah Wilson === [[File:Lady-Sarah-Isabella-Augusta-Wilson-ne-Spencer-Churchill-as-Madame-de-Pompadour.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a dog|Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], Lady Sarah Wilson went as Madame de Pompadour.<ref>"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses." London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7c}} John Thomson's portrait (left) of "Lady Sarah Isabella Augusta Wilson (née Spencer-Churchill) as Madame de Pompadour" in costume is photogravure #157 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":1">"Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker & Boutall after various photographers." 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.</ref> The printing on the portrait says, "Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour."<ref>"Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158520/Lady-Sarah-Isabella-Augusta-Wilson-ne-Spencer-Churchill-as-Madame-de-Pompadour.</ref> If Lady Sarah Wilson's dress is indeed blue, then this portrait is an excellent example of how difficult it can be to guess the colors of things in black-and-white photographs. François Boucher's portrait of Madame de Pompadour (right) shows Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Madame de Pompadour at about 35 years old.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-13|title=Madame de Pompadour|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madame_de_Pompadour&oldid=1189755757|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour.</ref> Lady Sarah Wilson was nearly 32 years old at the time of the ball. Politically active, Madame de Pompadour was Louis XV's official chief mistress until 1751 and lady in waiting to the Queen, Polish Marie Leszczyńska.<ref name=":7" /> (The color of her dress in this image may not be true to the painting; another copy shows it looking greener.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-13|title=Madame de Pompadour|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madame_de_Pompadour&oldid=1189755757|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour#/media/File:Madame_de_Pompadour.jpg</ref>) An image of Lady Sarah Wilson in costume appeared in the ''Queen'' (bottom middle of the page, the numeral 17 below the line drawing, seated, facing slightly to her right, the drawing is similar to her costume in her photograph, bows and ruffles emphasized; the drawing apparently signed by “Rook”).<ref name=":8">“Dresses Worn at the Duchess of Devonshire’s Fancy Ball on July 2.” The ''Queen'', The Lady’s Newspaper 10 July 1897, Saturday: 52 [of 98 BNA; p. 78 on printed page], full page [3 of 3 cols.]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002627/18970710/174/0052.</ref>{{rp|Col. 2b–c}} ==== Newspaper Accounts ==== * "(Mme. de Pompadour), blue and magenta, silk, lace, and pink roses; bunch of wild hyacinths, yellow daisies, and pink roses on left shoulder."<ref name=":6" />{{rp|p. 40, Col. 2b}} * The description accompanying the line drawing in the ''Queen'' says,<blockquote>Made by Mrs Mason, 4, New Burlington Street, W. … No. 17. L<small>ADY</small> S<small>ARAH</small> W<small>ILSON</small>, Madame de Pompadour (copied from the picture of “La Pompadour” of Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild). — Rich / blue satin, with ruchings of satin and white blonde lace, with wreath of roses; Alençon lace ruffles; headdress, small wreath of roses, with high aigrette.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|Col. 2–3c}}</blockquote> [[File:Gordon-Chesney-Wilson-as-a-Captain-in-the-Blues-1680.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man richly dressed in an historical costume|Gordon Chesney Wilson as a Captain in the Blues, 1680. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] === Captain Gordon Wilson === According to the typographical visualization of the quadrilles and processions in the ''Morning Post'', Captain Gordon Wilson was one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Louis XV and Louis XVI Quadrille, along with Sir Samuel Scott.<ref name=":3">"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref>{{rp|7, Col. 6b}} The newspapers, however, say he was in costume as a member of the Royal Horse Guard of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough (1650–1722<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-03|title=John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough&oldid=1188192102|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough.</ref>). Lafayette's portrait of "Gordon Chesney Wilson as a Captain in the Blues, 1680" in costume is photogravure #158 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":1" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Captain Gordon Wilson as a Captain in the Blues temp 1680."<ref>"Captain Gordon Wilson as a Captain in the Blues." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158521/Gordon-Chesney-Wilson-as-a-Captain-in-the-Blues-1680.</ref> The Blues were the Royal Regiment of Horse Guards, part of the Household Cavalry: the coat was blue, with red facings, collar and plumes.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-11-11|title=Royal Horse Guards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Horse_Guards&oldid=1054735721|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horse_Guards.</ref> ==== Newspaper Descriptions of His Costume ==== *He wore a "Costume of his own regiment at the time of the Duke of Marlborough, blue with red facings, embroidered gold crimson sash, and embroidered baldric, large velvet hat and plumes."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}} *"Sir Samuel Scott and Captain Gordon Wilson [wore] uniforms of the R.H.G. in the great Duke of Marlborough's time."<ref>“Girls’ Gossip.” ''Truth'' 8 July 1897, Thursday: 41 [of 70], Col. 1b – 42, Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18970708/089/0041.</ref>{{rp|42, Col. 2b}} *"Captain Gordon Wilson and Sir Samuel Scott (costume of their own regiments at the time of the Duke of Marlborough), blue with red facings; velvet hat and plumes."<ref name=":6" />{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}} === Wilfred Wilson === Wilfred Wilson was among the Suite of Men in the "Oriental" procession.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> The ''Gentlewoman'' says, "Messrs [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]] and Wilfred Wilson were attendants on [<nowiki/>[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|George Keppel]]'s] King Solomon," wearing "green silk tunics elaborately embroidered in gold and studs, with cloaks embroidered and lined with white; jewelled headdresses, swords."<ref name=":6" />{{rp|p. 34, Col. 3a}} === Clarence Wilson === Mr. Clarence Wilson, likely Chesney Clarence Wilson?, was dressed as Buffone in the Venetians procession.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> * "Mr. Clarence Wilson (jester), in satin, with gold thread embroidery."<ref name=":6">“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032. Print p. 50, Col. 3a.</ref>{{rp|p. 34, Col. 1b}} === Herbert Wilson === Mr. Herbert Wilson was dressed as Antonio Priali<ref name=":3" /> (misspelled as Briali<ref name=":4" /><ref>“Ball at Devonshire House.” Evening ''Mail'' 05 July 1897 Monday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003187/18970705/070/0008.</ref>{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}}) in the Venetians procession. * "Mr. Herbert Wilson (Venetian noble), vieux rose brocaded velvet."<ref name=":6" />{{rp|p. 34, Col. 1b}} === Wilsons Who Attended by Family === ==== Lady Sarah and Captain Gordon Wilson Family ==== * Lady Sarah Wilson and Captain Gordon Wilson * Mr. Wilfred Wilson * Mr. Clarence Wilson * Mr. Herbert Wilson ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Stanley and Mary Wilson Family]] ==== * Arthur and Mary Wilson * Clive Wilson * Tottie (Susannah West) Wilson Menzies and Jack Graham Menzies * [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] * Mr. and Mrs. Charles Henry Wilson * Enid Wilson ==== Unknown Family ==== * Mr. T.W. Wilson == Demographics == *Nationality: she, English<ref name=":0" />; he, Australian *Samuel Wilson, born in Ireland, his wife and many of children born in Australia<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-15|title=Samuel Wilson (Portsmouth MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Wilson_(Portsmouth_MP)&oldid=945720739|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> === Residences === ==== Sir Samuel Wilson ==== * After returning from Australia * 9 Grosvenor Square, London (March 1895 – 11 June 1895)<ref name=":2" /> * Hughenden Manor, High Wycombe, Bucks (1881– September 1893?)<ref name=":2" /> == Family == === Gordon Chesney Wilson's Family === * Sir Samuel Wilson (7<ref name=":2" /> or 17<ref name=":9">Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.</ref> February 1832 – 11 June 1895)<ref name=":5" /> * Jeanne Campbell, Lady Wilson (8 May 1841 – 8 February 1925)<ref name=":9" /> *# '''Gordon Chesney Wilson''' (1 August 1865 – 6 November 1914) *# Mary Wilson (c. 1870 –<ref name=":10">''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1901''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives, 1901. Class: ''RG13''; Piece: ''82''; Folio: ''199''; Page: ''49''.</ref> ) *# '''Wilfred Wilson''' (3 March 1872 – February 1901<ref>"Man and Matters." ''Globe'' 26 February 1901 Tuesday: 3 [of 10], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/19010226/030/0003.</ref>) *# '''Clarence Chesney Wilson''' (2 March 1873 – ) *# Bertie (Herbert Hayden) Wilson (4 February 1875 – ) *# Adeline Constance Wilson Lloyd (c. 1867<ref>''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1901''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives, 1901. Class: ''RG13''; Piece: ''82''; Folio: ''198''; Page: ''48''.</ref>– 24 October 1933<ref>Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.</ref>) *# Maud Margaret Wilson (1870<ref name=":11">The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1891''; Class: ''RG12''; Piece: ''68''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''38''; GSU roll: ''6095178''.</ref>– ) [Maud, Countess Huntington?<ref name=":10" />] *# Florence Mabel Wilson () *# Herbert H. Wilson (1878<ref name=":11" />–) [see Bertie, above] *Sarah Isabella Augusta [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Spencer-Churchill]] Wilson (4 July 1865 – 22 October 1929) *Gordon Chesney Wilson (1 August 1865 – 6 November 1914)<ref>"Lt.-Col. Gordon Chesney Wilson." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p10633.htm#i106327|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-20}}</ref> #Randolph Gordon Wilson (1893–1956)<ref name=":0" /> === Relations === * Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill's brothers were [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Lord Randolph Churchill]] and Sunny (Charles Richard John) Spencer-Churchill, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|9th Duke of Marlborough]] (9 November 1892 – 30 June 1934). == Also Known As == *Family name: Wilson *Sarah Isabella Augusta [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Spencer-Churchill]] *Captain Gordon Wilson, M.V.O. *Lady Sarah Wilson *The family of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Stanley Wilson]] == Questions and Notes == #Lady Sarah Wilson is the 11th child and 6th daughter of John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Duke of Marlborough]] and Frances Anne Emily Vane Spencer-Churchill, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Duchess of Marlborough]]. #Lady Sarah Wilson is one of the "aristocratic lady journalists" and was at Mafeking with her husband, Capt. Gordon Wilson. #Gordon Chesney Wilson died in at the first battle of Ypres, 6ths November 1914. #For the Samuel Wilson family, any Miss Wilson after 1892 has to have been Florence Mabel Wilson. #Three somewhat difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the "Oriental" procession: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]], Wilfred Wilson, and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts; the Hon. Algernon Bourke is not difficult to identify at all; Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin. #There is a problem with Herbert Hayden Wilson and Herbert H. Wilson's birth dates. #Captain Gordon Wilson is #96 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who attended]] the[[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House; Lady Sarah Wilson is #392; Wilfred Wilson is #232; Mr. Clarence Wilson is #300; Mr. Herbert Wilson is #307. == Footnotes == {{reflist}} 3l5ns33o4p6netpovhehnwvp97tr5g8 0 263976 2689982 2689812 2024-12-02T15:13:23Z Scogdill 1331941 2689982 wikitext text/x-wiki == Overview == [[File:Alice Keppel.jpg|thumb|alt=Painted portrait of the upper third of a woman wearing a white formal dress and large jewels|Alice Keppel, 1890s]] Alice Keppel is shown (right) at about 30 years old. She died (at nearly 80) of cirrhosis of the liver.<ref name=":0" /> George Keppel was the 3rd son of the Earl of Albemarle. Alice and George Keppel are the great grandparents of Queen Camilla, who was less than a year old when they died. Alice Keppel was one of two last mistresses of [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]'s, an improvement over [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess of Warwick]], who was not discreet and who had enemies. Agnes Keyser seems to have begun a relationship with the Prince of Wales about the same time Alice Keppel did — around 1898. (Keyser was not a socialite, and Lamont-Brown says she mothered him in a way he had craved his entire life.<ref name=":6">Lamont-Brown, Raymond. ''Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser: Edward VII's Last Loves''. History Press, 2011. [Preview on Google Books: [https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ].</ref>) She was [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]'s last mistress, following [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess of Warwick]]. Famous for her tact, discretion and social skills, she and [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Luís de Soveral]] were friends, and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alex, Princess of Wales]], tolerated her and allowed her to visit King Edward VII on his deathbed. In his account of the "Social and Diplomatic Life" of Edward VII, Gordon Brook-Shepherd describes ways George and Alice Keppel's lives changed after the Prince of Wales's accession to the throne:<blockquote>For Mrs Keppel, in particular, the accession brought greater problems as well as greater privileges. It was one thing to have an Heir-Apparent for a lover but something quite different when that lover became the ruler of the British Empire. To begin with, even to move in the appropriate style at the King's side cost a great deal more money, / and money was something that neither Edward VII nor the Hon. George Keppel had to spare. Indeed, in an attempt to put extra cash into the Keppel family coffers after Alice had become the mistress of a king, her husband was obliged to go "into trade." Sir Thomas Lipton, the grocer millionaire and yachting friend of King Edward's, found a job for him in his "Buyers' Association" at No. 70–74 Wigmore Street. This, to judge from the firm's stationery on which George Keppel once wrote a business letter to [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Soveral]], sold everything direct to the customer, from groceries, bedding and tobacco, to cartridges and coal. It also advertised "Motor Cars Bought, Sold or Exchanged," and it was about this that Keppel, prompted by his Alice, wrote to the Portuguese Minister: :"Dear Soveral, My wife tells me you contemplate buying a small motor car for use in London. May we offer our services in the matter ...? [sic] For an earl's son to be a salesman in Edwardian England was bad enough. For the salesman to be the husband of the King's official mistress was an added humiliation. Though George Keppel seems to have taken the whole situation philosophically, there were many in society who condemned him for being so much the ''mari complaisant''. As one distinguished survivor from that Edwardian age, who shall be anonymous, commented: "Had Keppel been put up for membership at some London clubs, the black balls would have come rolling out like caviare."<ref>Brook-Shepherd, Gordon. ''Uncle of Europe: The Social and Diplomatic Life of Edward VII''. London: Collins, 1975. Internet Archive: [https://archive.org/details/uncleofeurope0000unse/page/62/mode/2up?q=soveral https://archive.org/details/uncleofeurope0000unse/].</ref>{{rp|138–139}}</blockquote>While her reputation was one of discretion, she was widely known to be the King's mistress and "when it came to visits to the homes of the great and good with the king,"<blockquote>she was always to be found standing or sitting near her lover in the official photographs for the picture papers of the day. And her "pushy presence", some were to say, was such a constant irritation to Queen Alexandra that it drove her to eschew her husband's company.<ref name=":6" /></blockquote>According to Lamont-Brown,<blockquote>Reginald Baliol Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher (1852–1930), royal archivist and intimate of every prime minister from Rosebery to Baldwin, ... believed that she deliberately lied in Society about certain royal happenings to enhance her own reputation.<ref name=":6" /></blockquote>On 10 March 1932, Thursday, Virginia Woolf wrote in her diary about a lunch with Alice Keppel:<blockquote>I had lunched with Raymond [Mortimer, critic] to meet Mrs Keppel; a swarthy thick set raddled direct — "My dear", she calls one — old grasper: whose fists had been in the moneybags these 50 years: And she has a flat in the Ritz; old furniture; &c. I like her on the surface of the old courtezan: who has lost all bloom; & acquired a kind of cordiality, humour, directness instead. No sensibilities as far as I could see; no snobberies, immense superficial knowledge, & going to Berlin to hear Hitler speak. Shabby under dress: magnificent furs, great pearls: a Rolls Royce waiting. [sic editorial interpolation]<ref name=":6" /></blockquote> == Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies == === Freddie Keppel's Friends === * [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Luís de Soveral]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Lady Sarah (Spencer-Churchill) Wilson]]<ref name=":0" /> === Freddie Keppel's Sexual Partners Outside Her Marriage === * Ernest Beckett, 2nd [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe|Baron Grimthorpe]] * Humphrey Sturt, 2nd [[Social Victorians/People/Alington|Baron Alington]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales | Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] == Organizations == * The inner circle of the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince of Wales and King Edward VII]] of England after his accession ** [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales and Queen Alexandra]] ** [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Luìs, Marquis de Soveral]] ** Alice Keppel *"Committee of Seven" *#Alice Keppel ("gradually became chief of the 'Committee of Seven'"<ref name=":6" />) *#[[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Luìs, Marquis de Soveral]] *#Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Cassel|Ernest Cassel]] *#Sir William Esher<ref name=":6" /> *#Admiral Lord Fisher *#Lord Hardinge *#Sir Francis Knollys == Timeline == '''1891 June 1''', Alice [[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Edmonstone]] and George Keppel married.<ref>"Alice Frederica Edmonstone." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p1723.htm#i17228|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-05}}</ref> '''1893 December 12, Tuesday''', Alice and George Keppel took part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#12 December 1893, Tuesday|tableaux vivants at the Newland Bazaar in Hull]]. They were in [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]]'s party. '''1894 July 19, Thursday''', the Hon. George and Alice Keppel were guests at the ball following a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#19 July 1894, Thursday|dinner hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire for the Prince and Princess of Wales]] and their family. '''1895 February 1, Friday''', the Hon. George Keppel and Alice Keppel attended the [[Social Victorians/1895 Bal Poudre Warwick Castle|bal poudré at Warwick castle]]. '''1896 April 27, Monday''', Alice Keppel gave a box to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#27 April 1896, Monday|Lady Angela St Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes for their wedding]]. '''1897 June 28, Monday''', the Hon. George and Alice Keppel attended [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|the Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the last official event of the Diamond Jubilee. They were two of perhaps 5,000 or 6,000 people present. '''1897 July 2''', Alice and George Keppel attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House. Freddie Keppel's brother and sister-in-law, [[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Sir Archibald and Lady Edmonstone]], also attended. '''1897 July 6, Tuesday''', Alice and George Keppel attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#6 July 1897, Tuesday|garden party at Devonshire House]]. No one from Victoria's or the Prince of Wales's family was present, although a number of dignitaries from around the empire were. '''1897 July 31, Saturday''', Alice and George Keppel may have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#31 July 1897, Saturday|wedding of Mabel Caroline Wombwell and Henry R. Hohler]] and the reception afterwards, although their names are not listed. The ''Morning Post'' does list a gift from the Keppels' — "white enamel and turquoise sleeve links."<ref>"Marriage of Mr. H. R. Hohler and Miss Wombwell." ''Morning Post'' 2 August 1897, Monday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970802/067/0006 (accessed June 2019).</ref> The the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Princess of Wales]] did not attend or send a gift. '''1897 November 20, Saturday or so''', [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#20 November 1897, Saturday|house parties for Derby horseraces run at Epsom Downs]]. The ''Derby Mercury'' cites the ''Daily Mail'': unlike 10 years ago, "now all the smartest people go, and it is one of the most important meetings, rivalling Doncaster in popularity." The Keppels were guests at the Miller Mundy house party at Shipley Hall: "At Shipley are Sir Charles and Lady Hartopp, Mr. and Mrs. George Keppel, Mrs. de Winton, Lord Athlumney, and Mr. Sturt, among others."<ref>"Hints for Ladies. Fashion at Derby Races." ''Derby Mercury'' 24 November 1897, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000052/18971124/050/0006.</ref> '''1898''', Alice Keppel became the mistress of [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales |Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]. The article on her in ''Wikipedia''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2020-06-11|title=Alice Keppel|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_Keppel&oldid=962041251|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Keppel.</ref> says they met in 1898, but they both were present at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball in 1897, so she likely was presented if not introduced to him; on the other hand, more than 700 people were there. '''1899 January 25, Wednesday''', the Hon. George Keppel, at least, and perhaps Freddie, was present at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#25 January 1899, Wednesday|Holderness Hunt Ball]]. '''1899 September 4, Monday,''' the Hon. George and Mrs. George Keppel were at [[Social Victorians/People/Holden#1899 September 4, Monday|the house party of Mr. E. W. Meckett, M.P., at Kirkstall Grange]] that week, held as part of the Doncaster races. '''1900 July 27, Friday''', Alice Keppel (at least) was present at a [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson#1900 July 27, Friday|dinner party for Albert Edward, Princes of Wales hosted by the Arthur Wilsons]]. George Keppel's name is not listed. == Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == Freddie Keppel — the Hon. Mrs. George Keppel — attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] dressed as Madame de Polignac. The Hon. George Keppel attended, dressed as King Solomon. Neither appears to have been in the first supper seating, suggesting that her prominence was yet to come. Also, they did not use any of the most notable costumiers (like [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mr. Alias|Mr. Alias]]) or couturiers (like [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]]) who sometimes provided the press with information about or perhaps viewings of the costumes.[[File:Duchess of Polignac by E.Vigee-Lebrun (1787, Atheneum).jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of the upper half of a woman wearing a white dress with a black lacy shawl and a large straw hat over hair that is loose and lightly powdered|''Duchess of Polignac'' by Vigee-Le Brun, 1787]] === The Hon. Mrs. George Keppel === The newspapers commented on the Keppels' costumes, but no portrait of either for this ball survives. The portrait of Gabrielle, Duchess of Polignac (right), painted by Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun in 1787, shows the duchess at about 30 years old, about what Alice Keppel was at the time of the ball. Vigée Le Brun painted several portraits of Gabrielle around this time, and in them all, Gabrielle appears informally dressed, without jewelry, so the portraits seem more intimate than official. Gabrielle's dress in this portrait is not the original for Keppel's dress — its style is transitional between the stiff fabrics and panniers of the formal court (and the past) and the post-revolutionary empire waists, columnar shape and lightweight fabrics. [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|Ardern Holt]]'s description of Keppel's dress for ''The Queen'' (below) bears no relation to what we can see in Le Brun's portrait of Gabrielle, Duchess of Polignac. ==== Newspaper Reports of Her Costume ==== Alice Keppel walked in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#Louis XV and XVI Period|Louis XV procession]] led by [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess of Warwick]], who was dressed as Marie Antoinette. *She was "very beautiful," and, "as Madame de Polignac, wore a lovely dress of silver cloth embroidered in silver and pink gems and garlands of small roses. The bunched out over dress was of pink and silver brocade lined with apple-green satin."<ref>"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses." London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.</ref>{{rp|p. 6, Col. 1a}} *She was dressed as Madame de Polignac in the quadrille of the Louis XV and XVI Period.<ref name=":1">"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref> *"Mrs. George Keppel, as Madame de Polignac, wore a dress of silver cloth embroidered in silver and pink gems and garlands of small roses. The bunched-out over-dress was of pink and silver brocade lined with apple-green satin."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3c}} *"Among these [in the Countess of Warwick's Marie Antoinette quadrille] the Honourable Mrs. George Keppell looked very beautiful.... Mrs. George Keppell, as Madame de Polignac, wore a lovely dress of silver cloth embroidered in silver, and pink gems and garlands of small roses. The bunched-out over-dress was of pink and silver brocade lined with apple green satin."<ref>"The Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Dress Ball. Special Telegram." ''Belfast News-Letter'' Saturday 03 July 1897: 5 [of 8], Col. 9 [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000038/18970703/015/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9c}} *Ardern Holt's writing for ''The Queen'' is typically more trustworthy on fashion and garment construction than other, more traditional news outlets: "''Madame de Polignac'' appeared at the Devonshire House ball in the Louis XV. quadrille, represented by the Hon. Mrs George Keppel, in an old dress of the period, a rose and silver brocade handed down from that century. The [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|pouf paniers]] [sic] were lined with pale green soft satin, and faced back with wide bands of silver embroidery. The hooped petticoat was of cloth of silver worked in tinsel threads of all shades, forming a design of roses in true lovers' knots extending from the waist to the hem; at the foot it was garlanded with pink pompon [sic] roses, interlaced through the stripes of embroidery, and below this was a quaint pleating of silver lace. The low bodice was finished off with a transparent lace collar sewn with silver. The hair was powdered and dressed very high, with soft curls falling on the neck, surmounted by a pink and green ostrich feather and a small garland of roses. She wore long lace mittens."<ref>Holt, Arden. “Fancy Dress.” ''The Queen'' 31 July 1897, Saturday: 43 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18970731/280/0043.</ref> ==== Madame de Polignac ==== Madame de Polignac was Yolande Martine Gabrielle de Polastron (1749–1793), known as Gabrielle.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-01|title=Yolande de Polastron|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolande_de_Polastron|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolande_de_Polastron.</ref> She was a confidante and favorite of Marie Antoinette beginning in 1775, though Gabrielle was unpopular and the queen's affections were variable.<ref name=":4" /> One of Madame de Polignac's closest friends was Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire. Gabrielle died of cancer in Switzerland, shortly after Marie Antoinette's execution in Paris, having fled France after the storming of the Bastille.<ref name=":4" /> [[File:King Solomon.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of a seated, bearded man holding a scepter and looking off to our left|Simeon Solomon's ''King Solomon'', c. 1874]] === The Hon. George Keppel === George Keppel (who is early in the list '''of the people attending the ball''' for the London ''Morning Post''), walked in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#Louis XV and XVI Period|"Oriental" procession]] as King Solomon in the Suite of Men following the two Queens of Sheba (Lady Cynthia Graham and [[Social Victorians/People/Pless |Daisy, Princess of Pless]])<ref name=":1" />{{rp|7, Col. 5b}}<ref>"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> and was attended by "Messrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|p. 34, Col. 3a}} No photograph of Keppel in his costume from this ball exists. The c. 1874 portrait of King Solomon (right), by Simeon Solomon, is now in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., which received it as a gift in 1995 from William B. O'Neal.<ref name=":5">"Solomon, Simeon (1874?)), King Solomon." Art Object Page 76152. National Gallery of Art. https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.76152.html#provenance (retrieved 2024-11-27).</ref> O'Neal may have bought it from the Durlacher Brothers,<ref name=":5" /> an art gallery founded in London in 1843 by Henry Durlacher and his brother George. After Henry Durlacher's death his sons opened a New York branch.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-13|title=Lewis Durlacher|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Durlacher|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Durlacher.</ref> Where George Keppel might have seen this painting — if he ever did — is not clear, because it is not clear how long the Durlacher Brothers owned it or when they exhibited it. In spite of how it looks, this is the entire painting. Of the many depictions of King Solomon, Simeon Solomon's painting might have been familiar to Keppel or his costumier, and it shows the king wearing a crown, robe and light-colored tunic, like Keppel. According to the newspaper reports Keppel was dressed as *"King Solomon. Tunic of white silk with an elaborate border of jewels; turquoise silk robe lined with white, and a jewelled crown."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 7, Col. 7b}} *"King Solomon. Tunic of white silk with an elaborate border of jewels; turquoise silk robe, lined with white, and a jewelled crown."<ref name=":3">“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.</ref>{{rp|p. 3, Col. 2a}} *(King Solomon), tunic of white silk, embroidered in gold, with an elaborate border on the bottom of jewels and turquoise; turquoise silk robe lined with white; jewelled headdress."<ref name=":2">“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|p. 34, Col. 3a}} ==== King Solomon ==== Stories about King Solomon appear in Jewish, Christian, Islamic and Baháʼí traditions.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-11-04|title=Solomon|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon.</ref> The Queen of Sheba visited King Solomon with gifts and tested his wisdom, perhaps the characteristic most associated with him. The [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Encyclopaedia Britannica|9th edition of the ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'']] does not have an article about King Solomon, although he figures in other, historical articles, like the one on Israel. == The 1895 Warwick Bal Poudré == [[File:Alice - Kostümfest.jpg|thumb|alt=Old black-and-white photograph showing a woman dressed in a long gown with a lot of ruffles|Alice Keppel, 1895?]] The Hon. George and Alice Keppel attended the Countess and Earl of Warwick's [[Social Victorians/1895 Bal Poudre Warwick Castle|February 1895 bal poudré at Warwick Castle]]. Even though no portrait of Alice in her costume from the 1897 Duchess of Devonshire ball exists, a photograph of her in what may be her costume for at the Warwick ball does. This photograph (right), which has no provenance information, is a low-resolution digital image of a positive rather than a negative, which explains its poor quality. (The Lafayette Negative Archive [http://lafayette.org.uk/<nowiki>] and the Bassano Studio Portrait Collection [</nowiki>https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/bassano-studio-portrait-collection<nowiki>] do not include any portraits of the Keppels.)</nowiki> According to the ''Leamington Spa Courier'', Alice Keppel was dressed as a "Lady, time Louis XVI." at the Warwick ball and wearing a<blockquote>Gown of shell pink satin, pointed bodice, with full paniers, of antique brocade of the real deep rose shade known as du Barri sewn with silver thread and bouquets of roses. Full petticoat, of dull creamy-tinted satin, with a deep band round it of silver tissue embroidered with garlands of small leafless roses. The sleeves had long ruffles of old lace. The hair was powdered and dressed elaborately and high, with three rose du Barri feathers in it and a little cap of lace. The shoes were of pink satin, with diamond buckles.<ref>"The Grand Bal Poudre at Warwick Castle." ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 09 February 1895, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Cols. 1a–6c [of 6] – 7, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006].</ref> (6, 4c)</blockquote>The description from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' does not match the dress in this photograph in a number of particulars, at least as well as it is possible to analyze the image. The dress in the photograph is not a dress from the 18th century, and it does not appear to have "[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|full paniers]]," although it may have the late 19th-century version of panniers — a bustle. The neckline, however, makes it look like a costume intended to look like an 18th century dress. The sleeves also have "long ruffles" of lace and, because of the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Frou-frou|frou-frou]], also seem 18th century. Keppel's gloves cover her arm up above the elbow, an oddity that seems to clash with the long ruffles on the sleeves, which would normally emphasize the flesh. == Demographics == *Nationality: British === Residences === *1 February 1895: 2, Wilton Crescent, London<ref>"The Grand Bal Poudre at Warwick Castle." ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 09 February 1895, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Cols. 1a–6c [of 6] – 7, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006].</ref> (6, Col. 4c) *30 Portman Square<ref name=":0" /> == Family == * William Coutts Keppel, 7th Earl of Albemarle (15 April 1832 – 28 August 1894)<ref>"William Coutts Keppel, 7th Earl of Albemarle." "Person Page 16514." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe'' https://www.thepeerage.com/p1652.htm#i16514 (accessed November 2022).</ref> * Sophia Mary MacNab (5 July 1832 – 5 April 1917)<ref>"Sophia Mary MacNab." "Person Page 16517." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe'' https://www.thepeerage.com/p1652.htm#i16517 (accessed November 2022).</ref> # Lt.-Col. Arnold Allen Cecil Keppel, 8th Earl of Albemarle (1 June 1858 – 12 April 1942) # Gertrude Mary Keppel (9 November 1859 – 7 April 1860) # Lady Theodora Keppel (11 January 1862 – 30 October 1945) # '''Hon. Sir Derek William George Keppel''' (7 April 1863 – 26 April 1944) # Lady Hilda Mary Keppel (29 August 1864 – 7 October 1955) # '''Lt.-Col. Hon. George Keppel''' (14 October 1865 – 22 November 1947) # Lady Leopoldina Olivia Keppel (14 November 1866 – 9 August 1948) # Lady Susan Mary Keppel (5 May 1868 – 26 June 1953) # Lady Mary Stuart Keppel (15 May 1869 – 21 September 1906) # Lady Florence Cecilia Keppel (24 February 1871 – 30 June 1963) *Freddie (Alice Frederica) Edmonstone Keppel (29 April 1868 – 11 September 1947)<ref name=":0" /> *George Keppel (14 October 1865 – 22 November 1947)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-14|title=George Keppel (British Army officer, born 1865)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Keppel_(British_Army_officer,_born_1865)&oldid=967698366|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> #Violet Trefusis (6 June 1894 – 1 March 1970 [Wikipedia says 1972]) #Sonia Cubitt (24 May 1900 – 16 August 1986) == Also Known As == Freddie Keppel *Family name: his, Keppel; hers, Edmunstone *Freddie (Alice Frederica) Edmonstone Keppel *Alice Keppel: [https://viaf.org/viaf/62357923/ VIAF: 62357923] The Honourable George Keppel Sir Derek Keppel == Notes and Questions == # David Cannadine says of courtiers with aristocratic connections and long careers, "Sir Derek Keppel, brother of the eighth Earl of Albermarle, served every sovereign from Queen Victoria to King George VI."<ref>Cannadine, David. ''The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy''. New York: Yale University Press, 1990.</ref>{{rp|245}} # The Hon. George Keppel is #39 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Mrs. George Keppel — Freddie — is #231. # Lamont-Brown, Raymond. ''Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser: Edward VII's Last Loves''. History Press, 2013. Rpt. of ''Edward VII's Last Loves'', Sutton, 2005. Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ. # When were the Keppels presented to the Queen? # George Keppel was attended by "Messrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]." == Footnotes == {{reflist}} paqngfmtmddevf006mq2lnh5r0uflet 2690024 2689982 2024-12-02T20:44:32Z Scogdill 1331941 2690024 wikitext text/x-wiki == Overview == [[File:Alice Keppel.jpg|thumb|alt=Painted portrait of the upper third of a woman wearing a white formal dress and large jewels|Alice Keppel, 1890s]] Alice Keppel is shown (right) at about 30 years old. She died (at nearly 80) of cirrhosis of the liver.<ref name=":0" /> George Keppel was the 3rd son of the Earl of Albemarle. Alice and George Keppel are the great grandparents of Queen Camilla, who was less than a year old when they died. Alice Keppel was one of two last mistresses of [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]'s, an improvement over [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess of Warwick]], who was not discreet and who had enemies. Agnes Keyser seems to have begun a relationship with the Prince of Wales about the same time Alice Keppel did — around 1898. (Keyser was not a socialite, and Lamont-Brown says she mothered him in a way he had craved his entire life.<ref name=":6">Lamont-Brown, Raymond. ''Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser: Edward VII's Last Loves''. History Press, 2011. [Preview on Google Books: [https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ].</ref>) She was [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]'s last mistress, following [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess of Warwick]]. Famous for her tact, discretion and social skills, she and [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Luís de Soveral]] were friends, and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alex, Princess of Wales]], tolerated her and allowed her to visit King Edward VII on his deathbed. In his account of the "Social and Diplomatic Life" of Edward VII, Gordon Brook-Shepherd describes ways George and Alice Keppel's lives changed after the Prince of Wales's accession to the throne:<blockquote>For Mrs Keppel, in particular, the accession brought greater problems as well as greater privileges. It was one thing to have an Heir-Apparent for a lover but something quite different when that lover became the ruler of the British Empire. To begin with, even to move in the appropriate style at the King's side cost a great deal more money, / and money was something that neither Edward VII nor the Hon. George Keppel had to spare. Indeed, in an attempt to put extra cash into the Keppel family coffers after Alice had become the mistress of a king, her husband was obliged to go "into trade." Sir Thomas Lipton, the grocer millionaire and yachting friend of King Edward's, found a job for him in his "Buyers' Association" at No. 70–74 Wigmore Street. This, to judge from the firm's stationery on which George Keppel once wrote a business letter to [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Soveral]], sold everything direct to the customer, from groceries, bedding and tobacco, to cartridges and coal. It also advertised "Motor Cars Bought, Sold or Exchanged," and it was about this that Keppel, prompted by his Alice, wrote to the Portuguese Minister: :"Dear Soveral, My wife tells me you contemplate buying a small motor car for use in London. May we offer our services in the matter ...? [sic] For an earl's son to be a salesman in Edwardian England was bad enough. For the salesman to be the husband of the King's official mistress was an added humiliation. Though George Keppel seems to have taken the whole situation philosophically, there were many in society who condemned him for being so much the ''mari complaisant''. As one distinguished survivor from that Edwardian age, who shall be anonymous, commented: "Had Keppel been put up for membership at some London clubs, the black balls would have come rolling out like caviare."<ref>Brook-Shepherd, Gordon. ''Uncle of Europe: The Social and Diplomatic Life of Edward VII''. London: Collins, 1975. Internet Archive: [https://archive.org/details/uncleofeurope0000unse/page/62/mode/2up?q=soveral https://archive.org/details/uncleofeurope0000unse/].</ref>{{rp|138–139}}</blockquote>While her reputation was one of discretion, she was widely known to be the King's mistress and "when it came to visits to the homes of the great and good with the king,"<blockquote>she was always to be found standing or sitting near her lover in the official photographs for the picture papers of the day. And her "pushy presence", some were to say, was such a constant irritation to Queen Alexandra that it drove her to eschew her husband's company.<ref name=":6" /></blockquote>According to Lamont-Brown,<blockquote>Reginald Baliol Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher (1852–1930), royal archivist and intimate of every prime minister from Rosebery to Baldwin, ... believed that she deliberately lied in Society about certain royal happenings to enhance her own reputation.<ref name=":6" /></blockquote>On 10 March 1932, Thursday, Virginia Woolf wrote in her diary about a lunch with Alice Keppel:<blockquote>I had lunched with Raymond [Mortimer, critic] to meet Mrs Keppel; a swarthy thick set raddled direct — "My dear", she calls one — old grasper: whose fists had been in the moneybags these 50 years: And she has a flat in the Ritz; old furniture; &c. I like her on the surface of the old courtezan: who has lost all bloom; & acquired a kind of cordiality, humour, directness instead. No sensibilities as far as I could see; no snobberies, immense superficial knowledge, & going to Berlin to hear Hitler speak. Shabby under dress: magnificent furs, great pearls: a Rolls Royce waiting. [sic editorial interpolation]<ref name=":6" /></blockquote> == Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies == === Freddie Keppel's Friends === * [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Luís de Soveral]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Lady Sarah (Spencer-Churchill) Wilson]]<ref name=":0" /> === Freddie Keppel's Sexual Partners Outside Her Marriage === * Ernest Beckett, 2nd [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe|Baron Grimthorpe]] * Humphrey Sturt, 2nd [[Social Victorians/People/Alington|Baron Alington]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales | Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] == Organizations == * The inner circle of the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince of Wales and King Edward VII]] of England after his accession ** [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales and Queen Alexandra]] ** [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Luìs, Marquis de Soveral]] ** Alice Keppel *"Committee of Seven" *#Alice Keppel ("gradually became chief of the 'Committee of Seven'"<ref name=":6" />) *#[[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Luìs, Marquis de Soveral]] *#Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Cassel|Ernest Cassel]] *#Sir William Esher<ref name=":6" /> *#Admiral Lord Fisher *#Lord Hardinge *#Sir Francis Knollys == Timeline == '''1891 June 1''', Alice [[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Edmonstone]] and George Keppel married.<ref>"Alice Frederica Edmonstone." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p1723.htm#i17228|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-05}}</ref> '''1893 December 12, Tuesday''', Alice and George Keppel took part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#12 December 1893, Tuesday|tableaux vivants at the Newland Bazaar in Hull]]. They were in [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]]'s party. '''1894 July 19, Thursday''', the Hon. George and Alice Keppel were guests at the ball following a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#19 July 1894, Thursday|dinner hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire for the Prince and Princess of Wales]] and their family. '''1895 February 1, Friday''', the Hon. George Keppel and Alice Keppel attended the [[Social Victorians/1895 Bal Poudre Warwick Castle|bal poudré at Warwick castle]]. '''1896 April 27, Monday''', Alice Keppel gave a box to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#27 April 1896, Monday|Lady Angela St Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes for their wedding]]. '''1897 June 28, Monday''', the Hon. George and Alice Keppel attended [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|the Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the last official event of the Diamond Jubilee. They were two of perhaps 5,000 or 6,000 people present. '''1897 July 2''', Alice and George Keppel attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House. Freddie Keppel's brother and sister-in-law, [[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Sir Archibald and Lady Edmonstone]], also attended. '''1897 July 6, Tuesday''', Alice and George Keppel attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#6 July 1897, Tuesday|garden party at Devonshire House]]. No one from Victoria's or the Prince of Wales's family was present, although a number of dignitaries from around the empire were. '''1897 July 31, Saturday''', Alice and George Keppel may have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#31 July 1897, Saturday|wedding of Mabel Caroline Wombwell and Henry R. Hohler]] and the reception afterwards, although their names are not listed. The ''Morning Post'' does list a gift from the Keppels' — "white enamel and turquoise sleeve links."<ref>"Marriage of Mr. H. R. Hohler and Miss Wombwell." ''Morning Post'' 2 August 1897, Monday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970802/067/0006 (accessed June 2019).</ref> The the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Princess of Wales]] did not attend or send a gift. '''1897 November 20, Saturday or so''', [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#20 November 1897, Saturday|house parties for Derby horseraces run at Epsom Downs]]. The ''Derby Mercury'' cites the ''Daily Mail'': unlike 10 years ago, "now all the smartest people go, and it is one of the most important meetings, rivalling Doncaster in popularity." The Keppels were guests at the Miller Mundy house party at Shipley Hall: "At Shipley are Sir Charles and Lady Hartopp, Mr. and Mrs. George Keppel, Mrs. de Winton, Lord Athlumney, and Mr. Sturt, among others."<ref>"Hints for Ladies. Fashion at Derby Races." ''Derby Mercury'' 24 November 1897, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000052/18971124/050/0006.</ref> '''1898''', Alice Keppel became the mistress of [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales |Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]. The article on her in ''Wikipedia''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2020-06-11|title=Alice Keppel|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_Keppel&oldid=962041251|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Keppel.</ref> says they met in 1898, but they both were present at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball in 1897, so she likely was presented if not introduced to him; on the other hand, more than 700 people were there. '''1899 January 25, Wednesday''', the Hon. George Keppel, at least, and perhaps Freddie, was present at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#25 January 1899, Wednesday|Holderness Hunt Ball]]. '''1899 September 4, Monday,''' the Hon. George and Mrs. George Keppel were at [[Social Victorians/People/Holden#1899 September 4, Monday|the house party of Mr. E. W. Meckett, M.P., at Kirkstall Grange]] that week, held as part of the Doncaster races. '''1900 July 27, Friday''', Alice Keppel (at least) was present at a [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson#1900 July 27, Friday|dinner party for Albert Edward, Princes of Wales hosted by the Arthur Wilsons]]. George Keppel's name is not listed. == Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == Freddie Keppel — the Hon. Mrs. George Keppel — attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] dressed as Madame de Polignac. The Hon. George Keppel attended, dressed as King Solomon. Neither appears to have been in the first supper seating, suggesting that her prominence was yet to come. Also, they did not use any of the most notable costumiers (like [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mr. Alias|Mr. Alias]]) or couturiers (like [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]]) who sometimes provided the press with information about or perhaps viewings of the costumes.[[File:Duchess of Polignac by E.Vigee-Lebrun (1787, Atheneum).jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of the upper half of a woman wearing a white dress with a black lacy shawl and a large straw hat over hair that is loose and lightly powdered|''Duchess of Polignac'' by Vigee-Le Brun, 1787]] === The Hon. Mrs. George Keppel === The newspapers commented on the Keppels' costumes, but no portrait of either for this ball survives. The portrait of Gabrielle, Duchess of Polignac (right), painted by Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun in 1787, shows the duchess at about 30 years old, about what Alice Keppel was at the time of the ball. Vigée Le Brun painted several portraits of Gabrielle around this time, and in them all, Gabrielle appears informally dressed, without jewelry, so the portraits seem more intimate than official. Gabrielle's dress in this portrait is not the original for Keppel's dress — its style is transitional between the stiff fabrics and panniers of the formal court (and the past) and the post-revolutionary empire waists, columnar shape and lightweight fabrics. [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|Ardern Holt]]'s description of Keppel's dress for ''The Queen'' (below) bears no relation to what we can see in Le Brun's portrait of Gabrielle, Duchess of Polignac. ==== Newspaper Reports of Her Costume ==== Alice Keppel walked in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#Louis XV and XVI Period|Louis XV procession]] led by [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess of Warwick]], who was dressed as Marie Antoinette. *She was "very beautiful," and, "as Madame de Polignac, wore a lovely dress of silver cloth embroidered in silver and pink gems and garlands of small roses. The bunched out over dress was of pink and silver brocade lined with apple-green satin."<ref>"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses." London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.</ref>{{rp|p. 6, Col. 1a}} *She was dressed as Madame de Polignac in the quadrille of the Louis XV and XVI Period.<ref name=":1">"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref> *"Mrs. George Keppel, as Madame de Polignac, wore a dress of silver cloth embroidered in silver and pink gems and garlands of small roses. The bunched-out over-dress was of pink and silver brocade lined with apple-green satin."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3c}} *"Among these [in the Countess of Warwick's Marie Antoinette quadrille] the Honourable Mrs. George Keppell looked very beautiful.... Mrs. George Keppell, as Madame de Polignac, wore a lovely dress of silver cloth embroidered in silver, and pink gems and garlands of small roses. The bunched-out over-dress was of pink and silver brocade lined with apple green satin."<ref>"The Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Dress Ball. Special Telegram." ''Belfast News-Letter'' Saturday 03 July 1897: 5 [of 8], Col. 9 [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000038/18970703/015/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9c}} *Ardern Holt's writing for ''The Queen'' is typically more trustworthy on fashion and garment construction than other, more traditional news outlets: "''Madame de Polignac'' appeared at the Devonshire House ball in the Louis XV. quadrille, represented by the Hon. Mrs George Keppel, in an old dress of the period, a rose and silver brocade handed down from that century. The [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|pouf paniers]] [sic] were lined with pale green soft satin, and faced back with wide bands of silver embroidery. The hooped petticoat was of cloth of silver worked in tinsel threads of all shades, forming a design of roses in true lovers' knots extending from the waist to the hem; at the foot it was garlanded with pink pompon [sic] roses, interlaced through the stripes of embroidery, and below this was a quaint pleating of silver lace. The low bodice was finished off with a transparent lace collar sewn with silver. The hair was powdered and dressed very high, with soft curls falling on the neck, surmounted by a pink and green ostrich feather and a small garland of roses. She wore long lace mittens."<ref>Holt, Arden. “Fancy Dress.” ''The Queen'' 31 July 1897, Saturday: 43 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18970731/280/0043.</ref> ==== Madame de Polignac ==== Madame de Polignac was Yolande Martine Gabrielle de Polastron (1749–1793), known as Gabrielle.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-01|title=Yolande de Polastron|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolande_de_Polastron|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolande_de_Polastron.</ref> She was a confidante and favorite of Marie Antoinette beginning in 1775, though Gabrielle was unpopular and the queen's affections were variable.<ref name=":4" /> One of Madame de Polignac's closest friends was Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire. Gabrielle died of cancer in Switzerland, shortly after Marie Antoinette's execution in Paris, having fled France after the storming of the Bastille.<ref name=":4" /> [[File:King Solomon.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of a seated, bearded man holding a scepter and looking off to our left|Simeon Solomon's ''King Solomon'', c. 1874]] === The Hon. George Keppel === George Keppel (who is early in the list '''of the people attending the ball''' for the London ''Morning Post''), walked in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#Louis XV and XVI Period|"Oriental" procession]] as King Solomon in the Suite of Men following the two Queens of Sheba (Lady Cynthia Graham and [[Social Victorians/People/Pless |Daisy, Princess of Pless]])<ref name=":1" />{{rp|7, Col. 5b}}<ref>"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> and was attended by "Messrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|p. 34, Col. 3a}} No photograph of Keppel in his costume from this ball exists. The c. 1874 portrait of King Solomon (right), by Simeon Solomon, is now in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., which received it as a gift in 1995 from William B. O'Neal.<ref name=":5">"Solomon, Simeon (1874?)), King Solomon." Art Object Page 76152. National Gallery of Art. https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.76152.html#provenance (retrieved 2024-11-27).</ref> O'Neal may have bought it from the Durlacher Brothers,<ref name=":5" /> an art gallery founded in London in 1843 by Henry Durlacher and his brother George. After Henry Durlacher's death his sons opened a New York branch.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-13|title=Lewis Durlacher|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Durlacher|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Durlacher.</ref> Where George Keppel might have seen this painting — if he ever did — is not clear, because it is not clear how long the Durlacher Brothers owned it or when they exhibited it. In spite of how it looks, this is the entire painting. Of the many depictions of King Solomon, Simeon Solomon's painting might have been familiar to Keppel or his costumier, and it shows the king wearing a crown, robe and light-colored tunic, like Keppel. According to the newspaper reports Keppel was dressed as *"King Solomon. Tunic of white silk with an elaborate border of jewels; turquoise silk robe lined with white, and a jewelled crown."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 7, Col. 7b}} *"King Solomon. Tunic of white silk with an elaborate border of jewels; turquoise silk robe, lined with white, and a jewelled crown."<ref name=":3">“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.</ref>{{rp|p. 3, Col. 2a}} *(King Solomon), tunic of white silk, embroidered in gold, with an elaborate border on the bottom of jewels and turquoise; turquoise silk robe lined with white; jewelled headdress."<ref name=":2">“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032. Print p. 50, Col. 3a.</ref>{{rp|p. 34, Col. 3a}} ==== King Solomon ==== Stories about King Solomon appear in Jewish, Christian, Islamic and Baháʼí traditions.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-11-04|title=Solomon|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon.</ref> The Queen of Sheba visited King Solomon with gifts and tested his wisdom, perhaps the characteristic most associated with him. The [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Encyclopaedia Britannica|9th edition of the ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'']] does not have an article about King Solomon, although he figures in other, historical articles, like the one on Israel. == The 1895 Warwick Bal Poudré == [[File:Alice - Kostümfest.jpg|thumb|alt=Old black-and-white photograph showing a woman dressed in a long gown with a lot of ruffles|Alice Keppel, 1895?]] The Hon. George and Alice Keppel attended the Countess and Earl of Warwick's [[Social Victorians/1895 Bal Poudre Warwick Castle|February 1895 bal poudré at Warwick Castle]]. Even though no portrait of Alice in her costume from the 1897 Duchess of Devonshire ball exists, a photograph of her in what may be her costume for at the Warwick ball does. This photograph (right), which has no provenance information, is a low-resolution digital image of a positive rather than a negative, which explains its poor quality. (The Lafayette Negative Archive [http://lafayette.org.uk/<nowiki>] and the Bassano Studio Portrait Collection [</nowiki>https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/bassano-studio-portrait-collection<nowiki>] do not include any portraits of the Keppels.)</nowiki> According to the ''Leamington Spa Courier'', Alice Keppel was dressed as a "Lady, time Louis XVI." at the Warwick ball and wearing a<blockquote>Gown of shell pink satin, pointed bodice, with full paniers, of antique brocade of the real deep rose shade known as du Barri sewn with silver thread and bouquets of roses. Full petticoat, of dull creamy-tinted satin, with a deep band round it of silver tissue embroidered with garlands of small leafless roses. The sleeves had long ruffles of old lace. The hair was powdered and dressed elaborately and high, with three rose du Barri feathers in it and a little cap of lace. The shoes were of pink satin, with diamond buckles.<ref>"The Grand Bal Poudre at Warwick Castle." ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 09 February 1895, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Cols. 1a–6c [of 6] – 7, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006].</ref> (6, 4c)</blockquote>The description from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' does not match the dress in this photograph in a number of particulars, at least as well as it is possible to analyze the image. The dress in the photograph is not a dress from the 18th century, and it does not appear to have "[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|full paniers]]," although it may have the late 19th-century version of panniers — a bustle. The neckline, however, makes it look like a costume intended to look like an 18th century dress. The sleeves also have "long ruffles" of lace and, because of the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Frou-frou|frou-frou]], also seem 18th century. Keppel's gloves cover her arm up above the elbow, an oddity that seems to clash with the long ruffles on the sleeves, which would normally emphasize the flesh. == Demographics == *Nationality: British === Residences === *1 February 1895: 2, Wilton Crescent, London<ref>"The Grand Bal Poudre at Warwick Castle." ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 09 February 1895, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Cols. 1a–6c [of 6] – 7, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006].</ref> (6, Col. 4c) *30 Portman Square<ref name=":0" /> == Family == * William Coutts Keppel, 7th Earl of Albemarle (15 April 1832 – 28 August 1894)<ref>"William Coutts Keppel, 7th Earl of Albemarle." "Person Page 16514." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe'' https://www.thepeerage.com/p1652.htm#i16514 (accessed November 2022).</ref> * Sophia Mary MacNab (5 July 1832 – 5 April 1917)<ref>"Sophia Mary MacNab." "Person Page 16517." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe'' https://www.thepeerage.com/p1652.htm#i16517 (accessed November 2022).</ref> # Lt.-Col. Arnold Allen Cecil Keppel, 8th Earl of Albemarle (1 June 1858 – 12 April 1942) # Gertrude Mary Keppel (9 November 1859 – 7 April 1860) # Lady Theodora Keppel (11 January 1862 – 30 October 1945) # '''Hon. Sir Derek William George Keppel''' (7 April 1863 – 26 April 1944) # Lady Hilda Mary Keppel (29 August 1864 – 7 October 1955) # '''Lt.-Col. Hon. George Keppel''' (14 October 1865 – 22 November 1947) # Lady Leopoldina Olivia Keppel (14 November 1866 – 9 August 1948) # Lady Susan Mary Keppel (5 May 1868 – 26 June 1953) # Lady Mary Stuart Keppel (15 May 1869 – 21 September 1906) # Lady Florence Cecilia Keppel (24 February 1871 – 30 June 1963) *Freddie (Alice Frederica) Edmonstone Keppel (29 April 1868 – 11 September 1947)<ref name=":0" /> *George Keppel (14 October 1865 – 22 November 1947)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-14|title=George Keppel (British Army officer, born 1865)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Keppel_(British_Army_officer,_born_1865)&oldid=967698366|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> #Violet Trefusis (6 June 1894 – 1 March 1970 [Wikipedia says 1972]) #Sonia Cubitt (24 May 1900 – 16 August 1986) == Also Known As == Freddie Keppel *Family name: his, Keppel; hers, Edmunstone *Freddie (Alice Frederica) Edmonstone Keppel *Alice Keppel: [https://viaf.org/viaf/62357923/ VIAF: 62357923] The Honourable George Keppel Sir Derek Keppel == Notes and Questions == # David Cannadine says of courtiers with aristocratic connections and long careers, "Sir Derek Keppel, brother of the eighth Earl of Albermarle, served every sovereign from Queen Victoria to King George VI."<ref>Cannadine, David. ''The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy''. New York: Yale University Press, 1990.</ref>{{rp|245}} # The Hon. George Keppel is #39 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Mrs. George Keppel — Freddie — is #231. # Lamont-Brown, Raymond. ''Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser: Edward VII's Last Loves''. History Press, 2013. Rpt. of ''Edward VII's Last Loves'', Sutton, 2005. Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ. # When were the Keppels presented to the Queen? # George Keppel was attended by "Messrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]." == Footnotes == {{reflist}} lcaao0e3ycxcmzzfgldmwk98fcdnp74 0 264048 2690025 2685380 2024-12-02T20:55:51Z Scogdill 1331941 /* "Oriental" Procession */ 2690025 wikitext text/x-wiki =The Processions and Quadrilles= After they arrived and had been greeted by the 20-year old [[Social Victorians/People/William Angus Drogo Montagu|William, Duke of Manchester]] (grandson of [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Louisa, Duchess of Devonshire]]) at the bottom of the famous Devonshire House stairs and the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire at the top, the Royals led the processions into "the White and Gold Saloon," where a dais had been set up for them.<ref name=":0">"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4A–8 Col. 2B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref>{{rp|p. 7, Col. 4c?}} Once the Royals were on the dais, the processions began, perhaps followed by or perhaps including the quadrilles. The ''Gentlewoman'' emphasized the "Oriental" procession, which was the first to be presented (the newspapers used the word ''Oriental'' to refer to what we would now think of as the Middle East and northern Africa as well as what we would now call ''Asian''): <blockquote>First came the Oriental queens, headed by the Duchess of Devonshire herself, who was accompanied by the Duke, as Charles V. of Germany, in black velvet and furs. Among the most magnificent of the Oriental personages was Princess Henry Pless, who, as the Queen of Sheba, was gorgeous to behold. Her dress was of purple and gold-shot gauze, bodice and skirt embroidered nearly to the knees, the train being one mass of jewels encrusted in gold. An Assyrian headdress, with clusters of diamonds over each ear, jewelled feathers, and chains of diamonds and turquoises, which were attached to armlets from shoulder to wrist, completed a costume of dazzling splendour. The other Queen of Sheba, who was Lady Cynthia Graham, was charmingly attired in white and silver and rose red. There were also two Cleopatras — Lady de Grey was one mass of beautiful embroideries, and Mrs. Arthur Paget looked her character to the life, and her jewels were quite the most magnificent in the room. Mr. Gerald Paget walked beside her, attired very effectively as Mark Antony. Among the gods and goddesses was Titania, the Queen of the Fairies; Lady Westmorland who made the prettiest Hebe; the Furies, Lady Lurgan and Lady Sophie Scott; and Lady Archibald Campbell, who elected to appear as Diana.<br /><br />Then came the processions of the various Courts, who afterwards formed into separate quadrilles.<ref name=":8">“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' Saturday 10 July 1897: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032. Print pp. 48–58.</ref>{{rp|p. 32, Col. 2c}}</blockquote> The reports in the ''Times'' and the ''Gentlewoman'' agree that first the processions were presented to the Prince and Princess of Wales, and then the quadrilles were danced in front of the royals.<ref name=":5" />{{rp|p. 12, Col. 1a}} Dancing quadrilles was a custom at other fancy-dress balls or costume parties as well. (One type of quadrille is the American square dance.) Not everyone was part of a procession, but the quadrilles, some of which had been rehearsed at least to some degree, seem usually to have been smaller groups of people. == The Courts == The processions were made up of the members of the "Courts" of the various monarchs, particularly queens, as well as other groups not led by the 4 queens identified by the ''Times''. The first procession was the "Oriental" one, which included [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Louisa, Duchess of Devonshire]] as Zenobia, the Queens of Sheba and the Cleopatras. This procession was followed by the goddesses and gods. Contrasting this ball with the fancy-dress ball hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales at Marlborough House on 22 July 1874, the ''Times'' says,<blockquote>the innovation of yesterday was the idea of different Courts headed by various well-known ladies and attended by their friends as Princes and courtiers. The Royal party itself fell in very readily with this idea, and attended in historical and mostly Royal costumes of the 16th century. There were four Courts strictly so-called, besides two groups which were separately arranged, but which are only to be called Courts by an extension of the term. The four were the Elizabethan Court, headed by Lady Tweedmouth as Queen Elizabeth with Sir Francis Jeune as Lord Chief Justice, Lord Arran a Cardinal, and [Col. 1a / Col. 1b] Lord Rowton as Archibishop Farrer; the Louis XV. and XVI. Court, with Lady Curzon as Queen Marie Leczinska and Lady Warwick as Marie Antoinette; the Court of Maria Theresa with Lady Londonderry as the Empress, Lord Lansdowne as Prince Kaunitz, and Lady Lansdowne as Lady Keith; and the Court of the Empress Catherine II of Russia, its Imperial centre being Lady Raincliffe. Of equal importance with these Courts were the group of Orientals and the Italian procession, the chief members of the former being the hostess herself, the Duchess of Devonshire as Zenobia, Lady de Grey as Lysistrate, and Lady Cynthia Graham as the Queen of Sheba; while the latter, which covered not only the great period of Italian art but the 17th century as well, was made illustrious both by the beauty of the dresses and by the great distinction of many of those who wore them.<ref name=":5" />{{rp|p. 12, Col. 1a–2b}}</blockquote> Referencing the article on the ball in the ''Times'', both the ''Westminster Gazette'' and the London Evening ''Mail'' say, <blockquote>THE VARIOUS "COURTS." It is twenty-three years (the ''Times'' continues) since a ball of similar design and magnificence was given. We are referring to the famous ball at Marlborough House on July 22, 1874. In one respect there was a considerable difference, for, whereas the Prince of Wales's ball had a number of distinct quadrilles — a Venetian quadrille, a Vandyck quadrille, and a pack-of-cards quadrille — the innovation of yesterday was the idea of different Courts headed by various well-known ladies and attended by their friends as princes and courtiers. ... The dancing was of the most desultory description. In the quadrilles people did their best to vie with the old-fashioned courtliness and grace. Some of their courtesies were quite beautifully done. In the procession everyone saluted the Princess of Wales in appropriate style. The Orientals spread out their hands in the impressive Oriental manner; the gods struck the ground with their sticks, and so on.<ref>“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 2–3}} <ref name=":9">“Ball at Devonshire House.” Evening ''Mail'' 05 July 1897 Monday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003187/18970705/070/0008.</ref>{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1a–b}} </blockquote>A report in ''Truth'' emphasizes the queens among the costumed guests. Framed as a letter to "Amy" and referring obliquely to the extensive newspaper coverage of the ball, the report begins,<blockquote>DEAREST AMY, — The historic and fancy ball at Devonshire House outshone, as the moon the stars, every other social event of the week. I must try to describe some of the dresses for you, and am sending a sheaf of newspapers from which you will gather some idea of the splendour of the occasion. In tissue of silver and cloth of gold, and richly jewelled from head to foot, stood the stately Zenobia, Duchess of Devonshire, at the head of her marble stairway, to receive her guests of all the ages: queens who had stepped out of history to grace the scene, queens from the idyllic stories of the long ago, queens from ancient Persia and Abyssinia, and queens from Fairyland. Was not Titania there herself, with glittering wings and lily-wand? And the beautiful fair-haired queen, before whom all bent and performed obeisance as she passed, fair Marguerite de Valois, in gleaming snowy satin and high lace collar, with silver-lined train of cloth of gold, was she not our own Princess, the Queen of Hearts?<ref name=":10" /></blockquote>The Princess of Wales was "our own Princess, the Queen of Hearts." Titania "with glittering wings and lily-wand" may have been one of three women: # [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson#Jack and Susanna Wilson Graham Menzies|Susannah Wilson Graham Menzies]], whose costume included "an immense spray of white lilies"<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7b}} as a kind of very large wand or staff; her costume does not, however, seem to have wings. # [[Social Victorians/People/Murray#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Mary Graham Murray]]: neither wings nor wand is mentioned in the scant coverage in the press of her costume.<ref name=":8" /> # [[Social Victorians/People/de Alcalo Galiano#Mademoiselle de Alcalo Galiano|Mademoiselle de Alcalo Galiano]], whose portrait is in the album, although no newspaper descriptions of her costume exist at this time. What Mademoiselle de Alcalo Galiano is wearing on her shoulders could be interpreted as glittering wings, perhaps, but no wand or lilies are present in the portrait, and because her photographer was Bassano, other poses or images of her in costume do not seem to exist at this time. The ''Western Gazette'' describes the quadrilles and processions in the introduction of its story on the ball:<blockquote>The most sumptuous epochs of the most sumptuous Courts were represented, and that with a dazzling completeness which made the times live again all their glitter of precious stuffs, of gold brocades, and imposing arrays of jewels beyond price. There was a noble diversity, yet a satisfying consistency, for the main theory was to reproduce the Courts of princes famous for their love of sumptuary display, and notably the reign of Queen Elizabeth, as perhaps the richest in brave apparel, with the contemporaneous outlook of the French and Spanish Courts of the same era, and these afforded every opportunity for gorgeous display. It might be said that as a panorama of historical costume on these lines no such opportunity has ever occurred of seeing and realising the glories of dress, and the consistent reproduction of historical personages in all their traditional bravery to the fullest advantage.<ref name=":2">"The Duchess of Devonshire's Great Ball. Remarkable Social Function. Crowds of Mimic Kings & Queens. Panorama of Historical Costume. An Array of Priceless Jewels." ''Western Gazette'' 9 July 1897: 2 [of 8], Col. 7A–C. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000407/18970709/009/0002.</ref>{{rp|p. 2, Col. 7a}}</blockquote> === How the Courts Were Organized === The suggestion that some of the women form courts, which may have come from the Duchess of Devonshire herself,<ref>Wilson, Verity. ''Dressing Up: A History of Fancy Dress in Britain''. Reaktion, 2022: 62.</ref> caused the ball to be visually organized in a way that it would not have been otherwise, because so many of the costumes were from the same time periods. Dressing as a queen was not only not unusual, but, at the many fancy-dress balls and Gothic revival tournaments, “One of the most common costumes for a lady of the Victorian period was … that of a Queen.”<ref>Thrush, Nanette. "Clio's Dressmakers: Women and the Uses of Historical Costume." In Meaghan Clarke, ed. ''Fashionability, Exhibition Culture and Gender Politics: Fair Women''. Routledge, 2020: 258-277.</ref>{{rp|270}} There were actual royals present — the Prince of Wales and his family as well as expatriate royals living in London and dignitaries from the Empire. Put on the dais and the object of formal presentations by the processions and quadrilles, [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#The Royals On the Dias|the actual royals]] mostly did not assert their royalty fictionally. The highest fictional rank among the royals was Alexandra, Princess of Wales, who was dressed as Marguerite de Valois. The total number of women dressed as queens is large but, according to the ''Times'', only 4 defined the courts, "strictly so-called."<ref name=":5" />{{rp|p. 12, Col. 1a–2b}} The first 4 — Marie Thérèse of Austria, Catherine II of Russia, Marie Antoinette and Queen Elizabeth — were the most important and organized in the ball, and their "courts" accounted for many of the other guests who attended. Of the 700 or so people who attended the ball, 134–137 are accounted for by the first 4 queens and 263–267 by all the various kinds of courts, processions and quadrilles. (The numbers of people in the various courts are not perfectly stable: not all the newspapers that treat the courts agree on who was in them; these numbers are based on the typeset visualizations in the ''Morning Post''.) Just because of chance and the individual choice of whom to personate, many of the others at the ball who came as individuals or part of much smaller groups and who were not in processions would have contributed to the number of people dressed in that time period and looking as if they could have been part of the courts. A large number of individuals, including almost all the royals ('''check Princess Louise, Faust costume, opera?'''), were also in Elizabethan dress. The ''Western Gazette'' says that "the French and Spanish Courts [were] of the same era."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|p. 2, Col. 7a}} These additional costumes from the time periods of the major courts probably made the ball look more coherent, although one newspaper account describes the effect of random and unrelated people seen side by side in conversation ('''find this'''). Also, individuals dressed as ancestors represent belonging to a kinship group rather than a social network of friends. Nearly fifty women came as historical, Biblical, and occasionally fictional queens, empresses and other regents. They were # [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Louise, Duchess of Devonshire]], dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra and functioning as an individual, maybe but not probably part of the "Oriental" procession # [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Fanny Marjoribanks, Lady Tweedmouth]], dressed as Elizabeth, Queen of England and leading 40 people # Theresa Vane-Tempest-Stewart, [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marchioness of Londonderry]], dressed as Marie Thérèse of Austria, Queen and Holy Roman Empress and leading a procession of between 34 and 37 people # Grace Denison, [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough|Viscountess Raincliffe]], dressed as Catherine II, Queen of Russia and leading the Russia procession of 31 people plus trumpeters and "Black Attendants" # [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess Warwick]], dressed as Marie Antoinette, Queen of France and leading 29 Louis XV and XVI royals and courtiers, not counting pages # [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]], dressed as Marguerite de Valois and with a court of 7 or 8 people, all family members, plus 2 attendants # [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie|Violet, Countess of Mar and Kellie]], dressed as Beatrice and leading the Venetians procession of 47 people # [[Social Victorians/People/Gerard|Lady Mary Gerard]], dressed as Astarte, Goddess of the Moon, not exactly a queen but in this list because she led the 7-person procession of goddesses from mythology # [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland|Lilian, Marchioness of Zetland]], dressed as Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I of England and leading 12 people in the courts of Charles I and Charles II # Elizabeth [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Butler]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Marchioness of Ormonde]], dressed as Queen Guinevere and leading 21 people in the Knights of the Table of King Arthur procession #[[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|Corisande Evelyn Vere, Lady Rodney]], dressed as Queen Guinevere, was not listed as being in the procession; she attended with her husband, who was dressed as King Arthur. #Daisy Cornwallis-West, [[Social Victorians/People/Pless|Princess Henry of Pless]], dressed as Queen of Sheba and leading a procession of “Oriental” queens (23 people) with Lady Cynthia Graham #[[Social Victorians/People/Feversham|Lady Cynthia Graham]], dressed as Queen of Sheba and leading a procession of “Oriental” queens (23 people) with Daisy, Princess Henry of Pless #Katherine Osborne, [[Social Victorians/People/Leeds|Duchess of Leeds]], not a queen but in this list because she led the 17-person procession of Duchesses with Georgina, Dowager Countess of Dudley #Georgina, [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Dowager Countess of Dudley]], not a queen but in this list because she led the 17-person procession of Duchesses with Katherine, Duchess of Leeds # [[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family|Lady Minnie Paget]], dressed as Cleopatra in the "Oriental" procession; attended with her husband and her brother-in-law, who was dressed as Marc Anthony # [[Social Victorians/People/Gwladys Robinson|Gwladys Robinson]], Marchioness of Ripon (when Countess de Grey), dressed as Cleopatra #[[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Kathleen Pelham-Clinton, Duchess of Newcastle]], dressed as Princess Dashkova # [[Social Victorians/People/Connaught|Princess Louise, Duchess of Connaught]], dressed as Anne of Austria, Queen of France # [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck]], dressed as Princess Sophia Electress of Luneberg and Hanover, mother of George I # Madame [[Social Victorians/People/Baudon de Mony|Baudon de Mony]], dressed as Princess of Navarre # [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio, Marquisa de Santurce]], dressed as the Infanta of Spain # [[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Thérèse née Kinsky, Countess Clary-Aldringen]], dressed as the Queen of Naples, Napoleon's sister # [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Princess of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg]], née Countess Josephine Kinsky, dressed as Princess Pauline Borghese, Napoleon's sister # [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzgerald|Amelia, Lady Fitzgerald]], dressed as Marie Joséphe, Queen of Poland, A.D. 1737 # [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Margaret Child-Villiers, Countess of Jersey]], dressed as Anne of Austria, Queen of France # [[Social Victorians/People/Katharine Mary Montagu Douglas Scott|Katharine Montagu-Douglas-Scott]], dressed as Marie Stuart, Mary Queen of Scots # [[Social Victorians/People/Minto|Mary, Countess of Minto]], dressed as '''Princess Andrillon''' # [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]], dressed as Queen Vashti # [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Candida Louise, Marchioness of Tweeddale]], dressed as Empress Josephine # Aileen, Countess of Meath, dressed as Queen Hortense # [[Social Victorians/People/Buckingham and Chandos|Alice, Duchess of Buckingham and Chandos]], dressed as Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus # [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom|Alice, Countess of Lathom]], dressed as Catherine of Aragon # [[Social Victorians/People/Leslie|Leonie Blanche Jerome, Lady Leslie]], dressed as Brunhild # Helena, Countess of Stradbroke, dressed as Delilah # Ethel, Lady Knaresborough, dressed as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia # [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Jennie, Lady Randolph Churchill]], dressed as Empress Theodora, wife of Justinian # [[Social Victorians/People/Essex|Adela, Countess of Essex]], dressed as Berenice, Queen of Palestine # Hon. Julia Beatrice Maguire, dressed as Dido, Queen of Carthage # [[Social Victorians/People/Bischoffsheim|Clarisse Bischoffsheim]], dressed as Anne of Austria, queen with Louis XIII of France # [[Social Victorians/People/de Trafford|Violet, Lady de Trafford]], dressed as Semiramis, Queen of Assyria # [[Social Victorians/People/Hartopp|Millicent, Lady Cradock-Hartopp]], dressed as the Empress Josephine # [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Beatrix, Countess Cadogan]], dressed as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia # [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset|Susan Margaret, Duchess of Somerset]], dressed as Jane, Queen of England, wife to King Henry VIII and mother of King Edward VI # [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill|Emily Theresa, Lady Ampthill]], dressed as the Princess de Lamballe # [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox|Blanche, Lady Gordon-Lennox]], dressed as the Princess de Lamballe # [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Rachel, Countess of Dudley]], dressed as Queen Esther # Mademoiselle de Alealo Galiano, dressed as the Queen of the Fairies # Susannah Graham Menzies, dressed as Titania, Queen of the Fairies Some women came as goddesses: # [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel|Marie, Baroness de Courcel]], dressed as Night # Florence, Lady Terence Blackwood, dressed as Flora Goddess of Flowers # Probably (Sybil Aimée) Geraldine Webber (née Magniac), dressed as Dawn # [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Fanny Ronalds]], dressed as Euterpe # [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Alice, Lady Glenesk]], dressed as Egeria # [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Louisa Augusta Beatrice (née Montagu), Countess of Gosford]], dressed as Minerva (period of Louis XV) # [[Social Victorians/People/Westmorland|Sybil Mary (née St Clair-Erskine), Countess of Westmorland]], dressed as Hebe # [[Social Victorians/People/Gerard|Mary Emmeline Laura (née Milner), Lady Gerard]], dressed as Astarte, Goddess of the Moon # [[Social Victorians/People/Hope-Vere|Marie Elizabeth Françoise Hope-Vere]] (née Guillemin), dressed as Medusa # [[Social Victorians/People/Herschell|Agnes Adela (née Kindersley), Lady Herschell]], dressed as Night # Dorothy Blanche ('Doreen', née Boyle), Viscountess Long, dressed as Urania, Goddess of Astronomy # [[Social Victorians/People/Wolverton|Edith Amelia (née Ward), Lady Wolverton]], dressed as Britannia # [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lord Stanley and Lady A. Stanley|Lady Alice Stanley]], dressed as Diana Men also came as kings and emperors: # [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish|Spencer Compton, Duke of Devonshire]], dressed as the Emperor Charles V # [[Social Victorians/People/Boulatzell|N. Boulatzell]], dressed as Prince of Mingrelia # [[Social Victorians/People/Wolverton|Frederic Glyn, 4th Baron Wolverton]], dressed as King Richard Coeur de Lion # [[Social Victorians/People/Duleep Singh|Prince Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh]], dressed as Akbar # [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry#Castlereagh|Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry]] when Viscount Castlereagh as the Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria, dressed as # [[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|George Rodney, 7th Baron Rodney]], dressed as King Arthur of the Round Table # [[Social Victorians/People/Dunville|John Dunville]], dressed as the Emperor Yuan of China # [[Social Victorians/People/Reuben David Sassoon|Reuben David Sassoon]], dressed as a Persian Prince # [[Social Victorians/People/Crewe-Milnes|Robert Offley Ashburton Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe]], dressed as Philip II of Spain # Sir Ralph Barrett Macnaghten, 9th Bt., dressed as Jerome Buonaparte, King of Westphalia # [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Alfred Charles de Rothschild]], dressed as King Henry III # [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Lord Henry Cavendish-Bentinck]], dressed as the King of Poland # [[Social Victorians/People/Hartopp|Sir Charles Edward Cradock-Hartopp, 5th Bt.]], dressed as Napoleon I The courts or groupings are subnetworks within the network at this ball: there are other women dressed as goddesses, for example, than the ones included in the procession, suggesting that the ones who organized into groups did it based on relationships with each other than with a preference for a particular time or person. At this ball, women were “arbiters” of cultural, social and political power. Even though both the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire hosted the ball, it was and has since always been called her ball. As social organizers, they were the gatekeepers to the aristocracy, granting some admittance and denying others.<ref name=":11" /> As accomplished beauties and leaders of fashion, they were cultural arbiters.<ref>Clarke, Meaghan. ''Fashionability, Exhibition Culture and Gender Politics: Fair Women''. Routledge, 2020.</ref> Costumed as queens, they presented themselves as “makers of history."<ref>Felber, Lynette, ed. ''Clio's Daughters: British Women Making History, 1790-1899''. Associated University Presses, 2007.</ref> Their portraits taken in costume, which can be found in the National Portrait Gallery today, were a performance of wealth and privilege, and, with the identities personated, power. === The Courts in Performance === We know almost nothing about how these processions or quadrilles were formed, except that the Duchess of Devonshire may have been encouraged these women to form courts: # Theresa Vane-Tempest-Stewart, [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marchioness of Londonderry]] as Marie Thérèse of Austria # Grace Denison, [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough|Viscountess Raincliffe]], dressed as Catherine II, Queen of Russia # [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess Warwick]], dressed as Marie Antoinette, Queen of France # [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Fanny Marjoribanks, Lady Tweedmouth]] as Elizabeth, Queen of England We know that the groups doing quadrilles would have been expected to have rehearsed, and we know that the Elizabethan procession, at least, did do so at a dinner party the night before the ball. == The Quadrilles == "[T]he quadrilles took place" after or as part of the procession.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|p. 7, Col. 4C}} A quadrille is a choreographed "square" dance. (The very specific kind of dance called a square dance in the U.S. is a quadrille, but not all quadrilles are American square dances.) Typically, quadrilles were made up of four couples. Apparently fancy-dress balls often included quadrilles, especially those with costumes of the past and ''bals poudres'' (typically balls with 18th-century costumes and powdered hair). The ''Western Gazette'' describes the quadrilles under "The Dancing":<blockquote>The dancing was of the most desultory description. There was the Royal quadrille and there were the quadrilles danced by the Venetians, and the Russian quadrille. In the quadrilles the dancers did their best to vie with the old-fashioned courtliness and grace. Some of their courtesies were quite beautifully done. If all did not fall in with the spirit of their times it was excusable, as there were no rehearsals. Not until the chaperons and those who merely went to see had left or gone down to supper was there space for ordinary dancing, and even then so few of the dresses were fitted for the waltz and the gardens were so temptingly cool with all their coloured lights that the latter attracted the majority.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|p. 2, Col. 7c}}</blockquote> This article suggests that there was a "Royal quadrille," suggesting that the Royals danced at some point as a group, and that the people did not rehearse their quadrilles. == The Royals On the Dias == The Royals who were on the dais were likely the immediate family of the Prince of Wales, including his siblings and children as well as the Princess of Wales, but a number of people who were — or had been — royals in other countries were also present at the ball. === The Prince and Princess of Wales's Children and Their Families === *[[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] as Grand Master of the Knights Hospitalier of Malta in the court of Queen Elizabeth *[[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] as Margaret of Valois *Prince George of Wales, [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary#George, Duke of York|Duke of York]] as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland and thus in Elizabethan dress *Mary of Teck, [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary#Mary, Duchess of York|Duchess of York]] as a lady in attendance on Margaret of Valois (Alexandra, Princess of Wales) *Princess Louise, [[Social Victorians/People/Fife|Duchess of Fife]] as one of the ladies of the court of Margaret of Valois (Alexandra, Princess of Wales) *Alexander Duff, [[Social Victorians/People/Fife|Duke of Fife]] as a courtier of late Elizabethan Period, the time of Henri II *[[Social Victorians/People/Prince Charles of Denmark|Maud of Wales, Princess Charles of Denmark]] accompanying the Princess of Wales as one of the ladies of the court of Margaret of Valois *[[Social Victorians/People/Prince Charles of Denmark|Prince Charles of Denmark]] accompanying the Prince and Princess of Wales as a gentleman of the Court of Denmark in the time of Elizabeth *[[Social Victorians/People/Princess Victoria of Wales|Princess Victoria of Wales]] === The Prince of Wales's Siblings and Their Families === *[[Social Victorians/People/Christian of Schleswig-Holstein|Princess Helena, or Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein]] as Sophia Charlotte, daughter of the Electress Sophia of Hanover and sister of George I *[[Social Victorians/People/Christian of Schleswig-Holstein|Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein]] as the Earl of Lincoln in the time of Elizabeth *[[Social Victorians/People/Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein|Princess Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein]], daughter of Helena and Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, as a lady or princess of the Elizabethan Court *[[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]], Marchioness of Lorne as a character from the opera ''Faust'' or the Tudor period *John Campbell, [[Social Victorians/People/Argyll|Marquis of Lorne]] as a Tudor *[[Social Victorians/People/Connaught|Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]] as an Elizabethan military commander *[[Social Victorians/People/Connaught|Princess Louise, Duchess of Connaught]] as Ann of Austria *[[Social Victorians/People/Alfred of Edinburgh|Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]], nephew of the Prince of Wales and son of Alfred of Edinburgh and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna Romanova, as Duke Robert of Normandy, A.D. 1060 Many of these costumes are from the Elizabethan period, but the royals wearing them would not have been in the Elizabethan procession or quadrille. One newspaper report noticed this as well. === Other Royals Possibly on the Dais === These people were closely related but not of Victoria's immediate family and thus perhaps not eligible for the same obeisances? So perhaps they were not on the dais. Also, they are not listed as having marched in a procession or danced in a quadrille. * [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Francis, Duke of Teck]] as Capitaine Garde du Roi, 1660 * Princess [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck]] as Princess Sophia, Electress of Luneburg and Hanover * Prince [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Alexander of Teck]] as a Dragoon Guard with a blue coat, Queen Anne's period * Prince [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Francis of Teck]] as a Dragoon Guard with a red coat, Queen Anne's period * Prince [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Adolphus of Teck]] ==Processions== Speaking of the processions before the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] the ''Morning Post'' describes the scene:<blockquote>One after the other they entered by one door, advanced up the middle of the ball room, made obeisance, and left by another door. Those who did not belong to any particular group lined the room and crowded the doorways. After this the quadrilles took place.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7, Col. 4C}}</blockquote>The ''Graphic'' published an illustration by W. Hatherell and J. Gulich showing a member of one of the processions bowing before the Prince and Princess of Wales, who is inclining her head in return. The guest has two train-bearers who look like children, which if this illustration is true to life means that the woman bowing is probably ("Duchess of Devonshire's Costume Ball, The: The Procession of Guests Bowing to the Royal Group in the White and Gold Saloon. Drawn by W. Hatherell and J. Gulich." The Graphic 10 July 1897: 17–18 [of 34]. [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000057/18970710/021/0017?browse=true https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000057/18970710/021/0017].) It seems that the processions came in to the White and Gold Saloon and then formed in front of the Royals to do their quadrilles, so any group might be called a procession or a quadrille, depending on what exactly they did. According to the ''Morning Post'', which in this list apparently mixes up "courts" and processions, "The following processions were formed shortly after the assembling of the guests, and passed through the ball-room": # "Oriental" (their word for it, and repeated twice more later in the list) # Goddesses and gods #Duchess # Venetians # Austrian # Russian, led by the "Trumpeters of the Imperial Guard" # Louis XVI # Elizabethan The ''Morning Post'' story highlighted the "Oriental" procession, which was the first procession to dance before the Prince and Princess of Wales. The story in the ''Gentlewoman'' also emphasizes this procession by listing it first and describing it in detail. Also, the ''Morning Post'' article attempted to illustrate how people were arranged in the processions by the way their names were typeset. The ''Times'' listed people in the various processions and courts, but did not attempt a typeset visualization the way the ''Morning Post'' did. === "Oriental" Procession === What the newspapers called the "Oriental" procession was "the Oriental Queens of an era previous to Christianity, with their suites," who were permitted to assemble in a different place than everybody else before leading the rest of the processions and quadrilles.<ref>“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.</ref>{{rp|5, Col. 2c}} <ref name=":8" />{{rp|32, Col. 2a}} One newspaper, the ''Times'', says that [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Louisa, Duchess]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish|Spencer Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire]] took part in the "Oriental" group.<ref name=":5" />{{rp|Col. 1b}} The ''Gentlewoman'' says,<blockquote> First [to present themselves to the Royals] came the Oriental queens, headed by the Duchess of Devonshire herself, who was accompanied by the Duke, as Charles V. of Germany, in black velvet and furs.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|32, Col. 2c}}</blockquote> This sentence from the ''Daily Telegraph'' occurs at the end of the description of the Duchess of Devonshire's costume, suggesting but not saying that the "Oriental" queens got this special treatment because she was one of them:<blockquote>Masters of the Ceremonies in Louis Seize military uniforms passed the guests through into inner rooms, only the Oriental Queens of an era previous to Christianity, with their suites, assembling in the white and gold saloon, with its fine pictures in the panels, and brilliantly-lighted by hundreds of wax candles in crystal chandeliers, as were all the rooms.<ref>“Historic Ball at Devonshire House. Brilliant Scene.” The ''Daily Telegraph'' 3 July 1897, Saturday: 9 [of 14], Col. 6a–7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18970703/094/0009.</ref>{{rp|9, Col. 6a}}</blockquote> The people in the "Oriental Procession" assembled in the white-and-gold saloon.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|32, Col. 2a}} The presentations to the Royals took place in the saloon or ballroom, which was "particularly magnificent, being a splendid harmony of white and gold."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|32, Col. 2a}} Besides having the white-and-gold saloon in which to assemble, the queens and suites of the "Oriental Procession" lined the "centre of the saloon" for the procession of the Prince and Princess of Wales to their place on the dais. According to the ''Gentlewoman'', <blockquote>About half-past eleven the Blue Hungarian Band, which was stationed in a small ante-room, announced the Prince of Wales' arrival with the stirring strains of "God Save the Queen," and His Royal Highness led the Princess up the centre of the saloon, which was lined by ladies dressed as Oriental queens and their suites.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|32, Col. 2a}}</blockquote> Other than the account in the ''Gentlewoman'', most newspapers that mention it say the "Oriental" procession was led by Lady Cynthia Graham and [[Social Victorians/People/Pless|Daisy Cornwallis-West, Princess of Pless]], as Queens of Sheba.<ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":0" />{{rp|7, Col. 5b}} In these reports, Lady Cynthia Graham's name is listed first in spite of the Princess of Pless's higher rank. ''Truth'' says that 3 women came dressed as Queen of Sheba but names only Lady Cynthia Graham and Daisy Cornwallis-West, the same 2 named by the ''Morning Post'' and ''Times'': "There were three Queens of Sheba, and Paris himself could scarcely have decided to which the apple of beauty should have been awarded."<ref name=":10" />{{rp|42, Col. 1b}} ==== The Attendants for the Queens of the "Oriental" Procession ==== Some of the Duchess of Devonshire's attendants and hired staff for the ball were people of color, probably boys and men. Some of the people in attendance on some of the queens at the ball were people of color, again probably boys and men. While not all of these queens were in the "Oriental" procession, several were. [[Social Victorians/People/Pless#Attendants of Daisy, Princess Henry of Pless|Daisy, Princess of Pless had attendants in her suite]], some of whom were probably hired as well as her sister and brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West|Shelagh Cornwallis-West]], as her "Ethiopian attendant,"<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7c}} and [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West#George Cornwallis-West|George Cornwallis-West]], who was ashamed of his blackface and costume and is not mentioned in any newspaper report. Both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' list the Hon. George Keppel in the suite of men, with the other men at his level, but the ''Gentlewoman'' says that at least 2 of the men — Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson — were attendants on him, suggesting that he might not have been an attendant but at the same level as Lady Cynthia and the Princess of Pless.<ref name=":8" /> (34, Col. 3a; print p. 50) ==== The Structure of the Procession ==== In the visualization in the ''Morning Post'', Lady Cynthia's name is first, followed by the Princess of Pless, at the same level. Then the suites of ladies and gentlemen follow, indented to show they accompanied either the Princess of Pless or, perhaps, both Queens of Sheba. The ''Morning Post'' illustrated the procession like this: # [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham|Lady Cynthia Graham]], as the Queen of Sheba # Daisy (Mary Theresa) [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West|Cornwallis-West]], [[Social Victorians/People/Pless|Princess Henry of Pless]], as the Queen of Sheba # The Suite of Ladies following Daisy, Princess of Pless (or perhaps both the two Queens of Sheba) ## Miss West: Miss Cornwallis West, [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West|Shelagh Cornwallis-West]], as her "Ethiopian attendant"<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7c}} ## Miss Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Goelet|Goelet]] ## [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lady C. Grosvenor|Lady C. Grosvenor]] ## Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Oppenheim|Rosalinda Oppenheim]] # The Suite of Men following Daisy, Princess of Pless (less likely both the two Queens of Sheba) ## The [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. George Keppel]], as King Solomon, in the Suite of Men following the two Queens of Sheba (Lady Cynthia Graham and Princess Henry of Pless)<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" />{{rp|p. 7, Col. 5b}} ## [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]] ## [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur Portman]] ##[[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]] ## The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Hon. Algernon Bourke|Hon. A. Bourke]]: Hon. Algernon Bourke ## [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West#George Cornwallis-West|George Cornwallis-West]], not mentioned in any newspaper report # [[Social Victorians/People/Duncombe|Lady Alicia Duncombe]], as a Greek Slave # [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Hon. Guendoline Bourke|Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke]]: Hon. Guendoline Bourke, as Salambo # Minnie Paget, [[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family|Mrs. Arthur Paget]], as Cleopatra # Gerald [[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family|Paget Paget]], likely Gerald Cecil Stewart Paget, as Marc Antony #Lady Randolph Churchill, according to the London Evening ''Mail''<ref name=":9" />{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}}, as Empress Theodora of Byzantium # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/de Trafford|Violet de Trafford]] #Alexandra Harriet Paget, [[Social Victorians/People/Colebrooke|Lady Colebrooke]] # Two women walking together for some reason ## Hon. Mrs. Julia [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|Peel Maguire]] (the ''Morning Post'' has her both in the Oriental and the Duchesses processions) ## Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Muriel Wilson]], as Queen Vashti # [[Social Victorians/People/Fraser#Helena Violet Alice Fraser (Miss Keith Fraser)|Miss Keith Fraser]] # Mary Charteris, [[Social Victorians/People/Charteris|Lady Elcho]] # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Hope-Vere|Hope-Vere]], as Medusa The ''Morning Post'' typeset a visualization of the procession, more or less, like this: Lady Cynthia Graham .................. Queen of Sheba. Princess Pless ....................... Queen of Sheba. Miss West .................. ) Miss Goelet ................ ) Lady C. Grosvenor .......... ) Suite of Ladies. Miss Oppenheim ............. ) The Hon. G. Keppel ......... ) Wilfred Wilson ............ ) Arthur Portman ............. ) Suite of Men. Gordon Wood ................ ) The Hon. A. Bourke ......... ) Lady Alicia Duncombe ................ Greek Slave. Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke .................. Salambo. Mrs. Arthur Paget .................... Cleopatra. Gerald Paget Paget ................... Marc Antony. Lady De Trafford Hon. Mrs. Maguire ................ ) Miss Muriel Wilson ................ ) Miss Keith Fraser Lady Elcho Mrs. Hope-Vere The ''Times'' article lists the members of this procession in paragraph form, but they are the same people in the same order in the list:<blockquote>Lady Cynthia Graham, Queen of Sheba; Princess Pless, Queen of Sheba; Miss West, Miss Goelet, Lady C. Grosvenorm, Miss Oppenheim, suite of ladies; Hon. G. Keppel, Wilfred Wilson, Arthur Postman, Gordon Wood, Hon. A Bourke, suite of men; Lady Alicia Dduncombe, Greek slave; Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, Salambo; Mrs. Arthur Paget, Cleopatra; Gerald Paget Paget, Marc Antony; Lady Randolph Churchill, Lade de Trafford, Lady Colebrooke, Hon. Mrs. Maguire, Miss Muriel Wilson, Miss Keith Fraser, Lady Elcho, Mrs. Hope-Vere.<ref name=":5" /> (12, Col. 1c)</blockquote> ===Goddesses=== The women who walked in the procession of goddesses included these women listed in the ''Morning Post'' list: *[[Social Victorians/People/Gerard|Lady Mary Gerard]] (at 256), as Astarte, Goddess of the Moon *Sybil Vane, [[Social Victorians/People/Westmorland|Countess of Westmorland]] (at 219), as Hebe *[[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan|Lady Emily Lurgan]] (at 56), a Fury *[[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Lady Sophie Scott]] (at 57), a Fury *[[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury|Mrs. Talbot]] (probably not the wife of [[Social Victorians/People/Talbot|Edmund Talbot]], as two other Mrs. Talbots were there, both wives of higher ranking men) *Miss de Brienen (at 259) *[[Social Victorians/People/Leslie|Mrs. Leonie Leslie]] (at 260) went as Brunhilde in the Goddesses procession The ''Gentlewoman'' says, "Among the gods and goddesses was Titania, the Queen of the Fairies; Lady Westmorland who made the prettiest Hebe; the Furies, Lady Lurgan and Lady Sophie Scott; and Lady Archibald Campbell, who elected to appear as Diana."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 32, Col. 2c}} Others dressed as goddesses — likely dressed as individuals and not part of an organized group — include the following: *Alice [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Borthwick, Lady Glenesk]] (at 88) as Egeria (although Algernon Borthwick, Baron Glenesk did walk in the Elizabethan procession) *Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Fanny Ronalds]] (at 92), as Euterpe, Goddess of Music *[[Social Victorians/People/Argyll|Lady Archibald Campbell]] (at 377), as Artemis, goddess of the chase *Mrs. Susannah [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Wilson Graham Menzies]] (at 378), as Titania. *Lady A. Stanley: Lady Alice Maud Olivia [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley|Montagu Stanley]] (at 157) as Diana. The ''Morning Post'' typeset a visualization of the procession, more or less, like this<ref name=":0" />{{rp|p. 7, Col. 5B}}: Goddesses were: Lady Gerard. Lady Westmorland. Lady Lurgan. Lady S. [Sophie?] Scott. Mrs. Talbot. Miss de Brienen. Mrs. Leslie. ===The Duchesses Procession=== The members of this procession included the following: # Katherine Osborne, the [[Social Victorians/People/Leeds|Duchess of Leeds]] (at 35), as the fictional Persian character Lalla Rookh. While the ''Morning Post'' says she walked in the Duchesses Procession, she might have walked in the "Oriental" one instead. # [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Lady Dudley]]: Georgina, Dowager Countess of Dudley (at 198) # [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon|Gwladys, Countess de Grey]] (at 136), possibly as Cleopatra (according to the ''Carlisle Patriot'', she headed the "Oriental" procession, but the ''Morning Post'' visualization puts her with the Duchesses)<ref>"Fancy Dress Ball: Unparalleled Splendour." ''Carlisle Patriot'' Friday 9 July 1897: 7 [of 8], Col. 4a–b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000365/18970709/084/0007.</ref> #[[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Lady Randolph Churchill]] (at 132), as Empress Theodora of Byzantium # Mrs. Maguire (the ''Morning Post'' has her both in the Oriental and the Duchesses processions) # [[Social Victorians/People/Adele Grant Capell|Adele Grant Capell, Countess Essex]] (at 194) # [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Margot Asquith]] (at 217), as a snake charmer # Mrs. Leo (at 246) # [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Louisa Acheson, Lady Gosford]] (at 140), as a lady in Charles V.'s Court(?) # Edith Glyn, [[Social Victorians/People/Wolverton|Baroness Wolverton]] (at 130), as Britannia # [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley|Lady Alice Maude Olivia Montagu Stanley]] (at 157) (but she seems more likely to have walked in the Goddess procession) # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|L. Brassey]] (at 252), as Apollo # [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Lady A. Acheson]] — Lady Alexandra Louise Elizabeth Acheson — (at 254), in Hunting Costume, period of Louis XV # [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Lord Acheson]], Archibald Charles Montagu Brabazon Acheson (at 255), as Mignon Henri III. or Raoul di Nangis # Lady J. Stanley (at 250) # W. Stanley: [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lord William Stanley and Lady Alexandra Stanley|Hon. Frederick William Stanley]] (at 473), in hunting dress (period of Louis XVI) or as Chasseur à Louis XV The ''Morning Post'' typeset a visualization of the procession, more or less, like this, suggesting that everybody except Lady de Grey and Lady Wolverton was walking or perhaps dancing side by side in pairs. Duchess of Leeds. Lady Dudley. Lady de Grey. Lady Randolph Churchill. Lady Colebrooke. Mrs. Maguire. Lady Essex. Mrs. Asquith. Mrs. Leo. Lady Gosford. E. Stanley. Lady Wolverton. Lady A. Stanley. L. Brassey. Lady A. Acheson. Lord Acheson. Lady J. Stanley. W. Stanley. ===Italian Procession=== The Venetians Procession is variously called the Venetian or 17th-century or Italian Procession or Quadrille in the newspapers. This group is also made up of subgroups: the Italian Procession, the Venetians and the 17th Century, each smaller procession with its own leader. The ''Westminster Gazette'' says, "The Venetian group might indeed have been called a 'dream of fair women,' as it numbered more decidedly beautiful women than any other at the ball."<ref>“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 1}} The ''Gentlewoman'' says,<blockquote>The Venetian Court was most picturesque, led by the Duchess of Portland, who looked magnificent in white brocade embroidered with silver, a diamond crown, and ropes of diamonds and pearl, round her neck. One of the most noticeable ladies of her Court was Lady Mar and Kellie, in white and green and silver, embroidered with gold.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 32, Col. 3a}}</blockquote>''Truth'' says something quite similar:<blockquote>The Venetian group was highly picturesque. Lord Lathom was Doge, and among the ladies and gentlemen of Venice were the Duchess of Portland, Countess of Mar and Kellie, Lady Alington, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Grenfell, and Lord and Lady St. Oswald.<ref name=":10">“Girls’ Gossip.” ''Truth'' 8 July 1897, Thursday: 41 [of 70], Col. 1b – 42, Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18970708/089/0041.</ref>{{rp|41, Col. 2c}}</blockquote> These are the names in the visualization in the ''Morning Post'' story. ==== Italian Procession ==== # The [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie|Countess Mar and Kellie]] (at 160), as Beatrice # Lloyd Tyrell-Kenyon, 4th [[Social Victorians/People/Lloyd Kenyon|Baron Kenyon]] (at 167) as Guido Cavalcanti # Mabel Winn, [[Social Victorians/People/Saint Oswald|Lady St. Oswald]] (at 284), as Duchessa di Caluria in the Italian procession or a Venetian lady of the 14th century # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham|George Wyndham]] (at 221), as Signor di Samare # [[Social Victorians/People/Forbes|Miss Blanche Forbes]] (at 285), as Donna Lucrezia Arcella # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Schreiber]] (at 286), as Duca d'Iripolda # [[Social Victorians/People/Higgins|Mrs. Higgins]] (at 287), as Donna Valeria Bodessa # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|William Henry Grenfell]] (at 222), as Signor di Argentina or as [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Mercutio]] # Mrs. Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Von Andre|Von André]] (at 289), as Desdemona # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Walter Murray Guthrie|Murray Guthrie]] (at 290), as Otello # [[Social Victorians/People/Montagu|Lady Alice Montagu]] (at 292), as Laura and escorted by Giles Fox-Strangways # Giles Fox-Strangways (at 78), [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Lord Stavordale]], as Petrarch # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson#Enid Wilson|Enid Wilson]] (at 293), as Giulietta # Lord Hyde: George Herbert Hyde [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Villiers]] (at 294), as Romeo ==== Venetians ==== # The [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom|Earl of Lathom]] (at 125), as Il Doge, Giovannino de Medici #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Hwfa Williams]] (was unable to attend), as Cardinale Giovanni Bembo #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Hwfa Williams]] (was unable to attend), as Caterina Cornaro (Regina di Cipri) # [[Social Victorians/People/Guest|Hon. Ivor Guest]] (at 295), as Marco (Re di Cipri) # Mildred Cadogan, [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Viscountess Chelsea]] (at 162), Venditrice di Fiori, a Veronese lady # [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Mr. Clarence Wilson]] (at 300), as Buffone #[[Social Victorians/People/Fortescue|Hon. Seymour Fortescue]] (at 296), as Avocato #[[Social Victorians/People/Warwick#Hon. Sir Sidney Robert Greville|Hon. S. Greville]] (at 297), as Cipriano # The [[Social Victorians/People/Curzon|Hon. Mrs. George (Mary) Curzon]] (at 301), as Marchesa Malaspina # [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family#Hon. George Peel|Hon. George Peel]] (at 302), as Luigi Giorgi # Ettie (Mrs. W.) [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Grenfell]] (at 200), as Contessa Maria Cicogna or Maria de Medici # The [[Social Victorians/People/Charteris|Hon. Evan Charteris]] (at 303), as Cavaliere Vittorio # [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Lady Lettice Grosvenor]] (at 304), as Bianca Capelli # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Thynne|Alexander Thynne]] (at 305), as Marino Grimani # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Cavendish Bentinck]] (at 264), as Grandezza degli Antenati # [[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan#Hon. Cecil Brownlow|Hon. Cecil Brownlow]] (at 305), as Nicolo Danabi # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Walter Murray Guthrie|Olive Guthrie]] (at 291), as Marguerita Grimani # [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Mr. Herbert Wilson]] (at 307), as Antonio Priali (misspelled as Briali) ==== 17th-Century Procession ==== # [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon|Louise (Mrs. Arthur) Sassoon]] (at 202), as La Dogaressa, led the 17th-century procession, with two nephews as attendants: ##[[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Evelyn Achille de Rothschild]] (at 669), as a page to the Doge's Wife ##[[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Anthony Gustav de Rothschild]] (at 670), as a page to the Doge's Wife # Arthur Wellesley Peel, 1st [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|Viscount Peel]] (at 74), as Il Doge # Winifred, [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]] (at 29), as Duchessa di Savoia # William, [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duke of Portland]] (at 28), as Duca Filiberto di Savoia (or possibly the Duke of Buckingham) # [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham|Lady Helen Vincent]] (at 215), as Contessa Valentina Gateago # [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham|Sir Edgar Vincent]] (at 226), as II Conte Oravio or Orayio # Mrs. Gerard Leigh (at 308), as Lucrezia de Rossi # [[Social Victorians/People/Higgins|Mr. Higgins]] (at 288), as Sanchio di Sedilla # Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Drummond|Katherine Mary Drummond]] (at 309), as Donna Caranado # [[Social Victorians/People/Henry White|Mr. Henry White]] (at 310), as Giovanni Felici (or possibly Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise) # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Mildred Grenfell|Mildred Grenfell]] (at 30), as Bianca di Piacoma, accompanying Winifred, [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]] # Mr. Norton (at ), as Guyman di Silva (the ''Times'' and hence the Evening ''Mail'' says Morton) # [[Social Victorians/People/Fraser#Captain Hugh Fraser|Captain Fraser]] (at 244), as Duca di Tarsis Visitors to the Court of Savoia # Windham, [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Earl of Dunraven]] (at 199), as Cardinal Mazzarin # Consuelo, [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester|Duchess of Manchester]] (at 175), as Anne d'Autriche [this isn't right: she's in the Russian Procession with the Duke of Marlborough, as the French Ambassador to the Court of Catherine II and his wife.] # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Beraud|Jean Béraud]] (at 312), as Cinq Mars ==== Not Listed in the ''Morning Post'' story, But Still ==== ... said somewhere to have been in the Italian Procession or might logically have processed with them. #[[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Lady Edward Cecil]], probably Violet Georgina Maxse Gascoyne-Cecil (at 102) ==== The Morning Post Visualization ==== In the ''Morning Post'' visualization of the procession, Beatrice, the Countess of Mar and Kellie led the procession. The typeset visualization looks, more or less, like this: ITALIAN PROCESSION ''Beatrice'', ''Guido Cavalcanti'', The Countess of Mar and Kellie. Lord Kenyon. ''Duchessa di Caluria'', ''Signor di Samare'', Lady St. Oswald. Mr. George Wyndham. ''Donna Lucrezia Arcella'', ''Duca d'Iripolda'', Miss Blanche Forbes. Mr. Schreiber. ''Donna Valeria'' ''Bodessa'', ''Signor di Argentina'', Mrs. Higgins. Mr. W. Grenfell. ''Desdemona'', ''Otello'', Mrs. Von André. Mr. Murray Guthrie. ''Laura'', ''Petrarch'', Lady Alice Montagu. Lord Stavordale. ''Giulietta'', ''Romeo'', Miss Enid Wilson. Lord Hyde. Venetians ''Il Doge (Giovannino de Medici)'', ''Marco (Redi Cipri)'', The Earl of Lathom. Hon. Ivor Guest. Avocato, Venditrice di Fiori, Cipriano, Hon. Seymour Fortescue Viscountess Chelsea. Hon. S. Greville. Buffone, Mr. Clarence Wilson. ''Marchesa Malaspina'', ''Luigi Giorgi'', Hon. Mrs. George Curzon. Hon. George Peel. ''Contessa Maria Cicogna'', ''Cavaliere Vittorio'', Mrs. W. Grenfell. Hon. Evan Charteris. ''Bianca Capelli'', ''Marino Grimani'', Lady Lettice Grosvenor. Lord Alexander Thynne. ''Grandezza degli Autenati'', ''Nicolo Danabi'', Mrs. Cavendish Bentinck. Hon. Cecil Brownlow. ''Marguerita Grimani''. ''Antonio Priali'', Mrs. Guthrie. Mr. Herbert Wilson. 17th CENTURY ''La Dogaressa'', ''Il Doge'', Mrs. Arthur Sassoon. Viscount Peel. ''Duchessa di Savoia'', ''Duca Filiberto di Savoia'', The Duchess of Partland. The Duke of Portland. ''Contessa Valentina Gateago'', ''II Conte Oravio'', Lady Helen Vincent. Sir Edgar Vincent. ''Lucrezia de Rossi'', ''Sanchio di Sedilla'', Mrs. Gerard Leigh. Mr. Higgins. ''Donna Caranado'', ''Giovanni Felici'', Mrs. Drummond. Mr. H. White. ''Bianci di Piacoma'', ''Guyman di Silva'', Miss Mildred Grenfell. Mr. Norton. ''Duca di Tarsis'', Captain Fraser. Visitors to the Court of Savoia. ''Cardinal Mazzarin'', ''Anne d'Autriche'', ''Cinq Mars'', The Earl of Dunraven. The Duchess of Manchester. Mr. Jean Bérand. ===Austrian=== The ''Gentlewoman'' says, "The Austrian Court was a wonderful procession, headed by the Marchioness of Londonderry as the Empress Marie Thérèse. She wore the famous Londonderry diamonds, which included a diamond crown copied exactly from one worn by the Empress Marie Thérèse on her powdered hair. She was followed by four young Archduchesses, in white and silver and pale blue ribbons."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 32, Col. 2c–3a}} The Austrian procession and quadrille were headed up by Theresa Vane-Tempest-Stewart, [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marchioness of Londonderry]] as Marie Thèrése of Austria. Most accounts say it had 4 archduchesses in attendance, even though the Guernsey ''Star'' reported 5 and the ''Belfast News-Letter'' adds [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset|Miss Seymour]] (at 406): * "four beautiful young Archduchesses in white and silver with pale blue ribbons, and wearing white plumes in their powdered hair"<ref name=":1">"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses." ''London Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7A}} *"four young Archduchesses, in white and silver and pale blue ribbons. These ladies were impersonated by Lady Helen Stewart, Lady Beatrice Butler, Lady Beatrix FitzMaurice, and Lady Alexandra Hamilton."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 32, Col. 2c–3a}} * "five Archduchesses and five Archdukes. The former, all attired exactly alike in white and silver brocade, were Lady Helen Stewart, Lady Beatrice Butler, Lady Beatrix FitzMaurice, Lady Alexandra Hamilton, and Miss Stirling."<ref name=":3">"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy-Dress Ball. Brilliant Spectacle." The [Guernsey] ''Star'' 6 July 1897, Tuesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 1–2. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000184/18970706/003/0001.</ref> Possibly this quite-large group had subsections: the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' mention for example "the Archduchess Marie-Karoline and Emperor Joseph II section of the Austrian Court of Maria Theresa Quadrille."<ref name=":0" />{{rp|p. 7, Col. 6b}} <ref name=":5">"Ball at Devonshire House." ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> # Section 1 ## Theresa Vane-Tempest-Stewart, [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marchioness of Londonderry]] (at 42), as Marie Thérèse of Austria ## Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Marquis of Lansdowne]] (at 52), as Prince Kaunitz ## Maud Hamilton Petty-Fitzmaurice, [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Marchioness of Lansdowne]] (at 51), as Lady Keith, wife of the British Ambassador at the Court of Marie Thérèse ##[[Social Victorians/People/Winchester|Augustus, Marquis of Winchester]], as a Coldstream Guard at Vienna # Section 2: Archduchess Marie-Karoline and Emperor Joseph II section of the Austrian Court of Maria Theresa Quadrille ## Archduchesses ###[[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Lady Beatrice Butler]] (at 45), Archduchess Marie-Karoline ###[[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Alexandra Hamilton]] (at 46), Archduchess Marie-Josepha ###[[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Lady Beatrix Petty-FitzMaurice]] (at 44), as Archduchess Marie Anna ### Lady Helen Stewart ([[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]]) (at 43), as the Archduchess Marie Christine of Austria ## Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart, [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Viscount Castlereagh]] (at 73), attended as Maria Thérèse's son Emperor Joseph II (Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, was the [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marchioness of Londonderry]]'s son.) ## Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Gathorne-Hardy|Gathorne-Hardy]] (at 352), as Archduke Leopold ## Charles William Reginald Duncombe, [[Social Victorians/People/Helmsley|Viscount Helmsley]] (at 353), as Archduke Charles ##[[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan|Lord William Lurgan]] (at 165), as Duke Albert von Sachsen-Texhen or Sachsentexhen # Small Group of 4 ## [[Social Victorians/People/Magheramorne|Lady Magheramorne]] (at 355), as Maria-Amelia, Princess of Lorraine ## Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Beaumont|Aline Beaumont]] (at 356), as as Marie Josephe of Austria or Queen of Sardinia ## Lord Ava: Archibald Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood#Archibald Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Earl of Ava|Earl of Ava]] (at 357), as Archduke Maximilian ## Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster|C. Willoughby]] (at 358), as Grand Duke Charles of Tuscany # Small Group of 4 ## Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe#Mr. and Mrs. Gervase BeckettMr. and Mrs. Gervase Beckett|Mabel (G. Gervase) Beckett]] (at 359), as Princess Elenora of Lichtenstein ## Siegfried, [[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Count Clary]] (at 205), as General Count Nadasdy ## Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe#Mr. and Mrs. R. Beckett|Muriel Beckett]] [sic Mrs. R. Beckeet] (at 482), as Princess Isabella of Parma ## [[Social Victorians/People/Hadik|Count Hadik]] (at 361), as Field-Marshal Hadik # Small Group of 4 ## Cicely Gascoyne-Cecil, [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Viscountess Cranborne]] (at 196), as Princess Josepha of Bavaria ## Schomberg McDonnell, [[Social Victorians/People/Antrim|Mr. Schomberg M'Donnell]] (at 104), as Duke Ferdinand of Modena ## [[Social Victorians/People/Midleton|Lady Hilda Charteris Brodrick]] (at 362, Lady H. Brodrick), as Princess Marie Künigunde of Saxony ## Mr. Jack [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Graham Menzies]] (at 362), as Freiherr von Bartenstein # Small Group of 4 ## Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] (at 364), as Archduchess Elizabeth ## [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Lady C. FitzMaurice]] (at 365), as Secretary to Kaunitz, personated as listed above by Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Marquis of Lansdowne]] (at 558) ## Muriel Duncombe, [[Social Victorians/People/Helmsley|Viscountess Helmsley]] (at 354), as Princess Charlotte of Lorraine ## Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, [[Social Victorians/People/Kerry|Earl of Kerry]] (at 72), as Count Mercy d'Argentau # Small Group of 4 ## [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|Lady E. Cavendish]] (probably Lady Evelyn Cavendish, at 164), as Countess Trautmannsdorf ##[[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|Mr. F. B. Mildmay]] (at 95), as "Field-Marshal Count Charles of Batthyany" ## (Lady M.) [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|Lady Moyra Cavendish]] (at 366) ## James Somerville, [[Social Victorians/People/Athlumney|Lord Athlumney]] (at 367), as Prince Metternich # Small Group of 2? (or they belong above, her with the Archduchesses?) ##[[Social Victorians/People/Stirling|Miss Stirling]] (at 47), as Countess Kinskey in the Austrian Court of Maria Theresa Quadrille ## [[Social Victorians/People/Midleton#St. John Broderick|Mr. St. John Brodrick]] (at 368), as Count Kinskey # People not in the ''Morning Post'' visualization but elsewhere said to have been in this procession: ## Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, the [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marquess of Londonderry]] (at 511), in the procession according to the ''Morning Post'' story ## [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Edmond Fitzmaurice]] (at 627), a Courtier of the Empress Marie Thérèse ##Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Ellis|Alexandra Ellis]] (at 655), in a Thérèse costume The ''Morning Post'' typeset a visualization of the procession, more or less, like this<ref name=":0" />{{rp|p. 7, Col. 6b}}: Lady Londonderry . . . . . Empress Maria Theresa. Lord Lansdowne . . . . . . Prince Kaunitz. Lady Lansdowne . . . . . . Lady Keith. Lord Winchester . . . . . A Coldstream Guard at Vienna. Lady B. Butler . . . . . . Archduchess Marie-Karoline. Lord Castlereagh . . . . . Emperor Joseph II. Lady A. Hamilton . . . . . Archduchess Marie-Josepha. Mr. Gathorne-Hardy . . . . Archduke Leopold. Lady B. FitzMaurice . . . Archduchess Marie Anna. Lord Helmsley . . . . . . Archduke Charles. Lady Helen Stewart . . . . Archduchess Marie Christine. Lord Lurgan . . . . . . . Duke Albert von Sachsen-Texhen. Lady Magheramorne . . . . . Maria-Amelia, Princess of Lorraine. Lady Aline Beaumont . . . . Queen of Sardinia. Lord Ava . . . . . . . . . Archduke Maximilian. Mr. C. Willoughby . . . . . Grand Duke Charles of Tuscany. Mrs. G. Beckett . . . . . . Princess Elenora of Lichtenstein. Count Clary . . . . . . . . General Count Nadasdy. Mrs. R. Beckeet [sic] . . . Princess Isabella of Parma. Count Hadik . . . . . . . . Field-Marshal Hadik. Lady Cranborne . . . . . . Princess Josepha of Bavaria. Mr. M'Donnel . . . . . . . Duke Ferdinand of Modena. Lady H. Brodrick . . . . . Princess Marie Künigunde of Saxony. Mr. Menzies . . . . . . . . Freiherr von Bartenstein. Mrs. James . . . . . . . . Archduchess Elizabeth. Lady C. FitzMaurice . . . . Secretary to Kaunitz. Lady Helmsley . . . . . . . Princess Charlotte of Lorraine. Lord Kerry . . . . . . . . Count Mercy d'Argentau. Lady E. Cavendish . . . . . Countess Trautmannsdorf. Mr. Mildmay . . . . . . . . Field-Marshal Count Charles of Batthyany. Lady M. Cavendish . . . . . Countess Lützau (A Lady-in-Waiting to Maria Theresa). Lord Athlumney . . . . . . Prince Metternich. Miss Stirling . . . . . . . Countess Kinskey. Mr. Brodrick . . . . . . . Count Philip Kinsky. ===Russian=== According to the ''Gentlewoman'',<blockquote>The Russian Court formed a dazzling procession, headed by Lady Raincliffe, as the Empress Catherine; her gown of white satin was studded with rubies, emeralds, and turquoises, and across her bodice she wore a blue ribbon with the Orders of the Star and Eagle, and upon her head a Russian crown of diamonds. Beside her was Prince Orloff, represented by Prince Henry Pless, in a costume of red cloth with heavy gold embroideries; he also wore the Order of St. Catherine. There were eight officers of the Imperial Court accompanying the Empress, whilst Lady Henry Bentinck and Lady Yarborough impersonated ladies of her suite, amongst which one of the most striking figures was Mr. Cresswell, as her Chamberlain, in a costume of cerise velvet, covered with the double-headed eagle of Russia in gold, which embroidery was repeated on his pink satin vest, his white satin breeches, and his silk stockings.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 32, 3b}}</blockquote> ''Truth'' says,<blockquote>Lady Raincliffe as Catherine of Russia was a marvel of millinery in yellow / and gold, ermine and rubies. Her lords and ladies emulated her splendour, and among the most successful were the Duchesses of Marlborough and Newcastle, Lady Yarborough, Lady Henry Bentinck, Lord Raincliffe, and Mr. Cresswall.<ref name=":10" />{{rp|41, Col 2c – 42, Col. 1a}}</blockquote> # The "Trumpeters of the Imperial Guard" led the procession # The first group, if they did break into subgroups ## Lord Henry Bentinck (probably [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck]]) (at 262), as Count Poneatowski (afterwards King of Poland) ## Grace Denison, [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough|Viscountess Raincliffe]] (at 75), as Catherine II of Russia (after the picture by Lambi) ## [[Social Victorians/People/Heeren|Count Heeren]] (at 265), as Duc de Ligne ## [[Social Victorians/People/Cresswell|Addison Francis Baker-Cresswell]] (Mr. A. F. B. Cresswell) (at 103), as Count Lausköi, Chamberlain of the Empress Catherine II of Russia # The second group ## [[Social Victorians/People/Pless|Prince Henry of Pless]] (at 40), as Count Orloff ## Mrs. H. T. [[Social Victorians/People/Barclay|Barclay]] (at 266), Princess Shakofsky ## Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Myddleton-Biddulph|Biddulph]] (at 268), as Count Soltykoff # The third group, with the 8 "Imperial Guard" walking along the outside (or at least typeset that way) of the "Ladies and Gentlemen of the Court" ## Imperial Guards: left side ### William Denison, [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough|Viscount Raincliffe]] (at 76) ### Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Cook|E. B. Cook]] (at 269) ### Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley#Hon.%20Gerald%20Ernest%20Francis%20Ward|Gerald Ward]] (at 271) ###[[Social Victorians/People/Forbes|James Stewart Forbes]] (at 273)<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7a}} ## Imperial Guards: right side ### Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Romilly|Romilly]] (at 269) ### Mr. H. T. [[Social Victorians/People/Barclay|Barclay]] (at 267) ### The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Cecil Campbell]] (at 272) ### Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|C. Wellesley Wilson]] (at 274) ## Ladies and Gentlemen of the Court ###[[Social Victorians/People/Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill|Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Duchess of Marlborough]] (at 174) ### Sunny (Charles Richard John) Spencer-Churchill, the [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Duke of Marlborough]] (at 142), one of the Gentlemen of the Court of Catherine II of Russia ### Kathleen Florence May Candy Pelham-Clinton, [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Duchess of Newcastle]] (at 150) ### Charles Anderson-Pelham, [[Social Victorians/People/Yarborough|Earl of Yarborough]] (at 61), with Lady Yarborough, was among Ladies and Gentlemen of the Court ### Marcia Anderson-Pelham, [[Social Victorians/People/Yarborough|Countess of Yarborough]] (at 54) ### [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan|Lord Shipley Cardross]] (at 275) ### [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan|Lady Rosalie Cardross]] (at 276) ### [[Social Victorians/People/Stourton|Herbert Marmaduke Joseph Stourton]] (at 277) ### the [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan|Hon. M. (Muriel) Erskine]] (at 278), as La Marquise de Vintimille du Luc ### Mr. Elliot: [[Social Victorians/People/Minto|Sir Henry George Elliot]] (at 279) ### Lady Henry Bentinck ([[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Lady Henry Cavendish Bentinck]]) (at 263) ### N. [[Social Victorians/People/Boulatzell|Boulatzell]] (at 280), as Prince of Mingrelia, one of the Gentlemen of the Court in the procession of the Empress Catherine II of Russia ### [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer|Lady Margaret Spicer]] (at 281), as Countess Soltykoff ### M. [[Social Victorians/People/Gourko|Nicholas Gourko]] (at 108) ###[[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough|Lady Mildred Denison]] (at 283) ### Charles Henry John Chetwynd-Talbot, 20th [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury|Earl of Shrewsbury]] (at 101), as a member of the Court of Catherine II of Russia ### "Black Attendants" The ''Guernsey Star'' suggests that the Hon. Mrs. Erskine's daughter was in this procession, but the ''Morning Post'' does not list her.<ref name=":3" /> The [[Social Victorians/People/Durham#Hon. Cecil Lambton|Hon. Cecil Lambton]] (at 628) was also there, apparently, and sold his costume to theatre director Arthur Collins, who directed ''The White Heather''.<ref>"The Morning’s News." London ''Daily News'' 18 September 1897, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970918/027/0005.</ref> The ''Morning Post''<nowiki/>'s visualization of the procession looks more or less like this<ref name=":0" />{{rp|p. 7, Col. 5b}}: Trumpeters of the Imperial Guard. ''Count Poneatowski'' ''Empress Catherine II. of Russia'' ''Duc de Ligne,'' ''(afterwards King'' ''of Poland),'' ''(after the picture by Lambi)'', Count Heeren. Lord Henry Bentinck. Lady Raincliffe. ''Count Lausköi'', Mr. Cresswell. ''Count Orloff'', ''Princess Shakofsky'', ''Count Soltykoff'', Prince Henry of Pless. Mrs. H. T. Barclay. Mr. Biddulph. ["Imperial Guard." — typeset vertically up the left and down the right side of the column, with 2 vertical rules separating the two columns of names.] Lord Raincliffe. | | Lord Romilly. Captain Cook. | | Mr. H. T. Barclay. Hon. Gerald Ward. | | Hon. Cecil Campbell. Mr. J. Forbes. | | Mr. T. W. Wilson. Ladies and Gentlemen of the Court. Duchess of Marlborough. Duke of Marlborough. Duchess of Newcastle. Earl of Yarborough. Countess of Yarborough. Lord Cardross. Lady Cardross. Mr. Stourton. Hon. M. Erskine. Mr. Elliot. Lady Henry Bentinck. M. Botalzell. Lady Margaret Spicer. M. Gourko. Lady Mildred Denison. Earl of Shrewsbury. Black Attendants. ===Louis XV and XVI Period=== Louis XV was King of France 1715–1774, although his reign began when he reached maturity in 1724. Louis XVI reigned 1774–1792. [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess Warwick]], as Marie Antoinette, led this group rather than any of the Louis.<ref>"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses." ''London Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9c}} The Duchess of Devonshire may have asked her to do so, and this "court" may represent some part of the Countess of Warwick's social network. Sounding as if the writer has confused Marie Antoinette with Queen Elizabeth I of the UK, ''Truth'' says,<blockquote>The Countess of Warwick, as Marie Antoinette, in white and blue, with golden fleur-de-lys upon her velvet train, was the centre of a picturesque group, among whom was the Earl of Essex, dressed as his ancestor of that period, and the Earl of Mar and Kellie as Sir Walter Raleigh.<ref name=":10" />{{rp|42, Col 1a}}</blockquote> The ''Morning Post'' calls this one a ''quadrille'' rather than a ''procession'', the quadrille of the Louis XV and XVI Period,<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7, Col. 6B}} but the distinction is probably not important. Generally, the courts processed in and then danced a quadrille before the Royals. # Headed by [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess Warwick]] (at 53) as Marie Antoinette<ref name=":3" />, as La Reine Marie Antoinette<ref name=":0" /> ## Plus 4 boys dressed as pages<ref>“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” ''Chelmsford Chronicle''9 July 1897, Friday: 2 of 8. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000322/18970709/008/0002.</ref> # Georgiana Elizabeth Spencer-Churchill Curzon, [[Social Victorians/People/Howe|Viscountess Curzon]], as La Reine Marie Leszuiska in the quadrille of the period of Louis XV and XVI # Nellie, [[Social Victorians/People/Kilmorey|Countess Kilmorey]], as Madame du Barry # [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox|Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox]], as Princesse de Lamballe # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Burton#Lady Burton|Harriet Burton]], as Madame de Tençin # Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh|Lady Garvagh]], as Comtesse d'Artois # The Hon. Mrs. Greville, as Madame Elizabeth de France #[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Alice (the Hon. Mrs. George) Keppel]], as Madame de Polignac # Lady Rose Leigh, as Duchesse de Villars # [[Social Victorians/People/Farquharson|Mrs. Farquharson]], as L'Archiduchesse Louise # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Naylor|Mary Naylor]], as Comtesse de Charny # The [[Social Victorians/People/Sackville West|Hon. Mrs. Sackville West]], as Duchess of Dorset # Henry Arthur Cadogan, [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Viscount Chelsea]], as Le Roi Louis XV in the quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI. Period # Lord Camden: John Pratt, [[Social Victorians/People/Camden|4th Marquess Camden]], as Duc de Richelieu # The [[Social Victorians/People/Alington|Hon. Humphrey Sturt]], M.P., as an Abbé de l'Epoque # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Burton#Lord Burton|Michael Burton]], as Cardinal Dubois # Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque ## Luke White, [[Social Victorians/People/Annaly|Lord Annaly]] ## Lord Tullibardine: John George Stewart-Murray, [[Social Victorians/People/Atholl|Marquess of Tullibardine]] ## Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Atholl|George Stewart-Murray]] ## Frederick Edward Guest, the [[Social Victorians/People/Guest|Hon. F. Guest]], as one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI. ## [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Sir Samuel Scott]], Bart., one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI ## [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Captain Gordon Wilson]], one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI ## [[Social Victorians/People/Durham#Captain the Hon. W. Lambton|Captain the Hon. W. Lambton]], likely [[Social Victorians/People/Durham|Hon. Sir William Lambton]], one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI. ## [[Social Victorians/People/Elliot|Captain Gilbert Elliot]] ## [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Mr. Frank Dugdale]] ##Carlo Ermes Visconti, [[Social Victorians/People/San Vito|Marchese di San Vito]], as one of the Mousquetaires # [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Mr. Clive Wilson]], as Le Comte de Ferson in the Quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lowe|W. M. Lowe]], as Gentilhomme de la Cour Louis XVI # [[Social Victorians/People/Morley|Rt. Hon. Arnold Morley]], was dressed as a Gentilhomme de la Cour Louis XV in the Quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI. or Duc de Choiseul. Not listed in the visualization in the ''Morning Post'' and probably not a member of the quadrille but mentioned elsewhere as having been dressed in a costume of this period: # Millicent, [[Social Victorians/People/Sutherland|Duchess of Sutherland]], "belonged to the Louis Seize group of the Countess of Warwick"<ref name=":3" /> # The R[[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain|ight Hon. Joseph Chamberlain]], as a gentleman of the Louis XVI period #[[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Lady Sarah Wilson]], as Madame de Pompadour # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Loder|Gerald Loder]], M.P., as a Gentleman of the Court of Louis XVI #[[Social Victorians/People/Stanley|Sir George Frederick Stanley]], as Maro (period of Louis XVI) #[[Social Victorians/People/Stanley|Lady Isobel Stanley]], in hunting costume, period of Louis XVI #[[Social Victorians/People/Alva|Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Falcó, Lord Alva]], as as a courtier of Louis XV #[[Social Victorians/People/Carrington|Charles Carington, the Earl Carington]], as Louis Seize #Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury|Earl of Shrewsbury]], either a Gentleman of the Court of Lois XV. or a Gentleman of the Court of the Empress Catherine II of Russia The ''Morning Post'' typeset a visualization of the procession, more or less, like this: Louis XV. and Louis XVI. Period. Lady Warwick . . . . . . . . . . La Reine Marie Antoinette. Lady Curzon . . . . . . . . . . La Reine Marie Leszuiska. Lady Kilmorey . . . . . . . . . Madame du Barry. Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox . . Princesse de Lamballe. Lady Burton . . . . . . . . . . Madame de Tençin. Lady Garvagh . . . . . . . . . . Comtesse d'Artois. The Hon. Mrs. Greville . . . . . Madame Elizabeth de France. The Hon. Mrs. George Keppell . . Madame de Polignac. Lady Rose Leigh . . . . . . . . Duchesse de Villars. Mrs. Farquharson . . . . . . . . L'Archiduchesse Louise. Miss Naylor . . . . . . . . . . Comtesse de Charny. The Hon. Mrs. Sackville West . . Duchess of Dorset. Lord Chelsea . . . . . . . . . . Le Roi Louis XV. Lord Camden . . . . . . . . . . Duc de Richelieu. The Hon. Humphrey Sturt . . . . Abbé de l'Epoque. Lord Burton . . . . . . . . . . Cardinal Dubois. Lord Annaly . . . . . . . . . . ) Lord Tullibardine . . . . . . . ) Lord George Murray . . . . . . . ) The Hon. F. Guest . . . . . . . ) Sir Samel Scott . . . . . . . . ) Mousquetaires et Mili- Captain Gordon Wilson . . . . . ) taires de l'Epoque. Captain the Hon. W. Lambton . . ) Captain Gilbert Elliot . . . . . ) Mr. Dugdale . . . . . . . . . . ) Mr. Clive Wilson . . . . . . . . Le Comte de Ferson. Mr. W. M. Lowe . . . . . . . . . Gentilhomme de la Cour Louis XVI. Mr. Arnold Morley . . . . . . . Gentilhomme de la Cour Louis XV.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|p. 7, Col. 6B}} ===Elizabethan=== Elizabethan costumes seem to have been very popular, even outside the Elizabethan procession, in part because the Royals were costumed in Renaissance styles as well. In this description the ''Gentlewoman'' includes Anne of Austria and the Electress of Luneberg and Hanover, not to mention Napoleon, who would not have been in Elizabeth's court. They could conceivably have walked in the Elizabeth procession, although Anne of Austria, while Renaissance, might have walked with the French procession if it included Louis XIII. The Duchess of Connaught and the Duchess of Teck were very closely related to Queen Victoria's immediate family and thus might be grouped here because many of the Royals wore Elizabethan dress. <blockquote>A Court, the details of which were perfectly carried out, was that of Elizabeth of England. Lady Tweedmouth took the part of Her Majesty, and her costume was an exact reproduction of Queen Elizabeth's portrait in the National Portrait Gallery. Her skirt of rich old white and gold brocade was held in place by the old-fashioned hoops, the bodice and front of gold tissue embroidered in old jewels were finished by stiffened cuffs and large wired collar of old lace wrought with gold. Four yeomen held a canopy over Her Majesty's head. Their uniforms were exactly copied from the picture of the Field of the Cloth of Gold at Hampton Court. These were the Duke of Roxburghe, the Hon. Dudley Marjoribanks, Captain Maunde Thompson, and Mr. Rose attired in scarlet and black. The two heralds who preceded the Queen were Mr. Harold Brassey and Mr. E. Villiers, while Lord Rothschild, in a splendid costume of the time, walked between them. Among her Majesty's Court were Sir Walter Raleigh (Mr. Ernest Beckett), Sir Philip Sidney (Mr. H. Warrender), Sir Francis Drake (Sir Charles Hall), the Lord Chief Justice (Sir Francis Jeune), the Lord of Burleigh (the Earl of Sandwich), while Lord Lonsdale, who carried a hooded falcon on his wrist, represented Sir Richard Lowther. The Duchess of Roxburghe, and the Countess of Powis, as the Countess of Shrewsbury and Lady Herbert of Cherbury, looked very effective. Countess Spencer, Mrs. Habington, Lady de Ramsay, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, represented by Lord Rowton, made up the Court. Then followed Mary Queen of Scots, in the person of Lady Edmonstone, wonderfully attired in turquoise-blue velvet with pearls and white satin; Mary Hamilton, in white satin and gold, and Mary Seaton, in white, followed in her wake as did the Countess of Lonsdale (Lady Hunsdon), Lord Glenesk, and many others. H.R.H. the Duchess of Connaught, as Anne of Austria, and H.R.H. the Duchess of Teck, as Electress of Luneberg and Hanover, looked their characters very well, and a very effective trio was formed by the Countess Clary d'Aldringen, Countess Isabel Deym, and Countess Kinsky, as the three sisters of Napoleon. The Duchess of Somerset as Lady Jane Seymour, after a picture by Holbein, was dressed in gold brocade with a wonderful headdress; superbly jewelled, white gloves and Holbein ornaments embroidered on her gown. Margaret of Orleans, impersonated by the Duchess of Manchester, in white satin and silver, was a great success. Josephine, the wife of Napoleon, copied from the picture of her coronation, was impersonated by the Marchioness of Tweeddale, who wore white satin wrought with gold, and a train of geranium-red velvet, trimmed with ermine. Lady Lathom as Catherine of Arragon was splendidly dressed in bronze-green velvet worked in gold designs.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 32, Col. 3c – 34, Col. 1a}}</blockquote> ''Truth'' describes the procession like this:<blockquote>Lady Tweedmouth was gorgeously arrayed as Queen Elizabeth, and was surrounded by a numerous Court, including Lord Tweedmouth, Lord Battersea, the Earl of Sandwich, and Lord Frederick Hamilton, to say nothing of six stalwart halberdiers, one of whom was the Duke of Roxburghe, whose Duchess was also bravely attired as an Elizabethan lady of high degree.<ref name=":10" />{{rp|41, Col 2c}}</blockquote>The Elizabethan procession was "led" by Fanny Marjoribanks, [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Lady Tweedmouth]] (at 85) as Queen Elizabeth, but she did not come first in the procession. # Heralds # Row of 3 men #* Mr. E. ([[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe|Ernest) Beckett]] (at 313), as Sir Walter Raleigh #* Mr. H. (Hugh) Warrender (at 314), as Sir Philip Sydney #* [[Social Victorians/People/Charles Hall|Sir Charles Hall]], Q.C., M.P. (at 127), as Sir Francis Drake at the head of the Queen Elizabeth procession # Row of 3 men #* Sir F. ([[Social Victorians/People/Jeune|Francis) Jeune]] (at 315), as Lord Chief Justice #* Edward Montagu, [[Social Victorians/People/Sandwich|8th Earl of Sandwich]] (at 71), as Lord Burleigh #* [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther|Earl of Lonsdale]], Sir Richard Lowther (at 225), as Lord High Falconer # Row of 3 women #* Violet [[Social Victorians/People/Powis|Countess Powis]] (at 316), as Lady Herbert of Cherbury in the Queen Elizabeth procession #*Anne [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Duchess of Roxburghe]] (at 22), as Countess of Shrewsbury or Bess of Hardwicke #*Charlotte, [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer|Countess Spencer]] (at 192), as the Countess of Lennox # Row of 2 women #* Grace, [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther|Countess Lonsdale]] (at 211), as the Countess of Essex #*Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck#Mrs. and Mr. Arthur James|Mary (Arthur) James]] (at 318), as Elisabeth Cavendish # [[Social Victorians/People/Leslie|Colonel John Leslie]] (at 261) was dressed as "Lord Darnley (carrying Sword of State)" in the Queen Elizabeth procession<ref>"Leslie as Earl Darnley." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158503/Sir-John-Leslie-2nd-Bt-as-Earl-Darnley.</ref> # Row of 2 men #* Edward Marjoribanks, [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Lord Tweedmouth]] (at 109) as the Earl of Leicester #* George Capell, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Essex|Earl Essex]] (at 64), as his ancestor, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex * Yeomen ** The [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Duke of Roxburghe]] (at 49), a halberdier attending on Queen Elizabeth ** Dudley Marjoribanks (at 319), son of [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Lord and Lady Tweedmouth]], as a Yeoman bearing the canopy, possibly, with the Duke of Roxburghe and two "brother officers in the Royal Horse Guards" * Row before the queen, with canopy ** [[Social Victorians/People/Ephrussi|Mr. Ephrussi]] (at 320), as the Spanish Envoy ** Canopy ** H. E. M. [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel|Alphonse Chodron de Courcel]] (at 133), as the French Ambassador * Fanny Marjoribanks, [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Lady Tweedmouth]] (at 85), as Queen Elizabeth *More Yeomen (possibly the two "brother officers in the Royal Horse Guards" of Dudley Marjoribanks (at 319) **[[Social Victorians/People/Mann Thomson|Captain Mann Thomson]] (at 321), as a Yeoman **[[Social Victorians/People/Rose|Mr. Rose]] (at 322), as a Yeoman *Row behind the queen **[[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Sir A. Edmonstone]] (at 323), as Duc d'Alencon **[[Social Victorians/People/Holden|Henry Holden]] (at 325), as Will Somers (Court Jester) **John Spencer, 5th [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer|Earl Spencer]] (at 145), as Sir A. Brown, First Viscount Montagu (None of the sources agree on who he personated; this is the ''Morning Post'') *More Yeomen (possibly the two "brother officers in the Royal Horse Guards" of Dudley Marjoribanks (at 319) ** [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers Schott|Mr. E. Villiers]] (at 326), as a Yeoman **[[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|Harold Brassey]] (at 253), as a Yeoman * Row behind the yeomen ** Arthur [[Social Victorians/People/Arran|Earl of Arran]] (at 327), as Cardinal Loraine ** Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Lord Rothschild]] (at 216), as Swiss Burgher ** Montagu Lowry-Corry, [[Social Victorians/People/Rowton|1st Baron Rowton]] (at 189), as Archbishop Parker, the Archbishop of Canterbury *Row of 3 women **Margaret (the [[Social Victorians/People/Greville|Hon. Mrs. Ronald) Greville]] (at 298), as Mary Seaton **[[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Lady Edmonstone]] (at 324), as Mary Queen of Scots **Mary Louise Douglas-Hamilton, [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton|Duchess of Hamilton]] (at 166), as Mary of Hamilton *Row of 2 women **Constance de Rothschild Flower, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Lady Battersea]] (at 328), as Lady Hunsdon **Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey|Lady de Ramsey]] (at 329), as Lady Burleigh *Row of 3 men **[[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild]] (at 330), as Casimir Count Patatine of Bavaria, an Austrian noble of the 16th century **George, [[Social Victorians/People/Powis|Earl of Powis]] (at 317), as Lord Herbert of Cherbury **Cyril Flower, 1st [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Baron Battersea]] (at 110) as Lord Hunsdon *Row of 3 men **Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Webb|Godfrey Webb]] (at 331), as Martin Frobisher **Algernon [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Borthwick, Baron Glenesk]] (at 87) as Lord James Murray **The Hon. S. (George William [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Spencer) Lyttelton]] (at 332), as Sir Thomas Gresham *[[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|Rochfort Maguire]] (at 241) was C. Maguire, Lord of Fermanagh The royals were mostly dressed in Elizabethan dress but are properly considered their own group. Besides them, these people were in Elizabethan dress at the ball but not listed as being in the Elizabeth procession or quadrille: *[[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lord Frederick Hamilton]] (at 84), a Gentleman of the Court of Queen Elizabeth *[[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Mr. Ronald Hamilton]] (at 105), a Gentleman of the Court of Queen Elizabeth * Walter, [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie|Earl of Mar and Kellie]] (at 58), as an Elizabethan or perhaps as Sir Walter Scott * Henry Lascelles, 5th [[Social Victorians/People/Harewood|Earl Harewood]] (at 62), as Philip II of Spain *[[Social Victorians/People/Crewe-Milnes|Robert Offley Ashburton Crewe-Milnes]] (at 169), also as Philip II of Spain * [[Social Victorians/People/Jarvis|Weston (Mr. A. W.) Jarvis]] (at 106), as Sir Francis Walsingham * Emma Louise von Rothschild, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Lady Rothschild]] (at 112), as Anne of Cleves * Lady Alice Villiers Bootle-Wilbraham, the [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom|Countess of Lathom]] (at 213), as Catharine of Aragon *[[Social Victorians/People/Prince Charles of Denmark|Prince Charles of Denmark]] accompanied the Prince and Princess of Wales as a gentleman of the Court of Denmark in the time of Elizabeth *Susan St. Maur, [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset|Duchess of Somerset]] (at 209), as Jane Seymour *[[Social Victorians/People/Katharine Mary Montagu Douglas Scott|Lady Katharine Montagu-Douglas-Scott]] (at 25), as Mary Queen of Scots; perhaps she walked in this procession. * Algernon St. Maur, [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset|Duke of Somerset]] (at 27), as Somerset the Protector, older brother of Jane Seymour. (The ''Gentlewoman'' lists the Duchess of Somerset as a member of the Queen Elizabeth procession, but the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' do not '''double check this'''.) Georgiana, [[Social Victorians/People/Hindlip|Baroness Hindlip]] was supposed to be part of the Elizabethan procession, but she and Samuel, [[Social Victorians/People/Hindlip|Baron Hindlip]] did not attend, as he was quite ill and in fact died less than two weeks later. The ''Morning Post'' typeset a visualization of the procession, more or less, like this: QUEEN ELIZABETH PROCESSION. ''Heralds''. ''Sir Walter Raleigh'', ''Sir P. Sydney'', ''Sir F. Drake'', Mr. E. Beckett. Mr. H. Warrender. Sir C. Hall. ''Lord Chief Justice'', ''Lord Burleigh'', ''Sir Richard Lowther'' Sir F. Jeune. Earl of Sandwich. ''(Lord High Falconer)'', Earl of Lonsdale. ''Lady Herbert of Cherbury, Countess of Shrewsbury, Countess of Lennox,'' Countess of Powis. Duchess of Roxburghe. Countess Spencer. ''Countess of Essex, Elisabeth Cavendish.'' Countess of Lonsdale. Mrs. A. James. [p. 7, Col. 5–6] ''Lord Darnley'' ''(carrying Sword of State),'' Colonel Leslie. ''Lord Leicester, Earl of Essex,'' Lord Tweedmouth. Earl of Essex. ''Yeoman, Yeoman,'' Duke of Roxburghe. Hon. D. Marjoribanks. ''Spanish Envoy,'' <u>| CANOPY. |</u> ''French Ambassador,'' Mr. Ephrussi. H. E. M. de Courcel. ''Queen Elizabeth,'' Lady Tweedmouth. ''Yeoman, Yeoman,'' Captain Mann Thomson. Mr. Rose. ''Duc d'Alençon, Will Somers Sir A. Brown, First'' Sir A. Edmonstone. ''(Court Jester). Viscount Montagu.'' Mr. Holden. Earl Spencer. ''Yeoman, Yeoman,'' Mr. E. Villiers. Mr. Harold Brassey. ''Cardinal Loraine, Swiss Burgher, Archbishop of Canterbury.'' Earl of Arran. Lord Rothschild. Lord Rowton. ''Mary Seaton, Mary Queen of Scots, Mary Hamilton'', Hon. Mrs. Greville. Lady Edmonstone. Duchess of Hamilton. ''Lady Hunsdon, Lady Burleigh,'' Lady Battersea. Lady de Ramsey. ''Casimir Count Patatine of Bavaria Lord Herbert of Cherbury, Lord Hunsdon,'' Baron F. de Rothschild. Earl of Powis. Lord Battersea. ''Martin Frobisher, Lord James Murray, Sir Thomas Gresham,'' Mr. Godfrey Webb. Lord Glenesk. Hon. S. Lyttelton. ''C. Maguire (Lord of Fermanagh),'' Mr. R. Maguire.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7, Col. 5C–6B}} ==Other Groups== Other processions or quadrilles existed, not captured fully by the ''Morning Post'' but mentioned in, for example, the London ''Daily News'' story about the ball.The ''Morning Post'' is not complete in other ways as well, judging by other newspaper accounts or even descriptions from later in the big ''Morning Post'' story. Both the Knights of the Round Table of King Arthur procession and the Cosway Quadrille are examples of processions or quadrilles not detailed in the ''Morning Post''. === The Court of Marguerite de Valois === Theoretically, the court of Marguerite de Valois could have been included among the Elizabeth procession, but some of the people in this court, which was led by the Alexandra, Princess of Wales, might have been on the dais with her, so perhaps it could be imagined as a court but not a procession. * [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]], as Marguerite Valois *[[Social Victorians/People/Alington|Evelyn, Lady Alington]] (at 41), as Duchesse de Nevers * Princess Charles of Denmark (Princess Maud of Wales) * Prince Charles of Denmark was in this court? He was photographed with Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria of Wales; this photograph is in the Album.<ref name=":6">"Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker & Boutall after various photographers." 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.</ref> * [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary|Mary Teck, Duchess of York]], attended by ** [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp|Lady Mary Lygon]] (at 547), as Marie de Lorraine, a lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois ** Sir Charles Cust (at 152) * Princess Louise, [[Social Victorians/People/Fife|Duchess of Fife]] (at 177) * [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Victoria of Wales|Princess Victoria of Wales]] (at 370) * Princess Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein (at 10) ===Queen Guinevere and the Knights of the Round Table of King Arthur procession=== A procession represented King Arthur's Round Table. This court is mentioned in the story in the ''Times'' as well as the Evening ''Mail'', which seems to have reprinted the story from the ''Times''.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":9" />{{rp|p. 9, Col. 1c}} The ladies included Lady Ormonde, Lady Constance Butler, Lady Ashburton and Miss Chaplin. According to the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Gentlewoman'', the Knights of the Round Table were George, [[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|Baron Rodney]]; [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Hon. R. Grosvenor]]; Seymour Henry Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|7th Earl Bathurst]]; and Hon. Grosvenor [[Social Victorians/People/Hood|Hood]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1b}} <ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 40, Col. 1c}} According to the ''Daily News,'' the Knights of the Table Round were "[[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton|Lord Ashburton]], Lord Rodney, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|Lord Bathurst]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill#Oliver Russell, Lord Ampthill|Lord Ampthill]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp|Lord Beauchamp]]";<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7a}} the newspaper accounts disagree on Lord Beauchamp in particular. George, Baron Rodney was 40 years old at the time of the ball; Seymour Henry Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|7th Earl Bathurst]] was nearly 33; Hon. Grosvenor [[Social Victorians/People/Hood|Hood]] was 29;  [[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton|Lord Francis Ashburton]] was nearly 31; [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill|Lord Ampthill]] was 28; [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp|Lord Beauchamp]] was 25. We can see what they wore because some of them had their portraits taken in their costume. # Elizabeth [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Butler]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Marchioness of Ormonde]] (at 373), was dressed as Guinevere #Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lord Gerald Grosvenor|Gerald Grosvenor]] (at 618), as Sir Launcelot (listed in the ''Times'' and the Evening ''Mail'', not in the ''Morning Post'') #Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lord Arthur Grosvenor|Arthur Grosvenor]] (at 619), Arthur Hugh Grosvenor, as King Arthur (listed in the ''Times'', not in the ''Morning Post'') # [[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|Corisande, Baroness Rodney]] (at 472) was also dressed as Queen Guinevere, according to her portrait in the Album in the National Portrait Gallery,<ref>"Corisande Evelyn Vere." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158471/Corisande-Evelyn-Vere-ne-Guest-Lady-Rodney-as-Queen-Guinevere.</ref> but she may not have been in this procession, although George, Baron Rodney was, as a Knight of the Round Table. # [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Lady Constance Butler]] (Elizabeth Butler's daughter, at 374) was Lynette or Elaine # Mabel, [[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton|Lady Ashburton]] (at 375), as Enid # [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Chaplin|Miss Chaplin]] (probably Hon. Edith Helen Chaplin, at 407), as Elaine #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Chaplin|Eric Chaplin]] (at 616), as Sir Gareth # John [[Social Victorians/People/Lister-Kaye|Lister Kaye]] (at 97), as Sir Kay #[[Social Victorians/People/Tilney|Mr. Tilney]] (at 615), as Sir Galahad # [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|Captain R. Peel]] (at 614), as Sir Bedivere # [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill#Margaret Russell, Lady Ampthill|Margaret Russell, Lady Ampthill]] (at 419), as a Lady in Waiting at the Court of King Arthur #Mr. J. B. ([[Social Victorians/People/Leigh|John Blundell) Leigh]] (at 602), as Sir Tristram #Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Milner|George Francis Milner]] (at 617), as Sir Percevale [sic] # Knights of the Round Table (first four, ''Morning Post''; first two plus last three are London ''Daily News'') ##[[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|Lord Rodney: George, Baron Rodney]] (at 80) ##[[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|Earl Bathurst]] (at 82) ##[[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Hon. R. Grosvenor]] (at 81) ## [[Social Victorians/People/Hood|Hon. G. Hood]] (at 83). The printing on the portrait that was in the Album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire says, "The Hon. Grosvenor Hood as Sir Galahad."<ref>"Grosvenor Hood as Sir Galahad." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158513/Grosvenor-Arthur-Alexander-Hood-5th-Viscount-Hood-as-Sir-Galahad.</ref> ## Francis, [[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton|Lord Ashburton]] (at 376) ##[[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill|Oliver Russell, Baron Ampthill]] (at 77) ## William Lygon, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp|Earl Beauchamp]] (at 60) ===The Cosway Quadrille=== The "Cosway quadrille," with the [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Ladies Innes-Ker]] and the [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Ladies Villiers]], is not mentioned in the ''Morning Post'' article. This description from the London ''Daily News'' suggests that there were two Ladies Ker and two Ladies Villiers: "Very artistic was the "Cosway" quadrille, in which the Ladies Ker and the Ladies Villiers took part. The long clinging gowns of Oriental cream satin were veiled in pink muslin, and had very short waists and coloured silk sashes — two of blue and two of pink."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|6, Col. 1a}} These costumes seem to have been based on portraits by Richard rather than Maria Cosway. The Ladies Innes-Ker had the blue and the Ladies Villiers had the pink sashes. [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Lady Margaret Innes-Ker]] (at 23) and [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Lady Victoria Innes-Ker]] (at 383) are in the album given to the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire by some of the people attending the ball.<ref name=":6" /> [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Lady Edith Villiers]] (at 282) was dressed after Cosway and may have been in the Quadrille. The other Lady Villiers is not likely to be [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Lady Margaret Childs-Villiers]] (at 433), called Lady M. Villiers. We know Lady Margaret Villiers was already at the ball: her portrait as Madame Henriette Duchess d'Orleans is in the Album. She is not part of the same family Lady Edith came from, which was that of the [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Earl of Clarendon]]; Lady Margaret Childs-Villiers is part of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Earl of Jersey]]. Another young woman from that family was [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Lady May Julia Child-Villiers]], who may in fact be the second of the Ladies Villiers in the Quadrille. Since a quadrille is usually a dance for four couples, this list would make up the Cosway quadrille if indeed four women took part: # [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Lady Margaret Innes-Ker]] (at 23) # [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Lady Victoria Innes-Ker]] (at 383) # [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Lady Edith Villiers]] (at 282) # [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Lady May Julia Childs-Villiers]] (at 372) Two other women were dressed after Cosway, neither from any of the Villiers families. Both Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Madeline%20Stanley|Madeline Stanley]] (at 552) and [[Social Victorians/People/Marion Margaret Violet Lindsay Manners|Violet Manners, Marchioness of Granby]] (at 448) were in the Album. Miss Stanley was dressed as Lady Eliza Hopeton, "after a miniature by Cosway," and Lady Violet was dressed "after Cosway" as well. ==== People Whose Costumes Were "After Cosway" ==== * 2 Ladies Ker (if the London Daily News article is right) ** [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Lady Margaret Innes-Ker]] (at 23) ** [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Lady Victoria Innes-Ker]] (at 383) * 2 Ladies Villiers (if the London ''Daily News'' article is right) ** L[[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|ady Edith Villiers]] (at 282) ** [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Lady May Julia Child-Villiers]] (at 372)? ** [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Lady Margaret Childs-Villiers]] (at 433), as Madame Henriette Duchess d'Orleans * [[Social Victorians/People/Marion Margaret Violet Lindsay Manners|Violet Manners, Marchioness of Granby]] (at 448) * Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Madeline Stanley|Madeline Cecilia Carlyle Stanley]] (at 552) === Courts of Charles I (and Henrietta Maria, Queen) and Charles II === A number of people were identified as being a member of the courts of Charles I or Charles II, even though no such group is directly discussed in the major stories. This is Charles II of England; the Duke of Devonshire was dressed as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor of Germany, so this was not a group forming around him. Relevant people would be Cromwell, the Roundheads, and so on. #[[Social Victorians/People/Zetland|Lilian, Marchioness of Zetland]] (at 48), Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I, after Van Dyck #[[Social Victorians/People/Manchester|Lord Charles Montagu]] (at 161), as Charles I, after Van Dyck #[[Social Victorians/People/Harcourt#Elizabeth Harcourt|Lady Elizabeth Harcourt]] (at 94), as a Lady of the Court of Henrietta Maria # Lord Edward Cecil (Edward Herbert [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Gascoyne-Cecil]]) (at 411), as a courtier of Charles I #[[Social Victorians/People/Chaine|Colonel William Chaine]] (at 98), as a Gentleman of the Court of Charles II # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Cavendish-Bentinck]] (at 113), as a Gentleman of the Court of Charles II # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Donald Mackenzie Wallace|Donald Mackenzie Wallace]] (at 114), as a Gentleman of the Court of Charles II # Sir Henry [[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Meysey-Thompson]] (at 116), in the Costume of a gentleman of the period of Charles II # Herbert Gardner, [[Social Victorians/People/Burghclere|Lord Burghclere]] (at 129) as a Puritan # William, [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duke of Portland]] (at 28), as "Steenie" Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, according to the London ''Daily News''<ref name=":1" /> and the ''Pall Mall Gazette''<ref name=":7">“The Devonshire House Ball. A Brilliant Gathering.” The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 3 July 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 10], Col. 2a–3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970703/019/0007.</ref>; the ''Morning Post''<ref name=":0" /> and the ''Times''<ref name=":5" /> say he went as Duca Filiberto di Savoia in the 17th-century section of the Venetians procession, where he is listed as well. # [[Social Victorians/People/Portland#George Cavendish-Bentinck|George (William George) Cavendish-Bentinck]] (at 666), as William, Baron Bentinck, A.D. 1643 # [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland|Lawrence Dundas, Marquis of Zetland]] (at 59), as the Duke of Buckingham (probably at the time of Charles I or II) == People Not Listed as Part of a Procession or Quadrille == === Subnetworks === '''Probably more than half''' the people who came in costume were not part of an organized procession or quadrille. Made up largely of courts of monarchs, and particularly women who were monarchs or leaders, the processions have a kind of internal coherence as people attending this ball were able to find people from those courts whom they were willing and able appear as. Because it would have taken communication and negotiation for people to determine and claim their place in the courts, the processions and quadrilles suggest that they make up subnetworks of people within the larger network of those who attended. The quadrilles would have been expected to rehearse, and we know that at least the Queen Elizabeth court met the night before the ball for dinner. Newspaper articles about the ball, the people who attended, and the costumes they wore reveal how this social world was dominated and organized by women's identities and practices. Most obviously, the party is called the Duchess of Devonshire's ball by everyone, then and now. The highest-status women present were queens or princesses in history, biblical stories, and legends, from Louisa, the Duchess of Devonshire's Zenobia to Queen Elizabeth, Empress Marie-Thérèse, and Catherine II of Russia. The courts were organized around these women. Leonore Davidoff discusses some of the implications of women's roles as gatekeepers in this social world at this time in her ''The Best Circles: Society Etiquette and the Season''.<ref name=":11">Davidoff, Leonore. The ''Best Circles: Society Etiquette and the Season''. Intro., Victoria Glendinning. The Cressett Library (Century Hutchinson), 1986 (orig ed. 1973).</ref> The fact that the courts were led by women is made clear in the newspaper reportage, sometimes in spite of overt language to the contrary. For example, what the newspapers call the courts of '''Louis XIV???''' are in fact the court of Marie Antoinette, led by Daisy, Countess of Warwick. Outside of this kind of organized coherence, of whatever degree, small groups of people decided to dress to reflect relationships, most often husbands and wives. Inevitably, working independently from each other, more than one person went to the ball dressed as the same person from history or even the same character from a novel, opera, or play. A few were men, but most were women, or at least most of those reported were women. There were multiple * Cleopatras ** [[Social Victorians/People/Pless#Daisy, Princess Henry of Pless|Daisy, Princess Henry of Pless]] (at 38), or as the Queen of Sheba ** [[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family#Minnie Paget|Minnie Paget]], Mrs. Arthur Paget (at 90) * Princesses de Lamballe ** Countess [[Social Victorians/People/Deym#Countess Isabel Deym|Isabel Deym]] (at 67) ** [[Social Victorians/People/John Milton Hay#Mr. John and Mrs. Clara Hay|Mrs. Clara Hay]] (at 153) ** Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox#Lady Blanche Gordon-Lennox|Blanche Gordon-Lennox]] (at 333) ** [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill#Emily, Lady Ampthill|Emily, Lady Ampthill]] (at 420) * Queens of Sheba * Elizabeth, Queens of Bohemia ** [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Beatrix, Countess Cadogan]] (at 55), as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, after a painting by Honthorst ** Lady Ethel [[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Meysey Thompson]] (at 391), as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia ** [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|Katherine Grosvenor, Duchess of Westminster]] (at 34), as Queen Elizabeth of Bavaria (who might not be Elizabethan, but [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild]], as Casimir Count Patatine of Bavaria was in the Elizabethan procession) * Anne of Austria, Queen of France ** Anne of Austria, Queen of France ([[Social Victorians/People/Connaught|Princess Louise, Duchess of Connaught]]) ** Anne of Austria, Queen of France ([[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Margaret Child-Villiers, Countess of Jersey]]) *Titania, Queen of the Fairies **Mademoiselle de Alealo Galiano **Susannah Graham Menzies *Night **Agnes, Lady Herschell **Marie, Baroness de Courcel *Napoleons Men are not absent from the reportage, of course, and sometimes, as with the Prince of Wales or men mentioned as part of a couple or when their wives were not. Certainly with the Prince of Wales, a principle other than gender is at work: he is the monarch of this social world of women, in some ways the way his mother was monarch of the political world of men. === Individuals and Their Costumes === The Royals, obviously, would not have been part of any procession or quadrille because they were on the dais instead. Others, whose costumes are described in enough detail for us to know how they were dressed are listed here. # Hon. Oliver [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Borthwick]] (at 89), dressed as Marshal Turenne (reign of Louis XIV) or an officer d'Infanterie #[[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family|Colonel Arthur Paget]] (at 91), dressed as Edward the Black Prince # Arthur Balfour (at 86), the [[Social Victorians/People/Balfour|Right Hon. A. J. Balfour]], in a Dutch costume of 1660 # [[Social Victorians/People/Harcourt#Sir William Harcourt|Sir William Harcourt]] (at 128) as Sir Simon Harcourt, the first Lord Harcourt, in 1712, as Lord Chamberlain #[[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Lady Gwendolen Cecil]] (at 404), as Portia # [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|Lady Edward Cavendish]] (at 393), as Madame de Maintenon # Alfred [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Rothschild]] (at 605), as a French noble of the 16th century # Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Hartopp|Charles Hartopp]] (at 111), as Napoleon I #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Hartopp|Millicent Hartopp]] (at 488), as the Empress Josephine # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Guest|Montague Guest]] (at 115), as Montague Bertie, second Earl of Lindsey # Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Wilson]] (at 118), in a costume from a portrait by Velasquez # Mary (Mrs. Arthur) [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Wilson]] (at 395) wore a dress in the Georgian period # [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom|Lady Edith Wilbraham]] (at 119), as Peg Woffington # Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Henry James|James of Hereford]] (at 122), as Sir Thomas More # Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Henry James|James]] (at 396), as Eugénie Hortense de Beauharnais, Louis Bonaparte's wife # [[Social Victorians/People/Talbot|Lord Edmund Talbot]] (at 123), as a Gentleman of the Spanish Court of the early 17th Century # [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham|Colonel Sir Charles Wyndham Murray]], "Mr. C. [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham|Wyndham]], M.P.," (at 124), as the Emperor John Polaeologus II on his State visit to Venice in 1438. # Lilian Maud [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Spencer-Churchill]] (at 571), as a Watteau shepherdess # Norah Beatrice Henriette [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Spencer-Churchill]] (at 572), also as a Watteau shepherdess # John Lambton, 3rd [[Social Victorians/People/Durham#John Lambton, 3rd Earl of Durham|Earl of Durham]] (at 141), as the Duc de Nemours, period Henri III #[[Social Victorians/People/Howe|Isabella, Countess Howe]] (at 489), as Lady Howe of 1758 #Richard George Penn Curzon, [[Social Victorians/People/Howe|Viscount Curzon]] (at 197), as Admiral Lord Howe, husband of the 1758 Lady Howe, accompanied his mother # Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Holford|George Holford]] (at 385), as Philip IV of Spain # Francis [[Social Victorians/People/Gathorne-Hardy|Gathorne-Hardy]] (at 352), as in either the Archduchess Marie-Karoline and Emperor Joseph II section of the Austrian Court of Maria Theresa Quadrille or as a gentleman of the Court of Louis XV # The [[Social Victorians/People/Grand Duke Michael of Russia|Grand Duke Michael of Russia]] (at 8), as Henri IV of Navarre and France, first married to Marguerite de Valois but father to the children of Gabrielle d'Estrées, personated by [[Social Victorians/People/Grand Duke Michael of Russia|Sophia, Countess de Torby]] (at 184), his morganatic wife. #[[Social Victorians/People/Buccleuch|Louisa Jane, Duchess of Buccleuch]] (at 24), as Elizabeth, Duchess of Buccleuch, after a painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds #[[Social Victorians/People/Buccleuch|William, Duke of Buccleuch]] (at 20), as either William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle or Charles I #[[Social Victorians/People/Constance Anne Montagu Douglas Scott|Lady Constance Montagu-Douglas-Scott]] (at 26), as a Watteau shepherdess #[[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|William, Earl of Dudley]] (at 63), as Prince Rupert, so he could have been in the Charles I or Charles II procession but is not listed in any of the newspaper reports as being in a procession or quadrille; his wife, Rachel, [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Countess of Dudley]] (at 31) is not the Lady Dudley in the Duchesses procession; that's probably his mother, [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina, Dowager Countess Dudley]]. #[[Social Victorians/People/Alva|Carlos, 16th Duke of Alba]] (at 32), as his ancestor at the Court of Philip II of Spain #[[Social Victorians/People/Derby|Constance Stanley, Countess of Derby]] (at 36), as Duchess of Orleans. (Members of her family, the Stanleys, are in the Duchesses and the Louis XV and Louis XVI court processions. #[[Social Victorians/People/Forbes|Lady Angela St. Clair-Erskine Forbes]] (at 37), as Queen of Naples # Lawrence Dundas, Earl of [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland|Ronaldshay]] (at 529), as Sir Peter Teazle #[[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Lady Eva Greville Dugdale]] (at 409), as great-aunt Lady Anne Bingham #[[Social Victorians/People/Ellesmere|Francis Egerton, 3rd Earl of Ellesmere]] (at 68), as James I #[[Social Victorians/People/Deym|Count Franz Deym]] (at 66), as General Wallenstein #[[Social Victorians/People/Deym|Countess Isabel Deym]] (at 67), as the Princesse de Lamballe, one of Napoleon's sisters #[[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Thérèse, Countess Clary and Aldringen]] (at 191), as one of Napoleon's sisters #[[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Josephine, Countess Kinsky]] (at 394), as one of Napoleon's sisters, though other Princesses de Lamballe, [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox|Lady Blanche Gordon-Lennox]] (at 333) appeared in the Louis XV and XVI procession and [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill#Emily, Lady Ampthill|Emily, Lady Ampthill]] (at 420), also another Princess de Lamballe #[[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill#Emily, Lady Ampthill|Emily, Lady Ampthill]] (at 420), also as the Princess de Lamballe #Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill#Margaret Russell, Lady Ampthill|Constance Russell]] (at 418), as a flower seller or bouquetière, period Louis XV #[[Social Victorians/People/Selborne|Beatrix Palmer, Countess Selborne]] (at 557), as Lady Percy, after a picture by Vandyk #[[Social Victorians/People/Selborne|William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne]] (at 70), as an officer of the Duke of Marlborough's Army #[[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|John Seymour Wynne-Finch]] (at 680), as Cosmo, Grand Duke of Tuscany #[[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Lady Muriel Fox Strangways]] (at 403), as one of Queen Charlotte's bridesmaids #Frederick, [[Social Victorians/People/Wolverton|Baron Wolverton]] (at 79), as King Richard, Coeur de Lion #[[Social Victorians/People/Harcourt#Lewis Harcourt|Lewis Harcourt]] (at 669), as 1st Viscount Nuneham, c. 1750 #[[Social Victorians/People/Lister-Kaye|Lady Natica Lister-Kaye]] (at 499), as Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henri III #[[Social Victorians/People/Chaine|Maria Chaine]] (at 490) as Madame Sans Gêne, from Victorien Sardou and Émile Moreau's 1893 play ''Madame Sans Gêne'' #[[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury|Margaret Jane Stuart-Wortley Chetwynd-Talbot]], Lady Talbot (at 485), as a Valkyrie #[[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Lady Robert Cecil]] — Eleanor Lambton Gascoyne-Cecil — (at 450), as Valentina Visconti (XV Century) #[[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|Hon. Victor Cavendish]] (at 121), as a Tudor or an Elizabethan ambassador, from a Holbein in the National Gallery #[[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|Mr. S. Cavendish]] (at 700), as Count Chotak #Louisa Montefiore, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Lady de Rothschild]] (at 674), as Lady Vaux, after a picture by Holbein #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Leopold de Rothschild]] (at 527), as Duc de Sully #Mrs. Leopold ([[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Marie Perugia) Rothschild]] (at 528), as Zobeida #[[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Alfred Rothschild]] (at 605), as King Henry III #The [[Social Victorians/People/Long|Right Hon. W. H. Long, M.P.]], (at 117), as a cavalier from the time of Charles II, after a picture by Sir Peter Lely. #[[Social Victorians/People/Long|Mrs. Doreen Long]] (at 484) as Urania, Goddess of Astronomy or an astronomer #[[Social Victorians/People/Argyll|Lady Elspeth Angela Campbell]] (at 621), in white with gold wings #Madame Marie-Elisabeth [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel|Chodron de Courcel]] (at 182), as Night #Mademoiselle Henriette [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel|Chodron de Courcel]] (at 371), as a Valkyrie #Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel|Chodron de Courcel]] (at 498), as a Valkyrie #[[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|M. Luis de Soveral]] (at 135), as Count d'Almada, A.D. 1640 #[[Social Victorians/People/Ripon|Frederick Oliver Robinson, Earl de Grey]] (at 656), as Admiral Coligny #[[Social Victorians/People/Rosebery|Archibald, Earl of Rosebery]] (at 139), as Horace Walpole #[[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Archibald Acheson, 4th Earl of Gosford]] (at 143), as Robert de la Marck (the rest of his family was in the Duchesses procession) #Beatrix Herbert, [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke|Countess Pembroke]] (at 146), as Mary Sidney, Countess of Pembroke, after the picture by Marcus Gheeraedts #Sidney Herbert, [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke|Earl Pembroke]] (at 181), as William, 1st Earl of Pembroke after Holbein #[[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke|Lady Beatrix Frances Gertrude Herbert]] (at 648), as Signora Bacelli after Gainsborough #Ana, Countess [[Social Victorians/People/Casa de Valencia|Casa de Valencia]] (at 148), as Nuit d'Espagne #[[Social Victorians/People/Henry White|Daisy (Mrs. Henry) White]] (at 151), as Morosina Morosini Dogaressa of Venice #[[Social Victorians/People/Buckingham and Chandos|Anne (Alice Anne), Duchess of Buckingham]] (at 155), as Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus #[[Social Victorians/People/Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton|Lord Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton]] (at 591), as the Doge Morosini #Rt. Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton|Sir Edward Walter Hamilton]] (at 683), as John of Gaunt #Kathleen, [[Social Victorians/People/Falmouth|Viscountess Falmouth]] (at 471), as Madame Recamier #Albert Count von [[Social Victorians/People/Mensdorff|Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein]] (at 180), as Henri III, King of France #Thomas Lister, [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|4th Baron Ribblesdale]] (at 185), as Lord Ribblesdale, after the Lawrence picture of his grandfather #Charlotte, [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]] (at 206), as Duchess of Parma #[[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Rachel, Countess of Dudley]] (at 31), as Queen Esther #[[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Lady Aileen May Wyndham-Quin]] (at 661), as Queen Hortense #[[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon|Arthur Sassoon]] (at 553), as Chief of the Janissaries #Mr. R. Sassoon, probably [[Social Victorians/People/Reuben David Sassoon|Reuben David Sassoon]] (at 533), as a Persian Prince #Miss Sassoon, probably Mozelle or Louise Judith [[Social Victorians/People/Reuben David Sassoon|Sassoon]] (at 534), as a "Japanese Lady" #Mary, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Countess of Suffolk]] (at 538), as a Countess of Suffolk in 1766 #[[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Miss Daisy Leiter]] (at 684), in what looks to be an 18th-century dress and headdress #[[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|H. H. Asquith]] (at 381), as a roundhead #Lord St. Oswald, Rowland Winn, [[Social Victorians/People/Saint Oswald|2nd Baron St. Oswald]], (at 641) was dressed as an officer of the Regiment de Pondichery, 1772 #The [[Social Victorians/People/Saint Oswald|Hon. Maud Winn]] (at 642), as Madame La Motte #[[Social Victorians/People/Von Andre|Herr Von André]] (at 386), as Benvenuto Cellini #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Warrender|Ethel Maud Warrender]] (at 520) as "Duchesse de Lauzun, La Grande Mademoiselle" #Clara ([[Social Victorians/People/John Milton Hay|Mrs. John) Hay]] (at 153), as one of the Princesses de Lamballe #Candida Hay, [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Marchioness of Tweeddale]] (at 399), as Josephine, wife of Napoleon, with her sons Lord Arthur Vincent Hay and Lord William George Montagu Hay bearing her train (also at 399) #William Montagu Hay, the [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Marquis of Tweeddale]] (at 400), as Saint Bris from ''Les Huguenots'' #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Clementine Hay]] (at 629), as Valentina from ''Les Huguenots'' #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Brett|Reginald Balioll Brett]] (at 603), as a gentleman of France #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Brett|Eleanor Frances Brett]] (at 604), as Manon Lescaut #[[Social Victorians/People/Dyke|Lady Emily Hart Dyke]] (at 556), as an Elizabethan lady #[[Social Victorians/People/Dunville|Violet Dunville]] (at 650), as Edith Plantagenet #[[Social Victorians/People/Dunville|John Dunville]] (at 649), as the Emperor Yuan of China #[[Social Victorians/People/Cole-Hamilton|Lucy Charlewood Cole-Hamilton]] (at 652), as Amy Robsart #[[Social Victorians/People/Cole-Hamilton|Claud George Cole-Hamilton]] (at 653), as Edmund Tressilian #[[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Hon. Mrs. Cadogan]] (at 668), in Elizabethan costume #[[Social Victorians/People/Belper|Henry, Lord Belper]] (at 512), as Gentleman at Arms, time of Charles II #[[Social Victorians/People/Maurice Baring|Hon. Maurice Baring]] (at 678), as Marlborough #[[Social Victorians/People/Spencer|Mr. R. (Charles Robert) Spencer]] (at 493), in Elizabethan dress #[[Social Victorians/People/Antrim|Hon. Alexander McDonnell]] (at 676), as Mercutio #[[Social Victorians/People/Malcolm|Mr. Ian Malcolm]] (at 692), as a Courtier, time of Henry VIII #[[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough#Lord Churchill|Lord Churchill]] (at 611), as Columbus #[[Social Victorians/People/Leigh|Captain Gerard Leigh]] (at 570), as a member of the Life Guard, time of Charles II #James Hamilton, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Marquis of Hamilton]] (at 657), in the period of Charles II #Albertha Frances Anne Hamilton Spencer-Churchill, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Marchioness of Blandford]] (at 601), as a 16th-century Abbess #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Edith Lyttelton]] (at 580), as a parson's daughter, after a picture by Romney #Georgina Cavendish Coke, [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Countess of Leicester]] (at 516), as a Venetian lady #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Walsh|Clementine Walsh]] (at 523) wore an Empire costume #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|Violet Brassey]] (at 531), as Juliet #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|Leonard Brassey]] (at 530), as Apollo #Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Northampton|Alwyne Frederick Compton]] (at 434), as Sir William Compton, time of Charles I #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Northampton|Mary Compton]] (at 435), as Mme. de Chevreuse, time of Louis XIII #The Hon. Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther|Gwendoline Lowther]] (at 672), as Madame de Tallion (Incroyable) #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|J. E. Baillie]] (at 666), in a military costume of the early part of the 19th century #The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie#The Hon. William Erskine|William Erskine]] (at 696), as an Incroyable #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Portal|William Wyndham Portal]] (at 549) in Court dress, period Marie Thérèse, or Comte de Candale from ''Un Mariage sous Louis XV'' #Florence, [[Social Victorians/People/Portal|Lady Portal]] (at 550), as Comtesse de Candale from ''Un Mariage sous Louis XV'' #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cassel|Ernest Cassel]] (at 462), as Velasquez #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Beit|Alfred Beit]] (at 384), as Frederick of Nassau, period 1630 #[[Social Victorians/People/Wombwell|Stephen Frederick Wombwell]] (at 671), as George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham #The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|K. Campbell]] (at 695), as Charles Edward, the Pretender #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Chaine|W. R. Chaine]] (at 694), as a gentleman of the Court of Queen Elizabeth #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|R. Cavendish]], probably Rt. Hon. Lord Richard Cavendish, (at 107), in a costume of the period of Marie Thérèse #The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|W. G. Peel]] (at 679), in a 15th-century Venetian costume #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Mabel Coke]] (at 644), as a woodland nymph #The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Suffield|Bridget Harbord]] (at 398), as the Bride of Abydos #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|Florence Blackwood]] (at 637), as Flora, Goddess of Flowers #Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|Terence Blackwood]] (at 638), as Captain Blackwood, Royal Navy #Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Maurice Baring|John Baring]] (at 675), as Henry IV #Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Durham#Captain Hedworth Lambton|Hedworth Lambton]] (at 660), as a Roman #Major [[Social Victorians/People/Drummond|Laurence Drummond]] (at 507), as a soldier #Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Curzon|George Curzon]] (at 495), as a Spanish Admiral #Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Cust|Charles Cust]] (at 152), in a soldier's uniform #[[Social Victorians/People/Dawson|Douglas Dawson]] (at 673), as Raoul de Nangis, Les Huguenots #[[Social Victorians/People/Dawson|Major Vesey Dawson]] (at 521), as a soldier #Pierre, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Pierre, Marquis d'Hautpoul|Marquis d'Hautpoul]] (at 387), in a Vandyck dress #Julia Caroline Stonor, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Marquis d'Hautpoul]] (at 388), as Elsa, in ''Lohengrin'' #Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Julian Stonor|Harry Julian Stonor]] (at 389), as Lohengrin #[[Social Victorians/People/Adair|Mrs. Adair]] (at 390), as Egyptian Queen Nitocris #Edward Cecil Guiness, [[Social Victorians/People/Iveagh|Lord Iveagh]] (at 382), as a Cavalier, Louis XIII. period #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Arthur James]] (at 480), as an English gentleman of the fifteenth century #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Mr. Lewis Flower|Louis Flower]] (at 506), as a French Commissary General, First Empire #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/William James|William Dodge James]] (at 686), as d'Artagnan #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar|Emilie Farquhar]] (at 639), as Duchess de Mailly, Lady in Waiting to Queen Marie Antoinette #Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar|Horace Brand Farquhar]] (at 380), as Count Egmont or a Dutch burgher after Rembrandt #Colonel [[Social Victorians/People/Swaine|Charles Edward Swaine]] (at 415), as an officer, 11th Dragoons, 1742 #The Right Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Chaplin|Henry Chaplin]], M.P. (at 379), as General Lefevre, First Empire #Jesusa Murrieta, [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marquisa de Santurce]] (at 633), as the Infanta of Spain #Mr. F. de Murrieta, possibly Don José Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio, [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marques de Santurce]] (at 634), as Philip I. of Spain #Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Magniac|Geraldine Magniac]] (at 640), as Dawn or the Sun #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson#Mrs. Florence and Mr. Charles Henry Wilson|Charles (Florence) Wilson]] (at 413), as Guinevere #Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Jane Thornewill]] (at 712), in a costume of the Georgian era #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cork and Orrery|W. Boyle]] (at 504), in an Elizabethan costume #[[Social Victorians/People/Mills|Hon. Violet Mills]] (at 596), in the period of Charles II #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Hartmann|Hartmann]] (at 505), as Madame Sans-Gêne #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Shaftesbury|W. W. Ashley]] (at 658), as a soldier #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Crichton|Herbert Creighton]] (at 647), as Charles I #Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Murray|Graham Murray]] (at 687), as Titania #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Milner|Harry (Marcus Henry) Milner]] (at 612), as a Chasseur of the Louis XV period #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Strong|Arthur Strong]] (at 613), as Voltaire at the age of 25 #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Longhurst|A. P. Longhurst]] (at 689), as an Egyptian runner #[[Social Victorians/People/Yznaga|Emilia Yznaga]] (at 360), as Cydalise of the Comedie Italienne from the time of Louis XV #Laura, [[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen|Princess Victor of Hohenlohe Langenburg]] (at 16), in a Louis Quinze costume #[[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen|Countess Helena Gleichen]] (at 17), as Joan of Arc #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Southampton|Hilda Southampton]] (at 402), as Beatrice #[[Social Victorians/People/Henry Irving|Henry Irving]] (at 414), as Cardinal Wolsey #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Bischoffsheim|Clarissa Bischoffsheim]] (at 429), as Anne of Austria #Violet Manners, [[Social Victorians/People/Marion Margaret Violet Lindsay Manners|Marchioness of Granby]] (at 448), as Isabella Marchioness of Granby #[[Social Victorians/People/Neumann|Ludwig Neumann]] (at 452), as Le Duc de Joyeuse #Margaret Montagu-Douglas-Scott, [[Social Victorians/People/Dalkeith|Countess of Dalkeith]] (at 460), as Helen, Countess of Dalkeith #Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Herschell|Farrer Herschell]] (at 496), as Lord Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Herschell|Agnes Herschell]] (at 497), as Night #The [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam#Mrs. Edith Fitzwilliam|Hon. Edith Wentworth Fitzwilliam]] (at 635), in a costume based on a painting by Romney #The [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam#The Hon. Reginald Fitzwilliam|Hon. Reginald Fitzwilliam]] (at 636), as Nelson #Maud Fitzwilliam, [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam#Lord and Lady Milton|Viscountess Milton]] (at 501), as Madame Le Brun #Catherine (the [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor#Hon. Catherine and Mr. Algernon Grosvenor#Hon. Catherine and Mr. Algernon Grosvenor|Hon. Mrs. Algernon) Grosvenor]] (at 510), as Marie Louise #Hardinge Stanley Giffard, [[Social Victorians/People/Halsbury|Lord Halsbury]] (at 147), as George III #Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Poynter|Edward Poynter]] (at 546), as Titian #Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin#Hon. Marie Hay|Marie Hay-Drummond]] (at 682), as Mademoiselle Andrée de Taverney, A.D. 1775 #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Walker|Sophie Walker]] (at 584), as Vivien #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Walker|Hall Walker]] (at 583), as Merlin #Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Blois|Ralph Blois]] (at 593), as Jerome Buonaparte, King of Westphalia #[[Social Victorians/People/Fitzgerald|Amelia, Lady FitzGerald]] (at 599), as Marie Joséphe, Queen of Poland, A.D. 1737 #Prince [[Social Victorians/People/Duleep Singh|Victor Duleep Singh]] (at 558), as Akbar #[[Social Victorians/People/Kintore|Sydney, Countess Kintore]] (at 608), as Jane, Duchess of Gordon #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Kintore|Hilda Keith-Falconer]] (at 677), as Lady Susan Gordon #Madame [[Social Victorians/People/Baudon de Mony|Baudon de Mony]] (at 568), as Princess of Navarre #Monsieur [[Social Victorians/People/Baudon de Mony|Baudon de Mony]] (at 567), as a Louis-XIII Musketeer #Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Alcalo Galiano|de Alealo Galiano]] (at 631), as the Queen of the Fairies #Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Alcalo Galiano|Consuelo de Alealo Galiano]] (at 632), as Veure de Pierrot #Blanche, [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry#Blanche, Countess of Coventry|Countess of Coventry]] (at 559), as an earlier Countess of Coventry #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry#Lady Anne Coventry|Anne Coventry]] (at 560, as Serena #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry#Lady Dorothy Coventry|Dorothy Coventry]] (at 561), also as Serena #Rose Towneley-Bertie, [[Social Victorians/People/Norreys|Lady Norreys]] (at 680), as a Paysanne Galante from the time of Louis XVI #[[Social Victorians/People/Lukach|Joseph Harry Lukach]] (at 685), as Henri de Rohan #Alice Emily White Coke, Viscountess Coke (at 643), in 18th-century dress #Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Hon. Ferdinand Charles Stanley|F. C. (Ferdinand Charles) Stanley]] (at 251), as a Grenadier Guard officer, 1660 #Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lord Stanley and Lady A. Stanley|Edward Stanley]] (at 187), as a Grenadier Guard officer, 1660 #[[Social Victorians/People/Jeune#Madeline Cecilia Carlyle Stanley|Madeline Cecilia Carlyle Stanley]] (at 552), accompanying [[Social Victorians/People/Jeune|Sir Francis Jeune]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Jeune|Lady Jeune]], as Lady Hopeton, after a miniature by Cosway #Henry William Crichton, [[Social Victorians/People/Crichton#Lord Crichton|Viscount Crichton]] (at 646), in a costume of the Empire period #[[Social Victorians/People/Ellis#Major-General Ellis|General Ellis]] (at 654), as an Elizabethan noble #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Durham#Lady Anne Lambton|Anne Lambton]] (at 659), as Mme. de Longueville, Louis XIII period #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Burton#Nellie Lisa Baillie and Colonel James Evan Bruce Baillie of Dochfour|Nellie Lisa Baillie]] (at 667), from the family group by Gainsborough #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Burton#Mr. and Mrs. Hamar Bass|Hamar (Louisa) Bass]] (at 439), from picture at Chesterfield House #Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Burton#Jane Thornewill|Jane Thornewill]] (at 664), in a costume of the Georgian era #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Sneyd|Mary Evelyn Ellis Sneyd]] (at 667), as a Venetian #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Foley|Foley]] (at 690), as a Hussar of the Napoleonic era #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Crawley|E. Crawley]] (at 692), as a gentleman of the period of Charles I #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Carter|J. Carter]] (at 697), as a Courtier of Elizabeth #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Wolseley|Louisa Wolseley]] (at 541), in an 18th-century dress (?) #Edward Villiers, [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers#Edward Villiers, 5th Earl Clarendon|5th Earl Clarendon]] (at 65), as Villiers, Viscount Grandison, after portrait by Vandyke #[[Social Victorians/People/Souza Correa|M. de Souza Correa]] (at 178), as a Knight Templar, XIV Century #Margaret Child-Villiers, [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey#Lord and Lady Jersey|Countess of Jersey]] (at 432), as Anne of Austria #Mary, Countess Minto (at 544) was Princess [[Social Victorians/People/Minto#Mary, Countess of Minto|Andrillon]] #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke#Lady Beatrix Herbert|Beatrix Herbert]] (at 648), as Signora Bacelli after Gainsborough #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain#Mrs. Mary Chamberlain|Mary Chamberlain]] (at 491), as Madame d'Epinay #Windham Thomas Wyndham-Quin, [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven#Earl and Countess Dunraven|4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl]] (at 199), as Cardinal Mazarin #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster#Lady Evelyn Ewart|Evelyn Ewart]] (at 401), as the Duchess of Ancaster, Mistress of the Robes to Queen Charlotte, 1757, after a picture by Hudson #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan#Lord and Lady Cardross|Rosalie Cardross]] (at 276), as La Duchesse de Lavis #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Duncombe|Florence Duncombe]] (at 456), as a Lady of the Court of Marie Stuart #Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox#Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox|Algernon Gordon Lennox]] (at 623), as a Grenadier Guard officer #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Cole|Florence Cole]] (at 239), as Hortense Beauharnais #Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Myddleton-Biddulph|Algernon Myddleton Biddulph]] (at 268), as Count Soltykoff or Saltykov == Notes and Questions == # Work this info in: <blockquote>There is intense excitement (says a lady correspondent) about the Duchess of Devonshire's historical and fancy dress ball to take place to-night. One of the prettiest of Princesses, daughter of a lovely Irish mother, goes as Queen of Sheba, her sister representing an Ethiopian attendant. An illustrious personage is to head the list of old-world knights, and a beautiful Marchioness is to represent Guinevere, her fair young daughter going as Elaine. A most lovely lady is to personate Queen Marie Thérèse, surrounded by her Court. There is to be a procession of young girls dressed after Cosway's miniatures, and an Elizabethan quadrille is to be danced, in which the Virgin Queen herself is to appear, as well as Essex, Raleigh, Shakespeare, and other well-known characters. Another quadrille will be made up of ladies and gentlemen costumed after the style of Catherine II.'s Russian Court, but none will be more pictorially effective than that in which Catherine de Medici will appear, some of the gentlemen representing Henri II., Francis II., Charles IX., Henri III., Gaspard de Collini, Comte de la Marck, and the Duc de Guise.<ref name=":4">"This Morning's News." ''London Daily News'' 2 July 1897, Friday: 5 [of 10], Col. 3B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970702/026/0005.</ref></blockquote> == Bibliography for Courts == * Drew-Smythe David. "The Duchess of Devonshire's Ball, 1897." ["principal names in the courts"] http://www.zipworld.com.au/~lnbdds/home/rah/dodbcourts.htm (accessed July 2017). Based on the report in the ''Times''. * Ross, Sarah. "The Devonshire House Ball (1897): A Guest-list of Society." ''Pax Victoriana: The Age of Victoria: The Long 19th Century in Literature and Everyday Life'' http://paxvictoriana.tumblr.com/post/101421946818/the-devonshire-house-ball-1897-a-guest-list-of (accessed July 2017). Based on the report in the ''Times''. == Footnotes == {{reflist}} ksp4d0ojd59lpzseo924b9fk8pjawt4 0 265077 2689983 2689814 2024-12-02T15:17:40Z Scogdill 1331941 2689983 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Overview== Raymond Lamont-Brown describes how the Prince of Wales's friends enjoyed finding women for him:<blockquote>There was a certain frisson in pimping for the Prince of Wales and some of his lifelong friends took great pleasure in doing it. There was Harry Tyrwhitt-Wilson, his equerry, Charles Lindley Wood, later 2nd Viscount Halifax, in those earlier days, and [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|George Henry Cadogan, later 5th Earl of Cadogan]], [[Social Victorians/People/Derby|Frederick Arthur Stanley, later 16th Earl of Derby]] and William Henry Gladstone, eldest son of Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone.<ref>Lamont-Brown, Raymond. ''Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser: Edward VII's Last Loves''. History Press, 2011. [Preview on Google Books: [https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ].</ref></blockquote> ==Organizations== === Gordon Edward Boileau Wood === * Christ Church, Oxford (14 January 1887<ref name=":3">''Oxford Men and Their Colleges, 1880–1892''. Vol. 2. 669.</ref> – ) * Captain, commanding Shropshire Company, Imperial Yeomanry<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.militaryimages.net/media/wood-gordon-edward-boileau.56858/|title=Wood Gordon Edward Boileau|date=2010-11-04|website=A Military Photo & Video Website|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-29}} https://www.militaryimages.net/media/wood-gordon-edward-boileau.56858/.</ref> * St. Mary's Church, Melton Mowbray: [http://www.leicestershirewarmemorials.co.uk/war/memorials/view/771 memorial window to Gordon Wood] ==Timeline== '''1829 July 30''', Charles Wood and Mary Grey married.<ref name=":1">"Lady Mary Grey." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2598.htm#i25974|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> '''1869 April 22''', Charles Lindley Wood and Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay married.<ref name=":2">"Lady Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p912.htm#i9113|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> '''1897 July 2''', Gordon Wood attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House. == Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], Gordon Edward Boileau Wood was among the Suite of Men in the "Oriental" procession.<ref>"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref><ref>"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> The ''Gentlewoman'' says, "Messrs Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson were attendants on [<nowiki/>[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|George Keppel]]'s] King Solomon," wearing "green silk tunics elaborately embroidered in gold and studs, with cloaks embroidered and lined with white; jewelled '''headdreses''', swords."<ref>“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|34, Col. 3a}} == Also Known As == * Family name: Wood * Viscount Halifax<ref>"Halifax, Viscount." ''Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage''. London: Dean & Son, 1884: 324. Google Books https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlo-AQAAIAAJ.</ref> ** Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax (21 February 1866 – 8 August 1885)<ref name=":0">"Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifx of Monk Bretton." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p4559.htm#i45588|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> ** Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (8 August 1885 – 19 January 1934) * Viscountess Halifax ** Mary Grey Wood (21 February 1866 – 6 July 1884) ** Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay Wood (8 August 1885 – 4 July 1919) * Dowager Viscountess Halifax ==Demographics== * Nationality: English ===Residences=== ==Family== * Mary Grey Wood (3 May 1807 – 6 July 1884)<ref name=":1" /> * Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax (20 December 1800 – 8 August 1885)<ref name=":0" /> *#Hon. Blanche Edith Wood ( – 21 July 1921) *#Hon. Alice Louisa Wood ( – 3 June 1934) *#Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (7 June 1839 – 19 January 1934) *#Hon. Emily Charlotte Wood (1840 – 21 December 1904) *#Captain Hon. Francis Lindley Wood (17 October 1841 – 14 October 1873) *#Lt.-Col. Hon. Henry John Lindley Wood (12 Jan 1843 – 5 Jan 1903) *#Hon. Frederick George Lindley Meynell (4 June 1846 – 4 November 1910) * Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (7 June 1839 – 19 January 1934)<ref>"Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax of Monk Bretton." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p1079.htm#i10781|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> * Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay Wood (1 May 1838 – 4 July 1919)<ref name=":2" /> # Charles Reginald Lindley Wood (7 July 1870 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 6 September 1899) # Alexandra Mary Elizabeth Wood (25 August 1871 – 10 March 1965) # Francis Hugh Lindley Wood (21 September 1873 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 17 March 1889) # Mary Agnes Wood (25 March 1877 – 25 March 1962) # Henry Paul Lindley Wood (25 Jan 1879 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 6 June 1886) # Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax (1881–1959) * Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax (1881–1959) * Dorothy === Another Wood Family === * Edward Wood (1833 – )<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt2wGQa8iDUC|title=The County Families of the United Kingdom Or Royal Manual of the Titled and Untitled Aristocracy of Great Britain and Ireland|last=Walford|first=Edward|date=1876|language=en}} 1046, Col. 1b.</ref> * Isabella Annie Boileau (c. 1841<ref name=":6">The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''2670''; Folio: ''17''; Page: ''27''; GSU roll: ''835333''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.</ref> – 1871<ref name=":5" />) *# Madoline Wood (c. 1862<ref name=":6" /> – ) *# Maud B. Wood (c. 1865<ref name=":6" /> – ) *# '''Gordon Edward Boileau Wood''' (July 1866<ref name=":3" /> – 20 October 1900 [near Zeerust, South Africa]<ref name=":4" />) *# Charles C. B. Wood (c. 1870<ref name=":6" /> – ) ==Notes and Questions== # DVP is ''decessit vita patris'', died while his father was still living. # Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, Viscount Halifax, wasn't promoted to Earl until 11 July 1944. #Three somewhat difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the "Oriental" procession at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] with the [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. George Keppel]]: Gordon Wood, [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is reasonably certain because of contemporary newspaper accounts; Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none mentions his family of origin. The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. #In 1871, the family of Edward and Isabella Annie Boileau Wood had 11 staff and servants, including a governess, butler and 3 nurses.<ref name=":6" /> #Gordon Edward Boileau Wood's estate went to his brother, Charles Peevor Boileau Wood, valued at £40,612 6''s''. 2''d''.<ref>Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.</ref> #Gordon Edward Boileau Wood is #234 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]] at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. ==Footnotes== {{reflist}} blyoqnlwmjsn42zse3f7glqtfv0wkqc 2689986 2689983 2024-12-02T15:19:42Z Scogdill 1331941 2689986 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Overview== Raymond Lamont-Brown describes how the Prince of Wales's friends enjoyed finding women for him:<blockquote>There was a certain frisson in pimping for the Prince of Wales and some of his lifelong friends took great pleasure in doing it. There was Harry Tyrwhitt-Wilson, his equerry, Charles Lindley Wood, later 2nd Viscount Halifax, in those earlier days, and [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|George Henry Cadogan, later 5th Earl of Cadogan]], [[Social Victorians/People/Derby|Frederick Arthur Stanley, later 16th Earl of Derby]] and William Henry Gladstone, eldest son of Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone.<ref>Lamont-Brown, Raymond. ''Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser: Edward VII's Last Loves''. History Press, 2011. [Preview on Google Books: [https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ].</ref></blockquote> ==Organizations== === Gordon Edward Boileau Wood === * Christ Church, Oxford (14 January 1887<ref name=":3">''Oxford Men and Their Colleges, 1880–1892''. Vol. 2. 669.</ref> – ) * Captain, commanding Shropshire Company, Imperial Yeomanry<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.militaryimages.net/media/wood-gordon-edward-boileau.56858/|title=Wood Gordon Edward Boileau|date=2010-11-04|website=A Military Photo & Video Website|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-29}} https://www.militaryimages.net/media/wood-gordon-edward-boileau.56858/.</ref> * St. Mary's Church, Melton Mowbray: [http://www.leicestershirewarmemorials.co.uk/war/memorials/view/771 memorial window to Gordon Wood] ==Timeline== '''1829 July 30''', Charles Wood and Mary Grey married.<ref name=":1">"Lady Mary Grey." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2598.htm#i25974|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> '''1869 April 22''', Charles Lindley Wood and Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay married.<ref name=":2">"Lady Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p912.htm#i9113|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> '''1897 July 2''', Gordon Wood attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House. == Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], Gordon Edward Boileau Wood was among the Suite of Men in the "Oriental" procession.<ref>"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref><ref>"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> The ''Gentlewoman'' says, "Messrs Gordon Wood and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson#Wilfred Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]] were attendants on [<nowiki/>[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|George Keppel]]'s] King Solomon," wearing "green silk tunics elaborately embroidered in gold and studs, with cloaks embroidered and lined with white; jewelled '''headdreses''', swords."<ref>“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|34, Col. 3a}} == Also Known As == * Family name: Wood * Viscount Halifax<ref>"Halifax, Viscount." ''Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage''. London: Dean & Son, 1884: 324. Google Books https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlo-AQAAIAAJ.</ref> ** Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax (21 February 1866 – 8 August 1885)<ref name=":0">"Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifx of Monk Bretton." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p4559.htm#i45588|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> ** Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (8 August 1885 – 19 January 1934) * Viscountess Halifax ** Mary Grey Wood (21 February 1866 – 6 July 1884) ** Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay Wood (8 August 1885 – 4 July 1919) * Dowager Viscountess Halifax ==Demographics== * Nationality: English ===Residences=== ==Family== * Mary Grey Wood (3 May 1807 – 6 July 1884)<ref name=":1" /> * Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax (20 December 1800 – 8 August 1885)<ref name=":0" /> *#Hon. Blanche Edith Wood ( – 21 July 1921) *#Hon. Alice Louisa Wood ( – 3 June 1934) *#Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (7 June 1839 – 19 January 1934) *#Hon. Emily Charlotte Wood (1840 – 21 December 1904) *#Captain Hon. Francis Lindley Wood (17 October 1841 – 14 October 1873) *#Lt.-Col. Hon. Henry John Lindley Wood (12 Jan 1843 – 5 Jan 1903) *#Hon. Frederick George Lindley Meynell (4 June 1846 – 4 November 1910) * Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (7 June 1839 – 19 January 1934)<ref>"Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax of Monk Bretton." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p1079.htm#i10781|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> * Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay Wood (1 May 1838 – 4 July 1919)<ref name=":2" /> # Charles Reginald Lindley Wood (7 July 1870 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 6 September 1899) # Alexandra Mary Elizabeth Wood (25 August 1871 – 10 March 1965) # Francis Hugh Lindley Wood (21 September 1873 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 17 March 1889) # Mary Agnes Wood (25 March 1877 – 25 March 1962) # Henry Paul Lindley Wood (25 Jan 1879 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 6 June 1886) # Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax (1881–1959) * Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax (1881–1959) * Dorothy === Another Wood Family === * Edward Wood (1833 – )<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt2wGQa8iDUC|title=The County Families of the United Kingdom Or Royal Manual of the Titled and Untitled Aristocracy of Great Britain and Ireland|last=Walford|first=Edward|date=1876|language=en}} 1046, Col. 1b.</ref> * Isabella Annie Boileau (c. 1841<ref name=":6">The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''2670''; Folio: ''17''; Page: ''27''; GSU roll: ''835333''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.</ref> – 1871<ref name=":5" />) *# Madoline Wood (c. 1862<ref name=":6" /> – ) *# Maud B. Wood (c. 1865<ref name=":6" /> – ) *# '''Gordon Edward Boileau Wood''' (July 1866<ref name=":3" /> – 20 October 1900 [near Zeerust, South Africa]<ref name=":4" />) *# Charles C. B. Wood (c. 1870<ref name=":6" /> – ) ==Notes and Questions== # DVP is ''decessit vita patris'', died while his father was still living. # Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, Viscount Halifax, wasn't promoted to Earl until 11 July 1944. #Three somewhat difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the "Oriental" procession at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] with the [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. George Keppel]]: Gordon Wood, [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is reasonably certain because of contemporary newspaper accounts; Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none mentions his family of origin. The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. #In 1871, the family of Edward and Isabella Annie Boileau Wood had 11 staff and servants, including a governess, butler and 3 nurses.<ref name=":6" /> #Gordon Edward Boileau Wood's estate went to his brother, Charles Peevor Boileau Wood, valued at £40,612 6''s''. 2''d''.<ref>Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.</ref> #Gordon Edward Boileau Wood is #234 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]] at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. ==Footnotes== {{reflist}} 2zxotavglzruzegj13ab7dnxj510ial 2690013 2689986 2024-12-02T19:54:54Z Scogdill 1331941 2690013 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Overview== Raymond Lamont-Brown describes how the Prince of Wales's friends enjoyed finding women for him:<blockquote>There was a certain frisson in pimping for the Prince of Wales and some of his lifelong friends took great pleasure in doing it. There was Harry Tyrwhitt-Wilson, his equerry, Charles Lindley Wood, later 2nd Viscount Halifax, in those earlier days, and [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|George Henry Cadogan, later 5th Earl of Cadogan]], [[Social Victorians/People/Derby|Frederick Arthur Stanley, later 16th Earl of Derby]] and William Henry Gladstone, eldest son of Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone.<ref>Lamont-Brown, Raymond. ''Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser: Edward VII's Last Loves''. History Press, 2011. [Preview on Google Books: [https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ].</ref></blockquote> ==Organizations== === Gordon Edward Boileau Wood === * Christ Church, Oxford (14 January 1887<ref name=":3">''Oxford Men and Their Colleges, 1880–1892''. Vol. 2. 669.</ref> – ) * Captain, commanding Shropshire Company, Imperial Yeomanry<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.militaryimages.net/media/wood-gordon-edward-boileau.56858/|title=Wood Gordon Edward Boileau|date=2010-11-04|website=A Military Photo & Video Website|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-29}} https://www.militaryimages.net/media/wood-gordon-edward-boileau.56858/.</ref> * St. Mary's Church, Melton Mowbray: [http://www.leicestershirewarmemorials.co.uk/war/memorials/view/771 memorial window to Gordon Wood] ==Timeline== '''1829 July 30''', Charles Wood and Mary Grey married.<ref name=":1">"Lady Mary Grey." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2598.htm#i25974|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> '''1869 April 22''', Charles Lindley Wood and Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay married.<ref name=":2">"Lady Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p912.htm#i9113|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> '''1897 July 2''', Gordon Wood attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House. == Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], Gordon Edward Boileau Wood was among the Suite of Men in the "Oriental" procession.<ref>"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref><ref>"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> The ''Gentlewoman'' says, "Messrs Gordon Wood and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson#Wilfred Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]] were attendants on [<nowiki/>[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|George Keppel]]'s] King Solomon," wearing "green silk tunics elaborately embroidered in gold and studs, with cloaks embroidered and lined with white; jewelled '''headdresses''', swords."<ref>“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|34, Col. 3a}} == Also Known As == * Family name: Wood * Viscount Halifax<ref>"Halifax, Viscount." ''Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage''. London: Dean & Son, 1884: 324. Google Books https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlo-AQAAIAAJ.</ref> ** Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax (21 February 1866 – 8 August 1885)<ref name=":0">"Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifx of Monk Bretton." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p4559.htm#i45588|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> ** Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (8 August 1885 – 19 January 1934) * Viscountess Halifax ** Mary Grey Wood (21 February 1866 – 6 July 1884) ** Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay Wood (8 August 1885 – 4 July 1919) * Dowager Viscountess Halifax ==Demographics== * Nationality: English ===Residences=== ==Family== * Mary Grey Wood (3 May 1807 – 6 July 1884)<ref name=":1" /> * Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax (20 December 1800 – 8 August 1885)<ref name=":0" /> *#Hon. Blanche Edith Wood ( – 21 July 1921) *#Hon. Alice Louisa Wood ( – 3 June 1934) *#Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (7 June 1839 – 19 January 1934) *#Hon. Emily Charlotte Wood (1840 – 21 December 1904) *#Captain Hon. Francis Lindley Wood (17 October 1841 – 14 October 1873) *#Lt.-Col. Hon. Henry John Lindley Wood (12 Jan 1843 – 5 Jan 1903) *#Hon. Frederick George Lindley Meynell (4 June 1846 – 4 November 1910) * Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (7 June 1839 – 19 January 1934)<ref>"Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax of Monk Bretton." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p1079.htm#i10781|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> * Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay Wood (1 May 1838 – 4 July 1919)<ref name=":2" /> # Charles Reginald Lindley Wood (7 July 1870 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 6 September 1899) # Alexandra Mary Elizabeth Wood (25 August 1871 – 10 March 1965) # Francis Hugh Lindley Wood (21 September 1873 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 17 March 1889) # Mary Agnes Wood (25 March 1877 – 25 March 1962) # Henry Paul Lindley Wood (25 Jan 1879 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 6 June 1886) # Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax (1881–1959) * Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax (1881–1959) * Dorothy === Another Wood Family === * Edward Wood (1833 – )<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt2wGQa8iDUC|title=The County Families of the United Kingdom Or Royal Manual of the Titled and Untitled Aristocracy of Great Britain and Ireland|last=Walford|first=Edward|date=1876|language=en}} 1046, Col. 1b.</ref> * Isabella Annie Boileau (c. 1841<ref name=":6">The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''2670''; Folio: ''17''; Page: ''27''; GSU roll: ''835333''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.</ref> – 1871<ref name=":5" />) *# Madoline Wood (c. 1862<ref name=":6" /> – ) *# Maud B. Wood (c. 1865<ref name=":6" /> – ) *# '''Gordon Edward Boileau Wood''' (July 1866<ref name=":3" /> – 20 October 1900 [near Zeerust, South Africa]<ref name=":4" />) *# Charles C. B. Wood (c. 1870<ref name=":6" /> – ) ==Notes and Questions== # DVP is ''decessit vita patris'', died while his father was still living. # Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, Viscount Halifax, wasn't promoted to Earl until 11 July 1944. #Three somewhat difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the "Oriental" procession at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] with the [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. George Keppel]]: Gordon Wood, [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is reasonably certain because of contemporary newspaper accounts; Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none mentions his family of origin. The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. #In 1871, the family of Edward and Isabella Annie Boileau Wood had 11 staff and servants, including a governess, butler and 3 nurses.<ref name=":6" /> #Gordon Edward Boileau Wood's estate went to his brother, Charles Peevor Boileau Wood, valued at £40,612 6''s''. 2''d''.<ref>Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.</ref> #Gordon Edward Boileau Wood is #234 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]] at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. ==Footnotes== {{reflist}} 70xlgzvk433ybo1a9sh2vgo19syu7tb 2690021 2690013 2024-12-02T19:57:55Z Scogdill 1331941 2690021 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Overview== Raymond Lamont-Brown describes how the Prince of Wales's friends enjoyed finding women for him:<blockquote>There was a certain frisson in pimping for the Prince of Wales and some of his lifelong friends took great pleasure in doing it. There was Harry Tyrwhitt-Wilson, his equerry, Charles Lindley Wood, later 2nd Viscount Halifax, in those earlier days, and [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|George Henry Cadogan, later 5th Earl of Cadogan]], [[Social Victorians/People/Derby|Frederick Arthur Stanley, later 16th Earl of Derby]] and William Henry Gladstone, eldest son of Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone.<ref>Lamont-Brown, Raymond. ''Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser: Edward VII's Last Loves''. History Press, 2011. [Preview on Google Books: [https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ].</ref></blockquote> ==Organizations== === Gordon Edward Boileau Wood === * Christ Church, Oxford (14 January 1887<ref name=":3">''Oxford Men and Their Colleges, 1880–1892''. Vol. 2. 669.</ref> – ) * Captain, commanding Shropshire Company, Imperial Yeomanry<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.militaryimages.net/media/wood-gordon-edward-boileau.56858/|title=Wood Gordon Edward Boileau|date=2010-11-04|website=A Military Photo & Video Website|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-29}} https://www.militaryimages.net/media/wood-gordon-edward-boileau.56858/.</ref> * St. Mary's Church, Melton Mowbray: [http://www.leicestershirewarmemorials.co.uk/war/memorials/view/771 memorial window to Gordon Wood] ==Timeline== '''1829 July 30''', Charles Wood and Mary Grey married.<ref name=":1">"Lady Mary Grey." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2598.htm#i25974|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> '''1869 April 22''', Charles Lindley Wood and Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay married.<ref name=":2">"Lady Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p912.htm#i9113|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> '''1897 July 2''', Gordon Wood attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House. == Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], Gordon Edward Boileau Wood was among the Suite of Men in the "Oriental" procession.<ref>"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref><ref>"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> The ''Gentlewoman'' says, "Messrs Gordon Wood and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson#Wilfred Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]] were attendants on [<nowiki/>[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|George Keppel]]'s] King Solomon," wearing "green silk tunics elaborately embroidered in gold and studs, with cloaks embroidered and lined with white; jewelled headdresses, swords."<ref>“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032. Print p. 50, Col. 3a.</ref>{{rp|34, Col. 3a}} == Also Known As == * Family name: Wood * Viscount Halifax<ref>"Halifax, Viscount." ''Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage''. London: Dean & Son, 1884: 324. Google Books https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlo-AQAAIAAJ.</ref> ** Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax (21 February 1866 – 8 August 1885)<ref name=":0">"Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifx of Monk Bretton." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p4559.htm#i45588|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> ** Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (8 August 1885 – 19 January 1934) * Viscountess Halifax ** Mary Grey Wood (21 February 1866 – 6 July 1884) ** Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay Wood (8 August 1885 – 4 July 1919) * Dowager Viscountess Halifax ==Demographics== * Nationality: English ===Residences=== ==Family== * Mary Grey Wood (3 May 1807 – 6 July 1884)<ref name=":1" /> * Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax (20 December 1800 – 8 August 1885)<ref name=":0" /> *#Hon. Blanche Edith Wood ( – 21 July 1921) *#Hon. Alice Louisa Wood ( – 3 June 1934) *#Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (7 June 1839 – 19 January 1934) *#Hon. Emily Charlotte Wood (1840 – 21 December 1904) *#Captain Hon. Francis Lindley Wood (17 October 1841 – 14 October 1873) *#Lt.-Col. Hon. Henry John Lindley Wood (12 Jan 1843 – 5 Jan 1903) *#Hon. Frederick George Lindley Meynell (4 June 1846 – 4 November 1910) * Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (7 June 1839 – 19 January 1934)<ref>"Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax of Monk Bretton." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p1079.htm#i10781|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> * Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay Wood (1 May 1838 – 4 July 1919)<ref name=":2" /> # Charles Reginald Lindley Wood (7 July 1870 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 6 September 1899) # Alexandra Mary Elizabeth Wood (25 August 1871 – 10 March 1965) # Francis Hugh Lindley Wood (21 September 1873 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 17 March 1889) # Mary Agnes Wood (25 March 1877 – 25 March 1962) # Henry Paul Lindley Wood (25 Jan 1879 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 6 June 1886) # Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax (1881–1959) * Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax (1881–1959) * Dorothy === Another Wood Family === * Edward Wood (1833 – )<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt2wGQa8iDUC|title=The County Families of the United Kingdom Or Royal Manual of the Titled and Untitled Aristocracy of Great Britain and Ireland|last=Walford|first=Edward|date=1876|language=en}} 1046, Col. 1b.</ref> * Isabella Annie Boileau (c. 1841<ref name=":6">The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''2670''; Folio: ''17''; Page: ''27''; GSU roll: ''835333''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.</ref> – 1871<ref name=":5" />) *# Madoline Wood (c. 1862<ref name=":6" /> – ) *# Maud B. Wood (c. 1865<ref name=":6" /> – ) *# '''Gordon Edward Boileau Wood''' (July 1866<ref name=":3" /> – 20 October 1900 [near Zeerust, South Africa]<ref name=":4" />) *# Charles C. B. Wood (c. 1870<ref name=":6" /> – ) ==Notes and Questions== # DVP is ''decessit vita patris'', died while his father was still living. # Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, Viscount Halifax, wasn't promoted to Earl until 11 July 1944. #Three somewhat difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the "Oriental" procession at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] with the [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. George Keppel]]: Gordon Wood, [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is reasonably certain because of contemporary newspaper accounts; Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none mentions his family of origin. The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. #In 1871, the family of Edward and Isabella Annie Boileau Wood had 11 staff and servants, including a governess, butler and 3 nurses.<ref name=":6" /> #Gordon Edward Boileau Wood's estate went to his brother, Charles Peevor Boileau Wood, valued at £40,612 6''s''. 2''d''.<ref>Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.</ref> #Gordon Edward Boileau Wood is #234 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]] at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. ==Footnotes== {{reflist}} a8ht4x64uiqhqfvpbsu8bxnal9krorc 2 266515 2690068 2689243 2024-12-03T07:44:02Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* Project: African Arthropods */ 2690068 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Info--> https://www.archive.org {{list subpages|Alandmanson|User}} ===[[African Arthropods|Project: African Arthropods]]=== ;[[African Arthropods/Chelicerates|African Chelicerates]] :Arachnids and sea spiders — No sub-pages yet. ;[[African Arthropods/Crustaceans|African Crustaceans]] :Including branchiopods, barnacles, crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, fish lice, tongue worms, and ostracods — No sub-pages yet. ;[[African Arthropods/Hexapods|African Hexapods]] :[[African Arthropods/Insects|African Insects]] :* '''[[African Arthropods/Diptera|Diptera]]''' :**[[African Arthropods/Acalyptrate flies|Acalyptrate flies]] :* '''[[African Arthropods/Hymenoptera|Hymenoptera]]''' :**[[African Arthropods/Chalcidoidea|African Chalcidoidea]] :***[[African Arthropods/Encyrtidae|African Encyrtidae]] :***[[African Arthropods/Afrotropical Encyrtidae Key|Key to the genera of Afrotropical Encyrtidae]] :***[[African Arthropods/Chalcid wasps with branched antennae|African chalcid wasps with branched antennae]] :***[[African Arthropods/Wasps associated with plant galls|Wasps associated with plant galls]] :**[[African Arthropods/Diaprioidea|African Diaprioidea]] :**[[African Arthropods/Aculeata|African Aculeata]] :***[[African Arthropods/Eumeninae|African potter wasps]] :***[[African Arthropods/Philanthus|South African species of Philanthus]] :* '''[[African Arthropods/Lepidoptera|Lepidoptera]]''' ;[[African Arthropods/Myriapods|African Myriapods]] :Centipedes, Millipedes, Pauropodans, Symphylans — No sub-pages yet.<br><br> ;Arthropods in South Africa :[[African Arthropods/Ferncliffe Nature Reserve|Ferncliffe Nature Reserve]] :[[African Arthropods/Arthropods on ''Ficus burkei''|Arthropods on ''Ficus burkei'']] :[[African Arthropods/Hymenoptera of South Africa|Hymenoptera of South Africa]] <br> ===To Do=== Microgastrine cocoons in a net: <br> * http://www.waspweb.org/Chalcidoidea/Eupelmidae/Eupelminae/Eupelmus/Eupelmus/Eupelmus_species_2.htm * https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Microgastrinae_cocooncocoon_iNat_42943906.jpg * https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/38150348 * https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/144355729 * https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/39807090 * https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/145817446<br> [[Crop_production_in_KwaZulu-Natal|Project: Crop_production_in_KwaZulu-Natal]] [[Crop production in KwaZulu-Natal Annotated Bibliography]] [[Information for smallholders in KwaZulu-Natal]] [[Crop_production_in_KwaZulu-Natal/Climate-smart_Agriculture|Climate-smart Agriculture in KZN]] [[Plant propagation]]<br> <br> [[Animal Phyla/Arthropoda]]<br> [[:Category:Animals]]<br> [[:Category:Zoology]]<br> [[:Category:Entomology]] 6uk049rtk761mtanwk7c25w0bpnelqt 0 274316 2690028 2689740 2024-12-02T21:21:49Z Lbeaumont 278565 /* Recommended Reading */ Added assignment 2690028 wikitext text/x-wiki —Evaluating what you accept as true [[File:John Tenniel- Alice's mad tea party, colour.jpg|thumb|[[w:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|Alice]] challenged the queen who believed six impossible things before breakfast.]] {{TOC right | limit|limit=2}} == Introduction == What do you hold to be true?<ref> This material is adapted from the [https://emotionalcompetency.com/belief.htm EmotionalCompetency.com] website with permission from the author.</ref> Why did you choose these beliefs? Do you act according to those beliefs? Perhaps you believe particular widely-held [[w:Value_(ethics)|values]] that provide an excellent standard for judging right and wrong, good and bad, important from trivial. Perhaps you have other values and believe something else. [[True Self|Knowing yourself]] requires a careful examination of [[Virtues|your own values]] and beliefs. What are they? How did they originate? What are they [[Knowing How You Know|based on]]? Why do you hold these beliefs? Are they based on reliable [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]]? Are your goals and actions consistent with your beliefs? How do your beliefs align with your values? How have they evolved over your lifetime? How do they help you live a gratifying life? Adopt a robust [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge?|theory of knowledge]] and use it to carefully choose your own [[Clarifying values|values]] and [[Seeking True Beliefs|beliefs]]. [[File:Forming beliefs Dialogue.wav|thumb|Forming beliefs Dialogue]] == Objectives == The objectives of this course are to: *Explore how beliefs are formed; *reevaluate existing beliefs; *exercise critical thinking; *progress toward true beliefs. This course is part of the [[Emotional Competency]] curriculum. This material has been adapted from the EmotionalCompetency.com [http://emotionalcompetency.com/belief.htm page on beliefs], with permission of the author. If you wish to contact the instructor, please [[Special:Emailuser/Lbeaumont | click here to send me an email]] or leave a comment or question on the [[Talk:Forming beliefs|discussion page]]. == Definitions == A [[w:Belief|belief]] is *A statement, assertion, or theory you accept as true. *a basis for deciding, choosing, and acting. == Myths and Misconceptions: == Many people profess beliefs that are obviously false. Here are some of the more destructive and common examples: #I had no choice. #He made me do it. #That's just how I am. #It's all my parent's fault. #It's all your fault. #If we don't talk about it the issue will disappear. #The past constrains the future. #Denial is a solution. Discard these unhelpful and false beliefs along with unhelpful primal rules that may be harming your decision making. == Assumptions == An ''[[w:Tacit_assumption|assumption]]'' is an unfounded belief. Assumptions are unchallenged, unquestioned, unexamined, and very often untrue. Many terms describe unfounded beliefs including: [[w:Rumor|rumors]], myths, legends, folk-lore, [[w:Faith|blind-faith]], and [[w:Old wives' tale|wives-tales]]. Our [[w:Bias|bias]], prejudices, [[Virtues/Humility/Being 99.9% Ignorant|ignorance]], and experiences manifest in our assumptions. Apply your [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge?|theory of knowledge]] to challenge rumors and assumptions before basing decisions on them. Stay curious. Don't be gullible, don't be fooled. == Firm Beliefs == Possibilities and speculations may become ''firm beliefs'' after curiosity, inquiry, and exploration transform assumptions into opinions and opinions into facts. This is the substance of [[wisdom]]. Each of us approaches a new idea, information, rumor, proposal, or explanation with a particular ''presumption''. This presumption can range from a very unlikely, dismissive, and skeptical stance to a very likely and accepting stance. This presumption is plotted on the vertical axis in the diagram on the right, ranging from ''unlikely'' at the bottom, ranging through ''possible'' in the middle and extending to ''likely'' at the top. To determine the truth of a belief we assess the correspondence of this belief to [[Finding Common Ground#Reality|reality]]. As we become more curious about the proposal, we can learn more about the [[Evaluating Evidence|''evidence'']] that supports or contradicts its accuracy. Our understanding of the [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] begins to increase as a result of our inquiry and exploration. As more and more information becomes available, we become better informed and create a more accurate understanding and assessment of the situation. This accumulation of evidence is plotted on the horizontal axis in the following diagram. It ranges from ''unexamined'' on the left to ''examined'' on the right. In the language of [[w:Bayesian_inference|Bayesian inference]], the vertical axis represents the [[w:Prior_probability|prior probability]]—the likelihood assigned to the original presumption prior to any investigation, and the horizontal axis represents the [[w:Likelihood_function|likelihood]] of observing particular evidence in light of the presumption. [[File:Forming Firm Beliefs.gif|thumb|300px|We form beliefs based on our original likelihood estimates, modified by the body of evidence our investigations uncover.]] The colors on the grid indicate more reliable and authentic regions in blue, and less authentic regions in red. The most authentic path is the blue region across the center of the diagram. Beginning on the left, a new idea is proposed, and we begin with the neutral presumption that it is possible. We ''suspend [[w:judgment|judgment]]'' and even resist forming an ''[[w:Opinion|opinion]]'' until we can gather more [[Facing Facts|facts]]. As we begin to ask questions and explore the evidence, we learn enough to begin to form an opinion—a preliminary or tentative belief. If the [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] is scarce, ambiguous, or contradictory we may not be able to gather enough support for or against the idea to confirm a particular belief. If the evidence is clear for one position or the other, we can form a belief, and perhaps even a firm belief. Along this path you are diligent, you know what you know and how you know it. This path applies your well-founded [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge?|theory of knowledge]] and leads toward [[wisdom]]. In short, use [[w:Bayesian_inference|Bayesian inference]] to [[w:Posterior_probability|update your understanding]] as [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] emerges. Reject [[w:Dogma|dogma]] by choosing [[w:Prior_probability|prior probabilities]] greater than zero and less than one to reflect some level of [[w:Certainty|uncertainty]]. As an example, consider how your belief in the existence, importance, and causes of [[w:Climate_change|global warming]] may have evolved. Perhaps you first heard of the issue a few years ago and did not give it much thought. After hearing about it a few more times, you may have become curious. You probably did not know enough about the issue to form an opinion, so you suspended your judgment. Alternatively, you may have heard an opinion from a credible source and adopted that position as your own. As you learned more and more about the issue, perhaps you began to believe the issue was real, and important, but did not yet believe it was caused by human activities or that it would be consequential in your lifetime. You remain curious, you see the movie [[w:An_Inconvenient_Truth|An Inconvenient Truth]], you attend geology and environmental science lectures, read books on the topic, discuss your understanding and doubts with informed friends, follow the issue in the news, and read some scientific papers on the topic. Eventually you come to believe, then ''firmly believe'', the problem is urgent, important, and caused by human activity. But we often take other paths toward establishing our beliefs. We may be skeptical and begin with the assumption that that idea cannot be true. We defer our beliefs until more information is available. We demand proof. This is a cautious course and is prudent unless we act as if our skeptical assumptions are well founded beliefs. As we gather some evidence supporting the idea, we remain doubtful. As further inquiry and exploration uncovers more supporting evidence, we may eventually begin to believe. Alternatively, we may hold stubbornly to our disbelief, dismissing, discounting, or distorting evidence contrary to our original presumptions. We are obstinate, holding onto our disbelief despite clear evidence supporting the new idea. This is the territory of the [[w:Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs|flat earth society]], [[w:Holocaust_denial|Holocaust denial]], moon walk [[w:Conspiracy_theory|conspiracy theorists]], and other closed-minded people who choose to deny clear evidence. Ignorance and misbelief often thrive here. A more foolish path is often taken. Here a [[w:Gullibility|gullible]] person is ready to believe almost anything. Rather than pose critical inquiries or examine evidence, they believe the rumors, hoaxes, myths, legends, fantasies, innuendos, and other preposterous claims, ideas, accusations, and proposals. Rumors are passed on, [[w:Gossip|gossip]] is treated as fact, and too often the truth is never uncovered or even sought. Even as evidence mounts contrary to the idea, they remain [[w:Hope|hopeful]], perhaps even detached, defiant, or contemptuous. If further evidence is gathered, perhaps opinions can mature into well founded beliefs. But too often the idea is firmly held onto despite clear contradictory evidence. This is the fantasy land of blind faith, alien abductions, demonic possession, and channeling. Consider the range of beliefs people have regarding [[w:Afterlife|life after death]]. Direct evidence for or against life after death is minimal or non-existent. However, many people hold firmly to this belief. Elaborate and detailed descriptions of the afterlife are studied, propagated, discussed, defended, and often relied on. Other people simply dismiss the whole idea for lack of evidence. Passionate arguments on this topic are commonplace, and it is remarkable how determined people can be in defending their own assumptions and opinions. [[Knowing How You Know|Know how you know]]. Don't be seduced by assumptions, challenge them instead. Don't ignore or dismiss evidence, be guided by it. Don't rely on blind-faith; inquire and explore. === Assignment === Complete the Wikiversity course on [[Seeking True Beliefs]]. == Difficulties == Several characteristics of human nature and our minds make it easy to mistake false beliefs for [[Seeking True Beliefs|true beliefs]]. These include cognitive biases, confirmation bias, motivated reasoning, soldier mindset, social proof, illusory truth effect, overconfidence,the iIllusion of explanatory depth, the dunning-kruger effect, and other intellectual vices. Each of these in briefly introduced below. The hyperlinks contain much more information for the interested readers. === Cognitive Biases === A [[w:Cognitive_bias|cognitive bias]] is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the objective input, may dictate their behavior in the world. Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, and irrationality. Many cognitive biases have been studied. This extensive [[w:List_of_cognitive_biases|list of cognitive biases]] introduces many. Several of the more prevalent biases that often lead to misbeliefs are listed below. === Confirmation Bias === [[w:Confirmation_bias|Confirmation bias]] is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values. People display this bias when they select information that supports their views, ignoring contrary information, or when they interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing attitudes. The effect is strongest for desired outcomes, for emotionally charged issues, and for deeply entrenched beliefs. === Motivated Reasoning === [[w:Confirmation_bias|Motivated reasoning]] is a cognitive and social response in which individuals, consciously or sub-consciously, allow emotion-loaded motivational biases to affect how new information is perceived. Individuals tend to favor evidence that coincides with their current beliefs and reject new information that contradicts them, despite contrary evidence. Motivated reasoning overlaps with confirmation bias. Both favor evidence supporting one's beliefs, at the same time dismissing contradictory evidence. However, confirmation bias is mainly a sub-conscious (innate) cognitive bias. In contrast, motivated reasoning (motivational bias) is a sub-conscious or conscious process by which one's emotions control the evidence supported or dismissed. For confirmation bias, the evidence or arguments can be logical as well as emotional. As a defense against motivated reasoning author Julia Galef describes [[Finding Common Ground#The Scout Mindset|the scout mindset]] as “The motivation to see things as they are, not as you wish they were.”<ref>Galef, Julia (April 13, 2021). ''The Scout Mindset: Why Some People See Things Clearly and Others Don't''. Piatkus. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0349427645|978-0349427645]].@9 of 541</ref> In contrast to the scout mindset, the soldier mindset is a motivation to attack differing points of view or defend a position in each argument we encounter. === Social Proof === [[w:Social_proof|Social proof]] is a psychological and social phenomenon wherein people copy the actions of others in choosing how to behave in a given situation. The term was coined by [[w:Robert_Cialdini|Robert Cialdini]] in his 1984 book ''[[w:Influence:_Science_and_Practice|Influence: Science and Practice]]''. Social proof is used in [[Embracing Ambiguity|ambiguous]] social situations where people are unable to determine the appropriate mode of behavior, and is driven by the assumption that the surrounding people possess more knowledge about the current situation. The effects of social influence can be seen in the tendency of large groups to conform. === Illusory truth effect === The [[w:Illusory_truth_effect|illusory truth effect]] is the tendency to believe that false information is true after repeated exposure. This phenomenon was first identified in a 1977 study at Villanova University and Temple University. When truth is assessed, people rely on whether the information is in line with their understanding or if it feels familiar. The first condition is logical, as people compare new information with what they already know to be true. Repetition makes statements easier to process relative to new, unrepeated statements, leading people to believe that the repeated conclusion is more truthful. The illusory truth effect has also been linked to hindsight bias, in which the recollection of confidence is skewed after the truth has been received. === Overconfidence === The [[w:Overconfidence_effect|overconfidence effect]] is a well-established bias in which a person's subjective confidence in their judgments is reliably greater than the objective accuracy of those judgments, especially when confidence is relatively high. Overconfidence is one example of a miscalibration of subjective probabilities. Throughout the research literature, overconfidence has been defined in three distinct ways: (1) overestimation of one's actual performance; (2) over placement of one's performance relative to others; and (3) over precision in expressing unwarranted certainty in the accuracy of one's beliefs. After choosing a particular belief, people ae often overconfident in the accuracy of that belief. === Illusion of explanatory depth === [[File:Intellectual Virtues Overcome Vices.jpg|thumb|300px|Intellectual Virtues Overcome Vices]] The [[w:Illusion_of_explanatory_depth|illusion of explanatory depth]] is cognitive bias or an illusion where people tend to believe they understand a topic better than they actually do. The effect was observed in only one type of knowledge called explanatory knowledge, in this case defined as "knowledge that involves complex causal patterns". The effect has not been observed in procedural, narrative, or factual (descriptive) knowledge. Evidence of the illusion occurring has been found in everyday mechanical and electrical devices such as bicycles, in addition to mental disorders, natural phenomena, folk theories, and politics, with the most studied effect of the illusion being in politics in the form of political polarization. === Dunning-Kruger Effect === The [[w:Dunning–Kruger_effect|Dunning–Kruger effect]] is a cognitive bias in which people with limited competence in a particular domain overestimate their abilities. This describes the tendency of misinformed people to hold firmly to false beliefs. === Countermeasures === Develop [[Seeking True Beliefs|intellectual virtues]] to overcome the pitfalls described above and pursue true beliefs. == Flipping Positions == How does passionate love so often turn into bitter divorce? The firm belief of “I love my wife” can eventually and precipitously become “I really [[w:Hatred|hate]] her.” Here is a hypothesis: A cautious style of decision making, shown in the blue region in the diagram above, is to reserve [[w:judgment|judgment]]; wait until you have gathered and evaluated lots of representative and relevant [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]], then carefully form an opinion. As you gather more evidence that opinion becomes a firm belief. But the more common style is to presume the decision early, then to filter and [[w:Cognitive_bias|distort]] evidence to support that decision. This is shown along the top red band, extending from “gullible” to “fantasy” in the above diagram. Consider how this decision-making style might apply to the belief: “I love her.” You meet a woman and are enamored with her. Passion helps you quickly decide she is perfect and you [[w:Love|love]] her with all your heart. You enjoy time together and are willing to ignore or explain away any of her shortcomings. Even when she stays out late, comes home drunk, tells transparent lies, and gambles away the family savings you distort the evidence to support your position of “she is the perfect woman for me.” Eventually the accumulation of evidence prevails. Your opinion changes, perhaps because of overwhelming evidence, or just a change of heart. Your viewpoint suddenly flips from “I look at the evidence in a positive light” to “I look at this in a negative light.” Suddenly the evidence fits better with the new viewpoint. The [[w:Spin_(propaganda)|spin]] quickly unravels. Now your opinion is “she is a bitch” and you have all the respun evidence to prove it, and you can also spin some more. Furthermore, you are a bit [[w:Humiliation|humiliated]] because you held onto your “I love her” position too long, well beyond what the evidence could support. You are [[w:Shame|ashamed]] to think “How could I have been so blind, so stupid, not to see what was really happening.” Similar shifts in thinking can quickly transform pride into shame or guilt; envy, jealousy, or [[Virtues/Compassion|compassion]] into contempt or gloating; hope into sadness, fear or joy; and fear into relief. People are all [[w:Human_nature|human]]. We each have many outstanding qualities and many shortcomings. Establish an [[w:Authenticity_(philosophy)|authentic]], balanced, complex, integrated, evidence-based, and evolving understanding of your lover and your [[True Self|self]]. Take the bad with the good and continue to refine and strengthen your [[w:Interpersonal_relationship|relationship]]. == Beliefs Vary == Beliefs vary considerably from one person to the next. The website ThisIBelieve.org maintains a fascinating collection of thousands of essays proclaiming the beliefs<ref>See http://thisibelieve.org/dsp_Browse.php</ref> of many thoughtful people. Perhaps you will enjoy reading some. == Professed Beliefs and Actual Beliefs == We can only determine what some else professes to believe. We can never know what they ''truly'' believe. Comparing their behavior with their professed beliefs can provide clues to their true beliefs. == Assignment == Increase the alignment of your beliefs with reality by taking actions selected from the following list. #[[Clear Thinking/Curriculum|Think more clearly]] ##[[Facing Facts|Face Facts]]. ##[[Evaluating Evidence|Evaluate evidence]] skillfully. ##[[Evaluating Journalism Standards|Evaluate journalism standards]]. ##[[Seeking True Beliefs|Seek true beliefs]]. ##[[Knowing How You Know|Know how you know]]. ##[[Thinking Scientifically|Think scientifically]]. ##[[Exploring Worldviews/Aligning worldviews|Align your worldview with reality]]. ##Use [[Socratic Methods|Socratic methods]]. ##Expect [[intellectual honesty]] from yourself and others. == Recommended Reading == Students interested in learning more about forming beliefs may be interested in the following materials: *{{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Lewis |author-link=w:Lewis_Wolpert |date=July 17, 2008 |title=Six Impossible Things Before Breakfast: The Evolutionary Origins of Belief |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |pages=256 |isbn=978-0393332032}} *{{cite book |last=Tavris |first=Carol |author-link=w:Carol_Tavris |date=August 4, 2020 |title=Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts |publisher=Mariner |pages=464|isbn=978-0358329619}} *{{cite book |last=Kashdan |first=Todd |author-link=w:Todd_Kashdan |date=April 21, 2009 |title=Curious?: Discover the Missing Ingredient to a Fulfilling Life |publisher=William Morrow |pages=352 |isbn=978-0061661181}} *{{cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |date= |title=On Being Certain Paperback |publisher=Griffin |pages=272 |isbn=978-0312541521}} *{{cite book |last=Gray |first=Dave |author-link= |date=September 14, 2016 |title=Liminal Thinking: Create the Change You Want by Changing the Way You Think |publisher=Two Waves Books |pages=184 |isbn=978-1933820460}} *{{cite book|title=Misbelief: What Makes Rational People Believe Irrational Things|last=Ariely|first=Dan|date=September 17, 2024|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0063280434|pages=320|author-link=w:Dan_Ariely}} == Notes == <references/> {{Emotional Competency}} {{CourseCat}} [[Category:Life skills]] [[Category:Applied Wisdom]] [[Category:Philosophy]] [[Category:Peace studies]] [[Category:Humanities courses]] r64qjbvok1wopeisvpjt2irj50hnz8d 2690029 2690028 2024-12-02T21:23:15Z Lbeaumont 278565 /* Assignment */ 2690029 wikitext text/x-wiki —Evaluating what you accept as true [[File:John Tenniel- Alice's mad tea party, colour.jpg|thumb|[[w:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|Alice]] challenged the queen who believed six impossible things before breakfast.]] {{TOC right | limit|limit=2}} == Introduction == What do you hold to be true?<ref> This material is adapted from the [https://emotionalcompetency.com/belief.htm EmotionalCompetency.com] website with permission from the author.</ref> Why did you choose these beliefs? Do you act according to those beliefs? Perhaps you believe particular widely-held [[w:Value_(ethics)|values]] that provide an excellent standard for judging right and wrong, good and bad, important from trivial. Perhaps you have other values and believe something else. [[True Self|Knowing yourself]] requires a careful examination of [[Virtues|your own values]] and beliefs. What are they? How did they originate? What are they [[Knowing How You Know|based on]]? Why do you hold these beliefs? Are they based on reliable [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]]? Are your goals and actions consistent with your beliefs? How do your beliefs align with your values? How have they evolved over your lifetime? How do they help you live a gratifying life? Adopt a robust [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge?|theory of knowledge]] and use it to carefully choose your own [[Clarifying values|values]] and [[Seeking True Beliefs|beliefs]]. [[File:Forming beliefs Dialogue.wav|thumb|Forming beliefs Dialogue]] == Objectives == The objectives of this course are to: *Explore how beliefs are formed; *reevaluate existing beliefs; *exercise critical thinking; *progress toward true beliefs. This course is part of the [[Emotional Competency]] curriculum. This material has been adapted from the EmotionalCompetency.com [http://emotionalcompetency.com/belief.htm page on beliefs], with permission of the author. If you wish to contact the instructor, please [[Special:Emailuser/Lbeaumont | click here to send me an email]] or leave a comment or question on the [[Talk:Forming beliefs|discussion page]]. == Definitions == A [[w:Belief|belief]] is *A statement, assertion, or theory you accept as true. *a basis for deciding, choosing, and acting. == Myths and Misconceptions: == Many people profess beliefs that are obviously false. Here are some of the more destructive and common examples: #I had no choice. #He made me do it. #That's just how I am. #It's all my parent's fault. #It's all your fault. #If we don't talk about it the issue will disappear. #The past constrains the future. #Denial is a solution. Discard these unhelpful and false beliefs along with unhelpful primal rules that may be harming your decision making. == Assumptions == An ''[[w:Tacit_assumption|assumption]]'' is an unfounded belief. Assumptions are unchallenged, unquestioned, unexamined, and very often untrue. Many terms describe unfounded beliefs including: [[w:Rumor|rumors]], myths, legends, folk-lore, [[w:Faith|blind-faith]], and [[w:Old wives' tale|wives-tales]]. Our [[w:Bias|bias]], prejudices, [[Virtues/Humility/Being 99.9% Ignorant|ignorance]], and experiences manifest in our assumptions. Apply your [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge?|theory of knowledge]] to challenge rumors and assumptions before basing decisions on them. Stay curious. Don't be gullible, don't be fooled. == Firm Beliefs == Possibilities and speculations may become ''firm beliefs'' after curiosity, inquiry, and exploration transform assumptions into opinions and opinions into facts. This is the substance of [[wisdom]]. Each of us approaches a new idea, information, rumor, proposal, or explanation with a particular ''presumption''. This presumption can range from a very unlikely, dismissive, and skeptical stance to a very likely and accepting stance. This presumption is plotted on the vertical axis in the diagram on the right, ranging from ''unlikely'' at the bottom, ranging through ''possible'' in the middle and extending to ''likely'' at the top. To determine the truth of a belief we assess the correspondence of this belief to [[Finding Common Ground#Reality|reality]]. As we become more curious about the proposal, we can learn more about the [[Evaluating Evidence|''evidence'']] that supports or contradicts its accuracy. Our understanding of the [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] begins to increase as a result of our inquiry and exploration. As more and more information becomes available, we become better informed and create a more accurate understanding and assessment of the situation. This accumulation of evidence is plotted on the horizontal axis in the following diagram. It ranges from ''unexamined'' on the left to ''examined'' on the right. In the language of [[w:Bayesian_inference|Bayesian inference]], the vertical axis represents the [[w:Prior_probability|prior probability]]—the likelihood assigned to the original presumption prior to any investigation, and the horizontal axis represents the [[w:Likelihood_function|likelihood]] of observing particular evidence in light of the presumption. [[File:Forming Firm Beliefs.gif|thumb|300px|We form beliefs based on our original likelihood estimates, modified by the body of evidence our investigations uncover.]] The colors on the grid indicate more reliable and authentic regions in blue, and less authentic regions in red. The most authentic path is the blue region across the center of the diagram. Beginning on the left, a new idea is proposed, and we begin with the neutral presumption that it is possible. We ''suspend [[w:judgment|judgment]]'' and even resist forming an ''[[w:Opinion|opinion]]'' until we can gather more [[Facing Facts|facts]]. As we begin to ask questions and explore the evidence, we learn enough to begin to form an opinion—a preliminary or tentative belief. If the [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] is scarce, ambiguous, or contradictory we may not be able to gather enough support for or against the idea to confirm a particular belief. If the evidence is clear for one position or the other, we can form a belief, and perhaps even a firm belief. Along this path you are diligent, you know what you know and how you know it. This path applies your well-founded [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge?|theory of knowledge]] and leads toward [[wisdom]]. In short, use [[w:Bayesian_inference|Bayesian inference]] to [[w:Posterior_probability|update your understanding]] as [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] emerges. Reject [[w:Dogma|dogma]] by choosing [[w:Prior_probability|prior probabilities]] greater than zero and less than one to reflect some level of [[w:Certainty|uncertainty]]. As an example, consider how your belief in the existence, importance, and causes of [[w:Climate_change|global warming]] may have evolved. Perhaps you first heard of the issue a few years ago and did not give it much thought. After hearing about it a few more times, you may have become curious. You probably did not know enough about the issue to form an opinion, so you suspended your judgment. Alternatively, you may have heard an opinion from a credible source and adopted that position as your own. As you learned more and more about the issue, perhaps you began to believe the issue was real, and important, but did not yet believe it was caused by human activities or that it would be consequential in your lifetime. You remain curious, you see the movie [[w:An_Inconvenient_Truth|An Inconvenient Truth]], you attend geology and environmental science lectures, read books on the topic, discuss your understanding and doubts with informed friends, follow the issue in the news, and read some scientific papers on the topic. Eventually you come to believe, then ''firmly believe'', the problem is urgent, important, and caused by human activity. But we often take other paths toward establishing our beliefs. We may be skeptical and begin with the assumption that that idea cannot be true. We defer our beliefs until more information is available. We demand proof. This is a cautious course and is prudent unless we act as if our skeptical assumptions are well founded beliefs. As we gather some evidence supporting the idea, we remain doubtful. As further inquiry and exploration uncovers more supporting evidence, we may eventually begin to believe. Alternatively, we may hold stubbornly to our disbelief, dismissing, discounting, or distorting evidence contrary to our original presumptions. We are obstinate, holding onto our disbelief despite clear evidence supporting the new idea. This is the territory of the [[w:Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs|flat earth society]], [[w:Holocaust_denial|Holocaust denial]], moon walk [[w:Conspiracy_theory|conspiracy theorists]], and other closed-minded people who choose to deny clear evidence. Ignorance and misbelief often thrive here. A more foolish path is often taken. Here a [[w:Gullibility|gullible]] person is ready to believe almost anything. Rather than pose critical inquiries or examine evidence, they believe the rumors, hoaxes, myths, legends, fantasies, innuendos, and other preposterous claims, ideas, accusations, and proposals. Rumors are passed on, [[w:Gossip|gossip]] is treated as fact, and too often the truth is never uncovered or even sought. Even as evidence mounts contrary to the idea, they remain [[w:Hope|hopeful]], perhaps even detached, defiant, or contemptuous. If further evidence is gathered, perhaps opinions can mature into well founded beliefs. But too often the idea is firmly held onto despite clear contradictory evidence. This is the fantasy land of blind faith, alien abductions, demonic possession, and channeling. Consider the range of beliefs people have regarding [[w:Afterlife|life after death]]. Direct evidence for or against life after death is minimal or non-existent. However, many people hold firmly to this belief. Elaborate and detailed descriptions of the afterlife are studied, propagated, discussed, defended, and often relied on. Other people simply dismiss the whole idea for lack of evidence. Passionate arguments on this topic are commonplace, and it is remarkable how determined people can be in defending their own assumptions and opinions. [[Knowing How You Know|Know how you know]]. Don't be seduced by assumptions, challenge them instead. Don't ignore or dismiss evidence, be guided by it. Don't rely on blind-faith; inquire and explore. === Assignment === Complete the Wikiversity course on [[Seeking True Beliefs]]. == Difficulties == Several characteristics of human nature and our minds make it easy to mistake false beliefs for [[Seeking True Beliefs|true beliefs]]. These include cognitive biases, confirmation bias, motivated reasoning, soldier mindset, social proof, illusory truth effect, overconfidence,the iIllusion of explanatory depth, the dunning-kruger effect, and other intellectual vices. Each of these in briefly introduced below. The hyperlinks contain much more information for the interested readers. === Cognitive Biases === A [[w:Cognitive_bias|cognitive bias]] is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the objective input, may dictate their behavior in the world. Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, and irrationality. Many cognitive biases have been studied. This extensive [[w:List_of_cognitive_biases|list of cognitive biases]] introduces many. Several of the more prevalent biases that often lead to misbeliefs are listed below. === Confirmation Bias === [[w:Confirmation_bias|Confirmation bias]] is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values. People display this bias when they select information that supports their views, ignoring contrary information, or when they interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing attitudes. The effect is strongest for desired outcomes, for emotionally charged issues, and for deeply entrenched beliefs. === Motivated Reasoning === [[w:Confirmation_bias|Motivated reasoning]] is a cognitive and social response in which individuals, consciously or sub-consciously, allow emotion-loaded motivational biases to affect how new information is perceived. Individuals tend to favor evidence that coincides with their current beliefs and reject new information that contradicts them, despite contrary evidence. Motivated reasoning overlaps with confirmation bias. Both favor evidence supporting one's beliefs, at the same time dismissing contradictory evidence. However, confirmation bias is mainly a sub-conscious (innate) cognitive bias. In contrast, motivated reasoning (motivational bias) is a sub-conscious or conscious process by which one's emotions control the evidence supported or dismissed. For confirmation bias, the evidence or arguments can be logical as well as emotional. As a defense against motivated reasoning author Julia Galef describes [[Finding Common Ground#The Scout Mindset|the scout mindset]] as “The motivation to see things as they are, not as you wish they were.”<ref>Galef, Julia (April 13, 2021). ''The Scout Mindset: Why Some People See Things Clearly and Others Don't''. Piatkus. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0349427645|978-0349427645]].@9 of 541</ref> In contrast to the scout mindset, the soldier mindset is a motivation to attack differing points of view or defend a position in each argument we encounter. === Social Proof === [[w:Social_proof|Social proof]] is a psychological and social phenomenon wherein people copy the actions of others in choosing how to behave in a given situation. The term was coined by [[w:Robert_Cialdini|Robert Cialdini]] in his 1984 book ''[[w:Influence:_Science_and_Practice|Influence: Science and Practice]]''. Social proof is used in [[Embracing Ambiguity|ambiguous]] social situations where people are unable to determine the appropriate mode of behavior, and is driven by the assumption that the surrounding people possess more knowledge about the current situation. The effects of social influence can be seen in the tendency of large groups to conform. === Illusory truth effect === The [[w:Illusory_truth_effect|illusory truth effect]] is the tendency to believe that false information is true after repeated exposure. This phenomenon was first identified in a 1977 study at Villanova University and Temple University. When truth is assessed, people rely on whether the information is in line with their understanding or if it feels familiar. The first condition is logical, as people compare new information with what they already know to be true. Repetition makes statements easier to process relative to new, unrepeated statements, leading people to believe that the repeated conclusion is more truthful. The illusory truth effect has also been linked to hindsight bias, in which the recollection of confidence is skewed after the truth has been received. === Overconfidence === The [[w:Overconfidence_effect|overconfidence effect]] is a well-established bias in which a person's subjective confidence in their judgments is reliably greater than the objective accuracy of those judgments, especially when confidence is relatively high. Overconfidence is one example of a miscalibration of subjective probabilities. Throughout the research literature, overconfidence has been defined in three distinct ways: (1) overestimation of one's actual performance; (2) over placement of one's performance relative to others; and (3) over precision in expressing unwarranted certainty in the accuracy of one's beliefs. After choosing a particular belief, people ae often overconfident in the accuracy of that belief. === Illusion of explanatory depth === [[File:Intellectual Virtues Overcome Vices.jpg|thumb|300px|Intellectual Virtues Overcome Vices]] The [[w:Illusion_of_explanatory_depth|illusion of explanatory depth]] is cognitive bias or an illusion where people tend to believe they understand a topic better than they actually do. The effect was observed in only one type of knowledge called explanatory knowledge, in this case defined as "knowledge that involves complex causal patterns". The effect has not been observed in procedural, narrative, or factual (descriptive) knowledge. Evidence of the illusion occurring has been found in everyday mechanical and electrical devices such as bicycles, in addition to mental disorders, natural phenomena, folk theories, and politics, with the most studied effect of the illusion being in politics in the form of political polarization. === Dunning-Kruger Effect === The [[w:Dunning–Kruger_effect|Dunning–Kruger effect]] is a cognitive bias in which people with limited competence in a particular domain overestimate their abilities. This describes the tendency of misinformed people to hold firmly to false beliefs. === Countermeasures === Develop [[Seeking True Beliefs|intellectual virtues]] to overcome the pitfalls described above and pursue true beliefs. == Flipping Positions == How does passionate love so often turn into bitter divorce? The firm belief of “I love my wife” can eventually and precipitously become “I really [[w:Hatred|hate]] her.” Here is a hypothesis: A cautious style of decision making, shown in the blue region in the diagram above, is to reserve [[w:judgment|judgment]]; wait until you have gathered and evaluated lots of representative and relevant [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]], then carefully form an opinion. As you gather more evidence that opinion becomes a firm belief. But the more common style is to presume the decision early, then to filter and [[w:Cognitive_bias|distort]] evidence to support that decision. This is shown along the top red band, extending from “gullible” to “fantasy” in the above diagram. Consider how this decision-making style might apply to the belief: “I love her.” You meet a woman and are enamored with her. Passion helps you quickly decide she is perfect and you [[w:Love|love]] her with all your heart. You enjoy time together and are willing to ignore or explain away any of her shortcomings. Even when she stays out late, comes home drunk, tells transparent lies, and gambles away the family savings you distort the evidence to support your position of “she is the perfect woman for me.” Eventually the accumulation of evidence prevails. Your opinion changes, perhaps because of overwhelming evidence, or just a change of heart. Your viewpoint suddenly flips from “I look at the evidence in a positive light” to “I look at this in a negative light.” Suddenly the evidence fits better with the new viewpoint. The [[w:Spin_(propaganda)|spin]] quickly unravels. Now your opinion is “she is a bitch” and you have all the respun evidence to prove it, and you can also spin some more. Furthermore, you are a bit [[w:Humiliation|humiliated]] because you held onto your “I love her” position too long, well beyond what the evidence could support. You are [[w:Shame|ashamed]] to think “How could I have been so blind, so stupid, not to see what was really happening.” Similar shifts in thinking can quickly transform pride into shame or guilt; envy, jealousy, or [[Virtues/Compassion|compassion]] into contempt or gloating; hope into sadness, fear or joy; and fear into relief. People are all [[w:Human_nature|human]]. We each have many outstanding qualities and many shortcomings. Establish an [[w:Authenticity_(philosophy)|authentic]], balanced, complex, integrated, evidence-based, and evolving understanding of your lover and your [[True Self|self]]. Take the bad with the good and continue to refine and strengthen your [[w:Interpersonal_relationship|relationship]]. == Beliefs Vary == Beliefs vary considerably from one person to the next. The website ThisIBelieve.org maintains a fascinating collection of thousands of essays proclaiming the beliefs<ref>See http://thisibelieve.org/dsp_Browse.php</ref> of many thoughtful people. Perhaps you will enjoy reading some. == Professed Beliefs and Actual Beliefs == We can only determine what some else professes to believe. We can never know what they ''truly'' believe. Comparing their behavior with their professed beliefs can provide clues to their true beliefs. == Assignment == Increase the alignment of your beliefs with reality by taking actions selected from the following list. #[[Clear Thinking/Curriculum|Think more clearly]] ##[[Facing Facts|Face Facts]]. ##[[Evaluating Evidence|Evaluate evidence]] skillfully. ##[[Evaluating Journalism Standards|Evaluate journalism standards]]. ##[[Seeking True Beliefs|Seek true beliefs]]. ##[[Knowing How You Know|Know how you know]]. ##[[Thinking Scientifically|Think scientifically]]. ##[[Exploring Worldviews/Aligning worldviews|Align your worldview with reality]]. ##Use [[Socratic Methods|Socratic methods]]. ##Expect [[intellectual honesty]] from yourself and others. == Recommended Reading == Students interested in learning more about forming beliefs may be interested in the following materials: *{{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Lewis |author-link=w:Lewis_Wolpert |date=July 17, 2008 |title=Six Impossible Things Before Breakfast: The Evolutionary Origins of Belief |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |pages=256 |isbn=978-0393332032}} *{{cite book |last=Tavris |first=Carol |author-link=w:Carol_Tavris |date=August 4, 2020 |title=Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts |publisher=Mariner |pages=464|isbn=978-0358329619}} *{{cite book |last=Kashdan |first=Todd |author-link=w:Todd_Kashdan |date=April 21, 2009 |title=Curious?: Discover the Missing Ingredient to a Fulfilling Life |publisher=William Morrow |pages=352 |isbn=978-0061661181}} *{{cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |date= |title=On Being Certain Paperback |publisher=Griffin |pages=272 |isbn=978-0312541521}} *{{cite book |last=Gray |first=Dave |author-link= |date=September 14, 2016 |title=Liminal Thinking: Create the Change You Want by Changing the Way You Think |publisher=Two Waves Books |pages=184 |isbn=978-1933820460}} *{{cite book|title=Misbelief: What Makes Rational People Believe Irrational Things|last=Ariely|first=Dan|date=September 17, 2024|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0063280434|pages=320|author-link=w:Dan_Ariely}} == Notes == <references/> {{Emotional Competency}} {{CourseCat}} [[Category:Life skills]] [[Category:Applied Wisdom]] [[Category:Philosophy]] [[Category:Peace studies]] [[Category:Humanities courses]] agg2p1wuruknh7i7fhj7cwhwesea6xk 2690030 2690029 2024-12-02T21:39:59Z Lbeaumont 278565 /* Confirmation Bias */ Added biased search 2690030 wikitext text/x-wiki —Evaluating what you accept as true [[File:John Tenniel- Alice's mad tea party, colour.jpg|thumb|[[w:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|Alice]] challenged the queen who believed six impossible things before breakfast.]] {{TOC right | limit|limit=2}} == Introduction == What do you hold to be true?<ref> This material is adapted from the [https://emotionalcompetency.com/belief.htm EmotionalCompetency.com] website with permission from the author.</ref> Why did you choose these beliefs? Do you act according to those beliefs? Perhaps you believe particular widely-held [[w:Value_(ethics)|values]] that provide an excellent standard for judging right and wrong, good and bad, important from trivial. Perhaps you have other values and believe something else. [[True Self|Knowing yourself]] requires a careful examination of [[Virtues|your own values]] and beliefs. What are they? How did they originate? What are they [[Knowing How You Know|based on]]? Why do you hold these beliefs? Are they based on reliable [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]]? Are your goals and actions consistent with your beliefs? How do your beliefs align with your values? How have they evolved over your lifetime? How do they help you live a gratifying life? Adopt a robust [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge?|theory of knowledge]] and use it to carefully choose your own [[Clarifying values|values]] and [[Seeking True Beliefs|beliefs]]. [[File:Forming beliefs Dialogue.wav|thumb|Forming beliefs Dialogue]] == Objectives == The objectives of this course are to: *Explore how beliefs are formed; *reevaluate existing beliefs; *exercise critical thinking; *progress toward true beliefs. This course is part of the [[Emotional Competency]] curriculum. This material has been adapted from the EmotionalCompetency.com [http://emotionalcompetency.com/belief.htm page on beliefs], with permission of the author. If you wish to contact the instructor, please [[Special:Emailuser/Lbeaumont | click here to send me an email]] or leave a comment or question on the [[Talk:Forming beliefs|discussion page]]. == Definitions == A [[w:Belief|belief]] is *A statement, assertion, or theory you accept as true. *a basis for deciding, choosing, and acting. == Myths and Misconceptions: == Many people profess beliefs that are obviously false. Here are some of the more destructive and common examples: #I had no choice. #He made me do it. #That's just how I am. #It's all my parent's fault. #It's all your fault. #If we don't talk about it the issue will disappear. #The past constrains the future. #Denial is a solution. Discard these unhelpful and false beliefs along with unhelpful primal rules that may be harming your decision making. == Assumptions == An ''[[w:Tacit_assumption|assumption]]'' is an unfounded belief. Assumptions are unchallenged, unquestioned, unexamined, and very often untrue. Many terms describe unfounded beliefs including: [[w:Rumor|rumors]], myths, legends, folk-lore, [[w:Faith|blind-faith]], and [[w:Old wives' tale|wives-tales]]. Our [[w:Bias|bias]], prejudices, [[Virtues/Humility/Being 99.9% Ignorant|ignorance]], and experiences manifest in our assumptions. Apply your [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge?|theory of knowledge]] to challenge rumors and assumptions before basing decisions on them. Stay curious. Don't be gullible, don't be fooled. == Firm Beliefs == Possibilities and speculations may become ''firm beliefs'' after curiosity, inquiry, and exploration transform assumptions into opinions and opinions into facts. This is the substance of [[wisdom]]. Each of us approaches a new idea, information, rumor, proposal, or explanation with a particular ''presumption''. This presumption can range from a very unlikely, dismissive, and skeptical stance to a very likely and accepting stance. This presumption is plotted on the vertical axis in the diagram on the right, ranging from ''unlikely'' at the bottom, ranging through ''possible'' in the middle and extending to ''likely'' at the top. To determine the truth of a belief we assess the correspondence of this belief to [[Finding Common Ground#Reality|reality]]. As we become more curious about the proposal, we can learn more about the [[Evaluating Evidence|''evidence'']] that supports or contradicts its accuracy. Our understanding of the [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] begins to increase as a result of our inquiry and exploration. As more and more information becomes available, we become better informed and create a more accurate understanding and assessment of the situation. This accumulation of evidence is plotted on the horizontal axis in the following diagram. It ranges from ''unexamined'' on the left to ''examined'' on the right. In the language of [[w:Bayesian_inference|Bayesian inference]], the vertical axis represents the [[w:Prior_probability|prior probability]]—the likelihood assigned to the original presumption prior to any investigation, and the horizontal axis represents the [[w:Likelihood_function|likelihood]] of observing particular evidence in light of the presumption. [[File:Forming Firm Beliefs.gif|thumb|300px|We form beliefs based on our original likelihood estimates, modified by the body of evidence our investigations uncover.]] The colors on the grid indicate more reliable and authentic regions in blue, and less authentic regions in red. The most authentic path is the blue region across the center of the diagram. Beginning on the left, a new idea is proposed, and we begin with the neutral presumption that it is possible. We ''suspend [[w:judgment|judgment]]'' and even resist forming an ''[[w:Opinion|opinion]]'' until we can gather more [[Facing Facts|facts]]. As we begin to ask questions and explore the evidence, we learn enough to begin to form an opinion—a preliminary or tentative belief. If the [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] is scarce, ambiguous, or contradictory we may not be able to gather enough support for or against the idea to confirm a particular belief. If the evidence is clear for one position or the other, we can form a belief, and perhaps even a firm belief. Along this path you are diligent, you know what you know and how you know it. This path applies your well-founded [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge?|theory of knowledge]] and leads toward [[wisdom]]. In short, use [[w:Bayesian_inference|Bayesian inference]] to [[w:Posterior_probability|update your understanding]] as [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] emerges. Reject [[w:Dogma|dogma]] by choosing [[w:Prior_probability|prior probabilities]] greater than zero and less than one to reflect some level of [[w:Certainty|uncertainty]]. As an example, consider how your belief in the existence, importance, and causes of [[w:Climate_change|global warming]] may have evolved. Perhaps you first heard of the issue a few years ago and did not give it much thought. After hearing about it a few more times, you may have become curious. You probably did not know enough about the issue to form an opinion, so you suspended your judgment. Alternatively, you may have heard an opinion from a credible source and adopted that position as your own. As you learned more and more about the issue, perhaps you began to believe the issue was real, and important, but did not yet believe it was caused by human activities or that it would be consequential in your lifetime. You remain curious, you see the movie [[w:An_Inconvenient_Truth|An Inconvenient Truth]], you attend geology and environmental science lectures, read books on the topic, discuss your understanding and doubts with informed friends, follow the issue in the news, and read some scientific papers on the topic. Eventually you come to believe, then ''firmly believe'', the problem is urgent, important, and caused by human activity. But we often take other paths toward establishing our beliefs. We may be skeptical and begin with the assumption that that idea cannot be true. We defer our beliefs until more information is available. We demand proof. This is a cautious course and is prudent unless we act as if our skeptical assumptions are well founded beliefs. As we gather some evidence supporting the idea, we remain doubtful. As further inquiry and exploration uncovers more supporting evidence, we may eventually begin to believe. Alternatively, we may hold stubbornly to our disbelief, dismissing, discounting, or distorting evidence contrary to our original presumptions. We are obstinate, holding onto our disbelief despite clear evidence supporting the new idea. This is the territory of the [[w:Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs|flat earth society]], [[w:Holocaust_denial|Holocaust denial]], moon walk [[w:Conspiracy_theory|conspiracy theorists]], and other closed-minded people who choose to deny clear evidence. Ignorance and misbelief often thrive here. A more foolish path is often taken. Here a [[w:Gullibility|gullible]] person is ready to believe almost anything. Rather than pose critical inquiries or examine evidence, they believe the rumors, hoaxes, myths, legends, fantasies, innuendos, and other preposterous claims, ideas, accusations, and proposals. Rumors are passed on, [[w:Gossip|gossip]] is treated as fact, and too often the truth is never uncovered or even sought. Even as evidence mounts contrary to the idea, they remain [[w:Hope|hopeful]], perhaps even detached, defiant, or contemptuous. If further evidence is gathered, perhaps opinions can mature into well founded beliefs. But too often the idea is firmly held onto despite clear contradictory evidence. This is the fantasy land of blind faith, alien abductions, demonic possession, and channeling. Consider the range of beliefs people have regarding [[w:Afterlife|life after death]]. Direct evidence for or against life after death is minimal or non-existent. However, many people hold firmly to this belief. Elaborate and detailed descriptions of the afterlife are studied, propagated, discussed, defended, and often relied on. Other people simply dismiss the whole idea for lack of evidence. Passionate arguments on this topic are commonplace, and it is remarkable how determined people can be in defending their own assumptions and opinions. [[Knowing How You Know|Know how you know]]. Don't be seduced by assumptions, challenge them instead. Don't ignore or dismiss evidence, be guided by it. Don't rely on blind-faith; inquire and explore. === Assignment === Complete the Wikiversity course on [[Seeking True Beliefs]]. == Difficulties == Several characteristics of human nature and our minds make it easy to mistake false beliefs for [[Seeking True Beliefs|true beliefs]]. These include cognitive biases, confirmation bias, motivated reasoning, soldier mindset, social proof, illusory truth effect, overconfidence,the iIllusion of explanatory depth, the dunning-kruger effect, and other intellectual vices. Each of these in briefly introduced below. The hyperlinks contain much more information for the interested readers. === Cognitive Biases === A [[w:Cognitive_bias|cognitive bias]] is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the objective input, may dictate their behavior in the world. Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, and irrationality. Many cognitive biases have been studied. This extensive [[w:List_of_cognitive_biases|list of cognitive biases]] introduces many. Several of the more prevalent biases that often lead to misbeliefs are listed below. === Confirmation Bias === [[w:Confirmation_bias|Confirmation bias]] is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values. People display this bias when they select information that supports their views, ignoring contrary information, or when they interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing attitudes. The effect is strongest for desired outcomes, for emotionally charged issues, and for deeply entrenched beliefs. ==== Biased search for information ==== One manifestation of confirmation bias is a [[w:Confirmation_bias#Biased_search_for_information|biased search for information]]. Experiments have found repeatedly that people tend to test hypotheses in a one-sided way, by searching for evidence consistent with their current hypothesis. Rather than searching through all the relevant evidence, they phrase questions to receive an affirmative answer that supports their theory. They look for the consequences that they would expect if their hypothesis was true, rather than what would happen if it was false. The [[w:Wason_selection_task|Wason selection task]] demonstrates our tendency to favor confirmation rather than falsification of our present beliefs. === Motivated Reasoning === [[w:Confirmation_bias|Motivated reasoning]] is a cognitive and social response in which individuals, consciously or sub-consciously, allow emotion-loaded motivational biases to affect how new information is perceived. Individuals tend to favor evidence that coincides with their current beliefs and reject new information that contradicts them, despite contrary evidence. Motivated reasoning overlaps with confirmation bias. Both favor evidence supporting one's beliefs, at the same time dismissing contradictory evidence. However, confirmation bias is mainly a sub-conscious (innate) cognitive bias. In contrast, motivated reasoning (motivational bias) is a sub-conscious or conscious process by which one's emotions control the evidence supported or dismissed. For confirmation bias, the evidence or arguments can be logical as well as emotional. As a defense against motivated reasoning author Julia Galef describes [[Finding Common Ground#The Scout Mindset|the scout mindset]] as “The motivation to see things as they are, not as you wish they were.”<ref>Galef, Julia (April 13, 2021). ''The Scout Mindset: Why Some People See Things Clearly and Others Don't''. Piatkus. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0349427645|978-0349427645]].@9 of 541</ref> In contrast to the scout mindset, the soldier mindset is a motivation to attack differing points of view or defend a position in each argument we encounter. === Social Proof === [[w:Social_proof|Social proof]] is a psychological and social phenomenon wherein people copy the actions of others in choosing how to behave in a given situation. The term was coined by [[w:Robert_Cialdini|Robert Cialdini]] in his 1984 book ''[[w:Influence:_Science_and_Practice|Influence: Science and Practice]]''. Social proof is used in [[Embracing Ambiguity|ambiguous]] social situations where people are unable to determine the appropriate mode of behavior, and is driven by the assumption that the surrounding people possess more knowledge about the current situation. The effects of social influence can be seen in the tendency of large groups to conform. === Illusory truth effect === The [[w:Illusory_truth_effect|illusory truth effect]] is the tendency to believe that false information is true after repeated exposure. This phenomenon was first identified in a 1977 study at Villanova University and Temple University. When truth is assessed, people rely on whether the information is in line with their understanding or if it feels familiar. The first condition is logical, as people compare new information with what they already know to be true. Repetition makes statements easier to process relative to new, unrepeated statements, leading people to believe that the repeated conclusion is more truthful. The illusory truth effect has also been linked to hindsight bias, in which the recollection of confidence is skewed after the truth has been received. === Overconfidence === The [[w:Overconfidence_effect|overconfidence effect]] is a well-established bias in which a person's subjective confidence in their judgments is reliably greater than the objective accuracy of those judgments, especially when confidence is relatively high. Overconfidence is one example of a miscalibration of subjective probabilities. Throughout the research literature, overconfidence has been defined in three distinct ways: (1) overestimation of one's actual performance; (2) over placement of one's performance relative to others; and (3) over precision in expressing unwarranted certainty in the accuracy of one's beliefs. After choosing a particular belief, people ae often overconfident in the accuracy of that belief. === Illusion of explanatory depth === [[File:Intellectual Virtues Overcome Vices.jpg|thumb|300px|Intellectual Virtues Overcome Vices]] The [[w:Illusion_of_explanatory_depth|illusion of explanatory depth]] is cognitive bias or an illusion where people tend to believe they understand a topic better than they actually do. The effect was observed in only one type of knowledge called explanatory knowledge, in this case defined as "knowledge that involves complex causal patterns". The effect has not been observed in procedural, narrative, or factual (descriptive) knowledge. Evidence of the illusion occurring has been found in everyday mechanical and electrical devices such as bicycles, in addition to mental disorders, natural phenomena, folk theories, and politics, with the most studied effect of the illusion being in politics in the form of political polarization. === Dunning-Kruger Effect === The [[w:Dunning–Kruger_effect|Dunning–Kruger effect]] is a cognitive bias in which people with limited competence in a particular domain overestimate their abilities. This describes the tendency of misinformed people to hold firmly to false beliefs. === Countermeasures === Develop [[Seeking True Beliefs|intellectual virtues]] to overcome the pitfalls described above and pursue true beliefs. == Flipping Positions == How does passionate love so often turn into bitter divorce? The firm belief of “I love my wife” can eventually and precipitously become “I really [[w:Hatred|hate]] her.” Here is a hypothesis: A cautious style of decision making, shown in the blue region in the diagram above, is to reserve [[w:judgment|judgment]]; wait until you have gathered and evaluated lots of representative and relevant [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]], then carefully form an opinion. As you gather more evidence that opinion becomes a firm belief. But the more common style is to presume the decision early, then to filter and [[w:Cognitive_bias|distort]] evidence to support that decision. This is shown along the top red band, extending from “gullible” to “fantasy” in the above diagram. Consider how this decision-making style might apply to the belief: “I love her.” You meet a woman and are enamored with her. Passion helps you quickly decide she is perfect and you [[w:Love|love]] her with all your heart. You enjoy time together and are willing to ignore or explain away any of her shortcomings. Even when she stays out late, comes home drunk, tells transparent lies, and gambles away the family savings you distort the evidence to support your position of “she is the perfect woman for me.” Eventually the accumulation of evidence prevails. Your opinion changes, perhaps because of overwhelming evidence, or just a change of heart. Your viewpoint suddenly flips from “I look at the evidence in a positive light” to “I look at this in a negative light.” Suddenly the evidence fits better with the new viewpoint. The [[w:Spin_(propaganda)|spin]] quickly unravels. Now your opinion is “she is a bitch” and you have all the respun evidence to prove it, and you can also spin some more. Furthermore, you are a bit [[w:Humiliation|humiliated]] because you held onto your “I love her” position too long, well beyond what the evidence could support. You are [[w:Shame|ashamed]] to think “How could I have been so blind, so stupid, not to see what was really happening.” Similar shifts in thinking can quickly transform pride into shame or guilt; envy, jealousy, or [[Virtues/Compassion|compassion]] into contempt or gloating; hope into sadness, fear or joy; and fear into relief. People are all [[w:Human_nature|human]]. We each have many outstanding qualities and many shortcomings. Establish an [[w:Authenticity_(philosophy)|authentic]], balanced, complex, integrated, evidence-based, and evolving understanding of your lover and your [[True Self|self]]. Take the bad with the good and continue to refine and strengthen your [[w:Interpersonal_relationship|relationship]]. == Beliefs Vary == Beliefs vary considerably from one person to the next. The website ThisIBelieve.org maintains a fascinating collection of thousands of essays proclaiming the beliefs<ref>See http://thisibelieve.org/dsp_Browse.php</ref> of many thoughtful people. Perhaps you will enjoy reading some. == Professed Beliefs and Actual Beliefs == We can only determine what some else professes to believe. We can never know what they ''truly'' believe. Comparing their behavior with their professed beliefs can provide clues to their true beliefs. == Assignment == Increase the alignment of your beliefs with reality by taking actions selected from the following list. #[[Clear Thinking/Curriculum|Think more clearly]] ##[[Facing Facts|Face Facts]]. ##[[Evaluating Evidence|Evaluate evidence]] skillfully. ##[[Evaluating Journalism Standards|Evaluate journalism standards]]. ##[[Seeking True Beliefs|Seek true beliefs]]. ##[[Knowing How You Know|Know how you know]]. ##[[Thinking Scientifically|Think scientifically]]. ##[[Exploring Worldviews/Aligning worldviews|Align your worldview with reality]]. ##Use [[Socratic Methods|Socratic methods]]. ##Expect [[intellectual honesty]] from yourself and others. == Recommended Reading == Students interested in learning more about forming beliefs may be interested in the following materials: *{{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Lewis |author-link=w:Lewis_Wolpert |date=July 17, 2008 |title=Six Impossible Things Before Breakfast: The Evolutionary Origins of Belief |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |pages=256 |isbn=978-0393332032}} *{{cite book |last=Tavris |first=Carol |author-link=w:Carol_Tavris |date=August 4, 2020 |title=Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts |publisher=Mariner |pages=464|isbn=978-0358329619}} *{{cite book |last=Kashdan |first=Todd |author-link=w:Todd_Kashdan |date=April 21, 2009 |title=Curious?: Discover the Missing Ingredient to a Fulfilling Life |publisher=William Morrow |pages=352 |isbn=978-0061661181}} *{{cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |date= |title=On Being Certain Paperback |publisher=Griffin |pages=272 |isbn=978-0312541521}} *{{cite book |last=Gray |first=Dave |author-link= |date=September 14, 2016 |title=Liminal Thinking: Create the Change You Want by Changing the Way You Think |publisher=Two Waves Books |pages=184 |isbn=978-1933820460}} *{{cite book|title=Misbelief: What Makes Rational People Believe Irrational Things|last=Ariely|first=Dan|date=September 17, 2024|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0063280434|pages=320|author-link=w:Dan_Ariely}} == Notes == <references/> {{Emotional Competency}} {{CourseCat}} [[Category:Life skills]] [[Category:Applied Wisdom]] [[Category:Philosophy]] [[Category:Peace studies]] [[Category:Humanities courses]] 6pyxa1olaihc7torllxpkemf3r0nqxh 2690031 2690030 2024-12-02T22:12:53Z Lbeaumont 278565 /* Illusion of explanatory depth */ Added to the illusion 2690031 wikitext text/x-wiki —Evaluating what you accept as true [[File:John Tenniel- Alice's mad tea party, colour.jpg|thumb|[[w:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|Alice]] challenged the queen who believed six impossible things before breakfast.]] {{TOC right | limit|limit=2}} == Introduction == What do you hold to be true?<ref> This material is adapted from the [https://emotionalcompetency.com/belief.htm EmotionalCompetency.com] website with permission from the author.</ref> Why did you choose these beliefs? Do you act according to those beliefs? Perhaps you believe particular widely-held [[w:Value_(ethics)|values]] that provide an excellent standard for judging right and wrong, good and bad, important from trivial. Perhaps you have other values and believe something else. [[True Self|Knowing yourself]] requires a careful examination of [[Virtues|your own values]] and beliefs. What are they? How did they originate? What are they [[Knowing How You Know|based on]]? Why do you hold these beliefs? Are they based on reliable [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]]? Are your goals and actions consistent with your beliefs? How do your beliefs align with your values? How have they evolved over your lifetime? How do they help you live a gratifying life? Adopt a robust [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge?|theory of knowledge]] and use it to carefully choose your own [[Clarifying values|values]] and [[Seeking True Beliefs|beliefs]]. [[File:Forming beliefs Dialogue.wav|thumb|Forming beliefs Dialogue]] == Objectives == The objectives of this course are to: *Explore how beliefs are formed; *reevaluate existing beliefs; *exercise critical thinking; *progress toward true beliefs. This course is part of the [[Emotional Competency]] curriculum. This material has been adapted from the EmotionalCompetency.com [http://emotionalcompetency.com/belief.htm page on beliefs], with permission of the author. If you wish to contact the instructor, please [[Special:Emailuser/Lbeaumont | click here to send me an email]] or leave a comment or question on the [[Talk:Forming beliefs|discussion page]]. == Definitions == A [[w:Belief|belief]] is *A statement, assertion, or theory you accept as true. *a basis for deciding, choosing, and acting. == Myths and Misconceptions: == Many people profess beliefs that are obviously false. Here are some of the more destructive and common examples: #I had no choice. #He made me do it. #That's just how I am. #It's all my parent's fault. #It's all your fault. #If we don't talk about it the issue will disappear. #The past constrains the future. #Denial is a solution. Discard these unhelpful and false beliefs along with unhelpful primal rules that may be harming your decision making. == Assumptions == An ''[[w:Tacit_assumption|assumption]]'' is an unfounded belief. Assumptions are unchallenged, unquestioned, unexamined, and very often untrue. Many terms describe unfounded beliefs including: [[w:Rumor|rumors]], myths, legends, folk-lore, [[w:Faith|blind-faith]], and [[w:Old wives' tale|wives-tales]]. Our [[w:Bias|bias]], prejudices, [[Virtues/Humility/Being 99.9% Ignorant|ignorance]], and experiences manifest in our assumptions. Apply your [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge?|theory of knowledge]] to challenge rumors and assumptions before basing decisions on them. Stay curious. Don't be gullible, don't be fooled. == Firm Beliefs == Possibilities and speculations may become ''firm beliefs'' after curiosity, inquiry, and exploration transform assumptions into opinions and opinions into facts. This is the substance of [[wisdom]]. Each of us approaches a new idea, information, rumor, proposal, or explanation with a particular ''presumption''. This presumption can range from a very unlikely, dismissive, and skeptical stance to a very likely and accepting stance. This presumption is plotted on the vertical axis in the diagram on the right, ranging from ''unlikely'' at the bottom, ranging through ''possible'' in the middle and extending to ''likely'' at the top. To determine the truth of a belief we assess the correspondence of this belief to [[Finding Common Ground#Reality|reality]]. As we become more curious about the proposal, we can learn more about the [[Evaluating Evidence|''evidence'']] that supports or contradicts its accuracy. Our understanding of the [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] begins to increase as a result of our inquiry and exploration. As more and more information becomes available, we become better informed and create a more accurate understanding and assessment of the situation. This accumulation of evidence is plotted on the horizontal axis in the following diagram. It ranges from ''unexamined'' on the left to ''examined'' on the right. In the language of [[w:Bayesian_inference|Bayesian inference]], the vertical axis represents the [[w:Prior_probability|prior probability]]—the likelihood assigned to the original presumption prior to any investigation, and the horizontal axis represents the [[w:Likelihood_function|likelihood]] of observing particular evidence in light of the presumption. [[File:Forming Firm Beliefs.gif|thumb|300px|We form beliefs based on our original likelihood estimates, modified by the body of evidence our investigations uncover.]] The colors on the grid indicate more reliable and authentic regions in blue, and less authentic regions in red. The most authentic path is the blue region across the center of the diagram. Beginning on the left, a new idea is proposed, and we begin with the neutral presumption that it is possible. We ''suspend [[w:judgment|judgment]]'' and even resist forming an ''[[w:Opinion|opinion]]'' until we can gather more [[Facing Facts|facts]]. As we begin to ask questions and explore the evidence, we learn enough to begin to form an opinion—a preliminary or tentative belief. If the [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] is scarce, ambiguous, or contradictory we may not be able to gather enough support for or against the idea to confirm a particular belief. If the evidence is clear for one position or the other, we can form a belief, and perhaps even a firm belief. Along this path you are diligent, you know what you know and how you know it. This path applies your well-founded [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge?|theory of knowledge]] and leads toward [[wisdom]]. In short, use [[w:Bayesian_inference|Bayesian inference]] to [[w:Posterior_probability|update your understanding]] as [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] emerges. Reject [[w:Dogma|dogma]] by choosing [[w:Prior_probability|prior probabilities]] greater than zero and less than one to reflect some level of [[w:Certainty|uncertainty]]. As an example, consider how your belief in the existence, importance, and causes of [[w:Climate_change|global warming]] may have evolved. Perhaps you first heard of the issue a few years ago and did not give it much thought. After hearing about it a few more times, you may have become curious. You probably did not know enough about the issue to form an opinion, so you suspended your judgment. Alternatively, you may have heard an opinion from a credible source and adopted that position as your own. As you learned more and more about the issue, perhaps you began to believe the issue was real, and important, but did not yet believe it was caused by human activities or that it would be consequential in your lifetime. You remain curious, you see the movie [[w:An_Inconvenient_Truth|An Inconvenient Truth]], you attend geology and environmental science lectures, read books on the topic, discuss your understanding and doubts with informed friends, follow the issue in the news, and read some scientific papers on the topic. Eventually you come to believe, then ''firmly believe'', the problem is urgent, important, and caused by human activity. But we often take other paths toward establishing our beliefs. We may be skeptical and begin with the assumption that that idea cannot be true. We defer our beliefs until more information is available. We demand proof. This is a cautious course and is prudent unless we act as if our skeptical assumptions are well founded beliefs. As we gather some evidence supporting the idea, we remain doubtful. As further inquiry and exploration uncovers more supporting evidence, we may eventually begin to believe. Alternatively, we may hold stubbornly to our disbelief, dismissing, discounting, or distorting evidence contrary to our original presumptions. We are obstinate, holding onto our disbelief despite clear evidence supporting the new idea. This is the territory of the [[w:Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs|flat earth society]], [[w:Holocaust_denial|Holocaust denial]], moon walk [[w:Conspiracy_theory|conspiracy theorists]], and other closed-minded people who choose to deny clear evidence. Ignorance and misbelief often thrive here. A more foolish path is often taken. Here a [[w:Gullibility|gullible]] person is ready to believe almost anything. Rather than pose critical inquiries or examine evidence, they believe the rumors, hoaxes, myths, legends, fantasies, innuendos, and other preposterous claims, ideas, accusations, and proposals. Rumors are passed on, [[w:Gossip|gossip]] is treated as fact, and too often the truth is never uncovered or even sought. Even as evidence mounts contrary to the idea, they remain [[w:Hope|hopeful]], perhaps even detached, defiant, or contemptuous. If further evidence is gathered, perhaps opinions can mature into well founded beliefs. But too often the idea is firmly held onto despite clear contradictory evidence. This is the fantasy land of blind faith, alien abductions, demonic possession, and channeling. Consider the range of beliefs people have regarding [[w:Afterlife|life after death]]. Direct evidence for or against life after death is minimal or non-existent. However, many people hold firmly to this belief. Elaborate and detailed descriptions of the afterlife are studied, propagated, discussed, defended, and often relied on. Other people simply dismiss the whole idea for lack of evidence. Passionate arguments on this topic are commonplace, and it is remarkable how determined people can be in defending their own assumptions and opinions. [[Knowing How You Know|Know how you know]]. Don't be seduced by assumptions, challenge them instead. Don't ignore or dismiss evidence, be guided by it. Don't rely on blind-faith; inquire and explore. === Assignment === Complete the Wikiversity course on [[Seeking True Beliefs]]. == Difficulties == Several characteristics of human nature and our minds make it easy to mistake false beliefs for [[Seeking True Beliefs|true beliefs]]. These include cognitive biases, confirmation bias, motivated reasoning, soldier mindset, social proof, illusory truth effect, overconfidence,the iIllusion of explanatory depth, the dunning-kruger effect, and other intellectual vices. Each of these in briefly introduced below. The hyperlinks contain much more information for the interested readers. === Cognitive Biases === A [[w:Cognitive_bias|cognitive bias]] is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the objective input, may dictate their behavior in the world. Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, and irrationality. Many cognitive biases have been studied. This extensive [[w:List_of_cognitive_biases|list of cognitive biases]] introduces many. Several of the more prevalent biases that often lead to misbeliefs are listed below. === Confirmation Bias === [[w:Confirmation_bias|Confirmation bias]] is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values. People display this bias when they select information that supports their views, ignoring contrary information, or when they interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing attitudes. The effect is strongest for desired outcomes, for emotionally charged issues, and for deeply entrenched beliefs. ==== Biased search for information ==== One manifestation of confirmation bias is a [[w:Confirmation_bias#Biased_search_for_information|biased search for information]]. Experiments have found repeatedly that people tend to test hypotheses in a one-sided way, by searching for evidence consistent with their current hypothesis. Rather than searching through all the relevant evidence, they phrase questions to receive an affirmative answer that supports their theory. They look for the consequences that they would expect if their hypothesis was true, rather than what would happen if it was false. The [[w:Wason_selection_task|Wason selection task]] demonstrates our tendency to favor confirmation rather than falsification of our present beliefs. === Motivated Reasoning === [[w:Confirmation_bias|Motivated reasoning]] is a cognitive and social response in which individuals, consciously or sub-consciously, allow emotion-loaded motivational biases to affect how new information is perceived. Individuals tend to favor evidence that coincides with their current beliefs and reject new information that contradicts them, despite contrary evidence. Motivated reasoning overlaps with confirmation bias. Both favor evidence supporting one's beliefs, at the same time dismissing contradictory evidence. However, confirmation bias is mainly a sub-conscious (innate) cognitive bias. In contrast, motivated reasoning (motivational bias) is a sub-conscious or conscious process by which one's emotions control the evidence supported or dismissed. For confirmation bias, the evidence or arguments can be logical as well as emotional. As a defense against motivated reasoning author Julia Galef describes [[Finding Common Ground#The Scout Mindset|the scout mindset]] as “The motivation to see things as they are, not as you wish they were.”<ref>Galef, Julia (April 13, 2021). ''The Scout Mindset: Why Some People See Things Clearly and Others Don't''. Piatkus. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0349427645|978-0349427645]].@9 of 541</ref> In contrast to the scout mindset, the soldier mindset is a motivation to attack differing points of view or defend a position in each argument we encounter. === Social Proof === [[w:Social_proof|Social proof]] is a psychological and social phenomenon wherein people copy the actions of others in choosing how to behave in a given situation. The term was coined by [[w:Robert_Cialdini|Robert Cialdini]] in his 1984 book ''[[w:Influence:_Science_and_Practice|Influence: Science and Practice]]''. Social proof is used in [[Embracing Ambiguity|ambiguous]] social situations where people are unable to determine the appropriate mode of behavior, and is driven by the assumption that the surrounding people possess more knowledge about the current situation. The effects of social influence can be seen in the tendency of large groups to conform. === Illusory truth effect === The [[w:Illusory_truth_effect|illusory truth effect]] is the tendency to believe that false information is true after repeated exposure. This phenomenon was first identified in a 1977 study at Villanova University and Temple University. When truth is assessed, people rely on whether the information is in line with their understanding or if it feels familiar. The first condition is logical, as people compare new information with what they already know to be true. Repetition makes statements easier to process relative to new, unrepeated statements, leading people to believe that the repeated conclusion is more truthful. The illusory truth effect has also been linked to hindsight bias, in which the recollection of confidence is skewed after the truth has been received. === Overconfidence === The [[w:Overconfidence_effect|overconfidence effect]] is a well-established bias in which a person's subjective confidence in their judgments is reliably greater than the objective accuracy of those judgments, especially when confidence is relatively high. Overconfidence is one example of a miscalibration of subjective probabilities. Throughout the research literature, overconfidence has been defined in three distinct ways: (1) overestimation of one's actual performance; (2) over placement of one's performance relative to others; and (3) over precision in expressing unwarranted certainty in the accuracy of one's beliefs. After choosing a particular belief, people ae often overconfident in the accuracy of that belief. === Illusion of explanatory depth === [[File:Intellectual Virtues Overcome Vices.jpg|thumb|300px|Intellectual Virtues Overcome Vices]] The [[w:Illusion_of_explanatory_depth|illusion of explanatory depth]] is cognitive bias or an illusion where people tend to believe they understand a topic better than they actually do. The effect was observed in only one type of knowledge called explanatory knowledge, in this case defined as "knowledge that involves complex causal patterns". The effect has not been observed in procedural, narrative, or factual (descriptive) knowledge. Evidence of the illusion occurring has been found in everyday mechanical and electrical devices such as bicycles, in addition to mental disorders, natural phenomena, folk theories, and politics, with the most studied effect of the illusion being in politics in the form of political polarization. If you suspect that someone is rigidly holding to some belief, without having a good understanding of that belief or how they came to hold that belief, ask them to explain this in depth. They may become aware that their certainty exceeds their understanding. === Dunning-Kruger Effect === The [[w:Dunning–Kruger_effect|Dunning–Kruger effect]] is a cognitive bias in which people with limited competence in a particular domain overestimate their abilities. This describes the tendency of misinformed people to hold firmly to false beliefs. === Countermeasures === Develop [[Seeking True Beliefs|intellectual virtues]] to overcome the pitfalls described above and pursue true beliefs. == Flipping Positions == How does passionate love so often turn into bitter divorce? The firm belief of “I love my wife” can eventually and precipitously become “I really [[w:Hatred|hate]] her.” Here is a hypothesis: A cautious style of decision making, shown in the blue region in the diagram above, is to reserve [[w:judgment|judgment]]; wait until you have gathered and evaluated lots of representative and relevant [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]], then carefully form an opinion. As you gather more evidence that opinion becomes a firm belief. But the more common style is to presume the decision early, then to filter and [[w:Cognitive_bias|distort]] evidence to support that decision. This is shown along the top red band, extending from “gullible” to “fantasy” in the above diagram. Consider how this decision-making style might apply to the belief: “I love her.” You meet a woman and are enamored with her. Passion helps you quickly decide she is perfect and you [[w:Love|love]] her with all your heart. You enjoy time together and are willing to ignore or explain away any of her shortcomings. Even when she stays out late, comes home drunk, tells transparent lies, and gambles away the family savings you distort the evidence to support your position of “she is the perfect woman for me.” Eventually the accumulation of evidence prevails. Your opinion changes, perhaps because of overwhelming evidence, or just a change of heart. Your viewpoint suddenly flips from “I look at the evidence in a positive light” to “I look at this in a negative light.” Suddenly the evidence fits better with the new viewpoint. The [[w:Spin_(propaganda)|spin]] quickly unravels. Now your opinion is “she is a bitch” and you have all the respun evidence to prove it, and you can also spin some more. Furthermore, you are a bit [[w:Humiliation|humiliated]] because you held onto your “I love her” position too long, well beyond what the evidence could support. You are [[w:Shame|ashamed]] to think “How could I have been so blind, so stupid, not to see what was really happening.” Similar shifts in thinking can quickly transform pride into shame or guilt; envy, jealousy, or [[Virtues/Compassion|compassion]] into contempt or gloating; hope into sadness, fear or joy; and fear into relief. People are all [[w:Human_nature|human]]. We each have many outstanding qualities and many shortcomings. Establish an [[w:Authenticity_(philosophy)|authentic]], balanced, complex, integrated, evidence-based, and evolving understanding of your lover and your [[True Self|self]]. Take the bad with the good and continue to refine and strengthen your [[w:Interpersonal_relationship|relationship]]. == Beliefs Vary == Beliefs vary considerably from one person to the next. The website ThisIBelieve.org maintains a fascinating collection of thousands of essays proclaiming the beliefs<ref>See http://thisibelieve.org/dsp_Browse.php</ref> of many thoughtful people. Perhaps you will enjoy reading some. == Professed Beliefs and Actual Beliefs == We can only determine what some else professes to believe. We can never know what they ''truly'' believe. Comparing their behavior with their professed beliefs can provide clues to their true beliefs. == Assignment == Increase the alignment of your beliefs with reality by taking actions selected from the following list. #[[Clear Thinking/Curriculum|Think more clearly]] ##[[Facing Facts|Face Facts]]. ##[[Evaluating Evidence|Evaluate evidence]] skillfully. ##[[Evaluating Journalism Standards|Evaluate journalism standards]]. ##[[Seeking True Beliefs|Seek true beliefs]]. ##[[Knowing How You Know|Know how you know]]. ##[[Thinking Scientifically|Think scientifically]]. ##[[Exploring Worldviews/Aligning worldviews|Align your worldview with reality]]. ##Use [[Socratic Methods|Socratic methods]]. ##Expect [[intellectual honesty]] from yourself and others. == Recommended Reading == Students interested in learning more about forming beliefs may be interested in the following materials: *{{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Lewis |author-link=w:Lewis_Wolpert |date=July 17, 2008 |title=Six Impossible Things Before Breakfast: The Evolutionary Origins of Belief |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |pages=256 |isbn=978-0393332032}} *{{cite book |last=Tavris |first=Carol |author-link=w:Carol_Tavris |date=August 4, 2020 |title=Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts |publisher=Mariner |pages=464|isbn=978-0358329619}} *{{cite book |last=Kashdan |first=Todd |author-link=w:Todd_Kashdan |date=April 21, 2009 |title=Curious?: Discover the Missing Ingredient to a Fulfilling Life |publisher=William Morrow |pages=352 |isbn=978-0061661181}} *{{cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |date= |title=On Being Certain Paperback |publisher=Griffin |pages=272 |isbn=978-0312541521}} *{{cite book |last=Gray |first=Dave |author-link= |date=September 14, 2016 |title=Liminal Thinking: Create the Change You Want by Changing the Way You Think |publisher=Two Waves Books |pages=184 |isbn=978-1933820460}} *{{cite book|title=Misbelief: What Makes Rational People Believe Irrational Things|last=Ariely|first=Dan|date=September 17, 2024|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0063280434|pages=320|author-link=w:Dan_Ariely}} == Notes == <references/> {{Emotional Competency}} {{CourseCat}} [[Category:Life skills]] [[Category:Applied Wisdom]] [[Category:Philosophy]] [[Category:Peace studies]] [[Category:Humanities courses]] npuxd5socxv821dmwg02jk0wnv1ktz1 0 280464 2690097 2461684 2024-12-03T11:21:06Z Alexandru.munteanu98 2901947 /* Minimal example using Flask: and Flask-SQLAlchemy */ 2690097 wikitext text/x-wiki REST (REpresentational State Transfer) is emerging as the standard architectural design for [[w:web API]]s and [[w:Web service|services]]. Here we learn how to use Python and the Flask microframework to create a web service that is "RESTful".<ref>https://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/designing-a-restful-api-with-python-and-flask. In particular, six design rules have been proposed for a REST system:</ref> # There must be a separation between the server and the client, i.e., the one who ''offers'' and the one who ''consumes'' a service. ('''Client-server rule''') # Requests from a client must contain all the information needed by the server: the server does not store information provided by the client in one request, and then use it in a different request. In other words, the first request does not alter the server's "state" in a way that modifies the response to another request. ('''Stateless Rule''') # The server must inform the client whether or not the requests can be cached. ('''Cacheable Rule''') # All communications between a client and a server must be standardized in the following way: Intermediaries must be able to respond to requests instead of the end server in a fashion that does not require additional steps on the part of the client. ('''Layered System Rule''') # A uniform method of communication must exist between a client and a server. ('''Uniform Interface Rule''') # The following rule is optional: Servers should be able to provide executable code (scripts) for clients to execute in their context. ('''Code on Demand Rule''') ''For more discussion of these rules visit [https://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/designing-a-restful-api-with-python-and-flask blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/designing-a-restful-api-with-python-and-flask]'' == Defining a RESTful web service == The REST architecture was originally designed to fit the HTTP protocol used by the world wide web. A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a character sequence that identifies a logical (abstract) or physical resource. The clients send requests to URIs using the methods defined by the HTTP protocol. Possibly as a result of that request, the state of the affected resource will change. This process is central to the concept of RESTful web services. These HTTP request methods will affect a given resource in standard ways. Using Flask route restrictions for HTTP verbs (GET, POST, PUT, PATCH and DELETE) while defining the routes to interact with a model is one way of implementing REST. === Minimal example using Flask: and Flask-SQLAlchemy === <syntaxhighlight lang="python3"> from flask import Flask from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy from flask import request, json app = Flask(__name__) app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'sqlite:///artifacts.db' db = SQLAlchemy(app) class Artifact(db.Model): id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True) name = db.Column(db.String(150), nullable=False) def __str__(self): return f"{self._id} -> {self._name}" @app.route('/api/artifact/<int:id>', methods=['GET']) def get_artifact(id): artifact = Artifact.query.filter_by(id=id).first() if artifact: return_obj = {'id': artifact.id, 'name': artifact.name} return app.response_class(json.dumps(return_obj), status=200, mimetype='application/json') else: return app.response_class("404 resource not found", status=404) @app.route('/api/artifact', methods=['POST']) def add_artifact(): post_body = request.json new_artifact = Artifact(id=post_body['id'], name=post_body['name']) # try/catch block in case this cannot be added try: db.session.add(new_artifact) db.session.commit() return app.response_class(json.dumps(post_body), status=201, mimetype='application/json') except Exception as e: return app.response_class('Object already exists!', status=409) @app.route('/api/artifact/<int:id>', methods=['DELETE']) def delete_artifact(id): res = Artifact.query.filter_by(id=id).delete() db.session.commit() return app.response_class(status=202, mimetype='application/json') @app.route('/api/artifact/<int:id>', methods=['PUT']) def replace_artifact(id): body = request.json res = Artifact.query.filter_by(id=id).delete() new_artifact = Artifact(id=body['id'], name=body['name']) db.session.add(new_artifact) db.session.commit() return app.response_class(status=202, mimetype='application/json') @app.route('/api/artifacts', methods=['GET']) def get_artifacts(): # resp = db_conn.execute(f'SELECT * FROM Artifacts') resources = Artifact.query.all() if resources: return_obj = [] for entry in resources: return_obj.append({'id': entry.id, 'name': entry.name}) return app.response_class(json.dumps(return_obj), status=200, mimetype='application/json') else: return app.response_class(status=404) </syntaxhighlight> == Exercises == Create a REST API that has the role of an artefact repository. An artefact is defined as any file which can be stored onto a disk (i.e. image, document, source code etc.). The REST API should be able to: * Have a directory structure which contains the artefacts: ** Each artifact could be stored in a directory which indicates its purpose (you can think of it as grouping artefacts of a project) ** It should have a resources that allows the listing of all directories and the artefacts currently contained in a directory * Resource for fetching, adding and deleting artefacts Examples for file uploads using Flask can be found [https://flask.palletsprojects.com/en/2.0.x/patterns/fileuploads/ here] and [https://www.tutorialspoint.com/flask/flask_file_uploading.htm here]. === Example === Here is an example structure of the REST API: <code>GET /artefacts/</code> * returns list of available directories <code>GET /artefacts/<directory></code> * returns list of all artefacts from directory <code>POST /artefacts/<directory>/<artefact_id></code> * push artefact in repository <code>GET /artefact/<directory>/<artefact_id></code> * get artefact by id from directory <code>DELETE /artefact/<directory></code> * delete entire directory and artefacts <code>DELTE /artefact/<directory>/<artefact_id></code> * delete artefact <code>PUT /artefact/<directory>/<artefact_id></code> * replace artefact (deleting the old one) After you have finished consider how you can add support for more advanced features such as versioning of artifacts. Resources: https://flask-restful.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ [[User:Gabriel Iuhasz|Alexandru Munteanu]], 2021-12-11, [mailto:alexandru.munteanu@e-uvt.ro alexandru.munteanu@e-uvt.ro] [[Category:Web Technology]] 6jyt2rmjwughofb578m93nfa4c2wozl 0 285380 2690082 2689396 2024-12-03T10:41:31Z Young1lim 21186 /* Applications */ 2690082 wikitext text/x-wiki === Introduction === * Overview ([[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.B.20170901.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.C.20170904.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Number System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.A.20171023.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Memory System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Memory.1.A.20170907.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.C.20170926.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling a Big Work === * Function Overview ([[Media:C03.Func1.Overview.1.A.20171030.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func1.Oerview.1.B.20161022.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Variables ([[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.A.20161222.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.B.20161222.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Pointers ([[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.A.20161122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.B.20161122.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Recursions ([[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.B.20161214.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Series of Data === ==== Background ==== * Background ([[Media:C04.Series0.Background.1.A.20180727.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Basics ==== * Pointers ([[Media:C04.S1.Pointer.1A.20240524.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Pointer.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Arrays ([[Media:C04.S2.Array.1A.20240514.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series1.Array.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.S3.ArrayPointer.1A.20240208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.A.20221130.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.B.1111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series4.ArrayAccess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Structures ([[Media:C04.Series3.Structure.1.A.20171204.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Structure.1.B.20161130.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Examples ==== * Spreadsheet Example Programs :: Example 1 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 2 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 3 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Bubble Sort ([[Media:C04.Series7.BubbleSort.1.A.20171211.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Applications ==== * Address-of and de-reference operators ([[Media:C04.SA0.PtrOperator.1A.20241202.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA1.AppPointer.1A.20241121.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Arrays ([[Media:C04.SA2.AppArray.1A.20240715.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA3.AppArrayPointer.1A.20240210.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4App.MultiDim.1.A.20210719.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series9.AppArrAcess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Structures ([[Media:C04.Series6.AppStruct.1.A.20190423.pdf |A.pdf]]) === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types ([[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Typecasts ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.B.20161216.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.A.20161219.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.B.20161216.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.A.20161124.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Low Level Operations === * Bitwise Operations ([[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Bit Field ([[Media:BitField.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitField.1.B.20161202.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Union ([[Media:Union.1.A.20161221.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Union.1.B.20161111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Accessing IO Registers ([[Media:IO.1.A.20141215.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:IO.1.B.20161217.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Declarations === * Type Specifiers and Qualifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec1.Type.1.A.20171004.pdf |pdf]]) * Storage Class Specifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec2.Storage.1.A.20171009.pdf |pdf]]) * Scope === Class Notes === * TOC ([[Media:TOC.20171007.pdf |TOC.pdf]]) * Day01 ([[Media:Day01.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.C.20171211.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (1) Standard Library * Day02 ([[Media:Day02.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (2) Basic Elements * Day03 ([[Media:Day03.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.B.20170908.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (3) Numbers * Day04 ([[Media:Day04.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (1) Flowcharts * Day05 ([[Media:Day05.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (2) Conditions and Loops * Day06 ([[Media:Day06.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.B.20170923.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Program Control * Day07 ([[Media:Day07.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.B.20170926.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (1) Definitions * Day08 ([[Media:Day08.A.20171028.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.B.20171016.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (2) Storage Class and Scope * Day09 ([[Media:Day09.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (3) Recursion * Day10 ([[Media:Day10.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (1) Definitions * Day11 ([[Media:Day11.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (2) Applications * Day12 ([[Media:Day12.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.B.20171020.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (1) Definitions * Day13 ([[Media:Day13.A.20171025.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.B.20171024.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (2) Applications * Day14 ([[Media:Day14.A.20171226.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.B.20171101.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (1) * Day15 ([[Media:Day15.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.B.20171124.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (2) * Day16 ([[Media:Day16.A.20171208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.B.20171114.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C Formatted IO * Day17 ([[Media:Day17.A.20171031.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.B.20171111.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (1) Definitions * Day18 ([[Media:Day18.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.B.20171128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (2) Applications * Day19 ([[Media:Day19.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.B.20171121.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Union, Bitwise Operators, Enum * Day20 ([[Media:Day20.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.B.20171201.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Linked List * Day21 ([[Media:Day21.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.B.20171208.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... File Processing * Day22 ([[Media:Day22.A.20171212.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.B.20171213.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Preprocessing <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> See also https://cprogramex.wordpress.com/ == '''Old Materials '''== until 201201 * Intro.Overview.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Overview.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Memory.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Memory.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Number.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Number.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Control.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Control.1.A.20120109.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Loop.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Loop.1.A.20120113.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Function.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Function.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Scope.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Scope.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Array.1.A ([[Media:Series.Array.1.A.20110718.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Series.Pointer.1.A.20110719.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Structure.1.A ([[Media:Series.Structure.1.A.20110805.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Type.1.A ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20130813.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.TypeCast.1.A ([[Media:Data.TypeCast.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Operators.1.A ([[Media:Data.Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) <br> until 201107 * Intro.1.A ([[Media:Intro.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Control.1.A ([[Media:Control.1.A.20110706.pdf |pdf]]) * Iteration.1.A ([[Media:Iteration.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Function.1.A ([[Media:Function.1.A.20110705.pdf |pdf]]) * Variable.1.A ([[Media:Variable.1.A.20110708.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators.1.A ([[Media:Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Pointer.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.2.A ([[Media:Pointer.2.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Array.1.A ([[Media:Array.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Type.1.A ([[Media:Type.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Structure.1.A ([[Media:Structure.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ] [[Category:C programming language]] </br> sw3tq2pif36sb9dqw8gb9oyjmkkqaj6 2690085 2690082 2024-12-03T10:42:57Z Young1lim 21186 /* Applications */ 2690085 wikitext text/x-wiki === Introduction === * Overview ([[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.B.20170901.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.C.20170904.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Number System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.A.20171023.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Memory System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Memory.1.A.20170907.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.C.20170926.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling a Big Work === * Function Overview ([[Media:C03.Func1.Overview.1.A.20171030.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func1.Oerview.1.B.20161022.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Variables ([[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.A.20161222.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.B.20161222.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Pointers ([[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.A.20161122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.B.20161122.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Recursions ([[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.B.20161214.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Series of Data === ==== Background ==== * Background ([[Media:C04.Series0.Background.1.A.20180727.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Basics ==== * Pointers ([[Media:C04.S1.Pointer.1A.20240524.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Pointer.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Arrays ([[Media:C04.S2.Array.1A.20240514.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series1.Array.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.S3.ArrayPointer.1A.20240208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.A.20221130.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.B.1111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series4.ArrayAccess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Structures ([[Media:C04.Series3.Structure.1.A.20171204.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Structure.1.B.20161130.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Examples ==== * Spreadsheet Example Programs :: Example 1 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 2 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 3 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Bubble Sort ([[Media:C04.Series7.BubbleSort.1.A.20171211.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Applications ==== * Address-of and de-reference operators ([[Media:C04.SA0.PtrOperator.1A.20241203.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA1.AppPointer.1A.20241121.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Arrays ([[Media:C04.SA2.AppArray.1A.20240715.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA3.AppArrayPointer.1A.20240210.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4App.MultiDim.1.A.20210719.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series9.AppArrAcess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Structures ([[Media:C04.Series6.AppStruct.1.A.20190423.pdf |A.pdf]]) === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types ([[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Typecasts ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.B.20161216.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.A.20161219.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.B.20161216.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.A.20161124.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Low Level Operations === * Bitwise Operations ([[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Bit Field ([[Media:BitField.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitField.1.B.20161202.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Union ([[Media:Union.1.A.20161221.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Union.1.B.20161111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Accessing IO Registers ([[Media:IO.1.A.20141215.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:IO.1.B.20161217.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Declarations === * Type Specifiers and Qualifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec1.Type.1.A.20171004.pdf |pdf]]) * Storage Class Specifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec2.Storage.1.A.20171009.pdf |pdf]]) * Scope === Class Notes === * TOC ([[Media:TOC.20171007.pdf |TOC.pdf]]) * Day01 ([[Media:Day01.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.C.20171211.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (1) Standard Library * Day02 ([[Media:Day02.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (2) Basic Elements * Day03 ([[Media:Day03.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.B.20170908.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (3) Numbers * Day04 ([[Media:Day04.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (1) Flowcharts * Day05 ([[Media:Day05.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (2) Conditions and Loops * Day06 ([[Media:Day06.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.B.20170923.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Program Control * Day07 ([[Media:Day07.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.B.20170926.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (1) Definitions * Day08 ([[Media:Day08.A.20171028.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.B.20171016.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (2) Storage Class and Scope * Day09 ([[Media:Day09.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (3) Recursion * Day10 ([[Media:Day10.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (1) Definitions * Day11 ([[Media:Day11.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (2) Applications * Day12 ([[Media:Day12.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.B.20171020.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (1) Definitions * Day13 ([[Media:Day13.A.20171025.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.B.20171024.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (2) Applications * Day14 ([[Media:Day14.A.20171226.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.B.20171101.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (1) * Day15 ([[Media:Day15.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.B.20171124.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (2) * Day16 ([[Media:Day16.A.20171208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.B.20171114.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C Formatted IO * Day17 ([[Media:Day17.A.20171031.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.B.20171111.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (1) Definitions * Day18 ([[Media:Day18.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.B.20171128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (2) Applications * Day19 ([[Media:Day19.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.B.20171121.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Union, Bitwise Operators, Enum * Day20 ([[Media:Day20.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.B.20171201.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Linked List * Day21 ([[Media:Day21.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.B.20171208.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... File Processing * Day22 ([[Media:Day22.A.20171212.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.B.20171213.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Preprocessing <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> See also https://cprogramex.wordpress.com/ == '''Old Materials '''== until 201201 * Intro.Overview.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Overview.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Memory.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Memory.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Number.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Number.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Control.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Control.1.A.20120109.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Loop.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Loop.1.A.20120113.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Function.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Function.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Scope.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Scope.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Array.1.A ([[Media:Series.Array.1.A.20110718.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Series.Pointer.1.A.20110719.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Structure.1.A ([[Media:Series.Structure.1.A.20110805.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Type.1.A ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20130813.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.TypeCast.1.A ([[Media:Data.TypeCast.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Operators.1.A ([[Media:Data.Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) <br> until 201107 * Intro.1.A ([[Media:Intro.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Control.1.A ([[Media:Control.1.A.20110706.pdf |pdf]]) * Iteration.1.A ([[Media:Iteration.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Function.1.A ([[Media:Function.1.A.20110705.pdf |pdf]]) * Variable.1.A ([[Media:Variable.1.A.20110708.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators.1.A ([[Media:Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Pointer.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.2.A ([[Media:Pointer.2.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Array.1.A ([[Media:Array.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Type.1.A ([[Media:Type.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Structure.1.A ([[Media:Structure.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ] [[Category:C programming language]] </br> nqsxyn8jzatx53jewp1t3suup523yh7 0 285384 2690040 2689818 2024-12-03T00:12:50Z Young1lim 21186 /* Linking Libraries */ 2690040 wikitext text/x-wiki === Workings of the GNU Compiler for IA-32 === ==== Overview ==== * Overview ([[Media:Overview.20200211.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Data Processing ==== * Access ([[Media:Access.20200409.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:Operator.20200427.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Control ==== * Conditions ([[Media:Condition.20230630.pdf |pdf]]) * Control ([[Media:Control.20220616.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Function calls ==== * Procedure ([[Media:Procedure.20220412.pdf |pdf]]) * Recursion ([[Media:Recursion.20210824-2.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Pointer and Aggregate Types ==== * Arrays ([[Media:Array.20211018.pdf |pdf]]) * Structures ([[Media:Structure.20220101.pdf |pdf]]) * Alignment ([[Media:Alignment.20201117.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointers ([[Media:Pointer.20201106.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Integer Arithmetic ==== * Overview ([[Media:gcc.1.Overview.20240813.pdf |pdf]]) * Carry Flag ([[Media:gcc.2.Carry.20241130.pdf |pdf]]) * Overflow Flag ([[Media:gcc.3.Overflow.20240724.pdf |pdf]]) * Examples ([[Media:gcc.4.Examples.20240724.pdf |pdf]]) * Borrow ([[Media:Borrow.20230701.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Floating point Arithmetic ==== </br> === Workings of the GNU Linker for IA-32 === ==== Linking Libraries ==== * Static Libraries ([[Media:LIB.1A.Static.20241128.pdf |pdf]]) * Shared Libraries ([[Media:LIB.2A.Shared.20241202.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Library Search Path ==== * Using -L and -l only ([[Media:Link.4A.LibSearch-withLl.20240807.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.4B.LibSearch-withLl.20240705.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Using RPATH ([[Media:Link.5A.LibSearch-RPATH.20241101.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.5B.LibSearch-RPATH.20240705.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Linking Process ==== * Object Files ([[Media:Link.3.A.Object.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.3.B.Object.20190405.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Symbols ([[Media:Link.4.A.Symbol.20190312.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.4.B.Symbol.20190312.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Relocation ([[Media:Link.5.A.Relocation.20190320.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.5.B.Relocation.20190322.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Loading ([[Media:Link.6.A.Loading.20190501.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.6.B.Loading.20190126.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Static Linking ([[Media:Link.7.A.StaticLink.20190122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.7.B.StaticLink.20190128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:LNK.5C.StaticLinking.20241128.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Dynamic Linking ([[Media:Link.8.A.DynamicLink.20190207.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.8.B.DynamicLink.20190209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:LNK.6C.DynamicLinking.20241128.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Position Independent Code ([[Media:Link.9.A.PIC.20190304.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.9.B.PIC.20190309.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Example I ==== * Vector addition ([[Media:Eg1.1A.Vector.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.1B.Vector.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Swapping array elements ([[Media:Eg1.2A.Swap.20190302.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.2B.Swap.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Nested functions ([[Media:Eg1.3A.Nest.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.3B.Nest.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Examples II ==== * analysis of static linking ([[Media:Ex1.A.StaticLinkEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Ex2.B.StaticLinkEx.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]]) * analysis of dynamic linking ([[Media:Ex2.A.DynamicLinkEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]]) * analysis of PIC ([[Media:Ex3.A.PICEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]]) </br> go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ] [[Category:C programming language]] m3djgph156t80kb2jgtsszlqbxy9ryq 0 285723 2689994 2689307 2024-12-02T16:39:29Z Scogdill 1331941 /* Hoops */ 2689994 wikitext text/x-wiki Especially with respect to fashion, the newspapers at the end of the 19th century in the UK often used specialized terminology. The definitions on this page are to provide a sense of what someone in the late 19th century might have meant by the term rather than a definition of what we might mean by it today. In the absence of a specialized glossary from the end of the 19th century in the U.K., we use the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' because the senses of a word are illustrated with examples that have dates so we can be sure that the senses we pick are appropriate for when they are used in the quotations we have. We also sometimes use the French ''Wikipédia'' to define a word because many technical terms of fashion were borrowings from the French. Also, often the French ''Wikipédia'' provides historical context for the uses of a word similar to the way the OED does. == Articles or Parts of Clothing: Non-gender-specific == === Mantle, Cloak, Cape === In 19th-century newspaper accounts, these terms are sometimes used without precision as synonyms. These are all outer garments. '''Mantle''' A mantle — often a long outer garment — might have elements like a train, sleeves, collars, revers, fur, and a cape. A late-19th-century writer making a distinction between a mantle and a cloak might use ''mantle'' if the garment is more voluminous. '''Cloak''' '''Cape''' === Peplum === According to the French ''Wiktionnaire'', a peplum is a "Short skirt or flared flounce layered at the waist of a jacket, blouse or dress" [translation by Google Translate].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-02|title=péplum|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=p%C3%A9plum&oldid=29547727|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%A9plum.</ref> The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has a fuller definition, although, it focuses on women's clothing because the sense is written for the present day:<blockquote>''Fashion''. ... a kind of overskirt resembling the ancient peplos (''obsolete''). Hence (now usually) in modern use: a short flared, gathered, or pleated strip of fabric attached at the waist of a woman's jacket, dress, or blouse to create a hanging frill or flounce.<ref name=":5">“peplum, n.”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1832614702>.</ref></blockquote>Men haven't worn peplums since the 18th century, except when wearing costumes based on historical portraits. The ''Daily News'' reported in 1896 that peplums had been revived as a fashion item for women.<ref name=":5" /> === Revers === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''revers'' are the "edge[s] of a garment turned back to reveal the undersurface (often at the lapel or cuff) (chiefly in ''plural''); the material covering such an edge."<ref>"revers, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/164777. Accessed 17 April 2023.</ref> The term is French and was used this way in the 19th century (according to the ''Wiktionnaire'').<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-03-07|title=revers|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=revers&oldid=31706560|journal=Wiktionnaire|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/revers.</ref> == Articles or Parts of Clothing: Men's == [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|Men's military uniforms]] are discussed below. === À la Romaine === [[File:Johann Baptist Straub - Mars um 1772-1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Old and damaged marble statue of a Roman god of war with flowing cloak, big helmet with a plume on top, and armor|Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 ''à la romaine'' ''Mars'']] A few people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball in 1897]] personated Roman gods or people. They were dressed not as Romans, however, but ''à la romaine'', which was a standardized style of depicting Roman figures that was used in paintings, sculpture and the theatre for historical dress from the 17th until the 20th century. The codification of the style was developed in France in the 17th century for theatre and ballet, when it became popular for masked balls. Women as well as men could be dressed ''à la romaine'', but much sculpture, portraiture and theatre offered opportunities for men to dress in Roman style — with armor and helmets — and so it was most common for men. In large part because of the codification of the style as well as the painting and sculpture, the style persisted and remained influential into the 20th century and can be found in museums and galleries and on monuments. For example, Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 statue of Mars (left), now in the Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Munich, missing part of an arm, shows Mars ''à la romaine''. In London, an early 17th-century example of a figure of Mars ''à la romaine'', with a helmet, '''was''' "at the foot of the Buckingham tomb in Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey."<ref>Webb, Geoffrey. “Notes on Hubert Le Sueur-II.” ''The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs'' 52, no. 299 (1928): 81–89. http://www.jstor.org/stable/863535.</ref>{{rp|81, Col. 2c}} === Cavalier === [[File:Sir-Anthony-van-Dyck-Lord-John-Stuart-and-His-Brother-Lord-Bernard-Stuart.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of 2 men flamboyantly and stylishly dressed in colorful silk, with white lace, high-heeled boots and long hair|Van Dyck's c. 1638 painting of cavaliers Lord John Stuart and his brother Lord Bernard Stuart]] As a signifier in the form of clothing of a royalist political and social ideology begun in France in the early 17th century, the cavalier established France as the leader in fashion and taste. Adopted by [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|wealthy royalist British military officers]] during the time of the Restoration, the style signified a political and social position, both because of the loyalty to Charles I and II as well the wealth required to achieve the cavalier look. The style spread beyond the political, however, to become associated generally with dress as well as a style of poetry.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-25|title=Cavalier poet|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier_poet&oldid=1151690299|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_poet.</ref> Van Dyck's 1638 painting of two brothers (right) emphasizes the cavalier style of dress. === Coats === ==== Doublet ==== * In the 19th-century newspaper accounts we have seen that use this word, doublet seems always to refer to a garment worn by a man, but historically women may have worn doublets. In fact, a doublet worn by Queen Elizabeth I exists and '''is somewhere'''. * Technically doublets were long sleeved, although we cannot be certain what this or that Victorian tailor would have done for a costume. For example, the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Duke of Devonshire's costume as Charles V]] shows long sleeves that may be part of the surcoat but should be the long sleeves of the doublet. ==== Pourpoint ==== A padded doublet worn under armor to protect the warrior from the metal chafing. A pourpoint could also be worn without the armor. ==== Surcoat ==== Sometimes just called ''coat''. [[File:Oscar Wilde by Sarony 1882 18.jpg|thumb|alt=Old photograph of a young man wearing a velvet jacket, knee breeches, silk hose and shiny pointed shoes with bows, seated on a sofa and leaning on his left hand and holding a book in his right| Oscar Wilde, 1882, by Napoleon Sarony]] === Hose, Stockings and Tights === Newspaper accounts from the late 19th century of men's clothing use the term ''hose'' for what we might call stockings or tights. In fact, the terminology is specific. ''Stockings'' is the more general term and could refer to hose or tights. With knee breeches men wore hose, which ended above the knee, and women wore hose under their dresses. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' defines tights as "Tight-fitting breeches, worn by men in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and still forming part of court-dress."<ref>“Tights, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2693287467.</ref> By 1897, the term was in use for women's stockings, which may have come up only to the knee. Tights were also worn by dancers and acrobats. This general sense of ''tights'' does not assume that they were knitted. ''Clocking'' is decorative embroidery on hose, usually, at the ankles on either the inside or the outside of the leg. It started at the ankle and went up the leg, sometimes as far as the knee. On women's hose, the clocking could be quite colorful and elaborate, while the clocking on men's hose was more inconspicuous. In many photographs men's hose are wrinkled, especially at the ankles and the knees, because they were shaped from woven fabric. Silk hose were knitted instead of woven, which gave them elasticity and reduced the wrinkling. The famous Sarony carte de visite photograph of Oscar Wilde (right) shows him in 1882 wearing knee breeches and silk hose, which are shiny and quite smoothly fitted although they show a few wrinkles at the ankles and knees. In the portraits of people in costume at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the men's hose are sometimes quite smooth, which means they were made of knitted silk and may have been smoothed for the portrait. In painted portraits the hose are almost always depicted as smooth, part of the artist's improvement of the appearance of the subject. === Shoes and Boots === == Articles or Parts of Clothing: Women's == === '''Chérusque''' === According to the French ''Wikipedia'', ''chérusque'' is a 19th-century term for the kind of standing collar like the ones worn by ladies in the Renaissance.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-06-26|title=Collerette (costume)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collerette_(costume)&oldid=184136746|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collerette_(costume)#Au+xixe+siècle+:+la+Chérusque.</ref> === Corsage === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the corsage is the "'body' of a woman's dress; a bodice."<ref>"corsage, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/42056. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> This sense is well documented in the ''OED'' for the mid and late 19th-century, used this way in fiction as well as in a publication like ''Godey's Lady's Book'', which would be expected to use appropriate terminology associated with fashion and dress making. The sense of "a bouquet worn on the bodice" is, according to the ''OED'', American. === Décolletage === === Girdle === === Mancheron === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', a ''mancheron'' is a "historical" word for "A piece of trimming on the upper part of a sleeve on a woman's dress."<ref>"mancheron, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/113251. Accessed 17 April 2023.</ref> At the present, in French, a ''mancheron'' is a cap sleeve "cut directly on the bodice."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-28|title=Manche (vêtement)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manche_(v%C3%AAtement)&oldid=199054843|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche_(v%C3%AAtement).</ref> === Petticoat === According to the ''O.E.D.'', a petticoat is a <blockquote>skirt, as distinguished from a bodice, worn either externally or showing beneath a dress as part of the costume (often trimmed or ornamented); an outer skirt; a decorative underskirt. Frequently in ''plural'': a woman's or girl's upper skirts and underskirts collectively. Now ''archaic'' or ''historical''.<ref>“petticoat, n., sense 2.b”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1021034245></ref> </blockquote>This sense is, according to the ''O.E.D.'', "The usual sense between the 17th and 19th centuries." However, while petticoats belong in both outer- and undergarments — that is, meant to be seen or hidden, like underwear — they were always under another garment, for example, underneath an open overskirt. The primary sense seems to have shifted through the 19th century so that, by the end, petticoats were underwear and the term ''underskirt'' was used to describe what showed under an open overskirt. === Stomacher === According to the ''O.E.D.'', a stomacher is "An ornamental covering for the chest (often covered with jewels) worn by women under the lacing of the bodice,"<ref>“stomacher, n.¹, sense 3.a”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1169498955></ref> although by the end of the 19th century, the bodice did not often have visible laces. Some stomachers were so decorated that they were thought of as part of the jewelry. === Train === A train is The Length of the Train '''For the monarch [or a royal?]''' According to Debrett's,<blockquote>A peeress's coronation robe is a long-trained crimson velvet mantle, edged with miniver pure, with a miniver pure cape. The length of the train varies with the rank of the wearer: * Duchess: for rows of ermine; train to be six feet * Marchioness: three and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and three-quarters feet * Countess: three rows of ermine; train to be three and a half feet * Viscountess: two and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and a quarter feet * Baroness: two rows of ermine; train to be three feet<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/|title=Dress Codes|website=debretts.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-07-27}} https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/.</ref> </blockquote>The pattern on the coronet worn was also quite specific, similar but not exactly the same for peers and peeresses. Debrett's also distinguishes between coronets and tiaras, which were classified more like jewelry, which was regulated only in very general terms. Peeresses put on their coronets after the Queen or Queen Consort has been crowned. ['''peers?'''] === Foundation Garments === Unlike undergarments, Victorian women's foundation garments created the distinctive silhouette. Victorian undergarments included the chemise, the bloomers, the corset cover — articles that are not structural. The corset was an important element of the understructure of foundation garments — hoops, bustles, petticoats and so on — but it has never been the only important element. ==== Corset ==== [[File:Corset - MET 1972.209.49a, b.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of an old silk corset on a mannequin, showing the closure down the front, similar to a button, and channels in the fabric for the boning. It is wider at the top and bottom, creating smooth curves from the bust to the compressed waist to the hips, with a long point below the waist in front.|French 1890s corset, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC]] The understructure of Victorian women's clothing is what makes the costumes worn by the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] so distinctly Victorian in appearance. An example of a corset that has the kind of structure often worn by fashionably dressed women in 1897 is the one at right. This corset exaggerated the shape of the women's bodies and made possible a bodice that looked and was fitted in the way that is so distinctive of the time — very controlled and smooth. And, as a structural element, this foundation garment carried the weight of all those layers and all that fabric and decoration on the gowns, trains and mantles. (The trains and mantles could be attached directly to the corset itself.) * This foundation emphasizes the waist and the bust in particular, in part because of the contrast between the very small waist and the rounded fullness of the bust and hips. * The idealized waist is defined by its small span and the sexualizing point at the center-bottom of the bodice, which directs the eye downwards. Interestingly, the pointed waistline worn by Elizabethan men has become level in the Victorian age. Highly fashionable Victorian women wearing the traditional style, however, had extremely pointed waists. * The busk (a kind of boning in the front of a corset that is less flexible than the rest) smoothed the bodice, flattened the abdomen and prevented the point on the bodice from curling up. * The sharp definition of the waist was caused by ** length of the corset (especially on the sides) ** the stiffness of the boning ** the layers of fabric ** the lacing (especially if the woman used tightlacing) ** the over-all shape, which was so much wider at the top and the bottom ** the contrast between the waist and the wider top and bottom * The late-19th-century corset was long, ending below the waist even on the sides and back. * The boning and the top edge of the late 19th-century fashion corset pushed up the bust, rounding (rather than flattening, as in earlier styles) the breasts, drawing attention to their exposed curves and creating cleavage. * The exaggerated bust was larger than the hips, whenever possible, an impression reinforced by the A-line of the skirt and the inverted Vs in the decorative trim near the waist and on the skirt. * This corset made the bodice very smooth with a very precise fit, that had no wrinkles, folds or loose drapery. The bodice was also trimmed or decorated, but the base was always a smooth bodice. More formal gowns would still have the fitted bodice and more elaborate trim made from lace, embroidery, appliqué, beading and possibly even jewels. The advantages and disadvantages of corseting and especially tight lacing were the subject of thousands of articles and opinions in the periodical press for a great part of the century, but the fetishistic and politicized tight lacing was practiced by very few women. And no single approach to corsetry was practiced by all women all the time. Most of the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 ball]] were not tightly laced, but the progressive style does not dominate either, even though all the costumes are technically historical dress. Part of what gives most of the costumes their distinctive 19th-century "look" is the more traditional corset beneath them. Even though this highly fashionable look was widely present in the historical costumes at the ball, some women's waists were obviously very small and others were hardly '''emphasized''' at all. Women's waists are never mentioned in the newspaper coverage of the ball — or, indeed, of any of the social events attended by the network at the ball — so it is only in photographs that we can see the effects of how they used their corsets. === Hoops === Striking for how long they lasted and how much they evolved, hoops were the foundation undergarment for a skirt and petticoat. Women wore hoops from the 15th century, around the time of Katherine of Aragon, through the bustle of the late 19th century. The cage caused the silhouette of skirts to change shape over time and enabled the extreme distortions of panniers and the bustle. Hoops circled the body symmetrically in a cone or drum shape, were moved to the sides with panniers, ballooned around the body like the top half of a sphere, and were pulled to the rear with a bustle. That is, like corsets, the distorted shapes of high fashion were made possible by hoops. High fashion demanded these shapes, which disguised women's bodies, '''especially below the waist'''. Besides the shape, the structure used to construct hoops changed — cane, wood, whalebone, steel or wire. Add fabric structural stuff ''Hoops'' is a mid-19th-century term for a cage-like structure worn under a skirt to hold it away from the body. ==== 15th Century ==== [[File:Pedro García de Benabarre St John Retable Detail.jpg|thumb|Pedro García de Benabarre St John Retable Detail]] Hoops began in Spain in the 15th century and influenced European fashion for many years:<blockquote>Katherine of Aragon is reputed to have introduced the Spanish farthingale (a hooped underskirt) into England early in the century. The result was to convert the columnar skirt of the fifteenth century into the cone shape of the sixteenth. Both styles were worn in the early years of the century.<p> By mid-century many changes had occurred, paralleling those in men’s costume. Spanish influence had introduced the hoop-supported skirt, smooth in contour, which was quite generally worn.<ref name=":11" /> (291)</blockquote> ==== 16th Century ==== [[File:Farthingale 2 (PSF).png|thumb|Farthingale 2 (PSF)]] [[File:Alonso Sánchez Coello 011.jpg|thumb|Alonso Sánchez Coello 011]] In the 16th century, the garment was called a farthingale. By the 18th century, it was called hoops, which were made of wood. ==== 18th Century ==== The evolution of hoops, and thus the shape of the skirt, in the 18th century:<blockquote>SKIRT FASHIONS. Since skirts experienced the greatest alterations, a brief summary of the successive silhouettes should help to place individual costumes in their proper niches. Six basic forms appeared during the century, in the following order: # The bustle was a continuation of the 1690 mode. # The bell or dome shape resulted from the reintroduction of hoops; in England by 1710, in France by 1720. # The ellipse, the second phase of the hoop skirt, was achieved by broadening the support from side to side and compressing it from front to back. It had a long run of popularity, from 1740 to 1770, the extreme width being retained in court costumes. In France it persisted until the revolution, expect that skirts were allowed to curve outward in back again. English court costume followed this fashion well into the nineteenth century. # The dairy maid, or polonaise, style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise (see Fig. 452). These diversions appeared in the late sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our Revolutionary War period. # The return of the bustle in the 1780s. # The tubular form, drawn from classic art, in the 1790s.<ref name=":11" /> (411–413) </blockquote> ==== 19th Century ==== [[File:Cutaway sketch of crinoline.gif|thumb|Cutaway sketch of crinoline]] [[File:Paris voulant englober la banlieue.JPG|thumb|Paris voulant englober la banlieue]] [[File:Vrouw moet haar hoepelrok uitdoen om de tram te betreden New Omnibus Regulation. Werry sorry'm, but yer l'av to leave yer Krinerline outside (Vide Punch) (titel op object), RP-F-F10723.jpg|thumb|Vrouw moet haar hoepelrok uitdoen om de tram te betreden New Omnibus Regulation. Werry sorry'm, but yer l'av to leave yer Krinerline outside (Vide Punch) (titel op object), RP-F-F10723]] In the 19th century, the hoops were made of wire. By the 1860s, hoops made for huge round skirts. In Laura Ingalls Wilder's 1941 ''Little Town on the Prairie'', the adolescent Laura wears hoops:<blockquote>“Well,” Laura began; then she stopped and spun round and round, for the strong wind blowing against her always made the wires of her hoop skirt creep slowly upward under her skirts until they bunched around her knees. Then she must whirl around and around until the wires shook loose and spiraled down to the bottom of her skirts where they should be. “As she and Carrie hurried ob she began again. “I think it was silly, the way they dressed when Ma was a girl, don’t you? Drat this wind!” she exclaimed as the hoops began creeping upward again. “Quietly Carrie stood by while Laura whirled. “I’m glad I’m not old enough to have to wear hoops,” she said. “They’d make me dizzy.” “They are rather a nuisance,” Laura admitted. “But they are stylish, and when you’re my age you’ll want to be in style.”<ref>Wilder, Laura Ingalls. ''Little Town on the Prairie.'' Harper and Row, 1941. Pp. 272–273.</ref></blockquote> ==== Farthingale ==== ''Farthingale'' is the term in English; in French, it's ''vertugadin'', and in Spanish ''vertugado''. ''Vertugadin'' is a French term for ''farthingale'', a cage made of hoops supporting a skirt — "un élément essentiel de la mode Tudor en Angleterre [an essential element of Tudor fashion in England]."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2022-03-12|title=Vertugadin|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertugadin&oldid=191825729|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertugadin.</ref> In fact, "La princesse espagnole Catherine d'Aragon amena la mode en Angleterre pour son mariage avec le prince Arthur, fils aîné d'Henri VII en 1501 [The Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon brought the fashion to England for her marriage to Prince Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII in 1501]."<ref name=":0" /> Catherine of Aragon, of course, married Henry VIII after Arthur's death. The French and Spanish farthingales were not identical by the end of the 16th century. The Spanish farthingale shaped the skirt into an A-line with a graduated series of hoops sewn to an undergarment. The French farthingale was a flattish "cartwheel" or platter of hoops worn below the waist and above the hips held the skirt out more or less horizontally. Once past the vertugadin, the skirt then fell straight to the floor, shaping the skirt into a kind of drum. The shoes show in the portraits of women wearing the French farthingale. "FARTHINGALE:  Renaissance (1450-1550 C.E. to Elizabethan (1550-1625 C.E.). Linen underskirt with wire supports which, when shaped, produced a variety of dome, bell, and oblong shapes."<ref name=":7" /> (105) [[File:Panniers 1.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of the wooden and fabric skeleton of an 18th-century women's foundation garment|Panniers 1]] ==== Panniers ==== Generally, panniers were a kind of undergarment worn in the 17th and 18th centuries. Their design evolved during the century. Made of hoops of wood, they are "baskets" or cages worn on either side of the waist to broaden the skirts to the sides. == '''Traditional vs Progressive Style''' == === Progressive Style === The terms ''artistic dress'' and ''aesthetic dress'' are not synonymous and were in use at different times to refer to different groups of people in different contexts, but we recognize them as referring to a similar kind of personal style in clothing, a style we call progressive dress or the progressive style. Used in a very precise way, ''artistic dress'' is associated with the Pre-Raphaelite artists and the women in their circle beginning in the 1860s. Similarly, ''aesthetic dress'' is associated with the 1880s and 1890s and dress reform movements. In general, the progressive style is characterized by its resistance to the highly structured fashion of its day, especially corseting, aniline dyes and an extremely close fit. === Traditional Style === By the end of the century designs from the [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#The House of Worth|House of Worth]] (or Maison Worth) define what we think of as the traditional Victorian look, which was very stylish and expensive. Blanche Payne describes an example of the 1895 "high style" in a gown by Worth with "the idiosyncrasies of the [1890s] full blown":<blockquote>The dress is white silk with wine-red stripes. Sleeves, collars, bows, bag, hat, and hem border match the stripes. The sleeve has reached its maximum volume; the bosom full and emphasized with added lace; the waistline is elongated, pointed, and laced to the point of distress; the skirt is smooth over the hips, gradually swinging out to sweep the floor. This is the much vaunted hourglass figure.<ref name=":11">Payne, Blanche. ''History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century''. Harper & Row, 1965.</ref>{{rp|530}}</blockquote> The Victorian-looking gowns at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] are stylish in a way that recalls the designs of the House of Worth. The elements that make their look so Victorian are anachronisms on the costumes representing fashion of earlier eras. The women wearing these gowns preferred the standards of beauty from their own day to a more-or-less historically accurate look. The style competing at the very end of the century with the Worth look was not the historical, however, but a progressive style called at the time ''artistic'' or ''aesthetic''. William Powell Frith's 1883 painting ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (discussion below) pits this kind of traditional style against the progressive or artistic style. === The Styles === [[File:Frith A Private View.jpg|thumb|William Powell Frith, ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'']] We typically think of the late-Victorian silhouette as universal but, in the periods in which corsets dominated women's dress, not all women wore corsets and not all corsets were the same, as William Powell Frith's 1883 ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (right) illustrates. Frith is clear in his memoir that this painting — "recording for posterity the aesthetic craze as regards dress" — deliberately contrasts what he calls the "folly" of the Artistic Dress movement and the look of the traditional corseted waist.<ref>Frith, William Powell. ''My Autobiography and Reminiscences''. 1887.</ref> Frith considered the Artistic Movement and Artistic Dress "ephemeral," but its rejection of corsetry looks far more consequential to us in hindsight than it did in the 19th century. As Frith sees it, his painting critiques the "craze" associated with the women in this set of identifiable portraits who are not corseted, but his commitment to realism shows us a spectrum, a range, of conservatism and if not political then at least stylistic progressivism among the women. The progressives, oddly, are the women wearing artistic (that is, somewhat historical) dress, because they’re not corseted. It is a misreading to see the presentation of the women’s fashion as a simple opposition. Constance, Countess of Lonsdale — situated at the center of this painting with Frederick Leighton, president of the Royal Academy of Art — is the most conservatively dressed of the women depicted, with her narrow sleeves, tight waist and almost perfectly smooth bodice, which tells us that her corset has eyelets so that it can be laced precisely and tightly, and it has stays (or "bones") to prevent wrinkles or natural folds in the overclothing. Lillie Langtry, in the white dress, with her stylish narrow sleeves, does not have such a tightly bound waist or smooth bodice, suggesting she may not be corseted at all, as we know she sometimes was not.['''citation'''] Jenny Trip, a painter’s model, is the woman in the green dress in the aesthetic group being inspected by Anthony Trollope, who may be taking notes. She looks like she is not wearing a corset. Both Langtry and Trip are toward the middle of this spectrum: neither is dressed in the more extreme artistic dress of, say, the two figures between Trip and Trollope. A lot has been written about the late-Victorian attraction to historical dress, especially in the context of fancy-dress balls and the Gothic revival in social events as well as art and music. Part of the appeal has to have been the way those costumes could just be beautiful clothing beautifully made. Historical dress provided an opportunity for some elite women to wear less-structured but still beautiful and influential clothing. ['''Calvert'''<ref>Calvert, Robyne Erica. ''Fashioning the Artist: Artistic Dress in Victorian Britain 1848-1900''. Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. <nowiki>https://theses.gla.ac.uk/3279/</nowiki></ref>] The standards for beauty, then, with historical dress were Victorian, with the added benefit of possibly less structure. So, at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, "while some attendees tried to hew closely to historical precedent, many rendered their historical or mythological personage in the sartorial vocabulary they knew best. The [photographs of people in their costumes at the ball offer] a glimpse into how Victorians understood history, not a glimpse into the costume of an authentic historical past."<ref>Mitchell, Rebecca N. "The Victorian Fancy Dress Ball, 1870–1900." ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21: 3): 291–315. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1172817.</ref> (294) * historical dress: beautiful clothing. * the range at the ball, from Minnie Paget to Gwladys * "In light of such efforts, the ball remains to this day one of the best documented outings of the period, and a quick glance at the album shows that ..." Women had more choices about their waists than the simple opposition between no corset and tightlacing can accommodate. The range of choices is illustrated in Frith's painting, with a woman locating herself on it at a particular moment for particular reasons. Much analysis of 19th-century corsetry focuses on its sexualizing effects — corsets dominated Victorian photographic pornography ['''citations'''] and at the same time, the absence of a corset was sexual because it suggested nudity.['''citations'''] A great deal of analysis of 19th-century corsetry, on the other hand, assumes that women wore corsets for the male gaze ['''citations'''] or that they tightened their waists to compete with other women.['''citations'''] But as we can see in Frith's painting, the sexualizing effect was not universal or sweeping, and these analyses do not account for the choices women had in which corset to wear or how tightly to lace it. Especially given the way that some photographic portraits were mechanically altered to make the waist appear smaller, the size of a woman's waist had to do with how she was presenting herself to the world. That is, the fact that women made choices about the size of or emphasis on their waists suggests that they had agency that needs to be taken into account. As they navigated the complex social world, women's fashion choices had meaning. Society or political hostesses had agency not only in their clothing but generally in that complex social world. They had roles managing social events of the upper classes, especially of the upper aristocracy and oligarchy, like the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. Their class and rank, then, were essential to their agency, including to some degree their freedom to choose what kind of corset to wear and how to wear it. Also, by the end of the century lots of different kinds of corsets were available for lots of different purposes. Special corsets existed for pregnancy, sports (like tennis, bicycling, horseback riding, golf, fencing, archery, stalking and hunting), theatre and dance and, of course, for these women corsets could be made to support the special dress worn over it. Women's choices in how they presented themselves to the world included more than just their foundation garments, of course. "Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove," that is, the trim and decorations on their garments, their jewelry and accessories — which Davidoff calls "elaborations"<ref name=":1">Davidoff, Leonore. ''The Best Circles: Society Etiquette and the Season''. Intro., Victoria Glendinning. The Cressett Library (Century Hutchinson), 1986 (orig 1973).</ref>{{rp|93}} — pointed to a host of status categories, like class, rank, wealth, age, marital status, engagement with the empire, how sexual they wanted to seem, political alignment and purpose at the social event. For example, when women were being presented to the monarch, they were expected to wear three ostrich plumes, often called the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes|Prince of Wales's feathers]]. Like all fashions, the corset, which was quite long-lasting in all its various forms, eventually went out of style. Of the many factors that might have influenced its demise, perhaps most important was the women's movement, in which women's rights, freedom, employment and access to their own money and children were less slogan-worthy but at least as essential as votes for women. The activities of the animal-rights movements drew attention not only to the profligate use of the bodies and feathers of birds but also to the looming extinction of the baleen whale, which made whale bone scarce and expensive. Perhaps the century's debates over corseting and especially tightlacing were relevant to some decisions not to be corseted. And, of course, perhaps no other reason is required than that the nature of fashion is to change. == Cinque Cento == According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''Cinque Cento'' is a shortening of ''mil cinque cento'', or 1500.<ref>"cinquecento, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/33143. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> The term, then would refer, perhaps informally, to the sixteenth century. == Crevé == ''Creve'', without the accent, is an old word in English (c. 1450) for burst or split.<ref>"creve, v." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44339. Accessed 8 February 2023.</ref> ['''With the acute accent, it looks like a past participle in French.'''] == Elastic == Elastic had been invented and was in use by the end of the 19th century. For the sense of "Elastic cord or string, usually woven with india-rubber,"<ref name=":6">“elastic, adj. & n.”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1199670313>.</ref> the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has usage examples beginning in 1847. The example for 1886 is vivid: "The thorough-going prim man will always place a circle of elastic round his hair previous to putting on his college cap."<ref name=":6" /> == Elaborations == In her 1973 ''The Best Circles: Society, Etiquette and the Season'', Leonore Davidoff notes that women’s status was indicated by dress and especially ornament: “Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration,” she says, “symbolised some status category for the female wearer.”<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}} Looking at these elaborations as meaningful rather than dismissing them as failed attempts at "historical accuracy" reveals a great deal about the individual women who wore or carried them — and about the society women and political hostesses in their roles as managers of the social world. In her review of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', Mary Frances Gormally says,<blockquote>In a socially regulated year, garments custom made with a Worth label provided women with total reassurance, whatever the season, time of day or occasion, setting them apart as members of the “Best Circles” dressed in luxurious, fashionable and always appropriate attire (Davidoff 1973). The woman with a Worth wardrobe was a woman of elegance, lineage, status, extreme wealth and faultless taste.<ref>Gormally, Mary Frances. Review essay of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', by Amy de la Haye and Valerie D. Mendes (V&A Publishing, 2014). ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21, 1): 109–126. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1179400.</ref> (117)</blockquote> === Aglet, Aiglet === Historically, an aglet is a "point or metal piece that capped a string [or ribbon] used to attach two pieces of the garment together, i.e., sleeve and bodice."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|4}} Although they were decorative, they were not always visible on the outside of the clothing. They were often stuffed inside the layers at the waist (for example, attaching the bodice to a skirt or breeches). === Frou-frou === In French, ''frou-frou'' or, spelled as ''froufrou'', is the sound of the rustling of silk or sometimes of fabrics in general.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-07-25|title=frou-frou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=frou-frou&oldid=32508509|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/frou-frou.</ref> The first use the French ''Wiktionnaire'' lists is Honoré Balzac, ''La Cousine Bette'', 1846.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-03|title=froufrou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=froufrou&oldid=32330124|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/froufrou.</ref> ''Frou-frou'' is a term clothing historians use to describe decorative additions to an article of clothing; often the term has a slight negative connotation, suggesting that the additions are superficial. === Pouf, Puff, Poof === According to the French ''Wikipédia'', a pouf was, beginning in 1744, a "kind of women's hairstyle":<blockquote>The hairstyle in question, known as the “pouf”, had launched the reputation of the enterprising Rose Bertin, owner of the Grand Mogol, a very prominent fashion accessories boutique on Rue Saint-Honoré in Paris in 1774. Created in collaboration with the famous hairdresser, Monsieur Léonard, the pouf was built on a scaffolding of wire, fabric, gauze, horsehair, fake hair, and the client's own hair held up in an almost vertical position. — (Marie-Antoinette, ''Queen of Fashion'', translated from the American by Sylvie Lévy, in ''The Rules of the Game'', n° 40, 2009)</blockquote>''Puff'' and ''poof'' are used to describe clothing. === Shirring === ''Shirring'' is the gathering of fabric to make poufs or puffs. The 19th century is known for its use of this decorative technique. Even men's clothing had shirring: at the shoulder seam. === Sequins === Sequins, paillettes, spangles Sequins — or paillettes — are "small, scalelike glittering disks."<ref name=":7" />(216) The French ''Wiktionnaire'' defines ''paillette'' as "Lamelle de métal, brillante, mince, percée au milieu, ordinairement ronde, et qu’on applique sur une étoffe pour l’orner [A strip of metal, shiny, thin, pierced in the middle, usually round, and which is applied to a fabric in order to decorate it.]"<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-18|title=paillette|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=paillette&oldid=33809572|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/paillette.</ref> According to the ''OED'', the use of ''sequin'' as a decorative device for clothing (as opposed to gold coins minted and used for international trade) goes back to the 1850s.<ref>“Sequin, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4074851670.</ref> The first instance of ''spangle'' as "A small round thin piece of glittering metal (usually brass) with a hole in the centre to pass a thread through, used for the decoration of textile fabrics and other materials of various sorts" is from c. 1420.<ref>“Spangle, N. (1).” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4727197141.</ref> The first use of ''paillette'' listed in the French ''Wiktionnaire'' is in Jules Verne in 1873 to describe colored spots on icy walls.<ref name=":8" /> Currently many distinguish between sequins (which are smaller) and paillettes (which are larger). Before the 20th century, sequins were metal discs or foil leaves, and so of course if they were silver or copper, they tarnished. It is not until well into the 20th century that plastics were invented and used for sequins. === Trim and Lace === ''A History of Feminine Fashion'', published sometime before 1927 and probably commissioned by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|the Maison Worth]], describes Charles Frederick Worth's contributions to the development of embroidery and [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Passementerie|passementerie]] (trim) from about the middle of the 19th century:<blockquote>For it must be remembered that one of M. Worth's most important and lasting contributions to the prosperity of those who cater for women's needs, as well as to the variety and elegance of his clients' garments, was his insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description. In his endeavours to restore in Paris the splendours of the days of La Pompadour, and of Marie Antoinette, he found himself confronted at the outset with a grave difficulty, which would have proved unsurmountable to a man of less energy, resource and initiative. The magnificent materials of those days were no longer to be had! The Revolution had destroyed the market for beautiful materials of this, type, and the Restoration and regime of Louis Philippe had left a dour aspect in the City of Light. ... On parallel lines [to his development of better [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Satin|satin]]], [Worth] stimulated also the manufacture of embroidery and ''passementerie''. It was he who first started the manufacture of laces copied from the designs of the real old laces. He was the / first dressmaker to use fur in the trimming of light materials — but he employed only the richer furs, such as sable and ermine, and had no use whatever for the inferior varieties of skins.<ref name=":9" />{{rp|6–7}}</blockquote> ==== Gold and Silver Fabric and Lace ==== The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on gold and silver fabric, threads and lace attached to the article on gold. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)<blockquote>GOLD AND SILVER LACE. Under this heading a general account may be given of the use of the precious metals in textiles of all descriptions into which they enter. That these metals were used largely in the sumptuous textiles of the earliest periods of civilization there is abundant testimony; and to this day, in the Oriental centres whence a knowledge and the use of fabrics inwoven, ornamented, and embroidered with gold and silver first spread, the passion for such brilliant and costly textiles is still most strongly and generally prevalent. The earliest mention of the use of gold in a woven fabric occurs in the description of the ephod made for Aaron (Exod. xxxix. 2, 3) — "And he made the ephod of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. And they did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into wires (strips), to work it in the blue, and in the purple, and in the scarlet, and in the fine linen, with cunning work." In both the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'' distinct allusion is frequently made to inwoven and embroidered golden textiles. Many circumstances point to the conclusion that the art of weaving and embroidering with gold and silver originated in India, where it is still principally prosecuted, and that from one great city to another the practice travelled westward, — Babylon, Tarsus, Baghdad, Damascus, the islands of Cyprus and Sicily, Con- / stantinople and Venice, all in the process of time becoming famous centres of these much prized manufactures. Alexander the Great found Indian kings and princes arrayed in robes of gold and purple; and the Persian monarch Darius, we are told, wore a war mantle of cloth of gold, on which were figured two golden hawks as if pecking at each other. There is reason, according to Josephus, to believe that the “royal apparel" worn by Herod on the day of his death (Acts xii. 21) was a tissue of silver. Agrippina, the wife of the emperor Claudius, had a robe woven entirely of gold, and from that period downwards royal personages and high ecclesiastical dignitaries used cloth and tissues of gold and silver for their state and ceremonial robes, as well as for costly hangings and decorations. In England, at different periods, various names were applied to cloths of gold, as ciclatoun, tartarium, naques or nac, baudekiu or baldachin, Cyprus damask, and twssewys or tissue. The thin flimsy paper known as tissue paper, is so called because it originally was placed between the folds of gold "tissue" to prevent the contiguous surfaces from fraying each other. At what time the drawing of gold wire for the preparation of these textiles was first practised is not accurately known. The art was probably introduced and applied in different localities at widely different dates, but down till mediaeval times the method graphically described in the Pentateuch continued to be practised with both gold and silver. Fabrics woven with gold and silver continue to be used on the largest scale to this day in India; and there the preparation of the varieties of wire, and the working of the various forms of lace, brocade, and embroidery, is at once an important and peculiar art. The basis of all modern fabrics of this kind is wire, the "gold wire" of the manufacturer being in all cases silver gilt wire, and silver wire being, of course, composed of pure silver. In India the wire is drawn by means of simple draw-plates, with rude and simple appliances, from rounded bars of silver, or gold-plated silver, as the case may be. The wire is flattened into the strip or ribbon-like form it generally assumes by passing it, fourteen or fifteen strands simultaneously, over a fine, smooth, round-topped anvil, and beating it as it passes with a heavy hammer having a slightly convex surface. From wire so flattened there is made in India soniri, a tissue or cloth of gold, the web or warp being composed entirely of golden strips, and ruperi, a similar tissue of silver. Gold lace is also made on a warp of thick yellow silk with a weft of flat wire, and in the case of ribbons the warp or web is composed of the metal. The flattened wires are twisted around orange (in the case of silver, white) coloured silk thread, so as completely to cover the thread and present the appearance of a continuous wire; and in this form it is chiefly employed for weaving into the rich brocades known as kincobs or kinkhábs. Wires flattened, or partially flattened, are also twisted into exceedingly fine spirals, and in this form they are the basis of numerous ornamental applications. Such spirals drawn out till they present a waved appearance, and in that state flattened, are much used for rich heavy embroideries termed karchobs. Spangles for embroideries, &c., are made from spirals of comparatively stout wire, by cutting them down ring by ring, laying each C-like ring on an anvil, and by a smart blow with a hammer flattening it out into a thin round disk with a slit extending from the centre to one edge. Fine spirals are also used for general embroidery purposes. The demand for various kinds of loom-woven and embroidered gold and silver work in India is immense; and the variety of textiles so ornamented is also very great. "Gold and silver," says Dr Birdwood in his ''Handbook to the British-Indian Section, Paris Exhibition'', 1878, "are worked into the decoration of all the more costly loom-made garments and Indian piece goods, either on the borders only, or in stripes throughout, or in diapered figures. The gold-bordered loom embroideries are made chiefly at Sattara, and the gold or silver striped at Tanjore; the gold figured ''mashrus'' at Tanjore, Trichinopoly, and Hyderabad in the Deccau; and the highly ornamented gold-figured silks and gold and silver tissues principally at Ahmedabad, Benares, Murshedabad, and Trichinopoly." Among the Western communities the demand for gold and silver lace and embroideries arises chiefly in connexion with naval and military uniforms, court costumes, public and private liveries, ecclesiastical robes and draperies, theatrical dresses, and the badges and insignia of various orders. To a limited extent there is a trade in gold wire and lace to India and China. The metallic basis of the various fabrics is wire round and flattened, the wire being of three kinds — 1st, gold wire, which is invariably silver gilt wire; 2d, copper gilt wire, used for common liveries and theatrical purposes; and 3d, silver wire. These wires are drawn by the ordinary processes, and the flattening, when done, is accomplished by passing the wire between a pair of revolving rollers of fine polished steel. The various qualities of wire are prepared and used in precisely the same way as in India, — round wire, flat wire, thread made of flat gold wire twisted round orange-coloured silk or cotton, known in the trade as "orris," fine spirals and spangles, all being in use in the West as in the East. The lace is woven in the same manner as ribbons, and there are very numerous varieties in richness, pattern, and quality. Cloth of gold, and brocades rich in gold and silver, are woven for ecclesiastical vestments and draperies. The proportions of gold and silver in the gold thread for the lace trade varies, but in all cases the proportion of gold is exceedingly small. An ordinary gold lace wire is drawn from a bar containing 90 parts of silver and 7 of copper, coated with 3 parts of gold. On an average each ounce troy of a bar so plated is drawn into 1500 yards of wire; and therefore about 16 grains of gold cover a mile of wire. It is estimated that about 250,000 ounces of gold wire are made annually in Great Britain, of which about 20 per cent, is used for the headings of calico, muslin, &c., and the remainder is worked up in the gold lace trade.<ref>William Chandler Roberts-Austen and H. Bauerman [W.C.R. — H.B.]. "Gold and Silver Lace." In "Gold." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. 10 (X). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%2010%20%28G-GOT%29%20193592738.23/page/753/mode/1up (accessed January 2023): 753, Col. 2c – 754, Cols. 1a–b – 2a–b.</ref></blockquote> ==== Honiton Lace ==== Kate Stradsin says,<blockquote>Honiton lace was the finest English equivalent of Brussels bobbin lace and was constructed in small ‘sprigs, in the cottages of lacemakers[.'] These sprigs were then joined together and bleached to form the large white flounces that were so sought after in the mid-nineteenth century.<ref>Strasdin, Kate. "Rediscovering Queen Alexandra’s Wardrobe: The Challenges and Rewards of Object-Based Research." ''The Court Historian'' 24.2 (2019): 181-196. Rpt http://repository.falmouth.ac.uk/3762/15/Rediscovering%20Queen%20Alexandra%27s%20Wardrobe.pdf: 13, and (for the little quotation) n. 37, which reads "Margaret Tomlinson, ''Three Generations in the Honiton Lace Trade: A Family History'', self-published, 1983."</ref></blockquote> [[File:Strook in Alençon naaldkant, 1750-1775.jpg|thumb|alt=A long piece of complex white lace with garlands, flowers and bows|Point d'Alençon lace, 1750-1775]] ==== Passementerie ==== ''Passementerie'' is the French term for trim on clothing or furniture. The 19th century (especially during the First and Second Empire) was a time of great "''exubérance''" in passementerie in French design, including the development and widespread use of the Jacquard loom.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-10|title=Passementerie|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passementerie&oldid=205068926|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passementerie.</ref> ==== Point d'Alençon Lace ==== A lace made by hand using a number of complex steps and layers. The lacemakers build the point d'Alençon design on some kind of mesh and sometimes leave some of the mesh in as part of the lace and perhaps to provide structure. Elizabeth Lewandowski defines point d'Alençon lace and Alençon lace separately. Point lace is needlepoint lace,<ref name=":7">Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. ''The Complete Costume Dictionary''. Scarecrow Press, 2011.</ref>{{rp|233}} so Alençon point is "a two thread [needlepoint] lace."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|7}} Alençon lace has a "floral design on [a] fine net ground [and is] referred to as [the] queen of French handmade needlepoint laces. The original handmade Alençon was a fine needlepoint lace made of linen thread."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|7}} The sample of point d'Alençon lace (right), from 1750–1775, shows the linen mesh that the lace was constructed on.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689|title=MoMu - Open Fashion|website=openfashion.momu.be|access-date=2024-02-26}} ModeMuseum Antwerpen. http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689.</ref> The consistency in this sample suggests it may have been made by machine. == Fabric == === Brocatelle === Brocatelle is a kind of brocade, more simple than most brocades because it uses fewer warp and weft threads and fewer colors to form the design. The article in the French ''Wikipédia'' defines it like this:<blockquote>La '''brocatelle''' est un type de tissu datant du <abbr>xvi^e</abbr> siècle qui comporte deux chaînes et deux trames, au minimum. Il est composé pour que le dessin ressorte avec un relief prononcé, grâce à la chaîne sur un fond en sergé. Les brocatelles les plus anciennes sont toujours fabriquées avec une des trames en lin.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-01|title=Brocatelle|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brocatelle&oldid=204796410|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocatelle.</ref></blockquote>Which translates to this:<blockquote>Brocatelle is a type of fabric dating from the 16th century that has two warps and two wefts, at a minimum. It is composed so that the design stands out with a pronounced relief, thanks to the weft threads on a twill background. The oldest brocades were always made with one of the wefts being linen.</blockquote>The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' says, brocatelle is an "imitation of brocade, usually made of silk or wool, used for tapestry, upholstery, etc., now also for dresses. Both the nature and the use of the stuff have changed" between the late 17th century and 1888, the last time this definition was revised.<ref>"brocatelle, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/23550. Accessed 4 July 2023.</ref> === Broché === === Ciselé === === Crépe de Chine === The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' distinguishes the use of ''crêpe'' (using a circumflex rather than an acute accent over the first ''e'') from ''crape'' in textiles, saying ''crêpe'' is "often borrowed [from the French] as a term for all crapy fabrics other than ordinary black mourning crape,"<ref>"crêpe, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44242. Accessed 10 February 2023.</ref> with usage examples ranging from 1797 to the mid 20th century. Crêpe de chine, it says is "a white or other coloured crape made of raw silk." === Épinglé Velvet === Often spelled ''épingle'' rather than ''épinglé'', this term appears to have been used for a fabric made of wool, or at least wool along with linen or cotton, that was heavier and stiffer than silk velvet. It was associated with outer garments and men's clothing. Nowadays, épinglé velvet is an upholstery fabric in which the pile is cut into designs and patterns, and the portrait of [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton|Mary, Duchess of Hamilton]] shows a mantle described as épinglé velvet that does seem to be a velvet with a woven pattern perhaps cut into the pile. === Lace === While lace also functioned sometimes as fabric — at the décolletage, for example, on the stomacher or as a veil — here we organize it as a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Trim and Lace|part of the elaboration of clothing]]. === Liberty Fabrics === === Lisse === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the term ''lisse'' as a "kind of silk gauze" was used in the 19th-century UK and US.<ref>"lisse, n.1." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/108978. Accessed 4 July 2023.</ref> === Satin === The pre-1927 ''History of Feminine Fashion'', probably commissioned by Charles Frederick Worth's sons, describes Worth's "insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description" at the beginning of his career in the mid 19th century:<blockquote>When Worth first entered the business of dressmaking, the only materials of the richer sort used for woman's dress were velvet, faille, and watered silk. Satin, for example, was never used. M. Worth desired to use satin very extensively in the gowns he designed, but he was not satisfied with what could be had at the time; he wanted something very much richer than was produced by the mills at Lyons. That his requirements entailed the reconstruction of mills mattered little — the mills were reconstructed under his directions, and the Lyons looms turned out a richer satin than ever, and the manufacturers prospered accordingly.<ref name=":9">[Worth, House of.] {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfFeminineFashion|title=A History Of Feminine Fashion (1800s to 1920s)}} Before 1927. [Likely commissioned by Worth. Link is to Archive.org; info from Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Worth_Biarritz_salon.jpg.]</ref>{{rp|6 in printed, 26 in digital book}}</blockquote> === Selesia === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''silesia'' is "A fine linen or cotton fabric originally manufactured in Silesia in what is now Germany (''Schlesien'').<ref>"Silesia, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/179664. Accessed 9 February 2023.</ref> It may have been used as a lining — for pockets, for example — in garments made of more luxurious or more expensive cloth. The word ''sleazy'' — "Of textile fabrics or materials: Thin or flimsy in texture; having little substance or body."<ref>"sleazy, adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/181563. Accessed 9 February 2023.</ref> — may be related. === Shot Fabric === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', "Of a textile fabric: Woven with warp-threads of one colour and weft-threads of another, so that the fabric (usually silk) changes in tint when viewed from different points."<ref>“Shot, ''Adj.''”  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP,  July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2977164390.</ref> A shot fabric might also be made of silk and cotton fibers. === Tissue === A lightly woven fabric like gauze or chiffon. The light weave can make the fabric translucent and make pleating and gathering flatter and less bulky. Tissue can be woven to be shot, sheer, stiff or soft. Historically, the term in English was used for a "rich kind of cloth, often interwoven with gold or silver" or "various rich or fine fabrics of delicate or gauzy texture."<ref>“Tissue, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/5896731814.</ref> == Fan == The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on the fan. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)<blockquote>FAN (Latin, ''vannus''; French, ''éventail''), a light implement used for giving motion to the air. ''Ventilabrum'' and ''flabellum'' are names under which ecclesiastical fans are mentioned in old inventories. Fans for cooling the face have been in use in hot climates from remote ages. A bas-relief in the British Museum represents Sennacherib with female figures carrying feather fans. They were attributes of royalty along with horse-hair fly-flappers and umbrellas. Examples may be seen in plates of the Egyptian sculptures at Thebes and other places, and also in the ruins of Persepolis. In the museum of Boulak, near Cairo, a wooden fan handle showing holes for feathers is still preserved. It is from the tomb of Amen-hotep, of the 18th dynasty, 17th century <small>B</small>.<small>C</small>. In India fans were also attributes of men in authority, and sometimes sacred emblems. A heartshaped fan, with an ivory handle, of unknown age, and held in great veneration by the Hindus, was given to the prince of Wales. Large punkahs or screens, moved by a servant who does nothing else, are in common use by Europeans in India at this day. Fans were used in the early Middle Ages to keep flies from the sacred elements during the celebrations of the Christian mysteries. Sometimes they were round, with bells attached — of silver, or silver gilt. Notices of such fans in the ancient records of St Paul’s, London, Salisbury cathedral, and many other churches, exist still. For these purposes they are no longer used in the Western church, though they are retained in some Oriental rites. The large feather fans, however, are still carried in the state processions of the supreme pontiff in Rome, though not used during the celebration of the mass. The fan of Queen Theodolinda (7th century) is still preserved in the treasury of the cathedral of Monza. Fans made part of the bridal outfit, or ''mundus muliebris'', of ancient Roman ladies. Folding fans had their origin in Japan, and were imported thence to China. They were in the shape still used—a segment of a circle of paper pasted on a light radiating frame-work of bamboo, and variously decorated, some in colours, others of white paper on which verses or sentences are written. It is a compliment in China to invite a friend or distinguished guest to write some sentiment on your fan as a memento of any special occasion, and this practice has continued. A fan that has some celebrity in France was presented by the Chinese ambassador to the Comtesse de Clauzel at the coronation of Napoleon I. in 1804. When a site was given in 1635, on an artificial island, for the settlement of Portuguese merchants in Nippo in Japan, the space was laid out in the form of a fan as emblematic of an object agreeable for general use. Men and women of every rank both in China and Japan carry fans, even artisans using them with one hand while working with the other. In China they are often made of carved ivory, the sticks being plates very thin and sometimes carved on both sides, the intervals between the carved parts pierced with astonishing delicacy, and the plates held together by a ribbon. The Japanese make the two outer guards of the stick, which cover the others, occasionally of beaten iron, extremely thin and light, damascened with gold and other metals. Fans were used by Portuguese ladies in the 14th century, and were well known in England before the close of the reign of Richard II. In France the inventory of Charles V. at the end of the 14th century mentions a folding ivory fan. They were brought into general use in that country by Catherine de’ Medici, probably from Italy, then in advance of other countries in all matters of personal luxury. The court ladies of Henry VIII.’s reign in England were used to handling fans, A lady in the Dance of Death by Holbein holds a fan. Queen Elizabeth is painted with a round leather fan in her portrait at Gorhambury; and as many as twenty-seven are enumerated in her inventory (1606). Coryat, an English traveller, in 1608 describes them as common in Italy. They also became of general use from that time in Spain. In Italy, France, and Spain fans had special conventional uses, and various actions in handling them grew into a code of signals, by which ladies were supposed to convey hints or signals to admirers or to rivals in society. A paper in the ''Spectator'' humorously proposes to establish a regular drill for these purposes. The chief seat of the European manufacture of fans during the 17th century was Paris, where the sticks or frames, whether of wood or ivory, were made, and the decorations painted on mounts of very carefully prepared vellum (called latterly ''chicken skin'', but not correctly), — a material stronger and tougher than paper, which breaks at the folds. Paris makers exported fans unpainted to Madrid and other Spanish cities, where they were decorated by native artists. Many were exported complete; of old fans called Spanish a great number were in fact made in France. Louis XIV. issued edicts at various times to regulate the manufacture. Besides fans mounted with parchment, Dutch fans of ivory were imported into Paris, and decorated by the heraldic painters in the process called “Vernis Martin,” after a famous carriage painter and inventor of colourless lac varnish. Fans of this kind belonging to the Queen and to the late baroness de Rothschild were exhibited in 1870 at Kensington. A fan of the date of 1660, representing sacred subjects, is attributed to Philippe de Champagne, another to Peter Oliver in England in the / 17th century. Cano de Arevalo, a Spanish painter of the 17th century devoted himself to fan painting. Some harsh expressions of Queen Christina to the young ladies of the French court are said to have caused an increased ostentation in the splendour of their fans, which were set with jewels and mounted in gold. Rosalba Carriera was the name of a fan painter of celebrity in the 17th century. Lebrun and Romanelli were much employed during the same period. Klingstet, a Dutch artist, enjoyed a considerable reputation for his fans from the latter part of the 17th and the first thirty years of the 18th century. The revocation of the edict of Nantes drove many fan-makers out of France to Holland and England. The trade in England was well established under the Stuart sovereigns. Petitions were addressed by the fan-makers to Charles II. against the importation of fans from India, and a duty was levied upon such fans in consequence. This importation of Indian fans, according to Savary, extended also to France. During the reign of Louis XV. carved Indian and China fans displaced to some extent those formerly imported from Italy, which had been painted on swanskin parchment prepared with various perfumes. During the 18th century all the luxurious ornamentation of the day was bestowed on fans as far as they could display it. The sticks were made of mother-of-pearl or ivory, carved with extraordinary skill in France, Italy, England, and other countries. They were painted from designs of Boucher, Watteau, Lancret, and other "genre" painters, Hébert, Rau, Chevalier, Jean Boquet, Mad. Verité, are known as fan painters. These fashions were followed in most countries of Europe, with certain national differences. Taffeta and silk, as well as fine parchment, were used for the mounts. Little circles of glass were let into the stick to be looked through, and small telescopic glasses were sometimes contrived at the pivot of the stick. They were occasionally mounted with the finest point lace. An interesting fan (belonging to Madame de Thiac in France), the work of Le Flamand, was presented by the municipality of Dieppe to Marie Antoinette on the birth of her son the dauphin. From the time of the Revolution the old luxury expended on fans died out. Fine examples ceased to be exported to England and other countries. The painting on them represented scenes or personages connected with political events. At a later period fan mounts were often prints coloured by hand. The events of the day mark the date of many examples found in modern collections. Amongst the fanmakers of the present time the names of Alexandre, Duvelleroy, Fayet, Vanier, may be mentioned as well known in Paris. The sticks are chiefly made in the department of Oise, at Le Déluge, Crèvecœur, Méry, Ste Geneviève, and other villages, where whole families are engaged in preparing them; ivory sticks are carved at Dieppe. Water-colour painters of distinction often design and paint the mounts, the best designs being figure subjects. A great impulse has been given to the manufacture and painting of fans in England since the exhibition which took place at South Kensington in 1870. Other exhibitions have since been held, and competitive prizes offered, one of which was gained by the Princess Louise. Modern collections of fans take their date from the emigration of many noble families from France at the time of the Revolution. Such objects were given as souvenirs and occasionally sold by families in straitened circumstances. A large number of fans of all sorts, principally those of the 18th century, French, English, German, Italian Spanish, &c., have been lately bequeathed to the South Kensington Museum. Regarding the different parts of folding fans it may be well to state that the sticks are called in French ''brins'', the two outer guards ''panaches'', and the mount ''feuille''.<ref>J. H. Pollen [J.H.P.]. "Fan." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. '''10''' ('''X'''). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%209%20%28FAL-FYZ%29%20193323016.23/page/26/mode/2up (accessed January 2023): 27, Col. 1b – 28, Col. 1c.</ref></blockquote> == Fancy-dress Ball == Fancy-dress (or costume) balls were popular and frequent in the U.K. and France as well as the rest of Europe during the 19th century. The themes and styles of the fancy-dress balls influenced those that followed. At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the guests came dressed in costume from times before 1820, as instructed on '''the invitation''', but their clothing was much more about late-Victorian standards of beauty and fashion than the standards of whatever time period the portraits they were copying or basing their costumes on. ''The Queen'' published dress and fashion information and advice under the byline of Ardern Holt, who regularly answered questions from readers about fashion as well as about fancy dress. (More about Ardern Holt, which is almost certainly a pseudonym, can be found on the [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|People Working in Publishing]] page.) Holt also ran wrote entire articles with suggestions for what might make an appealing fancy-dress costume as well as pointing readers away from costumes that had been worn too frequently. The suggestions for costumes are based on familiar types or portraits available to readers, similar to Holt's books on fancy dress, which ran through a number of editions in the 1880s and 1890s. Fancy-dress questions sometimes asked for details about costumes worn in theatrical or operatic productions, which Holt provides. In November 1897, Holt refers to the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July ball: "Since the famous fancy ball, given at Devonshire House during this year, historical fancy dresses have assumed a prominence that they had not hitherto known."<ref>Holt, Ardern. "Fancy Dress a la Mode." The ''Queen'' 27 November 1897, Saturday: 94 [of 145 in BNA; print p. 1026], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18971127/459/0094.</ref> Holt goes on to provide a number of ideas for costumes for historical fancy dress, as always with a strong leaning toward Victorian standards of beauty and style and away from any concern for historical accuracy. Ardern Holt published books on fancy dress as well as writing for the ''Queen'' and other periodicals, but not all of them were about fancy dress. # ''Gentlemen's Fancy Dress: How to Choose It''. Wyman & Sons, 1882. (''Google Books'' has this: https://books.google.com/books/about/Gentlemen_s_Fancy_Dress.html?id=ED8CAAAAQAAJ.) Later editions: 1898 (HathiTrust) # ''Fancy Dresses Described; Or, What to Wear at Fancy Balls''. Debenham & Freebody, 1882. Illustr., Lillian Young. (HathiTrust has this.) Later editions: 4th ed — 1884; 1887 (HathiTrust); 6th ed. — 1896 (HathiTrust) As Leonore Davidoff says, "Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration symbolised some status category for the female wearer."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}} [handled under Elaborations] === Historical Accuracy === Many of the costumes at the ball were based on portraits, especially when the guest was dressed as a historical figure. If possible, we have found the portraits likely to have been the originals, or we have found, if possible, portraits that show the subjects from the two time periods at similar ages. The way clothing was cut changed quite a bit between the 18th and 19th centuries. We think of Victorian clothing — particularly women's clothing, and particularly at the end of the century — as inflexible and restrictive, especially compared to 20th- and 21st-century customs permitting freedom of movement. The difference is generally evolutionary rather than absolute — that is, as time has passed since the 18th century, clothing has allowed an increasingly greater range of movement, especially for people who did not do manual labor. By the end of the 19th century, garments like women's bodices and men's coats were made fitted and smooth by attention to the grain of the fabric and by the use of darts (rather than techniques that assembled many small, individual pieces of fabric). * clothing construction and flat-pattern techniques * Generally, the further back in time we go, the more 2-dimensional the clothing itself was. ==== Women's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ==== As always with this ball, whatever historical accuracy might be present in a woman's costume is altered so that the wearer is still a fashionable Victorian lady. What makes the costumes look "Victorian" to our eyes is the line of the silhouette caused by the foundation undergarments as well as the many "elaborations"<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}}, mostly in the decorations, trim and accessories. Also, the clothing hangs and drapes differently because the fabric was cut on grain and the shoulders were freed by the way the sleeves were set in. ==== Men's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ==== Because men were not wearing a Victorian foundation garment at the end of the century, the men's costumes at the ball are more historically accurate in some ways. * Trim * Mixing neck treatments * Hair * Breeches * Shoes and boots * Military uniforms, arms, gloves, boots == Feathers and Plumes == === Aigrette === Elizabeth Lewandowski defines ''aigrette'' as "France. Feather or plume from an egret or heron."<ref name=":7" />(5) Sometimes the newspapers use the term to refer to an accessory (like a fan or ornament on a hat) that includes such a feather or plume. The straight and tapered feathers in an aigrette are in a bundle. === Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes === The feathers in an aigrette came from egrets and herons; Prince of Wales's feathers came from ostriches. A fuller discussion of Prince of Wales's feathers and the white ostrich plumes worn at court appears on [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|Victorian Things]]. For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and at a certain point in the late 18th century they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Our purpose here is to understand why women were wearing plumes at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] as part of their costumes. First published in 1893, [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Colin Campbell|Lady Colin Campbell]]'s ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that<blockquote>It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible.<p> White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.</ref></blockquote>[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|This fashion was imported from France]] in the mid 1770s.<ref>"Abstract" for Blackwell, Caitlin. "'<nowiki/>''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright''': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776." ''Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. ''Wiley Online'' DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x (accessed November 2022).</ref> Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.</ref> since King Edward III (1312–1377<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.</ref>). Some women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] wore white ostrich feathers in their hair, but most of them are not Prince of Wales's feathers. Most of the plumes in these portraits are arrangements of some kind of headdress to accompany the costume. A few, wearing what looks like the Princes of Wales's feathers, might be signaling that their character is royal or has royal ancestry. '''One of the women [which one?] was presented to the royals at this ball?''' Here is the list of women who are wearing white ostrich plumes in their portraits in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs|''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball'' album of 286 photogravure portraits]]: # Kathleen Pelham-Clinton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Duchess of Newcastle]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Cavendish]], the Duchess of Devonshire # Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio (née Bellido), [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marquisa de Santurce]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar|Emilie Farquhar]] # Princess (Laura Williamina Seymour) Victor of  [[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen#Laura%20Williamina%20Seymour%20of%20Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Hohenlohe Langenburg]] # Louisa Acheson, [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Lady Gosford]] # Alice Emily White Coke, [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Viscountess Coke]] # Lady Mary Stewart, Helen Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill|Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Marlborough]], dressed as the wife of the French Ambassador at the Court of Catherine of Russia (not white, but some color that reads dark in the black-and-white photograph) #Mrs. Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain|Chamberlain]] (at 491), wearing white plumes, as Madame d'Epinay #Lady Clementine [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Hay]] (at 629), wearing white plumes, as St. Bris (''Les Huguenots'') #[[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Lady Meysey-Thompson]] (at 391), wearing white plumes, as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Algernon (Catherine) Grosvenor]] (at 510), wearing white plumes, as Marie Louise #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster|Evelyn Ewart]], at 401), wearing white plumes, as the Duchess of Ancaster, Mistress of the Robes to Queen Charlotte, 1757, after a picture by Hudson #[[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Edith Sophy Balfour Lyttelton]] (at 580), wearing what might be white plumes on a large-brimmed white hat, after a picture by Romney #[[Social Victorians/People/Yznaga|Emilia Yznaga]] (at 360), wearing what might be white plumes, as Cydalise of the Comedie Italienne from the time of Louis XV #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Muriel Fox Strangways]] (at 403), wearing what might be two smallish white plumes, as Lady Sarah Lennox, one of the bridesmaids of Queen Charlotte A.D. 1761 #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Violet Bingham]] (at 586), wearing perhaps one white plume in a headdress not related to the Prince of Wales's feathers #Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey|Lady de Ramsey]] (at 329), wearing a headdress that includes some white plumes, as Lady Burleigh #[[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin|Agnes Blanche Marie Hay-Drummond]] (at 682), in a big headdress topped with white plumes, as Mademoiselle Andrée de Taverney A.D. 1775 #Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh|Lady Garvagh]] (at 336), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes #[[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Marguerite Hyde "Daisy" Leiter]] (at 684), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer|Margaret Spicer]] (at 281), wearing one smallish white and one black plume, as Countess Zinotriff, Lady-in-Waiting to the Empress Catherine of Russia #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Arthur James]] (at 318), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes, as Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of Bess of Hardwick #Nellie, [[Social Victorians/People/Kilmorey|Countess of Kilmorey]] (at 207), wearing three tall plumes, 2 white and one dark, as Comtesse du Barri #Daisy, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess of Warwick]] (at 53), wearing at least 1 white plume, as Marie Antoinette More men than women were wearing plumes reminiscent of the Prince of Wales's feathers: * ==== Bibliography for Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers ==== * Blackwell, Caitlin. "'''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright'<nowiki/>'': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776." Journal for ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. Wiley Online DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x. * "Prince of Wales's feathers." ''Wikipedia'' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers (accessed November 2022). ['''Add women to this page'''] * Simpson, William. "On the Origin of the Prince of Wales' Feathers." ''Fraser's magazine'' 617 (1881): 637-649. Hathi Trust https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.79253140&view=1up&seq=643&q1=feathers (accessed December 2022). Deals mostly with use of feathers in other cultures and in antiquity; makes brief mention of feathers and plumes in signs and pub names that may not be associated with the Prince of Wales. No mention of the use of plumes in women's headdresses or court dress. == Honors == === The Bath === The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCB or DCB, Knight or Dame Commander; CB, Companion) === The Garter === The Most Noble Order of the Knights of the Garter (KG, Knight Companion; LG, Lady Companion) [[File:The Golden Fleece - collar exhibited at MET, NYC.jpg|thumb|The Golden Fleece collar and pendant for the 2019 "Last Knight" exhibition at the MET, NYC.|alt=Recent photograph of a gold necklace on a wide band, with a gold skin of a sheep hanging from it as a pendant]] === The Golden Fleece === To wear the golden fleece is to wear the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, said to be "the most prestigious and historic order of chivalry in the world" because of its long history and strict limitations on membership.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-25|title=Order of the Golden Fleece|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece&oldid=980340875|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> The monarchs of the U.K. were members of the originally Spanish order, as were others who could afford it, like the Duke of Wellington,<ref name=":12">Thompson, R[obert]. H[ugh]. "The Golden Fleece in Britain." Publication of the ''British Numismatic Society''. 2009 https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/2009_BNJ_79_8.pdf (accessed January 2023).</ref> the first Protestant to be admitted to the order.<ref name=":10" /> Founded in 1429/30 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, the order separated into two branches in 1714, one Spanish and the other Austrian, still led by the House of Habsburg.<ref name=":10" /> [[File:Prince Albert - Franz Xaver Winterhalter 1842.jpg|thumb|1842 Winterhalter portrait of Prince Albert wearing the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1842|left|alt=1842 Portrait of Prince Albert by Winterhalter, wearing the insignia of the Golden Fleece]] The photograph (upper right) is of a Polish badge dating from the "turn of the XV and XVI centuries."<ref>{{Citation|title=Polski: Kolana orderowa orderu Złotego Runa, przełom XV i XVI wieku.|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg|date=2019-11-10|accessdate=2023-01-10|last=Wulfstan}}. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg.</ref> The collar to this Golden Fleece might be similar to the one the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#The Insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece|Duke of Devonshire is wearing in the 1897 Lafayette portrait]]. The badges and collars that Knights of the Order actually wore vary quite a bit. The 1842 Franz Xaver Winterhalter portrait (left) of Prince Consort Albert, Victoria's husband and father of the Prince of Wales, shows him wearing the Golden Fleece on a red ribbon around his neck and the star of the Garter on the front of his coat.<ref>Winterhalter, Franz Xaver. ''Prince Albert''. {{Cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61|title=Explore the Royal Collection Online|website=www.rct.uk|access-date=2023-01-16}} https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61.</ref> === Royal Victorian Order === (GCVO, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCVO or DCVO, Knight or Dame Commander; CVO, Commander; LVO, Lieutenant; MVO, Member) === St. John === The Order of the Knights of St. John === Star of India === Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (GCSI, Knight Grand Commander; KCSI, Knight Commander; CSI, Companion) === Thistle === The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle == Jewelry and Stones == === Cabochon === This term describes both the treatment and shape of a precious or semiprecious stone. A cabochon treatment does not facet the stone but merely polishes it, removing "the rough parts" and the parts that are not the right stone.<ref>"cabochon, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/25778. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> A cabochon shape is often flat on one side and oval or round, forming a mound in the setting. === Jet === === ''Orfèvrerie'' === Sometimes misspelled in the newspapers as ''orvfèvrerie''. ''Orfèvrerie'' is the artistic work of a goldsmith, silversmith, or jeweler. === Turquoises === == Military == Several men from the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House]] were dressed in military uniforms, some historical and some, possibly, not. === Baldric === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''baldric'' is "A belt or girdle, usually of leather and richly ornamented, worn pendent from one shoulder across the breast and under the opposite arm, and used to support the wearer's sword, bugle, etc."<ref>"baldric, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/14849. Accessed 17 May 2023.</ref> This sense has been in existence since c. 1300. === Cuirass === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''cuirass'' is "A piece of armour for the body (originally of leather); ''spec.'' a piece reaching down to the waist, and consisting of a breast-plate and a back-plate, buckled or otherwise fastened together ...."<ref>"cuirass, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/45604. Accessed 17 May 2023.</ref> [[File:Knötel IV, 04.jpg|thumb|alt=An Old drawing in color of British soldiers on horses brandishing swords in 1815.|1890 illustration of the Household Cavalry (Life Guard, left; Horse Guard, right) at the Battle of Waterloo, 1815]] === Household Cavalry === The Royal Household contains the Household Cavalry, a corps of British Army units assigned to the monarch. It is made up of 2 regiments, the Life Guards and what is now called The Blues and Royals, which were formed around the time of "the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660."<ref name=":3">Joll, Christopher. "Tales of the Household Cavalry, No. 1. Roles." The Household Cavalry Museum, https://householdcavalry.co.uk/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Household-Cavalry-Museum-video-series-large-print-text-Tales-episode-01.pdf.</ref>{{rp|1}} Regimental Historian Christopher Joll says, "the original Life Guards were formed as a mounted bodyguard for the exiled King Charles II, The Blues were raised as Cromwellian cavalry and The Royals were established to defend Tangier."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|1–2}} The 1st and 2nd Life Guards were formed from "the Troops of Horse and Horse Grenadier Guards ... in 1788."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} The Life Guards were and are still official bodyguards of the queen or king, but through history they have been required to do quite a bit more than serve as bodyguards for the monarch. The Household Cavalry fought in the Battle of Waterloo on Sunday, 18 June 1815 as heavy cavalry.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} Besides arresting the Cato Steet conspirators in 1820 "and guarding their subsequent execution," the Household Cavalry contributed to the "the expedition to rescue General Gordon, who was trapped in Khartoum by The Mahdi and his army of insurgents" in 1884.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} In 1887 they "were involved ... in the suppression of rioters in Trafalgar Square on Bloody Sunday."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} ==== Grenadier Guards ==== Three men — [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox#Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox|Lord Algernon Gordon-Lennox]], [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Edward George Villiers Stanley, Lord Stanley|Lord Stanley]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Hon. Ferdinand Charles Stanley|Hon. F. C. Stanley]] — attended the ball as officers of the Grenadier Guards, wearing "scarlet tunics, ... full blue breeches, scarlet hose and shoes, lappet wigs" as well as items associated with weapons and armor.<ref name=":14">“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|p. 34, Col. 2a}} Founded in England in 1656 as Foot Guards, this infantry regiment "was granted the 'Grenadier' designation by a Royal Proclamation" at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Grenadier Guards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grenadier_Guards&oldid=1151238350|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards.</ref> They were not called Grenadier Guards, then, before about 1815. In 1660, the Stuart Restoration, they were called Lord Wentworth's Regiment, because they were under the command of Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-07-24|title=Lord Wentworth's Regiment|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment&oldid=1100069077|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment.</ref> At the time of Lord Wentworth's Regiment, the style of the French cavalier had begun to influence wealthy British royalists. In the British military, a Cavalier was a wealthy follower of Charles I and Charles II — a commander, perhaps, or a field officer, but probably not a soldier.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Cavalier|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier&oldid=1151166569|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier.</ref> The Guards were busy as infantry in the 17th century, engaging in a number of armed conflicts for Great Britain, but they also served the sovereign. According to the Guards Museum,<blockquote>In 1678 the Guards were ordered to form Grenadier Companies, these men were the strongest and tallest of the regiment, they carried axes, hatches and grenades, they were the shock troops of their day. Instead of wearing tri-corn hats they wore a mitre shaped cap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/|title=Service to the Crown|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/.</ref></blockquote>The name comes from ''grenades'', then, and we are accustomed to seeing them in front of Buckingham Palace, with their tall mitre hats. The Guard fought in the American Revolution, and in the 19th century, the Grenadier Guards fought in the Crimean War, Sudan and the Boer War. They have roles as front-line troops and as ceremonial for the sovereign, which makes them elite:<blockquote>Queen Victoria decreed that she did not want to see a single chevron soldier within her Guards. Other then [sic] the two senior Warrant Officers of the British Army, the senior Warrant Officers of the Foot Guards wear a large Sovereigns personal coat of arms badge on their upper arm. No other regiments of the British Army are allowed to do so; all the others wear a small coat of arms of their lower arms. Up until 1871 all officers in the Foot Guards had the privilege of having double rankings. An Ensign was ranked as an Ensign and Lieutenant, a Lieutenant as Lieutenant and Captain and a Captain as Captain and Lieutenant Colonel. This was because at the time officers purchased their own ranks and it cost more to purchase a commission in the Foot Guards than any other regiments in the British Army. For example if it cost an officer in the Foot Guards £1,000 for his first rank, in the rest of the Army it would be £500 so if he transferred to another regiment he would loose [sic] £500, hence the higher rank, if he was an Ensign in the Guards and he transferred to a Line Regiment he went in at the higher rank of Lieutenant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/|title=Formation and role of the Regiments|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/.</ref></blockquote> ==== Life Guards ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury#Reginald Talbot's Costume|General the Hon. Reginald Talbot]], a member of the 1st Life Guards, attended the Duchess of Devonshire's ball dressed in the uniform of his regiment during the Battle of Waterloo.<ref name=":14" />{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}} At the Battle of Waterloo the 1st Life Guards were part of the 1st Brigade — the Household Brigade — and were commanded by Major-General Lord Edward Somerset.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=2023-09-30|title=Battle of Waterloo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&oldid=1177893566|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo.</ref> The 1st Life Guards were on "the extreme right" of a French countercharge and "kept their cohesion and consequently suffered significantly fewer casualties."<ref name=":4" /> == Photography == == Footnotes == {{reflist}} t485pcl2zvgbtgq3qn7fw96mz8kvs49 0 286872 2690065 2689242 2024-12-03T07:41:14Z Alandmanson 1669821 African Diaprioidea 2690065 wikitext text/x-wiki This is an informal learning project for [[User:Alandmanson|Alandmanson]] and anyone that wishes to join in. See [[Talk:African_Arthropods|Discuss: African Arthropods project]].<br> {{Navigation |title = African Arthropods Project |body = ;[[African Arthropods/Chelicerates|African Chelicerates]] ::No sub-pages yet ;[[African Arthropods/Crustaceans|African Crustaceans]] ::No sub-pages yet ;[[African Arthropods/Hexapods|African Hexapods]] :[[African Arthropods/Insects|African Insects]] :* '''[[African Arthropods/Diptera|Diptera]]''' :**[[African Arthropods/Acalyptrate flies|Acalyptrate flies]] :* '''[[African Arthropods/Hymenoptera|Hymenoptera]]''' :**[[African Arthropods/Chalcidoidea|African Chalcidoidea]] :***[[African Arthropods/Encyrtidae|African Encyrtidae]] :***[[African Arthropods/Afrotropical Encyrtidae Key|Key to the genera of Afrotropical Encyrtidae]] :***[[African Arthropods/Chalcid wasps with branched antennae|African chalcid wasps with branched antennae]] :***[[African Arthropods/Wasps associated with plant galls|Wasps associated with plant galls]] :**[[African Arthropods/Diaprioidea|African Diaprioidea]] :**[[African Arthropods/Aculeata|African Aculeata]] :***[[African Arthropods/Eumeninae|African potter wasps]] :***[[African Arthropods/Philanthus|South African species of Philanthus]] :* '''[[African Arthropods/Lepidoptera|Lepidoptera]]''' ;[[African Arthropods/Myriapods|African Myriapods]] ::No sub-pages yet }} The extant Arthropoda of Africa can be subdivided into four Subphyla (and about 15 Classes). This classification is that followed by iNaturalist (July 2022). [[African_Chelicerates|African Chelicerates]] - Including mites, harvestmen, solifuges, spiders, tailless whip scorpions, and sea spiders.<br> [[African Crustaceans]] - Including branchiopods, barnacles, crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, fish lice, tongue worms, and ostracods.<br> [[African Hexapods]] - Including springtails and [[African Arthropods/Insects|insects]].<br> [[African Myriapods]] - Including centipedes, millipedes, pauropodans, and symphylans.<br> == Subphylum Chelicerata == * Class [[w:Arachnida|Arachnida]] — Arachnids <gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> Velvet Christmas Spider by anagoria.jpg|[[w:Mite|Mites]] Opiliones male IMG 9246s.jpg|[[w:Opiliones|Harvestmen]] Solpugema00.jpg|[[w:Solifugae|Solifuges]] Portia schultzi 57013020.jpg|[[w:Spider|Spiders]] Damon annulatipes.jpg|[[w:Amblypygi|Tailless whip scorpions]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Pycnogonida|Pycnogonida]] — Sea Siders or Pycnogonids <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Nymphon signatum 13403396.jpg|[[w:Sea spider|Sea Spiders]] </gallery> == Subphylum Crustacea == * Class [[w:Branchiopoda|Branchiopoda]] — Branchiopods <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Branchiopoda Anostraca Branchipodopsis 2014 01 25 4802s.JPG|[[w:Anostraca|Fairy shrimps]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Hexanauplia|Hexanauplia]] — Barnacles and Copepods <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Octomeris angulosa - inat 34781589.jpg|[[w:Barnacle|Barnacles]] Cancerilla oblonga (10.3897-AfrInvertebr.57.9775) Figure 2.jpg|[[w:Copepoda|Copepods]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Malacostraca|Malacostraca]] — Malacostracans, including crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, prawns, woodlice, amphipods, and mantis shrimp <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Tuberculate crab (Plagusia depressa subsp. tuberculata).jpg|[[w:Decapoda|Crabs]] Marioniscus spatulifrons.jpg|[[w:Isopoda|Isopods]] <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Mantis shrimp at Sodwana Bay, South Africa (3059956183).jpg|[[w:Hoplocarida|Mantis shrimps]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Ichthyostraca|Ichthyostraca]] — Includes [[w:Branchiura|Branchiura]], fish lice and [[w:Pentastomida|Pentastomida]], tongue worms <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Genus Argulus Fish Louse Rob Taylor.jpg|[[w:Branchiura|Fish lice]] </gallery> * Subclass [[w:Mystacocarida|Mystacocarida] — Mystacocaridans <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Mystacocarida-scale250um.jpg|[[w:Mystacocarida|Mystacocarids]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Ostracoda|Ostracoda]] — Ostracods <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Ostracoda Botswana Robert Taylor 2020 c.jpg|[[w:Ostracoda|Ostracods]] Ostracoda Botswana Robert Taylor 2020 e.jpg </gallery> == Subphylum Hexapoda == * Class [[w:Entognatha|Entognatha]] — Entognathans, including springtails <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Gracilentulus_nr._floridanus_(YPM_IZ_098960)_(cropped).jpeg|[[w:Protura|Coneheads]] Campodea fragilis 01.JPG|[[w:Diplura|Two-pronged bristletails]] Slender Springtail iNat 105960417 a.jpg|[[w:Entomobryomorpha|Slender springtails]] Plump Springtail iNat 105831052 -1.jpg|[[w:Poduromorpha|Plump springtails]] Globular springtail iNat 112688442 a.jpg|[[w:Symphypleona|Globular springtails]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Insecta|Insecta]] — [[African Arthropods/Insects|Insects]] <gallery mode=packed heights=200> African_Monarch_(Danaus_chrysippus_aegyptius)_(17389277322).jpg|[[w:Lepidoptera|Butterflies and moths]] Dicronorrhina derbyana subsp derbyana, wyfie, Pretoria, a.jpg|[[w: Coleoptera|Beetles]] Peltophorum africanum 1DS-II 6699.jpg|[[w: Hymenoptera|Ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies]] Cotton Stainer (Dysdercus nigrofasciatus) (13951713711).jpg|[[w: Hemiptera|True bugs, hoppers, aphids, and allies]] Green blowfly.jpg|[[w: Diptera |Flies]] </gallery> == Subphylum Myriapoda == * Class [[w:Chilopoda|Chilopoda]] — Centipedes <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Very_pretty_centipede_that_fell_into_the_swimming_pool_yesterday._Beautiful_but_nasty,_Esther_got_stung_by_a_baby_and_it_was_not_nice,_I_suppose_this_one_could_have_an_interesting_bite._(8204823865).jpg|[[w:Scolopendromorpha|Tropical centipedes]] Blue-legged Centipede (Ethmostigmus trigonopodus) (12681235843).jpg|[[w:Scolopendromorpha|Tropical centipedes]] House centipede - Sri Lanka - 01.jpg|[[w:Scutigeromorpha|House centipedes]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Diplopoda|Diplopoda]] — Millipedes <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Millipede,_South_Africa_(40435620062).jpg|[[w:Chilognatha|Chilognatha]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Pauropoda|Pauropoda]] — Pauropodans <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Pauropodid (8701483114).jpg|[[w:Tetramerocerata|Tetramerocerata]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Symphyla|Symphyla]] — Symphylans <gallery mode=packed heights=200> 2022 04 23 Hanseniella Pietermaritzburg.jpg|[[w:Scutigerellidae|Scutigerellidae]] </gallery> == Arthropods in South Africa == [[African Arthropods/Ferncliffe Nature Reserve|Ferncliffe Nature Reserve]]<br> [[African Arthropods/Arthropods on ''Ficus burkei''|Arthropods on ''Ficus burkei'']]<br> [[African Arthropods/Hymenoptera of South Africa|Hymenoptera of South Africa]] == See Also == * [[Animal Phyla/Arthropoda]] * [[Wikipedia: Arthropoda]] * [[Wikipedia: Africa]] * [[Wikipedia: Afrotropical realm|Wikipedia: Afrotropical biogeographic realm]] * [https://www.palaeontologyonline.com/articles/2015/fossil-focus-cambrian-arthropods/?doing_wp_cron=1704092366.8973550796508789062500 Evolution of Arthropods - palaeontologyonline.com]<br> <br> [[Category:Animals]] [[Category:Zoology]] [[Category:Entomology]] [[Category:Arthropoda]] [[Category:African Arthropods]] aeq780defmofysn5b0ed1jy916f8igc 2690066 2690065 2024-12-03T07:42:09Z Alandmanson 1669821 2690066 wikitext text/x-wiki This is an informal learning project for [[User:Alandmanson|Alandmanson]] and anyone that wishes to join in. See [[Talk:African_Arthropods|Discuss: African Arthropods project]].<br> {{Navigation |title = African Arthropods Project |body = ;[[African Arthropods/Chelicerates|African Chelicerates]] ::No sub-pages yet ;[[African Arthropods/Crustaceans|African Crustaceans]] ::No sub-pages yet ;[[African Arthropods/Hexapods|African Hexapods]] :[[African Arthropods/Insects|African Insects]] :* '''[[African Arthropods/Diptera|Diptera]]''' :**[[African Arthropods/Acalyptrate flies|Acalyptrate flies]] :* '''[[African Arthropods/Hymenoptera|Hymenoptera]]''' :**[[African Arthropods/Chalcidoidea|African Chalcidoidea]] :***[[African Arthropods/Encyrtidae|African Encyrtidae]] :***[[African Arthropods/Afrotropical Encyrtidae Key|Key to the genera of Afrotropical Encyrtidae]] :***[[African Arthropods/Chalcid wasps with branched antennae|African chalcid wasps with branched antennae]] :***[[African Arthropods/Wasps associated with plant galls|Wasps associated with plant galls]] :**[[African Arthropods/Diaprioidea|African Diaprioidea]] :**[[African Arthropods/Aculeata|African Aculeata]] :***[[African Arthropods/Eumeninae|African potter wasps]] :***[[African Arthropods/Philanthus|South African species of Philanthus]] :* '''[[African Arthropods/Lepidoptera|Lepidoptera]]''' ;[[African Arthropods/Myriapods|African Myriapods]] ::No sub-pages yet }} The extant Arthropoda of Africa can be subdivided into four Subphyla (and about 15 Classes). This classification is that followed by iNaturalist (July 2022). [[African_Chelicerates|African Chelicerates]] - Including mites, harvestmen, solifuges, spiders, tailless whip scorpions, and sea spiders.<br> [[African Crustaceans]] - Including branchiopods, barnacles, crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, fish lice, tongue worms, and ostracods.<br> [[African Hexapods]] - Including springtails and [[African Arthropods/Insects|insects]].<br> [[African Myriapods]] - Including centipedes, millipedes, pauropodans, and symphylans.<br> == Subphylum Chelicerata == * Class [[w:Arachnida|Arachnida]] — Arachnids <gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> Velvet Christmas Spider by anagoria.jpg|[[w:Mite|Mites]] Opiliones male IMG 9246s.jpg|[[w:Opiliones|Harvestmen]] Solpugema00.jpg|[[w:Solifugae|Solifuges]] Portia schultzi 57013020.jpg|[[w:Spider|Spiders]] Damon annulatipes.jpg|[[w:Amblypygi|Tailless whip scorpions]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Pycnogonida|Pycnogonida]] — Sea Siders or Pycnogonids <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Nymphon signatum 13403396.jpg|[[w:Sea spider|Sea Spiders]] </gallery> == Subphylum Crustacea == * Class [[w:Branchiopoda|Branchiopoda]] — Branchiopods <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Branchiopoda Anostraca Branchipodopsis 2014 01 25 4802s.JPG|[[w:Anostraca|Fairy shrimps]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Hexanauplia|Hexanauplia]] — Barnacles and Copepods <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Octomeris angulosa - inat 34781589.jpg|[[w:Barnacle|Barnacles]] Cancerilla oblonga (10.3897-AfrInvertebr.57.9775) Figure 2.jpg|[[w:Copepoda|Copepods]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Malacostraca|Malacostraca]] — Malacostracans, including crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, prawns, woodlice, amphipods, and mantis shrimp <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Tuberculate crab (Plagusia depressa subsp. tuberculata).jpg|[[w:Decapoda|Crabs]] Marioniscus spatulifrons.jpg|[[w:Isopoda|Isopods]] <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Mantis shrimp at Sodwana Bay, South Africa (3059956183).jpg|[[w:Hoplocarida|Mantis shrimps]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Ichthyostraca|Ichthyostraca]] — Includes [[w:Branchiura|Branchiura]], fish lice and [[w:Pentastomida|Pentastomida]], tongue worms <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Genus Argulus Fish Louse Rob Taylor.jpg|[[w:Branchiura|Fish lice]] </gallery> * Subclass [[w:Mystacocarida|Mystacocarida] — Mystacocaridans <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Mystacocarida-scale250um.jpg|[[w:Mystacocarida|Mystacocarids]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Ostracoda|Ostracoda]] — Ostracods <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Ostracoda Botswana Robert Taylor 2020 c.jpg|[[w:Ostracoda|Ostracods]] Ostracoda Botswana Robert Taylor 2020 e.jpg </gallery> == Subphylum Hexapoda == * Class [[w:Entognatha|Entognatha]] — Entognathans, including springtails <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Gracilentulus_nr._floridanus_(YPM_IZ_098960)_(cropped).jpeg|[[w:Protura|Coneheads]] Campodea fragilis 01.JPG|[[w:Diplura|Two-pronged bristletails]] Slender Springtail iNat 105960417 a.jpg|[[w:Entomobryomorpha|Slender springtails]] Plump Springtail iNat 105831052 -1.jpg|[[w:Poduromorpha|Plump springtails]] Globular springtail iNat 112688442 a.jpg|[[w:Symphypleona|Globular springtails]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Insecta|Insecta]] — [[African Arthropods/Insects|Insects]] <gallery mode=packed heights=200> African_Monarch_(Danaus_chrysippus_aegyptius)_(17389277322).jpg|[[w:Lepidoptera|Butterflies and moths]] Dicronorrhina derbyana subsp derbyana, wyfie, Pretoria, a.jpg|[[w: Coleoptera|Beetles]] Peltophorum africanum 1DS-II 6699.jpg|[[w: Hymenoptera|Ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies]] Cotton Stainer (Dysdercus nigrofasciatus) (13951713711).jpg|[[w: Hemiptera|True bugs, hoppers, aphids, and allies]] Green blowfly.jpg|[[w: Diptera |Flies]] </gallery> == Subphylum Myriapoda == * Class [[w:Chilopoda|Chilopoda]] — Centipedes <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Very_pretty_centipede_that_fell_into_the_swimming_pool_yesterday._Beautiful_but_nasty,_Esther_got_stung_by_a_baby_and_it_was_not_nice,_I_suppose_this_one_could_have_an_interesting_bite._(8204823865).jpg|[[w:Scolopendromorpha|Tropical centipedes]] Blue-legged Centipede (Ethmostigmus trigonopodus) (12681235843).jpg|[[w:Scolopendromorpha|Tropical centipedes]] House centipede - Sri Lanka - 01.jpg|[[w:Scutigeromorpha|House centipedes]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Diplopoda|Diplopoda]] — Millipedes <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Millipede,_South_Africa_(40435620062).jpg|[[w:Chilognatha|Chilognatha]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Pauropoda|Pauropoda]] — Pauropodans <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Pauropodid (8701483114).jpg|[[w:Tetramerocerata|Tetramerocerata]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Symphyla|Symphyla]] — Symphylans <gallery mode=packed heights=200> 2022 04 23 Hanseniella Pietermaritzburg.jpg|[[w:Scutigerellidae|Scutigerellidae]] </gallery> == Arthropods in South Africa == [[African Arthropods/Ferncliffe Nature Reserve|Ferncliffe Nature Reserve]]<br> [[African Arthropods/Arthropods on ''Ficus burkei''|Arthropods on ''Ficus burkei'']]<br> [[African Arthropods/Hymenoptera of South Africa|Hymenoptera of South Africa]] == See Also == * [[Animal Phyla/Arthropoda]] * [[Wikipedia: Arthropoda]] * [[Wikipedia: Africa]] * [[Wikipedia: Afrotropical realm|Wikipedia: Afrotropical biogeographic realm]] * [https://www.palaeontologyonline.com/articles/2015/fossil-focus-cambrian-arthropods/?doing_wp_cron=1704092366.8973550796508789062500 Evolution of Arthropods - palaeontologyonline.com]<br> <br> [[Category:Animals]] [[Category:Zoology]] [[Category:Entomology]] [[Category:Arthropoda]] [[Category:African Arthropods]] gtmf9l99lytffcudjag5gj5xnqgulou 2690067 2690066 2024-12-03T07:43:03Z Alandmanson 1669821 2690067 wikitext text/x-wiki This is an informal learning project for [[User:Alandmanson|Alandmanson]] and anyone that wishes to join in. See [[Talk:African_Arthropods|Discuss: African Arthropods project]].<br> {{Navigation |title = African Arthropods Project |body = ;[[African Arthropods/Chelicerates|African Chelicerates]] ::No sub-pages yet ;[[African Arthropods/Crustaceans|African Crustaceans]] ::No sub-pages yet ;[[African Arthropods/Hexapods|African Hexapods]] :[[African Arthropods/Insects|African Insects]] :* '''[[African Arthropods/Diptera|Diptera]]''' :**[[African Arthropods/Acalyptrate flies|Acalyptrate flies]] :* '''[[African Arthropods/Hymenoptera|Hymenoptera]]''' :**[[African Arthropods/Chalcidoidea|African Chalcidoidea]] :***[[African Arthropods/Encyrtidae|African Encyrtidae]] :***[[African Arthropods/Afrotropical Encyrtidae Key|Key to the genera of Afrotropical Encyrtidae]] :***[[African Arthropods/Chalcid wasps with branched antennae|African chalcid wasps with branched antennae]] :***[[African Arthropods/Wasps associated with plant galls|Wasps associated with plant galls]] :**[[African Arthropods/Diaprioidea|African Diaprioidea]] :**[[African Arthropods/Aculeata|African Aculeata]] :***[[African Arthropods/Eumeninae|African potter wasps]] :***[[African Arthropods/Philanthus|South African species of Philanthus]] :* '''[[African Arthropods/Lepidoptera|Lepidoptera]]''' ;[[African Arthropods/Myriapods|African Myriapods]] ::No sub-pages yet }} The extant Arthropoda of Africa can be subdivided into four Subphyla (and about 15 Classes). This classification is that followed by iNaturalist (July 2022). [[African_Chelicerates|African Chelicerates]] - Including mites, harvestmen, solifuges, spiders, tailless whip scorpions, and sea spiders.<br> [[African Crustaceans]] - Including branchiopods, barnacles, crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, fish lice, tongue worms, and ostracods.<br> [[African Hexapods]] - Including springtails and [[African Arthropods/Insects|insects]].<br> [[African Myriapods]] - Including centipedes, millipedes, pauropodans, and symphylans.<br> == Subphylum Chelicerata == * Class [[w:Arachnida|Arachnida]] — Arachnids <gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> Velvet Christmas Spider by anagoria.jpg|[[w:Mite|Mites]] Opiliones male IMG 9246s.jpg|[[w:Opiliones|Harvestmen]] Solpugema00.jpg|[[w:Solifugae|Solifuges]] Portia schultzi 57013020.jpg|[[w:Spider|Spiders]] Damon annulatipes.jpg|[[w:Amblypygi|Tailless whip scorpions]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Pycnogonida|Pycnogonida]] — Sea Siders or Pycnogonids <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Nymphon signatum 13403396.jpg|[[w:Sea spider|Sea Spiders]] </gallery> == Subphylum Crustacea == * Class [[w:Branchiopoda|Branchiopoda]] — Branchiopods <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Branchiopoda Anostraca Branchipodopsis 2014 01 25 4802s.JPG|[[w:Anostraca|Fairy shrimps]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Hexanauplia|Hexanauplia]] — Barnacles and Copepods <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Octomeris angulosa - inat 34781589.jpg|[[w:Barnacle|Barnacles]] Cancerilla oblonga (10.3897-AfrInvertebr.57.9775) Figure 2.jpg|[[w:Copepoda|Copepods]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Malacostraca|Malacostraca]] — Malacostracans, including crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, prawns, woodlice, amphipods, and mantis shrimp <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Tuberculate crab (Plagusia depressa subsp. tuberculata).jpg|[[w:Decapoda|Crabs]] Marioniscus spatulifrons.jpg|[[w:Isopoda|Isopods]] <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Mantis shrimp at Sodwana Bay, South Africa (3059956183).jpg|[[w:Hoplocarida|Mantis shrimps]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Ichthyostraca|Ichthyostraca]] — Includes [[w:Branchiura|Branchiura]], fish lice and [[w:Pentastomida|Pentastomida]], tongue worms <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Genus Argulus Fish Louse Rob Taylor.jpg|[[w:Branchiura|Fish lice]] </gallery> * Subclass [[w:Mystacocarida|Mystacocarida] — Mystacocaridans <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Mystacocarida-scale250um.jpg|[[w:Mystacocarida|Mystacocarids]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Ostracoda|Ostracoda]] — Ostracods <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Ostracoda Botswana Robert Taylor 2020 c.jpg|[[w:Ostracoda|Ostracods]] Ostracoda Botswana Robert Taylor 2020 e.jpg </gallery> == Subphylum Hexapoda == * Class [[w:Entognatha|Entognatha]] — Entognathans, including springtails <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Gracilentulus_nr._floridanus_(YPM_IZ_098960)_(cropped).jpeg|[[w:Protura|Coneheads]] Campodea fragilis 01.JPG|[[w:Diplura|Two-pronged bristletails]] Slender Springtail iNat 105960417 a.jpg|[[w:Entomobryomorpha|Slender springtails]] Plump Springtail iNat 105831052 -1.jpg|[[w:Poduromorpha|Plump springtails]] Globular springtail iNat 112688442 a.jpg|[[w:Symphypleona|Globular springtails]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Insecta|Insecta]] — [[African Arthropods/Insects|Insects]] <gallery mode=packed heights=200> African_Monarch_(Danaus_chrysippus_aegyptius)_(17389277322).jpg|[[w:Lepidoptera|Butterflies and moths]] Dicronorrhina derbyana subsp derbyana, wyfie, Pretoria, a.jpg|[[w: Coleoptera|Beetles]] Peltophorum africanum 1DS-II 6699.jpg|[[w: Hymenoptera|Ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies]] Cotton Stainer (Dysdercus nigrofasciatus) (13951713711).jpg|[[w: Hemiptera|True bugs, hoppers, aphids, and allies]] Green blowfly.jpg|[[w: Diptera |Flies]] </gallery> == Subphylum Myriapoda == * Class [[w:Chilopoda|Chilopoda]] — Centipedes <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Very_pretty_centipede_that_fell_into_the_swimming_pool_yesterday._Beautiful_but_nasty,_Esther_got_stung_by_a_baby_and_it_was_not_nice,_I_suppose_this_one_could_have_an_interesting_bite._(8204823865).jpg|[[w:Scolopendromorpha|Tropical centipedes]] Blue-legged Centipede (Ethmostigmus trigonopodus) (12681235843).jpg|[[w:Scolopendromorpha|Tropical centipedes]] House centipede - Sri Lanka - 01.jpg|[[w:Scutigeromorpha|House centipedes]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Diplopoda|Diplopoda]] — Millipedes <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Millipede,_South_Africa_(40435620062).jpg|[[w:Chilognatha|Chilognatha]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Pauropoda|Pauropoda]] — Pauropodans <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Pauropodid (8701483114).jpg|[[w:Tetramerocerata|Tetramerocerata]] </gallery> * Class [[w:Symphyla|Symphyla]] — Symphylans <gallery mode=packed heights=200> 2022 04 23 Hanseniella Pietermaritzburg.jpg|[[w:Scutigerellidae|Scutigerellidae]] </gallery> == Arthropods in South Africa == [[African Arthropods/Ferncliffe Nature Reserve|Ferncliffe Nature Reserve]]<br> [[African Arthropods/Arthropods on ''Ficus burkei''|Arthropods on ''Ficus burkei'']]<br> [[African Arthropods/Hymenoptera of South Africa|Hymenoptera of South Africa]] == See Also == * [[Animal Phyla/Arthropoda]] * [[Wikipedia: Arthropoda]] * [[Wikipedia: Africa]] * [[Wikipedia: Afrotropical realm|Wikipedia: Afrotropical biogeographic realm]] * [https://www.palaeontologyonline.com/articles/2015/fossil-focus-cambrian-arthropods/?doing_wp_cron=1704092366.8973550796508789062500 Evolution of Arthropods - palaeontologyonline.com]<br> <br> [[Category:Animals]] [[Category:Zoology]] [[Category:Entomology]] [[Category:Arthropoda]] [[Category:African Arthropods]] aeq780defmofysn5b0ed1jy916f8igc 0 287104 2690069 2689850 2024-12-03T07:44:44Z Alandmanson 1669821 :**[[African Arthropods/Diaprioidea|African Diaprioidea]] 2690069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation |title = African Hymenoptera |body = ;[[African Arthropods/Hymenoptera|Hymenoptera]] :[[African Arthropods/Chalcidoidea|African Chalcidoidea]] :*[[African Arthropods/Encyrtidae|African Encyrtidae]] :*[[African Arthropods/Chalcid wasps with branched antennae|African chalcid wasps with branched antennae]] :[[African Arthropods/Diaprioidea|African Diaprioidea]] :[[African Arthropods/Aculeata|African Aculeata]] :*[[African Arthropods/Philanthus|South African species of Philanthus]] }} About 20 000 described species of [[w:Hymenoptera|Hymenoptera]] (wasps, bees, ants and sawflies) are known from the [[w:Afrotropical|Afrotropical]] region. Estimates of the actual species count for the region range from 100 000 species to as high as 500 000 species.<ref name=WaspWebOverview>[https://www.waspweb.org/Afrotropical_Hymenoptera_book/Background_and_Motivation.htm van Noort, Simon (2023). WaspWeb: Afrotropical Hymenoptera Initiative. www.waspweb.org/Afrotropical_Hymenoptera_book/Background_and_Motivation.htm Retrieved 22 February 2023.]</ref> Nineteen different superfamilies are illustrated in [[User:Alandmanson/Hymenoptera of southern Africa|this gallery]] in Wikimedia Commons. The huge number of undescribed species means that many species will be extinct before we are even aware of them, as there are too few taxonomists employed to tackle the task of describing all of them in the next few decades. ==Classification== The Order can be split into two Suborders - The [[w:Symphyta|Symphyta]] (Woodwasps, Horntails, Sawflies) and the [[w:Apocrita|Apocrita]] (Narrow-waisted wasps, ants and bees).<br> When compared to the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, the diversity of Symphyta in Africa is relatively poor, although sawflies of the Superfamily [[w:Tenthredinoidea|Tenthredinoidea]] are fairly common in forests and other woody vegetation types. Afrotropical Symphyta comprise 4 superfamilies:<ref name=waspwebClass/> *Cephoidea - Afrotropical fauna restricted to two species of ''Athetocephus'' (Cephidae) from Madagascar. *Orussoidea - Five genera of wood wasps (Orussidae) are known from Africa. *Siricoidea - Two genera of wood wasps (Siricidae) are known from Africa. *Tenthredinoidea - Three families of sawflies are known from Africa: **Argidae (Argid sawflies) **Athaliidae (Torpedo sawflies) **Tenthredinidae (Common sawflies) Africa has a rich diversity of Apocrita. The cladogram shown below<ref name=Peters>{{Cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=Ralph S. |last2=Krogmann |first2=Lars |last3=Mayer |first3=Christoph |last4=Donath |first4=Alexander |last5=Gunkel |first5=Simon |last6=Meusemann |first6=Karen |last7=Kozlov |first7=Alexey |last8=Podsiadlowski |first8=Lars |last9=Petersen |first9=Malte |title=Evolutionary History of the Hymenoptera |journal=Current Biology |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=1013–1018 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.027|pmid=28343967 |year=2017 |doi-access=free }}</ref> indicates the possible relationships between 11 of the superfamilies that comprise Apocrita; These 11 superfamilies are all represented in Africa. This breakdown is used by iNaturalist.<ref name=inat-Aculeata>https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/326777-Aculeata</ref> It is, however, not accepted by all hymenopterists, and may change as more phylogenetic evidence is accumulated.<ref name=waspwebClass>[https://www.waspweb.org/Classification/index.htm van Noort, Simon (2023). WaspWeb: Classification of Afrotropical Hymenoptera (Wasps, Bees, Ants). www.waspweb.org/Classification/index.htm Retrieved 22 February 2023.]</ref> {{Clade|style=font-size:85%; line-height:85% |label1=Apocrita |1={{Clade |label1=[[w:Parasitoida|Parasitoida]] |1={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=[[w:Ceraphronoidea|Ceraphronoidea]] |2=[[w:Ichneumonoidea|Ichneumonoidea]] }} |label2=[[w:Proctotrupomorpha|Proctotrupomorpha]] |2={{Clade |1=[[w:Cynipoidea|Cynipoidea]] |2={{Clade |1=[[w:Platygastroidea|Platygastroidea]] |2={{Clade |1=[[African Arthropods/Chalcidoidea|Chalcidoidea]] |2={{Clade |1=[[African Arthropods/Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]] |2=[[w:Proctotrupoidea|Proctotrupoidea]] }} }} }} }} }} |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=[[w:Evanioidea|Evanioidea]] |2=[[w:Stephanoidea|Stephanoidea]] }} |2={{Clade |1=[[w:Trigonaloidea|Trigonaloidea]] |label2=[[w:Aculeata|Aculeata]] |2={{Clade |1=[[w:Chrysidoidea|Chrysidoidea]] |2={{Clade |1=[[w:Vespoidea|Vespoidea]] (potter, honey and social wasps) |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=[[w:Pompiloidea|Pompiloidea]] (velvet ants, spider wasps and relatives) |2={{Clade |1=[[w:Thynnoidea|Thynnoidea]] |2=[[w:Tiphioidea|Tiphioidea]] }} }} |2={{Clade |1=[[w:Scolioidea|Scolioidea]] |2={{Clade |1=[[w:Formicoidea|Formicoidea]] (ants) |2=[[w:Apoidea|Apoidea]] (bees and related wasps) }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} <br> ==Some common African Symphyta== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Sawfly, Argidae 2021 12 19 12 39 42.jpg|Sawfly, ''Arge'' sp. (Argidae, Superfamily Tenthredinoidea) Athalia 2019 11 21 0815.jpg|Sawfly, ''Athalia'' sp. (Tenthredinidae, Superfamily Tenthredinoidea) Athalia 2019 08 23 8964.jpg|Sawfly, ''Athalia'' sp. (Tenthredinidae, Superfamily Tenthredinoidea) Sirex noctilio F (prof.).JPG|''Sirex noctilio'', a pest in ''Pinus'' plantations (introduced to Africa)<ref name=WaspWebSn>[https://www.waspweb.org/Siricoidea/Siricidae/Sirex/Sirex_noctilio.htm van Noort, Simon (2023). WaspWeb: ''Sirex noctilio''. www.waspweb.org/Classification/index.htm Retrieved 22 February 2023.]</ref> </gallery> == Frequently reported African Apocrita == <br> [[w:Aculeata|Aculeata]] (ants, bees and stinging wasps) are the most commonly observed Hymenoptera in Africa. There are many more photographs of [[African_Arthropods/Aculeata|African Aculeata]] on the web - See [https://www.waspweb.org/Classification/index.htm African Aculeata on WaspWeb] and [https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=97392&taxon_id=326777 African Aculeata on iNaturalist] <br> <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|Slender ant (Formicidae, Formicoidea) Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa inconstans, female) (6021534858).jpg|Female carpenter bee (Apidae, Apoidea) Chalybion 2019 12 02 2314.jpg|Blue mud-dauber wasp (Sphecidae, Apoidea) Bethylidae 2019 08 21 13 42 21 8760.jpg|Flat wasp (Bethylidae, Chrysidoidea) Belonogaster juncea colonialis, manlik, h, Pretoria.jpg|Paper wasp (Vespidae, Vespoidea) Meria 2020 08 12 2193.jpg|''Meria'' sp. female (Thynnidae, Thynnoidea) Dasylabris stimulatrix iNat37068107 2019 12 23 2990 W.jpg|''Dasylabris stimulatrix'', a velvet ant (Mutillidae, Pompiloidea) Pompilidae 2019 05 28 0247.jpg|Spider-hunting wasp (Pompilidae, Pompiloidea) Scoliid Wasp 2019 06 08 0492.jpg|Campsomerine wasp (Scoliidae, Scolioidea) </gallery><br> Darwin wasps ([[w:Ichneumonidae|Ichneumonidae]]) and braconids ([[w:Braconidae|Braconidae]]) are also frequently reported. Links to [https://www.waspweb.org/Ichneumonoidea/index.htm African Ichneumonoidea on WaspWeb] and [https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=97392&taxon_id=47200 African Ichneumonoidea on iNaturalist].<br> <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Echthromorpha agrestoria 2019 10 03 5572.jpg|''Echthromorpha agrestoria'' (Ichneumonidae, Ichneumonoidea) Ichneumonidae inat 88832241.jpg|''Goryphus tricolor'' (Ichneumonidae, Ichneumonoidea) Braconid Wasp (Archibracon servillei) (11857083186).jpg|Braconine wasp (Braconidae, Ichneumonoidea) 2019 09 15 12 55 07 Microgastrinae 38425632.jpg|Microgastrine wasp (Braconidae, Ichneumonoidea) </gallery><br> Small [[w:Chalcidoidea|chalcidoid]] parasitic wasps (especially those from the families [[w:Pteromalidae|Pteromalidae]], [[w:Chalcididae|Chalcididae]], [[w:Eulophidae|Eulophidae]], [[w:Eurytomidae|Eurytomidae]]) are also common. Links to [https://www.waspweb.org/Chalcidoidea/index.htm African Chalcidoidea on WaspWeb] and [https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=97392&taxon_id=69750 African Chalcidoidea on iNaturalist] <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Halticoptera 2019 11 26 2173Cedara.jpg|''Halticoptera'' sp. (Pteromalidae, Chalcidoidea) Brachymeria 2019 10 09 17 26 38 2520.jpg|''Brachymeria'' sp. (Chalcididae, Chalcidoidea) Eulophidae Inat 38422095 b.jpg|''Hemiptarsenus'' sp. (Eulophidae, Chalcidoidea) Eurytomidae00.jpg|Mating seed chalcids (Eurytomidae, Chalcidoidea) </gallery> == Links to stories == [https://www.elizabethmurray.us/eucharitid-ant-parasitoids.html Eucharitidae: ​The ant parasitoids]<br> [http://www.figweb.org/Interaction/index.htm Interaction of figs and fig wasps] [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00719.x Biology of Rhoophilus loewi (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with implications for the evolution of inquilinism in gall wasps] [http://www.filming-varwild.com/p-braconidae.html Videos of Microgastrine wasps parasitizing caterpillars in France] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9Tg_gq2JVk&ab_channel=ReYOUniverse Spider-hunting Wasps (Pompilidae) dragging spiders to their nests] == Resources == [http://www.waspweb.org/Afrotropical_wasps/index.htm WaspWeb] - A bioinformatics resource for wasps, bees and ants recorded from the [[w:Afrotropical|Afrotropical]] region. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268818231_Wasps_and_bees_in_southern_Africa Wasps and bees in southern Africa] - A 320-page book by Sarah and Friedrich Gess published by the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) - free download. Gess, S. K., & Gess, F. W. (2014). Wasps and bees in southern Africa (Vol. 24, pp. 1-320). Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268818231_Wasps_and_bees_in_southern_Africa [[c:Hymenoptera of South Africa|Hymenoptera of South Africa]] - a gallery on Wikimedia Commons [[c:Chalcidoidea of South Africa|Chalcidoidea of South Africa]] - a gallery of [[w:Chalcid wasp|chalcid wasps]] on Wikimedia Commons [[c:Ichneumonidae of South Africa|Ichneumonidae of South Africa]] - a gallery of [[w:Ichneumonidae|Darwin wasps]] on Wikimedia Commons [https://microgastrinae.myspecies.info/content/citizen-science Microgastrinae Wasps of the World - Citizen Science] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:African Arthropods]] 2poflncjncso130yjpoxpacyu7j2kwb 0 292329 2690003 2654303 2024-12-02T19:12:06Z OhanaUnited 18921 2690003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | first1 = Tal | last1 = Galili | correspondence1 = tal.galili@gmail.com | orcid1 = 0000-0003-0046-7332 | journal = WikiJournal of Science | from_w1 = true | w1 = Design effect | submitted = 2023-02-09 | abstract = In [[w:survey methodology|survey research]], the '''design effect''' is a number that shows how well a sample of people may represent a larger group of people for a specific measure of interest (such as the mean). This is important when the sample comes from a sampling [[w:Sampling design|method]] that is different than just picking people using a [[w:simple random sample|simple random sample]]. The design effect is a positive [[w:real number|real number]], represented by the symbol <math>Deff</math>. If <math>Deff = 1</math>, then the sample was selected in a way that is just as good as if people were picked randomly. When <math>Deff > 1</math>, then inference from the data collected is not as accurate as it could have been if people were picked randomly. When researchers use complicated methods to pick their sample, they use the design effect to check and adjust their results. It is also used when planning a study in order to figure out [[w:Sample size determination|how many people should be in the sample]]. | keywords = survey statistics, bias correction, survey weights }} ==Introduction== In [[w:survey methodology|survey methodology]], the '''design effect''' (generally [[w:Design effect#Definitions|denoted]] as <math>Deff</math>, <math>D_{eff}</math>, or <math>D_{eft}^2</math>) is a measure of the expected impact of a sampling design on the [[w:variance|variance]] of an [[w:estimator|estimator]] for some [[w:Statistical parameter|parameter]] of a population. It is calculated as the ratio of the variance of an estimator based on a sample from an (often) complex [[w:sampling design|sampling design]], to the variance of an alternative estimator based on a [[w:simple random sample|simple random sample]] (SRS) of the same number of elements.<ref name="Kish1965">{{cite book |author=Kish, Leslie |title=Survey Sampling |location=New York |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc |year=1965|isbn=0-471-10949-5}}</ref>{{rp|258}} The <math>Deff</math> (be it estimated, or known [[w:a priori|a priori]]) can be used to evaluate the variance of an estimator in cases where the sample is not drawn using simple random sampling. It may also be useful in [[w:Sample size determination|sample size calculations]]<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Heo | first1 = Moonseong | last2 = Kim | first2 = Yongman | last3 = Xue | first3 = Xiaonan | last4 = Kim | first4 = Mimi Y. | year = 2010 | title = Sample size requirement to detect an intervention effect at the end of follow-up in a longitudinal cluster randomized trial | url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123212319/abstract | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130105190734/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123212319/abstract | url-status = dead | archive-date = 5 January 2013 | journal = Statistics in Medicine | volume = 29 | issue = 3| pages = 382–390 |doi=10.1002/sim.3806 | pmid = 20014353 | s2cid = 30001378|issn=1097-0258 }}</ref> and for quantifying the representativeness of samples collected with various sampling designs. The design effect is a positive [[w:real number|real number]] that indicates an inflation (<math>Deff>1</math>), or deflation (<math>Deff<1</math>) in the [[w:variance|variance]] of an estimator for some parameter, that is due to the study not using SRS (with <math>Deff=1</math>, when the variances are identical).<ref name="sarndal1992" />{{rp|53,54}} Intuitively we can get <math>Deff<1</math> when we have some a-priori knowledge we can exploit during the sampling process (which is somewhat rare). And, in contrast, we often get <math>Deff>1</math> when we need to compensate for some limitation in our ability to collect data (which is more common). Some sampling designs that could introduce <math>Deff</math> generally greater than 1 include: [[w:cluster sampling|cluster sampling]] (such as when there is [[w:correlation|correlation]] between observations), [[w:stratified sampling|stratified sampling]] (with disproportionate allocation to the strata sizes), [[w:cluster randomized controlled trial|cluster randomized controlled trial]], disproportional (unequal probability) sample (e.g. [[w:Poisson sampling|Poisson sampling]]), statistical [[w:Design effect#Sources for unequal selection probabilities|adjustments of the data]] for non-coverage or non-response, and many others. [[w:stratified sampling|Stratified sampling]] can yield <math>Deff</math> that is smaller than 1 when using ''Proportionate allocation'' to strata sizes (when these are known a-priori, and correlated to the outcome of interest) or ''Optimum allocation'' (when the variance differs between strata and is known a-priori). Many [[w:Design effect#Design effect for well-known sampling designs|calculations (and estimators)]] have been proposed in the literature for how a known sampling design influences the variance of estimators of interest, either increasing or decreasing it. Generally, the design effect varies among different statistics of interests, such as the total or [[w:Ratio distribution#Means and variances of random ratios|ratio mean]]. It also matters if the sampling design is correlated with the outcome of interest. For example, a possible sampling design might be such that each element in the sample may have a different probability to be selected. In such cases, the level of correlation between the probability of selection for an element and its measured outcome can have a direct influence on the subsequent design effect. Lastly, the design effect can be influenced by the distribution of the outcome itself. All of these factors should be considered when estimating and using design effect in practice.<ref name = "park2006" />{{rp|13}} ==History== The term "design effect" was coined by [[w:Leslie Kish|Leslie Kish]] in his 1965 book "Survey Sampling."<ref name="Kish1965"/>{{rp|88,258}} In it, Kish proposed the general definition for the design effect,{{efn|I.e., that the design effect is the ratio of variances of two estimators, one from a sample with some design and the other from a simple random sample}} as well as formulas for the [[w:#Design_effect_for_cluster_sampling|design effect of cluster sampling]] (with intraclass correlation);<ref name=Kish1965/>{{rp|162}} and the famous [[w:Design effect#Kish's design effect|design effect formula for unequal probability sampling]].<ref name=Kish1965/>{{rp|427}} These are often known as "Kish's design effect", and were later combined into a single formula. In a 1995 paper,<ref name = "Kish1995">{{cite journal|last1=Kish|first1= Leslie|title=Methods for design effects|journal=Journal of Official Statistics |volume=11|issue=1|date=1995|page= 55|issn=0282-423X|url=https://www.scb.se/contentassets/ca21efb41fee47d293bbee5bf7be7fb3/methods-for-design-effects.pdf }}</ref>{{rp|73}} Kish mentions that a similar concept, termed "Lexis ratio", was described at the end of the 19th century. The closely related [[w:Intraclass correlation|Intraclass correlation]] was described by [[w:Ronald Fisher|Fisher]] in 1950, while computations of ratios of variances were already published by Kish and others from the late 1940s to the 1950s. One of the precursors to Kish's definition was work done by Cornfield in 1951.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cochran |first1=William G. |title=General Principles in the Selection of a Sample |journal=American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health |date=June 1951 |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=647–653 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.41.6.647|issn=0090-0036}}</ref><ref name = "park2006">{{cite journal|last1=Park|first1= Inho|first2= Hyunshik|last2= Lee|title=Design effects for the weighted mean and total estimators under complex survey sampling|volume=30|issue= 2|pages= 183–193|journal=Survey Methodology |date= 2004|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/12-001-x/2004002/article/7751-eng.pdf?st=DUPH-397 |issn=1492-0921}}</ref> In his 1995 paper, Kish proposed that considering the design effect is necessary when averaging the same measured quantity from multiple surveys conducted over a period of time.<ref name = "Kish1995"/>{{rp|57–62}} He also suggested that the design effect should be considered when extrapolating from the error of simple statistics (e.g. the mean) to more complex ones (e.g. regression coefficients). However, when analyzing data (e.g., using survey data to fit models), <math>Deff</math> values are less useful nowadays due to the availability of specialized software for analyzing survey data. Prior to the development of software that computes standard errors for many types of designs and estimates, analysts would adjust standard errors produced by software that assumed all records in a dataset were i.i.d by multiplying them by a <math>Deft</math> (see ''[[Design_effect#Deft|Deft]]'' definition below). ==Definitions== === Notations === {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Table 1:''' Summary of notation ! Symbol !! Description |- | <math>var(\hat \theta_w)</math> || Variance of an estimator <math>\hat \theta_w</math> under a given sampling design |- | <math>var(\hat \theta_{SRSWOR})</math> || Variance of an estimator <math>\hat \theta_{SRSWOR}</math> under simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) |- | <math>var(\hat \theta_{SRSWR})</math> || Variance of an estimator <math>\hat \theta_{SRSWR}</math> under simple random sampling with replacement (SRSWR) |- | <math>Deff</math>, <math>D_{eff}</math> || Design effect, a measure of the impact of a sampling design on the variance of an estimator compared to simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR), <math>Deff_p(\hat \theta) = \frac{var(\hat \theta_w)}{var(\hat \theta_{SRSWOR})}</math> |- | <math>Deft</math>, <math>D_{eft}</math> || Design effect factor, the square root of the ratio of variances under a given sampling design and SRS with replacement (SRSWR), <math>Deft = \sqrt{\frac{var(\hat \theta_w)}{var(\hat \theta_{SRSWR})}}</math> |- | <math>n</math> || Sample size |- | <math>N</math> || Population size |- | <math>n_{\text{eff}}</math> || Effective sample size, the sample size under SRS needed to achieve the same variance as the given sampling design, <math>n_{\text{eff}} = \frac{n}{Deff}</math> |- | <math>w_i</math> || Weight for the <math>i</math>-th unit |- | <math>n_h</math> || Sample size for stratum <math>h</math> |- | <math>N_h</math> || Population size for stratum <math>h</math> |- | <math>w_h</math> || Weight for stratum <math>h</math> |- | <math>H</math> || Total number of strata |- | <math>n^*</math>, <math>\bar b</math> || Average cluster size |- | <math>K</math> || Total number of clusters |- | <math>n_k</math> || Sample size for cluster <math>k</math> |- | <math>\rho</math> || Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for cluster sampling |- | <math>L</math>, <math>C_V^2</math>, <math>relvar(w)</math> || Measures of variation in weights using the coefficient of variation (CV) squared (relvariance) |- | <math>\hat{\rho}_{y,P}</math> || Estimated correlation between the outcome variable <math>y</math> and the selection probabilities <math>P</math> |- | <math>\hat{\alpha}</math> || Estimated intercept in the linear regression of the outcome variable <math>y</math> on the selection probabilities <math>P</math> |- | <math>\hat{\sigma}_y</math> || Estimated standard deviation of the outcome variable <math>y</math> |- | <math>cv_w</math>, <math>cv_P</math> || Coefficient of variation for the weights <math>w</math> and selection probabilities <math>P</math>, respectively |- | <math>f</math> || Sampling fraction, <math>f = n/N</math> |- | <math>S^2_y</math> || Population variance of the outcome variable <math>y</math> |- | <math>p_i</math>, <math>P_i</math> || Selection probability for the <math>i</math>-th unit |- | <math>\pi_i</math> || Inclusion probability for the <math>i</math>-th unit |} === ''Deff'' === The '''design effect''', commonly denoted by <math>Deff</math> (or <math>D_{eff}</math>, sometimes with additional subscripts), is the ratio of two theoretical variances for [[w:estimator|estimator]]s of some [[w:Statistical parameter|parameter]] (<math>\theta</math>):<ref name=Kish1965/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Everitt|first1= B.S.|date=2002|title=The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics|edition=2nd|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-81099-X}}</ref> :* The numerator represents the actual variance for an estimator of a parameter (<math>\hat \theta_w</math>) under a given sampling design <math>p</math>; :* The denominator represents the variance assuming the same sample size, but if the sample were obtained using the estimator for [[w:simple random sampling|simple random sampling]] ''without'' replacement (<math>\hat \theta_{SRSWOR}</math>). So that: : <math>Deff_p(\hat \theta) = \frac{var(\hat \theta_w)}{var(\hat \theta_{SRSWOR})}</math> In other words, <math>Deff</math> measures the extent to which the variance has increased (or, in some cases, decreased) because the sample was drawn and adjusted to a specific sampling design (e.g., using weights or other measures) compared to if the sample was from a [[w:simple random sampling|simple random sample]] (without replacement). Notice how the definition of <math>Deff</math> is based on parameters of the population that are often unknown, and that are hard to estimate directly. Specifically, the definition involves the variances of estimators under two different sampling designs, even though only a single sampling design is used in practice. For example, when estimating the population mean, the <math>Deff</math> (for some sampling design p) is:<ref name = "park2006" />{{rp|4}}<ref name="sarndal1992">{{cite book |title = Model Assisted Survey Sampling |first1 = Carl-Erik|last1= Sarndal|first2= Bengt |last2=Swensson|first3= Jan|last3= Wretman |isbn= 9780387975283|publisher=Springer |year = 1992|doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-4378-6| }}</ref>{{rp|54}}{{efn|A general formula for the (theoretical) design effect of estimating a total (not the mean), for some design, is given in Cochran 1977.<ref name = "sarndal1992" />{{rp|54}}}} : <math>Deff_p = \frac{var_p(\bar y_p)}{(1-f)S^2_y / n}</math> Where <math>n</math> is the sample size, <math>f=n/N</math> is the fraction of the sample from the population, <math>(1-f)</math> is the (squared) [[w:Standard error#Finite population correction (FPC)|finite population correction]] (FPC), <math>S^2_y</math> is the [[w:Variance#Sample variance|unbiassed sample variance]], and <math>var_p(\bar y_p)</math> is some estimator of the variance of the mean under the sampling design. The issue with the above formula is that it is extremely rare to be able to directly estimate the variance of the estimated mean under two different sampling designs, since most studies rely on only a single sampling design. There are many ways of calculation <math>Deff</math>, depending on the parameter of interest (e.g. population total, population mean, quantiles, ratio of quantities etc.), the estimator used, and the sampling design (e.g. clustered sampling, stratified sampling, post-stratification, multi-stage sampling, etc.).<ref name = "Kalton2005">{{cite report|last1=Kalton|first1= Graham|first2= J. Michael|last2= Brick|first3= Thanh |last3=Lȇ|title=Estimating components of design effects for use in sample design|work=Household Sample Surveys in Developing and Transition Countries|pages=95–121|docket=ST/ESA/STAT/SER.F/96 |publisher= Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division, United Nations|location= New York|date=2005|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/hhsurveys/pdf/Chapter_6.pdf |isbn=92-1-161481-3}}</ref>{{rp|98}} The process of estimating <math>Deff</math> for specific designs will be described in [[w:Design effect#Design effect for well-known sampling designs|the following section]]. === ''Deft'' === A related quantity to <math>Deff</math>, proposed by Kish in 1995, is the ''Design Effect Factor'', abbreviated as <math>Deft</math> (or also <math>D_{eft}</math>).<ref name = "Kish1995" />{{rp|56}}<ref name = "park2006" /> It is defined as the square root of the variance ratios while also having the denominator use a simple random sample ''with'' replacement (SRSWR), instead of ''without replacement'' (SRSWOR): <math>Deft = \sqrt{\frac{var(\hat \theta_w)}{var(\hat \theta_{SRSWR})}}</math> In this later definition (proposed in 1995, vs 1965) Kish argued in favor of using <math>Deft^2</math> over <math>Deff</math> for several reasons. It was argued that SRS "without replacement" (with its positive effect on the variance) should be captured in the denominator part in the definition of the design effect, since it is part of the sampling design. Also, since often the use of the factor is in [[w:confidence interval|confidence interval]]s), it was claimed that using <math>Deft</math> will be simpler than writing <math>\sqrt{Deff}</math>. It is also said that for many cases when the population is very large, <math>Deft</math> is (almost) the square root of <math>Deff</math> (<math>Deft \approx \sqrt{Deff}</math>), hence it is easier to use than exactly calculating the [[w:Standard error#Finite population correction (FPC)|finite population correction]] (FPC).{{efn|The original intention of Kish for <math>Deft</math> was to have it "express the effects of sample design beyond the elemental variability <math>\frac{S^2_n}{n}</math>, removing both the unit of measurement and sample size as nuisance parameters". The hope was to have the design effect generalizable (relevant for) many statistics and variables within the same survey (and even between surveys).<ref name = "Kish1995" />{{rp|55}} However, followup works have shown that the design effect depends on the specific sampling design, the outcome, and the statistic of interest (E.g. population total versus the mean). Especially, the <math>Deft</math> depends on the association between some specific outcome with a specific design (e.g. the correlation between <math>y_i</math> and the selection probability <math>p_i</math>).<ref name = "park2006" />{{rp|5}} Hence, current literature does not support the generalizability of the <math>Deft</math> across many statistics and outcome measures.}} Even so, in various cases a researcher might approximate the <math>Deft</math> by calculating the variance in the numerator while assuming SRS with replacement (SRSWR) instead of SRS without replacement (SRSWOR), even if it is not precise. For example, consider a multistage design with primary sampling units (PSUs) selected systematically with probability proportional to some measure of size from a list sorted in a particular way (say, by number of households in each PSU). Also, let it be combined with an estimator that uses [[w:Raking|raking]] to match the totals for several demographic variables. In such a design, the joint selection probabilities for the PSUs, which are needed for a without replacement variance estimator, are 0 for some pairs of PSUs - implying that an exact design-based (i.e., repeated sampling) variance estimator does not exist. Another example is when a public use file issued by some government agency is used for analysis. In such a case the information on joint selection probabilities of first-stage units is almost never released. As a result, an analyst cannot estimate a with replacement variance for the numerator even if desired. The standard workaround is to compute a variance estimator as if the PSUs were selected with replacement. This is the default choice in software packages such as Stata, the R survey package, and the SAS survey procedures. === Effective sample size === The '''effective sample size''', defined by Kish in 1965, is calculated by dividing the original sample size by the design effect.<ref name=Kish1965 />{{rp|162,259}}<ref name = "kish1992">{{cite journal|last1=Kish|first1= Leslie|title=Weighting for unequal ''P_i''|date=1992|pages= 183–200|url=https://www.scb.se/contentassets/f6bcee6f397c4fd68db6452fc9643e68/weighting-for-unequal-empemsubemiemsub.pdf|journal=Journal of Official Statistics|volume=8|issue=2|issn=0282-423X}}</ref>{{rp|190,192}} Namely: : <math>n_{\text{eff}} = \frac{n}{Deff}</math> This quantity reflects what would be the sample size that is needed to achieve the current variance of the estimator (for some parameter) with the existing design, if the sample design (and its relevant parameter estimator) were based on a [[w:simple random sample|simple random sample]].<ref name=EffSize>{{cite web |url=https://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2014/12/effective_sample_size.html| title=Effective Sample Size | first1=Tom|last1= Leinster | date=18 December 2014|website=The n-Category Café}}</ref> A related quantity is the ''effective sample size '''ratio''''', which can be calculated by simply taking the inverse of <math>Deff</math> (i.e., <math>\frac{n_{eff}}{n} = \frac{1}{Deff}</math>). For example, let the design effect, for estimating the population mean based on some sampling design, be 2. If the sample size is 1,000, then the effective sample size will be 500. It means that the variance of the [[w:Weighted arithmetic mean|weighted mean]] based on 1,000 samples will be the same as that of a simple [[w:Arithmetic mean|mean]] based on 500 samples obtained using a simple random sample. == The design effect for well-known sampling designs == === The design effect depends on sampling design and statistical adjustments === Different sampling designs and statistical adjustments may have substantially different impact on the bias and variance of estimators (such as the mean). An example of a design which can lead to estimation efficiency, compared to simple random sampling, is [[w:Stratified sampling|Stratified sampling]]. This efficiency is gained by leveraging information about the composition of the population. For example, if it is known that gender is correlated with the outcome of interest, and also that the male-female ratio for some population is (say) 50%-50%, then sampling exactly half of the sample from each gender will reduce the variance of the outcome's estimator. Similarly, if a particular sub-population is of special interest, deliberately over-sampling from that sub-population will decrease the variance for estimations made about it. Improvement in variance efficiency might sometimes be sacrificed for convenience or cost. For example, in the [[w:Cluster sampling|cluster sampling]] case the units may have equal or unequal selection probabilities, irrespective of their [[w:intra-class correlation|intra-class correlation]] (and their negative effect of increasing the variance of the estimators). We might decide (for practical reasons) to collect responses from only 2 people of each household (i.e., a sampled cluster), which could lead to more complex post-sampling adjustment to deal with unequal selection probabilities. Also, such decisions could lead to less efficient estimators than just taking a fixed proportion of responses from a cluster. When the sampling design isn’t set in advance and needs to be figured out from the data we have, this can lead to an increase both the variance and bias of the weighted estimator. This might happen when making adjustments for issues like non-coverage, non-response, or an unexpected strata split of the population that wasn’t available during the initial sampling stage. In these cases, we might use statistical procedures such as post-stratification, raking, or inverse propensity score weighting (where the propensity scores are estimated), among other methods. Using these methods requires assumptions about the initial design model. For example, when we use post-stratification based on age and gender, it is assumed that these variables can explain a significant portion of the bias in the sample. The quality of these estimators is closely tied to the quality of the additional information and the [[w:Missing data#Missing at random|missing at random]] assumptions used when making them. Either way, even when estimators (like propensity score models) do a good job capturing most of the sampling design, using the weights can make a small or a large difference, depending on the specific data-set. Due to the large variety in sampling designs (with or without an effect on unequal selection probabilities), different formulas have been developed to capture the potential design effect, as well as to estimate the variance of estimators when accounting for the sampling designs.<ref>{{Cite book |last1 = Wolter |first1 = Kirk M. |title = Introduction to Variance Estimation |edition=2nd|doi=10.1007/978-0-387-35099-8 |year = 2007 |publisher = Springer |isbn = 978-0387329178 }}</ref> Sometimes, these different design effects can be compounded together (as in the case of unequal selection probability and cluster sampling, more details in the following sections). Whether or not to use these formulas, or just assume SRS, depends on the expected amount of bias reduction vs. the increase in estimator variance (and in the overhead of methodological and technical complexity).<ref name=Kish1965 />{{rp|426}} {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Table 2:''' Summary of design effect formulas ! Formula Name ! Equation ! Description |- | Kish's design effect for unequal weights | <math>Deff = \frac{n \sum_{i=1}^n w_i^2}{(\sum_{i=1}^n w_i)^2} = \frac{\overline{w^2}}{\overline{w}^2}</math> | Measures the loss in precision due to unequal weights, where <math>w_i</math> is the weight for the <math>i</math>-th unit. |- | Kish's design effect for cluster sampling | <math>Deff = 1 + (n^* - 1) \rho</math> | Measures the loss in precision due to cluster sampling, where <math>n^*</math> is the average cluster size and <math>\rho</math> is the intraclass correlation. |- | Kish's combined design effect | <math>Deff = \frac{n \sum_{h=1}^H (n_h w_h^2)}{(\sum_{h=1}^H n_h w_h)^2} (1 + (n^* - 1) \rho)</math> | Measures the combined effect of unequal weights and cluster sampling, where <math>n_h</math> and <math>w_h</math> are the sample size and weight for the <math>h</math>-th stratum, respectively. |- | Spencer's design effect for estimated total | <math>Deff = (1 - \hat{\rho}_{y,P}^2)(1 + L) + (\frac{\hat{\alpha}}{\hat{\sigma}_y})^2 L</math> | Measures the design effect for estimating a total when there is a correlation between the outcome and the selection probabilities, where <math>\hat{\rho}_{y,P}</math> is the estimated correlation, <math>L</math> is the relvariance of the weights, <math>\hat{\alpha}</math> is the estimated intercept, and <math>\hat{\sigma}_y</math> is the estimated standard deviation of the outcome. |- | Park and Lee's design effect for estimated ratio mean | <math>Deff = (1 - \hat{\rho}_{y,P}^2)(1 + cv_w^2) + \frac{\hat{\rho}_{y,P}^2}{cv_P^2} cv_w^2</math> | Measures the design effect for estimating a ratio mean when there is a correlation between the outcome and the selection probabilities, where <math>cv_w</math> and <math>cv_P</math> are the coefficients of variation for the weights and selection probabilities, respectively. |- | Henry's design effect for calibration weighting | Extends Kish's design effect to include calibration weighting in single-stage samples | Proposes a model-assisted design effect measure for single-stage sampling with calibration weighting, considering the correlation between the outcome and the calibration variables. |- | Lohr's design effect for regression slope | Provides design effect formulas for OLS and GLS regression slope estimators in cluster sampling | Presents design effect formulas for ordinary least squares (OLS) and generalized least squares (GLS) regression slope estimators in the context of cluster sampling, using a random coefficient model. |} ===Unequal selection probabilities === ==== Sources of unequal selection probabilities==== {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Table 3:''' Summary of sources for unequal selection probabilities ! Source ! Description ! Examples ! Impact on Sampling Probabilities |- | Disproportional sampling | Deliberately over/under sampling specific sub-populations or clusters | - Optimum allocation in stratified sampling<br>- Oversampling smaller groups for comparison<br>- Cluster sampling with unequal cluster sizes | Leads to unequal selection probabilities by design |- | Non-coverage | Failure to include all elements of the target population in the sampling frame | - Sampling based on incomplete lists (e.g., phone books)<br>- Advertising to recruit survey participants | Affects sampling probabilities, but the impact is difficult to measure and adjust for |- | Non-response | Failure to obtain measurements from sampled units that were intended to be measured | - Unit non-response (e.g., refusal, not-at-home)<br>- Item non-response (e.g., sensitive questions)<br>- Inability to respond (e.g., language barrier, illness) | Leads to unequal selection probabilities, as non-response rates may vary across subgroups |- | Statistical adjustments | Post-hoc adjustments to the sample weights to account for known population characteristics or to mitigate non-coverage and non-response biases | - Post-stratification<br>- Raking<br>- Propensity score weighting<br>- Calibration weighting | Introduces unequal weights to improve representativeness, but may increase variance |} There are various ways to sample units so that each unit would have the exact same probability of selection. Such methods are called [[w:Simple random sample#Equal probability sampling (epsem)|equal probability sampling]] (EPSEM) methods. Some of the more basic methods include [[w:simple random sample|simple random sampling]] (SRS, with or without replacement) and [[w:systematic sampling|systematic sampling]] for getting a fixed sample size. There is also [[w:Bernoulli sampling|Bernoulli sampling]] with a random sample size. More advanced techniques such as [[w:stratified sampling|stratified sampling]] and [[w:cluster sampling|cluster sampling]] can also be designed to be EPSEM. For example, in cluster sampling we can use a two stage sampling in which we sample each cluster (which may be of different sizes) with equal probability, and then sample from each cluster at the second stage using SRS with a fixed proportion (e.g. sample half of the cluster, the whole cluster, etc.). This method will yield EPSEM, but the specific number of elements we end up with is stochastic (i.e., non deterministic).{{efn|As a simple illustration of this, imagine we have clusters of different sizes, and we sample only one cluster (using SRS) and measure all the elements in it. This will lead to EPSEM, but the number of observations we'll get will depend on the cluster size.}}<ref name = "Frerichs2004">{{cite book|last1=Frerichs|first1= R. R.|title= Rapid Surveys |publisher=unpublished|date=2004|chapter= Equal Probability of Selection |url=https://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/rapidsurveys/RScourse/chap4rapid_2004.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|3–8}} Another strategy for cluster sampling that leads to EPSEM is to sample clusters in a way that is proportional to their sizes, and then sample a fixed number of elements inside each cluster.{{efn| To be more precise: suppose that <math>S_i</math> is the measure of size for cluster <math>i</math>. One common method of PPS (probability proportional to size) sampling is to sample each cluster with selection probability that is proportional to its size as follows: <math>P(\text{Selecting cluster }i) = \frac{m S_i}{\sum_{U_i \in U} S_i}</math> where <math>m</math> is the number of clusters that we want to sample and <math>U</math> is the frame used for sampling clusters. If we subsampled an equal number, <math>\bar n</math>, of elements within each sample cluster using some equal probability method, and <math>S_i</math> is the correct number of elements in cluster <math>i</math>, then the selection probability of element <math>j</math> (in some cluster <math>i</math>) will be the same for every element across all clusters (i.e., EPSEM): <math>\pi_j = \frac{m S_i}{\sum_{U_i \in U} S_i} \frac{\bar n}{S_i} = \frac{m \bar n}{\sum_{U_i \in U} S_i}</math>. If <math>S_i</math> turns out not to be the correct size, sampling at the rate of <math>\frac{\bar n}{S_i}</math> will still yield EPSEM (equal probability selection method). Notice that if we enumerate (take measurement of) all units in a sample cluster (instead of some fixed number <math>\bar n</math>, or a fixed proportion <math>\frac{\bar n}{S_i}</math>), then each unit in cluster <math>i</math> has the selection probability of the cluster, which will lead to unequal probability of selections between elements of different clusters (i.e., <math>\pi_j(i) = \frac{m S_i}{\sum_{U_i \in U} S_i}</math>). }} In their works, [[w:Leslie Kish|Kish]] and others highlights several known reasons that lead to unequal selection probabilities:<ref name=Kish1965 />{{rp|425}}<ref name = "kish1992" />{{rp|185}}<ref name = "Kish1995" />{{rp|69}}<ref name = "Valliant2013" />{{rp|50,395}}<ref name = "Cochran1977" />{{rp|306}} # '''Disproportional sampling''' due to selection frame or procedure. This happens when a researcher deliberately over- or under-samples specific sub-populations or clusters. For example: #:* In [[w:Stratified sampling#Stratified sampling strategies|stratified sampling]] when units from some strata are known to have a larger variance than other strata. In such cases, the intention of the researcher may be to use this prior knowledge about the variance between strata in order to reduce the overall variance of an estimator of some population level parameter of interest (e.g., the mean). This can be achieved by a strategy known as ''[[w:Sample size determination#Stratified sample size|optimum allocation]]'', in which a stratum <math>h</math> is over sampled proportional to higher standard deviation and lower sampling cost (i.e., <math>f_h \propto \frac{S_h}{\sqrt{C_h}}</math>, where <math>S_h</math> is the standard deviation of the outcome in <math>h</math>, and <math>C_h</math> relates to the cost of recruiting one element from <math>h</math>). An example of an optimum allocation is ''Neyman's optimal allocation'' which, when cost is fixed for recruiting people from each stratum, the sample size is: <math>n_h = n\frac{W_h S_{Uh}}{\sum_h W_h S_{Uh}}</math>. Where the summation is over all strata: ''n'' is the total sample size; <math>n_h</math> is the sample size for stratum ''h''; <math>W_h = \frac{N_h}{N}</math> is the relative size of stratum ''h'' as compared to the entire population ''N''; and <math>S_{Uh}</math> is the standard error in stratum ''h''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Neyman |first1=Jerzy |title=On the Two Different Aspects of the Representative Method: The Method of Stratified Sampling and the Method of Purposive Selection |journal=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society |date=1934 |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=558–625 |doi=10.2307/2342192|issn=0952-8385}}</ref> A related concept to optimum design is [[w:Optimal design|optimal experimental design]]. #:* If there is interest in comparing two strata (e.g., people from two specific socio-demographic groups, or from two regions, etc.), in which case the smaller group may be over-sampled. This way, the variance of the estimator that compares the two groups is reduced. #:* In cluster sampling there may be clusters of different sizes but the procedure samples from all clusters using [[w:simple random sample|SRS]], and all elements in the cluster are measured (for example, if the cluster sizes are not known upfront at the stage of sampling). #:* In some two-stage cluster sampling based cluster sizes. For example, when in the first stage the clusters are sampled proportionally to the estimation of their size (a.k.a.: '''PPS''' Probability Proportional to Size) and at the second stage a fixed proportion of elements are chosen (e.g., half, or all the elements in the cluster) - then the selection probabilities are different for elements from different clusters. A similar case is when the first stage attempts to sample the clusters using PPS, the second stage uses a fixed number of elements in each cluster - but the cluster sizes used for the first stage sampling were inaccurate (so that some smaller cluster may have a higher-than-it-should chance of being selected. And vice versa for larger clusters with too-small a chance of being sampled). In such cases, the larger the errors in the sampling probabilities used in the first stage, the larger the unequal selection probabilities for each element will be.<ref name = "Kalton2005" />{{rp|109}}{{efn|For example, say that we assume for each cluster <math>i</math> that its size is <math>S_i</math>, we can sample <math>m</math> clusters with the following probability of selection: <math>P(\text{Selecting cluster }i) = \frac{m S_i}{\sum_{U_i \in U} S_i}</math>. And then, we take a fixed number of <math>\bar n</math> elements from each cluster. In such a case, if we say that the real cluster size is, say, <math>S_i^*</math>, then the selection probability for each element <math>j</math> taken from cluster <math>i</math>, will be: <math>\pi_j(j) = \frac{m S_i}{\sum_{U_i \in U} S_i} \frac{\bar n}{S_i^*}</math>. Note that this could be mitigated at the sampling stage if we sample from each cluster using the rate <math>\frac{\bar n}{S_i}</math>, then the selection probability will be EPSEM (even though the real cluster size was <math>S_i^*</math> and not <math>S_i</math>).}} #:* When the frame used for sampling includes duplication of some of the items, thus leading some items to have a larger probability than others to be sampled (e.g., if the sampling frame was created by merging several lists. Or if recruiting users from several ad channels in which some of the users are available for recruitment from several of the channels, while others are available to be recruited from only one of the channels) so that different units would have different sampling probabilities, thus making this sampling procedure to not be EPSEM.<ref name = "Frerichs2004" />{{rp|3–8}}<ref name = "kish1992" />{{rp|186}} #:* When several different samples/frames are to be combined. For example, if running different ad campaigns for recruiting respondents. Or when combining results from several studies done by different researchers and/or at different times (i.e., [[w:Meta-analysis|Meta-analysis]]).<ref name= "kish1992" />{{rp|188}} #: When disproportional sampling happens, due to sampling design decisions, the researcher may (sometimes) be able to trace back the decision and accurately calculate the exact inclusion probability. When these selection probabilities are hard to trace back, they may be estimated using some propensity score model combined with information from auxiliary variables (e.g., age, gender, etc.). # '''Non-coverage'''.<ref name=Kish1965 />{{rp|527,528}} This happens, for example, if people are sampled based on some pre-defined list that doesn't include all the people in the population (e.g., a phone book or using ads to recruit people to a survey). These missing units are missing due to some failure of creating the [[w:sampling frame|sampling frame]], as opposed to deliberate exclusion of some people (e.g. minors, people who cannot vote, etc.). The effect of non-coverage on sampling probability is considered difficult to measure (and adjust for) in various survey situations, unless strong assumptions are made. Adjustments for non-coverage can lead to inadequate weights when the relevant covariates are not used for adjustment. If there are covariates that can be used to correct for non-coverage, they are expected to lead to unequal survey weights. # '''Non-response'''. This refers to the failure of obtaining measurements on sampled units that are intended to be measured. Reasons for non-response are varied and depends on the context. A person may be temporarily unavailable, for example if they are not available to answer the phone when a telephone survey is done. A person may also refuse to answer the survey due to a variety of reasons, e.g. different tendencies of people from different ethnic/demographic/socio-economic groups to respond in general; insufficient incentive to spend the time or share data; the identity of the institution that is running the survey; inability to respond (e.g. due to illness, illiteracy, or a language barrier); respondent is not found (e.g. they moved); the response was lost/destroyed during encoding or transmission (i.e., measurement error). In the context of surveys, these reasons may be related to answering the entire survey or just specific questions.<ref name=Kish1965 />{{rp|532}}<ref name = "kish1992" />{{rp|186}} # '''Statistical adjustments'''. These may include methods such as [[w:Sampling (statistics)#Stratified sampling|post-stratification]], [[w:raking|raking]], or [[w:Propensity score matching#Propensity score|propensity score (estimation) models]] - used to perform an adjustment of the sample to some known (or estimated) strata sizes. These adjustments can be in addition of ''design weights'', which aims to account for imbalances due to some known sampling design. Such procedures are used to mitigate issues in the sampling ranging from [[w:sampling error|sampling error]], under-coverage of the sampling frame to non-response.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dever|first1= Jill A.|first2= Richard|last2= Valliant|title=A comparison of variance estimators for post-stratification to estimated control totals|journal=Survey Methodology|issn=1492-0921|volume= 36|issue=1 |date=2010|pages=45-56|url=https://www.rti.org/publication/comparison-variance-estimators-poststratification-estimated-control-totals/fulltext.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|45}}<ref name = "kott2006">{{cite journal|last1=Kott|first1= Phillip S.|title=Using calibration weighting to adjust for nonresponse and coverage errors|journal=Survey Methodology|issn=1492-0921|volume= 32|issue=2|date=2006|page= 133|url= https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/12-001-x/2006002/article/9547-eng.pdf}}</ref> For example, these methods can be used to make the sample more similar to some target "controls" (i.e., population of interest), a process also called "standardization".<ref name = "kish1992" />{{rp|187}} In such cases, these adjustments help with providing unbiased estimators (often with the cost of increased variance, as seen in the following sections). If the original sample is a [[w:nonprobability sampling|nonprobability sample]], then post-stratification adjustments are just similar to [[w:quota sampling|quota sampling]].<ref name = "kish1992" />{{rp|188,189}}. Note that if a simple random sample is used, a post-stratification (using some auxiliary information) does not offer an estimator that is uniformly better than just an unweighted estimator. However, it can be viewed as a more "robust" estimator.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Holt |first1=D. |last2=Smith |first2=T. M. F. |title=Post Stratification |journal=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General) |date=1979 |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=33–46 |doi=10.2307/2344652|issn=0035-9238}}</ref> Alternatively, when the sampling design is fully known (leading to some <math>p_h</math> probability of selection for some element from stratum ''h''), and the non-response is measurable (i.e., we know that only <math>r_h</math> observations answered in stratum ''h''), then an exactly known [[w:Inverse probability weighting|inverse probability weight]] can be calculated for each element ''i'' from stratum ''h'' using: <math>w_i = \frac{1}{p_h r_h}</math>.<ref name = "kish1992" />{{rp|186}}{{efn|This formula would apply only if an equal probability sample were selected in stratum ''h'' and each element has the same probability of responding.}} Sometimes a statistical adjustment, such as post-stratification or raking, is used for estimating the selection probability. E.g., when comparing the sample we have with same target population, also known as matching to controls. The estimation process may be focused only on adjusting the existing population to an alternative population (for example, if trying to extrapolate from a panel drawn from several regions to an entire country). In such a case, the adjustment might be focused on some calibration factor <math>c_i</math> and the weights be calculated as <math>w_i = \frac{c_i}{p_h r_h}</math>.<ref name = "kish1992" />{{rp|187}} However, in other cases, both the under-coverage and non-response are all modeled as part of the statistical adjustment, which leads to an estimation of the overall sampling probability (lets say <math>p_i'</math>). In such a case, the weights are simply: <math>w_i = \frac{1}{p_i'}</math>. Notice that when statistical adjustments are used, <math>w_i</math> is often estimated based on some model. The formulation in the following sections assume this <math>w_i</math> is known, which is not true for statistical adjustments (since we only have <math>\widehat w_i</math>). However, if it is assumed that the estimation error of <math>\widehat w_i</math> is very small then the following sections can be used as if it was known. Having this assumption be true depends on the size of the sample used for modeling, and is worth keeping in mind during analysis. When the selection probabilities may be different, the sample size is random, and the pairwise selection probabilities are independent, we call this [[w:Poisson sampling|Poisson sampling]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ghosh|first1= Dhiren|first2= Andrew|last2= Vogt|title=Sampling methods related to Bernoulli and Poisson Sampling|journal=Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods |date=2002|volume=2002|pages=3569–3570|url=http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2002/Files/JSM2002-001080.pdf|issn=0733-5830}}</ref> ==== "Design based" vs "model based" for describing properties of estimators==== Adjusting for unequal probability selection through "individual case weights" (e.g. inverse probability weighting), yields various types of estimators for quantities of interest. Estimators such as [[w:Horvitz–Thompson estimator|Horvitz–Thompson estimator]] yield unbiased estimators (if the selection probabilities are indeed known, or approximately known), for total and the mean of the population. Deville and Särndal (1992) coined the term “'''calibration estimator'''” for estimators using weights such that they satisfy some condition, such as having the sum of weights equal the population size. And more generally, that the weighted sum of weights is equal some quantity of an auxiliary variable: <math>\sum w_ix_i = X</math> (e.g., that the sum of weighted ages of the respondents is equal to the population size in each age group).<ref name = "Sarndal1992_paper">{{cite journal |last1=Deville |first1=Jean-Claude |last2=Särndal |first2=Carl-Erik |title=Calibration Estimators in Survey Sampling |journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association |date=1992 |volume=87 |issue=418 |pages=376–382 |doi=10.1080/01621459.1992.10475217|issn=0162-1459}}</ref><ref name="kott2006"/>{{rp|132}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brick|first1= J. Michael|first2= Jill|last2= Montaquila|first3= Shelley|last3= Roth|title=Identifying problems with raking estimators|date=2003|volume=2003|url=http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2003/Files/JSM2003-000472.pdf |issn=0733-5830|journal=Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods|pages=710–717}}</ref>{{rp|1}} The two primary ways to argue about the properties of calibration estimators are:<ref name="kott2006"/>{{rp|133–134}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Keiding |first1=Niels |last2=Clayton |first2=David |title=Standardization and Control for Confounding in Observational Studies: A Historical Perspective |journal=Statistical Science |date=2014 |volume=29 |issue=4 |doi=10.1214/13-STS453|pages=529–558|issn=0883-4237}}</ref> # '''randomization based''' (or, sampling design based) - in this case, the weights (<math>w_i</math>) and values of the outcome of interest <math>y_i</math> that are measured in the sample are all treated as known. In this framework, there is variability in the (known) values of the outcome ('''Y'''). However, the only randomness comes from which of the elements in the population were picked into the sample (often denoted as <math>I_i</math>, getting 1 if element <math>i</math> is in the sample and 0 if it is not). For a [[w:simple random sample|simple random sample]], each <math>I_i</math> will be an [[w:Independent and identically distributed random variables|IID]] [[w:bernoulli distribution|Bernoulli distribution]] with some parameter <math>p</math>. For general EPSEM (equal probability sampling) <math>I_i</math> will still be Bernoulli with some parameter <math>p</math>, but they may no longer be [[w:Independence (probability theory)|independent]] random variables. I.e., knowing that a sample is EPSEM means that it maintains marginally equal probability of selection, but it does not inform us about the joint probability of selection. For something like post stratification, the number of elements at each stratum can be modeled as a [[w:multinomial distribution|multinomial distribution]] with different <math>p_h</math> inclusion probabilities for each element belonging to some stratum <math>h</math>. In these cases, the sample size itself can be a random variable. # '''model based''' - in this case, the sample is fixed, the weights are fixed, but the outcome of interest is treated as a random variable. For example, in the case of post-stratification, the outcome can be modeled as some [[w:linear regression|linear regression]] function where the independent variables are indicator variables mapping each observation to its relevant stratum, and the variability comes with the error term. As we will see later, some proofs in the literature rely on the randomization-based framework, while others focus on the model-based perspective. When moving from the mean to the [[w:weighted mean|weighted mean]], more complexity is added. For example, in the context of [[w:survey methodology|survey methodology]], often the population size itself is considered an unknown quantity that is estimated. So in the calculation of the weighted mean is in fact based on a [[w:ratio estimator|ratio estimator]], with an estimator of the total at the numerator and an estimator of the population size in the denominator (making the variance calculation to be more complex).<ref>{{cite web|first1=Thomas|last1= Lumley|title= How to estimate the (approximate) variance of the weighted mean?|work=Stack Exchange|date= 2021-05-25|url=https://stats.stackexchange.com/q/525770}}</ref> ==== Common types of weights ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Table 4:''' Summary of common types of weights used in design effect calculations ! Weight Type ! Description ! Interpretation |- | Frequency weights | Each weight is an integer indicating the absolute frequency of an item in the sample | Specific value has an absolute meaning; weights represent the amount of information in the dataset |- | Inverse-variance weights | Each element is assigned a weight that is the inverse of its known variance | When all elements have the same expectancy, using such weights for weighted averages has the least variance |- | Normalized (convex) weights | Weights form a convex combination (sum to 1); can be normalized to sum to sample size (n) | Weights that sum to n have a relative interpretation: elements with weights > 1 are more "rare" than average and have larger influential on (say) the average, while weights < 1 are more "common" and less influential |- | Inverse probability weights | Each element is given a weight proportional to the inverse of its selection probability | Weights represent how many items each element "represents" in the target population; sum of weights equals the size of the target population |} There are many types (and subtypes) of weights, with different ways to use and interpret them. With some weights their absolute value has some important meaning, while with other weights the important part is the relative values of the weights to each other. This section introduces some of the more common types of weights so that they can be referenced in follow-up sections. * '''Frequency weights'''<ref name="ucla_weights_types">{{cite web|title=What types of weights do SAS, Stata and SPSS support? |publisher=UCLA Statistical Consulting Group|url=https://stats.oarc.ucla.edu/other/mult-pkg/faq/what-types-of-weights-do-sas-stata-and-spss-support/|access-date=September 2, 2023|date=2021|archivedate=September 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902175545/https://stats.oarc.ucla.edu/other/mult-pkg/faq/what-types-of-weights-do-sas-stata-and-spss-support/}}</ref> are a basic type of weighting presented in introductory statistics courses. With these, each weight is an integer number that indicates the [[w:Frequency (statistics)|absolute frequency]] of an item in the sample. These are also sometimes termed repeat (or occurrence) weights. The specific value has an absolute meaning that is lost if the weights are transformed, such as when [[w:Scaling (geometry)|scaling]]. For example: if we have the numbers 10 and 20 with the frequency weights values of 2 and 3, then when "spreading" our data it is: 10,10, 20, 20, 20 (with weights of 1 to each of these items). Frequency weights includes the amount of information contained in a dataset, and thus allows things like creating [[w:Weighted arithmetic mean#Frequency weights|unbiased weighted variance]] estimation using [[w:Bessel's correction|Bessel's correction]]. Notice that such weights are often [[w:random variable|random variable]]s, since the specific number of items we will see from each value in the dataset is random. * '''[[w:inverse-variance weighting|inverse-variance weighting]]''', also known as ''analytic weights''<ref name = "ucla_weights_types" />, is when each element is assigned a weight that is the inverse of its (known) variance.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kalton |first1=Graham |title=Standardization: A Technique to Control for Extraneous Variables |journal=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C (Applied Statistics) |date=1968 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=118–136 |doi=10.2307/2985676|issn=0035-9254}}</ref><ref name = "kish1992" />{{rp|187}} When all elements have the same expectancy, using such weights for calculating [[w:weighted average|weighted averages]] has the least variance among all weighted averages. In the common formulation, these weights are known and not random. * '''Normalized (convex) weights''' is a set of weights that form a [[w:convex combination|convex combination]], i.e., each weight is a number between 0 and 1, and the sum of all weights is equal to 1. Any set of (non negative) weights can be turned into normalized weights by dividing each weight with the sum of all weights, making these weights normalized to sum to 1. : A related form are '''weights normalized to sum to sample size (n)'''. These (non-negative) weights sum to the sample size (n), and their mean is 1. Any set of weights can be normalized to sample size by dividing each weight with the average of all weights. These weights have a nice relative interpretation where elements with weights larger than 1 are more "influential" (in terms of their relative influence on, say, the weighted mean) then the average observation, while weights smaller than 1 are less "influential" than the average observation. * '''[[w:Inverse probability weighting|Inverse probability weighting]]''', or simply ''probability weights''<ref name = "ucla_weights_types" />, is when each element is given a weight that is (proportional) to the inverse probability of selecting that element. E.g., by using <math>w_i = \frac{1}{p_i}</math>.<ref name = "kish1992" />{{rp|185}} With inverse probability weights, we learn how many items each element "represents" in the target population. Hence, the sum of such weights returns the size of the target population of interest. Inverse probability weights can be normalized to sum to 1 or normalized to sum to the sample size (n), and many of the calculations from the following sections will yield the same results. : When a sample is [[w:Simple random sample#Equal probability sampling (epsem)|EPSEM]] then all the probabilities are equal and the inverse of the selection probability yield weights that are all equal to one another (they are all equal to <math>\frac{N}{n}= \frac{1}{f}</math>, where <math>n</math> is the sample size and <math>N</math> is the population size). Such a sample is called a '''self weighting sample'''.<ref name = "kish1992" />{{rp|193}} There are also indirect ways of applying "weighted" adjustments. For example, the existing cases may be duplicated to [[w:Imputation (statistics)|impute]] missing observations (e.g. from non-response), with variance estimated using methods such as [[w:Imputation (statistics)#Multiple imputation|multiple imputation]]. An alternative approach is to remove (assign a weight of 0 to) some cases. For example, when wanting to reduce the influence of over-sampled groups that are less essential for some analysis. Both cases are similar in nature to inverse probability weighting but the application in practice gives more/less rows of data (making the input potentially simpler to use in some software implementation), instead of applying an extra column of weights. Nevertheless, the consequences of such implementations are similar to just using weights. So while in the case of removing observations the data can easily be handled by common software implementations, the case of adding rows requires special adjustments for the uncertainty estimations. Not doing so may lead to erroneous conclusions(i.e., there is [[w:No free lunch theorem|no free lunch]] when using alternative representation of the underlying issues).<ref name = "kish1992" />{{rp|189,190}} The term "Haphazard weights", coined by Kish, is used to refer to weights that correspond to [[w:Design effect#Sources for unequal selection probabilities|unequal selection probabilities]], but ones that are not related to the expectancy or variance of the selected elements.<ref name= "kish1992" />{{rp|190,191}} ==== Haphazard weights with estimated ratio-mean (<math>\hat{\bar{Y}}</math>) - Kish's design effect ==== ===== Formula ===== When taking an unrestricted sample of <math>n</math> elements, we can then randomly split these elements into <math>H</math> [[w:Disjoint sets|disjoint]] strata, each of them containing some size of <math>n_h</math> elements so that <math>\sum\limits_{h=1}^H n_h = n</math>. All elements in each stratum <math>h</math> has some (known) non-negative weight assigned to them (<math>w_h</math>). The weight <math>w_h</math> can be produced by the inverse of some [[w:Design effect#Sources for unequal selection probabilities|unequal selection probability]] for elements in each stratum <math>h</math> (i.e., [[w:inverse probability weighting|inverse probability weighting]] following a procedure such as post-stratification). In this setting, '''Kish's design effect''', for the increase in variance '''of the sample [[w:Weighted arithmetic mean|weighted mean]]''' due to this design (reflected in the weights), versus [[w:simple random sample|SRS]] of some outcome variable y (when there is no correlation between the weights and the outcome, i.e. haphazard weights) is:<ref name=Kish1965/>{{rp|427}}<ref name="kish1992"/>{{rp|191(4.2)}} : <math>Deff = \frac{ n \sum\limits_{h=1}^H (n_h w_h^2) } { (\sum\limits_{h=1}^H n_h w_h)^2 } </math> By treating each item as coming from its own stratum <math>\forall h: n_h=1</math>, Kish (in 1992) simplified the above formula to the (well-known) following version:<ref name="kish1992"/>{{rp|191(4.3)}}<ref name = "Kimberly2015">{{cite journal|last1=Henry|first1= Kimberly A.|first2= Richard|last2= Valliant|title=A design effect measure for calibration weighting in single-stage samples|journal=Survey Methodology|volume= 41|issue=2|date=2015|pages= 315–331|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/12-001-x/2015002/article/14236-eng.pdf|issn=1492-0921}}</ref>{{rp|318}}<ref name = "park2006" />{{rp|8}} : <math>Deff = \frac{n \sum_{i=1}^n w_i^2}{(\sum_{i=1}^n w_i)^2} = \frac{\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n w_i^2}{\left(\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n w_i\right)^2} = \frac{\overline{w^2}}{\overline{w}^2}</math> This version of the formula is valid when one stratum had several observations taken from it (i.e., each having the same weight), or when there are just many strata were each one had one observation taken from it, but several of them had the same probability of selection. While the interpretation is slightly different, the calculation of the two scenarios comes out to be the same. When using Kish's design effect for unequal weights, you may use the following simplified formula for "[[w:Leslie Kish|Kish]]'s Effective Sample Size"<ref name=SurveySize>{{cite web |url=http://docs.displayr.com/wiki/Design_Effects_and_Effective_Sample_Size| title=Design Effects and Effective Sample Size|website=Displayr|date=24 March 2017|last1=Bock|first1=Tim}}</ref><ref name=Kish1965/>{{rp|162,259}} : <math>n_{\text{eff}} = \frac{(\sum_{i=1}^n w_i)^2}{\sum_{i=1}^n w_i^2} </math> {{hidden begin|style=width:100%|ta1=center|border=1px #aaa solid|title=[Proof]}} <math>n_{\text{eff}} = \frac{n}{Deff} = \frac{n}{\frac{n \sum_{i=1}^n w_i^2}{(\sum_{i=1}^n w_i)^2}} = \frac{(\sum_{i=1}^n w_i)^2}{\sum_{i=1}^n w_i^2} </math> {{hidden end}} ===== Assumptions and proofs ===== The above formula, by [[w:Leslie Kish|Kish]], gives the increase in the variance of the [[w:weighted mean|weighted mean]] based on [[w:Design effect#Common types of weights|"haphazard" weights]]. This can also be written as the following formula where y are observations selected using [[w:Design effect#Sources for unequal selection probabilities|unequal selection probabilities]] (with no within-cluster correlation, and '''no relationship''' to the expectancy or variance of the outcome measurement),<ref name= "kish1992" />{{rp|190,191}} and y' are the observations we would have had if we got them from a [[w:simple random sample|simple random sample]]: <math>Deff_{kish} =\frac{var\left(\bar{y}_w\right)}{var\left(\bar{y}'\right)} = \frac{var\left(\frac{ \sum\limits_{i=1}^n w_i y_i}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^n w_i} \right)}{ var\left( \frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^n y_i'}{n} \right)}</math> It can be shown that the ratio of variances formula can be reduced to Kish's formula by using a [[w:Design effect#"Design based" vs "model based" for describing properties of estimators|model based perspective]].<ref name = "Gabler1999">{{cite journal|last1=Gabler|first1= Siegfried|first2= Sabine|last2= Häder|first3= Partha|last3= Lahiri|title=A model based justification of Kish's formula for design effects for weighting and clustering|journal=Survey Methodology|volume= 25|date=1999|pages=105–106|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/12-001-x/1999001/article/4718-eng.pdf?st=kP7KrrRP|issn=1492-0921}}</ref> In it, Kish's formula will hold when all n observations (<math>y_1, ..., y_n</math>) are (at least approximately) [[w:Uncorrelatedness (probability theory)|uncorrelated]] (<math>\forall (i \neq j): cor(y_i, y_j) = 0</math>), with the same [[w:variance|variance]] (<math>\sigma^2</math>) in the response variable of interest (y). It will also be required to assume the weights themselves are not a [[w:random variable|random variable]] but rather some known constants (e.g. the inverse of probability of selection, for some pre-determined and known [[w:Sampling (statistics)|sampling design]]). {{hidden begin|style=width:100%|ta1=center|border=1px #aaa solid|title=[Proof]}} The following is a simplified proof for when there are no clusters (i.e., no [[w:Intraclass correlation|Intraclass correlation]] between element of the sample) and each stratum includes only one observation:<ref name = "Gabler1999" /> <math> \begin{align} var\left(\bar{y}_w\right) & \stackrel{1}{=} var\left(\frac{ \sum\limits_{i=1}^n w_i y_i}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^n w_i} \right) \stackrel{2}{=} var\left( \sum\limits_{i=1}^n w_i' y_i \right) \stackrel{3}{=} \sum\limits_{i=1}^n var\left( w_i' y_i \right) \\ & \stackrel{4}{=} \sum\limits_{i=1}^n w_i'^2 var\left( y_i \right) \stackrel{5}{=} \sum\limits_{i=1}^n w_i'^2 \sigma^2 \stackrel{6}{=} \frac{\sigma^2}{n} \frac{n \sum\limits_{i=1}^n w_i^2}{\left( \sum\limits_{i=1}^n w_i\right) ^2} \stackrel{7}{=} var\left(\bar{y}'\right) D_{eff (kish)} \\ & \implies D_{eff (kish)} =\frac{var\left(\bar{y}_w\right)}{var\left(\bar{y}'\right)} \end{align} </math> Transitions: # from definition of the [[w:weighted mean|weighted mean]]. # using [[w:Design effect#Common types of weights|normalized (convex) weights]] definition (weights that sum to 1): <math>w_i' = \frac{w_i}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^n w_i}</math>. # [[w:Variance#Sum of uncorrelated variables (Bienaymé formula)|sum of uncorrelated random variables]]. # If the weights are constants (from the [[w:Variance#Basic properties|basic properties]] of the variance). Another way to say it is that the weights are known upfront for each observation i. Namely that we are actually calculating <math>var\left(\bar{y}_w | w \right) </math> # when all observations have the same [[w:variance|variance]] (<math>\sigma^2</math>). # Some algebra: Moving <math>\sigma^2</math> to the left, adding a multiplication term of <math>\frac{n}{n}</math>, and opening <math>w_i'</math> back. # Back to the definitions. {{hidden end}} The conditions on y are trivially held if the y observations are [[w:Independent and identically distributed random variables|IID]] with the same [[w:Expected value|expectation]] and [[w:variance|variance]]. In such cases, <math>y=y'</math>, and we can estimate <math>var\left(\bar{y}_w\right)</math> by using <math>\overline{var\left(\bar{y}_w\right)} = \overline{var\left(\bar{y}\right)} \times Deff</math>.<ref name = "kish1992" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Little|first1= Roderick J.|first2= Sonya|last2= Vartivarian|title=Does weighting for nonresponse increase the variance of survey means?|journal= Survey Methodology |volume=31|issue=2|date=2005|page= 161|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/12-001-x/2005002/article/9046-eng.pdf|issn=1492-0921}}</ref> If the y's are not all with the same expectations then we cannot use the estimated variance for calculation, since that estimation assumes that all <math>y_i</math>s have the same expectation. Specifically, if there is a correlation between the weights and the outcome variable y, then it means that the expectation of y is not the same for all observations (but rather, dependent on the specific weight value for each observation). In such a case, while the design effect formula might still be correct (if the other conditions are met), it would require a different estimator for the variance of the weighted mean. For example, it might be better to use a [[w:Weighted arithmetic mean#Weighted sample variance|weighted variance estimator]]. If different <math>y_i</math>s values have different variances, then while the weighted variance could capture the correct population-level variance, Kish's formula for the design effect may no longer be true. A similar issue happens if there is some correlation structure in the samples (such as when using [[w:cluster sampling|cluster sampling]]). ===== Relation to the coefficient of variation ===== Notice that Kish's definition of the design effect is closely tied to the [[w:coefficient of variation|coefficient of variation]] (Kish also calls it ''relvariance'' or ''relvar'' for short{{efn|Notice that there is another term called [[w:Index of dispersion|relative variance]], which is different. It is the ratio of variance to the mean, while Kish's ''relvariance'' is the ratio of the variance to the squared mean.}}) of the weights (when using the [[w:Standard deviation#Uncorrected sample standard deviation|uncorrected (population level) sample standard deviation]] for [[w:Coefficient of variation#Estimation|estimation]]). This has several notations in the literature:<ref name="kish1992"/>{{rp|191}}<ref name = "Valliant2013" />{{rp|396}} : <math>Deff = 1 + L = 1 + {C_V}^2 = 1 + relvar(w) = 1 + \frac{V(w)}{{\bar w}^2}</math>. Where <math>V(w) = \frac{\sum(w_i - \bar w)^2}{n}</math> is the population variance of <math>w</math>, and <math>\bar w = \frac{\sum w_i}{n}</math> is the mean. When the weights are normalized to sample size (so that their sum is equal to n and their mean is equal to 1), then <math>{C_V}^2 = V(w)</math> and the formula reduces to <math>Deff = 1 + V(w)</math>. While it is true we assume the weights are fixed, we can think of their variance as the variance of an [[w:Empirical distribution function|empirical distribution]] defined by sampling (with equal probability) one weight from our set of weights (similar to how we would think about the correlation of x and y in a [[w:Simple linear regression#Fitting the regression line|simple linear regression]]). {{hidden begin|style=width:100%|ta1=center|border=1px #aaa solid|title=[Proof]}} <math> {C_V}^2 = \left({\frac{s_w}{\bar w}}\right)^2 = \frac{ \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n (w_i - \bar w)^2}{n} } {\bar w ^2} = \frac{ \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n {w_i}^2 - n \bar w ^2}{n} } {\bar w ^2} = \frac{ \overline{w}^2 - \bar w ^2 } {\bar w ^2} = \frac{ \overline{w}^2 } {\bar w ^2} - 1 = Deff - 1 \implies Deff = 1 + {C_V}^2 </math> {{hidden end}} ===== Relation to disproportionate stratified sampling ===== Kish's original definition compared the variance under some sampling design to the variance achieved through a [[w:simple random sample|simple random sample]]. Some literature provide the following alternative definition for Kish's design effect: "the ratio of the variance of the weighted survey mean under disproportionate stratified sampling to the variance under [[w:Stratified sampling#Stratified sampling strategies|proportionate stratified sampling]] when all stratum unit variances are equal".<ref name = "Kimberly2015" />{{rp|318}}<ref name = "Valliant2013" />{{rp|396}} Reflecting on this, Park and Lee (2006) stated that "The rationale behind [...][Kish's] derivation is that the loss in precision of [the weighted mean] due to haphazard unequal weighting can be '''approximated''' by the ratio of the variance under disproportionate stratified sampling to that under the proportionate stratified sampling".<ref name = "park2006" />{{rp|8}} Note that this alternative definition only approximated since if the denominator is based on "proportionate stratified sampling" (achieved via [[w:stratified sampling|stratified sampling]]) then such a selection will yield a reduced variance as compared with [[w:simple random sample|simple random sample]]. This is since stratified sampling removes some of the variability in the specific number of elements per stratum, as occurs under SRS. Relatedly, Cochran (1977) provides a formula for the proportional increase in variance due to deviation from optimum allocation (what, in Kish's formulas, would be called ''L'').<ref name = "sarndal1992" />{{rp|116}} ===== Alternative naming conventions ===== Early papers used the term <math>Deff</math>.<ref name="kish1992"/>{{rp|192}} As more definitions of the design effect appeared, [[w:Design effect#Kish's design effect|Kish's design effect for unequal selection probabilities]] was denoted <math>Deff_{kish}</math> (or <math>Deft_{kish}^2</math>) or simply <math>deff_{K}</math> for short.<ref name = "park2006" />{{rp|8}}<ref name = "Valliant2013">{{cite book|last1=Valliant|first1= Richard|first2= Jill A.|last2= Dever|first3= Frauke|last3= Kreuter|title= Practical Tools for Designing and Weighting Survey Samples |location=New York|publisher= Springer |date=2013|doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-6449-5|isbn=978-1-4899-9381-6}}</ref>{{rp|396}}<ref name = "Kimberly2015" />{{rp|318}} Kish's design effect is also known as the "Unequal Weighting Effect" (or just UWE), termed by Liu et al. in 2002.<ref name = "Liu2002">{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1= Jun|first2= Vince|last2= Iannacchione|first3= Margie|last3= Byron|title=Decomposing design effects for stratified sampling|journal=Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods|date= 2002|volume=2002|url=http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2002/Files/JSM2002-001069.pdf|issn=0733-5830|pages=2124–2126}}</ref>{{rp|2124}} ==== When the outcome correlates with the selection probabilities ==== ===== Spencer's ''Deff'' for estimated total (<math forcemathmode="native">\hat Y</math>) ===== The estimator for the total is the "p-expanded with replacement" estimator (a.k.a.: ''pwr-estimator'' or [[w:Horvitz–Thompson estimator|Hansen and Hurwitz]]). It is based on a [[w:simple random sample|simple random sample]] (with replacement, denoted ''SIR'') of ''n'' items (<math>y_k</math>) from a population of size N.{{efn|In the literature, the sample and the population sizes are sometimes marked as ''n'' and ''N'', and sometimes ''m'' and ''M''. In this article we used ''n'' and ''N''.}} Each item has a probability of <math>p_k</math> (k from 1 to N) to be drawn in a single draw (<math>\sum_U p_k = 1</math>, i.e. it is a [[w:multinomial distribution|multinomial distribution]]). The probability that a specific <math>y_k</math> will appear in the sample is <math>p_k</math>. The "p-expanded with replacement" value is <math>Z_i = \frac{y_k}{p_k}</math> with the following expectancy: <math>E[Z_i] = E[I_i \frac{y_k}{p_k}] = \frac{y_k}{p_k} E[I_i] = \frac{y_k}{p_k} p_k = y_k</math>. Hence <math>\hat Y_{pwr} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_i^n Z_i </math>, the pwr-estimator, is an unbiased estimator for the sum total of y.<ref name="sarndal1992" />{{rp|51}} In 2000, Bruce D. Spencer proposed a formula for estimating the design effect for the variance of estimating the '''total''' (not the mean) of some quantity (<math>\hat Y</math>), when there is correlation between the selection probabilities of the elements and the outcome variable of interest.<ref name = "Spencer2000">{{cite journal|last1=Spencer|first1= Bruce D.|title=An approximate design effect for unequal weighting when measurements may correlate with selection probabilities|journal=Survey Methodology |volume=26 |date=2000|pages=137–138|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/12-001-x/2000002/article/5533-eng.pdf?st=t-Ccnb4p|issn=1492-0921}}</ref> In this setup, a sample of size ''n'' is drawn (with replacement) from a population of size ''N''. Each item is drawn with probability <math>P_i</math> (where <math>\sum_{i=1}^N P_i = 1</math>, i.e. [[w:multinomial distribution|multinomial distribution]]). The selection probabilities are used to define the [[w:Design effect#Common types of weights|Normalized (convex) weights]]: <math>w_i = \frac{1}{nP_i}</math>. Notice that for some random set of ''n'' items, the sum of weights will be equal to 1 only by expectation (<math>E[w_i]=1</math>) with some variability of the sum around it (i.e., the sum of elements from a [[w:Poisson binomial distribution|Poisson binomial distribution]]). The relationship between <math>y_i</math> and <math>P_i</math> is defined by the following (population) [[w:simple linear regression|simple linear regression]]: : <math>y_i = \alpha + \beta P_i + \epsilon_i </math> Where <math>y_i</math> is the outcome of element ''i'', which linearly depends on <math>P_i</math> with the intercept <math>\alpha</math> and slope <math>\beta</math>. The residual from the fitted line is <math>\epsilon_i = y_i - (\alpha + \beta P_i)</math>. We can also define the population variances of the outcome and the residuals as <math>\sigma^2_y</math> and <math>\sigma^2_\epsilon</math>. The correlation between <math>P_i</math> and <math>y_i</math> is <math>\rho_{y,P}</math>. Spencer's (approximate) design effect for estimating the total of ''y'' is:<ref name = "Spencer2000" />{{rp|138}}<ref name = "Park2001">{{cite journal|last1=Park|first1= Inho|first2= Hyunshik|last2= Lee|title=The design effect: do we know all about it|journal=Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods|date= 2001|volume=2001|issn=0733-5830|url=http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2001/Proceed/00144.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|4}}<ref name = "Valliant2013" />{{rp|401}} : <math>Deff_{Spencer} = (1- \hat \rho^2_{y,P})(1 + L) + \left(\frac{\hat \alpha}{\hat \sigma_y}\right)^2 L </math> Where: * <math>\hat \rho^2_{y,P}</math> estimates <math>\rho^2_{y,P}</math> * <math>\hat \alpha</math> estimates the slope <math>\alpha</math> * <math>\hat \sigma_y</math> estimates the population variance <math>\sigma_y</math>, and * L is the ''relvariance'' of the weights, as defined in [[w:Design effect#Formula|Kish's formula]]: <math>L = cv_w^2 = relvar(w) = \frac{V(w)}{{\bar w}^2}</math>. This assumes that the regression model fits well so that the probability of selection and the residuals are [[w:Independence (probability theory)|independent]], since it leads to the residuals, and the square residuals, to be uncorrelated with the weights, i.e., that <math>\rho_{\epsilon,W} = 0</math> and also <math>\rho_{\epsilon^2,W} = 0</math>.<ref name = "Spencer2000" />{{rp|138}} When the population size (N) is very large, the formula can be written as:<ref name = "Kimberly2015" />{{rp|319}} : <math>Deff_{Spencer} = (1 - \hat \rho^2_{y,P})(1 + cv_w^2) + \left(\frac{1}{cv_Y^2}\right)^2 cv_w^2</math> (since <math>\alpha = \bar Y - \beta \times \bar P = \bar Y - \beta \times \frac{1}{N} \approx \bar Y</math>, where <math>cv_Y^2 = \frac{\sigma^2_Y}{\bar Y^2}</math>) This approximation assumes that the linear relationship between ''P'' and ''y'' holds. And also that the correlation of the weights with the errors, and the errors squared, are both zero. I.e., <math>\rho_{w,e} = 0</math> and <math>\rho_{w,e^2} = 0</math>.<ref name = "Park2001" />{{rp|4}} We notice that if <math>\hat \rho_{y,P} \approx 0</math>, then <math>\hat \alpha \approx \bar y</math> (i.e., the average of ''y''). In such a case, the formula reduces to : <math>Deff_{Spencer} = (1 + L) + \left(\frac{1}{relvar(y)}\right)^2 L </math> Only if the variance of ''y'' is much larger than its mean, then the right-most term is close to 0 (i.e., <math>\frac{1}{relvar(y)} = \frac{\bar Y}{\sigma_y} \approx 0</math>), which reduces Spencer's design effect (for the estimated total) to be equal to Kish's design effect (for the ratio means):<ref name = "Park2001" />{{rp|5}} <math>Deff_{Spencer} \approx (1 + L) = Deff_{Kish}</math>. Otherwise, the two formulas will yield different results, which demonstrates the difference between the design effect of the total vs. the design effect of the mean. ===== Park and Lee's <math forcemathmode="native">Deff</math> for estimated ratio-mean (<math forcemathmode="native">\hat{\bar{Y}}</math>) ===== In 2001, Park and Lee extended Spencer's formula to the case of the ratio-mean (i.e., estimating the mean by dividing the estimator of the total with the estimator of the population size). It is:<ref name = "Park2001" />{{rp|4}} : <math>Deff_{Park\&Lee} = (1 - \hat \rho^2_{y,P})(1 + cv_w^2) + \frac{\hat \rho_{y,P}^2}{cv_P^2} cv_w^2</math> Where: * <math>cv_P^2</math> is the (estimated) squared coefficient of variation of the probabilities of selection. Park and Lee's formula is exactly equal to Kish's formula when <math>\hat \rho_{y,P}^2 = 0</math>. Both formulas relate to the design effect of the mean of ''y'', while Spencer's <math>Deff</math> relates to the estimation of the population total. In general, the <math>Deff</math> for the total (<math>\hat{Y}</math>) tends to be less efficient than the <math>Deff</math> for the ratio mean (<math>\hat{\bar{Y}}</math>) when <math>\rho_{y,P}</math> is small. And in general, <math>\rho_{y,P}</math> impacts the efficiency of both design effects.<ref name = "park2006" />{{rp|8}} === Cluster sampling === For data collected using [[w:cluster sampling|cluster sampling]] we assume the following structure: * <math>n_k</math> observations in each cluster and ''K'' clusters, and with a total of <math>n = \sum n_k</math> observations. * The observations have a [[w:block matrix|block diagonal]] correlation matrix in which every pair of observations from the same cluster is correlated with an [[w:Intraclass correlation#Modern ICC definitions: simpler formula but positive bias|intra-class correlation]] of <math>\rho</math>, while every pair from difference clusters are uncorrelated.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Design effects and intraclass correlation coefficients from a health facility cluster survey in Benin|first1=Alexander K.|last1= Rowe |first2=Marcel|last2= Lama |first3=Faustin|last3= Onikpo |first4=Michael S.|last4= Deming |journal=International Journal for Quality in Health Care|year=2002|volume= 14|pages=521–523|issue=6|doi=10.1093/intqhc/14.6.521|pmid=12515339 |issn=1353-4505}}</ref> I.e., for every pair of observations, <math>i</math> and <math>j</math>, if they belong to the same cluster <math>k</math>, we get <math>cov(y_i, y_j) = \rho \sigma^2 </math>. And two items from two different clusters are not correlated, i.e.i.e.: <math>cov(y_i, y_j) = 0 </math>. * An element from any cluster is assumed to have the same variance: <math>var(y_i) = \sigma_h^2 = \sigma^2 </math>. When clusters are all of the same size <math>n^*</math>, the design effect ''D''_eff, proposed by Kish in 1965 (and later re-visited by others), is given by:<ref name=Kish1965/>{{rp|162}}<ref name = "Valliant2013" />{{rp|399}}<ref name = "park2006" />{{rp|9}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bland|first1= Michael|date= 2005|url=http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~mb55/talks/clusml.htm|title=Cluster randomised trials in the medical literature|publisher= University of York}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ahmed|first1=Saifuddin|url=https://ocw.jhsph.edu/courses/StatMethodsForSampleSurveys/PDFs/Lecture5.pdf |title=Methods in Sample Surveys|pages= 5–6|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928180152/https://ocw.jhsph.edu/courses/StatMethodsForSampleSurveys/PDFs/Lecture5.pdf|archivedate=2013-09-28|date=2009}}</ref><ref name = "Cochran1977" />{{rp|241}} :<math> Deff = 1 + (n^* - 1) \rho .</math> It is sometimes also denoted as <math>Deff_C</math>.<ref name = "Liu2002" />{{rp|2124}} In various papers, when cluster sizes are not equal, the above formula is also used with <math>n^*</math> as the average cluster size (which is also sometimes denoted as <math>\bar b</math>).<ref name="Kish1987">{{cite magazine|last1=Kish|first1= Leslie|date= 1987|title=Questions/Answers|work= The Survey Statistician|issn=0214-3240|volume=17|pages=13–17|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leslie_Kish,_1987,_Survey_Statistician_volume_17.pdf}}</ref><ref name = "Gabler1999" />{{rp|105}} In such cases, Kish's formula (using the average cluster weight) serves as a conservative (upper bound) of the exact design effect.<ref name = "Gabler1999" />{{rp|106}} Alternative formulas exists for unequal cluster sizes.<ref name=Kish1965/>{{rp|193}} Followup work had discussed the sensitivity of using the average cluster size with various assumptions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lynn|first1= Peter|first2=Siegfried|last2= Gabler|title=Approximations to ''b''* in the prediction of design effects due to clustering|issn=1492-0921|journal=Survey Methodology|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/12-001-x/2005001/article/8093-eng.pdf?st=J-njxreT|volume=31|issue=1|pages=101–104|date=2005}}</ref> === The design effect for complex designs === ==== Unequal selection probabilities <math>\times</math> Cluster sampling ==== In a 1987 paper, Kish proposed a combined design effect that incorporates both the effects due to weighting that accounts for unequal selection probabilities and cluster sampling:<ref name = "Kish1987" />{{rp|16}}<ref name = "Gabler1999" />{{rp|105}}<ref name = "Gabler2005">{{cite journal|last1=Gabler|first1= Siegfried|first2= Sabine|last2= Hader|first3= Peter|last3= Lynn|title= Design effects for multiple design samples|date= 2005|volume=32|issue=1|pages=115–120 |journal=Survey Methodology|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/12-001-x/2006001/article/9256-eng.pdf?st=YXTS--Q- |issn=1492-0921}}</ref>{{rp|4}}<ref name = "Park2001" />{{rp|2}} : <math>Deff_{Kish} = \frac{ n \sum\limits_{h=1}^H (n_h w_h^2) } { \left(\sum\limits_{h=1}^H n_h w_h \right)^2 } \left( 1 + (n^* - 1) \rho \right) = deff_k \times deff_C</math> The above uses notations similar to what is used in this article (the original 1987 publication used different notation).{{efn| The formula for Kish's design effect using the original notation:<ref name = "Kish1987" />{{rp|16}} : <math>Deff_{Kish} = deft^2 = deftu_s^2 (1+L) = \left( 1 + \rho (\bar b - 1) \right) \frac{ n \sum{k_j^2} } { \left(\sum{k_j}\right)^2 }</math> }} A [[w:Design effect#"Design based" vs "model based" for describing properties of estimators|model based]] justification for this formula was provided by Gabler et al.<ref name="Gabler1999" /> ==== Stratified sampling <math>\times</math> unequal selection probabilities <math>\times</math> Cluster sampling ==== In 2000, Liu and Aragon proposed a decomposition of unequal selection probabilities design effect for different strata in stratified sampling.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1 =Jun|first2= Elvessa|last2= Aragon|title=Subsampling strategies in longitudinal surveys|journal=Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods|date=2000|volume=2000|pages=307–312|url=http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/papers/2000_048.pdf|issn=0733-5830}}</ref> In 2002, Liu et al. extended that work to account for stratified samples, where within each stratum is a set of unequal selection probability weights. The cluster sampling is either global or per stratum.<ref name="Liu2002"/> Similar work was done also by Park et al. in 2003.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Park|first1= Inho|title=Design effects and survey planning|date=2003|url=http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2003/Files/JSM2003-000820.pdf|first2=Marianne|last2= Winglee|first3= Jay|last3= Clark|first4= Keith|last4= Rust|first5= Andrea|last5= Sedlak|first6= David|last6= Morganstein|issn=0733-5830|journal=Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods|volume=2003|pages=3179–3186}}</ref> ==== Chen-Rust <math>Deff</math>: Design effects to two- and three-stage designs with stratification ==== The Chen-Rust <math>Deff</math> extends the model-based justification of Kish’s 1987 formula for design effects proposed by Gabler, el. al. <ref name = "Gabler1999" />, applying it to two-stage designs with stratification at the first stage and to three-stage designs without stratification.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = Sixia | last2 = Rust | first2 = Keith | title = An extension of Kish's formula for design effects to two-and three-stage designs with stratification | journal = Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 111–130 | year = 2017 | doi=10.1093/jssam/smw036|issn=2325-0984 }}</ref> The modified formulae define the overall design effect using survey weights and population intracluster correlations. These formulae allow for insightful interpretations of design effects from various sources and can estimate intracluster correlations in completed surveys or predict design effects in future surveys. ==== Henry's <math>Deff</math>: a design effect measure for calibration weighting in single-stage samples ==== Henry's <math>Deff</math><ref name="Kimberly2015" /> proposes an extended model-assisted weighting design-effect measure for single-stage sampling and calibration weight adjustments for a case where <math>y_i = \alpha + \beta x_i + \epsilon_i</math>, where <math>x_i</math> is a vector of covariates, the model errors are independent, and the estimator of the population total is the general regression estimator (GREG) of Särndal, Swensson, and Wretman (1992).<ref name = "sarndal1992" /> The new measure considers the combined effects of non-epsem sampling design, unequal weights from calibration adjustments, and the correlation between an analysis variable and the auxiliaries used in calibration. ==== Lohr's <math>Deff</math>: a design effect for a regression slope in a cluster sample ==== Lohr's <math>Deff</math><ref name="Lohr2014">{{cite journal | last1 = Lohr | first1 = Sharon L. | title = Design Effects for a Regression Slope in a Cluster Sample | journal = Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 97–125 | year = 2014 | doi = 10.1093/jssam/smu003|issn=2325-0984 }}</ref> is for ordinary least squares (OLS) and generalized least squares (GLS) estimators in the context of cluster sampling, using a random coefficient regression model. Lohr presents conditions under which the GLS estimator of the regression slope has a design effect less than 1, indicating higher efficiency. However, the design effect of the GLS estimator is highly sensitive to model specification. If an underlying random coefficient model is incorrectly specified as a random intercept model, the design effect can be seriously understated. In contrast, the OLS estimator of the regression slope and the design effect calculated from a design-based perspective are robust to misspecification of the variance structure, making them more reliable in situations where the model specification may not be accurate. == Uses == <math>Deff</math> may be used when planning a future data collection, as well as a diagnostic tool:<ref name = "Cochran1977">{{cite book|last1=Cochran|first1= W. G.|date=1977|title=Sampling Techniques|edition=3rd|location= Nashville, TN|publisher= John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-16240-7}}</ref>{{rp|85}} * '''When planning a future data collection''' - <math>Deff</math> may be used to evaluate the sampling efficiency. E.g. if there is potentially "too much" increase in variance due to some sampling design decision, or if some alternative (economically feasible) design is more efficient. This also influences the sample size (overall, per stratum, per cluster, etc.). When planning the sample size, work may be done to correct the design effect so as to separate the interviewer effect (measurement error) from the effects of the sampling design on the sampling variance.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zins|first1= Stefan|first2=Jan Pablo|last2= Burgard|title=Considering interviewer and design effects when planning sample sizes|journal=Survey Methodology|volume= 46|issue=1 |date=2020|pages=93–119|issn= 1492-0921| |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/12-001-x/2020001/article/00005-eng.htm}}</ref> * '''As a diagnostic tool''' - <math>Deff</math> may help in evaluating potential problems with a post-hoc weighting analysis (e.g. from non-response adjustments).<ref name = "Kalton2005" /> For example, if the <math>Deff</math> value is especially high, then it might indicate an issue with the sampling or weighting scheme. This can also assist when performing some manipulation on the weights (e.g., weight trimming), the design effect could be used to evaluate the influence of the manipulation on the effective sample size.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Potter|first1= Frank|first2=Yuhong|last2= Zheng|title=Methods and issues in trimming extreme weights in sample surveys|volume=2015|date=2015|url=http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2015/files/234115.pdf|pages=2707–2719|issn=0733-5830|journal=Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods}}</ref> And also in identifying glaring issues with the data or its analysis (e.g., ranging from mistakes to the presence of [[w:Outlier|Outlier]]s).<ref name="kish1992"/>{{rp|191}} Although some literature suggests that <math>Deff > 1.5</math> is likely to require some attention,<ref name = "Valliant2013" />{{rp|396}} there is no universal rule of thumb for which design effect value is "too high". Practical considerations of <math>Deff</math> values are often context dependent. Considering the design effect is unnecessary when<ref name = "Kish1995"/>{{rp|57–62}} the source population is closely [[w:Independent and identically distributed random variables|IID]], or when the sample design of the data was drawn as a [[w:simple random sample|simple random sample]]. It is also less useful when the sample size is relatively small (at least partially, for practical reasons). While Kish originally hoped to have the design effect be as agnostic as possible to the underlying distribution of the data, sampling probabilities, their correlations, and the statistics of interest, followup research has shown that these do influence the design effect. Hence, these properties should be carefully considered when deciding which <math>Deff</math> calculation to use, and how to use it.<ref name = "park2006" />{{rp|13}}<ref name = "Park2001" />{{rp|6}} The design effect is rarely applied when constructing confidence intervals. Ideally, one would be able to determine, for an estimator of a particular parameter, both the variance under Simple Random Sample (SRS) with replacement and the design effect (which accounts for all elements of the sampling design that change the variance). In such scenarios, the basic variance and the design effect could have been multiplied to compute the variance of the estimator for the specific design.<ref name=Kish1965 />{{rp|259}} This computed value can then be employed to form confidence intervals. However, in real-world applications, it is uncommon to estimate both values simultaneously. As a result, other methods are favored. For instance, Taylor linearization is utilized to construct confidence intervals based on the [[w:Weighted_arithmetic_mean#Variance|variance of the weighted mean]]. More broadly, the bootstrap method, also known as [[w:Weighted_arithmetic_mean#Replication-based_estimators|replication weights]], is applied for a range of weighted statistics. == Software implementations == Kish's design effect is implemented in various statistical software packages: * R: [https://r-survey.r-forge.r-project.org/survey/html/surveysummary.html surveysummary] from the [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/survey/index.html survey] package.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lumley | first1 = Thomas | title = Analysis of Complex Survey Samples | journal = Journal of Statistical Software | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–19 | year = 2004 | note = R package version 2.2|doi=10.18637/jss.v009.i08|issn=1548-7660 }}</ref> It is also implemented in other R packages (e.g., pewmethods<ref>{{cite web | url = https://github.com/pewresearch/pewmethods | title = pewmethods | publisher = GitHub | access-date = November 28, 2023 | author = Pew Research Center }}</ref>, and samplesize4surveys<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/samplesize4surveys/index.html | title = samplesize4surveys | publisher = The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) | access-date = November 28, 2023|date=January 17, 2020|last1=Gutierrez Rojas|first1=Hugo Andres }} </ref>). * Python: [https://import-balance.org/api_reference/html/balance.stats_and_plots.weights_stats.html#balance.stats_and_plots.weights_stats.design_effect design_effect] from the [https://import-balance.org/ balance] package.<ref>{{cite arXiv |last1=Sarig |first1=Tal|last2=Galili|first2=Tal|last3=Eilat|first3=Roee|eprint=2307.06024 |title=balance -- a Python package for balancing biased data samples |class=stat.CO |year=2023 }}</ref> * SAS: Using Proc Surveymeans.<ref>{{cite conference | last = Buskirk | first = Trent D. | title = Estimating Design Effects for Means, Proportions and Totals from Complex Sample Survey Data Using SAS® Proc Surveymeans | conference= Midwest SAS Users Group Conference 2011 | year = 2011 | publisher = Saint Louis University School of Public Health | location = Saint Louis, MO | url = https://www.mwsug.org/proceedings/2011/stats/MWSUG-2011-SA11.pdf | format = PDF | access-date = November 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511160802/https://www.mwsug.org/proceedings/2011/stats/MWSUG-2011-SA11.pdf|archivedate=May 11, 2015|pages=1–13 }}</ref> * Stata: Using the estat post-estimation command after the svy: mean command.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://stats.oarc.ucla.edu/stata/seminars/survey-data-analysis-in-stata-17/ | title = Survey Data Analysis in Stata 17 |publisher=UCLA Statistical Consulting Group|access-date=November 28, 2023|date=2021|archivedate=June 7, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607050827/https://stats.oarc.ucla.edu/stata/seminars/survey-data-analysis-in-stata-17/}}</ref> * sudaan.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://sudaanorder.rti.org/examples/DESCRIPT%20Example%201.pdf | title = DESCRIPT Example 1 | publisher = RTI International | access-date = November 28, 2023 }}</ref> * WESVAR: calculates Kish's design effect with replacement (SRSWR), i.e. <math>Deft</math>.<ref>{{cite conference | url = https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/11-522-x/2002001/session6/6728-eng.pdf?st=do0zuOhp | title = WesVar: Software for complex survey data analysis | first1 = G. Hussain|last1= Choudhry | first2 = Richard|last2= Valliant | conference = Statistics Canada Symposium|location=Ottawa|publisher=Statistics Canada | year = 2002 | access-date = November 28, 2023 }}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} adiyp99tuvp0nvdig8my089lu1yms1n 118 298255 2690042 2687819 2024-12-03T01:19:26Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Part IV: Man the Knower */ Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] 2690042 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox book | | name = Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy | image = File:Aristotle for Everybody, first edition.jpg | caption = Cover of the first edition | author = [[Mortimer J. Adler]] | country = United States | language = English | subject = [[Aristotle]] | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | pub_date = 1978 | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]]) | pages = 206 (paperback edition) | isbn = 978-0684838236 }}--> An Introduction to [[w:Aristotelianism|Aristotelianism]] composed entirely of the primary source works of Aristotle as arranged and cited by {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} in the appendix "for those who have read or wish to read to [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]". By linking to each cited tractate's book and chapter, this companion wiki course makes study of the sources easy and elegant. Since Adler's compilation and analysis is a derivative work, and we hold this to be [[#Fair_use_of_a_Derivative_and_Copyrighted_Work_derived_from_Primary_Sources_in_the_Public_Domain|fair use of any copyright held on the derivative]], in accordance with the public education manifestos published by professor Adler himself, and in honor of his lifework. Please acquire that book to read and critically evaluate alongside this companion course, composed the primary sources. This course is being migrated from the wikipedia article [[w:Aristotle_for_Everybody|Aristotle for Everybody]], as it is more appropriate to this project than that. == Part I: Man the Philosophical Animal == === 1. Aristotle's Fourfold Classification of Sensible, Material Substances: Inorganic Bodies, Plants, Animals, Men. [Philosophical Games] === ''The criteria by which Aristotle distinguished between living and non-living things; within the domain of living things, between plants and animals, and within the domain animal life, between brute animals and [[w:Rational_animal|rational animal]]<nowiki/>s, id est, human beings'' / [[w:Homo_sapiens|homo sapiens]]. Division by [[w:Dichotomies|dichotomies]] that are [[w:Jointly_exhaustive|jointly exhaustive]] and [[w:Mutually_exclusive|mutually exclusive]]. * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] [[s:Metaphysics (Ross, 1908)/Book 1|I.1]] * [[w:On the Soul|On the Soul]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 1|I.1]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 5|I.5]]; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 2/Chapter 1|II.1-3]],5,9; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 3/Chapter 1|III.3]],12 * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_X|X.1]] * [[w:Generation of Animals|Generation of Animals]] I.1-9 IV.4-6 * [[w:Parts of Animals|Parts of Animals]] I.4-5 ''Aristotle was aware of difficulties in applying this scheme of classification. The difficulties arise because of the existence of borderline cases that straddle the lines that divide the living from the nonliving, and plants from animals.'' * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_VIII|VIII.1]] ''The difference between [[w:Essence|essential]] and [[w:Accident_(philosophy)|accidental]] differences.'' * [[w:Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]] V * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] V.4,11; IX.8 === 2. The Range of Beings: The Ten Categories [The Great Divide] === ''The being of objects that do not exist in the way that sensible, material substances exist (e.g. mathematical objects, fictions, minds, ideas, [[immaterial substance]]<nowiki/>s, such as the disembodies intelligences that are the celestial motors, and God).'' [[w:Ousia|Ousia]] * Metaphysics III.5-6, XII.8, XIII.1-5 * On the Heavens, II.1, II.12 * On the Soul, III.4-6 ''The distinction between substance and accident, id est, between bodies and their attributes.'' * Categories 5-7 * Physics I.2 * Metaphysics VII.4-6 ''The foregoing distinction is related to the point that material substances are the subjects of change, and their accidents are the respects in which they change.'' * Physics I.6-7, II.3 Essence or specific nature in relation to substantial form. * Metaphysics, V.4, V.11, VII.16-, VIII1-6, IX.8 * On the Soul II.4 The hierarchy of specific natures or essences * Metaphysics VIII.3 * On the Soul, II.3 Aristotle's inventory of the various categories under which the accidental attributes of substance fall. * Categories 4 Among the accidents of substance, some are permanent or unchanging; these are the properties that are inseparable from the essential nature of each kind of material substance. * Topics V.1-3 Aristotle's policy with regard to the ambiguity of words. * On interpretation, 1 * Topics II.4 === 3. Productive, Practical, and Theoretic Reason or Mind [Man's Three Dimensions] === ''Aristotle's threefold division of intellectual activity or thought, into thought for the sake of making things, thought for the sake of moral and political action, and thought for the sake of acquiring knowledge as an end in itself.'' Aristotle's classification of three activities of a human being: making, doing, and knowing, corresponding to the three types of reason: productive, practical, and theoretical. Adler titles these sections "Man the Maker," "Man the Doer," and "Man the Knower," respectively. * Ethics VI.2-4 * On the Soul, III.7 == Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker] == {{expand section|date=April 2021}} In response to the errors and partial truths of: * [[w:Parmenides|Parmenides]] and his disciple [[w:Zeno of Elea|Zeno of Elea]] * [[w:Heraclitus|Heraclitus]] and his disciple [[w:Cratylus|Cratylus]] Aristotle developed his theory of change. It involves distinction between [[w:inertia|inertia]] (or rest) and movement. In local motion, there is a distinction between natural movement and violent or [[w:projectile motion|projectile motion]]. There is also change in quality, such as when a green tomato ripens and becomes red. This type of change can be either natural or artificial, for example a green chair can be painted red. There can be a change in quantity. There can also be [[w:generation and corruption|generation and corruption]] - coming to be and passing away. Aristotle takes note of what we now call [[w:conservation of matter|conservation of matter]]. === 4. Nature as artist and the human artist as imitator of nature === === 5. Three main modes of accidental change: change of place, change of quality, change of quantity === === 6. Aristotle's doctrine of the [[w:four causes|four causes]]: efficient, material, formal, and final. === Physics, [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82/2#%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_3 II.3-9] Metaphysics [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_1|I]].3-10, [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_5|V]].3, VI.2-3, VII.17, VIII.2-4, IX.8, XII.4-5 === 7. Further developments in the theory of [[w:Potentiality and actuality|Potentiality and Actuality]], and Matter and Form, especially with respect to [[w:substantial change|substantial change]], or Generation and Corruption. [To Be or Not to Be] === === 8. Aristotle's analysis of the intellectual factors in artistic production and his classification of the arts [Productive ideas and know-how] === [[w:Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian physics]] [[w:Theory of impetus|Theory of impetus]] == Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer] == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part V: Difficult Philosophical Questions == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Fair use of a Derivative and Copyrighted Work derived from Primary Sources in the Public Domain == * [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#Derivative_works]] * The editor believes this to be fair use of material under U.S. Copyright, insofar as the copyrighted material is a derivative compilation of primary sources in the public domain. * [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#What_is_fair_use?]] * [[w:Wikipedia:Copyrights#Using_copyrighted_work_from_others]] * although uncertain whether this is [[w:Free_content|free content]] or [[w:Wikipedia:Non-free_content|non-free content]].</ref> == Further Reading and Commentary suggested by Wikiversity Professors == * {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} * {{cite book|title=The Basic Works of Aristotle|author=Aristotle|date=1941|publisher=Random House|editor=Richard McKeon|editor-link=Richard McKeon|location=New York|author-link=Aristotle}} * {{Cite book|title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction|last=Barnes|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-285408-7|author-link=Jonathan Barnes}} === Classic and Scholastic Expositors === *[[s:Isagoge (Owen)|Isagoge]] (Introduction) to Aristotle's [[s:Organon_(Owen)/Categories|Categories]] by [[w:Porphyry]] ''not recommended'' but of significant influence in late antiquity through middle ages. *[[s:The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed_(1904)|Guide to the Perplexed]], by [[w:Maimonides|Maimonides]] ''recommended'': its latin translation initiated the [[w:Scholastic|Scholastic]] movement that created the medieval universities. lz1vxwlgt2940734ji0av42aqw1ks94 2690043 2690042 2024-12-03T01:21:44Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] */ 16. The Senses and the Intellect: Perception, Memory, Imagination, and Conceptual Thought 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth 19. Theory of Knowledge and Distinction between Knowledge and Right Opinion You can help expand this section. 2690043 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox book | | name = Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy | image = File:Aristotle for Everybody, first edition.jpg | caption = Cover of the first edition | author = [[Mortimer J. Adler]] | country = United States | language = English | subject = [[Aristotle]] | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | pub_date = 1978 | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]]) | pages = 206 (paperback edition) | isbn = 978-0684838236 }}--> An Introduction to [[w:Aristotelianism|Aristotelianism]] composed entirely of the primary source works of Aristotle as arranged and cited by {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} in the appendix "for those who have read or wish to read to [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]". By linking to each cited tractate's book and chapter, this companion wiki course makes study of the sources easy and elegant. Since Adler's compilation and analysis is a derivative work, and we hold this to be [[#Fair_use_of_a_Derivative_and_Copyrighted_Work_derived_from_Primary_Sources_in_the_Public_Domain|fair use of any copyright held on the derivative]], in accordance with the public education manifestos published by professor Adler himself, and in honor of his lifework. Please acquire that book to read and critically evaluate alongside this companion course, composed the primary sources. This course is being migrated from the wikipedia article [[w:Aristotle_for_Everybody|Aristotle for Everybody]], as it is more appropriate to this project than that. == Part I: Man the Philosophical Animal == === 1. Aristotle's Fourfold Classification of Sensible, Material Substances: Inorganic Bodies, Plants, Animals, Men. [Philosophical Games] === ''The criteria by which Aristotle distinguished between living and non-living things; within the domain of living things, between plants and animals, and within the domain animal life, between brute animals and [[w:Rational_animal|rational animal]]<nowiki/>s, id est, human beings'' / [[w:Homo_sapiens|homo sapiens]]. Division by [[w:Dichotomies|dichotomies]] that are [[w:Jointly_exhaustive|jointly exhaustive]] and [[w:Mutually_exclusive|mutually exclusive]]. * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] [[s:Metaphysics (Ross, 1908)/Book 1|I.1]] * [[w:On the Soul|On the Soul]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 1|I.1]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 5|I.5]]; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 2/Chapter 1|II.1-3]],5,9; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 3/Chapter 1|III.3]],12 * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_X|X.1]] * [[w:Generation of Animals|Generation of Animals]] I.1-9 IV.4-6 * [[w:Parts of Animals|Parts of Animals]] I.4-5 ''Aristotle was aware of difficulties in applying this scheme of classification. The difficulties arise because of the existence of borderline cases that straddle the lines that divide the living from the nonliving, and plants from animals.'' * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_VIII|VIII.1]] ''The difference between [[w:Essence|essential]] and [[w:Accident_(philosophy)|accidental]] differences.'' * [[w:Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]] V * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] V.4,11; IX.8 === 2. The Range of Beings: The Ten Categories [The Great Divide] === ''The being of objects that do not exist in the way that sensible, material substances exist (e.g. mathematical objects, fictions, minds, ideas, [[immaterial substance]]<nowiki/>s, such as the disembodies intelligences that are the celestial motors, and God).'' [[w:Ousia|Ousia]] * Metaphysics III.5-6, XII.8, XIII.1-5 * On the Heavens, II.1, II.12 * On the Soul, III.4-6 ''The distinction between substance and accident, id est, between bodies and their attributes.'' * Categories 5-7 * Physics I.2 * Metaphysics VII.4-6 ''The foregoing distinction is related to the point that material substances are the subjects of change, and their accidents are the respects in which they change.'' * Physics I.6-7, II.3 Essence or specific nature in relation to substantial form. * Metaphysics, V.4, V.11, VII.16-, VIII1-6, IX.8 * On the Soul II.4 The hierarchy of specific natures or essences * Metaphysics VIII.3 * On the Soul, II.3 Aristotle's inventory of the various categories under which the accidental attributes of substance fall. * Categories 4 Among the accidents of substance, some are permanent or unchanging; these are the properties that are inseparable from the essential nature of each kind of material substance. * Topics V.1-3 Aristotle's policy with regard to the ambiguity of words. * On interpretation, 1 * Topics II.4 === 3. Productive, Practical, and Theoretic Reason or Mind [Man's Three Dimensions] === ''Aristotle's threefold division of intellectual activity or thought, into thought for the sake of making things, thought for the sake of moral and political action, and thought for the sake of acquiring knowledge as an end in itself.'' Aristotle's classification of three activities of a human being: making, doing, and knowing, corresponding to the three types of reason: productive, practical, and theoretical. Adler titles these sections "Man the Maker," "Man the Doer," and "Man the Knower," respectively. * Ethics VI.2-4 * On the Soul, III.7 == Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker] == {{expand section|date=April 2021}} In response to the errors and partial truths of: * [[w:Parmenides|Parmenides]] and his disciple [[w:Zeno of Elea|Zeno of Elea]] * [[w:Heraclitus|Heraclitus]] and his disciple [[w:Cratylus|Cratylus]] Aristotle developed his theory of change. It involves distinction between [[w:inertia|inertia]] (or rest) and movement. In local motion, there is a distinction between natural movement and violent or [[w:projectile motion|projectile motion]]. There is also change in quality, such as when a green tomato ripens and becomes red. This type of change can be either natural or artificial, for example a green chair can be painted red. There can be a change in quantity. There can also be [[w:generation and corruption|generation and corruption]] - coming to be and passing away. Aristotle takes note of what we now call [[w:conservation of matter|conservation of matter]]. === 4. Nature as artist and the human artist as imitator of nature === === 5. Three main modes of accidental change: change of place, change of quality, change of quantity === === 6. Aristotle's doctrine of the [[w:four causes|four causes]]: efficient, material, formal, and final. === Physics, [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82/2#%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_3 II.3-9] Metaphysics [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_1|I]].3-10, [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_5|V]].3, VI.2-3, VII.17, VIII.2-4, IX.8, XII.4-5 === 7. Further developments in the theory of [[w:Potentiality and actuality|Potentiality and Actuality]], and Matter and Form, especially with respect to [[w:substantial change|substantial change]], or Generation and Corruption. [To Be or Not to Be] === === 8. Aristotle's analysis of the intellectual factors in artistic production and his classification of the arts [Productive ideas and know-how] === [[w:Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian physics]] [[w:Theory of impetus|Theory of impetus]] == Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer] == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] == === 16. The Senses and the Intellect: Perception, Memory, Imagination, and Conceptual Thought === === 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning === === 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth === === 19. Theory of Knowledge and Distinction between Knowledge and Right Opinion === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part V: Difficult Philosophical Questions == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Fair use of a Derivative and Copyrighted Work derived from Primary Sources in the Public Domain == * [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#Derivative_works]] * The editor believes this to be fair use of material under U.S. Copyright, insofar as the copyrighted material is a derivative compilation of primary sources in the public domain. * [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#What_is_fair_use?]] * [[w:Wikipedia:Copyrights#Using_copyrighted_work_from_others]] * although uncertain whether this is [[w:Free_content|free content]] or [[w:Wikipedia:Non-free_content|non-free content]].</ref> == Further Reading and Commentary suggested by Wikiversity Professors == * {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} * {{cite book|title=The Basic Works of Aristotle|author=Aristotle|date=1941|publisher=Random House|editor=Richard McKeon|editor-link=Richard McKeon|location=New York|author-link=Aristotle}} * {{Cite book|title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction|last=Barnes|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-285408-7|author-link=Jonathan Barnes}} === Classic and Scholastic Expositors === *[[s:Isagoge (Owen)|Isagoge]] (Introduction) to Aristotle's [[s:Organon_(Owen)/Categories|Categories]] by [[w:Porphyry]] ''not recommended'' but of significant influence in late antiquity through middle ages. *[[s:The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed_(1904)|Guide to the Perplexed]], by [[w:Maimonides|Maimonides]] ''recommended'': its latin translation initiated the [[w:Scholastic|Scholastic]] movement that created the medieval universities. 8igefwnjeshdmihobwmpex9zpg1kw9y 2690044 2690043 2024-12-03T01:26:14Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* 16. The Senses and the Intellect: Perception, Memory, Imagination, and Conceptual Thought */ 2690044 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox book | | name = Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy | image = File:Aristotle for Everybody, first edition.jpg | caption = Cover of the first edition | author = [[Mortimer J. Adler]] | country = United States | language = English | subject = [[Aristotle]] | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | pub_date = 1978 | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]]) | pages = 206 (paperback edition) | isbn = 978-0684838236 }}--> An Introduction to [[w:Aristotelianism|Aristotelianism]] composed entirely of the primary source works of Aristotle as arranged and cited by {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} in the appendix "for those who have read or wish to read to [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]". By linking to each cited tractate's book and chapter, this companion wiki course makes study of the sources easy and elegant. Since Adler's compilation and analysis is a derivative work, and we hold this to be [[#Fair_use_of_a_Derivative_and_Copyrighted_Work_derived_from_Primary_Sources_in_the_Public_Domain|fair use of any copyright held on the derivative]], in accordance with the public education manifestos published by professor Adler himself, and in honor of his lifework. Please acquire that book to read and critically evaluate alongside this companion course, composed the primary sources. This course is being migrated from the wikipedia article [[w:Aristotle_for_Everybody|Aristotle for Everybody]], as it is more appropriate to this project than that. == Part I: Man the Philosophical Animal == === 1. Aristotle's Fourfold Classification of Sensible, Material Substances: Inorganic Bodies, Plants, Animals, Men. [Philosophical Games] === ''The criteria by which Aristotle distinguished between living and non-living things; within the domain of living things, between plants and animals, and within the domain animal life, between brute animals and [[w:Rational_animal|rational animal]]<nowiki/>s, id est, human beings'' / [[w:Homo_sapiens|homo sapiens]]. Division by [[w:Dichotomies|dichotomies]] that are [[w:Jointly_exhaustive|jointly exhaustive]] and [[w:Mutually_exclusive|mutually exclusive]]. * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] [[s:Metaphysics (Ross, 1908)/Book 1|I.1]] * [[w:On the Soul|On the Soul]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 1|I.1]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 5|I.5]]; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 2/Chapter 1|II.1-3]],5,9; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 3/Chapter 1|III.3]],12 * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_X|X.1]] * [[w:Generation of Animals|Generation of Animals]] I.1-9 IV.4-6 * [[w:Parts of Animals|Parts of Animals]] I.4-5 ''Aristotle was aware of difficulties in applying this scheme of classification. The difficulties arise because of the existence of borderline cases that straddle the lines that divide the living from the nonliving, and plants from animals.'' * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_VIII|VIII.1]] ''The difference between [[w:Essence|essential]] and [[w:Accident_(philosophy)|accidental]] differences.'' * [[w:Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]] V * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] V.4,11; IX.8 === 2. The Range of Beings: The Ten Categories [The Great Divide] === ''The being of objects that do not exist in the way that sensible, material substances exist (e.g. mathematical objects, fictions, minds, ideas, [[immaterial substance]]<nowiki/>s, such as the disembodies intelligences that are the celestial motors, and God).'' [[w:Ousia|Ousia]] * Metaphysics III.5-6, XII.8, XIII.1-5 * On the Heavens, II.1, II.12 * On the Soul, III.4-6 ''The distinction between substance and accident, id est, between bodies and their attributes.'' * Categories 5-7 * Physics I.2 * Metaphysics VII.4-6 ''The foregoing distinction is related to the point that material substances are the subjects of change, and their accidents are the respects in which they change.'' * Physics I.6-7, II.3 Essence or specific nature in relation to substantial form. * Metaphysics, V.4, V.11, VII.16-, VIII1-6, IX.8 * On the Soul II.4 The hierarchy of specific natures or essences * Metaphysics VIII.3 * On the Soul, II.3 Aristotle's inventory of the various categories under which the accidental attributes of substance fall. * Categories 4 Among the accidents of substance, some are permanent or unchanging; these are the properties that are inseparable from the essential nature of each kind of material substance. * Topics V.1-3 Aristotle's policy with regard to the ambiguity of words. * On interpretation, 1 * Topics II.4 === 3. Productive, Practical, and Theoretic Reason or Mind [Man's Three Dimensions] === ''Aristotle's threefold division of intellectual activity or thought, into thought for the sake of making things, thought for the sake of moral and political action, and thought for the sake of acquiring knowledge as an end in itself.'' Aristotle's classification of three activities of a human being: making, doing, and knowing, corresponding to the three types of reason: productive, practical, and theoretical. Adler titles these sections "Man the Maker," "Man the Doer," and "Man the Knower," respectively. * Ethics VI.2-4 * On the Soul, III.7 == Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker] == {{expand section|date=April 2021}} In response to the errors and partial truths of: * [[w:Parmenides|Parmenides]] and his disciple [[w:Zeno of Elea|Zeno of Elea]] * [[w:Heraclitus|Heraclitus]] and his disciple [[w:Cratylus|Cratylus]] Aristotle developed his theory of change. It involves distinction between [[w:inertia|inertia]] (or rest) and movement. In local motion, there is a distinction between natural movement and violent or [[w:projectile motion|projectile motion]]. There is also change in quality, such as when a green tomato ripens and becomes red. This type of change can be either natural or artificial, for example a green chair can be painted red. There can be a change in quantity. There can also be [[w:generation and corruption|generation and corruption]] - coming to be and passing away. Aristotle takes note of what we now call [[w:conservation of matter|conservation of matter]]. === 4. Nature as artist and the human artist as imitator of nature === === 5. Three main modes of accidental change: change of place, change of quality, change of quantity === === 6. Aristotle's doctrine of the [[w:four causes|four causes]]: efficient, material, formal, and final. === Physics, [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82/2#%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_3 II.3-9] Metaphysics [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_1|I]].3-10, [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_5|V]].3, VI.2-3, VII.17, VIII.2-4, IX.8, XII.4-5 === 7. Further developments in the theory of [[w:Potentiality and actuality|Potentiality and Actuality]], and Matter and Form, especially with respect to [[w:substantial change|substantial change]], or Generation and Corruption. [To Be or Not to Be] === === 8. Aristotle's analysis of the intellectual factors in artistic production and his classification of the arts [Productive ideas and know-how] === [[w:Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian physics]] [[w:Theory of impetus|Theory of impetus]] == Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer] == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] == === 16. The Senses and the Intellect: Perception, Memory, Imagination, and Conceptual Thought === Language in relation to thought. * Categories I * On Interpretation, 1-2 Account of the external senses and of their distinction from the interior senses: the common sense, memory, and imagination. * On the Soul II.5-12, III.1-3 * Sense and the Sensible * History of Animals IV.8 Distinction between mere sensations and perceptual experience * Metaphysics I.1 Doctrine that sensations and ideas, taken by themselves or in isolation, are neither true nor false * Categories 4 * On Interpretation 1 * On the Soul II.6, III.3, III.6 * Metaphysics IV.5, V.29 === 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning === === 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth === === 19. Theory of Knowledge and Distinction between Knowledge and Right Opinion === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part V: Difficult Philosophical Questions == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Fair use of a Derivative and Copyrighted Work derived from Primary Sources in the Public Domain == * [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#Derivative_works]] * The editor believes this to be fair use of material under U.S. Copyright, insofar as the copyrighted material is a derivative compilation of primary sources in the public domain. * [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#What_is_fair_use?]] * [[w:Wikipedia:Copyrights#Using_copyrighted_work_from_others]] * although uncertain whether this is [[w:Free_content|free content]] or [[w:Wikipedia:Non-free_content|non-free content]].</ref> == Further Reading and Commentary suggested by Wikiversity Professors == * {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} * {{cite book|title=The Basic Works of Aristotle|author=Aristotle|date=1941|publisher=Random House|editor=Richard McKeon|editor-link=Richard McKeon|location=New York|author-link=Aristotle}} * {{Cite book|title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction|last=Barnes|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-285408-7|author-link=Jonathan Barnes}} === Classic and Scholastic Expositors === *[[s:Isagoge (Owen)|Isagoge]] (Introduction) to Aristotle's [[s:Organon_(Owen)/Categories|Categories]] by [[w:Porphyry]] ''not recommended'' but of significant influence in late antiquity through middle ages. *[[s:The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed_(1904)|Guide to the Perplexed]], by [[w:Maimonides|Maimonides]] ''recommended'': its latin translation initiated the [[w:Scholastic|Scholastic]] movement that created the medieval universities. bj6h5lp6sp6t2k18k111bydtinzo17n 2690045 2690044 2024-12-03T01:37:23Z Jaredscribe 2906761 An Introduction to Common Sense and Aristotelian philosophy. 2690045 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox book | | name = Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy | image = File:Aristotle for Everybody, first edition.jpg | caption = Cover of the first edition | author = [[Mortimer J. Adler]] | country = United States | language = English | subject = [[Aristotle]] | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | pub_date = 1978 | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]]) | pages = 206 (paperback edition) | isbn = 978-0684838236 }}--> An Introduction to Common Sense and [[w:Aristotelianism|Aristotelian philosophy]]. This reading companion and guide through Aristotle tractates was arranged and cited by {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} as a bibliography and "Epilogue: for those who have read or wish to read to [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]". By linking to each cited tractate's book and chapter, this companion wiki course makes study of the sources easy and elegant. Since Adler's bibliography is a derivative work of the tractates which it arranges, we hold this use of his bibliography and summary notes to be [[#Fair_use_of_a_Derivative_and_Copyrighted_Work_derived_from_Primary_Sources_in_the_Public_Domain|fair use of any copyright held on the derivative]]. Its also in accordance with the public education manifestos published by professor Adler himself, and in honor of his lifework. Please acquire that book to read and critically evaluate alongside this companion course, composed the primary sources. This course is being migrated from the wikipedia article [[w:Aristotle_for_Everybody|Aristotle for Everybody]], as it is more appropriate to this project than that. == Part I: Man the Philosophical Animal == === 1. Aristotle's Fourfold Classification of Sensible, Material Substances: Inorganic Bodies, Plants, Animals, Men. [Philosophical Games] === ''The criteria by which Aristotle distinguished between living and non-living things; within the domain of living things, between plants and animals, and within the domain animal life, between brute animals and [[w:Rational_animal|rational animal]]<nowiki/>s, id est, human beings'' / [[w:Homo_sapiens|homo sapiens]]. Division by [[w:Dichotomies|dichotomies]] that are [[w:Jointly_exhaustive|jointly exhaustive]] and [[w:Mutually_exclusive|mutually exclusive]]. * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] [[s:Metaphysics (Ross, 1908)/Book 1|I.1]] * [[w:On the Soul|On the Soul]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 1|I.1]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 5|I.5]]; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 2/Chapter 1|II.1-3]],5,9; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 3/Chapter 1|III.3]],12 * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_X|X.1]] * [[w:Generation of Animals|Generation of Animals]] I.1-9 IV.4-6 * [[w:Parts of Animals|Parts of Animals]] I.4-5 ''Aristotle was aware of difficulties in applying this scheme of classification. The difficulties arise because of the existence of borderline cases that straddle the lines that divide the living from the nonliving, and plants from animals.'' * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_VIII|VIII.1]] ''The difference between [[w:Essence|essential]] and [[w:Accident_(philosophy)|accidental]] differences.'' * [[w:Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]] V * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] V.4,11; IX.8 === 2. The Range of Beings: The Ten Categories [The Great Divide] === ''The being of objects that do not exist in the way that sensible, material substances exist (e.g. mathematical objects, fictions, minds, ideas, [[immaterial substance]]<nowiki/>s, such as the disembodies intelligences that are the celestial motors, and God).'' [[w:Ousia|Ousia]] * Metaphysics III.5-6, XII.8, XIII.1-5 * On the Heavens, II.1, II.12 * On the Soul, III.4-6 ''The distinction between substance and accident, id est, between bodies and their attributes.'' * Categories 5-7 * Physics I.2 * Metaphysics VII.4-6 ''The foregoing distinction is related to the point that material substances are the subjects of change, and their accidents are the respects in which they change.'' * Physics I.6-7, II.3 Essence or specific nature in relation to substantial form. * Metaphysics, V.4, V.11, VII.16-, VIII1-6, IX.8 * On the Soul II.4 The hierarchy of specific natures or essences * Metaphysics VIII.3 * On the Soul, II.3 Aristotle's inventory of the various categories under which the accidental attributes of substance fall. * Categories 4 Among the accidents of substance, some are permanent or unchanging; these are the properties that are inseparable from the essential nature of each kind of material substance. * Topics V.1-3 Aristotle's policy with regard to the ambiguity of words. * On interpretation, 1 * Topics II.4 === 3. Productive, Practical, and Theoretic Reason or Mind [Man's Three Dimensions] === ''Aristotle's threefold division of intellectual activity or thought, into thought for the sake of making things, thought for the sake of moral and political action, and thought for the sake of acquiring knowledge as an end in itself.'' Aristotle's classification of three activities of a human being: making, doing, and knowing, corresponding to the three types of reason: productive, practical, and theoretical. Adler titles these sections "Man the Maker," "Man the Doer," and "Man the Knower," respectively. * Ethics VI.2-4 * On the Soul, III.7 == Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker] == {{expand section|date=April 2021}} In response to the errors and partial truths of: * [[w:Parmenides|Parmenides]] and his disciple [[w:Zeno of Elea|Zeno of Elea]] * [[w:Heraclitus|Heraclitus]] and his disciple [[w:Cratylus|Cratylus]] Aristotle developed his theory of change. It involves distinction between [[w:inertia|inertia]] (or rest) and movement. In local motion, there is a distinction between natural movement and violent or [[w:projectile motion|projectile motion]]. There is also change in quality, such as when a green tomato ripens and becomes red. This type of change can be either natural or artificial, for example a green chair can be painted red. There can be a change in quantity. There can also be [[w:generation and corruption|generation and corruption]] - coming to be and passing away. Aristotle takes note of what we now call [[w:conservation of matter|conservation of matter]]. === 4. Nature as artist and the human artist as imitator of nature === === 5. Three main modes of accidental change: change of place, change of quality, change of quantity === === 6. Aristotle's doctrine of the [[w:four causes|four causes]]: efficient, material, formal, and final. === Physics, [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82/2#%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_3 II.3-9] Metaphysics [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_1|I]].3-10, [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_5|V]].3, VI.2-3, VII.17, VIII.2-4, IX.8, XII.4-5 === 7. Further developments in the theory of [[w:Potentiality and actuality|Potentiality and Actuality]], and Matter and Form, especially with respect to [[w:substantial change|substantial change]], or Generation and Corruption. [To Be or Not to Be] === === 8. Aristotle's analysis of the intellectual factors in artistic production and his classification of the arts [Productive ideas and know-how] === [[w:Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian physics]] [[w:Theory of impetus|Theory of impetus]] == Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer] == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] == === 16. The Senses and the Intellect: Perception, Memory, Imagination, and Conceptual Thought === Language in relation to thought. * Categories I * On Interpretation, 1-2 Account of the external senses and of their distinction from the interior senses: the common sense, memory, and imagination. * On the Soul II.5-12, III.1-3 * Sense and the Sensible * History of Animals IV.8 Distinction between mere sensations and perceptual experience * Metaphysics I.1 Doctrine that sensations and ideas, taken by themselves or in isolation, are neither true nor false * Categories 4 * On Interpretation 1 * On the Soul II.6, III.3, III.6 * Metaphysics IV.5, V.29 === 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning === === 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth === === 19. Theory of Knowledge and Distinction between Knowledge and Right Opinion === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part V: Difficult Philosophical Questions == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Fair use of a Derivative and Copyrighted Work derived from Primary Sources in the Public Domain == * [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#Derivative_works]] * The editor believes this to be fair use of material under U.S. Copyright, insofar as the copyrighted material is a derivative compilation of primary sources in the public domain. * [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#What_is_fair_use?]] * [[w:Wikipedia:Copyrights#Using_copyrighted_work_from_others]] * although uncertain whether this is [[w:Free_content|free content]] or [[w:Wikipedia:Non-free_content|non-free content]].</ref> == Further Reading and Commentary suggested by Wikiversity Professors == * {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} * {{cite book|title=The Basic Works of Aristotle|author=Aristotle|date=1941|publisher=Random House|editor=Richard McKeon|editor-link=Richard McKeon|location=New York|author-link=Aristotle}} * {{Cite book|title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction|last=Barnes|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-285408-7|author-link=Jonathan Barnes}} === Classic and Scholastic Expositors === *[[s:Isagoge (Owen)|Isagoge]] (Introduction) to Aristotle's [[s:Organon_(Owen)/Categories|Categories]] by [[w:Porphyry]] ''not recommended'' but of significant influence in late antiquity through middle ages. *[[s:The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed_(1904)|Guide to the Perplexed]], by [[w:Maimonides|Maimonides]] ''recommended'': its latin translation initiated the [[w:Scholastic|Scholastic]] movement that created the medieval universities. 4lzuu60vn5t1c6u4linmxpf9n78ahn8 2690046 2690045 2024-12-03T01:53:17Z Jaredscribe 2906761 2690046 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox book | | name = Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy | image = File:Aristotle for Everybody, first edition.jpg | caption = Cover of the first edition | author = [[Mortimer J. Adler]] | country = United States | language = English | subject = [[Aristotle]] | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | pub_date = 1978 | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]]) | pages = 206 (paperback edition) | isbn = 978-0684838236 }}--> An Introduction to Common Sense and [[w:Aristotelianism|Aristotelian philosophy]]. This guide through Aristotle's tractates on wikisource was arranged by {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} as "A second table of contents" and "Epilogue: for those who have read or wish to read to [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]". All students are encouraged to acquire and read Adler's book, and accept his invitation to "check [his] exposition" using this reading companion "against the texts on which [he] has relied for the main tenets of Aristotle's thought". This set of titles "more precisely describes the Aristotelian doctrines being expounded in the five parts of [Adler's] book". Under the title of each of its twenty three chapters, there is are "brief statements, in Aristotelian language, of the doctrines being expoundd in that chapter", with "a list of references to appropriate portion's of Aristotle's works". Since Adler's bibliography is a derivative work of the tractates which it arranges, we hold this use of his bibliography and summary notes to be [[#Fair_use_of_a_Derivative_and_Copyrighted_Work_derived_from_Primary_Sources_in_the_Public_Domain|fair use of any copyright held on the derivative]]. Its also in accordance with the public education manifestos published by professor Adler himself, and in honor of his lifework. This course is being migrated from the wikipedia article [[w:Aristotle_for_Everybody|Aristotle for Everybody]], as it is more appropriate to this project than that. == Part I: Man the Philosophical Animal == === 1. Aristotle's Fourfold Classification of Sensible, Material Substances: Inorganic Bodies, Plants, Animals, Men. [Philosophical Games] === ''The criteria by which Aristotle distinguished between living and non-living things; within the domain of living things, between plants and animals, and within the domain animal life, between brute animals and [[w:Rational_animal|rational animal]]<nowiki/>s, id est, human beings'' / [[w:Homo_sapiens|homo sapiens]]. Division by [[w:Dichotomies|dichotomies]] that are [[w:Jointly_exhaustive|jointly exhaustive]] and [[w:Mutually_exclusive|mutually exclusive]]. * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] [[s:Metaphysics (Ross, 1908)/Book 1|I.1]] * [[w:On the Soul|On the Soul]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 1|I.1]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 5|I.5]]; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 2/Chapter 1|II.1-3]],5,9; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 3/Chapter 1|III.3]],12 * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_X|X.1]] * [[w:Generation of Animals|Generation of Animals]] I.1-9 IV.4-6 * [[w:Parts of Animals|Parts of Animals]] I.4-5 ''Aristotle was aware of difficulties in applying this scheme of classification. The difficulties arise because of the existence of borderline cases that straddle the lines that divide the living from the nonliving, and plants from animals.'' * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_VIII|VIII.1]] ''The difference between [[w:Essence|essential]] and [[w:Accident_(philosophy)|accidental]] differences.'' * [[w:Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]] V * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] V.4,11; IX.8 === 2. The Range of Beings: The Ten Categories [The Great Divide] === ''The being of objects that do not exist in the way that sensible, material substances exist (e.g. mathematical objects, fictions, minds, ideas, [[immaterial substance]]<nowiki/>s, such as the disembodies intelligences that are the celestial motors, and God).'' [[w:Ousia|Ousia]] * Metaphysics III.5-6, XII.8, XIII.1-5 * On the Heavens, II.1, II.12 * On the Soul, III.4-6 ''The distinction between substance and accident, id est, between bodies and their attributes.'' * Categories 5-7 * Physics I.2 * Metaphysics VII.4-6 ''The foregoing distinction is related to the point that material substances are the subjects of change, and their accidents are the respects in which they change.'' * Physics I.6-7, II.3 Essence or specific nature in relation to substantial form. * Metaphysics, V.4, V.11, VII.16-, VIII1-6, IX.8 * On the Soul II.4 The hierarchy of specific natures or essences * Metaphysics VIII.3 * On the Soul, II.3 Aristotle's inventory of the various categories under which the accidental attributes of substance fall. * Categories 4 Among the accidents of substance, some are permanent or unchanging; these are the properties that are inseparable from the essential nature of each kind of material substance. * Topics V.1-3 Aristotle's policy with regard to the ambiguity of words. * On interpretation, 1 * Topics II.4 === 3. Productive, Practical, and Theoretic Reason or Mind [Man's Three Dimensions] === ''Aristotle's threefold division of intellectual activity or thought, into thought for the sake of making things, thought for the sake of moral and political action, and thought for the sake of acquiring knowledge as an end in itself.'' Aristotle's classification of three activities of a human being: making, doing, and knowing, corresponding to the three types of reason: productive, practical, and theoretical. Adler titles these sections "Man the Maker," "Man the Doer," and "Man the Knower," respectively. * Ethics VI.2-4 * On the Soul, III.7 == Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker] == {{expand section|date=April 2021}} In response to the errors and partial truths of: * [[w:Parmenides|Parmenides]] and his disciple [[w:Zeno of Elea|Zeno of Elea]] * [[w:Heraclitus|Heraclitus]] and his disciple [[w:Cratylus|Cratylus]] Aristotle developed his theory of change. It involves distinction between [[w:inertia|inertia]] (or rest) and movement. In local motion, there is a distinction between natural movement and violent or [[w:projectile motion|projectile motion]]. There is also change in quality, such as when a green tomato ripens and becomes red. This type of change can be either natural or artificial, for example a green chair can be painted red. There can be a change in quantity. There can also be [[w:generation and corruption|generation and corruption]] - coming to be and passing away. Aristotle takes note of what we now call [[w:conservation of matter|conservation of matter]]. === 4. Nature as artist and the human artist as imitator of nature === === 5. Three main modes of accidental change: change of place, change of quality, change of quantity === === 6. Aristotle's doctrine of the [[w:four causes|four causes]]: efficient, material, formal, and final. === Physics, [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82/2#%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_3 II.3-9] Metaphysics [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_1|I]].3-10, [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_5|V]].3, VI.2-3, VII.17, VIII.2-4, IX.8, XII.4-5 === 7. Further developments in the theory of [[w:Potentiality and actuality|Potentiality and Actuality]], and Matter and Form, especially with respect to [[w:substantial change|substantial change]], or Generation and Corruption. [To Be or Not to Be] === === 8. Aristotle's analysis of the intellectual factors in artistic production and his classification of the arts [Productive ideas and know-how] === [[w:Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian physics]] [[w:Theory of impetus|Theory of impetus]] == Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer] == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] == === 16. The Senses and the Intellect: Perception, Memory, Imagination, and Conceptual Thought === Language in relation to thought. * Categories I * On Interpretation, 1-2 Account of the external senses and of their distinction from the interior senses: the common sense, memory, and imagination. * On the Soul II.5-12, III.1-3 * Sense and the Sensible * History of Animals IV.8 Distinction between mere sensations and perceptual experience * Metaphysics I.1 Doctrine that sensations and ideas, taken by themselves or in isolation, are neither true nor false * Categories 4 * On Interpretation 1 * On the Soul II.6, III.3, III.6 * Metaphysics IV.5, V.29 === 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning === === 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth === === 19. Theory of Knowledge and Distinction between Knowledge and Right Opinion === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part V: Difficult Philosophical Questions == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Fair use of a Derivative and Copyrighted Work derived from Primary Sources in the Public Domain == * [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#Derivative_works]] * The editor believes this to be fair use of material under U.S. Copyright, insofar as the copyrighted material is a derivative compilation of primary sources in the public domain. * [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#What_is_fair_use?]] * [[w:Wikipedia:Copyrights#Using_copyrighted_work_from_others]] * although uncertain whether this is [[w:Free_content|free content]] or [[w:Wikipedia:Non-free_content|non-free content]].</ref> == Further Reading and Commentary suggested by Wikiversity Professors == * {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} * {{cite book|title=The Basic Works of Aristotle|author=Aristotle|date=1941|publisher=Random House|editor=Richard McKeon|editor-link=Richard McKeon|location=New York|author-link=Aristotle}} * {{Cite book|title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction|last=Barnes|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-285408-7|author-link=Jonathan Barnes}} === Classic and Scholastic Expositors === *[[s:Isagoge (Owen)|Isagoge]] (Introduction) to Aristotle's [[s:Organon_(Owen)/Categories|Categories]] by [[w:Porphyry]] ''not recommended'' but of significant influence in late antiquity through middle ages. *[[s:The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed_(1904)|Guide to the Perplexed]], by [[w:Maimonides|Maimonides]] ''recommended'': its latin translation initiated the [[w:Scholastic|Scholastic]] movement that created the medieval universities. cstawi0oamrujzb7bou1odh9p2vfg8f 2690047 2690046 2024-12-03T02:11:24Z Jaredscribe 2906761 2690047 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox book | | name = Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy | image = File:Aristotle for Everybody, first edition.jpg | caption = Cover of the first edition | author = [[Mortimer J. Adler]] | country = United States | language = English | subject = [[Aristotle]] | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | pub_date = 1978 | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]]) | pages = 206 (paperback edition) | isbn = 978-0684838236 }}--> An Introduction to Common Sense and [[w:Aristotelianism|Aristotelian philosophy]]. This guide through Aristotle's tractates on wikisource was arranged by {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} as "A second table of contents" and "Epilogue: for those who have read or wish to read to [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]". All students are encouraged to acquire and read Adler's book, and accept his invitation to "check [his] exposition" using this reading companion "against the texts on which [he] has relied for the main tenets of Aristotle's thought". This set of titles "more precisely describes the Aristotelian doctrines being expounded in the five parts of [Adler's] book". Under the title of each of its twenty three chapters, there is are "brief statements, in Aristotelian language, of the doctrines being expoundd in that chapter", with "a list of references to appropriate portion's of Aristotle's works". == Part I: Man the Philosophical Animal == === 1. Aristotle's Fourfold Classification of Sensible, Material Substances: Inorganic Bodies, Plants, Animals, Men. [Philosophical Games] === ''The criteria by which Aristotle distinguished between living and non-living things; within the domain of living things, between plants and animals, and within the domain animal life, between brute animals and [[w:Rational_animal|rational animal]]<nowiki/>s, id est, human beings'' / [[w:Homo_sapiens|homo sapiens]]. Division by [[w:Dichotomies|dichotomies]] that are [[w:Jointly_exhaustive|jointly exhaustive]] and [[w:Mutually_exclusive|mutually exclusive]]. * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] [[s:Metaphysics (Ross, 1908)/Book 1|I.1]] * [[w:On the Soul|On the Soul]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 1|I.1]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 5|I.5]]; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 2/Chapter 1|II.1-3]],5,9; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 3/Chapter 1|III.3]],12 * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_X|X.1]] * [[w:Generation of Animals|Generation of Animals]] I.1-9 IV.4-6 * [[w:Parts of Animals|Parts of Animals]] I.4-5 ''Aristotle was aware of difficulties in applying this scheme of classification. The difficulties arise because of the existence of borderline cases that straddle the lines that divide the living from the nonliving, and plants from animals.'' * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_VIII|VIII.1]] ''The difference between [[w:Essence|essential]] and [[w:Accident_(philosophy)|accidental]] differences.'' * [[w:Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]] V * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] V.4,11; IX.8 === 2. The Range of Beings: The Ten Categories [The Great Divide] === ''The being of objects that do not exist in the way that sensible, material substances exist (e.g. mathematical objects, fictions, minds, ideas, [[immaterial substance]]<nowiki/>s, such as the disembodies intelligences that are the celestial motors, and God).'' [[w:Ousia|Ousia]] * Metaphysics III.5-6, XII.8, XIII.1-5 * On the Heavens, II.1, II.12 * On the Soul, III.4-6 ''The distinction between substance and accident, id est, between bodies and their attributes.'' * Categories 5-7 * Physics I.2 * Metaphysics VII.4-6 ''The foregoing distinction is related to the point that material substances are the subjects of change, and their accidents are the respects in which they change.'' * Physics I.6-7, II.3 Essence or specific nature in relation to substantial form. * Metaphysics, V.4, V.11, VII.16-, VIII1-6, IX.8 * On the Soul II.4 The hierarchy of specific natures or essences * Metaphysics VIII.3 * On the Soul, II.3 Aristotle's inventory of the various categories under which the accidental attributes of substance fall. * Categories 4 Among the accidents of substance, some are permanent or unchanging; these are the properties that are inseparable from the essential nature of each kind of material substance. * Topics V.1-3 Aristotle's policy with regard to the ambiguity of words. * On interpretation, 1 * Topics II.4 === 3. Productive, Practical, and Theoretic Reason or Mind [Man's Three Dimensions] === ''Aristotle's threefold division of intellectual activity or thought, into thought for the sake of making things, thought for the sake of moral and political action, and thought for the sake of acquiring knowledge as an end in itself.'' Aristotle's classification of three activities of a human being: making, doing, and knowing, corresponding to the three types of reason: productive, practical, and theoretical. Adler titles these sections "Man the Maker," "Man the Doer," and "Man the Knower," respectively. * Ethics VI.2-4 * On the Soul, III.7 == Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker] == {{expand section|date=April 2021}} In response to the errors and partial truths of: * [[w:Parmenides|Parmenides]] and his disciple [[w:Zeno of Elea|Zeno of Elea]] * [[w:Heraclitus|Heraclitus]] and his disciple [[w:Cratylus|Cratylus]] Aristotle developed his theory of change. It involves distinction between [[w:inertia|inertia]] (or rest) and movement. In local motion, there is a distinction between natural movement and violent or [[w:projectile motion|projectile motion]]. There is also change in quality, such as when a green tomato ripens and becomes red. This type of change can be either natural or artificial, for example a green chair can be painted red. There can be a change in quantity. There can also be [[w:generation and corruption|generation and corruption]] - coming to be and passing away. Aristotle takes note of what we now call [[w:conservation of matter|conservation of matter]]. === 4. Nature as artist and the human artist as imitator of nature === === 5. Three main modes of accidental change: change of place, change of quality, change of quantity === === 6. Aristotle's doctrine of the [[w:four causes|four causes]]: efficient, material, formal, and final. === Physics, [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82/2#%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_3 II.3-9] Metaphysics [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_1|I]].3-10, [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_5|V]].3, VI.2-3, VII.17, VIII.2-4, IX.8, XII.4-5 === 7. Further developments in the theory of [[w:Potentiality and actuality|Potentiality and Actuality]], and Matter and Form, especially with respect to [[w:substantial change|substantial change]], or Generation and Corruption. [To Be or Not to Be] === === 8. Aristotle's analysis of the intellectual factors in artistic production and his classification of the arts [Productive ideas and know-how] === [[w:Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian physics]] [[w:Theory of impetus|Theory of impetus]] == Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer] == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] == === 16. The Senses and the Intellect: Perception, Memory, Imagination, and Conceptual Thought === Language in relation to thought. * Categories I * On Interpretation, 1-2 Account of the external senses and of their distinction from the interior senses: the common sense, memory, and imagination. * On the Soul II.5-12, III.1-3 * Sense and the Sensible * History of Animals IV.8 Distinction between mere sensations and perceptual experience * Metaphysics I.1 Doctrine that sensations and ideas, taken by themselves or in isolation, are neither true nor false * Categories 4 * On Interpretation 1 * On the Soul II.6, III.3, III.6 * Metaphysics IV.5, V.29 === 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning === === 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth === === 19. Theory of Knowledge and Distinction between Knowledge and Right Opinion === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part V: Difficult Philosophical Questions == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Fair use of a Derivative and Copyrighted Work derived from Primary Sources in the Public Domain == Since Adler's epilogue is a derivative work of the tractates which it arranges, we hold this use of his bibliography and summary notes to be [[#Fair_use_of_a_Derivative_and_Copyrighted_Work_derived_from_Primary_Sources_in_the_Public_Domain|fair use of any copyright held on the derivative]]. Its also in accordance with the public education manifestos published by professor Adler himself, and in honor of his lifework. This course is being migrated from the wikipedia article [[w:Aristotle_for_Everybody|Aristotle for Everybody]], as it is more appropriate to this project than that. * [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#Derivative_works]] * The editor believes this to be fair use of material under U.S. Copyright, insofar as the copyrighted material is a derivative compilation of primary sources in the public domain. * [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#What_is_fair_use?]] * [[w:Wikipedia:Copyrights#Using_copyrighted_work_from_others]] * although uncertain whether this is [[w:Free_content|free content]] or [[w:Wikipedia:Non-free_content|non-free content]]. That there be no doubt, the editors request that Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Book make a[[w:Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries|Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries]]. == Further Reading and Commentary suggested by Wikiversity Professors == * {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} * {{cite book|title=The Basic Works of Aristotle|author=Aristotle|date=1941|publisher=Random House|editor=Richard McKeon|editor-link=Richard McKeon|location=New York|author-link=Aristotle}} * {{Cite book|title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction|last=Barnes|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-285408-7|author-link=Jonathan Barnes}} === Classic and Scholastic Expositors === *[[s:Isagoge (Owen)|Isagoge]] (Introduction) to Aristotle's [[s:Organon_(Owen)/Categories|Categories]] by [[w:Porphyry]] ''not recommended'' but of significant influence in late antiquity through middle ages. *[[s:The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed_(1904)|Guide to the Perplexed]], by [[w:Maimonides|Maimonides]] ''recommended'': its latin translation initiated the [[w:Scholastic|Scholastic]] movement that created the medieval universities. i7nk2i6i4ksjbq3ojcm6333jllzp0xn 2690048 2690047 2024-12-03T02:25:05Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* 19. Theory of Knowledge and Distinction between Knowledge and Right Opinion */ 2690048 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox book | | name = Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy | image = File:Aristotle for Everybody, first edition.jpg | caption = Cover of the first edition | author = [[Mortimer J. Adler]] | country = United States | language = English | subject = [[Aristotle]] | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | pub_date = 1978 | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]]) | pages = 206 (paperback edition) | isbn = 978-0684838236 }}--> An Introduction to Common Sense and [[w:Aristotelianism|Aristotelian philosophy]]. This guide through Aristotle's tractates on wikisource was arranged by {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} as "A second table of contents" and "Epilogue: for those who have read or wish to read to [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]". All students are encouraged to acquire and read Adler's book, and accept his invitation to "check [his] exposition" using this reading companion "against the texts on which [he] has relied for the main tenets of Aristotle's thought". This set of titles "more precisely describes the Aristotelian doctrines being expounded in the five parts of [Adler's] book". Under the title of each of its twenty three chapters, there is are "brief statements, in Aristotelian language, of the doctrines being expoundd in that chapter", with "a list of references to appropriate portion's of Aristotle's works". == Part I: Man the Philosophical Animal == === 1. Aristotle's Fourfold Classification of Sensible, Material Substances: Inorganic Bodies, Plants, Animals, Men. [Philosophical Games] === ''The criteria by which Aristotle distinguished between living and non-living things; within the domain of living things, between plants and animals, and within the domain animal life, between brute animals and [[w:Rational_animal|rational animal]]<nowiki/>s, id est, human beings'' / [[w:Homo_sapiens|homo sapiens]]. Division by [[w:Dichotomies|dichotomies]] that are [[w:Jointly_exhaustive|jointly exhaustive]] and [[w:Mutually_exclusive|mutually exclusive]]. * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] [[s:Metaphysics (Ross, 1908)/Book 1|I.1]] * [[w:On the Soul|On the Soul]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 1|I.1]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 5|I.5]]; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 2/Chapter 1|II.1-3]],5,9; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 3/Chapter 1|III.3]],12 * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_X|X.1]] * [[w:Generation of Animals|Generation of Animals]] I.1-9 IV.4-6 * [[w:Parts of Animals|Parts of Animals]] I.4-5 ''Aristotle was aware of difficulties in applying this scheme of classification. The difficulties arise because of the existence of borderline cases that straddle the lines that divide the living from the nonliving, and plants from animals.'' * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_VIII|VIII.1]] ''The difference between [[w:Essence|essential]] and [[w:Accident_(philosophy)|accidental]] differences.'' * [[w:Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]] V * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] V.4,11; IX.8 === 2. The Range of Beings: The Ten Categories [The Great Divide] === ''The being of objects that do not exist in the way that sensible, material substances exist (e.g. mathematical objects, fictions, minds, ideas, [[immaterial substance]]<nowiki/>s, such as the disembodies intelligences that are the celestial motors, and God).'' [[w:Ousia|Ousia]] * Metaphysics III.5-6, XII.8, XIII.1-5 * On the Heavens, II.1, II.12 * On the Soul, III.4-6 ''The distinction between substance and accident, id est, between bodies and their attributes.'' * Categories 5-7 * Physics I.2 * Metaphysics VII.4-6 ''The foregoing distinction is related to the point that material substances are the subjects of change, and their accidents are the respects in which they change.'' * Physics I.6-7, II.3 Essence or specific nature in relation to substantial form. * Metaphysics, V.4, V.11, VII.16-, VIII1-6, IX.8 * On the Soul II.4 The hierarchy of specific natures or essences * Metaphysics VIII.3 * On the Soul, II.3 Aristotle's inventory of the various categories under which the accidental attributes of substance fall. * Categories 4 Among the accidents of substance, some are permanent or unchanging; these are the properties that are inseparable from the essential nature of each kind of material substance. * Topics V.1-3 Aristotle's policy with regard to the ambiguity of words. * On interpretation, 1 * Topics II.4 === 3. Productive, Practical, and Theoretic Reason or Mind [Man's Three Dimensions] === ''Aristotle's threefold division of intellectual activity or thought, into thought for the sake of making things, thought for the sake of moral and political action, and thought for the sake of acquiring knowledge as an end in itself.'' Aristotle's classification of three activities of a human being: making, doing, and knowing, corresponding to the three types of reason: productive, practical, and theoretical. Adler titles these sections "Man the Maker," "Man the Doer," and "Man the Knower," respectively. * Ethics VI.2-4 * On the Soul, III.7 == Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker] == {{expand section|date=April 2021}} In response to the errors and partial truths of: * [[w:Parmenides|Parmenides]] and his disciple [[w:Zeno of Elea|Zeno of Elea]] * [[w:Heraclitus|Heraclitus]] and his disciple [[w:Cratylus|Cratylus]] Aristotle developed his theory of change. It involves distinction between [[w:inertia|inertia]] (or rest) and movement. In local motion, there is a distinction between natural movement and violent or [[w:projectile motion|projectile motion]]. There is also change in quality, such as when a green tomato ripens and becomes red. This type of change can be either natural or artificial, for example a green chair can be painted red. There can be a change in quantity. There can also be [[w:generation and corruption|generation and corruption]] - coming to be and passing away. Aristotle takes note of what we now call [[w:conservation of matter|conservation of matter]]. === 4. Nature as artist and the human artist as imitator of nature === === 5. Three main modes of accidental change: change of place, change of quality, change of quantity === === 6. Aristotle's doctrine of the [[w:four causes|four causes]]: efficient, material, formal, and final. === Physics, [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82/2#%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_3 II.3-9] Metaphysics [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_1|I]].3-10, [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_5|V]].3, VI.2-3, VII.17, VIII.2-4, IX.8, XII.4-5 === 7. Further developments in the theory of [[w:Potentiality and actuality|Potentiality and Actuality]], and Matter and Form, especially with respect to [[w:substantial change|substantial change]], or Generation and Corruption. [To Be or Not to Be] === === 8. Aristotle's analysis of the intellectual factors in artistic production and his classification of the arts [Productive ideas and know-how] === [[w:Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian physics]] [[w:Theory of impetus|Theory of impetus]] == Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer] == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] == === 16. The Senses and the Intellect: Perception, Memory, Imagination, and Conceptual Thought === Language in relation to thought. * Categories I * On Interpretation, 1-2 Account of the external senses and of their distinction from the interior senses: the common sense, memory, and imagination. * On the Soul II.5-12, III.1-3 * Sense and the Sensible * History of Animals IV.8 Distinction between mere sensations and perceptual experience * Metaphysics I.1 Doctrine that sensations and ideas, taken by themselves or in isolation, are neither true nor false * Categories 4 * On Interpretation 1 * On the Soul II.6, III.3, III.6 * Metaphysics IV.5, V.29 === 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning === === 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth === === 19. Theory of Knowledge and Distinction between Knowledge and Right Opinion === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part V: Difficult Philosophical Questions == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Fair use of a Derivative and Copyrighted Work derived from Primary Sources in the Public Domain == Adler's epilogue is a selection and arrangement of works in the public domain. Putting this "second table of contents" on Wikiversity honors his lifework and is in moral harmony with the manifestos for "public education" published by professor Adler. This course is being migrated from the wikipedia article [[w:Aristotle_for_Everybody|Aristotle for Everybody]], as it is more appropriate to this project than that. * [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#Derivative_works]] * The editor believes this to be fair use of material under U.S. Copyright, insofar as the copyrighted material is a derivative compilation of primary sources in the public domain. * [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#What_is_fair_use?]] * [[w:Wikipedia:Copyrights#Using_copyrighted_work_from_others]] * although uncertain whether this is [[w:Free_content|free content]] or [[w:Wikipedia:Non-free_content|non-free content]]. * Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing#When_there_are_a_limited_number_of_ways_to_say_the_same_thing [[w:Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text|Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text]] [[w:Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter|Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter]] That there be no doubt, the editors request that Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Book make a[[w:Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries|Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries]]. == Further Reading and Commentary suggested by Wikiversity Professors == * {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} * {{cite book|title=The Basic Works of Aristotle|author=Aristotle|date=1941|publisher=Random House|editor=Richard McKeon|editor-link=Richard McKeon|location=New York|author-link=Aristotle}} * {{Cite book|title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction|last=Barnes|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-285408-7|author-link=Jonathan Barnes}} === Classic and Scholastic Expositors === *[[s:Isagoge (Owen)|Isagoge]] (Introduction) to Aristotle's [[s:Organon_(Owen)/Categories|Categories]] by [[w:Porphyry]] ''not recommended'' but of significant influence in late antiquity through middle ages. *[[s:The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed_(1904)|Guide to the Perplexed]], by [[w:Maimonides|Maimonides]] ''recommended'': its latin translation initiated the [[w:Scholastic|Scholastic]] movement that created the medieval universities. k8lh0qr9yggwj7yc7yp53cqg3ani3k3 2690049 2690048 2024-12-03T02:30:38Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer] */ The End as the First Principle in Practical thinking and the Use of Means as the Beginning of Action: The End as First in the Order of Intention and Last in the Order of Execution 2690049 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox book | | name = Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy | image = File:Aristotle for Everybody, first edition.jpg | caption = Cover of the first edition | author = [[Mortimer J. Adler]] | country = United States | language = English | subject = [[Aristotle]] | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | pub_date = 1978 | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]]) | pages = 206 (paperback edition) | isbn = 978-0684838236 }}--> An Introduction to Common Sense and [[w:Aristotelianism|Aristotelian philosophy]]. This guide through Aristotle's tractates on wikisource was arranged by {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} as "A second table of contents" and "Epilogue: for those who have read or wish to read to [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]". All students are encouraged to acquire and read Adler's book, and accept his invitation to "check [his] exposition" using this reading companion "against the texts on which [he] has relied for the main tenets of Aristotle's thought". This set of titles "more precisely describes the Aristotelian doctrines being expounded in the five parts of [Adler's] book". Under the title of each of its twenty three chapters, there is are "brief statements, in Aristotelian language, of the doctrines being expoundd in that chapter", with "a list of references to appropriate portion's of Aristotle's works". == Part I: Man the Philosophical Animal == === 1. Aristotle's Fourfold Classification of Sensible, Material Substances: Inorganic Bodies, Plants, Animals, Men. [Philosophical Games] === ''The criteria by which Aristotle distinguished between living and non-living things; within the domain of living things, between plants and animals, and within the domain animal life, between brute animals and [[w:Rational_animal|rational animal]]<nowiki/>s, id est, human beings'' / [[w:Homo_sapiens|homo sapiens]]. Division by [[w:Dichotomies|dichotomies]] that are [[w:Jointly_exhaustive|jointly exhaustive]] and [[w:Mutually_exclusive|mutually exclusive]]. * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] [[s:Metaphysics (Ross, 1908)/Book 1|I.1]] * [[w:On the Soul|On the Soul]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 1|I.1]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 5|I.5]]; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 2/Chapter 1|II.1-3]],5,9; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 3/Chapter 1|III.3]],12 * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_X|X.1]] * [[w:Generation of Animals|Generation of Animals]] I.1-9 IV.4-6 * [[w:Parts of Animals|Parts of Animals]] I.4-5 ''Aristotle was aware of difficulties in applying this scheme of classification. The difficulties arise because of the existence of borderline cases that straddle the lines that divide the living from the nonliving, and plants from animals.'' * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_VIII|VIII.1]] ''The difference between [[w:Essence|essential]] and [[w:Accident_(philosophy)|accidental]] differences.'' * [[w:Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]] V * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] V.4,11; IX.8 === 2. The Range of Beings: The Ten Categories [The Great Divide] === ''The being of objects that do not exist in the way that sensible, material substances exist (e.g. mathematical objects, fictions, minds, ideas, [[immaterial substance]]<nowiki/>s, such as the disembodies intelligences that are the celestial motors, and God).'' [[w:Ousia|Ousia]] * Metaphysics III.5-6, XII.8, XIII.1-5 * On the Heavens, II.1, II.12 * On the Soul, III.4-6 ''The distinction between substance and accident, id est, between bodies and their attributes.'' * Categories 5-7 * Physics I.2 * Metaphysics VII.4-6 ''The foregoing distinction is related to the point that material substances are the subjects of change, and their accidents are the respects in which they change.'' * Physics I.6-7, II.3 Essence or specific nature in relation to substantial form. * Metaphysics, V.4, V.11, VII.16-, VIII1-6, IX.8 * On the Soul II.4 The hierarchy of specific natures or essences * Metaphysics VIII.3 * On the Soul, II.3 Aristotle's inventory of the various categories under which the accidental attributes of substance fall. * Categories 4 Among the accidents of substance, some are permanent or unchanging; these are the properties that are inseparable from the essential nature of each kind of material substance. * Topics V.1-3 Aristotle's policy with regard to the ambiguity of words. * On interpretation, 1 * Topics II.4 === 3. Productive, Practical, and Theoretic Reason or Mind [Man's Three Dimensions] === ''Aristotle's threefold division of intellectual activity or thought, into thought for the sake of making things, thought for the sake of moral and political action, and thought for the sake of acquiring knowledge as an end in itself.'' Aristotle's classification of three activities of a human being: making, doing, and knowing, corresponding to the three types of reason: productive, practical, and theoretical. Adler titles these sections "Man the Maker," "Man the Doer," and "Man the Knower," respectively. * Ethics VI.2-4 * On the Soul, III.7 == Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker] == {{expand section|date=April 2021}} In response to the errors and partial truths of: * [[w:Parmenides|Parmenides]] and his disciple [[w:Zeno of Elea|Zeno of Elea]] * [[w:Heraclitus|Heraclitus]] and his disciple [[w:Cratylus|Cratylus]] Aristotle developed his theory of change. It involves distinction between [[w:inertia|inertia]] (or rest) and movement. In local motion, there is a distinction between natural movement and violent or [[w:projectile motion|projectile motion]]. There is also change in quality, such as when a green tomato ripens and becomes red. This type of change can be either natural or artificial, for example a green chair can be painted red. There can be a change in quantity. There can also be [[w:generation and corruption|generation and corruption]] - coming to be and passing away. Aristotle takes note of what we now call [[w:conservation of matter|conservation of matter]]. === 4. Nature as artist and the human artist as imitator of nature === === 5. Three main modes of accidental change: change of place, change of quality, change of quantity === === 6. Aristotle's doctrine of the [[w:four causes|four causes]]: efficient, material, formal, and final. === Physics, [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82/2#%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_3 II.3-9] Metaphysics [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_1|I]].3-10, [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_5|V]].3, VI.2-3, VII.17, VIII.2-4, IX.8, XII.4-5 === 7. Further developments in the theory of [[w:Potentiality and actuality|Potentiality and Actuality]], and Matter and Form, especially with respect to [[w:substantial change|substantial change]], or Generation and Corruption. [To Be or Not to Be] === === 8. Aristotle's analysis of the intellectual factors in artistic production and his classification of the arts [Productive ideas and know-how] === [[w:Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian physics]] [[w:Theory of impetus|Theory of impetus]] == Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer] == === 9. The End as the First Principle in Practical thinking and the Use of Means as the Beginning of Action: The End as First in the Order of Intention and Last in the Order of Execution === === 10. Happiness Conceived as That Which Leaves Nothing to Be Desired and, as so Conceived, the Final or Ultimate End to Be Sought === === 11. Distinction Between Real and Apparent Goods, or Between Goods that Ought to Be Desired and Goods That are in Fact Desired, Together with Distinction between Natural and Acquired Desires === === 12. Real Goods === === 13. Moral Virtue and Good Fortune === === 14 Obligations of the Individual === === 15. Role of the State in Abetting or Facilitating the Individual's Pursuit of Happiness === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] == === 16. The Senses and the Intellect: Perception, Memory, Imagination, and Conceptual Thought === Language in relation to thought. * Categories I * On Interpretation, 1-2 Account of the external senses and of their distinction from the interior senses: the common sense, memory, and imagination. * On the Soul II.5-12, III.1-3 * Sense and the Sensible * History of Animals IV.8 Distinction between mere sensations and perceptual experience * Metaphysics I.1 Doctrine that sensations and ideas, taken by themselves or in isolation, are neither true nor false * Categories 4 * On Interpretation 1 * On the Soul II.6, III.3, III.6 * Metaphysics IV.5, V.29 === 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning === === 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth === === 19. Theory of Knowledge and Distinction between Knowledge and Right Opinion === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part V: Difficult Philosophical Questions == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Fair use of a Derivative and Copyrighted Work derived from Primary Sources in the Public Domain == Adler's epilogue is a selection and arrangement of works in the public domain. Putting this "second table of contents" on Wikiversity honors his lifework and is in moral harmony with the manifestos for "public education" published by professor Adler. This course is being migrated from the wikipedia article [[w:Aristotle_for_Everybody|Aristotle for Everybody]], as it is more appropriate to this project than that. * [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#Derivative_works]] * The editor believes this to be fair use of material under U.S. Copyright, insofar as the copyrighted material is a derivative compilation of primary sources in the public domain. * [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#What_is_fair_use?]] * [[w:Wikipedia:Copyrights#Using_copyrighted_work_from_others]] * although uncertain whether this is [[w:Free_content|free content]] or [[w:Wikipedia:Non-free_content|non-free content]]. * Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing#When_there_are_a_limited_number_of_ways_to_say_the_same_thing [[w:Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text|Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text]] [[w:Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter|Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter]] That there be no doubt, the editors request that Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Book make a[[w:Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries|Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries]]. == Further Reading and Commentary suggested by Wikiversity Professors == * {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} * {{cite book|title=The Basic Works of Aristotle|author=Aristotle|date=1941|publisher=Random House|editor=Richard McKeon|editor-link=Richard McKeon|location=New York|author-link=Aristotle}} * {{Cite book|title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction|last=Barnes|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-285408-7|author-link=Jonathan Barnes}} === Classic and Scholastic Expositors === *[[s:Isagoge (Owen)|Isagoge]] (Introduction) to Aristotle's [[s:Organon_(Owen)/Categories|Categories]] by [[w:Porphyry]] ''not recommended'' but of significant influence in late antiquity through middle ages. *[[s:The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed_(1904)|Guide to the Perplexed]], by [[w:Maimonides|Maimonides]] ''recommended'': its latin translation initiated the [[w:Scholastic|Scholastic]] movement that created the medieval universities. rbqgn2n9ugpm9o2c0nr27xse3lx698m 2690050 2690049 2024-12-03T02:38:23Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* 9. The End as the First Principle in Practical thinking and the Use of Means as the Beginning of Action: The End as First in the Order of Intention and Last in the Order of Execution */ The good as the desirable and the desirable as the good Nicomachean Ethics I.1-2 .. 2690050 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox book | | name = Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy | image = File:Aristotle for Everybody, first edition.jpg | caption = Cover of the first edition | author = [[Mortimer J. Adler]] | country = United States | language = English | subject = [[Aristotle]] | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | pub_date = 1978 | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]]) | pages = 206 (paperback edition) | isbn = 978-0684838236 }}--> An Introduction to Common Sense and [[w:Aristotelianism|Aristotelian philosophy]]. This guide through Aristotle's tractates on wikisource was arranged by {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} as "A second table of contents" and "Epilogue: for those who have read or wish to read to [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]". All students are encouraged to acquire and read Adler's book, and accept his invitation to "check [his] exposition" using this reading companion "against the texts on which [he] has relied for the main tenets of Aristotle's thought". This set of titles "more precisely describes the Aristotelian doctrines being expounded in the five parts of [Adler's] book". Under the title of each of its twenty three chapters, there is are "brief statements, in Aristotelian language, of the doctrines being expoundd in that chapter", with "a list of references to appropriate portion's of Aristotle's works". == Part I: Man the Philosophical Animal == === 1. Aristotle's Fourfold Classification of Sensible, Material Substances: Inorganic Bodies, Plants, Animals, Men. [Philosophical Games] === ''The criteria by which Aristotle distinguished between living and non-living things; within the domain of living things, between plants and animals, and within the domain animal life, between brute animals and [[w:Rational_animal|rational animal]]<nowiki/>s, id est, human beings'' / [[w:Homo_sapiens|homo sapiens]]. Division by [[w:Dichotomies|dichotomies]] that are [[w:Jointly_exhaustive|jointly exhaustive]] and [[w:Mutually_exclusive|mutually exclusive]]. * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] [[s:Metaphysics (Ross, 1908)/Book 1|I.1]] * [[w:On the Soul|On the Soul]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 1|I.1]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 5|I.5]]; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 2/Chapter 1|II.1-3]],5,9; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 3/Chapter 1|III.3]],12 * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_X|X.1]] * [[w:Generation of Animals|Generation of Animals]] I.1-9 IV.4-6 * [[w:Parts of Animals|Parts of Animals]] I.4-5 ''Aristotle was aware of difficulties in applying this scheme of classification. The difficulties arise because of the existence of borderline cases that straddle the lines that divide the living from the nonliving, and plants from animals.'' * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_VIII|VIII.1]] ''The difference between [[w:Essence|essential]] and [[w:Accident_(philosophy)|accidental]] differences.'' * [[w:Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]] V * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] V.4,11; IX.8 === 2. The Range of Beings: The Ten Categories [The Great Divide] === ''The being of objects that do not exist in the way that sensible, material substances exist (e.g. mathematical objects, fictions, minds, ideas, [[immaterial substance]]<nowiki/>s, such as the disembodies intelligences that are the celestial motors, and God).'' [[w:Ousia|Ousia]] * Metaphysics III.5-6, XII.8, XIII.1-5 * On the Heavens, II.1, II.12 * On the Soul, III.4-6 ''The distinction between substance and accident, id est, between bodies and their attributes.'' * Categories 5-7 * Physics I.2 * Metaphysics VII.4-6 ''The foregoing distinction is related to the point that material substances are the subjects of change, and their accidents are the respects in which they change.'' * Physics I.6-7, II.3 Essence or specific nature in relation to substantial form. * Metaphysics, V.4, V.11, VII.16-, VIII1-6, IX.8 * On the Soul II.4 The hierarchy of specific natures or essences * Metaphysics VIII.3 * On the Soul, II.3 Aristotle's inventory of the various categories under which the accidental attributes of substance fall. * Categories 4 Among the accidents of substance, some are permanent or unchanging; these are the properties that are inseparable from the essential nature of each kind of material substance. * Topics V.1-3 Aristotle's policy with regard to the ambiguity of words. * On interpretation, 1 * Topics II.4 === 3. Productive, Practical, and Theoretic Reason or Mind [Man's Three Dimensions] === ''Aristotle's threefold division of intellectual activity or thought, into thought for the sake of making things, thought for the sake of moral and political action, and thought for the sake of acquiring knowledge as an end in itself.'' Aristotle's classification of three activities of a human being: making, doing, and knowing, corresponding to the three types of reason: productive, practical, and theoretical. Adler titles these sections "Man the Maker," "Man the Doer," and "Man the Knower," respectively. * Ethics VI.2-4 * On the Soul, III.7 == Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker] == {{expand section|date=April 2021}} In response to the errors and partial truths of: * [[w:Parmenides|Parmenides]] and his disciple [[w:Zeno of Elea|Zeno of Elea]] * [[w:Heraclitus|Heraclitus]] and his disciple [[w:Cratylus|Cratylus]] Aristotle developed his theory of change. It involves distinction between [[w:inertia|inertia]] (or rest) and movement. In local motion, there is a distinction between natural movement and violent or [[w:projectile motion|projectile motion]]. There is also change in quality, such as when a green tomato ripens and becomes red. This type of change can be either natural or artificial, for example a green chair can be painted red. There can be a change in quantity. There can also be [[w:generation and corruption|generation and corruption]] - coming to be and passing away. Aristotle takes note of what we now call [[w:conservation of matter|conservation of matter]]. === 4. Nature as artist and the human artist as imitator of nature === === 5. Three main modes of accidental change: change of place, change of quality, change of quantity === === 6. Aristotle's doctrine of the [[w:four causes|four causes]]: efficient, material, formal, and final. === Physics, [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82/2#%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_3 II.3-9] Metaphysics [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_1|I]].3-10, [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_5|V]].3, VI.2-3, VII.17, VIII.2-4, IX.8, XII.4-5 === 7. Further developments in the theory of [[w:Potentiality and actuality|Potentiality and Actuality]], and Matter and Form, especially with respect to [[w:substantial change|substantial change]], or Generation and Corruption. [To Be or Not to Be] === === 8. Aristotle's analysis of the intellectual factors in artistic production and his classification of the arts [Productive ideas and know-how] === [[w:Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian physics]] [[w:Theory of impetus|Theory of impetus]] == Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer] == === 9. The End as the First Principle in Practical thinking and the Use of Means as the Beginning of Action: The End as First in the Order of Intention and Last in the Order of Execution === The good as the desirable and the desirable as the good * Nicomachean Ethics I.1-2 The distinction between ends and means as good desirable for their own sake and goods desirable for the sake of something else. * Ethics I.5, I.7, 1.9 The ultimate end in practical thinking compared with axioms or self-evident truths in theoretical thinking. * Posterior Analytics I.2 === 10. Happiness Conceived as That Which Leaves Nothing to Be Desired and, as so Conceived, the Final or Ultimate End to Be Sought === === 11. Distinction Between Real and Apparent Goods, or Between Goods that Ought to Be Desired and Goods That are in Fact Desired, Together with Distinction between Natural and Acquired Desires === === 12. Real Goods === === 13. Moral Virtue and Good Fortune === === 14 Obligations of the Individual === === 15. Role of the State in Abetting or Facilitating the Individual's Pursuit of Happiness === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] == === 16. The Senses and the Intellect: Perception, Memory, Imagination, and Conceptual Thought === Language in relation to thought. * Categories I * On Interpretation, 1-2 Account of the external senses and of their distinction from the interior senses: the common sense, memory, and imagination. * On the Soul II.5-12, III.1-3 * Sense and the Sensible * History of Animals IV.8 Distinction between mere sensations and perceptual experience * Metaphysics I.1 Doctrine that sensations and ideas, taken by themselves or in isolation, are neither true nor false * Categories 4 * On Interpretation 1 * On the Soul II.6, III.3, III.6 * Metaphysics IV.5, V.29 === 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning === === 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth === === 19. Theory of Knowledge and Distinction between Knowledge and Right Opinion === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part V: Difficult Philosophical Questions == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Fair use of a Derivative and Copyrighted Work derived from Primary Sources in the Public Domain == Adler's epilogue is a selection and arrangement of works in the public domain. Putting this "second table of contents" on Wikiversity honors his lifework and is in moral harmony with the manifestos for "public education" published by professor Adler. This course is being migrated from the wikipedia article [[w:Aristotle_for_Everybody|Aristotle for Everybody]], as it is more appropriate to this project than that. * [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#Derivative_works]] * The editor believes this to be fair use of material under U.S. Copyright, insofar as the copyrighted material is a derivative compilation of primary sources in the public domain. * [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#What_is_fair_use?]] * [[w:Wikipedia:Copyrights#Using_copyrighted_work_from_others]] * although uncertain whether this is [[w:Free_content|free content]] or [[w:Wikipedia:Non-free_content|non-free content]]. * Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing#When_there_are_a_limited_number_of_ways_to_say_the_same_thing [[w:Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text|Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text]] [[w:Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter|Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter]] That there be no doubt, the editors request that Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Book make a[[w:Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries|Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries]]. == Further Reading and Commentary suggested by Wikiversity Professors == * {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} * {{cite book|title=The Basic Works of Aristotle|author=Aristotle|date=1941|publisher=Random House|editor=Richard McKeon|editor-link=Richard McKeon|location=New York|author-link=Aristotle}} * {{Cite book|title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction|last=Barnes|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-285408-7|author-link=Jonathan Barnes}} === Classic and Scholastic Expositors === *[[s:Isagoge (Owen)|Isagoge]] (Introduction) to Aristotle's [[s:Organon_(Owen)/Categories|Categories]] by [[w:Porphyry]] ''not recommended'' but of significant influence in late antiquity through middle ages. *[[s:The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed_(1904)|Guide to the Perplexed]], by [[w:Maimonides|Maimonides]] ''recommended'': its latin translation initiated the [[w:Scholastic|Scholastic]] movement that created the medieval universities. 631pym758nde2h2lsk55pbonmai2nis 2690051 2690050 2024-12-03T03:25:22Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Fair use of a Derivative and Copyrighted Work derived from Primary Sources in the Public Domain */ 2690051 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox book | | name = Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy | image = File:Aristotle for Everybody, first edition.jpg | caption = Cover of the first edition | author = [[Mortimer J. Adler]] | country = United States | language = English | subject = [[Aristotle]] | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | pub_date = 1978 | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]]) | pages = 206 (paperback edition) | isbn = 978-0684838236 }}--> An Introduction to Common Sense and [[w:Aristotelianism|Aristotelian philosophy]]. This guide through Aristotle's tractates on wikisource was arranged by {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} as "A second table of contents" and "Epilogue: for those who have read or wish to read to [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]". All students are encouraged to acquire and read Adler's book, and accept his invitation to "check [his] exposition" using this reading companion "against the texts on which [he] has relied for the main tenets of Aristotle's thought". This set of titles "more precisely describes the Aristotelian doctrines being expounded in the five parts of [Adler's] book". Under the title of each of its twenty three chapters, there is are "brief statements, in Aristotelian language, of the doctrines being expoundd in that chapter", with "a list of references to appropriate portion's of Aristotle's works". == Part I: Man the Philosophical Animal == === 1. Aristotle's Fourfold Classification of Sensible, Material Substances: Inorganic Bodies, Plants, Animals, Men. [Philosophical Games] === ''The criteria by which Aristotle distinguished between living and non-living things; within the domain of living things, between plants and animals, and within the domain animal life, between brute animals and [[w:Rational_animal|rational animal]]<nowiki/>s, id est, human beings'' / [[w:Homo_sapiens|homo sapiens]]. Division by [[w:Dichotomies|dichotomies]] that are [[w:Jointly_exhaustive|jointly exhaustive]] and [[w:Mutually_exclusive|mutually exclusive]]. * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] [[s:Metaphysics (Ross, 1908)/Book 1|I.1]] * [[w:On the Soul|On the Soul]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 1|I.1]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 5|I.5]]; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 2/Chapter 1|II.1-3]],5,9; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 3/Chapter 1|III.3]],12 * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_X|X.1]] * [[w:Generation of Animals|Generation of Animals]] I.1-9 IV.4-6 * [[w:Parts of Animals|Parts of Animals]] I.4-5 ''Aristotle was aware of difficulties in applying this scheme of classification. The difficulties arise because of the existence of borderline cases that straddle the lines that divide the living from the nonliving, and plants from animals.'' * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_VIII|VIII.1]] ''The difference between [[w:Essence|essential]] and [[w:Accident_(philosophy)|accidental]] differences.'' * [[w:Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]] V * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] V.4,11; IX.8 === 2. The Range of Beings: The Ten Categories [The Great Divide] === ''The being of objects that do not exist in the way that sensible, material substances exist (e.g. mathematical objects, fictions, minds, ideas, [[immaterial substance]]<nowiki/>s, such as the disembodies intelligences that are the celestial motors, and God).'' [[w:Ousia|Ousia]] * Metaphysics III.5-6, XII.8, XIII.1-5 * On the Heavens, II.1, II.12 * On the Soul, III.4-6 ''The distinction between substance and accident, id est, between bodies and their attributes.'' * Categories 5-7 * Physics I.2 * Metaphysics VII.4-6 ''The foregoing distinction is related to the point that material substances are the subjects of change, and their accidents are the respects in which they change.'' * Physics I.6-7, II.3 Essence or specific nature in relation to substantial form. * Metaphysics, V.4, V.11, VII.16-, VIII1-6, IX.8 * On the Soul II.4 The hierarchy of specific natures or essences * Metaphysics VIII.3 * On the Soul, II.3 Aristotle's inventory of the various categories under which the accidental attributes of substance fall. * Categories 4 Among the accidents of substance, some are permanent or unchanging; these are the properties that are inseparable from the essential nature of each kind of material substance. * Topics V.1-3 Aristotle's policy with regard to the ambiguity of words. * On interpretation, 1 * Topics II.4 === 3. Productive, Practical, and Theoretic Reason or Mind [Man's Three Dimensions] === ''Aristotle's threefold division of intellectual activity or thought, into thought for the sake of making things, thought for the sake of moral and political action, and thought for the sake of acquiring knowledge as an end in itself.'' Aristotle's classification of three activities of a human being: making, doing, and knowing, corresponding to the three types of reason: productive, practical, and theoretical. Adler titles these sections "Man the Maker," "Man the Doer," and "Man the Knower," respectively. * Ethics VI.2-4 * On the Soul, III.7 == Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker] == {{expand section|date=April 2021}} In response to the errors and partial truths of: * [[w:Parmenides|Parmenides]] and his disciple [[w:Zeno of Elea|Zeno of Elea]] * [[w:Heraclitus|Heraclitus]] and his disciple [[w:Cratylus|Cratylus]] Aristotle developed his theory of change. It involves distinction between [[w:inertia|inertia]] (or rest) and movement. In local motion, there is a distinction between natural movement and violent or [[w:projectile motion|projectile motion]]. There is also change in quality, such as when a green tomato ripens and becomes red. This type of change can be either natural or artificial, for example a green chair can be painted red. There can be a change in quantity. There can also be [[w:generation and corruption|generation and corruption]] - coming to be and passing away. Aristotle takes note of what we now call [[w:conservation of matter|conservation of matter]]. === 4. Nature as artist and the human artist as imitator of nature === === 5. Three main modes of accidental change: change of place, change of quality, change of quantity === === 6. Aristotle's doctrine of the [[w:four causes|four causes]]: efficient, material, formal, and final. === Physics, [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82/2#%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_3 II.3-9] Metaphysics [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_1|I]].3-10, [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_5|V]].3, VI.2-3, VII.17, VIII.2-4, IX.8, XII.4-5 === 7. Further developments in the theory of [[w:Potentiality and actuality|Potentiality and Actuality]], and Matter and Form, especially with respect to [[w:substantial change|substantial change]], or Generation and Corruption. [To Be or Not to Be] === === 8. Aristotle's analysis of the intellectual factors in artistic production and his classification of the arts [Productive ideas and know-how] === [[w:Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian physics]] [[w:Theory of impetus|Theory of impetus]] == Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer] == === 9. The End as the First Principle in Practical thinking and the Use of Means as the Beginning of Action: The End as First in the Order of Intention and Last in the Order of Execution === The good as the desirable and the desirable as the good * Nicomachean Ethics I.1-2 The distinction between ends and means as good desirable for their own sake and goods desirable for the sake of something else. * Ethics I.5, I.7, 1.9 The ultimate end in practical thinking compared with axioms or self-evident truths in theoretical thinking. * Posterior Analytics I.2 === 10. Happiness Conceived as That Which Leaves Nothing to Be Desired and, as so Conceived, the Final or Ultimate End to Be Sought === === 11. Distinction Between Real and Apparent Goods, or Between Goods that Ought to Be Desired and Goods That are in Fact Desired, Together with Distinction between Natural and Acquired Desires === === 12. Real Goods === === 13. Moral Virtue and Good Fortune === === 14 Obligations of the Individual === === 15. Role of the State in Abetting or Facilitating the Individual's Pursuit of Happiness === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] == === 16. The Senses and the Intellect: Perception, Memory, Imagination, and Conceptual Thought === Language in relation to thought. * Categories I * On Interpretation, 1-2 Account of the external senses and of their distinction from the interior senses: the common sense, memory, and imagination. * On the Soul II.5-12, III.1-3 * Sense and the Sensible * History of Animals IV.8 Distinction between mere sensations and perceptual experience * Metaphysics I.1 Doctrine that sensations and ideas, taken by themselves or in isolation, are neither true nor false * Categories 4 * On Interpretation 1 * On the Soul II.6, III.3, III.6 * Metaphysics IV.5, V.29 === 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning === === 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth === === 19. Theory of Knowledge and Distinction between Knowledge and Right Opinion === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part V: Difficult Philosophical Questions == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Fair use of a Derivative and Copyrighted Work derived from Primary Sources in the Public Domain == Adler's epilogue is a selection and arrangement of works in the public domain. Putting this "second table of contents" on Wikiversity honors his lifework and is in moral harmony with the manifestos for "public education" published by professor Adler. This course is being migrated from the wikipedia article [[w:Aristotle_for_Everybody|Aristotle for Everybody]], as it is more appropriate to this project than that. * [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#Derivative_works]] * The editor believes this to be fair use of material under U.S. Copyright, insofar as the copyrighted material is a derivative compilation of primary sources in the public domain. * [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#What_is_fair_use?]] * [[w:Wikipedia:Copyrights#Using_copyrighted_work_from_others]] * although uncertain whether this is [[w:Free_content|free content]] or [[w:Wikipedia:Non-free_content|non-free content]]. * [[w:Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing#When_there_are_a_limited_number_of_ways_to_say_the_same_thing|Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing#When_there_are_a_limited_number_of_ways_to_say_the_same_thing]] [[w:Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text|Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text]] [[w:Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter|Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter]] That there be no doubt, the editors request that Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Book make a[[w:Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries|Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries]]. == Further Reading and Commentary suggested by Wikiversity Professors == * {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} * {{cite book|title=The Basic Works of Aristotle|author=Aristotle|date=1941|publisher=Random House|editor=Richard McKeon|editor-link=Richard McKeon|location=New York|author-link=Aristotle}} * {{Cite book|title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction|last=Barnes|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-285408-7|author-link=Jonathan Barnes}} === Classic and Scholastic Expositors === *[[s:Isagoge (Owen)|Isagoge]] (Introduction) to Aristotle's [[s:Organon_(Owen)/Categories|Categories]] by [[w:Porphyry]] ''not recommended'' but of significant influence in late antiquity through middle ages. *[[s:The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed_(1904)|Guide to the Perplexed]], by [[w:Maimonides|Maimonides]] ''recommended'': its latin translation initiated the [[w:Scholastic|Scholastic]] movement that created the medieval universities. 69ov9th9aqd2murxyfxghs76ae6n0e6 0 301480 2690093 2640899 2024-12-03T11:11:15Z Private lecturer (celestial) 2975755 /* Judgment */ Legal standards 2690093 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Judicium_Divinum_in_BMPN_2.0.png|thumb|right|577px|Principal workflow]] == Metaphorical language == === Evolution vs. creationism === Evolution represents the predator while creationism represents civilization. Obviously evolution favors the predator as the often most intelligent being and therefore the predator is a winner. Thus the metaphorical dispute about evolution vs. creationism should much rather be the topic of whether and how the civilization can dominate the predator sufficiently. Angels are referred to as "created beings", which implies a state of pure civilization (apart from the fact that angels are created beings, while the evolution that created the homo sapiens was both, evolution and creation at the same time, but this is just fact, not metaphor). === Sodom and Gomorrah === The tale of [[w:Sodom and Gomorrah|Sodom and Gomorrah]] tells the story of a city that was apparently bombed, or something very like that. The archfather Abraham negotiates with God that the city should be spared if 10 righteous (starting from 50 righteous) can be found within the city. The metaphor here is that ten percent is a sorry yield rate and that discarding ninety percent of the population as predators is as if asking God to bomb whole cities. Abraham negotiating down from fifty percent to ten percent is, of course, the wrong direction and would make him look bad, but as the archfather of the Jews he lived in an early era that could not have benefitted from good education, because there were no Jews yet. The perspective of the tale is, of course, the biblical message, that [[w:Judaism|Judaism]] (or rather [[w:Yahwism|Yahwism]]) addressed this issue (which it, in fact, does). ==== Social network ==== Easily deduced is the problem of social networks. Lot's wife "looked back to the city" (which was prohibited) and turned into a pillar of salt. Logically there is a social network surrounding any citizen (e.g. Lot) and his wife would be a person who, especially in ancient times, can easily be imagined to be the one to go to the market place and gossip, leading to a social network of people she may be unwilling to give up. If some people go to heaven while others do not this network must be disassembled somewhere. It may seem an unlikely disassembly to take away somebody's wife, but society consists mostly of interrelated families. Logically there is no other point where disassembly can occur, if can merely shift to other families. Thus the message here is that good ethical education is important and the family should hold together and form a sufficiently strong social network and then that disassembly logically cannot happen in one's own family. But why was Lot's wife turned into a pillar of salt? It may not have been her own failure, but strong social ties to predators and thus one is responsible for one's social network. People who are important should have received sufficient ethical education to make disassembly sufficiently unlikely and all other people should be sufficiently irrelevant to make Lot's wife not "look back". This aspect of the tale therefore explains that some people may be admitted (Lot as a nephew of Abraham is admitted), but people close to them may have failed so badly that they have to be excluded (the majority of the city's inhabitants). In the tale the link from one side to the other is necessarily very short and somebody has to lose. Of course one can only speculate about why Lot didn't like his wife enough or why she was better acquainted with other people, but the true meaning is that society consists of families. Lot's family is thus metaphorically an arbitrary family, but in the unlikely situation of being surrounded by the city's inhabitants, who are all doomed. If the network has to break it has to break within a family, consequently it has to break in this family. This being understood, all families should aim not to be in this situation and the perfect society would result. ==== The Sodom and Gomorrah equation ==== The Sodom and Gomorrah equation can be interpretatively gained from the tale. The equation basically says that Jews (the [[w:in-group|in-group]] of the Bible, which can, of course, be extended to include any ethically responsible culture, for instance Christianity, as one of the dominant examples for such an extended in-group) do have ethical mentors, who form a chain of mentors (described by the Archfather() relation), that links them to an angel. The angel here being a metaphor for a human being with an excellent prognosis for going to heaven and becoming "like an angel". Abraham is, of course, in the biblical context not officially referred to as an angel, but he speaks with God, which is meant to convey a similar status ("speaking with God ''like'' an angel"). : &forall; j &in; JEWS &exist; a &in; ANGELS: Archfather (j) = a The necessity for ethical mentoring (or equivalent education) is what the equation describes and the quality of that education may not be arbitrary, but must, so to speak, be certified by an angel, or may otherwise be insufficient. The inhabitants of the city, of course, logically had no chance to have Abraham as the archfather, because when he still was alive he was not able to at the same time be the archfather of Yahwism. What should be easy to deduce is, of course, that the mentoring function archfather() requires too much time, because it requires many generations to become the archfather of a population. Thus a sensible relation would be called archmentor() or archteacher() and create a chain of mentors within the living population. ==== Angels cannot guarantee what they do not control ==== At the same time the tale warns that angels cannot guarantee what they do not control. Abraham, one should assume, would have included Lot's wife personally as a personal acquaintance, but he was not present in the city at the time of destruction. Thus the mentoring chain logically cannot be fully certified by a single person and can still break, if people fail to understand and apply moral culture and ethical standards in their lives, as the people of Sodom and Gomorrah supposedly did. ==== Can a live after death be guaranteed? ==== More usually there is no guarantee that any particular person will enjoy a life after death. The guarantee is more systematically anchored in society itself and thus in the social networks that constitute society, but may be limited by people's moral culture and ethical standards. Consequently there is also no guarantee for a society that it must include persons who will go to heaven. In the tale of Sodom and Gomorrah Lot just leaves the city. Logically he could have done so at any time and then the society of Sodom and Gomorrah would no longer have contained the tiny group of righteous people from his family, thus turning the society of Sodom and Gomorrah into a doomed society without anybody ascending to heaven. Consequently one should strive to be a morally and ethically acceptable person until oneself is satisfied with the result and that should in theory be sufficient motivation to accomplish the goal. Life after death is meant to be a self-fulfilling prophecy and thus the aim to join heaven is meant to be the salvation, but without legalizing arbitrary misconduct, of course, and with increasing ability to act and intelligence comes also increasing responsibility to do so. === Image of God === The [[w:Image of God|Image of God]] is a metaphor with multiple meanings. One meaning is that the [[w:Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God|Kingdom of Heaven]] is not actually a monarchy. Angels do have [[w:free will|free will]], of course; everything else should be unimaginable. The monarchy of heaven is thus rather a democracy, but a democracy with the unimaginable perfection to act in consensus, according to the will of God, thus every voter is a constituent of the group that confirmed or defined the will of the sovereign of heaven. By human standards this could easily be discarded as impossible to achieve, but in heaven this is the goal, because one is civilized and all voters thus strive for the perfect consensus as a cultural dimension. (One is a very cultural dimension up there in heaven.) In theory angels would take the time to educate each other sufficiently until perfection becomes possible, but that is, given the assembled education, wisdom and intelligence, of course, usually not required. ==== Failure to reach consensus ==== The question if God can move an [[w:Irresistible_force_paradox|immovable object]] is just an invalid question, because immovable objects do not exist. More disconcerting is the issue of problems that do not have perfect solutions. (Another tale tells that Zeus, Lord of the Sky, has been known to have turned such a paradox into [[w:Teumessian_fox|static constellations in heaven]].) Of course heaven can fail to reach consensus, because the perfect choice may not exist. It is easy to construct choices where there is no ideal decision. Given a failure to reach consensus heaven can, as one possible option, agree to disagree and postpone the result until a desirable or required consensus can be reached. Sometimes heaven may act conservatively because of the goal to reach consensus and reluctance to change a previous perfect decision. One could see the Peaceable Kingdom as an example for such a situation: It is the perfect decision to demand of humanity to fulfill human rights as a convergence criterion. Acting conservatively heaven would hesitate to come to a new evaluation of the situation, since the previous perfect consensus decision still seemed quite reasonable. Thus slow progress in the human rights situation may be seen as irrelevant, even though observers might be inclined to see the positive change as an indicator for the final success to tame the predator. == Judgment == === Legal standards === A relevant legal standard in heaven is the non-exploitation of the regulatory framework, meaning an intention to explicitly use the regulatory framework as a source of behavior near the lowest common denominator can be punishable. Jeff Bezos, for instance, explicitly once referred to the lowest common denominator as his guiding principle and would thus be punishable under this legislation. The Twelve Apostles do have the slightly humorous, but still serious, additional connotation that ten letters of personal ethics would be required for ethical certification and thus eleven letters would be seen as exploitation of the regulatory framework, making twelve the minimum number of ethics mentors required for certification. === Is it true that there will be a judgment of one's sins? === That is definitely true and because angels watch everything humans do the judgment starts immediately with the sin, usually not much later. Mankind does, however, not have a reliable book of law that would detail the actual laws of heaven. All works that try to describe heavenly law were written by humans and contain cultural bias, human opinion and moral standards considered adequate at the time of writing. They may, of course, also contain an unknown amount of fact and/or metaphorical language originating in heaven. The educated reader may be able to distinguish the different types of content. As tourists people often travel to foreign countries without first learning all their laws. It is thus not really unusual not to be aware of the legislation of a state. As a rule of thumb any legislation can be approximated with the [[w:categorical imperative|categorical imperative]], especially heavenly law favors the categorical imperative and resulting moral culture and ethical standards. === The Peaceable Kingdom === The [[w:Peaceable Kingdom (theology)|Peaceable Kingdom]] is a future society that is supposed to precede the [[#Image of God|Kingdom of Heaven]]. What this actually means is that the predator (the homo sapiens is a predator) must be tamed and that people do have [[w:natural rights|natural rights]], which must be guaranteed. The Peaceable Kingdom is thus neither more nor less than a future state of society in which natural rights are sufficiently guaranteed. This is a necessary, but not a sufficient convergence criterion for the Kingdom of Heaven. The Kingdom of Heaven will require even higher standards and human rights that do not even exist as human rights today. The land [[w:Canaan|Canaan]] is associated with the Biblical [[w:Promised Land|Promised Land]], which can be reinterpreted as a promised territory in which migrants find refuge and this then would metaphorically and applying the [[w:categorical imperative|categorical imperative]] include heaven as a refuge for humanity for a live after death. According to the categorical imperative, of course, one should strive to provide refuge to migrants, especially during climate change, who may otherwise not survive in their state of origin, and thus in part satisfy the convergence criterion Peaceable Kingdom. === Duality of personal future and the future of mankind === The duality of one's personal future and the future or mankind is meant to convey that one should aim for a future of mankind that is desirable. Climate change, for instance, makes it perfectly clear that an imaginable future of humanity is a catastrophic disaster. One should, of course, choose not to be the cause of a catastrophic disaster or the all-knowing judge in heaven would have to regard that as a very serious misconduct. As a rule of thumb it makes sense to aim for a future of humanity in heaven that can actually occur, or one will not be able to enjoy it. This should be seen to include the Peaceable Kingdom as a convergence criterion: If you choose to stay divergent, applying the categorical imperative, there would as a result be no future in which you could ascend to heaven. That is, of course, not actually true. Others may create the future without your help, but the judge in heaven may object to your presence in heaven, depending on your personal misconduct, thus making the duality come true. === Is education important for the judgment or just good conduct? === Education is a very positive cultural trait, but not strictly necessary. What is urgently required is ethical education that is sufficient so that the individual has a positive prognosis to become a good citizen of heaven. Strict adherance to a sufficient religion would thus constitute a good standard to receive such a positive prognosis, but heaven aims to make perfect decisions, so that should better be a credible judgment. For instance acceptance of God in heaven as the undisputed sovereign and strict pacifism are very positive cultural traits, even lacking higher education, that could otherwise be seen as a qualifying criterion. Heaven is, however, also very selective about which higher education that would be and consequently one is definitely well advised to consider the constitution of heaven as God-given and pacifism as a self-evident necessity. Of course the inhabitants of heaven enjoy natural rights and among them are the rights to freedom of thought and freedom of speech, but the constitution of heaven should be seen as immutable and thus the free will to endorse the constitution that guarantees these rights is also a very positive cultural trait, thus heaven would be, so to speak, a monarchy (as opposed to anarchy). === What if I feel insecure about my qualification? === People can join heaven as a result of their social network requesting their presence, but only if that is permitted by the judge of heaven and subordinate authorities. There may also be unexpected problems to this approach that are not well-suited for public debate, so the recommended practice is to form an adequate social network in advance, preferably with the explicit purpose of getting one into heaven. Since the society in heaven has a tendency to become more educated over time the likelihood of a good teacher from your personal social network becoming available as mentor rises constantly. What is beneficial is a good social network, that engages in mentoring, and acceptance for people you know as mentors, that may be willing to help, on your side. Any Christian priest could be seen to fulfill that requirement for his parish, which is because that is the God-given intended function. That is, of course, again no license for sever misconduct, because the judge in heaven can object permanently. The devil is such a theoretical terrorist, who can not be allowed to enter heaven, or would have to be expelled by force. The ability to enter heaven without permission is, however, a rather theoretical thing. Angels would be able to try, but they don't do that. In an existential sense the devil is not just a theory and does exist, but he may also be encountered in actions by persons who fail to employ sufficient ethical standards and as a result act as if instructed by such an agent of evil. Heaven refers to the latter as 'collectively intelligent stupidity' or just stupidity, because one should be able to deduce that it may cause incalculable problems for one's personal future in heaven, which should logically enjoy the highest priority or be among the highest priorities. == Science == === Will science allow us to gain all the magic of heaven and do without it? === No, it won't, but that is a rather complicated analysis and you are, of course, allowed to believe in science. === Is physical entry into the otherworld possible? === Entry into the [[w:otherworld|otherworld]] is not physically possible. If it were possible normal matter (water) would become exotic matter (wine), organic chemistry and especially protein folding would break down and containers would cease to contain their content. Trivially these conditions would be unhealthy for the traveler, but this is a theoretical problem, because matter does not travel to the otherworld at all. What can enter the otherworld is only the soul, which is pure energy, light and information. It can enter the otherworld because it does not physically exist and (notice the change of interpretation) the soul in its non-existence is about virtues, values and goodness. It, however, has no need to travel, because it resides already in the otherworld. === Can the soul come back to this world? === There are multiple issues that are not well-suited for public debate, especially not, given the different interpretations of different religions, but in theory this is possible and if an angel would be sitting in a barrack somewhere in Africa and waiting for his natural rights to be acknowledged you wouldn't be able to tell the difference. He might, of course, leave once his natural rights had been granted and could, for instance, simultaneously reside in the otherworld and sit in parliament as a special rapporteur on human rights. This is very definitely possible, but not very likely, rather an adequate metaphor for the possibility and the goal to fulfill human rights. === Is the soul immortal and eternal? === There are different ways to see this. What is most important is that the soul should be seen as an integral part of the human being from somewhere between conception and birth on. Whether it exists before conception or not is, again, not well-suited for public debate and a somewhat academic question: Yes and No. Only this way, from birth on, the soul can grant the most perfect immortality that can be conferred. It is certainly eternal in the sense that it does not have a limited life time. 3pyrcehfm078ncety8erhfeys3vtsdg 2690098 2690093 2024-12-03T11:26:52Z Private lecturer (celestial) 2975755 /* Legal standards */ nulla poena sine lege 2690098 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Judicium_Divinum_in_BMPN_2.0.png|thumb|right|577px|Principal workflow]] == Metaphorical language == === Evolution vs. creationism === Evolution represents the predator while creationism represents civilization. Obviously evolution favors the predator as the often most intelligent being and therefore the predator is a winner. Thus the metaphorical dispute about evolution vs. creationism should much rather be the topic of whether and how the civilization can dominate the predator sufficiently. Angels are referred to as "created beings", which implies a state of pure civilization (apart from the fact that angels are created beings, while the evolution that created the homo sapiens was both, evolution and creation at the same time, but this is just fact, not metaphor). === Sodom and Gomorrah === The tale of [[w:Sodom and Gomorrah|Sodom and Gomorrah]] tells the story of a city that was apparently bombed, or something very like that. The archfather Abraham negotiates with God that the city should be spared if 10 righteous (starting from 50 righteous) can be found within the city. The metaphor here is that ten percent is a sorry yield rate and that discarding ninety percent of the population as predators is as if asking God to bomb whole cities. Abraham negotiating down from fifty percent to ten percent is, of course, the wrong direction and would make him look bad, but as the archfather of the Jews he lived in an early era that could not have benefitted from good education, because there were no Jews yet. The perspective of the tale is, of course, the biblical message, that [[w:Judaism|Judaism]] (or rather [[w:Yahwism|Yahwism]]) addressed this issue (which it, in fact, does). ==== Social network ==== Easily deduced is the problem of social networks. Lot's wife "looked back to the city" (which was prohibited) and turned into a pillar of salt. Logically there is a social network surrounding any citizen (e.g. Lot) and his wife would be a person who, especially in ancient times, can easily be imagined to be the one to go to the market place and gossip, leading to a social network of people she may be unwilling to give up. If some people go to heaven while others do not this network must be disassembled somewhere. It may seem an unlikely disassembly to take away somebody's wife, but society consists mostly of interrelated families. Logically there is no other point where disassembly can occur, if can merely shift to other families. Thus the message here is that good ethical education is important and the family should hold together and form a sufficiently strong social network and then that disassembly logically cannot happen in one's own family. But why was Lot's wife turned into a pillar of salt? It may not have been her own failure, but strong social ties to predators and thus one is responsible for one's social network. People who are important should have received sufficient ethical education to make disassembly sufficiently unlikely and all other people should be sufficiently irrelevant to make Lot's wife not "look back". This aspect of the tale therefore explains that some people may be admitted (Lot as a nephew of Abraham is admitted), but people close to them may have failed so badly that they have to be excluded (the majority of the city's inhabitants). In the tale the link from one side to the other is necessarily very short and somebody has to lose. Of course one can only speculate about why Lot didn't like his wife enough or why she was better acquainted with other people, but the true meaning is that society consists of families. Lot's family is thus metaphorically an arbitrary family, but in the unlikely situation of being surrounded by the city's inhabitants, who are all doomed. If the network has to break it has to break within a family, consequently it has to break in this family. This being understood, all families should aim not to be in this situation and the perfect society would result. ==== The Sodom and Gomorrah equation ==== The Sodom and Gomorrah equation can be interpretatively gained from the tale. The equation basically says that Jews (the [[w:in-group|in-group]] of the Bible, which can, of course, be extended to include any ethically responsible culture, for instance Christianity, as one of the dominant examples for such an extended in-group) do have ethical mentors, who form a chain of mentors (described by the Archfather() relation), that links them to an angel. The angel here being a metaphor for a human being with an excellent prognosis for going to heaven and becoming "like an angel". Abraham is, of course, in the biblical context not officially referred to as an angel, but he speaks with God, which is meant to convey a similar status ("speaking with God ''like'' an angel"). : &forall; j &in; JEWS &exist; a &in; ANGELS: Archfather (j) = a The necessity for ethical mentoring (or equivalent education) is what the equation describes and the quality of that education may not be arbitrary, but must, so to speak, be certified by an angel, or may otherwise be insufficient. The inhabitants of the city, of course, logically had no chance to have Abraham as the archfather, because when he still was alive he was not able to at the same time be the archfather of Yahwism. What should be easy to deduce is, of course, that the mentoring function archfather() requires too much time, because it requires many generations to become the archfather of a population. Thus a sensible relation would be called archmentor() or archteacher() and create a chain of mentors within the living population. ==== Angels cannot guarantee what they do not control ==== At the same time the tale warns that angels cannot guarantee what they do not control. Abraham, one should assume, would have included Lot's wife personally as a personal acquaintance, but he was not present in the city at the time of destruction. Thus the mentoring chain logically cannot be fully certified by a single person and can still break, if people fail to understand and apply moral culture and ethical standards in their lives, as the people of Sodom and Gomorrah supposedly did. ==== Can a live after death be guaranteed? ==== More usually there is no guarantee that any particular person will enjoy a life after death. The guarantee is more systematically anchored in society itself and thus in the social networks that constitute society, but may be limited by people's moral culture and ethical standards. Consequently there is also no guarantee for a society that it must include persons who will go to heaven. In the tale of Sodom and Gomorrah Lot just leaves the city. Logically he could have done so at any time and then the society of Sodom and Gomorrah would no longer have contained the tiny group of righteous people from his family, thus turning the society of Sodom and Gomorrah into a doomed society without anybody ascending to heaven. Consequently one should strive to be a morally and ethically acceptable person until oneself is satisfied with the result and that should in theory be sufficient motivation to accomplish the goal. Life after death is meant to be a self-fulfilling prophecy and thus the aim to join heaven is meant to be the salvation, but without legalizing arbitrary misconduct, of course, and with increasing ability to act and intelligence comes also increasing responsibility to do so. === Image of God === The [[w:Image of God|Image of God]] is a metaphor with multiple meanings. One meaning is that the [[w:Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God|Kingdom of Heaven]] is not actually a monarchy. Angels do have [[w:free will|free will]], of course; everything else should be unimaginable. The monarchy of heaven is thus rather a democracy, but a democracy with the unimaginable perfection to act in consensus, according to the will of God, thus every voter is a constituent of the group that confirmed or defined the will of the sovereign of heaven. By human standards this could easily be discarded as impossible to achieve, but in heaven this is the goal, because one is civilized and all voters thus strive for the perfect consensus as a cultural dimension. (One is a very cultural dimension up there in heaven.) In theory angels would take the time to educate each other sufficiently until perfection becomes possible, but that is, given the assembled education, wisdom and intelligence, of course, usually not required. ==== Failure to reach consensus ==== The question if God can move an [[w:Irresistible_force_paradox|immovable object]] is just an invalid question, because immovable objects do not exist. More disconcerting is the issue of problems that do not have perfect solutions. (Another tale tells that Zeus, Lord of the Sky, has been known to have turned such a paradox into [[w:Teumessian_fox|static constellations in heaven]].) Of course heaven can fail to reach consensus, because the perfect choice may not exist. It is easy to construct choices where there is no ideal decision. Given a failure to reach consensus heaven can, as one possible option, agree to disagree and postpone the result until a desirable or required consensus can be reached. Sometimes heaven may act conservatively because of the goal to reach consensus and reluctance to change a previous perfect decision. One could see the Peaceable Kingdom as an example for such a situation: It is the perfect decision to demand of humanity to fulfill human rights as a convergence criterion. Acting conservatively heaven would hesitate to come to a new evaluation of the situation, since the previous perfect consensus decision still seemed quite reasonable. Thus slow progress in the human rights situation may be seen as irrelevant, even though observers might be inclined to see the positive change as an indicator for the final success to tame the predator. == Judgment == === Legal standards === A relevant legal standard in heaven is the non-exploitation of the regulatory framework, meaning an intention to explicitly use the regulatory framework as a source of behavior near the lowest common denominator can be punishable. Jeff Bezos, for instance, explicitly once referred to the lowest common denominator as his guiding principle and would thus be punishable under this legislation. The Twelve Apostles do have the slightly humorous, but still serious, additional connotation that ten letters of personal ethics would be required for ethical certification and thus eleven letters would be seen as exploitation of the regulatory framework, making twelve the minimum number of ethics mentors required for certification. As a consequence nulla poena sine lege (no penalty without law) would also not be applied as strictly in heaven, meaning the regulatory framework is allowed to differ from the expectation, especially for juridical persons (who should have been striving for higher goals than the lowest common denominator to barely be within legal requirements) and especially as an option for the court to either apply or not apply older or newer legislation to a case. On the other hand the very ancient legislation of heaven, of course, does not change very much anyway and the judges are, of course, omniscient, meaning they will not misapply this opportunity, but find the perfect judgement. === Is it true that there will be a judgment of one's sins? === That is definitely true and because angels watch everything humans do the judgment starts immediately with the sin, usually not much later. Mankind does, however, not have a reliable book of law that would detail the actual laws of heaven. All works that try to describe heavenly law were written by humans and contain cultural bias, human opinion and moral standards considered adequate at the time of writing. They may, of course, also contain an unknown amount of fact and/or metaphorical language originating in heaven. The educated reader may be able to distinguish the different types of content. As tourists people often travel to foreign countries without first learning all their laws. It is thus not really unusual not to be aware of the legislation of a state. As a rule of thumb any legislation can be approximated with the [[w:categorical imperative|categorical imperative]], especially heavenly law favors the categorical imperative and resulting moral culture and ethical standards. === The Peaceable Kingdom === The [[w:Peaceable Kingdom (theology)|Peaceable Kingdom]] is a future society that is supposed to precede the [[#Image of God|Kingdom of Heaven]]. What this actually means is that the predator (the homo sapiens is a predator) must be tamed and that people do have [[w:natural rights|natural rights]], which must be guaranteed. The Peaceable Kingdom is thus neither more nor less than a future state of society in which natural rights are sufficiently guaranteed. This is a necessary, but not a sufficient convergence criterion for the Kingdom of Heaven. The Kingdom of Heaven will require even higher standards and human rights that do not even exist as human rights today. The land [[w:Canaan|Canaan]] is associated with the Biblical [[w:Promised Land|Promised Land]], which can be reinterpreted as a promised territory in which migrants find refuge and this then would metaphorically and applying the [[w:categorical imperative|categorical imperative]] include heaven as a refuge for humanity for a live after death. According to the categorical imperative, of course, one should strive to provide refuge to migrants, especially during climate change, who may otherwise not survive in their state of origin, and thus in part satisfy the convergence criterion Peaceable Kingdom. === Duality of personal future and the future of mankind === The duality of one's personal future and the future or mankind is meant to convey that one should aim for a future of mankind that is desirable. Climate change, for instance, makes it perfectly clear that an imaginable future of humanity is a catastrophic disaster. One should, of course, choose not to be the cause of a catastrophic disaster or the all-knowing judge in heaven would have to regard that as a very serious misconduct. As a rule of thumb it makes sense to aim for a future of humanity in heaven that can actually occur, or one will not be able to enjoy it. This should be seen to include the Peaceable Kingdom as a convergence criterion: If you choose to stay divergent, applying the categorical imperative, there would as a result be no future in which you could ascend to heaven. That is, of course, not actually true. Others may create the future without your help, but the judge in heaven may object to your presence in heaven, depending on your personal misconduct, thus making the duality come true. === Is education important for the judgment or just good conduct? === Education is a very positive cultural trait, but not strictly necessary. What is urgently required is ethical education that is sufficient so that the individual has a positive prognosis to become a good citizen of heaven. Strict adherance to a sufficient religion would thus constitute a good standard to receive such a positive prognosis, but heaven aims to make perfect decisions, so that should better be a credible judgment. For instance acceptance of God in heaven as the undisputed sovereign and strict pacifism are very positive cultural traits, even lacking higher education, that could otherwise be seen as a qualifying criterion. Heaven is, however, also very selective about which higher education that would be and consequently one is definitely well advised to consider the constitution of heaven as God-given and pacifism as a self-evident necessity. Of course the inhabitants of heaven enjoy natural rights and among them are the rights to freedom of thought and freedom of speech, but the constitution of heaven should be seen as immutable and thus the free will to endorse the constitution that guarantees these rights is also a very positive cultural trait, thus heaven would be, so to speak, a monarchy (as opposed to anarchy). === What if I feel insecure about my qualification? === People can join heaven as a result of their social network requesting their presence, but only if that is permitted by the judge of heaven and subordinate authorities. There may also be unexpected problems to this approach that are not well-suited for public debate, so the recommended practice is to form an adequate social network in advance, preferably with the explicit purpose of getting one into heaven. Since the society in heaven has a tendency to become more educated over time the likelihood of a good teacher from your personal social network becoming available as mentor rises constantly. What is beneficial is a good social network, that engages in mentoring, and acceptance for people you know as mentors, that may be willing to help, on your side. Any Christian priest could be seen to fulfill that requirement for his parish, which is because that is the God-given intended function. That is, of course, again no license for sever misconduct, because the judge in heaven can object permanently. The devil is such a theoretical terrorist, who can not be allowed to enter heaven, or would have to be expelled by force. The ability to enter heaven without permission is, however, a rather theoretical thing. Angels would be able to try, but they don't do that. In an existential sense the devil is not just a theory and does exist, but he may also be encountered in actions by persons who fail to employ sufficient ethical standards and as a result act as if instructed by such an agent of evil. Heaven refers to the latter as 'collectively intelligent stupidity' or just stupidity, because one should be able to deduce that it may cause incalculable problems for one's personal future in heaven, which should logically enjoy the highest priority or be among the highest priorities. == Science == === Will science allow us to gain all the magic of heaven and do without it? === No, it won't, but that is a rather complicated analysis and you are, of course, allowed to believe in science. === Is physical entry into the otherworld possible? === Entry into the [[w:otherworld|otherworld]] is not physically possible. If it were possible normal matter (water) would become exotic matter (wine), organic chemistry and especially protein folding would break down and containers would cease to contain their content. Trivially these conditions would be unhealthy for the traveler, but this is a theoretical problem, because matter does not travel to the otherworld at all. What can enter the otherworld is only the soul, which is pure energy, light and information. It can enter the otherworld because it does not physically exist and (notice the change of interpretation) the soul in its non-existence is about virtues, values and goodness. It, however, has no need to travel, because it resides already in the otherworld. === Can the soul come back to this world? === There are multiple issues that are not well-suited for public debate, especially not, given the different interpretations of different religions, but in theory this is possible and if an angel would be sitting in a barrack somewhere in Africa and waiting for his natural rights to be acknowledged you wouldn't be able to tell the difference. He might, of course, leave once his natural rights had been granted and could, for instance, simultaneously reside in the otherworld and sit in parliament as a special rapporteur on human rights. This is very definitely possible, but not very likely, rather an adequate metaphor for the possibility and the goal to fulfill human rights. === Is the soul immortal and eternal? === There are different ways to see this. What is most important is that the soul should be seen as an integral part of the human being from somewhere between conception and birth on. Whether it exists before conception or not is, again, not well-suited for public debate and a somewhat academic question: Yes and No. Only this way, from birth on, the soul can grant the most perfect immortality that can be conferred. It is certainly eternal in the sense that it does not have a limited life time. jlpgbpkazhx84n8a46gvqyvx0a85t2b 2690099 2690098 2024-12-03T11:33:13Z Private lecturer (celestial) 2975755 /* Judgment */ The Twelve Apostles 2690099 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Judicium_Divinum_in_BMPN_2.0.png|thumb|right|577px|Principal workflow]] == Metaphorical language == === Evolution vs. creationism === Evolution represents the predator while creationism represents civilization. Obviously evolution favors the predator as the often most intelligent being and therefore the predator is a winner. Thus the metaphorical dispute about evolution vs. creationism should much rather be the topic of whether and how the civilization can dominate the predator sufficiently. Angels are referred to as "created beings", which implies a state of pure civilization (apart from the fact that angels are created beings, while the evolution that created the homo sapiens was both, evolution and creation at the same time, but this is just fact, not metaphor). === Sodom and Gomorrah === The tale of [[w:Sodom and Gomorrah|Sodom and Gomorrah]] tells the story of a city that was apparently bombed, or something very like that. The archfather Abraham negotiates with God that the city should be spared if 10 righteous (starting from 50 righteous) can be found within the city. The metaphor here is that ten percent is a sorry yield rate and that discarding ninety percent of the population as predators is as if asking God to bomb whole cities. Abraham negotiating down from fifty percent to ten percent is, of course, the wrong direction and would make him look bad, but as the archfather of the Jews he lived in an early era that could not have benefitted from good education, because there were no Jews yet. The perspective of the tale is, of course, the biblical message, that [[w:Judaism|Judaism]] (or rather [[w:Yahwism|Yahwism]]) addressed this issue (which it, in fact, does). ==== Social network ==== Easily deduced is the problem of social networks. Lot's wife "looked back to the city" (which was prohibited) and turned into a pillar of salt. Logically there is a social network surrounding any citizen (e.g. Lot) and his wife would be a person who, especially in ancient times, can easily be imagined to be the one to go to the market place and gossip, leading to a social network of people she may be unwilling to give up. If some people go to heaven while others do not this network must be disassembled somewhere. It may seem an unlikely disassembly to take away somebody's wife, but society consists mostly of interrelated families. Logically there is no other point where disassembly can occur, if can merely shift to other families. Thus the message here is that good ethical education is important and the family should hold together and form a sufficiently strong social network and then that disassembly logically cannot happen in one's own family. But why was Lot's wife turned into a pillar of salt? It may not have been her own failure, but strong social ties to predators and thus one is responsible for one's social network. People who are important should have received sufficient ethical education to make disassembly sufficiently unlikely and all other people should be sufficiently irrelevant to make Lot's wife not "look back". This aspect of the tale therefore explains that some people may be admitted (Lot as a nephew of Abraham is admitted), but people close to them may have failed so badly that they have to be excluded (the majority of the city's inhabitants). In the tale the link from one side to the other is necessarily very short and somebody has to lose. Of course one can only speculate about why Lot didn't like his wife enough or why she was better acquainted with other people, but the true meaning is that society consists of families. Lot's family is thus metaphorically an arbitrary family, but in the unlikely situation of being surrounded by the city's inhabitants, who are all doomed. If the network has to break it has to break within a family, consequently it has to break in this family. This being understood, all families should aim not to be in this situation and the perfect society would result. ==== The Sodom and Gomorrah equation ==== The Sodom and Gomorrah equation can be interpretatively gained from the tale. The equation basically says that Jews (the [[w:in-group|in-group]] of the Bible, which can, of course, be extended to include any ethically responsible culture, for instance Christianity, as one of the dominant examples for such an extended in-group) do have ethical mentors, who form a chain of mentors (described by the Archfather() relation), that links them to an angel. The angel here being a metaphor for a human being with an excellent prognosis for going to heaven and becoming "like an angel". Abraham is, of course, in the biblical context not officially referred to as an angel, but he speaks with God, which is meant to convey a similar status ("speaking with God ''like'' an angel"). : &forall; j &in; JEWS &exist; a &in; ANGELS: Archfather (j) = a The necessity for ethical mentoring (or equivalent education) is what the equation describes and the quality of that education may not be arbitrary, but must, so to speak, be certified by an angel, or may otherwise be insufficient. The inhabitants of the city, of course, logically had no chance to have Abraham as the archfather, because when he still was alive he was not able to at the same time be the archfather of Yahwism. What should be easy to deduce is, of course, that the mentoring function archfather() requires too much time, because it requires many generations to become the archfather of a population. Thus a sensible relation would be called archmentor() or archteacher() and create a chain of mentors within the living population. ==== Angels cannot guarantee what they do not control ==== At the same time the tale warns that angels cannot guarantee what they do not control. Abraham, one should assume, would have included Lot's wife personally as a personal acquaintance, but he was not present in the city at the time of destruction. Thus the mentoring chain logically cannot be fully certified by a single person and can still break, if people fail to understand and apply moral culture and ethical standards in their lives, as the people of Sodom and Gomorrah supposedly did. ==== Can a live after death be guaranteed? ==== More usually there is no guarantee that any particular person will enjoy a life after death. The guarantee is more systematically anchored in society itself and thus in the social networks that constitute society, but may be limited by people's moral culture and ethical standards. Consequently there is also no guarantee for a society that it must include persons who will go to heaven. In the tale of Sodom and Gomorrah Lot just leaves the city. Logically he could have done so at any time and then the society of Sodom and Gomorrah would no longer have contained the tiny group of righteous people from his family, thus turning the society of Sodom and Gomorrah into a doomed society without anybody ascending to heaven. Consequently one should strive to be a morally and ethically acceptable person until oneself is satisfied with the result and that should in theory be sufficient motivation to accomplish the goal. Life after death is meant to be a self-fulfilling prophecy and thus the aim to join heaven is meant to be the salvation, but without legalizing arbitrary misconduct, of course, and with increasing ability to act and intelligence comes also increasing responsibility to do so. === Image of God === The [[w:Image of God|Image of God]] is a metaphor with multiple meanings. One meaning is that the [[w:Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God|Kingdom of Heaven]] is not actually a monarchy. Angels do have [[w:free will|free will]], of course; everything else should be unimaginable. The monarchy of heaven is thus rather a democracy, but a democracy with the unimaginable perfection to act in consensus, according to the will of God, thus every voter is a constituent of the group that confirmed or defined the will of the sovereign of heaven. By human standards this could easily be discarded as impossible to achieve, but in heaven this is the goal, because one is civilized and all voters thus strive for the perfect consensus as a cultural dimension. (One is a very cultural dimension up there in heaven.) In theory angels would take the time to educate each other sufficiently until perfection becomes possible, but that is, given the assembled education, wisdom and intelligence, of course, usually not required. ==== Failure to reach consensus ==== The question if God can move an [[w:Irresistible_force_paradox|immovable object]] is just an invalid question, because immovable objects do not exist. More disconcerting is the issue of problems that do not have perfect solutions. (Another tale tells that Zeus, Lord of the Sky, has been known to have turned such a paradox into [[w:Teumessian_fox|static constellations in heaven]].) Of course heaven can fail to reach consensus, because the perfect choice may not exist. It is easy to construct choices where there is no ideal decision. Given a failure to reach consensus heaven can, as one possible option, agree to disagree and postpone the result until a desirable or required consensus can be reached. Sometimes heaven may act conservatively because of the goal to reach consensus and reluctance to change a previous perfect decision. One could see the Peaceable Kingdom as an example for such a situation: It is the perfect decision to demand of humanity to fulfill human rights as a convergence criterion. Acting conservatively heaven would hesitate to come to a new evaluation of the situation, since the previous perfect consensus decision still seemed quite reasonable. Thus slow progress in the human rights situation may be seen as irrelevant, even though observers might be inclined to see the positive change as an indicator for the final success to tame the predator. == Judgment == === Legal standards === A relevant legal standard in heaven is the non-exploitation of the regulatory framework, meaning an intention to explicitly use the regulatory framework as a source of behavior near the lowest common denominator can be punishable. Jeff Bezos, for instance, explicitly once referred to the lowest common denominator as his guiding principle and would thus be punishable under this legislation. The Twelve Apostles do have the slightly humorous, but still serious, additional connotation that ten letters of personal ethics would be required for ethical certification and thus eleven letters would be seen as exploitation of the regulatory framework, making twelve the minimum number of ethics mentors required for certification. As a consequence nulla poena sine lege (no penalty without law) would also not be applied as strictly in heaven, meaning the regulatory framework is allowed to differ from the expectation, especially for juridical persons (who should have been striving for higher goals than the lowest common denominator to barely be within legal requirements) and especially as an option for the court to either apply or not apply older or newer legislation to a case. On the other hand the very ancient legislation of heaven, of course, does not change very much anyway and the judges are, of course, omniscient, meaning they will not misapply this opportunity, but find the perfect judgement. ==== The Twelve Apostles ==== In the absence of any certification there is, of course, no strict requirement on Earth. Ten would be the sensible requirement, that is easily invented and understood. Non-exploitation of the regulatory framework is easily applied to this new regulation, even if not strictly specified to apply, so this would more be an interpretation by superiors, but not strictly required. Alternatively one could also observe that a minimum fulfillment would show that apparently the topic had not been interesting enough. Consequently, because – wanting to be prepared – one should logically want to fulfill this requirement for most of one’s lifetime and one would have at least ten to twelve ethics mentors from adolescence, but later in life would permanently seek to gain new ethics mentors and new certifications, especially when rising in rank oneself, because mentors from adolescence can easily be perceived as very insufficient later in life and especially by superiors. Pensioners could again see a need to improve this network, because their perspective would more focus on a future in heaven and thus provide new motivation. 120 cardinals form a papal conclave, which would, of course, be over-fulfillment, but understandably serve the '''very''' purpose. The Twelve Apostles, being both young adults or adults, would also be two groups at once, thus the “earlier 12” or the “later 12”. Jesus apparently also would have had Twelve Apostles at about the age of thirty, which would be an age where ascension in society could motivate exactly the behavior to form new relationships with the second group of mentors. One wouldn’t expect a man at that age to die at all, but – wanting to be prepared – one would maintain the perspective and resulting motivation and thus continue to build a social network of ethics mentors. The apostles are later mentioned as visitors in Rome, Athens and other cities and as old men, which would make this a reference to the third group of ethics mentors, one would gather as a pensioner. Also the network apparently would in that era count as “worldwide”, so pensioners are presented as having the opportunity to extend their network to, at least, other cities, but in effect contributing to worldwide networking. === Is it true that there will be a judgment of one's sins? === That is definitely true and because angels watch everything humans do the judgment starts immediately with the sin, usually not much later. Mankind does, however, not have a reliable book of law that would detail the actual laws of heaven. All works that try to describe heavenly law were written by humans and contain cultural bias, human opinion and moral standards considered adequate at the time of writing. They may, of course, also contain an unknown amount of fact and/or metaphorical language originating in heaven. The educated reader may be able to distinguish the different types of content. As tourists people often travel to foreign countries without first learning all their laws. It is thus not really unusual not to be aware of the legislation of a state. As a rule of thumb any legislation can be approximated with the [[w:categorical imperative|categorical imperative]], especially heavenly law favors the categorical imperative and resulting moral culture and ethical standards. === The Peaceable Kingdom === The [[w:Peaceable Kingdom (theology)|Peaceable Kingdom]] is a future society that is supposed to precede the [[#Image of God|Kingdom of Heaven]]. What this actually means is that the predator (the homo sapiens is a predator) must be tamed and that people do have [[w:natural rights|natural rights]], which must be guaranteed. The Peaceable Kingdom is thus neither more nor less than a future state of society in which natural rights are sufficiently guaranteed. This is a necessary, but not a sufficient convergence criterion for the Kingdom of Heaven. The Kingdom of Heaven will require even higher standards and human rights that do not even exist as human rights today. The land [[w:Canaan|Canaan]] is associated with the Biblical [[w:Promised Land|Promised Land]], which can be reinterpreted as a promised territory in which migrants find refuge and this then would metaphorically and applying the [[w:categorical imperative|categorical imperative]] include heaven as a refuge for humanity for a live after death. According to the categorical imperative, of course, one should strive to provide refuge to migrants, especially during climate change, who may otherwise not survive in their state of origin, and thus in part satisfy the convergence criterion Peaceable Kingdom. === Duality of personal future and the future of mankind === The duality of one's personal future and the future or mankind is meant to convey that one should aim for a future of mankind that is desirable. Climate change, for instance, makes it perfectly clear that an imaginable future of humanity is a catastrophic disaster. One should, of course, choose not to be the cause of a catastrophic disaster or the all-knowing judge in heaven would have to regard that as a very serious misconduct. As a rule of thumb it makes sense to aim for a future of humanity in heaven that can actually occur, or one will not be able to enjoy it. This should be seen to include the Peaceable Kingdom as a convergence criterion: If you choose to stay divergent, applying the categorical imperative, there would as a result be no future in which you could ascend to heaven. That is, of course, not actually true. Others may create the future without your help, but the judge in heaven may object to your presence in heaven, depending on your personal misconduct, thus making the duality come true. === Is education important for the judgment or just good conduct? === Education is a very positive cultural trait, but not strictly necessary. What is urgently required is ethical education that is sufficient so that the individual has a positive prognosis to become a good citizen of heaven. Strict adherance to a sufficient religion would thus constitute a good standard to receive such a positive prognosis, but heaven aims to make perfect decisions, so that should better be a credible judgment. For instance acceptance of God in heaven as the undisputed sovereign and strict pacifism are very positive cultural traits, even lacking higher education, that could otherwise be seen as a qualifying criterion. Heaven is, however, also very selective about which higher education that would be and consequently one is definitely well advised to consider the constitution of heaven as God-given and pacifism as a self-evident necessity. Of course the inhabitants of heaven enjoy natural rights and among them are the rights to freedom of thought and freedom of speech, but the constitution of heaven should be seen as immutable and thus the free will to endorse the constitution that guarantees these rights is also a very positive cultural trait, thus heaven would be, so to speak, a monarchy (as opposed to anarchy). === What if I feel insecure about my qualification? === People can join heaven as a result of their social network requesting their presence, but only if that is permitted by the judge of heaven and subordinate authorities. There may also be unexpected problems to this approach that are not well-suited for public debate, so the recommended practice is to form an adequate social network in advance, preferably with the explicit purpose of getting one into heaven. Since the society in heaven has a tendency to become more educated over time the likelihood of a good teacher from your personal social network becoming available as mentor rises constantly. What is beneficial is a good social network, that engages in mentoring, and acceptance for people you know as mentors, that may be willing to help, on your side. Any Christian priest could be seen to fulfill that requirement for his parish, which is because that is the God-given intended function. That is, of course, again no license for sever misconduct, because the judge in heaven can object permanently. The devil is such a theoretical terrorist, who can not be allowed to enter heaven, or would have to be expelled by force. The ability to enter heaven without permission is, however, a rather theoretical thing. Angels would be able to try, but they don't do that. In an existential sense the devil is not just a theory and does exist, but he may also be encountered in actions by persons who fail to employ sufficient ethical standards and as a result act as if instructed by such an agent of evil. Heaven refers to the latter as 'collectively intelligent stupidity' or just stupidity, because one should be able to deduce that it may cause incalculable problems for one's personal future in heaven, which should logically enjoy the highest priority or be among the highest priorities. == Science == === Will science allow us to gain all the magic of heaven and do without it? === No, it won't, but that is a rather complicated analysis and you are, of course, allowed to believe in science. === Is physical entry into the otherworld possible? === Entry into the [[w:otherworld|otherworld]] is not physically possible. If it were possible normal matter (water) would become exotic matter (wine), organic chemistry and especially protein folding would break down and containers would cease to contain their content. Trivially these conditions would be unhealthy for the traveler, but this is a theoretical problem, because matter does not travel to the otherworld at all. What can enter the otherworld is only the soul, which is pure energy, light and information. It can enter the otherworld because it does not physically exist and (notice the change of interpretation) the soul in its non-existence is about virtues, values and goodness. It, however, has no need to travel, because it resides already in the otherworld. === Can the soul come back to this world? === There are multiple issues that are not well-suited for public debate, especially not, given the different interpretations of different religions, but in theory this is possible and if an angel would be sitting in a barrack somewhere in Africa and waiting for his natural rights to be acknowledged you wouldn't be able to tell the difference. He might, of course, leave once his natural rights had been granted and could, for instance, simultaneously reside in the otherworld and sit in parliament as a special rapporteur on human rights. This is very definitely possible, but not very likely, rather an adequate metaphor for the possibility and the goal to fulfill human rights. === Is the soul immortal and eternal? === There are different ways to see this. What is most important is that the soul should be seen as an integral part of the human being from somewhere between conception and birth on. Whether it exists before conception or not is, again, not well-suited for public debate and a somewhat academic question: Yes and No. Only this way, from birth on, the soul can grant the most perfect immortality that can be conferred. It is certainly eternal in the sense that it does not have a limited life time. 0nl8slrmdjm71y4ek1retawqonuqhzb 0 302417 2689942 2689807 2024-12-02T12:20:59Z Conan 183430 /* Introduction to Hugging Face NLP */ fine-tuning+ 2689942 wikitext text/x-wiki Large language models (LLM's) are software programs that are also known as a form of "artificial intelligence" (AI); LLM's are specifically an aspect of generative AI. This wiki area is for learning, teaching, and research related to LLM's. {{RightTOC}} [[Image:Multiple attention heads.png|right|280px|thumb|An illustration of multiple attention heads, each having its own criteria of relevance of other tokens for one of the tokens within the scope of a context window. (For the purpose of illustration, the context window consists of only one sentence.]] ==Discourse and ideas== Here is discourse and ideas related to large language models. Perhaps once significantly developed/refined, some of these can have their own sub-page or become a unique learning resource. ===Learning wikis as training data=== Unless laws change, Creative Commons content appears to be valid training data for LLM's. As LLM's progress and advance, more and more data can be utilized to training increasingly complex models. Learning wikis devoted to learning, teaching, and resource, that allow for original research and original content creation (related to learning, teaching, and research), can potentially be extremely valuable (in terms of educational value) for large language models. Perhaps in the future (if this does not already exist), large language models will be able to continuously be trained on, retain, and learn from new data and information. Perhaps in the future, an open source large language model could only be trained on Creative Commons data, and therefore, all generated content would also be licensed under Creative Commons. ==Discussion questions== Here are some learning and teaching oriented discussion questions related to large language models. Humans can use language and mental effort to explore these ideas collaboratively, or some of these could be used as prompts to see how an LLM might respond. * Would a large language model that is only trained on Creative Commons licensed data only be capable of generating responses to prompts that can also be rightly and correctly licensed under a Creative Commons license? * How might large language models affect learning and research. Will LLM's eventually seen like calculators are in math and sciences now? But for everything (all subjects/topics, including math, physics, ethics, biology, psychology, chemistry, engineering, art)? * What are some ethical considerations related to large language models that should be considered? * What are some pros and cons to open source large language models? Will open source LLM's likely become more advanced the propriety LLM's eventually? What do you think? * How can large language models help to advance and accelerate technological automation in ways that will benefit all of humanity? * In what ways can large language models help programmers to code? * Can music be thought of a language within the realm of large language models? * What is differentiable computing and how does differentiable computing relate to large language models? * How can teachers utilize large language models to help accelerate student learning and to help students learn more efficiently? == Educational prompt ideas== These are original prompt ideas regarding ways to learn about large language models, and also to explore using LLM's for learning, teaching, and research. Input these into your preferred LLM (without quotes) to see what results are generated. LLM's might produce interesting or useful answers in response to these prompts. Some of these prompts may be interesting or useful for discussions among and between humans. * "Describe to me how large language models can be utilized for learning, teaching, and research. Do this in an about 200 word two paragraph mini essay. Explain it to me like I am a freshman in community college." * "Give me a list of 12 ways that large language models can be utilized for learning, teaching, and research." * "How can LLM's be utilized to accelerate the pace of research and scientific discovery?" * "What are some ethical considerations related to large language models that should be considered?" * "What are some pros and cons to open source large language models? Will open source LLM's likely become more advanced the propriety LLM's eventually? What do you think?" * "What are some project ideas to integrate large language models in with humanoid robots, and/or other sorts of robots? Please give me 15 project ideas that can be relatively simple or extremely complex." * "Please search the Internet if possible. In what ways have university professors and academic researchers been using large language models in the last year? Please respond in list form." * "In what ways can large language models help programmers to code? Please provide me 8 examples and respond in list form." * "Can music be thought of a language within the realm of large language models?" * "What is differentiable computing and how does differentiable computing relate to large language models?" * "How can one fine tune an open source large language model?" * "What are some popular state of the art open source large language models. Please search the internet as helpful and respond to me in list form." * "Please give me a list of important terminology that I should be aware of when working with and training open source large language models. Please be comprehensive. Please respond in list form. And please search the internet as helpful." * "What sort of hardware should I utilize to run the most competent open source large language models that I want to utilize for learning, teaching, and research? Please search the internet as helpful." * "How can teachers utilize large language models to help accelerate student learning and to help students learn more efficiently? Please respond in list form." * "How can researchers utilize large language models to create theories, hypothesis, and to formulate potential research studies? Please respond in short paragraphs, but in list form." ==Readings and learning media== ===External=== * [https://stpp.fordschool.umich.edu/tags/large-language-models Large Language Models] - Articles * [https://hai.stanford.edu/news/how-large-language-models-will-transform-science-society-and-ai How Large Language Models Will Transform Science, Society, and AI] * [https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/blog/harnessing-the-power-of-large-language-models-for-economic-and-social-good-foundations/ Harnessing the Power of Large Language Models For Economic and Social Good: Foundations] * [https://courses.grainger.illinois.edu/CS447/sp2023/Slides/Lecture27.pdf Lecture 27: Intro to Large Language Models] ==== Introduction to Hugging Face NLP ==== Introductory course about natural language processing (NLP) using libraries from the Hugging Face ecosystem &ndash; Transformers, Datasets, Tokenizers, and Accelerate. : [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter0/1 '''NLP Course'''] :: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/1 transformer models] ::: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/2 NLP], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/3 What], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/4 How], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/5 Encoder], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/6 Decoder], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/7 Sequence-to-sequence], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter1/8 Bias and limitations], :: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter2/1 using transformers]: ::: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter2/2 pipeline], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter2/3 models], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter2/4 tokenizer], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter2/5 batching], decoding, padding, attention mask :: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter3/1 fine-tuning a pretrained model]: ::: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter3/2 Preprocessing], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter3/3 Fine-tuning], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter3/4 Full training], map, [https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/index dataset], dynamic padding, batch, collate function, train, predict, evaluate, [https://github.com/huggingface/accelerate accelerate] :: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter4/1 sharing models and tokenizers]: ::: hub, model card :: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter5/1 the datasets library]: ::: batch, DataFrame, validation, splitting, embedding, FAISS :: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter6/1 the tokenizers library]: ::: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter6/2 training tokenizer], grouping, QnA, [https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers/api/normalizers normalizers], pre-tokenization, [https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers/api/models models],[https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers/api/trainers trainers]: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/en/chapter6/5 Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE)], WordPiece, Unigram, [https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers/api/post-processors post processors], [https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers/components#decoders decoders] :: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter7/1 main nlp tasks]: ::: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter7/2 token classification], metrics, perplexity, [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter7/4 translation], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter7/5 summarization], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter7/6 training CLM], [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter7/7 QnA], :: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter8/1 how to ask for help] :: [https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/chapter9/1 building and sharing demos] ==== Hugging Face docs ==== : https://huggingface.co/docs :: Core libraries ::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers Transformers] &ndash; State-of-the-art ML for Pytorch, TensorFlow, and JAX. :::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main_classes/pipelines#transformers.pipeline pipeline] &ndash; simple interface for inference with models. :::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/auto#auto-classes Auto classes]: AutoConfig, AutoModel, and AutoTokenizer. The from_pretrained method. :::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers//main_classes/trainer#transformers.Trainer Trainer] and [https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main_classes/trainer#transformers.TrainingArguments TrainingArguments] ::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets Datasets] &ndash; Access and share datasets for computer vision, audio, and NLP tasks. :::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/tutorial Tutorials] :::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/how_to How-to guides] :::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/about_arrow Conceptual guides] :::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes Reference] ::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate Accelerate] &ndash; Easily train and use PyTorch models with multi-GPU, TPU, mixed-precision. ::: [https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers Tokenizers] &ndash; Fast tokenizers, optimized for both research and production. :::: Components: Normalizers, Pre-tokenizers, Models, Post-Processors, Decoders ... :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/hub Hub] &ndash; Host Git-based models, datasets and Spaces on the Hugging Face Hub. :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/diffusers Diffusers] &ndash; State-of-the-art diffusion models for image and audio generation in PyTorch. :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/huggingface_hub Hub Python Library] &ndash; Client library for the HF Hub: manage repositories from your Python runtime. :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/huggingface.js Huggingface.js] &ndash; A collection of JS libraries to interact with Hugging Face, with TS types included. :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers.js Transformers.js] &ndash; Community library to run pretrained models from Transformers in your browser. :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/api-inference Inference API (serverless)] &ndash; Experiment with over 200k models easily using the serverless tier of Inference Endpoints. :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/inference-endpoints Inference Endpoints (dedicated)] &ndash; Easily deploy models to production on dedicated, fully managed infrastructure. :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/peft PEFT] &ndash; Parameter efficient fine-tuning methods for large models ::: Soft prompting, LoRA, IA3 :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/optimum Optimum] &ndash; Fast training and inference of HF Transformers with easy to use hardware optimization tools. :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/optimum-neuron AWS Trainium &amp; Inferentia] &ndash; Train and Deploy Transformers &amp; Diffusers with AWS Trainium and AWS Inferentia via Optimum :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/evaluate Evaluate] &ndash; Evaluate and report model performance easier and more standardized. ::: types: metrics, comparisons, measurements :: [https://huggingface.co/tasks Tasks] ::: extraction, question answering, classification, generation ... :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/dataset-viewer Dataset viewer] &ndash; API to access the contents, metadata and basic statistics of all Hugging Face Hub datasets. ::: Splits and subsets, [https://github.com/huggingface/dataset-viewer dataset-viewer] :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/trl TRL] &ndash; Transformer Reinforcement Learning ::: reward modeling, fine-tuning, optimizations, :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/sagemaker Amazon SageMaker] &ndash; Train and Deploy Transformer models with Amazon SageMaker and Hugging Face Deep Learning Containers (DLC). :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/timm timm] &ndash; Pytorch Image Models. ::: State-of-the-art computer vision models, layers, optimizers, training/evaluation, and utilities. :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/safetensors Safetensors] &ndash; Simple, safe way to store and distribute neural networks weights. :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/text-generation-inference Text Generation Inference (TGI)] &ndash; Toolkit to serve Large Language Models. :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/autotrain AutoTrain] &ndash; AutoTrain API and UI. ::: [https://huggingface.co/autotrain autotrain] :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/text-embeddings-inference Text Embeddings Inference] &ndash; Toolkit to serve Text Embedding Models. :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/competitions Competitions] &ndash; Create your own competitions on Hugging Face. :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/bitsandbytes Bitsandbytes] &ndash; Toolkit to optimize and quantize models. :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/optimum-tpu Google TPUs] &ndash; Deploy models on [https://cloud.google.com/tpu/docs Google TPUs] via Optimum. :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/chat-ui Chat UI] &ndash; Open source chat frontend, powers the [https://huggingface.co/chat HuggingChat] app. :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/leaderboards Leaderboards] &ndash; Create your own Leaderboards on Hugging Face. :: [https://huggingface.co/docs/hugs Hugging Face Generative AI Services (HUGS)] &ndash; optimized, zero-configuration inference microservices designed to simplify and accelerate the development of AI applications with open models. ===Videos=== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sLYAQS9sWQ How Large Language Models Work] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhCl-GeT4jw Large Language Models and The End of Programming - CS50 Tech Talk with Dr. Matt Welsh] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBI1nPep72Q LMStudio Tutorial Run ANY Open-Source Model LOCALLY] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UU1WVnMk4E8 Create a Large Language Model from Scratch with Python – Tutorial] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eC6Hd1hFvos Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) | w/ Example Code] ===Data sets=== * [https://huggingface.co/blog/Pclanglais/two-trillion-tokens-open Releasing the largest multilingual open pretraining dataset] :: [https://huggingface.co/datasets/PleIAs/common_corpus Common Corpus] :: [https://huggingface.co/datasets/PleIAs/common_corpus/tree/main Files and versions] ===Wikipedia=== {{colbegin|5}} * [[w:Large language model|Large language model]] * [[w:Prompt engineering|Prompt engineering]] * [[w:GPT-4|GPT-4]] * [[w:Category:Large language models|Category:Large language models]] * [[w:LLaMA|LLaMA]] * [[w:Mistral AI|Mistral AI]] * [[w:Foundation model|Foundation model]] * [[w:Natural-language understanding|Natural-language understanding]] * [[w:Ethics of artificial intelligence|Ethics of artificial intelligence]] * [[w:Artificial general intelligence|Artificial general intelligence]] * [[w:Intelligence amplification|Intelligence amplification]] * [[w:Outline of artificial intelligence|Outline of artificial intelligence]] * [[w:Synthetic intelligence|Synthetic intelligence]] * [[w:Weak artificial intelligence|Weak artificial intelligence]] * [[w:History of artificial intelligence|History of artificial intelligence]] * [[w:Timeline of artificial intelligence|Timeline of artificial intelligence]] * [[w:Progress in artificial intelligence|Progress in artificial intelligence]] * [[w:History of natural language processing|History of natural language processing]] * [[w:Hardware for artificial intelligence|Hardware for artificial intelligence]] * [[w:AI safety|AI safety]] * [[w:Neural scaling law|Neural scaling law]] * [[w:Philosophy of artificial intelligence|Philosophy of artificial intelligence]] * [[w:Philosophy of mind|Philosophy of mind]] * [[w:Computational theory of mind|Computational theory of mind]] * [[w:Regulation of artificial intelligence|Regulation of artificial intelligence]] * [[w:LangChain|LangChain]] * [[w:Generative pre-trained transformer|Generative pre-trained transformer]] * [[w:GitHub Copilot|GitHub Copilot]] * [[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] * [[w:Generative artificial intelligence|Generative artificial intelligence]] * [[w:Category:Generative artificial intelligence|Category:Generative artificial intelligence]] * [[w:Music and artificial intelligence|Music and artificial intelligence]] * [[w:Workplace impact of artificial intelligence|Workplace impact of artificial intelligence]] * [[w:Applications of artificial intelligence|Applications of artificial intelligence]] * [[w:Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects|Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects]] * [[w:Wikipedia:Artificial intelligence|Wikipedia:Artificial intelligence]] * [[w:Artificial intelligence in healthcare|Artificial intelligence in healthcare]] * [[w:Automated reasoning|Automated reasoning]] * [[w:Machine learning in physics|Machine learning in physics]] * [[w:Quantum neural network|Quantum neural network]] * [[w:ChatGPT in education|ChatGPT in education]] * [[w:Artificial intelligence content detection|Artificial intelligence content detection]] * [[w:Turing test|Turing test]] * [[w:List of datasets for machine-learning research|List of datasets for machine-learning research]] * [[w:Fine-tuning (deep learning)|Fine-tuning (deep learning)]] * [[w:Attention (machine learning)|Attention (machine learning)]] * [[w:Mixture of experts|Mixture of experts]] * [[w:Gemini (language model)|Gemini (language model)]] * [[w:Auto-GPT|Auto-GPT]] * [[w:VideoPoet|VideoPoet]] {{colend}} ==See also== * [[Artificial intelligence]] * [[Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning]] * [[Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Laboratory]] * [[Computer science]] * [[Artificial Consciousness]] * [[Supersymmetric Artificial Neural Network]] * [[History of artificial intelligence]] [[Category: Computer science]] [[Category: Machine learning]] [[Category: Artificial intelligence]] 0it62ccw3b8vu67v4m5c1aw8ht0nthy 0 302470 2690079 2615609 2024-12-03T10:27:03Z ThaniosAkro 2805358 /* Discussion questions */ 2690079 wikitext text/x-wiki Pi is a mathematical concept related to circles, geometry, and probably more. ----- ;Subpages {{Subpages/List}} ----- '''Notice:''' [[Pi/Real cosine function/Definition]] and [[Pi/Zero of cosine/Introduction/Section]] are two subpages to [[Pi]] that should not be deleted because they are transclusions to another learning resource. '''Please do not delete this page because it might help "protect" the subpages.''' ==Learning resources== ===Wikipedia=== * [[Wikipedia:Pi|Pi]] * [[Wikipedia:Category:Pi|Pi]] (Category) * [[Wikipedia:Irrational number|Irrational number]] * [[Wikipedia:Approximations of π|Approximations of π]] * [[Wikipedia:List of topics related to π|List of topics related to π]] * [[Wikipedia:List of formulae involving π|List of formulae involving π]] * [[Wikipedia:A History of Pi|A History of Pi]] * [[Wikipedia:Turn_(angle)#Tau_proposals|Turn_(angle)#Tau_proposals]] * [[Wikipedia:Six nines in pi|Six nines in pi]] * [[Wikipedia:Proof that π is irrational|Proof that π is irrational]] ===External=== * [https://www.exploratorium.edu/pi/history-of-pi A Brief History of Pi (π)] * [https://press.princeton.edu/ideas/pi-is-magic Pi is magic] * [https://sites.math.rutgers.edu/~cherlin/History/Papers2000/wilson.html The History of Pi] * [https://www.math.utah.edu/~alfeld/math/pi.html pi to 10,000 digits] * [https://news.web.baylor.edu/news/story/2023/baylor-math-chair-explains-magic-mystery-p-pi Baylor Math Chair Explains Magic, Mystery of π (Pi)] * [https://curtiscenter.math.ucla.edu/are-there-any-practical-applications-of-pi-aside-from-calculating-the-area-or-circumference-of-a-circle/ Are there any practical applications of pi, aside from calculating the area or circumference of a circle?] * [https://content.byui.edu/file/b8b83119-9acc-4a7b-bc84-efacf9043998/1/Math-2-5-1.html Pi and the Circumference of a Circle] * [https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/03/harvard-physics-lecturer-on-why-pi-endlessly-fascinates-us/ Our endless fascination with pi] ==Calculaton of π== ===Radians, the natural angle=== [[File:1129radian00.png|thumb|400px|'''Diagram illustrating one radian of angular measurement.''' </br> Arc of circle (red curved line with arrows) with length equal to radius of circle subtends one radian at center. </br> In diagram above, length of radius = length of arc = 1. </br> One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232\dots^\circ.</math> <math></math> <math></math> ]] If you were a mathematician among the ancient Sumerians of the 3rd millennium BC and you were determined to define the angle that could be adopted as a standard to be used by all users of trigonometry, you would probably suggest the angle in an equilateral triangle. This angle is easily defined, easily constructed, easily understood and easily reproduced. It would be easy to call this angle the "natural" angle. The numeral system used by the ancient Sumerians was Sexagesimal, also known as base 60, a numeral system with sixty as its base. In practice the natural angle could be divided into 60 parts, now called degrees, and each degree could be divided into 60 parts, now called minutes, and so on. Three equilateral triangles fit neatly into a semi-circle, hence 180 degrees in a semi-circle. We know that <math>\tan 30^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}.</math> Therefore, <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> should be <math>0.5,</math> or one half of our concept of the natural angle. Whatever the natural angle might be, it has existed for billions of years, but it has come to light only in recent times with invention of the calculus. In mathematics, the arctangent series, traditionally called Gregory's series, is the Taylor series expansion at the origin of the arctangent function: <math>\arctan x = x - \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{x^5}{5} - \frac{x^7}{7} + \frac{x^9}{9} + \cdots.</math> The following python code calculates <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> using Gregory's series: <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code r3 = 3 ** .5 x = r3/3 arctan_x = ( x - x**3/3 + x**5/5 - x**7/7 + x**9/9 - x**11/11 + x**13/13 - x**15/15 + x**17/17 - x**19/19 + x**21/21 - x**23/23 + x**25/25 - x**27/27 + x**29/29 - x**31/31 + x**33/33 - x**35/35 + x**37/37 - x**39/39 + x**41/41 - x**43/43 + x**45/45 - x**47/47 + x**49/49 - x**51/51 + x**53/53 - x**55/55 + x**57/57 - x**59/59 + x**61/61 - x**63/63 + x**65/65 - x**67/67 + x**69/69 ) sx = 'arctan_x' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x = 0.5235987755982988 </syntaxhighlight> Our assessment of the natural angle as the angle in an equilateral triangle was a very reasonable guess. However, the natural angle is the radian, the angle subtended at center of circle by an arc on the circumference equal to the radius. Six times arctan_x <math>= 180^\circ</math> or the number of radians in a semi-circle: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code sx = 'arctan_x * 6' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = '180/(arctan_x * 6)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x * 6 = 3.141592653589793 180/(arctan_x * 6) = 57.29577951308232 </syntaxhighlight> <math>\pi = 3.141592653589793\dots,</math> number of radians in semi-circle. One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232^\circ,</math> slightly less than <math>60^\circ.</math> Because the value <math>\frac\sqrt{3}{3}</math> is fairly large, calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> above required 34 operations to produce result accurate to 16 places of decimals. The calculation did not converge quickly. Python code below uses much smaller values of <math>x</math> and calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> for precision of 1001 is quite fast. ==Discussion questions== * What are useful applications of pi in engineering or science? * How is pi useful in computer science? ==See also== * [[Math]] * [[Geometry]] 8bja8d17wbr1tfornrubq389mmzvpsb 2690080 2690079 2024-12-03T10:31:14Z ThaniosAkro 2805358 /* Radians, the natural angle */ 2690080 wikitext text/x-wiki Pi is a mathematical concept related to circles, geometry, and probably more. ----- ;Subpages {{Subpages/List}} ----- '''Notice:''' [[Pi/Real cosine function/Definition]] and [[Pi/Zero of cosine/Introduction/Section]] are two subpages to [[Pi]] that should not be deleted because they are transclusions to another learning resource. '''Please do not delete this page because it might help "protect" the subpages.''' ==Learning resources== ===Wikipedia=== * [[Wikipedia:Pi|Pi]] * [[Wikipedia:Category:Pi|Pi]] (Category) * [[Wikipedia:Irrational number|Irrational number]] * [[Wikipedia:Approximations of π|Approximations of π]] * [[Wikipedia:List of topics related to π|List of topics related to π]] * [[Wikipedia:List of formulae involving π|List of formulae involving π]] * [[Wikipedia:A History of Pi|A History of Pi]] * [[Wikipedia:Turn_(angle)#Tau_proposals|Turn_(angle)#Tau_proposals]] * [[Wikipedia:Six nines in pi|Six nines in pi]] * [[Wikipedia:Proof that π is irrational|Proof that π is irrational]] ===External=== * [https://www.exploratorium.edu/pi/history-of-pi A Brief History of Pi (π)] * [https://press.princeton.edu/ideas/pi-is-magic Pi is magic] * [https://sites.math.rutgers.edu/~cherlin/History/Papers2000/wilson.html The History of Pi] * [https://www.math.utah.edu/~alfeld/math/pi.html pi to 10,000 digits] * [https://news.web.baylor.edu/news/story/2023/baylor-math-chair-explains-magic-mystery-p-pi Baylor Math Chair Explains Magic, Mystery of π (Pi)] * [https://curtiscenter.math.ucla.edu/are-there-any-practical-applications-of-pi-aside-from-calculating-the-area-or-circumference-of-a-circle/ Are there any practical applications of pi, aside from calculating the area or circumference of a circle?] * [https://content.byui.edu/file/b8b83119-9acc-4a7b-bc84-efacf9043998/1/Math-2-5-1.html Pi and the Circumference of a Circle] * [https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/03/harvard-physics-lecturer-on-why-pi-endlessly-fascinates-us/ Our endless fascination with pi] ==Calculaton of π== ===Radians, the natural angle=== [[File:1129radian00.png|thumb|400px|'''Diagram illustrating one radian of angular measurement.''' </br> Arc of circle (red curved line with arrows) with length equal to radius of circle subtends one radian at center. </br> In diagram above, length of radius = length of arc = 1. </br> One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232\dots^\circ.</math> ]] If you were a mathematician among the ancient Sumerians of the 3rd millennium BC and you were determined to define the angle that could be adopted as a standard to be used by all users of trigonometry, you would probably suggest the angle in an equilateral triangle. This angle is easily defined, easily constructed, easily understood and easily reproduced. It would be easy to call this angle the "natural" angle. The numeral system used by the ancient Sumerians was Sexagesimal, also known as base 60, a numeral system with sixty as its base. In practice the natural angle could be divided into 60 parts, now called degrees, and each degree could be divided into 60 parts, now called minutes, and so on. Three equilateral triangles fit neatly into a semi-circle, hence 180 degrees in a semi-circle. We know that <math>\tan 30^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}.</math> Therefore, <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> should be <math>0.5,</math> or one half of our concept of the natural angle. Whatever the natural angle might be, it has existed for billions of years, but it has come to light only in recent times with invention of the calculus. In mathematics, the arctangent series, traditionally called Gregory's series, is the Taylor series expansion at the origin of the arctangent function: <math>\arctan x = x - \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{x^5}{5} - \frac{x^7}{7} + \frac{x^9}{9} + \cdots.</math> The following python code calculates <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> using Gregory's series: <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code r3 = 3 ** .5 x = r3/3 arctan_x = ( x - x**3/3 + x**5/5 - x**7/7 + x**9/9 - x**11/11 + x**13/13 - x**15/15 + x**17/17 - x**19/19 + x**21/21 - x**23/23 + x**25/25 - x**27/27 + x**29/29 - x**31/31 + x**33/33 - x**35/35 + x**37/37 - x**39/39 + x**41/41 - x**43/43 + x**45/45 - x**47/47 + x**49/49 - x**51/51 + x**53/53 - x**55/55 + x**57/57 - x**59/59 + x**61/61 - x**63/63 + x**65/65 - x**67/67 + x**69/69 ) sx = 'arctan_x' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x = 0.5235987755982988 </syntaxhighlight> Our assessment of the natural angle as the angle in an equilateral triangle was a very reasonable guess. However, the natural angle is the radian, the angle subtended at center of circle by an arc on the circumference equal to the radius. Six times arctan_x <math>= 180^\circ</math> or the number of radians in a semi-circle: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code sx = 'arctan_x * 6' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = '180/(arctan_x * 6)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x * 6 = 3.141592653589793 180/(arctan_x * 6) = 57.29577951308232 </syntaxhighlight> <math>\pi = 3.141592653589793\dots,</math> number of radians in semi-circle. One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232^\circ,</math> slightly less than <math>60^\circ.</math> Because the value <math>\frac\sqrt{3}{3}</math> is fairly large, calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> above required 34 operations to produce result accurate to 16 places of decimals. The calculation did not converge quickly. Python code below uses much smaller values of <math>x</math> and calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> for precision of 1001 is quite fast. ===tan(A/2)=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:1122tanA_200.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphical calculation of <math>\tan \frac{A}{2}</math>.''' </br> <math>OQ = 1;\ QP = t.</math> </br> <math>\tan(A) = \frac{QP}{OQ} = \frac{t}{1} = t.</math> </br> <math>OP = OR = \sqrt{1 + t^2}</math> ]] In diagram: Point <math>P</math> has coordinates <math>(1,t).</math> Point <math>R</math> has coordinates <math>(\sqrt{1 + t^2},0).</math> Mid point of <math>PR,\ M</math> has coordinates <math>( \frac{ 1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{2}, \frac{t}{2} ).</math> <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{t}{2} / \frac{ 1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{2} = \frac{t}{1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }</math> <math>= \frac{t}{1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} } \cdot \frac{1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2}}{1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} }</math> <math>= \frac{t( 1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} )}{1-(1+t^2)}</math> <math>= \frac{t( 1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} )}{-t^2}</math> <math>= \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{t}</math> * <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{\tan(A)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}} = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2 (A)} }{\tan (A)}</math> * <math>\tan (2A) = \frac{2\tan (A)}{ 1 - \tan^2 (A) }</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Discussion questions== * What are useful applications of pi in engineering or science? * How is pi useful in computer science? ==See also== * [[Math]] * [[Geometry]] qnpeuik8bgdqa6cwd23mcf1arry5d2s 2690083 2690080 2024-12-03T10:41:59Z ThaniosAkro 2805358 /* tan(A/2) */ 2690083 wikitext text/x-wiki Pi is a mathematical concept related to circles, geometry, and probably more. ----- ;Subpages {{Subpages/List}} ----- '''Notice:''' [[Pi/Real cosine function/Definition]] and [[Pi/Zero of cosine/Introduction/Section]] are two subpages to [[Pi]] that should not be deleted because they are transclusions to another learning resource. '''Please do not delete this page because it might help "protect" the subpages.''' ==Learning resources== ===Wikipedia=== * [[Wikipedia:Pi|Pi]] * [[Wikipedia:Category:Pi|Pi]] (Category) * [[Wikipedia:Irrational number|Irrational number]] * [[Wikipedia:Approximations of π|Approximations of π]] * [[Wikipedia:List of topics related to π|List of topics related to π]] * [[Wikipedia:List of formulae involving π|List of formulae involving π]] * [[Wikipedia:A History of Pi|A History of Pi]] * [[Wikipedia:Turn_(angle)#Tau_proposals|Turn_(angle)#Tau_proposals]] * [[Wikipedia:Six nines in pi|Six nines in pi]] * [[Wikipedia:Proof that π is irrational|Proof that π is irrational]] ===External=== * [https://www.exploratorium.edu/pi/history-of-pi A Brief History of Pi (π)] * [https://press.princeton.edu/ideas/pi-is-magic Pi is magic] * [https://sites.math.rutgers.edu/~cherlin/History/Papers2000/wilson.html The History of Pi] * [https://www.math.utah.edu/~alfeld/math/pi.html pi to 10,000 digits] * [https://news.web.baylor.edu/news/story/2023/baylor-math-chair-explains-magic-mystery-p-pi Baylor Math Chair Explains Magic, Mystery of π (Pi)] * [https://curtiscenter.math.ucla.edu/are-there-any-practical-applications-of-pi-aside-from-calculating-the-area-or-circumference-of-a-circle/ Are there any practical applications of pi, aside from calculating the area or circumference of a circle?] * [https://content.byui.edu/file/b8b83119-9acc-4a7b-bc84-efacf9043998/1/Math-2-5-1.html Pi and the Circumference of a Circle] * [https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/03/harvard-physics-lecturer-on-why-pi-endlessly-fascinates-us/ Our endless fascination with pi] ==Calculaton of π== ===Radians, the natural angle=== [[File:1129radian00.png|thumb|400px|'''Diagram illustrating one radian of angular measurement.''' </br> Arc of circle (red curved line with arrows) with length equal to radius of circle subtends one radian at center. </br> In diagram above, length of radius = length of arc = 1. </br> One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232\dots^\circ.</math> ]] If you were a mathematician among the ancient Sumerians of the 3rd millennium BC and you were determined to define the angle that could be adopted as a standard to be used by all users of trigonometry, you would probably suggest the angle in an equilateral triangle. This angle is easily defined, easily constructed, easily understood and easily reproduced. It would be easy to call this angle the "natural" angle. The numeral system used by the ancient Sumerians was Sexagesimal, also known as base 60, a numeral system with sixty as its base. In practice the natural angle could be divided into 60 parts, now called degrees, and each degree could be divided into 60 parts, now called minutes, and so on. Three equilateral triangles fit neatly into a semi-circle, hence 180 degrees in a semi-circle. We know that <math>\tan 30^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}.</math> Therefore, <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> should be <math>0.5,</math> or one half of our concept of the natural angle. Whatever the natural angle might be, it has existed for billions of years, but it has come to light only in recent times with invention of the calculus. In mathematics, the arctangent series, traditionally called Gregory's series, is the Taylor series expansion at the origin of the arctangent function: <math>\arctan x = x - \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{x^5}{5} - \frac{x^7}{7} + \frac{x^9}{9} + \cdots.</math> The following python code calculates <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> using Gregory's series: <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code r3 = 3 ** .5 x = r3/3 arctan_x = ( x - x**3/3 + x**5/5 - x**7/7 + x**9/9 - x**11/11 + x**13/13 - x**15/15 + x**17/17 - x**19/19 + x**21/21 - x**23/23 + x**25/25 - x**27/27 + x**29/29 - x**31/31 + x**33/33 - x**35/35 + x**37/37 - x**39/39 + x**41/41 - x**43/43 + x**45/45 - x**47/47 + x**49/49 - x**51/51 + x**53/53 - x**55/55 + x**57/57 - x**59/59 + x**61/61 - x**63/63 + x**65/65 - x**67/67 + x**69/69 ) sx = 'arctan_x' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x = 0.5235987755982988 </syntaxhighlight> Our assessment of the natural angle as the angle in an equilateral triangle was a very reasonable guess. However, the natural angle is the radian, the angle subtended at center of circle by an arc on the circumference equal to the radius. Six times arctan_x <math>= 180^\circ</math> or the number of radians in a semi-circle: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code sx = 'arctan_x * 6' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = '180/(arctan_x * 6)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x * 6 = 3.141592653589793 180/(arctan_x * 6) = 57.29577951308232 </syntaxhighlight> <math>\pi = 3.141592653589793\dots,</math> number of radians in semi-circle. One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232^\circ,</math> slightly less than <math>60^\circ.</math> Because the value <math>\frac\sqrt{3}{3}</math> is fairly large, calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> above required 34 operations to produce result accurate to 16 places of decimals. The calculation did not converge quickly. Python code below uses much smaller values of <math>x</math> and calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> for precision of 1001 is quite fast. ===tan(A/2)=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:1122tanA_200.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphical calculation of <math>\tan \frac{A}{2}</math>.''' </br> <math>OQ = 1;\ QP = t.</math> </br> <math>\tan(A) = \frac{QP}{OQ} = \frac{t}{1} = t.</math> </br> <math>OP = OR = \sqrt{1 + t^2}</math> ]] In diagram: Point <math>P</math> has coordinates <math>(1,t).</math> Point <math>R</math> has coordinates <math>(\sqrt{1 + t^2},0).</math> Mid point of <math>PR,\ M</math> has coordinates <math>( \frac{ 1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{2}, \frac{t}{2} ).</math> <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{t}{2} / \frac{ 1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{2} = \frac{t}{1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }</math> <math>= \frac{t}{1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} } \cdot \frac{1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2}}{1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} }</math> <math>= \frac{t( 1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} )}{1-(1+t^2)}</math> <math>= \frac{t( 1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} )}{-t^2}</math> <math>= \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{t}</math> * <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{\tan(A)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}} = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2 (A)} }{\tan (A)}</math> * <math>\tan (2A) = \frac{2\tan (A)}{ 1 - \tan^2 (A) }</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Implementation=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} This section calculates five values of <math>\pi</math> using the following known values of <math>\tan(A):</math> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Angle <math>A</math> || <math>\tan(A)</math> |- | <math>45^\circ</math> | <math>1</math> |- | <math>36^\circ</math> | <math>\sqrt{ 5 - 2\sqrt{5} }</math> |- | <math>30^\circ</math> | <math>\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}</math> |- | <math>27^\circ</math> | <math>\sqrt{ 11 - 4\sqrt{5} + (\sqrt{5} - 3) \sqrt{ 10 - 2\sqrt{5} } }</math> |- | <math>24^\circ</math> | <math>\frac{ (3\sqrt{5} + 7) \sqrt{5 - 2\sqrt{5}} - (\sqrt{5} + 3)\sqrt{3} }{2}</math> |} Values of <math>x</math> in table below are derived from the above values by using identity <math>\tan(\frac{A}{2}) = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}}{\tan(A)}</math>: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Angle <math>\theta</math> || <math>x = \tan(\theta)</math> |- | <math>\frac{45^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912</code> |- | <math>\frac{36^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713</code> |- | <math>\frac{30^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689</code> |- | <math>\frac{27^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738</code> |- | <math>\frac{24^\circ}{2^{32}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778</code> |} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code desired_precision = 1001 number_of_leading_zeroes = 10 # See below. import decimal dD = decimal.Decimal # decimal object is like float with (almost) infinite precision. dgt = decimal.getcontext() Precision = dgt.prec = desired_precision + 3 # Adjust as necessary. Tolerance = dD("1e-" + str(Precision-2)) # Adjust as necessary. adjustment_to_precision = number_of_leading_zeroes * 2 + 3 def tan_halfA(tan_A) : dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision top = -1 + (1+tan_A**2).sqrt() dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision tan_A_2 = top/tan_A return tan_A_2 def tan_2A (tanA) : ''' 2 * tanA tan(2A) = ----------- 1 - tanA**2 ''' if tanA in (1,-1) : return '1/0' dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision bottom = (1 - tanA**2) output = 2*tanA/bottom dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision return output+0 def θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA) : ''' if input == 45,1 output is: "dD(45) / (2 ** (33))", "0.00000_00000_91432_37995_....._63759_3912" ^^^^^^^^^^^ number_of_leading_zeroes refers to these zeroes. θ,tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA) ''' θ, tanθ = angleA, tanA for p in range (1,100) : θ /= 2 tanθ = tan_halfA(tanθ) if tanθ >= dD('1e-' + str(number_of_leading_zeroes)) : continue str1 = str(tanθ) # str1 = "n.nnnnnnnnnnnnn ..... nnnnnnnnnnnnE-11" str1a = str1[0] + str1[2:-4] list1 = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range (0, len(str1a), 5) ] str2 = '0.00000_00000_' + ('_'.join(list1)) dD2 = dD(str2) (dD2 == tanθ) or ({}[2]) ((θ * (2**p)) == angleA ) or ({}[3]) str3 = 'dD({}) / (2 ** ({}))'.format(angleA,p) (θ == eval(str3)) or ({}[4]) return str3, str2 ({}[5]) r3 = dD(3).sqrt() r5 = dD(5).sqrt() tan36 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt() tan45 = dD(1) tan30 = r3/3 v1 = 3*r5+7 v2 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt() v3 = (r5+3)*r3 tan24 = ( v1*v2 - v3 )/2 v1 = r5 - 3 ; v2 = (10 - 2*r5).sqrt() tan27 = ( 11 - 4*r5 + v1*v2 ).sqrt() values_of_A_tanA = ( (dD(45), tan45), (dD(36), tan36), (dD(30), tan30), (dD(27), tan27), (dD(24), tan24), ) values_of_θ_tanθ = [] for (A, tanA) in values_of_A_tanA : θ, tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (A, tanA) print() sx = 'θ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) # sx = 'tanθ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) print ('tanθ =', '{}.....{}'.format(tanθ[:30], tanθ[-20:])) values_of_θ_tanθ += [ (θ, tanθ) ] # Check for (v1,v2),(v3,v4) in zip (values_of_A_tanA, values_of_θ_tanθ) : A, tanA = v1,v2 θ = eval(v3) tanθ = dD(v4) status = 0 for p in range (1,100) : θ *= 2 tanθ = tan_2A (tanθ) if θ == A : dgt.prec = desired_precision (+tanθ == +tanA) or ({}[10]) dgt.prec = Precision status = 1 break status or ({}[11]) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> θ = dD(45) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912 θ = dD(36) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713 θ = dD(30) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689 θ = dD(27) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738 θ = dD(24) / (2 ** (32)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code def calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : ''' angleθ may be: "dD(27) / (2 ** (33))" tanθ may be: "0.00000_00000_54859_42797_ ..... _03540_9738" π = calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) ''' thisName = 'calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) :' if isinstance(angleθ, dD) : pass elif isinstance(angleθ, str) : angleθ = eval(angleθ) else : ({}[21]) if isinstance(tanθ, dD) : pass elif isinstance(tanθ, str) : tanθ = dD(tanθ) else : ({}[22]) x = tanθ ; multiplier = -1 ; sum = x ; count = 0; status = 0 # x**3 x**5 x**7 x**9 # y = x - ---- + ---- - ---- + ---- # 3 5 7 9 # # Each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term multiplied by x**2. # Each value of x contains 10 leading zeroes after decimal point. # Therefore, each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term with 20 more leading zeroes. # Each pass through main loop adds about 20 digits to current value of sum # and θ is calculated to precision of 1004 digits with about 50 passes through main loop. # for p in range (3,200,2) : # This is main loop. count += 1 addendum = (multiplier * (x**p)) / p sum += addendum if abs(addendum) < Tolerance : status = 1; break multiplier = -multiplier status or ({}[23]) print(thisName, 'count =',count) π = sum * 180 / angleθ dgt.prec = desired_precision π += 0 # This forces π to adopt precision of desired_precision. dgt.prec = Precision return π # Calculate five values of π: values_of_π = [] for θ,tanθ in values_of_θ_tanθ : π = calculate_π (θ,tanθ) values_of_π += [ π ] </syntaxhighlight> Each calculation of π required about 50 passes through main loop: <syntaxhighlight> calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50 </syntaxhighlight> Check that all 5 values of π are equal: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code set1 = set(values_of_π) sx = 'len(values_of_π)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = 'len(set1)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = 'set1' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) π, = set1 # Note the syntax. If length of set1 is not 1, this statement fails. </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> len(values_of_π) = 5 len(set1) = 1 set1 = {Decimal('3.141592653589793238462643383279.....12268066130019278766111959092164201989')} </syntaxhighlight> Because all five calculated values of π are equal, there is very high probability that this value of π is accurate. Print value of π as python command formatted: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code newLine = ''' '''[-1:] def print_π (π) : ''' Input π is : Decimal('3.141592653589793238 ..... 66111959092164201989') This function prints: π = ( "3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510" + "58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679" ..... + "18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989" ) ''' πstr = str(π) (len(πstr) == (desired_precision + 1)) or ({}[31]) (πstr[:2] == '3.') or ({}[32]) twenty_rows = [] for p in range (2, len(πstr), 50) : str1a = πstr[p:p+50] list1a = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range(0, len(str1a), 5) ] str1b = '_'.join(list1a) twenty_rows += [str1b] twenty_rows[0] = '3.' + twenty_rows[0] joiner = '"{} + "'.format(newLine) str3 = '( "{}" )'.format(joiner.join(twenty_rows)) str4 = eval(str3) (dD(str4) == π) or ({}[33]) lines = str3.split(newLine) paragraphs = [ newLine.join(lines[p:p+4]) for p in range(0,len(lines),4) ] str5 = (newLine*2).join(paragraphs) str6 = eval(str5) (dD(str6) == π) or ({}[34]) print ('π =', str5) return str5 π1 = print_π (π) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> π = ( "3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510" + "58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679" + "82148_08651_32823_06647_09384_46095_50582_23172_53594_08128" + "48111_74502_84102_70193_85211_05559_64462_29489_54930_38196" + "44288_10975_66593_34461_28475_64823_37867_83165_27120_19091" + "45648_56692_34603_48610_45432_66482_13393_60726_02491_41273" + "72458_70066_06315_58817_48815_20920_96282_92540_91715_36436" + "78925_90360_01133_05305_48820_46652_13841_46951_94151_16094" + "33057_27036_57595_91953_09218_61173_81932_61179_31051_18548" + "07446_23799_62749_56735_18857_52724_89122_79381_83011_94912" + "98336_73362_44065_66430_86021_39494_63952_24737_19070_21798" + "60943_70277_05392_17176_29317_67523_84674_81846_76694_05132" + "00056_81271_45263_56082_77857_71342_75778_96091_73637_17872" + "14684_40901_22495_34301_46549_58537_10507_92279_68925_89235" + "42019_95611_21290_21960_86403_44181_59813_62977_47713_09960" + "51870_72113_49999_99837_29780_49951_05973_17328_16096_31859" + "50244_59455_34690_83026_42522_30825_33446_85035_26193_11881" + "71010_00313_78387_52886_58753_32083_81420_61717_76691_47303" + "59825_34904_28755_46873_11595_62863_88235_37875_93751_95778" + "18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989" ) </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:1202pi_highlighted.png|thumb|400px|'''Value of <math>\pi</math> highlighted.''']] If you highlight the above expression for <math>\pi</math> as shown in diagram, you can copy and paste it into your python source file as valid python code. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Discussion questions== * What are useful applications of pi in engineering or science? * How is pi useful in computer science? ==See also== * [[Math]] * [[Geometry]] 9b1mvihbsjmc2w4jga5d73x7gwjb9t7 2690092 2690083 2024-12-03T11:06:27Z ThaniosAkro 2805358 /* See also */ 2690092 wikitext text/x-wiki Pi is a mathematical concept related to circles, geometry, and probably more. ----- ;Subpages {{Subpages/List}} ----- '''Notice:''' [[Pi/Real cosine function/Definition]] and [[Pi/Zero of cosine/Introduction/Section]] are two subpages to [[Pi]] that should not be deleted because they are transclusions to another learning resource. '''Please do not delete this page because it might help "protect" the subpages.''' ==Learning resources== ===Wikipedia=== * [[Wikipedia:Pi|Pi]] * [[Wikipedia:Category:Pi|Pi]] (Category) * [[Wikipedia:Irrational number|Irrational number]] * [[Wikipedia:Approximations of π|Approximations of π]] * [[Wikipedia:List of topics related to π|List of topics related to π]] * [[Wikipedia:List of formulae involving π|List of formulae involving π]] * [[Wikipedia:A History of Pi|A History of Pi]] * [[Wikipedia:Turn_(angle)#Tau_proposals|Turn_(angle)#Tau_proposals]] * [[Wikipedia:Six nines in pi|Six nines in pi]] * [[Wikipedia:Proof that π is irrational|Proof that π is irrational]] ===External=== * [https://www.exploratorium.edu/pi/history-of-pi A Brief History of Pi (π)] * [https://press.princeton.edu/ideas/pi-is-magic Pi is magic] * [https://sites.math.rutgers.edu/~cherlin/History/Papers2000/wilson.html The History of Pi] * [https://www.math.utah.edu/~alfeld/math/pi.html pi to 10,000 digits] * [https://news.web.baylor.edu/news/story/2023/baylor-math-chair-explains-magic-mystery-p-pi Baylor Math Chair Explains Magic, Mystery of π (Pi)] * [https://curtiscenter.math.ucla.edu/are-there-any-practical-applications-of-pi-aside-from-calculating-the-area-or-circumference-of-a-circle/ Are there any practical applications of pi, aside from calculating the area or circumference of a circle?] * [https://content.byui.edu/file/b8b83119-9acc-4a7b-bc84-efacf9043998/1/Math-2-5-1.html Pi and the Circumference of a Circle] * [https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/03/harvard-physics-lecturer-on-why-pi-endlessly-fascinates-us/ Our endless fascination with pi] ==Calculaton of π== ===Radians, the natural angle=== [[File:1129radian00.png|thumb|400px|'''Diagram illustrating one radian of angular measurement.''' </br> Arc of circle (red curved line with arrows) with length equal to radius of circle subtends one radian at center. </br> In diagram above, length of radius = length of arc = 1. </br> One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232\dots^\circ.</math> ]] If you were a mathematician among the ancient Sumerians of the 3rd millennium BC and you were determined to define the angle that could be adopted as a standard to be used by all users of trigonometry, you would probably suggest the angle in an equilateral triangle. This angle is easily defined, easily constructed, easily understood and easily reproduced. It would be easy to call this angle the "natural" angle. The numeral system used by the ancient Sumerians was Sexagesimal, also known as base 60, a numeral system with sixty as its base. In practice the natural angle could be divided into 60 parts, now called degrees, and each degree could be divided into 60 parts, now called minutes, and so on. Three equilateral triangles fit neatly into a semi-circle, hence 180 degrees in a semi-circle. We know that <math>\tan 30^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}.</math> Therefore, <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> should be <math>0.5,</math> or one half of our concept of the natural angle. Whatever the natural angle might be, it has existed for billions of years, but it has come to light only in recent times with invention of the calculus. In mathematics, the arctangent series, traditionally called Gregory's series, is the Taylor series expansion at the origin of the arctangent function: <math>\arctan x = x - \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{x^5}{5} - \frac{x^7}{7} + \frac{x^9}{9} + \cdots.</math> The following python code calculates <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> using Gregory's series: <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code r3 = 3 ** .5 x = r3/3 arctan_x = ( x - x**3/3 + x**5/5 - x**7/7 + x**9/9 - x**11/11 + x**13/13 - x**15/15 + x**17/17 - x**19/19 + x**21/21 - x**23/23 + x**25/25 - x**27/27 + x**29/29 - x**31/31 + x**33/33 - x**35/35 + x**37/37 - x**39/39 + x**41/41 - x**43/43 + x**45/45 - x**47/47 + x**49/49 - x**51/51 + x**53/53 - x**55/55 + x**57/57 - x**59/59 + x**61/61 - x**63/63 + x**65/65 - x**67/67 + x**69/69 ) sx = 'arctan_x' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x = 0.5235987755982988 </syntaxhighlight> Our assessment of the natural angle as the angle in an equilateral triangle was a very reasonable guess. However, the natural angle is the radian, the angle subtended at center of circle by an arc on the circumference equal to the radius. Six times arctan_x <math>= 180^\circ</math> or the number of radians in a semi-circle: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code sx = 'arctan_x * 6' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = '180/(arctan_x * 6)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x * 6 = 3.141592653589793 180/(arctan_x * 6) = 57.29577951308232 </syntaxhighlight> <math>\pi = 3.141592653589793\dots,</math> number of radians in semi-circle. One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232^\circ,</math> slightly less than <math>60^\circ.</math> Because the value <math>\frac\sqrt{3}{3}</math> is fairly large, calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> above required 34 operations to produce result accurate to 16 places of decimals. The calculation did not converge quickly. Python code below uses much smaller values of <math>x</math> and calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> for precision of 1001 is quite fast. ===tan(A/2)=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:1122tanA_200.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphical calculation of <math>\tan \frac{A}{2}</math>.''' </br> <math>OQ = 1;\ QP = t.</math> </br> <math>\tan(A) = \frac{QP}{OQ} = \frac{t}{1} = t.</math> </br> <math>OP = OR = \sqrt{1 + t^2}</math> ]] In diagram: Point <math>P</math> has coordinates <math>(1,t).</math> Point <math>R</math> has coordinates <math>(\sqrt{1 + t^2},0).</math> Mid point of <math>PR,\ M</math> has coordinates <math>( \frac{ 1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{2}, \frac{t}{2} ).</math> <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{t}{2} / \frac{ 1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{2} = \frac{t}{1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }</math> <math>= \frac{t}{1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} } \cdot \frac{1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2}}{1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} }</math> <math>= \frac{t( 1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} )}{1-(1+t^2)}</math> <math>= \frac{t( 1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} )}{-t^2}</math> <math>= \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{t}</math> * <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{\tan(A)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}} = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2 (A)} }{\tan (A)}</math> * <math>\tan (2A) = \frac{2\tan (A)}{ 1 - \tan^2 (A) }</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Implementation=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} This section calculates five values of <math>\pi</math> using the following known values of <math>\tan(A):</math> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Angle <math>A</math> || <math>\tan(A)</math> |- | <math>45^\circ</math> | <math>1</math> |- | <math>36^\circ</math> | <math>\sqrt{ 5 - 2\sqrt{5} }</math> |- | <math>30^\circ</math> | <math>\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}</math> |- | <math>27^\circ</math> | <math>\sqrt{ 11 - 4\sqrt{5} + (\sqrt{5} - 3) \sqrt{ 10 - 2\sqrt{5} } }</math> |- | <math>24^\circ</math> | <math>\frac{ (3\sqrt{5} + 7) \sqrt{5 - 2\sqrt{5}} - (\sqrt{5} + 3)\sqrt{3} }{2}</math> |} Values of <math>x</math> in table below are derived from the above values by using identity <math>\tan(\frac{A}{2}) = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}}{\tan(A)}</math>: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Angle <math>\theta</math> || <math>x = \tan(\theta)</math> |- | <math>\frac{45^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912</code> |- | <math>\frac{36^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713</code> |- | <math>\frac{30^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689</code> |- | <math>\frac{27^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738</code> |- | <math>\frac{24^\circ}{2^{32}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778</code> |} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code desired_precision = 1001 number_of_leading_zeroes = 10 # See below. import decimal dD = decimal.Decimal # decimal object is like float with (almost) infinite precision. dgt = decimal.getcontext() Precision = dgt.prec = desired_precision + 3 # Adjust as necessary. Tolerance = dD("1e-" + str(Precision-2)) # Adjust as necessary. adjustment_to_precision = number_of_leading_zeroes * 2 + 3 def tan_halfA(tan_A) : dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision top = -1 + (1+tan_A**2).sqrt() dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision tan_A_2 = top/tan_A return tan_A_2 def tan_2A (tanA) : ''' 2 * tanA tan(2A) = ----------- 1 - tanA**2 ''' if tanA in (1,-1) : return '1/0' dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision bottom = (1 - tanA**2) output = 2*tanA/bottom dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision return output+0 def θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA) : ''' if input == 45,1 output is: "dD(45) / (2 ** (33))", "0.00000_00000_91432_37995_....._63759_3912" ^^^^^^^^^^^ number_of_leading_zeroes refers to these zeroes. θ,tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA) ''' θ, tanθ = angleA, tanA for p in range (1,100) : θ /= 2 tanθ = tan_halfA(tanθ) if tanθ >= dD('1e-' + str(number_of_leading_zeroes)) : continue str1 = str(tanθ) # str1 = "n.nnnnnnnnnnnnn ..... nnnnnnnnnnnnE-11" str1a = str1[0] + str1[2:-4] list1 = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range (0, len(str1a), 5) ] str2 = '0.00000_00000_' + ('_'.join(list1)) dD2 = dD(str2) (dD2 == tanθ) or ({}[2]) ((θ * (2**p)) == angleA ) or ({}[3]) str3 = 'dD({}) / (2 ** ({}))'.format(angleA,p) (θ == eval(str3)) or ({}[4]) return str3, str2 ({}[5]) r3 = dD(3).sqrt() r5 = dD(5).sqrt() tan36 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt() tan45 = dD(1) tan30 = r3/3 v1 = 3*r5+7 v2 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt() v3 = (r5+3)*r3 tan24 = ( v1*v2 - v3 )/2 v1 = r5 - 3 ; v2 = (10 - 2*r5).sqrt() tan27 = ( 11 - 4*r5 + v1*v2 ).sqrt() values_of_A_tanA = ( (dD(45), tan45), (dD(36), tan36), (dD(30), tan30), (dD(27), tan27), (dD(24), tan24), ) values_of_θ_tanθ = [] for (A, tanA) in values_of_A_tanA : θ, tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (A, tanA) print() sx = 'θ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) # sx = 'tanθ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) print ('tanθ =', '{}.....{}'.format(tanθ[:30], tanθ[-20:])) values_of_θ_tanθ += [ (θ, tanθ) ] # Check for (v1,v2),(v3,v4) in zip (values_of_A_tanA, values_of_θ_tanθ) : A, tanA = v1,v2 θ = eval(v3) tanθ = dD(v4) status = 0 for p in range (1,100) : θ *= 2 tanθ = tan_2A (tanθ) if θ == A : dgt.prec = desired_precision (+tanθ == +tanA) or ({}[10]) dgt.prec = Precision status = 1 break status or ({}[11]) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> θ = dD(45) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912 θ = dD(36) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713 θ = dD(30) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689 θ = dD(27) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738 θ = dD(24) / (2 ** (32)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code def calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : ''' angleθ may be: "dD(27) / (2 ** (33))" tanθ may be: "0.00000_00000_54859_42797_ ..... _03540_9738" π = calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) ''' thisName = 'calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) :' if isinstance(angleθ, dD) : pass elif isinstance(angleθ, str) : angleθ = eval(angleθ) else : ({}[21]) if isinstance(tanθ, dD) : pass elif isinstance(tanθ, str) : tanθ = dD(tanθ) else : ({}[22]) x = tanθ ; multiplier = -1 ; sum = x ; count = 0; status = 0 # x**3 x**5 x**7 x**9 # y = x - ---- + ---- - ---- + ---- # 3 5 7 9 # # Each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term multiplied by x**2. # Each value of x contains 10 leading zeroes after decimal point. # Therefore, each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term with 20 more leading zeroes. # Each pass through main loop adds about 20 digits to current value of sum # and θ is calculated to precision of 1004 digits with about 50 passes through main loop. # for p in range (3,200,2) : # This is main loop. count += 1 addendum = (multiplier * (x**p)) / p sum += addendum if abs(addendum) < Tolerance : status = 1; break multiplier = -multiplier status or ({}[23]) print(thisName, 'count =',count) π = sum * 180 / angleθ dgt.prec = desired_precision π += 0 # This forces π to adopt precision of desired_precision. dgt.prec = Precision return π # Calculate five values of π: values_of_π = [] for θ,tanθ in values_of_θ_tanθ : π = calculate_π (θ,tanθ) values_of_π += [ π ] </syntaxhighlight> Each calculation of π required about 50 passes through main loop: <syntaxhighlight> calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50 </syntaxhighlight> Check that all 5 values of π are equal: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code set1 = set(values_of_π) sx = 'len(values_of_π)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = 'len(set1)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = 'set1' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) π, = set1 # Note the syntax. If length of set1 is not 1, this statement fails. </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> len(values_of_π) = 5 len(set1) = 1 set1 = {Decimal('3.141592653589793238462643383279.....12268066130019278766111959092164201989')} </syntaxhighlight> Because all five calculated values of π are equal, there is very high probability that this value of π is accurate. Print value of π as python command formatted: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code newLine = ''' '''[-1:] def print_π (π) : ''' Input π is : Decimal('3.141592653589793238 ..... 66111959092164201989') This function prints: π = ( "3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510" + "58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679" ..... + "18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989" ) ''' πstr = str(π) (len(πstr) == (desired_precision + 1)) or ({}[31]) (πstr[:2] == '3.') or ({}[32]) twenty_rows = [] for p in range (2, len(πstr), 50) : str1a = πstr[p:p+50] list1a = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range(0, len(str1a), 5) ] str1b = '_'.join(list1a) twenty_rows += [str1b] twenty_rows[0] = '3.' + twenty_rows[0] joiner = '"{} + "'.format(newLine) str3 = '( "{}" )'.format(joiner.join(twenty_rows)) str4 = eval(str3) (dD(str4) == π) or ({}[33]) lines = str3.split(newLine) paragraphs = [ newLine.join(lines[p:p+4]) for p in range(0,len(lines),4) ] str5 = (newLine*2).join(paragraphs) str6 = eval(str5) (dD(str6) == π) or ({}[34]) print ('π =', str5) return str5 π1 = print_π (π) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> π = ( "3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510" + "58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679" + "82148_08651_32823_06647_09384_46095_50582_23172_53594_08128" + "48111_74502_84102_70193_85211_05559_64462_29489_54930_38196" + "44288_10975_66593_34461_28475_64823_37867_83165_27120_19091" + "45648_56692_34603_48610_45432_66482_13393_60726_02491_41273" + "72458_70066_06315_58817_48815_20920_96282_92540_91715_36436" + "78925_90360_01133_05305_48820_46652_13841_46951_94151_16094" + "33057_27036_57595_91953_09218_61173_81932_61179_31051_18548" + "07446_23799_62749_56735_18857_52724_89122_79381_83011_94912" + "98336_73362_44065_66430_86021_39494_63952_24737_19070_21798" + "60943_70277_05392_17176_29317_67523_84674_81846_76694_05132" + "00056_81271_45263_56082_77857_71342_75778_96091_73637_17872" + "14684_40901_22495_34301_46549_58537_10507_92279_68925_89235" + "42019_95611_21290_21960_86403_44181_59813_62977_47713_09960" + "51870_72113_49999_99837_29780_49951_05973_17328_16096_31859" + "50244_59455_34690_83026_42522_30825_33446_85035_26193_11881" + "71010_00313_78387_52886_58753_32083_81420_61717_76691_47303" + "59825_34904_28755_46873_11595_62863_88235_37875_93751_95778" + "18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989" ) </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:1202pi_highlighted.png|thumb|400px|'''Value of <math>\pi</math> highlighted.''']] If you highlight the above expression for <math>\pi</math> as shown in diagram, you can copy and paste it into your python source file as valid python code. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Discussion questions== * What are useful applications of pi in engineering or science? * How is pi useful in computer science? ==See also== * [[Math]] * [[Geometry]] * [[Exact_Trigonometric_Values]] chdtdjv8hxvpv23wqiulfnsdphgl78h 2690094 2690092 2024-12-03T11:12:55Z ThaniosAkro 2805358 /* Radians, the natural angle */ 2690094 wikitext text/x-wiki Pi is a mathematical concept related to circles, geometry, and probably more. ----- ;Subpages {{Subpages/List}} ----- '''Notice:''' [[Pi/Real cosine function/Definition]] and [[Pi/Zero of cosine/Introduction/Section]] are two subpages to [[Pi]] that should not be deleted because they are transclusions to another learning resource. '''Please do not delete this page because it might help "protect" the subpages.''' ==Learning resources== ===Wikipedia=== * [[Wikipedia:Pi|Pi]] * [[Wikipedia:Category:Pi|Pi]] (Category) * [[Wikipedia:Irrational number|Irrational number]] * [[Wikipedia:Approximations of π|Approximations of π]] * [[Wikipedia:List of topics related to π|List of topics related to π]] * [[Wikipedia:List of formulae involving π|List of formulae involving π]] * [[Wikipedia:A History of Pi|A History of Pi]] * [[Wikipedia:Turn_(angle)#Tau_proposals|Turn_(angle)#Tau_proposals]] * [[Wikipedia:Six nines in pi|Six nines in pi]] * [[Wikipedia:Proof that π is irrational|Proof that π is irrational]] ===External=== * [https://www.exploratorium.edu/pi/history-of-pi A Brief History of Pi (π)] * [https://press.princeton.edu/ideas/pi-is-magic Pi is magic] * [https://sites.math.rutgers.edu/~cherlin/History/Papers2000/wilson.html The History of Pi] * [https://www.math.utah.edu/~alfeld/math/pi.html pi to 10,000 digits] * [https://news.web.baylor.edu/news/story/2023/baylor-math-chair-explains-magic-mystery-p-pi Baylor Math Chair Explains Magic, Mystery of π (Pi)] * [https://curtiscenter.math.ucla.edu/are-there-any-practical-applications-of-pi-aside-from-calculating-the-area-or-circumference-of-a-circle/ Are there any practical applications of pi, aside from calculating the area or circumference of a circle?] * [https://content.byui.edu/file/b8b83119-9acc-4a7b-bc84-efacf9043998/1/Math-2-5-1.html Pi and the Circumference of a Circle] * [https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/03/harvard-physics-lecturer-on-why-pi-endlessly-fascinates-us/ Our endless fascination with pi] ==Calculaton of π== ===Radians, the natural angle=== [[File:1129radian00.png|thumb|400px|'''Diagram illustrating one radian of angular measurement.''' </br> Arc of circle (red curved line with arrows) with length equal to radius of circle subtends one radian at center. </br> In diagram above, length of radius = length of arc = 1. </br> One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232\dots^\circ.</math> ]] If you were a mathematician among the ancient Sumerians of the 3rd millennium BC and you were determined to define the angle that could be adopted as a standard to be used by all users of trigonometry, you would probably suggest the angle in an equilateral triangle. This angle is easily defined, easily constructed, easily understood and easily reproduced. It would be easy to call this angle the "natural" angle. The numeral system used by the ancient Sumerians was Sexagesimal, also known as base 60, a numeral system with sixty as its base. In practice the natural angle could be divided into 60 parts, now called degrees, and each degree could be divided into 60 parts, now called minutes, and so on. Three equilateral triangles fit neatly into a semi-circle, hence 180 degrees in a semi-circle. We know that <math>\tan 30^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}.</math> Therefore, <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> should be <math>0.5,</math> or one half of our concept of the natural angle. Whatever the natural angle might be, it has existed for billions of years, but it has come to light only in recent times with invention of the calculus. In mathematics, the arctangent series, traditionally called Gregory's series, is the Taylor series expansion at the origin of the arctangent function: <math>\arctan x = x - \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{x^5}{5} - \frac{x^7}{7} + \frac{x^9}{9} + \cdots.</math> The following python code calculates <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> using Gregory's series: <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code r3 = 3 ** .5 x = r3/3 arctan_x = ( x - x**3/3 + x**5/5 - x**7/7 + x**9/9 - x**11/11 + x**13/13 - x**15/15 + x**17/17 - x**19/19 + x**21/21 - x**23/23 + x**25/25 - x**27/27 + x**29/29 - x**31/31 + x**33/33 - x**35/35 + x**37/37 - x**39/39 + x**41/41 - x**43/43 + x**45/45 - x**47/47 + x**49/49 - x**51/51 + x**53/53 - x**55/55 + x**57/57 - x**59/59 + x**61/61 - x**63/63 + x**65/65 - x**67/67 + x**69/69 ) sx = 'arctan_x' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x = 0.5235987755982988 </syntaxhighlight> Our assessment of the natural angle as the angle in an equilateral triangle was a very reasonable guess. However, the natural angle is the radian, the angle subtended at center of circle by an arc on the circumference equal to the radius. Six times arctan_x <math>= 180^\circ</math> or the number of radians in a semi-circle: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code sx = 'arctan_x * 6' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = '180/(arctan_x * 6)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x * 6 = 3.141592653589793 180/(arctan_x * 6) = 57.29577951308232 </syntaxhighlight> <math>\pi = 3.141592653589793\dots,</math> number of radians in semi-circle. One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232^\circ,</math> slightly less than <math>60^\circ.</math> Because the value <math>\frac\sqrt{3}{3}</math> is fairly large, calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> above required 34 operations to produce result accurate to 16 places of decimals. The calculation did not converge quickly. Python code below uses much smaller values of <math>x</math>, and calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> for precision of 1001 is quite fast. ===tan(A/2)=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:1122tanA_200.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphical calculation of <math>\tan \frac{A}{2}</math>.''' </br> <math>OQ = 1;\ QP = t.</math> </br> <math>\tan(A) = \frac{QP}{OQ} = \frac{t}{1} = t.</math> </br> <math>OP = OR = \sqrt{1 + t^2}</math> ]] In diagram: Point <math>P</math> has coordinates <math>(1,t).</math> Point <math>R</math> has coordinates <math>(\sqrt{1 + t^2},0).</math> Mid point of <math>PR,\ M</math> has coordinates <math>( \frac{ 1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{2}, \frac{t}{2} ).</math> <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{t}{2} / \frac{ 1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{2} = \frac{t}{1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }</math> <math>= \frac{t}{1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} } \cdot \frac{1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2}}{1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} }</math> <math>= \frac{t( 1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} )}{1-(1+t^2)}</math> <math>= \frac{t( 1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} )}{-t^2}</math> <math>= \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{t}</math> * <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{\tan(A)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}} = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2 (A)} }{\tan (A)}</math> * <math>\tan (2A) = \frac{2\tan (A)}{ 1 - \tan^2 (A) }</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Implementation=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} This section calculates five values of <math>\pi</math> using the following known values of <math>\tan(A):</math> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Angle <math>A</math> || <math>\tan(A)</math> |- | <math>45^\circ</math> | <math>1</math> |- | <math>36^\circ</math> | <math>\sqrt{ 5 - 2\sqrt{5} }</math> |- | <math>30^\circ</math> | <math>\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}</math> |- | <math>27^\circ</math> | <math>\sqrt{ 11 - 4\sqrt{5} + (\sqrt{5} - 3) \sqrt{ 10 - 2\sqrt{5} } }</math> |- | <math>24^\circ</math> | <math>\frac{ (3\sqrt{5} + 7) \sqrt{5 - 2\sqrt{5}} - (\sqrt{5} + 3)\sqrt{3} }{2}</math> |} Values of <math>x</math> in table below are derived from the above values by using identity <math>\tan(\frac{A}{2}) = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}}{\tan(A)}</math>: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Angle <math>\theta</math> || <math>x = \tan(\theta)</math> |- | <math>\frac{45^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912</code> |- | <math>\frac{36^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713</code> |- | <math>\frac{30^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689</code> |- | <math>\frac{27^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738</code> |- | <math>\frac{24^\circ}{2^{32}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778</code> |} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code desired_precision = 1001 number_of_leading_zeroes = 10 # See below. import decimal dD = decimal.Decimal # decimal object is like float with (almost) infinite precision. dgt = decimal.getcontext() Precision = dgt.prec = desired_precision + 3 # Adjust as necessary. Tolerance = dD("1e-" + str(Precision-2)) # Adjust as necessary. adjustment_to_precision = number_of_leading_zeroes * 2 + 3 def tan_halfA(tan_A) : dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision top = -1 + (1+tan_A**2).sqrt() dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision tan_A_2 = top/tan_A return tan_A_2 def tan_2A (tanA) : ''' 2 * tanA tan(2A) = ----------- 1 - tanA**2 ''' if tanA in (1,-1) : return '1/0' dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision bottom = (1 - tanA**2) output = 2*tanA/bottom dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision return output+0 def θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA) : ''' if input == 45,1 output is: "dD(45) / (2 ** (33))", "0.00000_00000_91432_37995_....._63759_3912" ^^^^^^^^^^^ number_of_leading_zeroes refers to these zeroes. θ,tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA) ''' θ, tanθ = angleA, tanA for p in range (1,100) : θ /= 2 tanθ = tan_halfA(tanθ) if tanθ >= dD('1e-' + str(number_of_leading_zeroes)) : continue str1 = str(tanθ) # str1 = "n.nnnnnnnnnnnnn ..... nnnnnnnnnnnnE-11" str1a = str1[0] + str1[2:-4] list1 = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range (0, len(str1a), 5) ] str2 = '0.00000_00000_' + ('_'.join(list1)) dD2 = dD(str2) (dD2 == tanθ) or ({}[2]) ((θ * (2**p)) == angleA ) or ({}[3]) str3 = 'dD({}) / (2 ** ({}))'.format(angleA,p) (θ == eval(str3)) or ({}[4]) return str3, str2 ({}[5]) r3 = dD(3).sqrt() r5 = dD(5).sqrt() tan36 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt() tan45 = dD(1) tan30 = r3/3 v1 = 3*r5+7 v2 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt() v3 = (r5+3)*r3 tan24 = ( v1*v2 - v3 )/2 v1 = r5 - 3 ; v2 = (10 - 2*r5).sqrt() tan27 = ( 11 - 4*r5 + v1*v2 ).sqrt() values_of_A_tanA = ( (dD(45), tan45), (dD(36), tan36), (dD(30), tan30), (dD(27), tan27), (dD(24), tan24), ) values_of_θ_tanθ = [] for (A, tanA) in values_of_A_tanA : θ, tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (A, tanA) print() sx = 'θ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) # sx = 'tanθ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) print ('tanθ =', '{}.....{}'.format(tanθ[:30], tanθ[-20:])) values_of_θ_tanθ += [ (θ, tanθ) ] # Check for (v1,v2),(v3,v4) in zip (values_of_A_tanA, values_of_θ_tanθ) : A, tanA = v1,v2 θ = eval(v3) tanθ = dD(v4) status = 0 for p in range (1,100) : θ *= 2 tanθ = tan_2A (tanθ) if θ == A : dgt.prec = desired_precision (+tanθ == +tanA) or ({}[10]) dgt.prec = Precision status = 1 break status or ({}[11]) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> θ = dD(45) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912 θ = dD(36) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713 θ = dD(30) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689 θ = dD(27) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738 θ = dD(24) / (2 ** (32)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code def calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : ''' angleθ may be: "dD(27) / (2 ** (33))" tanθ may be: "0.00000_00000_54859_42797_ ..... _03540_9738" π = calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) ''' thisName = 'calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) :' if isinstance(angleθ, dD) : pass elif isinstance(angleθ, str) : angleθ = eval(angleθ) else : ({}[21]) if isinstance(tanθ, dD) : pass elif isinstance(tanθ, str) : tanθ = dD(tanθ) else : ({}[22]) x = tanθ ; multiplier = -1 ; sum = x ; count = 0; status = 0 # x**3 x**5 x**7 x**9 # y = x - ---- + ---- - ---- + ---- # 3 5 7 9 # # Each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term multiplied by x**2. # Each value of x contains 10 leading zeroes after decimal point. # Therefore, each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term with 20 more leading zeroes. # Each pass through main loop adds about 20 digits to current value of sum # and θ is calculated to precision of 1004 digits with about 50 passes through main loop. # for p in range (3,200,2) : # This is main loop. count += 1 addendum = (multiplier * (x**p)) / p sum += addendum if abs(addendum) < Tolerance : status = 1; break multiplier = -multiplier status or ({}[23]) print(thisName, 'count =',count) π = sum * 180 / angleθ dgt.prec = desired_precision π += 0 # This forces π to adopt precision of desired_precision. dgt.prec = Precision return π # Calculate five values of π: values_of_π = [] for θ,tanθ in values_of_θ_tanθ : π = calculate_π (θ,tanθ) values_of_π += [ π ] </syntaxhighlight> Each calculation of π required about 50 passes through main loop: <syntaxhighlight> calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50 </syntaxhighlight> Check that all 5 values of π are equal: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code set1 = set(values_of_π) sx = 'len(values_of_π)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = 'len(set1)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = 'set1' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) π, = set1 # Note the syntax. If length of set1 is not 1, this statement fails. </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> len(values_of_π) = 5 len(set1) = 1 set1 = {Decimal('3.141592653589793238462643383279.....12268066130019278766111959092164201989')} </syntaxhighlight> Because all five calculated values of π are equal, there is very high probability that this value of π is accurate. Print value of π as python command formatted: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code newLine = ''' '''[-1:] def print_π (π) : ''' Input π is : Decimal('3.141592653589793238 ..... 66111959092164201989') This function prints: π = ( "3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510" + "58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679" ..... + "18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989" ) ''' πstr = str(π) (len(πstr) == (desired_precision + 1)) or ({}[31]) (πstr[:2] == '3.') or ({}[32]) twenty_rows = [] for p in range (2, len(πstr), 50) : str1a = πstr[p:p+50] list1a = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range(0, len(str1a), 5) ] str1b = '_'.join(list1a) twenty_rows += [str1b] twenty_rows[0] = '3.' + twenty_rows[0] joiner = '"{} + "'.format(newLine) str3 = '( "{}" )'.format(joiner.join(twenty_rows)) str4 = eval(str3) (dD(str4) == π) or ({}[33]) lines = str3.split(newLine) paragraphs = [ newLine.join(lines[p:p+4]) for p in range(0,len(lines),4) ] str5 = (newLine*2).join(paragraphs) str6 = eval(str5) (dD(str6) == π) or ({}[34]) print ('π =', str5) return str5 π1 = print_π (π) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> π = ( "3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510" + "58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679" + "82148_08651_32823_06647_09384_46095_50582_23172_53594_08128" + "48111_74502_84102_70193_85211_05559_64462_29489_54930_38196" + "44288_10975_66593_34461_28475_64823_37867_83165_27120_19091" + "45648_56692_34603_48610_45432_66482_13393_60726_02491_41273" + "72458_70066_06315_58817_48815_20920_96282_92540_91715_36436" + "78925_90360_01133_05305_48820_46652_13841_46951_94151_16094" + "33057_27036_57595_91953_09218_61173_81932_61179_31051_18548" + "07446_23799_62749_56735_18857_52724_89122_79381_83011_94912" + "98336_73362_44065_66430_86021_39494_63952_24737_19070_21798" + "60943_70277_05392_17176_29317_67523_84674_81846_76694_05132" + "00056_81271_45263_56082_77857_71342_75778_96091_73637_17872" + "14684_40901_22495_34301_46549_58537_10507_92279_68925_89235" + "42019_95611_21290_21960_86403_44181_59813_62977_47713_09960" + "51870_72113_49999_99837_29780_49951_05973_17328_16096_31859" + "50244_59455_34690_83026_42522_30825_33446_85035_26193_11881" + "71010_00313_78387_52886_58753_32083_81420_61717_76691_47303" + "59825_34904_28755_46873_11595_62863_88235_37875_93751_95778" + "18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989" ) </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:1202pi_highlighted.png|thumb|400px|'''Value of <math>\pi</math> highlighted.''']] If you highlight the above expression for <math>\pi</math> as shown in diagram, you can copy and paste it into your python source file as valid python code. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Discussion questions== * What are useful applications of pi in engineering or science? * How is pi useful in computer science? ==See also== * [[Math]] * [[Geometry]] * [[Exact_Trigonometric_Values]] cvs6wjiwmf98y4zz1hv70fayy1930sf 2690095 2690094 2024-12-03T11:15:18Z ThaniosAkro 2805358 /* Radians, the natural angle */ 2690095 wikitext text/x-wiki Pi is a mathematical concept related to circles, geometry, and probably more. ----- ;Subpages {{Subpages/List}} ----- '''Notice:''' [[Pi/Real cosine function/Definition]] and [[Pi/Zero of cosine/Introduction/Section]] are two subpages to [[Pi]] that should not be deleted because they are transclusions to another learning resource. '''Please do not delete this page because it might help "protect" the subpages.''' ==Learning resources== ===Wikipedia=== * [[Wikipedia:Pi|Pi]] * [[Wikipedia:Category:Pi|Pi]] (Category) * [[Wikipedia:Irrational number|Irrational number]] * [[Wikipedia:Approximations of π|Approximations of π]] * [[Wikipedia:List of topics related to π|List of topics related to π]] * [[Wikipedia:List of formulae involving π|List of formulae involving π]] * [[Wikipedia:A History of Pi|A History of Pi]] * [[Wikipedia:Turn_(angle)#Tau_proposals|Turn_(angle)#Tau_proposals]] * [[Wikipedia:Six nines in pi|Six nines in pi]] * [[Wikipedia:Proof that π is irrational|Proof that π is irrational]] ===External=== * [https://www.exploratorium.edu/pi/history-of-pi A Brief History of Pi (π)] * [https://press.princeton.edu/ideas/pi-is-magic Pi is magic] * [https://sites.math.rutgers.edu/~cherlin/History/Papers2000/wilson.html The History of Pi] * [https://www.math.utah.edu/~alfeld/math/pi.html pi to 10,000 digits] * [https://news.web.baylor.edu/news/story/2023/baylor-math-chair-explains-magic-mystery-p-pi Baylor Math Chair Explains Magic, Mystery of π (Pi)] * [https://curtiscenter.math.ucla.edu/are-there-any-practical-applications-of-pi-aside-from-calculating-the-area-or-circumference-of-a-circle/ Are there any practical applications of pi, aside from calculating the area or circumference of a circle?] * [https://content.byui.edu/file/b8b83119-9acc-4a7b-bc84-efacf9043998/1/Math-2-5-1.html Pi and the Circumference of a Circle] * [https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/03/harvard-physics-lecturer-on-why-pi-endlessly-fascinates-us/ Our endless fascination with pi] ==Calculaton of π== ===Radians, the natural angle=== [[File:1129radian00.png|thumb|400px|'''Diagram illustrating one radian of angular measurement.''' </br> Arc of circle (red curved line with arrows) with length equal to radius of circle subtends one radian at center. </br> In diagram above, length of radius = length of arc = 1. </br> One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232\dots^\circ.</math> ]] If you were a mathematician among the ancient Sumerians of the 3rd millennium BC and you were determined to define the angle that could be adopted as a standard to be used by all users of trigonometry, you would probably suggest the angle in an equilateral triangle. This angle is easily defined, easily constructed, easily understood and easily reproduced. It would be easy to call this angle the "natural" angle. The numeral system used by the ancient Sumerians was Sexagesimal, also known as base 60, a numeral system with sixty as its base. In practice the natural angle could be divided into 60 parts, now called degrees, and each degree could be divided into 60 parts, now called minutes, and so on. Three equilateral triangles fit neatly into a semi-circle, hence 180 degrees in a semi-circle. We know that <math>\tan 30^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}.</math> Therefore, <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> should be <math>0.5,</math> or one half of our concept of the natural angle. Whatever the natural angle might be, it has existed for billions of years, but it has come to light only in recent times with invention of the calculus. In mathematics, the arctangent series, traditionally called Gregory's series, is the Taylor series expansion at the origin of the arctangent function: <math>\arctan x = x - \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{x^5}{5} - \frac{x^7}{7} + \frac{x^9}{9} + \cdots.</math> The following python code calculates <math>\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})</math> using Gregory's series: <math></math> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code r3 = 3 ** .5 x = r3/3 arctan_x = ( x - x**3/3 + x**5/5 - x**7/7 + x**9/9 - x**11/11 + x**13/13 - x**15/15 + x**17/17 - x**19/19 + x**21/21 - x**23/23 + x**25/25 - x**27/27 + x**29/29 - x**31/31 + x**33/33 - x**35/35 + x**37/37 - x**39/39 + x**41/41 - x**43/43 + x**45/45 - x**47/47 + x**49/49 - x**51/51 + x**53/53 - x**55/55 + x**57/57 - x**59/59 + x**61/61 - x**63/63 + x**65/65 - x**67/67 + x**69/69 ) sx = 'arctan_x' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x = 0.5235987755982988 </syntaxhighlight> Our assessment of the natural angle as the angle in an equilateral triangle was a very reasonable guess. However, the natural angle is the radian, the angle subtended at center of circle by an arc on the circumference equal to the radius. Six times arctan_x <math>= 180^\circ</math> or the number of radians in a semi-circle: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code sx = 'arctan_x * 6' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = '180/(arctan_x * 6)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> arctan_x * 6 = 3.141592653589793 180/(arctan_x * 6) = 57.29577951308232 </syntaxhighlight> <math>\pi = 3.141592653589793\dots,</math> number of radians in semi-circle. One radian <math>= 57.29577951308232\dots^\circ,</math> slightly less than <math>60^\circ.</math> Because the value <math>\frac\sqrt{3}{3}</math> is fairly large, calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> above required 34 operations to produce result accurate to 16 places of decimals. The calculation did not converge quickly. Python code below uses much smaller values of <math>x</math>, and calculation of <code>arctan_x</code> for precision of 1001 is quite fast. ===tan(A/2)=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:1122tanA_200.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphical calculation of <math>\tan \frac{A}{2}</math>.''' </br> <math>OQ = 1;\ QP = t.</math> </br> <math>\tan(A) = \frac{QP}{OQ} = \frac{t}{1} = t.</math> </br> <math>OP = OR = \sqrt{1 + t^2}</math> ]] In diagram: Point <math>P</math> has coordinates <math>(1,t).</math> Point <math>R</math> has coordinates <math>(\sqrt{1 + t^2},0).</math> Mid point of <math>PR,\ M</math> has coordinates <math>( \frac{ 1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{2}, \frac{t}{2} ).</math> <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{t}{2} / \frac{ 1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{2} = \frac{t}{1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }</math> <math>= \frac{t}{1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} } \cdot \frac{1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2}}{1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} }</math> <math>= \frac{t( 1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} )}{1-(1+t^2)}</math> <math>= \frac{t( 1 - \sqrt{1 + t^2} )}{-t^2}</math> <math>= \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{t}</math> * <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{\tan(A)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}} = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2 (A)} }{\tan (A)}</math> * <math>\tan (2A) = \frac{2\tan (A)}{ 1 - \tan^2 (A) }</math> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Implementation=== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} This section calculates five values of <math>\pi</math> using the following known values of <math>\tan(A):</math> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Angle <math>A</math> || <math>\tan(A)</math> |- | <math>45^\circ</math> | <math>1</math> |- | <math>36^\circ</math> | <math>\sqrt{ 5 - 2\sqrt{5} }</math> |- | <math>30^\circ</math> | <math>\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}</math> |- | <math>27^\circ</math> | <math>\sqrt{ 11 - 4\sqrt{5} + (\sqrt{5} - 3) \sqrt{ 10 - 2\sqrt{5} } }</math> |- | <math>24^\circ</math> | <math>\frac{ (3\sqrt{5} + 7) \sqrt{5 - 2\sqrt{5}} - (\sqrt{5} + 3)\sqrt{3} }{2}</math> |} Values of <math>x</math> in table below are derived from the above values by using identity <math>\tan(\frac{A}{2}) = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}}{\tan(A)}</math>: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Angle <math>\theta</math> || <math>x = \tan(\theta)</math> |- | <math>\frac{45^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912</code> |- | <math>\frac{36^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713</code> |- | <math>\frac{30^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689</code> |- | <math>\frac{27^\circ}{2^{33}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738</code> |- | <math>\frac{24^\circ}{2^{32}}</math> | <code>0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778</code> |} <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code desired_precision = 1001 number_of_leading_zeroes = 10 # See below. import decimal dD = decimal.Decimal # decimal object is like float with (almost) infinite precision. dgt = decimal.getcontext() Precision = dgt.prec = desired_precision + 3 # Adjust as necessary. Tolerance = dD("1e-" + str(Precision-2)) # Adjust as necessary. adjustment_to_precision = number_of_leading_zeroes * 2 + 3 def tan_halfA(tan_A) : dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision top = -1 + (1+tan_A**2).sqrt() dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision tan_A_2 = top/tan_A return tan_A_2 def tan_2A (tanA) : ''' 2 * tanA tan(2A) = ----------- 1 - tanA**2 ''' if tanA in (1,-1) : return '1/0' dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision bottom = (1 - tanA**2) output = 2*tanA/bottom dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision return output+0 def θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA) : ''' if input == 45,1 output is: "dD(45) / (2 ** (33))", "0.00000_00000_91432_37995_....._63759_3912" ^^^^^^^^^^^ number_of_leading_zeroes refers to these zeroes. θ,tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA) ''' θ, tanθ = angleA, tanA for p in range (1,100) : θ /= 2 tanθ = tan_halfA(tanθ) if tanθ >= dD('1e-' + str(number_of_leading_zeroes)) : continue str1 = str(tanθ) # str1 = "n.nnnnnnnnnnnnn ..... nnnnnnnnnnnnE-11" str1a = str1[0] + str1[2:-4] list1 = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range (0, len(str1a), 5) ] str2 = '0.00000_00000_' + ('_'.join(list1)) dD2 = dD(str2) (dD2 == tanθ) or ({}[2]) ((θ * (2**p)) == angleA ) or ({}[3]) str3 = 'dD({}) / (2 ** ({}))'.format(angleA,p) (θ == eval(str3)) or ({}[4]) return str3, str2 ({}[5]) r3 = dD(3).sqrt() r5 = dD(5).sqrt() tan36 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt() tan45 = dD(1) tan30 = r3/3 v1 = 3*r5+7 v2 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt() v3 = (r5+3)*r3 tan24 = ( v1*v2 - v3 )/2 v1 = r5 - 3 ; v2 = (10 - 2*r5).sqrt() tan27 = ( 11 - 4*r5 + v1*v2 ).sqrt() values_of_A_tanA = ( (dD(45), tan45), (dD(36), tan36), (dD(30), tan30), (dD(27), tan27), (dD(24), tan24), ) values_of_θ_tanθ = [] for (A, tanA) in values_of_A_tanA : θ, tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (A, tanA) print() sx = 'θ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) # sx = 'tanθ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) print ('tanθ =', '{}.....{}'.format(tanθ[:30], tanθ[-20:])) values_of_θ_tanθ += [ (θ, tanθ) ] # Check for (v1,v2),(v3,v4) in zip (values_of_A_tanA, values_of_θ_tanθ) : A, tanA = v1,v2 θ = eval(v3) tanθ = dD(v4) status = 0 for p in range (1,100) : θ *= 2 tanθ = tan_2A (tanθ) if θ == A : dgt.prec = desired_precision (+tanθ == +tanA) or ({}[10]) dgt.prec = Precision status = 1 break status or ({}[11]) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> θ = dD(45) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912 θ = dD(36) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713 θ = dD(30) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689 θ = dD(27) / (2 ** (33)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738 θ = dD(24) / (2 ** (32)) tanθ = 0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code def calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : ''' angleθ may be: "dD(27) / (2 ** (33))" tanθ may be: "0.00000_00000_54859_42797_ ..... _03540_9738" π = calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) ''' thisName = 'calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) :' if isinstance(angleθ, dD) : pass elif isinstance(angleθ, str) : angleθ = eval(angleθ) else : ({}[21]) if isinstance(tanθ, dD) : pass elif isinstance(tanθ, str) : tanθ = dD(tanθ) else : ({}[22]) x = tanθ ; multiplier = -1 ; sum = x ; count = 0; status = 0 # x**3 x**5 x**7 x**9 # y = x - ---- + ---- - ---- + ---- # 3 5 7 9 # # Each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term multiplied by x**2. # Each value of x contains 10 leading zeroes after decimal point. # Therefore, each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term with 20 more leading zeroes. # Each pass through main loop adds about 20 digits to current value of sum # and θ is calculated to precision of 1004 digits with about 50 passes through main loop. # for p in range (3,200,2) : # This is main loop. count += 1 addendum = (multiplier * (x**p)) / p sum += addendum if abs(addendum) < Tolerance : status = 1; break multiplier = -multiplier status or ({}[23]) print(thisName, 'count =',count) π = sum * 180 / angleθ dgt.prec = desired_precision π += 0 # This forces π to adopt precision of desired_precision. dgt.prec = Precision return π # Calculate five values of π: values_of_π = [] for θ,tanθ in values_of_θ_tanθ : π = calculate_π (θ,tanθ) values_of_π += [ π ] </syntaxhighlight> Each calculation of π required about 50 passes through main loop: <syntaxhighlight> calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49 calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50 </syntaxhighlight> Check that all 5 values of π are equal: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code set1 = set(values_of_π) sx = 'len(values_of_π)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = 'len(set1)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) sx = 'set1' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx)) π, = set1 # Note the syntax. If length of set1 is not 1, this statement fails. </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> len(values_of_π) = 5 len(set1) = 1 set1 = {Decimal('3.141592653589793238462643383279.....12268066130019278766111959092164201989')} </syntaxhighlight> Because all five calculated values of π are equal, there is very high probability that this value of π is accurate. Print value of π as python command formatted: <syntaxhighlight lang=python> # python code newLine = ''' '''[-1:] def print_π (π) : ''' Input π is : Decimal('3.141592653589793238 ..... 66111959092164201989') This function prints: π = ( "3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510" + "58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679" ..... + "18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989" ) ''' πstr = str(π) (len(πstr) == (desired_precision + 1)) or ({}[31]) (πstr[:2] == '3.') or ({}[32]) twenty_rows = [] for p in range (2, len(πstr), 50) : str1a = πstr[p:p+50] list1a = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range(0, len(str1a), 5) ] str1b = '_'.join(list1a) twenty_rows += [str1b] twenty_rows[0] = '3.' + twenty_rows[0] joiner = '"{} + "'.format(newLine) str3 = '( "{}" )'.format(joiner.join(twenty_rows)) str4 = eval(str3) (dD(str4) == π) or ({}[33]) lines = str3.split(newLine) paragraphs = [ newLine.join(lines[p:p+4]) for p in range(0,len(lines),4) ] str5 = (newLine*2).join(paragraphs) str6 = eval(str5) (dD(str6) == π) or ({}[34]) print ('π =', str5) return str5 π1 = print_π (π) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight> π = ( "3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510" + "58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679" + "82148_08651_32823_06647_09384_46095_50582_23172_53594_08128" + "48111_74502_84102_70193_85211_05559_64462_29489_54930_38196" + "44288_10975_66593_34461_28475_64823_37867_83165_27120_19091" + "45648_56692_34603_48610_45432_66482_13393_60726_02491_41273" + "72458_70066_06315_58817_48815_20920_96282_92540_91715_36436" + "78925_90360_01133_05305_48820_46652_13841_46951_94151_16094" + "33057_27036_57595_91953_09218_61173_81932_61179_31051_18548" + "07446_23799_62749_56735_18857_52724_89122_79381_83011_94912" + "98336_73362_44065_66430_86021_39494_63952_24737_19070_21798" + "60943_70277_05392_17176_29317_67523_84674_81846_76694_05132" + "00056_81271_45263_56082_77857_71342_75778_96091_73637_17872" + "14684_40901_22495_34301_46549_58537_10507_92279_68925_89235" + "42019_95611_21290_21960_86403_44181_59813_62977_47713_09960" + "51870_72113_49999_99837_29780_49951_05973_17328_16096_31859" + "50244_59455_34690_83026_42522_30825_33446_85035_26193_11881" + "71010_00313_78387_52886_58753_32083_81420_61717_76691_47303" + "59825_34904_28755_46873_11595_62863_88235_37875_93751_95778" + "18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989" ) </syntaxhighlight> {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:1202pi_highlighted.png|thumb|400px|'''Value of <math>\pi</math> highlighted.''']] If you highlight the above expression for <math>\pi</math> as shown in diagram, you can copy and paste it into your python source file as valid python code. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Discussion questions== * What are useful applications of pi in engineering or science? * How is pi useful in computer science? ==See also== * [[Math]] * [[Geometry]] * [[Exact_Trigonometric_Values]] 1lzp3ksntiqrro6nf63dt3bur6sp05w 2 304085 2690038 2689207 2024-12-02T23:25:56Z Jtneill 10242 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/2600:387:15:1637:0:0:0:8|2600:387:15:1637:0:0:0:8]] ([[User_talk:2600:387:15:1637:0:0:0:8|talk]]) to last version by [[User:Ayane Fumihiro|Ayane Fumihiro]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]] 2654026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Using open wikis for teaching and learning}} <div style="text-align: center"> [[User:Jtneill|James T. Neill]]<br> [[v:University of Canberra|University of Canberra]] [https://ascilite.org/get-involved/sigs/learning-design-sig/ Australian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE) Learning Design Special Interest Group] Webinar<br>Friday 15 March 2024, Online [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1dP2n-LPmGSZAR0F3pUwW2ClVJFr1zGocUqpTBa4NsBw/edit?usp=sharing Slides]<br>(Google) [https://youtu.be/kzXHOF-RhmU?si=4An0MMA4xmjYnddn&t=217 Recording]<br>(YouTube; 53:37 mins including Q&A) [https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7174278714963230720/ LinkedIn post] [https://twitter.com/jtneill/status/1768516693553565884 X post] </div> ==Abstract== A [[wiki]] is the simplest webpage that anyone can edit. The aim of this presentation is to illustrate the educative potential of using open wikis in education. Open wikis offer several pedagogical advantages and practical affordances for teaching and learning, yet are surprisingly underutilised. The best-known wikis are supported by the Wikimedia Foundation, including Wikipedia and its sister projects such as Wikiversity. These wikis can be used to curate open educational resources and conduct open research, as well as to engage students in learning how to work collaboratively to contribute to the knowledge commons. Student wiki projects can be conducted in any discipline and adapted across educational levels. This presentation will explore the educative potential of involving students in real-world wiki projects for learning and assessment, with case study examples. ==Bio== James is an Assistant Professor in Psychology at the University of Canberra. James is a keen proponent of open educational practices and use of wikis for curriculum development and student learning projects. ==Aims== * Explain why wikis are good for education * Highlight wiki affordances * Showcase Wikimedia Foundation platform esp. Wikiversity and Wikibooks ==Questions== I invite you to share about your wiki experiences and curiousities. Here's a few prompts that may be useful: # What experiences have you had with wikis? My experience is learning # Have you edited any wikis?no # Do you have a Wikimedia user account?no # What educational wiki projects have you contributed to?I don't remember but is not the first time # What is your university's approach to using wikis?iam only in grade 8 I just need guidance # What do you advise teaching staff about using wikis? Wikipedia is the good place to refresh mind # What questions or comments do you have about using wikis in open education? Learning ==Premises== * Knowledge-sharing is good * Open education is good * Wikis offer underutilised utility ==Wiki history== * Internet www 1993 * WikiWikiWeb 1995 (1st wiki) * Wikipedia 2001 * Wikibooks 2003 * Wikiversity 2006 ==What is a wiki?== * Simplest webpage for collaborative editing * wikiwiki = quick/speedy in Hawaiian ==Wikimedia Foundation mission== <blockquote> "to empower and engage people around the world to collect and develop educational content under a free license or in the public domain, and to disseminate it effectively and globally."[[w:Wikimedia Foundation#Mission|WMF mission] (Wikipedia) </blockquote> ==Wikimedia sister projects== Diverse ecosystem of free, open, multilingual wiki projects {{Sisterprojects}} ==Wikibooks== [[File:Wikibooks simple book blue beige borders.svg|right|150px]] *Wikibooks is for new ebooks *Wikisource is for pre-existing books *Free alternative e.g., to [[w:Pressbooks|Pressbooks]] ==Wikiversity== * Pages: 149,043 * Languages: 17 * Active users: 764 (210 on English Wikiversity) * Admins 55 (11 on English Wikiversity) For more detail, see [[w:Wikiversity#Languages|Wikiversity languages]] (Wikipedia) ==What is Wikiversity?== <blockquote> “Wikiversity is a Wikimedia Foundation project devoted to learning resources, learning projects, and research for use in all levels, types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite teachers, students, and researchers to join us in creating open educational resources and collaborative learning communities.” [[Wikiversity:Main Page|Source] (Wikiversity) </blockquote> ==Wikiversity self-tour== [[File:Wikiversity Logo.png|right|150px]] Some ways to explore: *[[Help:Guides|Guided tours]] *[[Category:Portals|Portals]] *[[Wikiversity:Featured#Current featured content|Featured projects]] *[[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] *[[Special:RandomRootpage|Random]] ==Teachers can ...== * Create, edit, and fork informal and formal open educational resources (e.g., course materials and learning activities) on any topic, size, and level * Engage students in contributing to learning projects ==Researchers can ...== * Develop research projects * Seek peer-review * Publish findings ==Students can ...== * Access to read and view * Create and edit * Interact e.g., ** Comment ** Debate ** Quizzes ==Teaching students to edit== * Easy, fun, and experiential * Students learn essential skills in 1 hour class: ** Create user account ** Edit user page ** Basic markup - bold, italics etc. ** Links - internal, [[w:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki]], external ** Headings and table of contents ** Finding and embedding images Example tutorial: [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Wiki editing]] ==Administration and support== * Local ** User - edit, move etc. ** Curator - delete, protect etc. ** Custodian (admin/sysop) - + user block ** Bureaucrat - +assign user permissions ** Check-user - IP address checking * Meta ** Stewards - + global user block, spam + title blacklist, oversight ** Developer - + enable extensions, software changes ==Wiki affordances== * Anyone can edit * Policies, procedures, guidelines, decisions guided by community consensus * Transparent editing history / version control * Collaborative * Highly stable ==LMS + Wikiversity== ; Learning management system (LMS) * Institutional enrolments * Assessment submission * Marks * Course announcements and discussion ; Wikiversity * Generic open educational resources ** Lesson plans ** Class materials ** Assessment descriptions * Student editing * Interactive feedback Use iFrame embedding, any webpage including a wiki page, can be embedded within an LMS e.g.,[https://unicanberra.instructure.com/courses/11508/pages/tutorial-03-physiological-needs ==Wiki challenges== * Awareness of wikis is low * Motivation to teach openly is weak * Editing skills can be scary * Institutional copyright policies often archaic * Learning design / ed tech support lacking * Local championing / communities of practice needed At first glance, it seems like wikis "can’t work" - surely the dark side would win and it would turn into garbage, but it's a bit like seeing a bicycle for the first time and thinking no way could someone ride it without falling off. The magic of wikis is that they do work because the critical mass of people willingly contributing to improving resources outweighs the relatively small amount of bad editing which tends to be quickly rectified. ==Example: Motivation and emotion== [[Motivation and emotion]] is a 3rd psychology unit at the University of Canberra with an annual enrolment of approximately 150 students: * [[Motivation and emotion|Home page]] * [[Motivation and emotion/Book|Student-authored book chapters]] * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2023|2023 book table of contents]] * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2023/Actively open-minded thinking|Actively open-minded thinking]] (example chapter) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (case study article) ==Conclusion== * Wikis provide a free, no cost, flexible, way of developing open educational curricula and learning activities * Start small and learn * Go forth and wikify ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] * [[User:Jtneill/Presentations/Wikis in open education: A psychology case study|Wikis in open education: A psychology case study]] [[Category:User:Jtneill/Presentations/Wikiversity]] 9pgglun7nxir9q9q5nqkd9fbv7ecr0c 0 304811 2690026 2670189 2024-12-02T21:07:01Z Watchduck 137431 /* provisional */ 2690026 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Collapsible with classes/style.css" /> __NOTOC__ {{Shortcut|Boolf-term}} * {{anchor|BF}} '''Boolean function''', '''BF''' {{spaces|4}} usually meant as BF with infinite arity and periodic truth table {{spaces|4}} <small>similar to {{w|Boolean expression}}</small> * {{anchor|TT}} '''truth table''', '''TT''' {{spaces|4}} usually meant as a truth table of finite length, determined by an {{sect|arity}} * {{anchor|weight}} '''weight''' {{spaces|4}} The weight of a BF is a fraction between 0 and 1. The weight of a TT is a non-negative integer. * {{anchor|valency|adicity|arity}} '''valency &le; adicity &le; arity''' ** Valency is the number of arguments actually used. It is the number of circles in the Euler diagram. ** Adicity follows from the biggest atom. 2^''adicity'' is the required TT length<span style="opacity: .5;">, or the period length of the infinite truth table.</span> ** The term ''arity'' is used in two slightly different ways: *** arity ''n'' as an argument <small>(e.g. of a class method)</small> to get a finite truth table of length <math>2^n</math> &nbsp; <small>E.g. <math>B \land C</math> can be shown as 3-ary <code>0000 0011</code> or as 4-ary <code>0000 0011 0000 0011</code>.</small> *** arity ''n'' as a shorthand for <math>adicity \le n</math> &nbsp; <small>(as in: ''the 16 2-ary Boolean functions'')</small> ***<small style="opacity: .5;">(For a while there may also be a third way, namely the erroneous use instead of valency or adicity.)</small> * {{anchor|atom}} '''atom''' {{spaces|4}} Atoms are also called sets or arguments of a BF. {{spaces|4}} <small>what is usually shown by a circle and labeled A, B, C...</small> * {{anchor|atomvals}} '''atomvals''' {{spaces|4}} the vector of atoms of a BF * {{anchor|dense}} '''dense''' {{spaces|4}} A dense BF has no gaps before or between the {{sect|atom|atoms}}. Its {{sect|valency|valency and adicity}} are equal. {{spaces|4}} <small>often called non-degenerate</small> {{spaces|4}} * {{anchor|spread}} '''spread''' {{spaces|4}} not dense * {{anchor|root}} '''root''' {{spaces|4}} The root of a BF is its dense equivalent. &nbsp; <small style="opacity: .7;">The term is also used for the TT of the root BF. It is a binary vector of length 2^''valency'' without repeating patterns.</small> * {{anchor|segment}} '''segment''' {{spaces|4}} geometric element of an Euler diagram, e.g. its cells and the walls between them {{spaces|4}} <small>The number of segments in a Venn diagram is 3^''valency''.</small> {{Collapsible START|dimension of a segment|collapsed wide}} A segment has a '''dimension''', namely the number of zeros in its ternary label.<br> <small>(From the perspective of Euler diagrams the term is counter-intuitive, because it corresponds to the {{w|hypercube}}, rather than to the {{w|cross polytope}}. For the {{sect|hypersplit|hypersplits}} it is used in the same way.)</small> <div style="font-size: 80%;"> The relationships between segments that differ in only one digit are important: * Another segment with a 0 in the differing place is a '''superior'''. <small>(Points are superior to lines, lines to areas, etc.)</small> * Another segment with + or − in the differing place is an '''inferior'''. * Another segment with the opposite sign in the differing place is a '''neighbor'''. </div> {| class="collapsible-with-classes collapsible collapsed light followed wide center gap-above" !colspan="2"| 2D example {{boolflink|kinide}} |- | [[File:EuDi; 2x3 kinide.svg|300px]]<br>Cell 4 is a gapspot. | [[File:EuDi; 2x3 ternary.svg|600px]] |} {| class="collapsible-with-classes collapsible collapsed light wide center" !colspan="2"| 3D example {{boolflink|medusa}} |- | [[File:EuDi; medusa.png|400px]] | [[File:EuDi; medusa ternary.svg|800px]] |} {{Collapsible END}} * {{anchor|spot}} '''spot''' {{spaces|4}} cell of an Euler diagram {{spaces|4}} <small>defined as {{sect|segment}} with dimension 0</small> {{spaces|4}} <small>The number of spots in a Venn diagram is 2^''valency''.</small> * {{anchor|fullspot}} '''fullspot''' {{spaces|4}} corresponds to true place in TT * {{anchor|gapspot}} '''gapspot''' {{spaces|4}} corresponds to false place in TT, but necessary for geometrically sound Euler diagram * {{anchor|link}} '''link''' {{spaces|4}} connection between neighboring spots, i.e. wall between cells {{spaces|4}} <small>defined as {{sect|segment}} with dimension 1</small> * {{anchor|border}} '''border''' {{spaces|4}} set of links that belong to the same {{sect|atom}}, i.e. all walls of the same color * {{anchor|splits}} [[Studies of Euler diagrams/splits|'''split''']] {{spaces|4}} set without the notion of inside and outside {{spaces|4}} <small>usually the same as a partition into two blocks</small> * {{anchor|hypersplit}} [[Studies of Euler diagrams/splits#hypersplits|'''hypersplit''']] {{spaces|4}} generalization of a split {{spaces|4}} partitions space into 2^''n'' orthants * {{anchor|filtrate}} [[Studies of Euler diagrams/filtrates|'''filtrate''']] {{spaces|4}} reduction of a BF to a subset of its {{sect|atom|atoms}}, i.e. what remains when some circles are removed from the Euler diagram * {{anchor|bundle}} '''bundle''' {{spaces|4}} part of an Euler diagram that is connected by crossing borders {{spaces|4}}<small>see e.g. [[Studies of Euler diagrams/decompose|decompose]], [[Studies of Euler diagrams/gap variants/multi-bundle 3-2-2-1|multi-bundle 3-2-2-1]], [[Studies of Euler diagrams/blightless/4-ary/bundles|4-ary bundles]]</small> * {{anchor|blighted}} [[Studies of Euler diagrams/blighted|'''blighted''']] {{spaces|4}} arity can be reduced {{spaces|4}} <small>bloated or blotted</small> {{spaces|4}} <small style="opacity: .5;">(blight, blightless)</small> * {{anchor|bloated}} [[Studies of Euler diagrams/bloated|'''bloated''']] {{spaces|4}} some arguments are equal or complementary to each other {{spaces|4}} <small style="opacity: .5;">(bloat, bloatless)</small> * {{anchor|blotted}} [[Studies of Euler diagrams/blotted|'''blotted''']] {{spaces|4}} some arguments are equal or complementary to niverse or empty set {{spaces|4}} <small style="opacity: .5;">(blot, blotless)</small> * {{anchor|transformation}} [[Studies of Euler diagrams/transformations|'''transformation''']] {{spaces|4}} signed permutation that turns elements of the same {{sect|clan}} into each other * {{anchor|Zhegalkin_twin|twin}} [[Zhegalkin twins|'''(Zhegalkin) twin''']] {{spaces|4}} Zhegalkin index interpreted as TT of the same length {{spaces|4}} <small style="opacity: .5;">(E.g. ''all bits true'' and ''only left bit true'' are always twins, because the Zhegalkin index of the tautology is 1.)</small> * {{anchor|zhe}} [[Zhegalkin matrix|'''Zhegalkin index''']], '''Ж''' {{spaces|4}} non-negative integer identifying a Boolean function {{spaces|4}} <small>related to [[algebraic normal form]]</small> * {{anchor|representative}} '''representative''' {{spaces|4}} some Boolean function that represents its whole [[Equivalence classes of Boolean functions|equivalence class]] {{spaces|4}} <small>typically the [[smallest Zhegalkin index]] of a {{sect|clan}}</small> * {{anchor|junior|senior}} '''junior <small>(senior)</small>''' {{spaces|4}} Boolean functions of {{sect|arity}} ''n''&minus;1 are junior to those of arity ''n'' <small>(and those of arity ''n''+1 are senior)</small> {{spaces|4}} * {{anchor|quadrant}} '''quadrant''' {{spaces|2}} = {{spaces|2}} {{sect|odd|parity}} + 2 &middot; {{sect|odious|depravity}} {{spaces|2}} <small>&in; {0, 1, 2, 3}</small> * {{anchor|reverse}} '''reverse''' {{spaces|2}} BF with reversed TT * {{anchor|junarity|senarity}} '''junarity <small>(senarity)</small>''' {{spaces|4}} arity &minus; 1 <small>(arity + 1)</small> * {{anchor|noble}} '''[[Noble Boolean functions|noble]]''' {{spaces|4}} TT is noble, iff identical to its {{sect|twin}} * {{anchor|patron}} '''[[Noble Boolean functions#patrons|patron]]''' {{spaces|4}} XOR of twins, a noble TT * {{anchor|gentle}} '''[[Gentle sets of Boolean functions|gentle]]''' {{spaces|4}} set of TTs is gentle, iff identical to set of twins ==properties== <small>see [[Properties of Boolean functions]] and [[Properties of truth tables|of truth tables]]</small> * {{anchor|clan}} '''{{BF-prop|clan}}''' {{spaces|4}} negation and permutation equivalence class {{spaces|4}} <small>partitioned into families and factions</small> * {{anchor|family}} '''{{BF-prop|family}}''' {{spaces|4}} negation EC * {{anchor|faction}} '''{{BF-prop|faction}}''' {{spaces|4}} permutation EC * {{anchor|splinter}} '''splinter''' {{spaces|4}} intersection of family and faction * {{anchor|tribe}} '''{{TT-prop|tribe}}''' {{spaces|4}} {{sect|sharp|Dull}} TT form tribes, denoted by their {{sect|consul}} weight. * {{anchor|super}} '''{{BF-prop|super}}''' {{spaces|4}} Prefix used for EC of BF extended by complement. * {{anchor|ultra}} '''{{TT-prop|ultra}}''' {{spaces|4}} Prefix used for EC of TT extended by half-complement. [[File:Foibles of Boolean functions.svg|thumb|160px|foibles]] * {{anchor|foible}} '''foible''' {{spaces|4}} The foibles are seven properties, that correspond to the vertices of a Fano plane. &nbsp; <small style="opacity: .5;">(see [[commons:Category:Quadrant colors in hypercube matrices (image set)|here]] for an overview)</small> ** {{anchor|even|odd|parity}} '''<span style="opacity: .5;">even/</span>odd''' {{spaces|4}} <span style="opacity: .5;">foible of a BF,</span> equal to first digit of TT {{spaces|4}} <small>'''oddness''' also called '''parity'''</small> ** {{anchor|evil|odious|depravity}} '''<span style="opacity: .5;">evil/</span>odious''' {{spaces|4}} <span style="opacity: .5;">foible of a BF,</span> equal to last digit of TT {{spaces|4}} <small>'''odiousness''' also called '''depravity'''</small> {{spaces|4}} <small>BF is odious, iff {{sect|zhe|Ж}} has odd weight</small> ** {{anchor|ugly}} '''<span style="opacity: .5;">pretty/</span>ugly''' {{spaces|4}} <span style="opacity: .5;">foible of a BF,</span> XOR of odd and odious {{spaces|4}} <small>'''uglyness'''</small> ** {{anchor|dull|sharp}} '''<span style="opacity: .5;">dull/</span>sharp''' {{spaces|4}} <span style="opacity: .5;">foible of a TT,</span> equal to parity of TT weight {{spaces|4}} <small>'''sharpness'''</small> ** {{anchor|obtuse|acute}} '''<span style="opacity: .5;">obtuse/</span>acute''' {{spaces|4}} <span style="opacity: .5;">foible of a TT,</span> similar to sharpness {{spaces|4}} <small>'''acuteness'''</small> ** {{anchor|rude|rough}} '''<span style="opacity: .5;">polite/</span>rude''' and '''<span style="opacity: .5;">smooth/</span>rough''' {{spaces|4}} <span style="opacity: .5;">foibles of a TT,</span> similar to sharpness and acuteness {{spaces|4}} <small>'''rudeness''' and '''roughness'''</small> * {{anchor|male|female|gender}} '''<span style="opacity: .5;">female/</span>male''' {{spaces|4}} BF is male, iff its {{sect|root}} is {{sect|sharp}}. {{spaces|4}} <small>'''[[Gender of Boolean functions|gender]]'''</small> * {{anchor|prefect}} '''{{BF-prop|prefect}}''' {{spaces|4}} BF ↦ linear BF * {{anchor|subprefect|sub-prefect}} '''sub-prefect''' {{spaces|4}} BF ↦ senior linear BF &nbsp; <small>([[commons:Category:3-ary Boolean functions in octeract matrix; great subprefects|category]])</small> * {{anchor|consul}} '''{{TT-prop|consul}}''' {{spaces|4}} TT ↦ linear TT &nbsp; <small style="opacity: .5;">(basically twin prefect)</small> * {{anchor|praetor}} '''{{TT-prop|praetor}}''' {{spaces|4}} XOR of left and right half of TT * {{anchor|quaestor}} '''{{TT-prop|quaestor}}''' {{spaces|4}} XOR of left and reversed right half of TT * {{anchor|principality|dominion}} {{TT-prop|principalities and dominions|'''principality''' and '''dominion'''}} {{spaces|4}} &nbsp; {{sect|junior|juniors}} corresponding to {{sect|noble}} {{sect|faction|factions}} <div style="opacity: .5;"> ===provisional=== * {{anchor|partner|friend}} '''partner/friend''' {{spaces|4}} BF whose TT differ only in least/most significant bit. Applies also to factions. * {{anchor|squad}} '''squad''' {{spaces|4}} Union of a faction with its complement, its partner and its complement partner. Always four factions. * {{anchor|platoon}} '''platoon''' {{spaces|4}} Union of a squad and its twin. May consist of one of two squads, i.e. four or eight factions. * {{anchor|company}} '''company''' {{spaces|4}} The name would make sense for the union of a platoon and its friend. May consist of one or two platoons. * {{anchor|cluster}} '''cluster''' {{spaces|4}} That name is still used for platoon. * {{anchor|federation}} '''federation''' {{spaces|4}} related to clusters and great dominions </div> ==general terms== These words are sometimes used in variable names. * {{anchor|recto|verso}} '''{{w|recto and verso}}''' {{spaces|2}} inside and outside of a set &nbsp; <small>(see also {{sect|split}})</small> * {{anchor|paltry|plenty|plethora|galore}} powers of two and factorial {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | <math>n</math> || <math>2^n</math> || <math>2^{2^n}</math> || <math>n!</math> |- style="font-weight: bold;" | paltry || plenty || plethora || galore |} <span style="height: 1000px; display: inline-block;"> <!-- empty space to make the links jump to line --> </span> [[Category:Studies of Euler diagrams]] brdw4fn1urrcmy71748w6a5okdoedt4 0 305986 2689924 2689923 2024-12-02T12:01:52Z HassanAlsamara 2947618 /* Learning features */ 2689924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Comprehensive action determination model:<br>What is the CADM and how can it be applied to understanding human motivation?}} <div align=center></div> {{MECR3|1=https://youtu.be/Fde1L08wMl4}} <div align=center></div> __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}}{{Image|float=right|pad=20px|name=Footprint water.png|width=300px|caption=Figure 1: Water footprint}}'''Scenario''' A psychology researcher is exploring how university students’ water use habits relate to their broader attitudes towards sustainability. They are curious about the internal and external factors that influence water use habits, like whether students are unaware of the environmental impact of their actions, or if they just don’t prioritize sustainability in their daily routines. Additionally, They want to investigate how their broader attitudes toward the environment influence their actions. Coming across an “integrated model” of behaviour they chose to utilize it. They think this model could be useful for investigating water usage behaviours in university students. {{RoundBoxBottom}} The Comprehensive action determination model is a theoretical framework designed to explain human behaviour. It proposes that behaviour is directly predicted by three processes: habitual, situational, and intentional, and indirectly influenced by normative processes. This complex model can aid research in understanding human motivation by breaking down the processes, evaluating the outcomes, and examining the underlying context behind behaviour. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' * What is motivation? * What is the Comprehensive Action Determination Model (CADM)? * What are the underpinning theories behind the CADM? * How can the CADM be applied to understanding human motivation? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is motivation? == [[File:Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.svg|thumb|442x442px|Figure 2: Pyramid depicting the structure of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. ]] [[Motivation]] is the "why" behind behaviour the reasons underlying why people act in certain ways. Theorists explain motivation as the attribute that moves us to do or not to do something (Lai, 2011). The word ''motivation'' comes from the Latin verb ''movere'', meaning "to move" (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2021). Motivation has three important components that drive behaviour direction, intensity, and persistence. Direction refers to how motivation shapes peoples choices and goals. Intensity is how motivation affects the effort people put in. Persistence is how motivation influences how long people keep working toward our goals. (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2021). Many theories have been developed to understand motivation, these include Herzberg's [[wikipedia:Two-factor_theory|Two-factor theory]] (Herzberg et al., 1959; Herzberg et al., 2011), [[Self-determination theory]] (Deci, 1972, 2000), and [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Figure 2) (Maslow, 1943). Theorists argue that it is unrealistic to create an elaborate super-theory to understand motivation due to its complexity and the countless variables that affect it. They argue that the complexity of motivation cannot be understood through a single theory or model (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2021). == Comprehensive action determination model (CADM) == The Comprehensive action determination model was first proposed by Klöckner and Blöbaum in 2010 (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). They argue that one of the main goals of [[environmental psychology]] is to understand what determines people's actions, in relation to environmental influences. Klöckner and Blöbaum also note that several well-established models have been proposed, however none of these models provide an adequate representation of the multiple factors that determine behaviour (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). They further argue that integrated approaches combining two models, the Theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991) and the Norm-activation model (Schwartz, 1977), have shown promise (Liu et al., 2017, Onwezen et al., 2013), especially when the concept of [[wikipedia:Habit|habit]] is also incorporated (Klöckner et al., 2003). Additionally, Klöckner and Blöbaum highlight that the Ipsative theory of behaviour offers a valuable perspective on the situational determination of behaviour (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). However, these theories (the Theory of planned behaviour and the Norm-activation model) have proven successful in specific domains, they exhibit limitations in other areas (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). The CADM unifies the Theory of planned behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour , and the concept of habit into one integrated framework. Klöckner and Blöbaum (2010) propose that combining these existing theories into a single model may result in a more universally applicable framework that accounts for all relevant factors and influences affecting behaviour. (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). === Underpinning theories of CADM === To understand the comprehensive action determination model, an understanding of the underpinning models, theories and theoretical concepts is required. As stated in the previous paragraph these are the theory of planned behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour and the theoretical concept of habit. ==== Theory of planned behaviour ==== [[File:Theory of planned behaviour.png|thumb|405x405px|Figure 3: Flow diagram of the Theory of Planned Behaviour ]] The Theory of planned behaviour was first proposed by Ajzen in 1991 (Ajzen, 1991). The theory consists of three constructs: behavioural intention, attitude toward behaviour, and subjective norms. Behavioural intention refers to the motivation behind a behaviour, the stronger the intention, the more likely the behaviour is to be performed. Attitudes refers to how positively or negatively a person evaluates a specific behaviour. Subjective norms refer to the social pressures to perform or not perform a given behaviour. Perceived behavioural control is also a key construct in the Theory of Planned Behaviour, and it refers to how a person perceives the difficulty of performing a specific behaviour (Asare, 2015). The theory suggests that attitudes toward the behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control all influence behavioural intention, which in turn leads to behaviour, as depicted in Figure 3. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) argue that the Theory of planned behaviour focuses too much on intention while neglecting the role of objective situational constraints, habits, and personal norms. ==== Norm-activation model ==== The Norm-activation model was first proposed by Schwartz in 1977 (Schwartz, 1977). The model suggests that behaviour is predicted by personal norms. Schwartz (1977) defines personal norms as “feelings of moral obligation, not as intentions” (Onwezen et al., 2013). The model posits that personal norms are influenced by two factors: awareness of consequences and awareness of needs (sometimes referred to as the ascription of responsibility). Awareness of consequences refers to the understanding that performing or not performing a certain behaviour leads to specific outcomes. Awareness of needs involves the feeling of responsibility to perform a particular behaviour (Onwezen et al., 2013; Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). As depicted in Figure 4, both awareness of consequences and awareness of needs predict personal norms, which in turn predict behaviour. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) identify limitations of the model, stating that “The Norm-activation model focuses on personal norms but underestimates the roles of habits, intentions, attitudes, and the situational context.” [[File:Norm activation model.png|center|thumb|610x610px|Figure 4: Flow diagram of the Norm-Activation Model ]] ==== Ipsative theory of behaviour ==== The Ipsative theory of behaviour was proposed by Frey (1988). The theory suggests that a person's behaviour can be limited or obstructed by the absence of genuine or perceived opportunities, influenced by both internal and external circumstances (Tanner, 1999). The theory consists of three presumptions about human behaviour. Firstly, objective constraints are assumed to influence behaviour. These constraints determine what a person can do, what they ought to do, or what they are permitted to do within a specific society. These variables make up the "objective possibility set," which limits or hinders people's ability to engage in certain activities (Tanner, 1999). Secondly, ipsative constraints prevent the activation of alternative behaviours. Ipsative constraints form the "ipsative possibility set," which individuals regard as relevant to their behavioural decisions (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010, Tanner, 1999). Finally, subjective constraints are believed to directly affect preferences rather than determining participation in specific actions, they influence a person's willingness to act (Tanner, 1999). Klockner and Blobaum (2010) argue that while the Ipsative theory of behaviour effectively outlines the objective and subjective aspects of situations as predictors of behaviour, it overlooks intentional, habitual, and normative processes. ==== Habits ==== The theoretical concept of [[wikipedia:Habit|habit]] was incorporated into the CADM to address limitations found in the Theory of planned behaviour and the Norm-activation model in predicting repetitive behaviours (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). Habits can be defined as learned tendencies to repeat previous behaviours. They are activated by contextual elements that are often linked to past performances, such as specific locations, preceding actions in a sequence, and particular individuals (Woods & Neal, 2007). The concept of habit was added to account for structural differences between actions that are frequent and those that are rare or performed for the first time. When decisions are frequently made with satisfying outcomes, the influence of decision-making in given situations decreases, resulting in more automated behavioural patterns (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010., Triandis, 1979). Klockner and Blobaum (2010) note that although the concept of habit recognises the interaction between intentions and habits, it does not fully account for non-automatic situational facilitation, constraints on behaviour, or normative processes. === How does the CADM work? === The Comprehensive action determination model proposes that behaviour is determined by three possible direct sources or processes: habitual, intentional, and situational as depicted in figure 5. Habitual processes include schemata, heuristics, and associations of behaviour. Intentional processes include attitudes and intentions behind behaviour and situational processes include both objective and subjective constraints on behaviour. A fourth process, the normative process, is also present, but it does not directly affect behaviour. Instead, it influences intentional and habitual processes. The normative process includes social norms, personal norms, and awareness of needs and consequences. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) explain that attitudes, subjective constraints (e.g., [[wikipedia:Perceived_control|perceived behavioural control]]), and personal and social norms are used to generate intentions. They further explain that attitudes reflect cognitive and emotional beliefs about behaviour, while perceived behavioural control represents beliefs about the degree of control or determination one has over their actions. Additionally, personal and social norms shape the moral framework that guides the decision-making process leading to behaviour. Personal norms are rooted in an individual’s value system and can be seen as the motivations behind decision-making (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). However, the normative process also influences habits, as it has higher temporal stability compared to attitudes and perceived behavioural control. Situational processes and perceived behavioural control are also thought to activate personal norms by creating awareness of needs and consequences, which then generate intentions. Habitual and situational processes are believed to interfere with intentional processes and can moderate the influence of intentions on behaviour. Perceived behavioural control is essential for activating both normative and intentional processes. As a result, situational influences affect both normative and intentional processes. Furthermore, habits are said to form through the successful execution of behaviour in specific situations, meaning situational processes also influence habitual behaviours. Finally, behaviour influences changes in personal norms, and habits, in turn, affect future behaviour (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). [[File:Comprehensive action determination model.png|center|thumb|508x508px|Figure 5: Simplified flow diagram of the Comprehensive Action Determination Model ]] The CADM in Figure 5 is a simplified version of the CADM, Klockner an Bloblaum delve into further detail on the individual aspects apart of different processes and how they affect one another. Figure 6 depicts the detailed CADM utilizing the example of water conservation behaviours for the scenario at the start of the chapter. According to Klockner and Blobaum (2010), behaviour is primarily predicted by intentions and perceived behavioural control. Intentions, in turn, are generated from perceived behavioural control, social norms, and attitudes. In this scenario, habitual processes, such as water usage habits, directly predict the likelihood of engaging in water conservation efforts and moderate the relationship between intention and conservation behaviour.  Personal norms are identified as predictors of intention, they do not directly predict conservation behaviour. Personal norms are shaped by awareness of environmental needs and consequences and are activated through perceived behavioural control, which creates a sense of moral obligation. Furthermore, social norms influence personal norms, as they are internalized and are a part of the individual’s value system (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). Personal norms also influence the formation of habits. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) indicate that both subjective constraints (perceived behavioural control) and objective constraints (access to water) are direct predictors of conservation behaviour. Since habits tend to demonstrate long-term stability, water usage habits should be influenced by perceived behavioural control and water access. Both perceived behavioural control and water access also act as mediators in the relationship between intention and water conservation behaviour. Finally, conservation behaviour feeds back onto personal norms and habits [[File:Comprehensive Action Determination Model water usage behaviour.png|center|thumb|445x445px|Figure 6: Detailed flow diagram of Comprehensive action determination model In context to water usage behaviours]] === Current research on the CADM === Since its proposal in 2010, the Comprehensive action determination model has gained some traction in recent literature especially in [[wikipedia:Environmental_psychology|environmental behaviour]] (Klockner, 2013). Environmental behaviour refers to actions, attitudes, and practices related to the environment. Current research applying the CADM include sustainable farming (Tan, 2024), food waste behaviour (Cheng et al., 2024), clothing consumption (Joanes et al., 2020), and recycling behaviours (Fang et al., 2021., Klockner & Oppedal, 2011., Ofstad et al., 2017). CADM has proven effective in predicting agricultural practices (Tan, 2024), food waste behaviours (Cheng et al., 2024), and recycling and consumption patterns (Joanes et al., 2020). Research conducted by Tan (2024) on sustainable farming found that the CADM was the most effective model for analysing and predicting persistent agricultural practices, contributing to a deeper understanding of behavioural determinants in sustainable agriculture. Although the CADM has shown notable success in recent applications and studies, it is important to recognise that the existing body of literature remains limited. There is need for further research to enhance the generalisability of these findings and ensure their applicability across a broader range of contexts === Limitations to the CADM === The Comprehensive action determination model has two notable limitations, complexity and being data intensive. The model’s complex nature can be difficult to interpret initially, as it combines elements from the Theory of planned Behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour, and the concept of habit. This complexity is further compounded by the presence of numerous variables that not only influence each other but also interact, with some variables acting as mediators, moderators, or both. These interrelationships make it challenging to understand how each factor contributes to behaviour. Furthermore, the complex nature of the CADM may not be practical in situations where quick decisions are needed, as the analysis of CADM is typically too thorough for quick decision-making. Secondly, the model is limited by its data-intensive nature. The data analysis process can be viewed as time-consuming, labour-intensive and could be difficult to replicate. == CADM and understanding human motivation == === Examining context === The Comprehensive action determination model allows researchers to examine the context behind human behaviour. Examining the context behind behaviour helps researchers gain deeper insights into the motivations that drive specific behaviours. Furthermore, it allows researchers to assess the strength of the motivation in relation to the context. Additionally, Normative process such as personal norms and social norms are known to influence intentions which lead to behaviour. Based on the behaviour, researchers can identify if social norms have a stronger influence on intentions more than personal norms, even though it is said by Klockner and Blobaum (2010) that personal norms are affected by social norms. The use of the CADM in behavioural research provides a framework for breaking down the motivations underlying behaviour. === Evaluating outcomes === Using the Comprehensive action determination model in longitudinal studies could help researchers explore how past behaviours influence future actions. By following participants over time, studies can offer insights into how behaviours, habits, and perceived control in specific situations shape future behaviour. The CADM allows researchers to track patterns and identify the motivations driving behaviour change. The CADM emphasises the role of feedback loops in behaviour change. Positive or negative outcomes from past behaviours can strengthen or weaken future actions. These feedback loops can either reinforce existing behaviours or lead to changes. The model allows researchers to track these feedback mechanisms and how they impact future behaviour. By using CADM in longitudinal studies, researchers can better understand how past behaviour’s motivate future actions. Evaluating outcomes can help develop more effective strategies for behaviour change and intervention, providing a deeper understanding of the factors that motivate long-term behaviour. === Understanding behavioural processes === The Comprehensive action determination model offers a valuable framework for understanding human motivation by systematically breaking down the various behavioural processes that drive actions. This model allows researchers to analyse the factors influencing motivation at different stages, such as habitual and situational processes. By applying the CADM, studies can identify specific points in the model where motivation may excel such as during moments of goal accomplishment as well as areas where motivation may falter, such as in the face of adversity or lack of support. The CADM provides a deeper understanding of how different variables interact to either enhance or undermine motivation. == Conclusion == Motivation is the fundamental "why" behind Behaviour; it is the core driver of behaviour, fuelling the pursuit of goals, overcoming challenges, and sustaining effort. Understanding motivation is important because it helps us identify the driving forces behind behaviour. The Comprehensive action determination model explains how individuals make decisions in relation to habitual, intentional, situational and normative processes, all of which affect each other in complex ways. The CADM integrates pre-existing "action determination models," such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the Norm-Activation Model, the Ipsative Theory of Behaviour, and the theoretical concept of habit, into a comprehensive model The CADM helps understand human motivation by analysing the context and underlying motives behind actions. It can also evaluate how past behaviour shapes future actions and where motivation may succeed or falter. The Comprehensive action determination model helps explain how motivation interacts with various factors like habits, intentions, and situational influences. By understanding this model, Researcher can gain insight into the underlying motives behind actions and improve decision-making, ultimately shaping future behaviour. ==Learning features== <quiz display="simple"> '''<big>Quiz</big>'''<quiz display="simple"> {'''The amygdala is involved in the regulation of:''': |type="()"} - memory, emotional intelligence, social cognition. + anxiety, aggression, fear conditioning and emotional memory. - joy, anger, sadness and empathy. - anxiety, depression, social cognition. {'''Male with low levels of testosterone may experience:''' |type="()"} - Less body hair, increase muscle mass, decrease mental health. - Weight gain, lower muscle tone, increase bone density. - Muscle loss, less body hair, better temperament. + Weight gain, worst moods and mental health, lower muscles and bone mass. {'''What are the five levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?:''' |type="()"} - Self actualisation, esteem, love/belonging, safety, physiological and emotional intelligence. - Self actualisation, love/belonging, safety, emotion and motivation. - Social cognition, self actualisation, esteem, love/belonging and safety. + Self actualisation, esteem, love/belonging, safety and physiological. &lt;/quiz> </quiz> ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Environmental behaviour|Environmental behaviour]] (Book chapter, 2013) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Environmental cues and habits|Environmental cues and habits]] (Book chapter, 2024) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Extrinsic motivation and antisocial behaviour in children|Extrinsic motivation and antisocial behaviour in children]] (Book chapter, 2015) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1=Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. Asare, M. (2015). USING THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR TO DETERMINE THE CONDOM USE BEHAVIOR AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS. American Journal of Health Studies, 30(1), 43. Cheng, X., Zhang, J., & Li, W. (2024). What shapes food waste behaviors? New insights from a comprehensive action determination model. Waste Management, 181, 188–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.017 Deci, E. L. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18(1), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030644 Fang, W.-T., Huang, M.-H., Cheng, B.-Y., Chiu, R.-J., Chiang, Y.-T., Hsu, C.-W., & Ng, E. (2021). Applying a Comprehensive Action Determination Model to Examine the Recycling Behavior of Taipei City Residents. Sustainability, 13(2), 490–490. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020490 Frey, B. S. (1988). Ipsative and objective limits to human behavior. Journal of Behavioral Economics, 17(4), 229–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-5720(88)90012-5 Frey, B.S. (1992). An Ipsative Theory of Human Behaviour. In: Economics As a Science of Human Behaviour. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1374-0_12 Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. B. (2011). The motivation to work. Herzbert, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. (1959). The Motivation to Work. Nueva York. Joanes, T., Gwozdz, W., & Klöckner, C. A. (2020). Reducing personal clothing consumption: A cross-cultural validation of the comprehensive action determination model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 71, 101396–101396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101396 Klöckner, C. A. (2013). A comprehensive model of the psychology of environmental behaviour—A meta-analysis. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1028–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.014 KLöckner, C. A., Matthies, E., & Hunecke, M. (2003). Problems of Operationalizing Habits and Integrating Habits in Normative Decision‐Making Models1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(2), 396–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01902.x Klöckner, C. A., & Oppedal, I. O. (2011). General vs. domain specific recycling behaviour—Applying a multilevel comprehensive action determination model to recycling in Norwegian student homes. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 55(4), 463–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.12.009 Lai, E. R. (2011). Motivation: A literature review. Person Research’s Report, 6, 40-41. Liu, Y., Sheng, H., Mundorf, N., Redding, C., & Ye, Y. (2017). Integrating Norm Activation Model and Theory of Planned Behavior to Understand Sustainable Transport Behavior: Evidence from China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(12), 1593–1593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121593 Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review google scholar, 2, 21-28. Ofstad, S., Tobolova, M., Alim Nayum, & Klöckner, C. (2017). Understanding the Mechanisms behind Changing People’s Recycling Behavior at Work by Applying a Comprehensive Action Determination Model. Sustainability, 9(2), 204–204. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020204 Onwezen, M. C., Antonides, G., & Bartels, J. (2013). The Norm Activation Model: An exploration of the functions of anticipated pride and guilt in pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Economic Psychology, 39, 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.07.005 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative Influences on Altruism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 221–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60358-5 Tan, J. J. H. (2024). Sustaining Sustainable Farming: An Evaluation of the Reasoned Action and Comprehensive Action Determination Frameworks for Persistence (Master's thesis, California Polytechnic State University). TANNER, C. (1999). CONSTRAINTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19(2), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1999.0121 Triandis, H. C. (1979). Values, attitudes, and interpersonal behavior. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 27, 195–259. Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface. Psychological review, 114(4), 843. Zoltán Dörnyei, & Ushioda, E. (2021). Teaching and Researching Motivation. In Routledge eBooks. Informa. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351006743 }} ==External links== * [https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/motivation-how-to-get-started-and-staying-motivated Motivation] (Healthdirect) * Theory of planned behaviour (Wikipedia) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Environment]] fc74fgnpih2fm254ovzdcos2esvaclz 2689926 2689924 2024-12-02T12:04:03Z HassanAlsamara 2947618 /* Learning features */ 2689926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Comprehensive action determination model:<br>What is the CADM and how can it be applied to understanding human motivation?}} <div align=center></div> {{MECR3|1=https://youtu.be/Fde1L08wMl4}} <div align=center></div> __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}}{{Image|float=right|pad=20px|name=Footprint water.png|width=300px|caption=Figure 1: Water footprint}}'''Scenario''' A psychology researcher is exploring how university students’ water use habits relate to their broader attitudes towards sustainability. They are curious about the internal and external factors that influence water use habits, like whether students are unaware of the environmental impact of their actions, or if they just don’t prioritize sustainability in their daily routines. Additionally, They want to investigate how their broader attitudes toward the environment influence their actions. Coming across an “integrated model” of behaviour they chose to utilize it. They think this model could be useful for investigating water usage behaviours in university students. {{RoundBoxBottom}} The Comprehensive action determination model is a theoretical framework designed to explain human behaviour. It proposes that behaviour is directly predicted by three processes: habitual, situational, and intentional, and indirectly influenced by normative processes. This complex model can aid research in understanding human motivation by breaking down the processes, evaluating the outcomes, and examining the underlying context behind behaviour. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' * What is motivation? * What is the Comprehensive Action Determination Model (CADM)? * What are the underpinning theories behind the CADM? * How can the CADM be applied to understanding human motivation? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is motivation? == [[File:Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.svg|thumb|442x442px|Figure 2: Pyramid depicting the structure of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. ]] [[Motivation]] is the "why" behind behaviour the reasons underlying why people act in certain ways. Theorists explain motivation as the attribute that moves us to do or not to do something (Lai, 2011). The word ''motivation'' comes from the Latin verb ''movere'', meaning "to move" (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2021). Motivation has three important components that drive behaviour direction, intensity, and persistence. Direction refers to how motivation shapes peoples choices and goals. Intensity is how motivation affects the effort people put in. Persistence is how motivation influences how long people keep working toward our goals. (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2021). Many theories have been developed to understand motivation, these include Herzberg's [[wikipedia:Two-factor_theory|Two-factor theory]] (Herzberg et al., 1959; Herzberg et al., 2011), [[Self-determination theory]] (Deci, 1972, 2000), and [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Figure 2) (Maslow, 1943). Theorists argue that it is unrealistic to create an elaborate super-theory to understand motivation due to its complexity and the countless variables that affect it. They argue that the complexity of motivation cannot be understood through a single theory or model (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2021). == Comprehensive action determination model (CADM) == The Comprehensive action determination model was first proposed by Klöckner and Blöbaum in 2010 (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). They argue that one of the main goals of [[environmental psychology]] is to understand what determines people's actions, in relation to environmental influences. Klöckner and Blöbaum also note that several well-established models have been proposed, however none of these models provide an adequate representation of the multiple factors that determine behaviour (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). They further argue that integrated approaches combining two models, the Theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991) and the Norm-activation model (Schwartz, 1977), have shown promise (Liu et al., 2017, Onwezen et al., 2013), especially when the concept of [[wikipedia:Habit|habit]] is also incorporated (Klöckner et al., 2003). Additionally, Klöckner and Blöbaum highlight that the Ipsative theory of behaviour offers a valuable perspective on the situational determination of behaviour (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). However, these theories (the Theory of planned behaviour and the Norm-activation model) have proven successful in specific domains, they exhibit limitations in other areas (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). The CADM unifies the Theory of planned behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour , and the concept of habit into one integrated framework. Klöckner and Blöbaum (2010) propose that combining these existing theories into a single model may result in a more universally applicable framework that accounts for all relevant factors and influences affecting behaviour. (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). === Underpinning theories of CADM === To understand the comprehensive action determination model, an understanding of the underpinning models, theories and theoretical concepts is required. As stated in the previous paragraph these are the theory of planned behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour and the theoretical concept of habit. ==== Theory of planned behaviour ==== [[File:Theory of planned behaviour.png|thumb|405x405px|Figure 3: Flow diagram of the Theory of Planned Behaviour ]] The Theory of planned behaviour was first proposed by Ajzen in 1991 (Ajzen, 1991). The theory consists of three constructs: behavioural intention, attitude toward behaviour, and subjective norms. Behavioural intention refers to the motivation behind a behaviour, the stronger the intention, the more likely the behaviour is to be performed. Attitudes refers to how positively or negatively a person evaluates a specific behaviour. Subjective norms refer to the social pressures to perform or not perform a given behaviour. Perceived behavioural control is also a key construct in the Theory of Planned Behaviour, and it refers to how a person perceives the difficulty of performing a specific behaviour (Asare, 2015). The theory suggests that attitudes toward the behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control all influence behavioural intention, which in turn leads to behaviour, as depicted in Figure 3. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) argue that the Theory of planned behaviour focuses too much on intention while neglecting the role of objective situational constraints, habits, and personal norms. ==== Norm-activation model ==== The Norm-activation model was first proposed by Schwartz in 1977 (Schwartz, 1977). The model suggests that behaviour is predicted by personal norms. Schwartz (1977) defines personal norms as “feelings of moral obligation, not as intentions” (Onwezen et al., 2013). The model posits that personal norms are influenced by two factors: awareness of consequences and awareness of needs (sometimes referred to as the ascription of responsibility). Awareness of consequences refers to the understanding that performing or not performing a certain behaviour leads to specific outcomes. Awareness of needs involves the feeling of responsibility to perform a particular behaviour (Onwezen et al., 2013; Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). As depicted in Figure 4, both awareness of consequences and awareness of needs predict personal norms, which in turn predict behaviour. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) identify limitations of the model, stating that “The Norm-activation model focuses on personal norms but underestimates the roles of habits, intentions, attitudes, and the situational context.” [[File:Norm activation model.png|center|thumb|610x610px|Figure 4: Flow diagram of the Norm-Activation Model ]] ==== Ipsative theory of behaviour ==== The Ipsative theory of behaviour was proposed by Frey (1988). The theory suggests that a person's behaviour can be limited or obstructed by the absence of genuine or perceived opportunities, influenced by both internal and external circumstances (Tanner, 1999). The theory consists of three presumptions about human behaviour. Firstly, objective constraints are assumed to influence behaviour. These constraints determine what a person can do, what they ought to do, or what they are permitted to do within a specific society. These variables make up the "objective possibility set," which limits or hinders people's ability to engage in certain activities (Tanner, 1999). Secondly, ipsative constraints prevent the activation of alternative behaviours. Ipsative constraints form the "ipsative possibility set," which individuals regard as relevant to their behavioural decisions (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010, Tanner, 1999). Finally, subjective constraints are believed to directly affect preferences rather than determining participation in specific actions, they influence a person's willingness to act (Tanner, 1999). Klockner and Blobaum (2010) argue that while the Ipsative theory of behaviour effectively outlines the objective and subjective aspects of situations as predictors of behaviour, it overlooks intentional, habitual, and normative processes. ==== Habits ==== The theoretical concept of [[wikipedia:Habit|habit]] was incorporated into the CADM to address limitations found in the Theory of planned behaviour and the Norm-activation model in predicting repetitive behaviours (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). Habits can be defined as learned tendencies to repeat previous behaviours. They are activated by contextual elements that are often linked to past performances, such as specific locations, preceding actions in a sequence, and particular individuals (Woods & Neal, 2007). The concept of habit was added to account for structural differences between actions that are frequent and those that are rare or performed for the first time. When decisions are frequently made with satisfying outcomes, the influence of decision-making in given situations decreases, resulting in more automated behavioural patterns (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010., Triandis, 1979). Klockner and Blobaum (2010) note that although the concept of habit recognises the interaction between intentions and habits, it does not fully account for non-automatic situational facilitation, constraints on behaviour, or normative processes. === How does the CADM work? === The Comprehensive action determination model proposes that behaviour is determined by three possible direct sources or processes: habitual, intentional, and situational as depicted in figure 5. Habitual processes include schemata, heuristics, and associations of behaviour. Intentional processes include attitudes and intentions behind behaviour and situational processes include both objective and subjective constraints on behaviour. A fourth process, the normative process, is also present, but it does not directly affect behaviour. Instead, it influences intentional and habitual processes. The normative process includes social norms, personal norms, and awareness of needs and consequences. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) explain that attitudes, subjective constraints (e.g., [[wikipedia:Perceived_control|perceived behavioural control]]), and personal and social norms are used to generate intentions. They further explain that attitudes reflect cognitive and emotional beliefs about behaviour, while perceived behavioural control represents beliefs about the degree of control or determination one has over their actions. Additionally, personal and social norms shape the moral framework that guides the decision-making process leading to behaviour. Personal norms are rooted in an individual’s value system and can be seen as the motivations behind decision-making (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). However, the normative process also influences habits, as it has higher temporal stability compared to attitudes and perceived behavioural control. Situational processes and perceived behavioural control are also thought to activate personal norms by creating awareness of needs and consequences, which then generate intentions. Habitual and situational processes are believed to interfere with intentional processes and can moderate the influence of intentions on behaviour. Perceived behavioural control is essential for activating both normative and intentional processes. As a result, situational influences affect both normative and intentional processes. Furthermore, habits are said to form through the successful execution of behaviour in specific situations, meaning situational processes also influence habitual behaviours. Finally, behaviour influences changes in personal norms, and habits, in turn, affect future behaviour (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). [[File:Comprehensive action determination model.png|center|thumb|508x508px|Figure 5: Simplified flow diagram of the Comprehensive Action Determination Model ]] The CADM in Figure 5 is a simplified version of the CADM, Klockner an Bloblaum delve into further detail on the individual aspects apart of different processes and how they affect one another. Figure 6 depicts the detailed CADM utilizing the example of water conservation behaviours for the scenario at the start of the chapter. According to Klockner and Blobaum (2010), behaviour is primarily predicted by intentions and perceived behavioural control. Intentions, in turn, are generated from perceived behavioural control, social norms, and attitudes. In this scenario, habitual processes, such as water usage habits, directly predict the likelihood of engaging in water conservation efforts and moderate the relationship between intention and conservation behaviour.  Personal norms are identified as predictors of intention, they do not directly predict conservation behaviour. Personal norms are shaped by awareness of environmental needs and consequences and are activated through perceived behavioural control, which creates a sense of moral obligation. Furthermore, social norms influence personal norms, as they are internalized and are a part of the individual’s value system (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). Personal norms also influence the formation of habits. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) indicate that both subjective constraints (perceived behavioural control) and objective constraints (access to water) are direct predictors of conservation behaviour. Since habits tend to demonstrate long-term stability, water usage habits should be influenced by perceived behavioural control and water access. Both perceived behavioural control and water access also act as mediators in the relationship between intention and water conservation behaviour. Finally, conservation behaviour feeds back onto personal norms and habits [[File:Comprehensive Action Determination Model water usage behaviour.png|center|thumb|445x445px|Figure 6: Detailed flow diagram of Comprehensive action determination model In context to water usage behaviours]] === Current research on the CADM === Since its proposal in 2010, the Comprehensive action determination model has gained some traction in recent literature especially in [[wikipedia:Environmental_psychology|environmental behaviour]] (Klockner, 2013). Environmental behaviour refers to actions, attitudes, and practices related to the environment. Current research applying the CADM include sustainable farming (Tan, 2024), food waste behaviour (Cheng et al., 2024), clothing consumption (Joanes et al., 2020), and recycling behaviours (Fang et al., 2021., Klockner & Oppedal, 2011., Ofstad et al., 2017). CADM has proven effective in predicting agricultural practices (Tan, 2024), food waste behaviours (Cheng et al., 2024), and recycling and consumption patterns (Joanes et al., 2020). Research conducted by Tan (2024) on sustainable farming found that the CADM was the most effective model for analysing and predicting persistent agricultural practices, contributing to a deeper understanding of behavioural determinants in sustainable agriculture. Although the CADM has shown notable success in recent applications and studies, it is important to recognise that the existing body of literature remains limited. There is need for further research to enhance the generalisability of these findings and ensure their applicability across a broader range of contexts === Limitations to the CADM === The Comprehensive action determination model has two notable limitations, complexity and being data intensive. The model’s complex nature can be difficult to interpret initially, as it combines elements from the Theory of planned Behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour, and the concept of habit. This complexity is further compounded by the presence of numerous variables that not only influence each other but also interact, with some variables acting as mediators, moderators, or both. These interrelationships make it challenging to understand how each factor contributes to behaviour. Furthermore, the complex nature of the CADM may not be practical in situations where quick decisions are needed, as the analysis of CADM is typically too thorough for quick decision-making. Secondly, the model is limited by its data-intensive nature. The data analysis process can be viewed as time-consuming, labour-intensive and could be difficult to replicate. == CADM and understanding human motivation == === Examining context === The Comprehensive action determination model allows researchers to examine the context behind human behaviour. Examining the context behind behaviour helps researchers gain deeper insights into the motivations that drive specific behaviours. Furthermore, it allows researchers to assess the strength of the motivation in relation to the context. Additionally, Normative process such as personal norms and social norms are known to influence intentions which lead to behaviour. Based on the behaviour, researchers can identify if social norms have a stronger influence on intentions more than personal norms, even though it is said by Klockner and Blobaum (2010) that personal norms are affected by social norms. The use of the CADM in behavioural research provides a framework for breaking down the motivations underlying behaviour. === Evaluating outcomes === Using the Comprehensive action determination model in longitudinal studies could help researchers explore how past behaviours influence future actions. By following participants over time, studies can offer insights into how behaviours, habits, and perceived control in specific situations shape future behaviour. The CADM allows researchers to track patterns and identify the motivations driving behaviour change. The CADM emphasises the role of feedback loops in behaviour change. Positive or negative outcomes from past behaviours can strengthen or weaken future actions. These feedback loops can either reinforce existing behaviours or lead to changes. The model allows researchers to track these feedback mechanisms and how they impact future behaviour. By using CADM in longitudinal studies, researchers can better understand how past behaviour’s motivate future actions. Evaluating outcomes can help develop more effective strategies for behaviour change and intervention, providing a deeper understanding of the factors that motivate long-term behaviour. === Understanding behavioural processes === The Comprehensive action determination model offers a valuable framework for understanding human motivation by systematically breaking down the various behavioural processes that drive actions. This model allows researchers to analyse the factors influencing motivation at different stages, such as habitual and situational processes. By applying the CADM, studies can identify specific points in the model where motivation may excel such as during moments of goal accomplishment as well as areas where motivation may falter, such as in the face of adversity or lack of support. The CADM provides a deeper understanding of how different variables interact to either enhance or undermine motivation. == Conclusion == Motivation is the fundamental "why" behind Behaviour; it is the core driver of behaviour, fuelling the pursuit of goals, overcoming challenges, and sustaining effort. Understanding motivation is important because it helps us identify the driving forces behind behaviour. The Comprehensive action determination model explains how individuals make decisions in relation to habitual, intentional, situational and normative processes, all of which affect each other in complex ways. The CADM integrates pre-existing "action determination models," such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the Norm-Activation Model, the Ipsative Theory of Behaviour, and the theoretical concept of habit, into a comprehensive model The CADM helps understand human motivation by analysing the context and underlying motives behind actions. It can also evaluate how past behaviour shapes future actions and where motivation may succeed or falter. The Comprehensive action determination model helps explain how motivation interacts with various factors like habits, intentions, and situational influences. By understanding this model, Researcher can gain insight into the underlying motives behind actions and improve decision-making, ultimately shaping future behaviour. ==Learning features== <quiz display="simple"> '''<big>Quiz</big>''' '''The amygdala is involved in the regulation of:''': |type="()"} - memory, emotional intelligence, social cognition. + anxiety, aggression, fear conditioning and emotional memory. - joy, anger, sadness and empathy. - anxiety, depression, social cognition. {'''Male with low levels of testosterone may experience:''' |type="()"} - Less body hair, increase muscle mass, decrease mental health. - Weight gain, lower muscle tone, increase bone density. - Muscle loss, less body hair, better temperament. + Weight gain, worst moods and mental health, lower muscles and bone mass. {'''What are the five levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?:''' |type="()"} - Self actualisation, esteem, love/belonging, safety, physiological and emotional intelligence. - Self actualisation, love/belonging, safety, emotion and motivation. - Social cognition, self actualisation, esteem, love/belonging and safety. + Self actualisation, esteem, love/belonging, safety and physiological. &lt;/quiz> </quiz> ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Environmental behaviour|Environmental behaviour]] (Book chapter, 2013) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Environmental cues and habits|Environmental cues and habits]] (Book chapter, 2024) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Extrinsic motivation and antisocial behaviour in children|Extrinsic motivation and antisocial behaviour in children]] (Book chapter, 2015) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1=Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. Asare, M. (2015). USING THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR TO DETERMINE THE CONDOM USE BEHAVIOR AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS. American Journal of Health Studies, 30(1), 43. Cheng, X., Zhang, J., & Li, W. (2024). What shapes food waste behaviors? New insights from a comprehensive action determination model. Waste Management, 181, 188–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.017 Deci, E. L. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18(1), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030644 Fang, W.-T., Huang, M.-H., Cheng, B.-Y., Chiu, R.-J., Chiang, Y.-T., Hsu, C.-W., & Ng, E. (2021). Applying a Comprehensive Action Determination Model to Examine the Recycling Behavior of Taipei City Residents. Sustainability, 13(2), 490–490. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020490 Frey, B. S. (1988). Ipsative and objective limits to human behavior. Journal of Behavioral Economics, 17(4), 229–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-5720(88)90012-5 Frey, B.S. (1992). An Ipsative Theory of Human Behaviour. In: Economics As a Science of Human Behaviour. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1374-0_12 Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. B. (2011). The motivation to work. Herzbert, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. (1959). The Motivation to Work. Nueva York. Joanes, T., Gwozdz, W., & Klöckner, C. A. (2020). Reducing personal clothing consumption: A cross-cultural validation of the comprehensive action determination model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 71, 101396–101396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101396 Klöckner, C. A. (2013). A comprehensive model of the psychology of environmental behaviour—A meta-analysis. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1028–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.014 KLöckner, C. A., Matthies, E., & Hunecke, M. (2003). Problems of Operationalizing Habits and Integrating Habits in Normative Decision‐Making Models1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(2), 396–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01902.x Klöckner, C. A., & Oppedal, I. O. (2011). General vs. domain specific recycling behaviour—Applying a multilevel comprehensive action determination model to recycling in Norwegian student homes. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 55(4), 463–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.12.009 Lai, E. R. (2011). Motivation: A literature review. Person Research’s Report, 6, 40-41. Liu, Y., Sheng, H., Mundorf, N., Redding, C., & Ye, Y. (2017). Integrating Norm Activation Model and Theory of Planned Behavior to Understand Sustainable Transport Behavior: Evidence from China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(12), 1593–1593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121593 Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review google scholar, 2, 21-28. Ofstad, S., Tobolova, M., Alim Nayum, & Klöckner, C. (2017). Understanding the Mechanisms behind Changing People’s Recycling Behavior at Work by Applying a Comprehensive Action Determination Model. Sustainability, 9(2), 204–204. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020204 Onwezen, M. C., Antonides, G., & Bartels, J. (2013). The Norm Activation Model: An exploration of the functions of anticipated pride and guilt in pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Economic Psychology, 39, 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.07.005 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative Influences on Altruism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 221–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60358-5 Tan, J. J. H. (2024). Sustaining Sustainable Farming: An Evaluation of the Reasoned Action and Comprehensive Action Determination Frameworks for Persistence (Master's thesis, California Polytechnic State University). TANNER, C. (1999). CONSTRAINTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19(2), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1999.0121 Triandis, H. C. (1979). Values, attitudes, and interpersonal behavior. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 27, 195–259. Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface. Psychological review, 114(4), 843. Zoltán Dörnyei, & Ushioda, E. (2021). Teaching and Researching Motivation. In Routledge eBooks. Informa. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351006743 }} ==External links== * [https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/motivation-how-to-get-started-and-staying-motivated Motivation] (Healthdirect) * Theory of planned behaviour (Wikipedia) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Environment]] 5qb08zbr24djvo6jmiccffurqbh9x5k 2689927 2689926 2024-12-02T12:04:32Z HassanAlsamara 2947618 /* Learning feature */ 2689927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Comprehensive action determination model:<br>What is the CADM and how can it be applied to understanding human motivation?}} <div align=center></div> {{MECR3|1=https://youtu.be/Fde1L08wMl4}} <div align=center></div> __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}}{{Image|float=right|pad=20px|name=Footprint water.png|width=300px|caption=Figure 1: Water footprint}}'''Scenario''' A psychology researcher is exploring how university students’ water use habits relate to their broader attitudes towards sustainability. They are curious about the internal and external factors that influence water use habits, like whether students are unaware of the environmental impact of their actions, or if they just don’t prioritize sustainability in their daily routines. Additionally, They want to investigate how their broader attitudes toward the environment influence their actions. Coming across an “integrated model” of behaviour they chose to utilize it. They think this model could be useful for investigating water usage behaviours in university students. {{RoundBoxBottom}} The Comprehensive action determination model is a theoretical framework designed to explain human behaviour. It proposes that behaviour is directly predicted by three processes: habitual, situational, and intentional, and indirectly influenced by normative processes. This complex model can aid research in understanding human motivation by breaking down the processes, evaluating the outcomes, and examining the underlying context behind behaviour. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' * What is motivation? * What is the Comprehensive Action Determination Model (CADM)? * What are the underpinning theories behind the CADM? * How can the CADM be applied to understanding human motivation? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is motivation? == [[File:Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.svg|thumb|442x442px|Figure 2: Pyramid depicting the structure of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. ]] [[Motivation]] is the "why" behind behaviour the reasons underlying why people act in certain ways. Theorists explain motivation as the attribute that moves us to do or not to do something (Lai, 2011). The word ''motivation'' comes from the Latin verb ''movere'', meaning "to move" (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2021). Motivation has three important components that drive behaviour direction, intensity, and persistence. Direction refers to how motivation shapes peoples choices and goals. Intensity is how motivation affects the effort people put in. Persistence is how motivation influences how long people keep working toward our goals. (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2021). Many theories have been developed to understand motivation, these include Herzberg's [[wikipedia:Two-factor_theory|Two-factor theory]] (Herzberg et al., 1959; Herzberg et al., 2011), [[Self-determination theory]] (Deci, 1972, 2000), and [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Figure 2) (Maslow, 1943). Theorists argue that it is unrealistic to create an elaborate super-theory to understand motivation due to its complexity and the countless variables that affect it. They argue that the complexity of motivation cannot be understood through a single theory or model (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2021). == Comprehensive action determination model (CADM) == The Comprehensive action determination model was first proposed by Klöckner and Blöbaum in 2010 (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). They argue that one of the main goals of [[environmental psychology]] is to understand what determines people's actions, in relation to environmental influences. Klöckner and Blöbaum also note that several well-established models have been proposed, however none of these models provide an adequate representation of the multiple factors that determine behaviour (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). They further argue that integrated approaches combining two models, the Theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991) and the Norm-activation model (Schwartz, 1977), have shown promise (Liu et al., 2017, Onwezen et al., 2013), especially when the concept of [[wikipedia:Habit|habit]] is also incorporated (Klöckner et al., 2003). Additionally, Klöckner and Blöbaum highlight that the Ipsative theory of behaviour offers a valuable perspective on the situational determination of behaviour (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). However, these theories (the Theory of planned behaviour and the Norm-activation model) have proven successful in specific domains, they exhibit limitations in other areas (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). The CADM unifies the Theory of planned behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour , and the concept of habit into one integrated framework. Klöckner and Blöbaum (2010) propose that combining these existing theories into a single model may result in a more universally applicable framework that accounts for all relevant factors and influences affecting behaviour. (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). === Underpinning theories of CADM === To understand the comprehensive action determination model, an understanding of the underpinning models, theories and theoretical concepts is required. As stated in the previous paragraph these are the theory of planned behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour and the theoretical concept of habit. ==== Theory of planned behaviour ==== [[File:Theory of planned behaviour.png|thumb|405x405px|Figure 3: Flow diagram of the Theory of Planned Behaviour ]] The Theory of planned behaviour was first proposed by Ajzen in 1991 (Ajzen, 1991). The theory consists of three constructs: behavioural intention, attitude toward behaviour, and subjective norms. Behavioural intention refers to the motivation behind a behaviour, the stronger the intention, the more likely the behaviour is to be performed. Attitudes refers to how positively or negatively a person evaluates a specific behaviour. Subjective norms refer to the social pressures to perform or not perform a given behaviour. Perceived behavioural control is also a key construct in the Theory of Planned Behaviour, and it refers to how a person perceives the difficulty of performing a specific behaviour (Asare, 2015). The theory suggests that attitudes toward the behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control all influence behavioural intention, which in turn leads to behaviour, as depicted in Figure 3. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) argue that the Theory of planned behaviour focuses too much on intention while neglecting the role of objective situational constraints, habits, and personal norms. ==== Norm-activation model ==== The Norm-activation model was first proposed by Schwartz in 1977 (Schwartz, 1977). The model suggests that behaviour is predicted by personal norms. Schwartz (1977) defines personal norms as “feelings of moral obligation, not as intentions” (Onwezen et al., 2013). The model posits that personal norms are influenced by two factors: awareness of consequences and awareness of needs (sometimes referred to as the ascription of responsibility). Awareness of consequences refers to the understanding that performing or not performing a certain behaviour leads to specific outcomes. Awareness of needs involves the feeling of responsibility to perform a particular behaviour (Onwezen et al., 2013; Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). As depicted in Figure 4, both awareness of consequences and awareness of needs predict personal norms, which in turn predict behaviour. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) identify limitations of the model, stating that “The Norm-activation model focuses on personal norms but underestimates the roles of habits, intentions, attitudes, and the situational context.” [[File:Norm activation model.png|center|thumb|610x610px|Figure 4: Flow diagram of the Norm-Activation Model ]] ==== Ipsative theory of behaviour ==== The Ipsative theory of behaviour was proposed by Frey (1988). The theory suggests that a person's behaviour can be limited or obstructed by the absence of genuine or perceived opportunities, influenced by both internal and external circumstances (Tanner, 1999). The theory consists of three presumptions about human behaviour. Firstly, objective constraints are assumed to influence behaviour. These constraints determine what a person can do, what they ought to do, or what they are permitted to do within a specific society. These variables make up the "objective possibility set," which limits or hinders people's ability to engage in certain activities (Tanner, 1999). Secondly, ipsative constraints prevent the activation of alternative behaviours. Ipsative constraints form the "ipsative possibility set," which individuals regard as relevant to their behavioural decisions (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010, Tanner, 1999). Finally, subjective constraints are believed to directly affect preferences rather than determining participation in specific actions, they influence a person's willingness to act (Tanner, 1999). Klockner and Blobaum (2010) argue that while the Ipsative theory of behaviour effectively outlines the objective and subjective aspects of situations as predictors of behaviour, it overlooks intentional, habitual, and normative processes. ==== Habits ==== The theoretical concept of [[wikipedia:Habit|habit]] was incorporated into the CADM to address limitations found in the Theory of planned behaviour and the Norm-activation model in predicting repetitive behaviours (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). Habits can be defined as learned tendencies to repeat previous behaviours. They are activated by contextual elements that are often linked to past performances, such as specific locations, preceding actions in a sequence, and particular individuals (Woods & Neal, 2007). The concept of habit was added to account for structural differences between actions that are frequent and those that are rare or performed for the first time. When decisions are frequently made with satisfying outcomes, the influence of decision-making in given situations decreases, resulting in more automated behavioural patterns (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010., Triandis, 1979). Klockner and Blobaum (2010) note that although the concept of habit recognises the interaction between intentions and habits, it does not fully account for non-automatic situational facilitation, constraints on behaviour, or normative processes. === How does the CADM work? === The Comprehensive action determination model proposes that behaviour is determined by three possible direct sources or processes: habitual, intentional, and situational as depicted in figure 5. Habitual processes include schemata, heuristics, and associations of behaviour. Intentional processes include attitudes and intentions behind behaviour and situational processes include both objective and subjective constraints on behaviour. A fourth process, the normative process, is also present, but it does not directly affect behaviour. Instead, it influences intentional and habitual processes. The normative process includes social norms, personal norms, and awareness of needs and consequences. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) explain that attitudes, subjective constraints (e.g., [[wikipedia:Perceived_control|perceived behavioural control]]), and personal and social norms are used to generate intentions. They further explain that attitudes reflect cognitive and emotional beliefs about behaviour, while perceived behavioural control represents beliefs about the degree of control or determination one has over their actions. Additionally, personal and social norms shape the moral framework that guides the decision-making process leading to behaviour. Personal norms are rooted in an individual’s value system and can be seen as the motivations behind decision-making (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). However, the normative process also influences habits, as it has higher temporal stability compared to attitudes and perceived behavioural control. Situational processes and perceived behavioural control are also thought to activate personal norms by creating awareness of needs and consequences, which then generate intentions. Habitual and situational processes are believed to interfere with intentional processes and can moderate the influence of intentions on behaviour. Perceived behavioural control is essential for activating both normative and intentional processes. As a result, situational influences affect both normative and intentional processes. Furthermore, habits are said to form through the successful execution of behaviour in specific situations, meaning situational processes also influence habitual behaviours. Finally, behaviour influences changes in personal norms, and habits, in turn, affect future behaviour (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). [[File:Comprehensive action determination model.png|center|thumb|508x508px|Figure 5: Simplified flow diagram of the Comprehensive Action Determination Model ]] The CADM in Figure 5 is a simplified version of the CADM, Klockner an Bloblaum delve into further detail on the individual aspects apart of different processes and how they affect one another. Figure 6 depicts the detailed CADM utilizing the example of water conservation behaviours for the scenario at the start of the chapter. According to Klockner and Blobaum (2010), behaviour is primarily predicted by intentions and perceived behavioural control. Intentions, in turn, are generated from perceived behavioural control, social norms, and attitudes. In this scenario, habitual processes, such as water usage habits, directly predict the likelihood of engaging in water conservation efforts and moderate the relationship between intention and conservation behaviour.  Personal norms are identified as predictors of intention, they do not directly predict conservation behaviour. Personal norms are shaped by awareness of environmental needs and consequences and are activated through perceived behavioural control, which creates a sense of moral obligation. Furthermore, social norms influence personal norms, as they are internalized and are a part of the individual’s value system (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). Personal norms also influence the formation of habits. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) indicate that both subjective constraints (perceived behavioural control) and objective constraints (access to water) are direct predictors of conservation behaviour. Since habits tend to demonstrate long-term stability, water usage habits should be influenced by perceived behavioural control and water access. Both perceived behavioural control and water access also act as mediators in the relationship between intention and water conservation behaviour. Finally, conservation behaviour feeds back onto personal norms and habits [[File:Comprehensive Action Determination Model water usage behaviour.png|center|thumb|445x445px|Figure 6: Detailed flow diagram of Comprehensive action determination model In context to water usage behaviours]] === Current research on the CADM === Since its proposal in 2010, the Comprehensive action determination model has gained some traction in recent literature especially in [[wikipedia:Environmental_psychology|environmental behaviour]] (Klockner, 2013). Environmental behaviour refers to actions, attitudes, and practices related to the environment. Current research applying the CADM include sustainable farming (Tan, 2024), food waste behaviour (Cheng et al., 2024), clothing consumption (Joanes et al., 2020), and recycling behaviours (Fang et al., 2021., Klockner & Oppedal, 2011., Ofstad et al., 2017). CADM has proven effective in predicting agricultural practices (Tan, 2024), food waste behaviours (Cheng et al., 2024), and recycling and consumption patterns (Joanes et al., 2020). Research conducted by Tan (2024) on sustainable farming found that the CADM was the most effective model for analysing and predicting persistent agricultural practices, contributing to a deeper understanding of behavioural determinants in sustainable agriculture. Although the CADM has shown notable success in recent applications and studies, it is important to recognise that the existing body of literature remains limited. There is need for further research to enhance the generalisability of these findings and ensure their applicability across a broader range of contexts === Limitations to the CADM === The Comprehensive action determination model has two notable limitations, complexity and being data intensive. The model’s complex nature can be difficult to interpret initially, as it combines elements from the Theory of planned Behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour, and the concept of habit. This complexity is further compounded by the presence of numerous variables that not only influence each other but also interact, with some variables acting as mediators, moderators, or both. These interrelationships make it challenging to understand how each factor contributes to behaviour. Furthermore, the complex nature of the CADM may not be practical in situations where quick decisions are needed, as the analysis of CADM is typically too thorough for quick decision-making. Secondly, the model is limited by its data-intensive nature. The data analysis process can be viewed as time-consuming, labour-intensive and could be difficult to replicate. == CADM and understanding human motivation == === Examining context === The Comprehensive action determination model allows researchers to examine the context behind human behaviour. Examining the context behind behaviour helps researchers gain deeper insights into the motivations that drive specific behaviours. Furthermore, it allows researchers to assess the strength of the motivation in relation to the context. Additionally, Normative process such as personal norms and social norms are known to influence intentions which lead to behaviour. Based on the behaviour, researchers can identify if social norms have a stronger influence on intentions more than personal norms, even though it is said by Klockner and Blobaum (2010) that personal norms are affected by social norms. The use of the CADM in behavioural research provides a framework for breaking down the motivations underlying behaviour. === Evaluating outcomes === Using the Comprehensive action determination model in longitudinal studies could help researchers explore how past behaviours influence future actions. By following participants over time, studies can offer insights into how behaviours, habits, and perceived control in specific situations shape future behaviour. The CADM allows researchers to track patterns and identify the motivations driving behaviour change. The CADM emphasises the role of feedback loops in behaviour change. Positive or negative outcomes from past behaviours can strengthen or weaken future actions. These feedback loops can either reinforce existing behaviours or lead to changes. The model allows researchers to track these feedback mechanisms and how they impact future behaviour. By using CADM in longitudinal studies, researchers can better understand how past behaviour’s motivate future actions. Evaluating outcomes can help develop more effective strategies for behaviour change and intervention, providing a deeper understanding of the factors that motivate long-term behaviour. === Understanding behavioural processes === The Comprehensive action determination model offers a valuable framework for understanding human motivation by systematically breaking down the various behavioural processes that drive actions. This model allows researchers to analyse the factors influencing motivation at different stages, such as habitual and situational processes. By applying the CADM, studies can identify specific points in the model where motivation may excel such as during moments of goal accomplishment as well as areas where motivation may falter, such as in the face of adversity or lack of support. The CADM provides a deeper understanding of how different variables interact to either enhance or undermine motivation. == Conclusion == Motivation is the fundamental "why" behind Behaviour; it is the core driver of behaviour, fuelling the pursuit of goals, overcoming challenges, and sustaining effort. Understanding motivation is important because it helps us identify the driving forces behind behaviour. The Comprehensive action determination model explains how individuals make decisions in relation to habitual, intentional, situational and normative processes, all of which affect each other in complex ways. The CADM integrates pre-existing "action determination models," such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the Norm-Activation Model, the Ipsative Theory of Behaviour, and the theoretical concept of habit, into a comprehensive model The CADM helps understand human motivation by analysing the context and underlying motives behind actions. It can also evaluate how past behaviour shapes future actions and where motivation may succeed or falter. The Comprehensive action determination model helps explain how motivation interacts with various factors like habits, intentions, and situational influences. By understanding this model, Researcher can gain insight into the underlying motives behind actions and improve decision-making, ultimately shaping future behaviour. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=14}}'''<big>Quiz</big>'''<quiz display="simple"> {'''The amygdala is involved in the regulation of:''': |type="()"} - memory, emotional intelligence, social cognition. + anxiety, aggression, fear conditioning and emotional memory. - joy, anger, sadness and empathy. - anxiety, depression, social cognition. {'''Male with low levels of testosterone may experience:''' |type="()"} - Less body hair, increase muscle mass, decrease mental health. - Weight gain, lower muscle tone, increase bone density. - Muscle loss, less body hair, better temperament. + Weight gain, worst moods and mental health, lower muscles and bone mass. {'''What are the five levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?:''' |type="()"} - Self actualisation, esteem, love/belonging, safety, physiological and emotional intelligence. - Self actualisation, love/belonging, safety, emotion and motivation. - Social cognition, self actualisation, esteem, love/belonging and safety. + Self actualisation, esteem, love/belonging, safety and physiological. </quiz> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Environmental behaviour|Environmental behaviour]] (Book chapter, 2013) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Environmental cues and habits|Environmental cues and habits]] (Book chapter, 2024) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Extrinsic motivation and antisocial behaviour in children|Extrinsic motivation and antisocial behaviour in children]] (Book chapter, 2015) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1=Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. Asare, M. (2015). USING THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR TO DETERMINE THE CONDOM USE BEHAVIOR AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS. American Journal of Health Studies, 30(1), 43. Cheng, X., Zhang, J., & Li, W. (2024). What shapes food waste behaviors? New insights from a comprehensive action determination model. Waste Management, 181, 188–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.017 Deci, E. L. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18(1), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030644 Fang, W.-T., Huang, M.-H., Cheng, B.-Y., Chiu, R.-J., Chiang, Y.-T., Hsu, C.-W., & Ng, E. (2021). Applying a Comprehensive Action Determination Model to Examine the Recycling Behavior of Taipei City Residents. Sustainability, 13(2), 490–490. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020490 Frey, B. S. (1988). Ipsative and objective limits to human behavior. Journal of Behavioral Economics, 17(4), 229–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-5720(88)90012-5 Frey, B.S. (1992). An Ipsative Theory of Human Behaviour. In: Economics As a Science of Human Behaviour. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1374-0_12 Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. B. (2011). The motivation to work. Herzbert, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. (1959). The Motivation to Work. Nueva York. Joanes, T., Gwozdz, W., & Klöckner, C. A. (2020). Reducing personal clothing consumption: A cross-cultural validation of the comprehensive action determination model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 71, 101396–101396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101396 Klöckner, C. A. (2013). A comprehensive model of the psychology of environmental behaviour—A meta-analysis. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1028–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.014 KLöckner, C. A., Matthies, E., & Hunecke, M. (2003). Problems of Operationalizing Habits and Integrating Habits in Normative Decision‐Making Models1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(2), 396–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01902.x Klöckner, C. A., & Oppedal, I. O. (2011). General vs. domain specific recycling behaviour—Applying a multilevel comprehensive action determination model to recycling in Norwegian student homes. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 55(4), 463–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.12.009 Lai, E. R. (2011). Motivation: A literature review. Person Research’s Report, 6, 40-41. Liu, Y., Sheng, H., Mundorf, N., Redding, C., & Ye, Y. (2017). Integrating Norm Activation Model and Theory of Planned Behavior to Understand Sustainable Transport Behavior: Evidence from China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(12), 1593–1593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121593 Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review google scholar, 2, 21-28. Ofstad, S., Tobolova, M., Alim Nayum, & Klöckner, C. (2017). Understanding the Mechanisms behind Changing People’s Recycling Behavior at Work by Applying a Comprehensive Action Determination Model. Sustainability, 9(2), 204–204. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020204 Onwezen, M. C., Antonides, G., & Bartels, J. (2013). The Norm Activation Model: An exploration of the functions of anticipated pride and guilt in pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Economic Psychology, 39, 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.07.005 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative Influences on Altruism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 221–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60358-5 Tan, J. J. H. (2024). Sustaining Sustainable Farming: An Evaluation of the Reasoned Action and Comprehensive Action Determination Frameworks for Persistence (Master's thesis, California Polytechnic State University). TANNER, C. (1999). CONSTRAINTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19(2), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1999.0121 Triandis, H. C. (1979). Values, attitudes, and interpersonal behavior. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 27, 195–259. Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface. Psychological review, 114(4), 843. Zoltán Dörnyei, & Ushioda, E. (2021). Teaching and Researching Motivation. In Routledge eBooks. Informa. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351006743 }} ==External links== * [https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/motivation-how-to-get-started-and-staying-motivated Motivation] (Healthdirect) * Theory of planned behaviour (Wikipedia) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Environment]] jrj73yvwxfbd3mept5t4r2q3390vn7f 2689929 2689927 2024-12-02T12:12:14Z HassanAlsamara 2947618 /* Conclusion */ 2689929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Comprehensive action determination model:<br>What is the CADM and how can it be applied to understanding human motivation?}} <div align=center></div> {{MECR3|1=https://youtu.be/Fde1L08wMl4}} <div align=center></div> __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}}{{Image|float=right|pad=20px|name=Footprint water.png|width=300px|caption=Figure 1: Water footprint}}'''Scenario''' A psychology researcher is exploring how university students’ water use habits relate to their broader attitudes towards sustainability. They are curious about the internal and external factors that influence water use habits, like whether students are unaware of the environmental impact of their actions, or if they just don’t prioritize sustainability in their daily routines. Additionally, They want to investigate how their broader attitudes toward the environment influence their actions. Coming across an “integrated model” of behaviour they chose to utilize it. They think this model could be useful for investigating water usage behaviours in university students. {{RoundBoxBottom}} The Comprehensive action determination model is a theoretical framework designed to explain human behaviour. It proposes that behaviour is directly predicted by three processes: habitual, situational, and intentional, and indirectly influenced by normative processes. This complex model can aid research in understanding human motivation by breaking down the processes, evaluating the outcomes, and examining the underlying context behind behaviour. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' * What is motivation? * What is the Comprehensive Action Determination Model (CADM)? * What are the underpinning theories behind the CADM? * How can the CADM be applied to understanding human motivation? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is motivation? == [[File:Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.svg|thumb|442x442px|Figure 2: Pyramid depicting the structure of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. ]] [[Motivation]] is the "why" behind behaviour the reasons underlying why people act in certain ways. Theorists explain motivation as the attribute that moves us to do or not to do something (Lai, 2011). The word ''motivation'' comes from the Latin verb ''movere'', meaning "to move" (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2021). Motivation has three important components that drive behaviour direction, intensity, and persistence. Direction refers to how motivation shapes peoples choices and goals. Intensity is how motivation affects the effort people put in. Persistence is how motivation influences how long people keep working toward our goals. (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2021). Many theories have been developed to understand motivation, these include Herzberg's [[wikipedia:Two-factor_theory|Two-factor theory]] (Herzberg et al., 1959; Herzberg et al., 2011), [[Self-determination theory]] (Deci, 1972, 2000), and [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Figure 2) (Maslow, 1943). Theorists argue that it is unrealistic to create an elaborate super-theory to understand motivation due to its complexity and the countless variables that affect it. They argue that the complexity of motivation cannot be understood through a single theory or model (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2021). == Comprehensive action determination model (CADM) == The Comprehensive action determination model was first proposed by Klöckner and Blöbaum in 2010 (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). They argue that one of the main goals of [[environmental psychology]] is to understand what determines people's actions, in relation to environmental influences. Klöckner and Blöbaum also note that several well-established models have been proposed, however none of these models provide an adequate representation of the multiple factors that determine behaviour (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). They further argue that integrated approaches combining two models, the Theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991) and the Norm-activation model (Schwartz, 1977), have shown promise (Liu et al., 2017, Onwezen et al., 2013), especially when the concept of [[wikipedia:Habit|habit]] is also incorporated (Klöckner et al., 2003). Additionally, Klöckner and Blöbaum highlight that the Ipsative theory of behaviour offers a valuable perspective on the situational determination of behaviour (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). However, these theories (the Theory of planned behaviour and the Norm-activation model) have proven successful in specific domains, they exhibit limitations in other areas (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). The CADM unifies the Theory of planned behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour , and the concept of habit into one integrated framework. Klöckner and Blöbaum (2010) propose that combining these existing theories into a single model may result in a more universally applicable framework that accounts for all relevant factors and influences affecting behaviour. (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). === Underpinning theories of CADM === To understand the comprehensive action determination model, an understanding of the underpinning models, theories and theoretical concepts is required. As stated in the previous paragraph these are the theory of planned behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour and the theoretical concept of habit. ==== Theory of planned behaviour ==== [[File:Theory of planned behaviour.png|thumb|405x405px|Figure 3: Flow diagram of the Theory of Planned Behaviour ]] The Theory of planned behaviour was first proposed by Ajzen in 1991 (Ajzen, 1991). The theory consists of three constructs: behavioural intention, attitude toward behaviour, and subjective norms. Behavioural intention refers to the motivation behind a behaviour, the stronger the intention, the more likely the behaviour is to be performed. Attitudes refers to how positively or negatively a person evaluates a specific behaviour. Subjective norms refer to the social pressures to perform or not perform a given behaviour. Perceived behavioural control is also a key construct in the Theory of Planned Behaviour, and it refers to how a person perceives the difficulty of performing a specific behaviour (Asare, 2015). The theory suggests that attitudes toward the behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control all influence behavioural intention, which in turn leads to behaviour, as depicted in Figure 3. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) argue that the Theory of planned behaviour focuses too much on intention while neglecting the role of objective situational constraints, habits, and personal norms. ==== Norm-activation model ==== The Norm-activation model was first proposed by Schwartz in 1977 (Schwartz, 1977). The model suggests that behaviour is predicted by personal norms. Schwartz (1977) defines personal norms as “feelings of moral obligation, not as intentions” (Onwezen et al., 2013). The model posits that personal norms are influenced by two factors: awareness of consequences and awareness of needs (sometimes referred to as the ascription of responsibility). Awareness of consequences refers to the understanding that performing or not performing a certain behaviour leads to specific outcomes. Awareness of needs involves the feeling of responsibility to perform a particular behaviour (Onwezen et al., 2013; Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). As depicted in Figure 4, both awareness of consequences and awareness of needs predict personal norms, which in turn predict behaviour. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) identify limitations of the model, stating that “The Norm-activation model focuses on personal norms but underestimates the roles of habits, intentions, attitudes, and the situational context.” [[File:Norm activation model.png|center|thumb|610x610px|Figure 4: Flow diagram of the Norm-Activation Model ]] ==== Ipsative theory of behaviour ==== The Ipsative theory of behaviour was proposed by Frey (1988). The theory suggests that a person's behaviour can be limited or obstructed by the absence of genuine or perceived opportunities, influenced by both internal and external circumstances (Tanner, 1999). The theory consists of three presumptions about human behaviour. Firstly, objective constraints are assumed to influence behaviour. These constraints determine what a person can do, what they ought to do, or what they are permitted to do within a specific society. These variables make up the "objective possibility set," which limits or hinders people's ability to engage in certain activities (Tanner, 1999). Secondly, ipsative constraints prevent the activation of alternative behaviours. Ipsative constraints form the "ipsative possibility set," which individuals regard as relevant to their behavioural decisions (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010, Tanner, 1999). Finally, subjective constraints are believed to directly affect preferences rather than determining participation in specific actions, they influence a person's willingness to act (Tanner, 1999). Klockner and Blobaum (2010) argue that while the Ipsative theory of behaviour effectively outlines the objective and subjective aspects of situations as predictors of behaviour, it overlooks intentional, habitual, and normative processes. ==== Habits ==== The theoretical concept of [[wikipedia:Habit|habit]] was incorporated into the CADM to address limitations found in the Theory of planned behaviour and the Norm-activation model in predicting repetitive behaviours (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). Habits can be defined as learned tendencies to repeat previous behaviours. They are activated by contextual elements that are often linked to past performances, such as specific locations, preceding actions in a sequence, and particular individuals (Woods & Neal, 2007). The concept of habit was added to account for structural differences between actions that are frequent and those that are rare or performed for the first time. When decisions are frequently made with satisfying outcomes, the influence of decision-making in given situations decreases, resulting in more automated behavioural patterns (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010., Triandis, 1979). Klockner and Blobaum (2010) note that although the concept of habit recognises the interaction between intentions and habits, it does not fully account for non-automatic situational facilitation, constraints on behaviour, or normative processes. === How does the CADM work? === The Comprehensive action determination model proposes that behaviour is determined by three possible direct sources or processes: habitual, intentional, and situational as depicted in figure 5. Habitual processes include schemata, heuristics, and associations of behaviour. Intentional processes include attitudes and intentions behind behaviour and situational processes include both objective and subjective constraints on behaviour. A fourth process, the normative process, is also present, but it does not directly affect behaviour. Instead, it influences intentional and habitual processes. The normative process includes social norms, personal norms, and awareness of needs and consequences. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) explain that attitudes, subjective constraints (e.g., [[wikipedia:Perceived_control|perceived behavioural control]]), and personal and social norms are used to generate intentions. They further explain that attitudes reflect cognitive and emotional beliefs about behaviour, while perceived behavioural control represents beliefs about the degree of control or determination one has over their actions. Additionally, personal and social norms shape the moral framework that guides the decision-making process leading to behaviour. Personal norms are rooted in an individual’s value system and can be seen as the motivations behind decision-making (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). However, the normative process also influences habits, as it has higher temporal stability compared to attitudes and perceived behavioural control. Situational processes and perceived behavioural control are also thought to activate personal norms by creating awareness of needs and consequences, which then generate intentions. Habitual and situational processes are believed to interfere with intentional processes and can moderate the influence of intentions on behaviour. Perceived behavioural control is essential for activating both normative and intentional processes. As a result, situational influences affect both normative and intentional processes. Furthermore, habits are said to form through the successful execution of behaviour in specific situations, meaning situational processes also influence habitual behaviours. Finally, behaviour influences changes in personal norms, and habits, in turn, affect future behaviour (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). [[File:Comprehensive action determination model.png|center|thumb|508x508px|Figure 5: Simplified flow diagram of the Comprehensive Action Determination Model ]] The CADM in Figure 5 is a simplified version of the CADM, Klockner an Bloblaum delve into further detail on the individual aspects apart of different processes and how they affect one another. Figure 6 depicts the detailed CADM utilizing the example of water conservation behaviours for the scenario at the start of the chapter. According to Klockner and Blobaum (2010), behaviour is primarily predicted by intentions and perceived behavioural control. Intentions, in turn, are generated from perceived behavioural control, social norms, and attitudes. In this scenario, habitual processes, such as water usage habits, directly predict the likelihood of engaging in water conservation efforts and moderate the relationship between intention and conservation behaviour.  Personal norms are identified as predictors of intention, they do not directly predict conservation behaviour. Personal norms are shaped by awareness of environmental needs and consequences and are activated through perceived behavioural control, which creates a sense of moral obligation. Furthermore, social norms influence personal norms, as they are internalized and are a part of the individual’s value system (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). Personal norms also influence the formation of habits. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) indicate that both subjective constraints (perceived behavioural control) and objective constraints (access to water) are direct predictors of conservation behaviour. Since habits tend to demonstrate long-term stability, water usage habits should be influenced by perceived behavioural control and water access. Both perceived behavioural control and water access also act as mediators in the relationship between intention and water conservation behaviour. Finally, conservation behaviour feeds back onto personal norms and habits [[File:Comprehensive Action Determination Model water usage behaviour.png|center|thumb|445x445px|Figure 6: Detailed flow diagram of Comprehensive action determination model In context to water usage behaviours]] === Current research on the CADM === Since its proposal in 2010, the Comprehensive action determination model has gained some traction in recent literature especially in [[wikipedia:Environmental_psychology|environmental behaviour]] (Klockner, 2013). Environmental behaviour refers to actions, attitudes, and practices related to the environment. Current research applying the CADM include sustainable farming (Tan, 2024), food waste behaviour (Cheng et al., 2024), clothing consumption (Joanes et al., 2020), and recycling behaviours (Fang et al., 2021., Klockner & Oppedal, 2011., Ofstad et al., 2017). CADM has proven effective in predicting agricultural practices (Tan, 2024), food waste behaviours (Cheng et al., 2024), and recycling and consumption patterns (Joanes et al., 2020). Research conducted by Tan (2024) on sustainable farming found that the CADM was the most effective model for analysing and predicting persistent agricultural practices, contributing to a deeper understanding of behavioural determinants in sustainable agriculture. Although the CADM has shown notable success in recent applications and studies, it is important to recognise that the existing body of literature remains limited. There is need for further research to enhance the generalisability of these findings and ensure their applicability across a broader range of contexts === Limitations to the CADM === The Comprehensive action determination model has two notable limitations, complexity and being data intensive. The model’s complex nature can be difficult to interpret initially, as it combines elements from the Theory of planned Behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour, and the concept of habit. This complexity is further compounded by the presence of numerous variables that not only influence each other but also interact, with some variables acting as mediators, moderators, or both. These interrelationships make it challenging to understand how each factor contributes to behaviour. Furthermore, the complex nature of the CADM may not be practical in situations where quick decisions are needed, as the analysis of CADM is typically too thorough for quick decision-making. Secondly, the model is limited by its data-intensive nature. The data analysis process can be viewed as time-consuming, labour-intensive and could be difficult to replicate. == CADM and understanding human motivation == === Examining context === The Comprehensive action determination model allows researchers to examine the context behind human behaviour. Examining the context behind behaviour helps researchers gain deeper insights into the motivations that drive specific behaviours. Furthermore, it allows researchers to assess the strength of the motivation in relation to the context. Additionally, Normative process such as personal norms and social norms are known to influence intentions which lead to behaviour. Based on the behaviour, researchers can identify if social norms have a stronger influence on intentions more than personal norms, even though it is said by Klockner and Blobaum (2010) that personal norms are affected by social norms. The use of the CADM in behavioural research provides a framework for breaking down the motivations underlying behaviour. === Evaluating outcomes === Using the Comprehensive action determination model in longitudinal studies could help researchers explore how past behaviours influence future actions. By following participants over time, studies can offer insights into how behaviours, habits, and perceived control in specific situations shape future behaviour. The CADM allows researchers to track patterns and identify the motivations driving behaviour change. The CADM emphasises the role of feedback loops in behaviour change. Positive or negative outcomes from past behaviours can strengthen or weaken future actions. These feedback loops can either reinforce existing behaviours or lead to changes. The model allows researchers to track these feedback mechanisms and how they impact future behaviour. By using CADM in longitudinal studies, researchers can better understand how past behaviour’s motivate future actions. Evaluating outcomes can help develop more effective strategies for behaviour change and intervention, providing a deeper understanding of the factors that motivate long-term behaviour. === Understanding behavioural processes === The Comprehensive action determination model offers a valuable framework for understanding human motivation by systematically breaking down the various behavioural processes that drive actions. This model allows researchers to analyse the factors influencing motivation at different stages, such as habitual and situational processes. By applying the CADM, studies can identify specific points in the model where motivation may excel such as during moments of goal accomplishment as well as areas where motivation may falter, such as in the face of adversity or lack of support. The CADM provides a deeper understanding of how different variables interact to either enhance or undermine motivation. == Conclusion == Motivation is the fundamental "why" behind Behaviour; it is the core driver of behaviour, fuelling the pursuit of goals, overcoming challenges, and sustaining effort. Understanding motivation is important because it helps us identify the driving forces behind behaviour. The Comprehensive action determination model explains how individuals make decisions in relation to habitual, intentional, situational and normative processes, all of which affect each other in complex ways. The CADM integrates pre-existing "action determination models," such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the Norm-Activation Model, the Ipsative Theory of Behaviour, and the theoretical concept of habit, into a comprehensive model The CADM helps understand human motivation by analysing the context and underlying motives behind actions. It can also evaluate how past behaviour shapes future actions and where motivation may succeed or falter. The Comprehensive action determination model helps explain how motivation interacts with various factors like habits, intentions, and situational influences. By understanding this model, Researcher can gain insight into the underlying motives behind actions and improve decision-making, ultimately shaping future behaviour. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=14}}'''<big>Quiz</big>'''<quiz display="simple"> {'''What are the underlying theories of the CADM?''': |type="()"} - Norm-activation model, Ipsative theory of behaviour and habit + Theory of planned behaviour, Norm-activation model, Ipsative theory of behaviour and habit - Theory of planned behaviour, Norm-activation model, Maslow's hierarchy of needs - Theory of planned behaviour, Ipsative theory of behaviour and habit {'''What is motivation?''' |type="()"} - Less body hair, increase muscle mass, decrease mental health. - - How me act. + The underlying reasons behind all our behaviour. {'''What are the five levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?:''' |type="()"} - Self actualisation, esteem, love/belonging, safety, physiological and emotional intelligence. - Self actualisation, love/belonging, safety, emotion and motivation. - Social cognition, self actualisation, esteem, love/belonging and safety. + Self actualisation, esteem, love/belonging, safety and physiological. </quiz> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Environmental behaviour|Environmental behaviour]] (Book chapter, 2013) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Environmental cues and habits|Environmental cues and habits]] (Book chapter, 2024) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Extrinsic motivation and antisocial behaviour in children|Extrinsic motivation and antisocial behaviour in children]] (Book chapter, 2015) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1=Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. Asare, M. (2015). USING THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR TO DETERMINE THE CONDOM USE BEHAVIOR AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS. American Journal of Health Studies, 30(1), 43. Cheng, X., Zhang, J., & Li, W. (2024). What shapes food waste behaviors? New insights from a comprehensive action determination model. Waste Management, 181, 188–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.017 Deci, E. L. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18(1), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030644 Fang, W.-T., Huang, M.-H., Cheng, B.-Y., Chiu, R.-J., Chiang, Y.-T., Hsu, C.-W., & Ng, E. (2021). Applying a Comprehensive Action Determination Model to Examine the Recycling Behavior of Taipei City Residents. Sustainability, 13(2), 490–490. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020490 Frey, B. S. (1988). Ipsative and objective limits to human behavior. Journal of Behavioral Economics, 17(4), 229–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-5720(88)90012-5 Frey, B.S. (1992). An Ipsative Theory of Human Behaviour. In: Economics As a Science of Human Behaviour. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1374-0_12 Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. B. (2011). The motivation to work. Herzbert, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. (1959). The Motivation to Work. Nueva York. Joanes, T., Gwozdz, W., & Klöckner, C. A. (2020). Reducing personal clothing consumption: A cross-cultural validation of the comprehensive action determination model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 71, 101396–101396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101396 Klöckner, C. A. (2013). A comprehensive model of the psychology of environmental behaviour—A meta-analysis. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1028–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.014 KLöckner, C. A., Matthies, E., & Hunecke, M. (2003). Problems of Operationalizing Habits and Integrating Habits in Normative Decision‐Making Models1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(2), 396–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01902.x Klöckner, C. A., & Oppedal, I. O. (2011). General vs. domain specific recycling behaviour—Applying a multilevel comprehensive action determination model to recycling in Norwegian student homes. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 55(4), 463–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.12.009 Lai, E. R. (2011). Motivation: A literature review. Person Research’s Report, 6, 40-41. Liu, Y., Sheng, H., Mundorf, N., Redding, C., & Ye, Y. (2017). Integrating Norm Activation Model and Theory of Planned Behavior to Understand Sustainable Transport Behavior: Evidence from China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(12), 1593–1593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121593 Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review google scholar, 2, 21-28. Ofstad, S., Tobolova, M., Alim Nayum, & Klöckner, C. (2017). Understanding the Mechanisms behind Changing People’s Recycling Behavior at Work by Applying a Comprehensive Action Determination Model. Sustainability, 9(2), 204–204. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020204 Onwezen, M. C., Antonides, G., & Bartels, J. (2013). The Norm Activation Model: An exploration of the functions of anticipated pride and guilt in pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Economic Psychology, 39, 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.07.005 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative Influences on Altruism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 221–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60358-5 Tan, J. J. H. (2024). Sustaining Sustainable Farming: An Evaluation of the Reasoned Action and Comprehensive Action Determination Frameworks for Persistence (Master's thesis, California Polytechnic State University). TANNER, C. (1999). CONSTRAINTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19(2), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1999.0121 Triandis, H. C. (1979). Values, attitudes, and interpersonal behavior. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 27, 195–259. Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface. Psychological review, 114(4), 843. Zoltán Dörnyei, & Ushioda, E. (2021). Teaching and Researching Motivation. In Routledge eBooks. Informa. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351006743 }} ==External links== * [https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/motivation-how-to-get-started-and-staying-motivated Motivation] (Healthdirect) * Theory of planned behaviour (Wikipedia) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Environment]] gnqkt22ryh366m0v82ijrcexqxwlpx1 2690091 2689929 2024-12-03T10:57:53Z HassanAlsamara 2947618 /* Conclusion */ 2690091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Comprehensive action determination model:<br>What is the CADM and how can it be applied to understanding human motivation?}} <div align=center></div> {{MECR3|1=https://youtu.be/Fde1L08wMl4}} <div align=center></div> __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}}{{Image|float=right|pad=20px|name=Footprint water.png|width=300px|caption=Figure 1: Water footprint}}'''Scenario''' A psychology researcher is exploring how university students’ water use habits relate to their broader attitudes towards sustainability. They are curious about the internal and external factors that influence water use habits, like whether students are unaware of the environmental impact of their actions, or if they just don’t prioritize sustainability in their daily routines. Additionally, They want to investigate how their broader attitudes toward the environment influence their actions. Coming across an “integrated model” of behaviour they chose to utilize it. They think this model could be useful for investigating water usage behaviours in university students. {{RoundBoxBottom}} The Comprehensive action determination model is a theoretical framework designed to explain human behaviour. It proposes that behaviour is directly predicted by three processes: habitual, situational, and intentional, and indirectly influenced by normative processes. This complex model can aid research in understanding human motivation by breaking down the processes, evaluating the outcomes, and examining the underlying context behind behaviour. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' * What is motivation? * What is the Comprehensive Action Determination Model (CADM)? * What are the underpinning theories behind the CADM? * How can the CADM be applied to understanding human motivation? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is motivation? == [[File:Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.svg|thumb|442x442px|Figure 2: Pyramid depicting the structure of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. ]] [[Motivation]] is the "why" behind behaviour the reasons underlying why people act in certain ways. Theorists explain motivation as the attribute that moves us to do or not to do something (Lai, 2011). The word ''motivation'' comes from the Latin verb ''movere'', meaning "to move" (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2021). Motivation has three important components that drive behaviour direction, intensity, and persistence. Direction refers to how motivation shapes peoples choices and goals. Intensity is how motivation affects the effort people put in. Persistence is how motivation influences how long people keep working toward our goals. (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2021). Many theories have been developed to understand motivation, these include Herzberg's [[wikipedia:Two-factor_theory|Two-factor theory]] (Herzberg et al., 1959; Herzberg et al., 2011), [[Self-determination theory]] (Deci, 1972, 2000), and [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Figure 2) (Maslow, 1943). Theorists argue that it is unrealistic to create an elaborate super-theory to understand motivation due to its complexity and the countless variables that affect it. They argue that the complexity of motivation cannot be understood through a single theory or model (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2021). == Comprehensive action determination model (CADM) == The Comprehensive action determination model was first proposed by Klöckner and Blöbaum in 2010 (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). They argue that one of the main goals of [[environmental psychology]] is to understand what determines people's actions, in relation to environmental influences. Klöckner and Blöbaum also note that several well-established models have been proposed, however none of these models provide an adequate representation of the multiple factors that determine behaviour (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). They further argue that integrated approaches combining two models, the Theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991) and the Norm-activation model (Schwartz, 1977), have shown promise (Liu et al., 2017, Onwezen et al., 2013), especially when the concept of [[wikipedia:Habit|habit]] is also incorporated (Klöckner et al., 2003). Additionally, Klöckner and Blöbaum highlight that the Ipsative theory of behaviour offers a valuable perspective on the situational determination of behaviour (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). However, these theories (the Theory of planned behaviour and the Norm-activation model) have proven successful in specific domains, they exhibit limitations in other areas (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). The CADM unifies the Theory of planned behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour , and the concept of habit into one integrated framework. Klöckner and Blöbaum (2010) propose that combining these existing theories into a single model may result in a more universally applicable framework that accounts for all relevant factors and influences affecting behaviour. (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). === Underpinning theories of CADM === To understand the comprehensive action determination model, an understanding of the underpinning models, theories and theoretical concepts is required. As stated in the previous paragraph these are the theory of planned behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour and the theoretical concept of habit. ==== Theory of planned behaviour ==== [[File:Theory of planned behaviour.png|thumb|405x405px|Figure 3: Flow diagram of the Theory of Planned Behaviour ]] The Theory of planned behaviour was first proposed by Ajzen in 1991 (Ajzen, 1991). The theory consists of three constructs: behavioural intention, attitude toward behaviour, and subjective norms. Behavioural intention refers to the motivation behind a behaviour, the stronger the intention, the more likely the behaviour is to be performed. Attitudes refers to how positively or negatively a person evaluates a specific behaviour. Subjective norms refer to the social pressures to perform or not perform a given behaviour. Perceived behavioural control is also a key construct in the Theory of Planned Behaviour, and it refers to how a person perceives the difficulty of performing a specific behaviour (Asare, 2015). The theory suggests that attitudes toward the behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control all influence behavioural intention, which in turn leads to behaviour, as depicted in Figure 3. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) argue that the Theory of planned behaviour focuses too much on intention while neglecting the role of objective situational constraints, habits, and personal norms. ==== Norm-activation model ==== The Norm-activation model was first proposed by Schwartz in 1977 (Schwartz, 1977). The model suggests that behaviour is predicted by personal norms. Schwartz (1977) defines personal norms as “feelings of moral obligation, not as intentions” (Onwezen et al., 2013). The model posits that personal norms are influenced by two factors: awareness of consequences and awareness of needs (sometimes referred to as the ascription of responsibility). Awareness of consequences refers to the understanding that performing or not performing a certain behaviour leads to specific outcomes. Awareness of needs involves the feeling of responsibility to perform a particular behaviour (Onwezen et al., 2013; Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). As depicted in Figure 4, both awareness of consequences and awareness of needs predict personal norms, which in turn predict behaviour. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) identify limitations of the model, stating that “The Norm-activation model focuses on personal norms but underestimates the roles of habits, intentions, attitudes, and the situational context.” [[File:Norm activation model.png|center|thumb|610x610px|Figure 4: Flow diagram of the Norm-Activation Model ]] ==== Ipsative theory of behaviour ==== The Ipsative theory of behaviour was proposed by Frey (1988). The theory suggests that a person's behaviour can be limited or obstructed by the absence of genuine or perceived opportunities, influenced by both internal and external circumstances (Tanner, 1999). The theory consists of three presumptions about human behaviour. Firstly, objective constraints are assumed to influence behaviour. These constraints determine what a person can do, what they ought to do, or what they are permitted to do within a specific society. These variables make up the "objective possibility set," which limits or hinders people's ability to engage in certain activities (Tanner, 1999). Secondly, ipsative constraints prevent the activation of alternative behaviours. Ipsative constraints form the "ipsative possibility set," which individuals regard as relevant to their behavioural decisions (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010, Tanner, 1999). Finally, subjective constraints are believed to directly affect preferences rather than determining participation in specific actions, they influence a person's willingness to act (Tanner, 1999). Klockner and Blobaum (2010) argue that while the Ipsative theory of behaviour effectively outlines the objective and subjective aspects of situations as predictors of behaviour, it overlooks intentional, habitual, and normative processes. ==== Habits ==== The theoretical concept of [[wikipedia:Habit|habit]] was incorporated into the CADM to address limitations found in the Theory of planned behaviour and the Norm-activation model in predicting repetitive behaviours (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). Habits can be defined as learned tendencies to repeat previous behaviours. They are activated by contextual elements that are often linked to past performances, such as specific locations, preceding actions in a sequence, and particular individuals (Woods & Neal, 2007). The concept of habit was added to account for structural differences between actions that are frequent and those that are rare or performed for the first time. When decisions are frequently made with satisfying outcomes, the influence of decision-making in given situations decreases, resulting in more automated behavioural patterns (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010., Triandis, 1979). Klockner and Blobaum (2010) note that although the concept of habit recognises the interaction between intentions and habits, it does not fully account for non-automatic situational facilitation, constraints on behaviour, or normative processes. === How does the CADM work? === The Comprehensive action determination model proposes that behaviour is determined by three possible direct sources or processes: habitual, intentional, and situational as depicted in figure 5. Habitual processes include schemata, heuristics, and associations of behaviour. Intentional processes include attitudes and intentions behind behaviour and situational processes include both objective and subjective constraints on behaviour. A fourth process, the normative process, is also present, but it does not directly affect behaviour. Instead, it influences intentional and habitual processes. The normative process includes social norms, personal norms, and awareness of needs and consequences. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) explain that attitudes, subjective constraints (e.g., [[wikipedia:Perceived_control|perceived behavioural control]]), and personal and social norms are used to generate intentions. They further explain that attitudes reflect cognitive and emotional beliefs about behaviour, while perceived behavioural control represents beliefs about the degree of control or determination one has over their actions. Additionally, personal and social norms shape the moral framework that guides the decision-making process leading to behaviour. Personal norms are rooted in an individual’s value system and can be seen as the motivations behind decision-making (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). However, the normative process also influences habits, as it has higher temporal stability compared to attitudes and perceived behavioural control. Situational processes and perceived behavioural control are also thought to activate personal norms by creating awareness of needs and consequences, which then generate intentions. Habitual and situational processes are believed to interfere with intentional processes and can moderate the influence of intentions on behaviour. Perceived behavioural control is essential for activating both normative and intentional processes. As a result, situational influences affect both normative and intentional processes. Furthermore, habits are said to form through the successful execution of behaviour in specific situations, meaning situational processes also influence habitual behaviours. Finally, behaviour influences changes in personal norms, and habits, in turn, affect future behaviour (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). [[File:Comprehensive action determination model.png|center|thumb|508x508px|Figure 5: Simplified flow diagram of the Comprehensive Action Determination Model ]] The CADM in Figure 5 is a simplified version of the CADM, Klockner an Bloblaum delve into further detail on the individual aspects apart of different processes and how they affect one another. Figure 6 depicts the detailed CADM utilizing the example of water conservation behaviours for the scenario at the start of the chapter. According to Klockner and Blobaum (2010), behaviour is primarily predicted by intentions and perceived behavioural control. Intentions, in turn, are generated from perceived behavioural control, social norms, and attitudes. In this scenario, habitual processes, such as water usage habits, directly predict the likelihood of engaging in water conservation efforts and moderate the relationship between intention and conservation behaviour.  Personal norms are identified as predictors of intention, they do not directly predict conservation behaviour. Personal norms are shaped by awareness of environmental needs and consequences and are activated through perceived behavioural control, which creates a sense of moral obligation. Furthermore, social norms influence personal norms, as they are internalized and are a part of the individual’s value system (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). Personal norms also influence the formation of habits. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) indicate that both subjective constraints (perceived behavioural control) and objective constraints (access to water) are direct predictors of conservation behaviour. Since habits tend to demonstrate long-term stability, water usage habits should be influenced by perceived behavioural control and water access. Both perceived behavioural control and water access also act as mediators in the relationship between intention and water conservation behaviour. Finally, conservation behaviour feeds back onto personal norms and habits [[File:Comprehensive Action Determination Model water usage behaviour.png|center|thumb|445x445px|Figure 6: Detailed flow diagram of Comprehensive action determination model In context to water usage behaviours]] === Current research on the CADM === Since its proposal in 2010, the Comprehensive action determination model has gained some traction in recent literature especially in [[wikipedia:Environmental_psychology|environmental behaviour]] (Klockner, 2013). Environmental behaviour refers to actions, attitudes, and practices related to the environment. Current research applying the CADM include sustainable farming (Tan, 2024), food waste behaviour (Cheng et al., 2024), clothing consumption (Joanes et al., 2020), and recycling behaviours (Fang et al., 2021., Klockner & Oppedal, 2011., Ofstad et al., 2017). CADM has proven effective in predicting agricultural practices (Tan, 2024), food waste behaviours (Cheng et al., 2024), and recycling and consumption patterns (Joanes et al., 2020). Research conducted by Tan (2024) on sustainable farming found that the CADM was the most effective model for analysing and predicting persistent agricultural practices, contributing to a deeper understanding of behavioural determinants in sustainable agriculture. Although the CADM has shown notable success in recent applications and studies, it is important to recognise that the existing body of literature remains limited. There is need for further research to enhance the generalisability of these findings and ensure their applicability across a broader range of contexts === Limitations to the CADM === The Comprehensive action determination model has two notable limitations, complexity and being data intensive. The model’s complex nature can be difficult to interpret initially, as it combines elements from the Theory of planned Behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour, and the concept of habit. This complexity is further compounded by the presence of numerous variables that not only influence each other but also interact, with some variables acting as mediators, moderators, or both. These interrelationships make it challenging to understand how each factor contributes to behaviour. Furthermore, the complex nature of the CADM may not be practical in situations where quick decisions are needed, as the analysis of CADM is typically too thorough for quick decision-making. Secondly, the model is limited by its data-intensive nature. The data analysis process can be viewed as time-consuming, labour-intensive and could be difficult to replicate. == CADM and understanding human motivation == === Examining context === The Comprehensive action determination model allows researchers to examine the context behind human behaviour. Examining the context behind behaviour helps researchers gain deeper insights into the motivations that drive specific behaviours. Furthermore, it allows researchers to assess the strength of the motivation in relation to the context. Additionally, Normative process such as personal norms and social norms are known to influence intentions which lead to behaviour. Based on the behaviour, researchers can identify if social norms have a stronger influence on intentions more than personal norms, even though it is said by Klockner and Blobaum (2010) that personal norms are affected by social norms. The use of the CADM in behavioural research provides a framework for breaking down the motivations underlying behaviour. === Evaluating outcomes === Using the Comprehensive action determination model in longitudinal studies could help researchers explore how past behaviours influence future actions. By following participants over time, studies can offer insights into how behaviours, habits, and perceived control in specific situations shape future behaviour. The CADM allows researchers to track patterns and identify the motivations driving behaviour change. The CADM emphasises the role of feedback loops in behaviour change. Positive or negative outcomes from past behaviours can strengthen or weaken future actions. These feedback loops can either reinforce existing behaviours or lead to changes. The model allows researchers to track these feedback mechanisms and how they impact future behaviour. By using CADM in longitudinal studies, researchers can better understand how past behaviour’s motivate future actions. Evaluating outcomes can help develop more effective strategies for behaviour change and intervention, providing a deeper understanding of the factors that motivate long-term behaviour. === Understanding behavioural processes === The Comprehensive action determination model offers a valuable framework for understanding human motivation by systematically breaking down the various behavioural processes that drive actions. This model allows researchers to analyse the factors influencing motivation at different stages, such as habitual and situational processes. By applying the CADM, studies can identify specific points in the model where motivation may excel such as during moments of goal accomplishment as well as areas where motivation may falter, such as in the face of adversity or lack of support. The CADM provides a deeper understanding of how different variables interact to either enhance or undermine motivation. == Conclusion == Motivation is the fundamental "why" behind Behaviour; it is the core driver of behaviour, fuelling the pursuit of goals, overcoming challenges, and sustaining effort. Understanding motivation is important because it helps us identify the driving forces behind behaviour. The Comprehensive action determination model explains how individuals make decisions in relation to habitual, intentional, situational and normative processes, all of which affect each other in complex ways. The CADM integrates pre-existing "action determination models," such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the Norm-Activation Model, the Ipsative Theory of Behaviour, and the theoretical concept of habit, into a comprehensive model The CADM helps understand human motivation by analysing the context and underlying motives behind actions. It can also evaluate how past behaviour shapes future actions and where motivation may succeed or falter. The Comprehensive action determination model helps explain how motivation interacts with various factors like habits, intentions, and situational influences. By understanding this model, Researcher can gain insight into the underlying motives behind actions and improve decision-making, ultimately shaping future behaviour. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=14}}'''<big>Quiz</big>'''<quiz display="simple"> {'''What are the underlying theories of the CADM?''': |type="()"} - Norm-activation model, Ipsative theory of behaviour and habit. + Theory of planned behaviour, Norm-activation model, Ipsative theory of behaviour and habit. - Theory of planned behaviour, Norm-activation model, Maslow's hierarchy of needs. - Theory of planned behaviour, Ipsative theory of behaviour and habit. {'''In The CADM, normative process predict which of the following processes:''' |type="()"} - Habitual, situational and intentional. - situational and intentional. - Habitual and situational. + Intentional and habitual. {'''What are two limitations of the CADM?:''' |type="()"} - Data availability, complexity. - Data availability and generalisation - Data intensive and generalisation. + Complexity and data intensive. {'''In the literature, what field of psychology is the CADM most researched?:''' |type="()"} - Clinical psychology in mental health issues, antisocial behaviour, attitudes and mood. + Environmental psychology, in recycling behaviours, sustainable farming, food wastage and clothing consumption. - Social psychology in social identity, interpersonal relationships, discrimination and social influence. - Positive psychology in goal setting, positive emotions and optimism. </quiz> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Environmental behaviour|Environmental behaviour]] (Book chapter, 2013) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Environmental cues and habits|Environmental cues and habits]] (Book chapter, 2024) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Extrinsic motivation and antisocial behaviour in children|Extrinsic motivation and antisocial behaviour in children]] (Book chapter, 2015) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1=Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. Asare, M. (2015). USING THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR TO DETERMINE THE CONDOM USE BEHAVIOR AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS. American Journal of Health Studies, 30(1), 43. Cheng, X., Zhang, J., & Li, W. (2024). What shapes food waste behaviors? New insights from a comprehensive action determination model. Waste Management, 181, 188–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.017 Deci, E. L. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18(1), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030644 Fang, W.-T., Huang, M.-H., Cheng, B.-Y., Chiu, R.-J., Chiang, Y.-T., Hsu, C.-W., & Ng, E. (2021). Applying a Comprehensive Action Determination Model to Examine the Recycling Behavior of Taipei City Residents. Sustainability, 13(2), 490–490. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020490 Frey, B. S. (1988). Ipsative and objective limits to human behavior. Journal of Behavioral Economics, 17(4), 229–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-5720(88)90012-5 Frey, B.S. (1992). An Ipsative Theory of Human Behaviour. In: Economics As a Science of Human Behaviour. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1374-0_12 Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. B. (2011). The motivation to work. Herzbert, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. (1959). The Motivation to Work. Nueva York. Joanes, T., Gwozdz, W., & Klöckner, C. A. (2020). Reducing personal clothing consumption: A cross-cultural validation of the comprehensive action determination model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 71, 101396–101396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101396 Klöckner, C. A. (2013). A comprehensive model of the psychology of environmental behaviour—A meta-analysis. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1028–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.014 KLöckner, C. A., Matthies, E., & Hunecke, M. (2003). Problems of Operationalizing Habits and Integrating Habits in Normative Decision‐Making Models1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(2), 396–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01902.x Klöckner, C. A., & Oppedal, I. O. (2011). General vs. domain specific recycling behaviour—Applying a multilevel comprehensive action determination model to recycling in Norwegian student homes. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 55(4), 463–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.12.009 Lai, E. R. (2011). Motivation: A literature review. Person Research’s Report, 6, 40-41. Liu, Y., Sheng, H., Mundorf, N., Redding, C., & Ye, Y. (2017). Integrating Norm Activation Model and Theory of Planned Behavior to Understand Sustainable Transport Behavior: Evidence from China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(12), 1593–1593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121593 Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review google scholar, 2, 21-28. Ofstad, S., Tobolova, M., Alim Nayum, & Klöckner, C. (2017). Understanding the Mechanisms behind Changing People’s Recycling Behavior at Work by Applying a Comprehensive Action Determination Model. Sustainability, 9(2), 204–204. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020204 Onwezen, M. C., Antonides, G., & Bartels, J. (2013). The Norm Activation Model: An exploration of the functions of anticipated pride and guilt in pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Economic Psychology, 39, 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.07.005 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative Influences on Altruism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 221–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60358-5 Tan, J. J. H. (2024). Sustaining Sustainable Farming: An Evaluation of the Reasoned Action and Comprehensive Action Determination Frameworks for Persistence (Master's thesis, California Polytechnic State University). TANNER, C. (1999). CONSTRAINTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19(2), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1999.0121 Triandis, H. C. (1979). Values, attitudes, and interpersonal behavior. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 27, 195–259. Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface. Psychological review, 114(4), 843. Zoltán Dörnyei, & Ushioda, E. (2021). Teaching and Researching Motivation. In Routledge eBooks. Informa. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351006743 }} ==External links== * [https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/motivation-how-to-get-started-and-staying-motivated Motivation] (Healthdirect) * Theory of planned behaviour (Wikipedia) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Environment]] 18swzrl3iouo6ijuvbh7tsixli6ub4g 2690096 2690091 2024-12-03T11:19:13Z HassanAlsamara 2947618 /* References */ 2690096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Comprehensive action determination model:<br>What is the CADM and how can it be applied to understanding human motivation?}} <div align=center></div> {{MECR3|1=https://youtu.be/Fde1L08wMl4}} <div align=center></div> __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}}{{Image|float=right|pad=20px|name=Footprint water.png|width=300px|caption=Figure 1: Water footprint}}'''Scenario''' A psychology researcher is exploring how university students’ water use habits relate to their broader attitudes towards sustainability. They are curious about the internal and external factors that influence water use habits, like whether students are unaware of the environmental impact of their actions, or if they just don’t prioritize sustainability in their daily routines. Additionally, They want to investigate how their broader attitudes toward the environment influence their actions. Coming across an “integrated model” of behaviour they chose to utilize it. They think this model could be useful for investigating water usage behaviours in university students. {{RoundBoxBottom}} The Comprehensive action determination model is a theoretical framework designed to explain human behaviour. It proposes that behaviour is directly predicted by three processes: habitual, situational, and intentional, and indirectly influenced by normative processes. This complex model can aid research in understanding human motivation by breaking down the processes, evaluating the outcomes, and examining the underlying context behind behaviour. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' * What is motivation? * What is the Comprehensive Action Determination Model (CADM)? * What are the underpinning theories behind the CADM? * How can the CADM be applied to understanding human motivation? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is motivation? == [[File:Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.svg|thumb|442x442px|Figure 2: Pyramid depicting the structure of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. ]] [[Motivation]] is the "why" behind behaviour the reasons underlying why people act in certain ways. Theorists explain motivation as the attribute that moves us to do or not to do something (Lai, 2011). The word ''motivation'' comes from the Latin verb ''movere'', meaning "to move" (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2021). Motivation has three important components that drive behaviour direction, intensity, and persistence. Direction refers to how motivation shapes peoples choices and goals. Intensity is how motivation affects the effort people put in. Persistence is how motivation influences how long people keep working toward our goals. (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2021). Many theories have been developed to understand motivation, these include Herzberg's [[wikipedia:Two-factor_theory|Two-factor theory]] (Herzberg et al., 1959; Herzberg et al., 2011), [[Self-determination theory]] (Deci, 1972, 2000), and [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Figure 2) (Maslow, 1943). Theorists argue that it is unrealistic to create an elaborate super-theory to understand motivation due to its complexity and the countless variables that affect it. They argue that the complexity of motivation cannot be understood through a single theory or model (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2021). == Comprehensive action determination model (CADM) == The Comprehensive action determination model was first proposed by Klöckner and Blöbaum in 2010 (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). They argue that one of the main goals of [[environmental psychology]] is to understand what determines people's actions, in relation to environmental influences. Klöckner and Blöbaum also note that several well-established models have been proposed, however none of these models provide an adequate representation of the multiple factors that determine behaviour (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). They further argue that integrated approaches combining two models, the Theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991) and the Norm-activation model (Schwartz, 1977), have shown promise (Liu et al., 2017, Onwezen et al., 2013), especially when the concept of [[wikipedia:Habit|habit]] is also incorporated (Klöckner et al., 2003). Additionally, Klöckner and Blöbaum highlight that the Ipsative theory of behaviour offers a valuable perspective on the situational determination of behaviour (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). However, these theories (the Theory of planned behaviour and the Norm-activation model) have proven successful in specific domains, they exhibit limitations in other areas (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). The CADM unifies the Theory of planned behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour , and the concept of habit into one integrated framework. Klöckner and Blöbaum (2010) propose that combining these existing theories into a single model may result in a more universally applicable framework that accounts for all relevant factors and influences affecting behaviour. (Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). === Underpinning theories of CADM === To understand the comprehensive action determination model, an understanding of the underpinning models, theories and theoretical concepts is required. As stated in the previous paragraph these are the theory of planned behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour and the theoretical concept of habit. ==== Theory of planned behaviour ==== [[File:Theory of planned behaviour.png|thumb|405x405px|Figure 3: Flow diagram of the Theory of Planned Behaviour ]] The Theory of planned behaviour was first proposed by Ajzen in 1991 (Ajzen, 1991). The theory consists of three constructs: behavioural intention, attitude toward behaviour, and subjective norms. Behavioural intention refers to the motivation behind a behaviour, the stronger the intention, the more likely the behaviour is to be performed. Attitudes refers to how positively or negatively a person evaluates a specific behaviour. Subjective norms refer to the social pressures to perform or not perform a given behaviour. Perceived behavioural control is also a key construct in the Theory of Planned Behaviour, and it refers to how a person perceives the difficulty of performing a specific behaviour (Asare, 2015). The theory suggests that attitudes toward the behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control all influence behavioural intention, which in turn leads to behaviour, as depicted in Figure 3. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) argue that the Theory of planned behaviour focuses too much on intention while neglecting the role of objective situational constraints, habits, and personal norms. ==== Norm-activation model ==== The Norm-activation model was first proposed by Schwartz in 1977 (Schwartz, 1977). The model suggests that behaviour is predicted by personal norms. Schwartz (1977) defines personal norms as “feelings of moral obligation, not as intentions” (Onwezen et al., 2013). The model posits that personal norms are influenced by two factors: awareness of consequences and awareness of needs (sometimes referred to as the ascription of responsibility). Awareness of consequences refers to the understanding that performing or not performing a certain behaviour leads to specific outcomes. Awareness of needs involves the feeling of responsibility to perform a particular behaviour (Onwezen et al., 2013; Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010). As depicted in Figure 4, both awareness of consequences and awareness of needs predict personal norms, which in turn predict behaviour. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) identify limitations of the model, stating that “The Norm-activation model focuses on personal norms but underestimates the roles of habits, intentions, attitudes, and the situational context.” [[File:Norm activation model.png|center|thumb|610x610px|Figure 4: Flow diagram of the Norm-Activation Model ]] ==== Ipsative theory of behaviour ==== The Ipsative theory of behaviour was proposed by Frey (1988). The theory suggests that a person's behaviour can be limited or obstructed by the absence of genuine or perceived opportunities, influenced by both internal and external circumstances (Tanner, 1999). The theory consists of three presumptions about human behaviour. Firstly, objective constraints are assumed to influence behaviour. These constraints determine what a person can do, what they ought to do, or what they are permitted to do within a specific society. These variables make up the "objective possibility set," which limits or hinders people's ability to engage in certain activities (Tanner, 1999). Secondly, ipsative constraints prevent the activation of alternative behaviours. Ipsative constraints form the "ipsative possibility set," which individuals regard as relevant to their behavioural decisions (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010, Tanner, 1999). Finally, subjective constraints are believed to directly affect preferences rather than determining participation in specific actions, they influence a person's willingness to act (Tanner, 1999). Klockner and Blobaum (2010) argue that while the Ipsative theory of behaviour effectively outlines the objective and subjective aspects of situations as predictors of behaviour, it overlooks intentional, habitual, and normative processes. ==== Habits ==== The theoretical concept of [[wikipedia:Habit|habit]] was incorporated into the CADM to address limitations found in the Theory of planned behaviour and the Norm-activation model in predicting repetitive behaviours (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). Habits can be defined as learned tendencies to repeat previous behaviours. They are activated by contextual elements that are often linked to past performances, such as specific locations, preceding actions in a sequence, and particular individuals (Woods & Neal, 2007). The concept of habit was added to account for structural differences between actions that are frequent and those that are rare or performed for the first time. When decisions are frequently made with satisfying outcomes, the influence of decision-making in given situations decreases, resulting in more automated behavioural patterns (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010., Triandis, 1979). Klockner and Blobaum (2010) note that although the concept of habit recognises the interaction between intentions and habits, it does not fully account for non-automatic situational facilitation, constraints on behaviour, or normative processes. === How does the CADM work? === The Comprehensive action determination model proposes that behaviour is determined by three possible direct sources or processes: habitual, intentional, and situational as depicted in figure 5. Habitual processes include schemata, heuristics, and associations of behaviour. Intentional processes include attitudes and intentions behind behaviour and situational processes include both objective and subjective constraints on behaviour. A fourth process, the normative process, is also present, but it does not directly affect behaviour. Instead, it influences intentional and habitual processes. The normative process includes social norms, personal norms, and awareness of needs and consequences. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) explain that attitudes, subjective constraints (e.g., [[wikipedia:Perceived_control|perceived behavioural control]]), and personal and social norms are used to generate intentions. They further explain that attitudes reflect cognitive and emotional beliefs about behaviour, while perceived behavioural control represents beliefs about the degree of control or determination one has over their actions. Additionally, personal and social norms shape the moral framework that guides the decision-making process leading to behaviour. Personal norms are rooted in an individual’s value system and can be seen as the motivations behind decision-making (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). However, the normative process also influences habits, as it has higher temporal stability compared to attitudes and perceived behavioural control. Situational processes and perceived behavioural control are also thought to activate personal norms by creating awareness of needs and consequences, which then generate intentions. Habitual and situational processes are believed to interfere with intentional processes and can moderate the influence of intentions on behaviour. Perceived behavioural control is essential for activating both normative and intentional processes. As a result, situational influences affect both normative and intentional processes. Furthermore, habits are said to form through the successful execution of behaviour in specific situations, meaning situational processes also influence habitual behaviours. Finally, behaviour influences changes in personal norms, and habits, in turn, affect future behaviour (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). [[File:Comprehensive action determination model.png|center|thumb|508x508px|Figure 5: Simplified flow diagram of the Comprehensive Action Determination Model ]] The CADM in Figure 5 is a simplified version of the CADM, Klockner an Bloblaum delve into further detail on the individual aspects apart of different processes and how they affect one another. Figure 6 depicts the detailed CADM utilizing the example of water conservation behaviours for the scenario at the start of the chapter. According to Klockner and Blobaum (2010), behaviour is primarily predicted by intentions and perceived behavioural control. Intentions, in turn, are generated from perceived behavioural control, social norms, and attitudes. In this scenario, habitual processes, such as water usage habits, directly predict the likelihood of engaging in water conservation efforts and moderate the relationship between intention and conservation behaviour.  Personal norms are identified as predictors of intention, they do not directly predict conservation behaviour. Personal norms are shaped by awareness of environmental needs and consequences and are activated through perceived behavioural control, which creates a sense of moral obligation. Furthermore, social norms influence personal norms, as they are internalized and are a part of the individual’s value system (Klockner & Blobaum, 2010). Personal norms also influence the formation of habits. Klockner and Blobaum (2010) indicate that both subjective constraints (perceived behavioural control) and objective constraints (access to water) are direct predictors of conservation behaviour. Since habits tend to demonstrate long-term stability, water usage habits should be influenced by perceived behavioural control and water access. Both perceived behavioural control and water access also act as mediators in the relationship between intention and water conservation behaviour. Finally, conservation behaviour feeds back onto personal norms and habits [[File:Comprehensive Action Determination Model water usage behaviour.png|center|thumb|445x445px|Figure 6: Detailed flow diagram of Comprehensive action determination model In context to water usage behaviours]] === Current research on the CADM === Since its proposal in 2010, the Comprehensive action determination model has gained some traction in recent literature especially in [[wikipedia:Environmental_psychology|environmental behaviour]] (Klockner, 2013). Environmental behaviour refers to actions, attitudes, and practices related to the environment. Current research applying the CADM include sustainable farming (Tan, 2024), food waste behaviour (Cheng et al., 2024), clothing consumption (Joanes et al., 2020), and recycling behaviours (Fang et al., 2021., Klockner & Oppedal, 2011., Ofstad et al., 2017). CADM has proven effective in predicting agricultural practices (Tan, 2024), food waste behaviours (Cheng et al., 2024), and recycling and consumption patterns (Joanes et al., 2020). Research conducted by Tan (2024) on sustainable farming found that the CADM was the most effective model for analysing and predicting persistent agricultural practices, contributing to a deeper understanding of behavioural determinants in sustainable agriculture. Although the CADM has shown notable success in recent applications and studies, it is important to recognise that the existing body of literature remains limited. There is need for further research to enhance the generalisability of these findings and ensure their applicability across a broader range of contexts === Limitations to the CADM === The Comprehensive action determination model has two notable limitations, complexity and being data intensive. The model’s complex nature can be difficult to interpret initially, as it combines elements from the Theory of planned Behaviour, the Norm-activation model, the Ipsative theory of behaviour, and the concept of habit. This complexity is further compounded by the presence of numerous variables that not only influence each other but also interact, with some variables acting as mediators, moderators, or both. These interrelationships make it challenging to understand how each factor contributes to behaviour. Furthermore, the complex nature of the CADM may not be practical in situations where quick decisions are needed, as the analysis of CADM is typically too thorough for quick decision-making. Secondly, the model is limited by its data-intensive nature. The data analysis process can be viewed as time-consuming, labour-intensive and could be difficult to replicate. == CADM and understanding human motivation == === Examining context === The Comprehensive action determination model allows researchers to examine the context behind human behaviour. Examining the context behind behaviour helps researchers gain deeper insights into the motivations that drive specific behaviours. Furthermore, it allows researchers to assess the strength of the motivation in relation to the context. Additionally, Normative process such as personal norms and social norms are known to influence intentions which lead to behaviour. Based on the behaviour, researchers can identify if social norms have a stronger influence on intentions more than personal norms, even though it is said by Klockner and Blobaum (2010) that personal norms are affected by social norms. The use of the CADM in behavioural research provides a framework for breaking down the motivations underlying behaviour. === Evaluating outcomes === Using the Comprehensive action determination model in longitudinal studies could help researchers explore how past behaviours influence future actions. By following participants over time, studies can offer insights into how behaviours, habits, and perceived control in specific situations shape future behaviour. The CADM allows researchers to track patterns and identify the motivations driving behaviour change. The CADM emphasises the role of feedback loops in behaviour change. Positive or negative outcomes from past behaviours can strengthen or weaken future actions. These feedback loops can either reinforce existing behaviours or lead to changes. The model allows researchers to track these feedback mechanisms and how they impact future behaviour. By using CADM in longitudinal studies, researchers can better understand how past behaviour’s motivate future actions. Evaluating outcomes can help develop more effective strategies for behaviour change and intervention, providing a deeper understanding of the factors that motivate long-term behaviour. === Understanding behavioural processes === The Comprehensive action determination model offers a valuable framework for understanding human motivation by systematically breaking down the various behavioural processes that drive actions. This model allows researchers to analyse the factors influencing motivation at different stages, such as habitual and situational processes. By applying the CADM, studies can identify specific points in the model where motivation may excel such as during moments of goal accomplishment as well as areas where motivation may falter, such as in the face of adversity or lack of support. The CADM provides a deeper understanding of how different variables interact to either enhance or undermine motivation. == Conclusion == Motivation is the fundamental "why" behind Behaviour; it is the core driver of behaviour, fuelling the pursuit of goals, overcoming challenges, and sustaining effort. Understanding motivation is important because it helps us identify the driving forces behind behaviour. The Comprehensive action determination model explains how individuals make decisions in relation to habitual, intentional, situational and normative processes, all of which affect each other in complex ways. The CADM integrates pre-existing "action determination models," such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the Norm-Activation Model, the Ipsative Theory of Behaviour, and the theoretical concept of habit, into a comprehensive model The CADM helps understand human motivation by analysing the context and underlying motives behind actions. It can also evaluate how past behaviour shapes future actions and where motivation may succeed or falter. The Comprehensive action determination model helps explain how motivation interacts with various factors like habits, intentions, and situational influences. By understanding this model, Researcher can gain insight into the underlying motives behind actions and improve decision-making, ultimately shaping future behaviour. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=14}}'''<big>Quiz</big>'''<quiz display="simple"> {'''What are the underlying theories of the CADM?''': |type="()"} - Norm-activation model, Ipsative theory of behaviour and habit. + Theory of planned behaviour, Norm-activation model, Ipsative theory of behaviour and habit. - Theory of planned behaviour, Norm-activation model, Maslow's hierarchy of needs. - Theory of planned behaviour, Ipsative theory of behaviour and habit. {'''In The CADM, normative process predict which of the following processes:''' |type="()"} - Habitual, situational and intentional. - situational and intentional. - Habitual and situational. + Intentional and habitual. {'''What are two limitations of the CADM?:''' |type="()"} - Data availability, complexity. - Data availability and generalisation - Data intensive and generalisation. + Complexity and data intensive. {'''In the literature, what field of psychology is the CADM most researched?:''' |type="()"} - Clinical psychology in mental health issues, antisocial behaviour, attitudes and mood. + Environmental psychology, in recycling behaviours, sustainable farming, food wastage and clothing consumption. - Social psychology in social identity, interpersonal relationships, discrimination and social influence. - Positive psychology in goal setting, positive emotions and optimism. </quiz> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Environmental behaviour|Environmental behaviour]] (Book chapter, 2013) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Environmental cues and habits|Environmental cues and habits]] (Book chapter, 2024) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Impulse buying motivation|Impulse buying motivation]] (Book chapter, 2018) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1=Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T Asare, M. (2015). Using the theory of planned behavior to determine the condom use behavior among college students. American Journal of Health Studies, 30(1), 43. Cheng, X., Zhang, J., & Li, W. (2024). What shapes food waste behaviors? New insights from a comprehensive action determination model. Waste Management, 181, 188–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.017 Deci, E. L. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18(1), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030644 Fang, W.-T., Huang, M.-H., Cheng, B.-Y., Chiu, R.-J., Chiang, Y.-T., Hsu, C.-W., & Ng, E. (2021). Applying a comprehensive action determination model to examine the recycling behavior of Taipei City residents. Sustainability, 13(2), 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020490 Frey, B. S. (1988). Ipsative and objective limits to human behavior. Journal of Behavioral Economics, 17(4), 229–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-5720(88)90012-5 Frey, B. S. (1992). An ipsative theory of human behaviour. In Economics as a science of human behaviour (pp. 179–191). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1374-0_12 Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. B. (2011). The motivation to work (2nd ed.). Transaction Publishers. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. (1959). The motivation to work. John Wiley & Sons. Joanes, T., Gwozdz, W., & Klöckner, C. A. (2020). Reducing personal clothing consumption: A cross-cultural validation of the comprehensive action determination model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 71, 101396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101396 Klöckner, C. A. (2013). A comprehensive model of the psychology of environmental behaviour—a meta-analysis. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1028–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.014 Klöckner, C. A., Matthies, E., & Hunecke, M. (2003). Problems of operationalizing habits and integrating habits in normative decision-making models. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(2), 396–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01902.x Klöckner, C. A., & Oppedal, I. O. (2011). General vs. domain-specific recycling behaviour: Applying a multilevel comprehensive action determination model to recycling in Norwegian student homes. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(4), 463–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.12.009 Lai, E. R. (2011). Motivation: A literature review. Pearson Research Report. Liu, Y., Sheng, H., Mundorf, N., Redding, C., & Ye, Y. (2017). Integrating the norm activation model and theory of planned behavior to understand sustainable transport behavior: Evidence from China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(12), 1593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121593 Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346 Ofstad, S., Tobolova, M., Alim Nayum, & Klöckner, C. A. (2017). Understanding the mechanisms behind changing people’s recycling behavior at work by applying a comprehensive action determination model. Sustainability, 9(2), 204. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020204 Onwezen, M. C., Antonides, G., & Bartels, J. (2013). The norm activation model: An exploration of the functions of anticipated pride and guilt in pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, 39, 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.07.005 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 221–279). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60358-5 Tan, J. J. H. (2024). Sustaining sustainable farming: An evaluation of the reasoned action and comprehensive action determination frameworks for persistence (Master's thesis, California Polytechnic State University). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. Tanner, C. (1999). Constraints on environmental behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19(2), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1999.0121 Triandis, H. C. (1979). Values, attitudes, and interpersonal behavior. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 27, 195–259. Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Dörnyei, Z., & Ushioda, E. (2021). Teaching and researching motivation. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351006743 }} ==External links== * [https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/motivation-how-to-get-started-and-staying-motivated Motivation] (Healthdirect) * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/theory-of-planned-behavior Theory of planned behaviour] (ScienceDirect) * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167487013000950 Norm-activation model] (ScienceDirect) * [https://water.dpie.nsw.gov.au/our-work/projects-and-programs/water-efficiency/water-saving-tips Water saving behaviours] (NSW Government) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Environment]] cd7m5oyecrb5am31b5vl376rtc0k0k9 0 307498 2689990 2683979 2024-12-02T15:59:36Z Atcovi 276019 /* Content */ +mod 14 2689990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{underconstruction}} [[File:Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology Office.jpg|thumb|320x320px|The office of the [[w:Society_for_Industrial_and_Organizational_Psychology|Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology]] (''SIOP'') in Bowling Green, Ohio.]] '''Industrial and organizational psychology''' (abbreviated as ''I/O psych'') relates to the psychology of work. It intersects with related disciplines of psychology such as [[motivation]] and [[social psychology]]. This speciality aims to investigate the actions, behavior, and attitudes of humans in the workforce - usually addressing work-related issues, such as recruitment, satisfaction in work life, work structure, and the overall well-being of workers in an organization. An I/O psychologist would apply their knowledge in psychology to assisting and aiding human and organizational issues in the workforce. For example, an I/O psychologist may assist in recruiting the best candidate for a job position, investigate factors into poor work-life quality, and/or developing rubrics for assessing employee performances. ==Content== * [[/Module 1]] * [[/Module 2]] * [[/Module 3]] * [[/Module 4]] * [[/Module 5]] * [[/Module 7]] * [[/Module 8]] * [[/Module 9]] * [[/Module 10]] * [[/Module 11]] * [[/Module 12]] * <strike>/Module 13</strike> * [[/Module 14]] == See also == * [[w:Industrial and organizational psychology|Industrial and organizational psychology]] (Wikipedia) * [https://www.siop.org/ Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology] (official website) - provides history of I/O psych, membership info, newsletter, job openings, graduate training programs in I/O psych, and a list of SIOP publications. [[Category:Atcovi's Work]] [[Category:Organizational psychology]] 9wydzr1kh0oypib1co91edqlt79gmo1 0 307962 2690036 2689333 2024-12-02T22:55:18Z Scogdill 1331941 2690036 wikitext text/x-wiki =Event= On Monday 28 June 1897, Queen Victoria hosted a garden party at Buckingham Palace, inviting between 5,000 and 6,000 people. This party was the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. The Queen released to the press the names of people invited, which means the newspapers could print some or all of this list. The very long article in the London ''Morning Post'', for example, prints what may be the comprehensive list of those invited, although two columns are illegible in some places. The original newspaper account seems to have been published by the ''Court Circular'', and then the popular newspapers reprinted pieces of that story, many adding contextualizing paragraphs of their own. Some of these later reports are quite long, perhaps 5 or more full columns. Sometimes the newspapers included short descriptions of the women's dresses, suggesting that for the list of people invited, the source was the ''Court Circular'', but the parts of the stories devoted to context, history or fashion might have been written by a reporter present at the event. ==Logistics== * 28 June 1897, Monday, in the gardens at Buckingham Palace, hosted by Queen Victoria. * Between 5,000 and 6,000 guests were invited. * Many visitors from the empire who were in town for the Jubilee celebrations were invited to this garden party. * The weather was fine, having improved since the day before. * The garden party was held in the grounds around Buckingham Palace, and the Palace itself was open and available for guests to visit:<blockquote>Great preparations had been made in the splendid grounds adjoining the Royal Palace for the party, the whole scene presenting a fascinating appearance. The beautifully-kept grounds were partially covered with tents and marquees for the convenience of the many guests, and the lovely lake was really in the hands of the Queen’s bargemen, who had charge of the many boats which had been placed on the extensive ornamental waters for the use of guests. There was also plenty of music, several regimental bands being in attendance, while for those who wished to become acquainted with the valuable pictures and works art which are to be found at the Royal residence, all the State and reception rooms of the Palace were thrown open.<ref name=":2">“The Queen’s Garden Party. Brilliant Scene at Buckingham Palace.” ''Globe'' 29 June 1897, Tuesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3a–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18970629/050/0006. Print p. 6.</ref> (6, Col. 3a)</blockquote> *The streets around the entrances to Buckingham Palace were lined with spectators beginning hours before the Queen was to arrive:<blockquote>Although the Garden Party was not timed to commence until after five o’clock, the Mall from Marlborough House to Buckingham Palace was well lined by two o’clock, and an hour afterwards large crowds, for the most part composed of ladies, had taken up their positions. This was also the case along Constitution-hill, where the assembly which had gathered to witness the Queen’s arrival at the Palace from Windsor nad [sic] to a large extent remained. The heat was somewhat oppressive, but the trees along the Mall and the Green Park afforded welcome shelter. Many ladies had evidently come prepared for a long wait, as they had provided themselves with the now familiar camp stool, which is always prominent on these occasions. On the other hand, the police were waging war against the men who frequent such places with stools and forms, and as soon as any of them put in an appearance they were quickly pounced upon by the officers, who at once proceeded to destroy the intended stands before the eyes of the helpless owners. Among the sightseers were several of the Indian visitors in gorgeous coloured coats, tight-fitting trousers, and turbans, as well as some of the Australian and New Zealand troops.<ref name=":2" /> (6, Col. 3a)</blockquote> ==Related Events== This garden party was the culminating event of the official celebrations for Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, and more specific events led up to it: # Trip from Windsor to Paddington Station Queen Victoria and a large retinue traveled by train from Windsor to Paddington Station the day before, preceded on an earlier train by "the royal equipages sent from Buckingham Palace for the use of the Queen and her suite," which were<blockquote>First came the splendied semi-state landau in which the Queen made her now famous journey on June 22d. It was preceded by scarlet-coated outriders, and horsed by four magnificent bays driven by postilions in navy blue and white uniforms. Two similar carriages followed, and these were in turn succeeded by a number of pair-horse clarences for the conveyance of the household and suite, and several breaks and ‘buses for luggage. A captain's escort, furnished by the 2d Life Guards, and commanded by Captain Ellison, clattered along in rear of the carriages, and took up a position opposite the spot where, by prior arrangement, Her Majesty’s saloon was to be brought to a standstill. These magnificent troops, riding their great black horses, and with the sunlight dancing upon their nodding plumes, and reflected by their burnished helmets, cuirasses, and trappings, made a very fine show indeed. The escort did not carry the colour, as it did on the 21st, nor was it accompanied by the regimental trumpets.<ref name=":0">"Jubilee Festivities. The Queen Again in London. Interesting Functions. A Visit to Kensington. The Garden Party." ''North British Daily Mail'' 29 June 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3a–7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002683/18970629/083/0005. Print p. 5.</ref>{{rp|5, Col. 3b}}</blockquote> # Reception at Paddington # Visit to Kensington # Kensington to Buckingham Palace # The Garden Party # Return to Windsor by Way of Paddington === Foreign Admirals === On 29 June 1897, the day after the garden party, the ''North British Daily Mail'' reports that, after the Queen's garden party, the foreign admirals would return to Spithead for a tour around the dockyard and luncheon:<blockquote>THE FLEET AT SPITHEAD<p> The fleet at Spithead was again illuminated last night, the railway companies having duplicated the ordinary train service to bring visitors down. The Koenig Wilhelm was to have sailed on Sunday evening, but her departure has been deferred, and last night her officers gave a private dinner party aboard for the anniversary of the Queen’s Coronation. All the commissioned ships in the harbour were dressed at noon. A royal salute was fired. The [Col. 6c–7a] foreign admirals will return from their visit to London on the occasion of the Queen’s garden party to be conducted round the dockyard to-day, and they will be entertained to luncheon.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|5, Col. 6c–7a}}</blockquote> === Colonial Premiers === The day of the garden party the colonial premiers attended a meeting with Secretary of State for the Colonies, [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain|Joseph Chamberlain]]:<blockquote>THE COLONIAL PREMIERS The whole of the Colonial Premiers went to the Colonial Office yesterday for further conference with Mr Chamberlain, who received them in his private room, attended by Mr F. H. Wilson, legal assistant, Mr Reid and the Hon. T. Cochrane, M.P., assistant private secretaries. The conference lasted hours, and was of a strictly private and confidential character, the matters discussed involving several points of high State policy. Premiers will be entertained at Warwick Castle by the Earl and Countess of Warwick on July 15th. On the same occasion the Attorney General of Queensland will present a loving cup from Warwick, in Queensland, to the old county town of Warwick, from which it takes its name. He will be accompanied by the Colonial troopers.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|5, Col. 7a}}</blockquote> For these visitors to London during the Diamond Jubilee, the next major social event was on 15 July, at Warwick Castle, hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess of Warwick and Francis, 5th Earl of Warwick]], although perhaps some attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 fancy-dress ball]]. == Who Was Present == In the absence of a copy of the report about the garden party in the ''Court Circular'', the newspaper account with the fullest list of names is from the ''Morning Post'', although people further down the list can be impossible to identify, and two full columns are damaged (Col. 7 on p. 4 and Col. 1 on p. 5).<ref name=":1">“The Queen’s Garden Party.” ''Morning Post'' 29 June 1897, Tuesday: 4 [of 12], Cols. 1a–7c [of 7] and 5, Col. 1a–c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18970629/032/0004 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970629/032/0005.</ref> Whenever possible, then, what is here has been amended with other newspaper reports that have names to help decipher the illegible ones in the ''Morning Post'' account. The names in the Morning Post are grouped, mostly by rank and name. === People of Color at This Event === One purpose of a closer look at this event is to get a more precise list of names of people of color from the various countries in the empire, who were not recognized and thus not named in newspaper descriptions of other events. For example, the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 fancy-dress ball]] was said to include a number of South Asian dignitaries, but because the Duchess did not release to the newspapers the names of those who were invited, those dignitaries went mostly unnamed in the newspaper reports, if their presence was noted at all. Besides the South Asian guests invited to this garden party, some South Asian visitors to London were spectators as well:<blockquote>Among the sightseers were several of the Indian visitors in gorgeous coloured coats, tight-fitting trousers, and turbans, as well as some of the Australian and New Zealand troops.<ref name=":2" /> (6, Col. 3a)</blockquote>In a section on what people — mostly women — wore, the reporter for the ''Daily News'' said,<blockquote>Suffice to say, the modistes had done their best, and that their achievements excited general admiration. Here and there, however, was an Eastern beauty whose golden lace drapery, loosely enveloping a figure that owed nothing to the corset, challenged comparison, we will not say with what success, with the European model. In the almost entire absence of uniforms or Court dress, the costumes of the East Indian notables lent colour to the assemblage, while their pearls and diamonds, the wealth of Ormuz and of Ind, were not allowed to pass unobserved.<ref name=":3" /> (5, Col. 6b)</blockquote> === People Invited === # Queen Victoria, with escort and attendants ## Captain's Escort of the 2nd Life Guards ## The Duchess of Buccleuch, Mistress of the Robes ## The Dowager Lady Churchill, Lady in Waiting ## The Hon. Harriet Phipps, Woman of the Bedchamber ## Maids of Honour in Waiting ### The Hon. Mary Hughes ### The Hon. Aline Majendie ## the Earl of Kintore, Lord in Waiting ## Captain Drummond, Groom in Waiting ## Equerries in Waiting ### Major-General Sir John M'Neill, V.C. ### Lieutenant Colonel Davidson, M.V O. [sic] #Grand Duke and Grand Duchess Serge of Russia #Princess Henry of Battenberg, with attendants ##Miss Minnie Cochrane ##Colonel John Clerk, C.S.I., C.V.O. #Her Imperial Majesty the Empress Frederic, attended by ##the Dowager Lady Ampthill ##Lord Harris ##Colonel S. Waller ##Princess Hatzfeldt Trachenberg ##Count Seckendorff ##Baron and Baroness Reischach #Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales, with attendants ##Lady Suffield, Lady in Waiting ##Miss Knollys, Woman of the Bedchamber ##Lord Colville of Culross, K.T., G.C.V.O., Chamberlain to the Princess of Wales ##The Earl of Gosford, K.P., Lord in Waiting ##General Sir D. Probyn, G.C.V.O., K.C.B., K.C.S.I., V.C, Comptroller ##Sir Francis Knollys, K.C.M.G., C.B., Groom in Waiting ##Major-General Stanley Clarke, C.M.G., Equerry in Waiting #Princess Victoria of Wales #Their Royal Highnesses Prince and Princess Charles of Denmark #Their Royal Highnesses the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, attended by ##Lady Caroline Cust ##Mr. Hugo Erskine Wemyss ##Count Reventlow Criminil ##Baron von der Wense #Their Royal Highnesses Prince and Princess Christian, attended by ##Baroness von und zu Egloffstein ##Colonel the Hon. Charles Eliot #Her Highness Princess Victoria #His Highness Prince Christian Victor #His Highness Prince Albert of Schleswig-Holstein #Her Royal Highness Princess Louise Marchioness of Lorne and the Marquis of Lorne, attended by ##Lady Sophia Macnamara ##[[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Colonel Arthur Collins]], M.V.O. #Their Royal Highnesses Prince and Princess Henry of Prussia, attended by ##Admiral of the Fleet Sir Edmund Commerell ##Baron and Baroness Seckendorff ##Count Hahn ##Captain Muller #Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, attended by ##The Hon. Mrs. Monson ##His Excellency Herr von Schön ##Captain the Hon. D. J. Mouson [sic, s/b Monson?], M.V.O. ##Mr. A. D. J. Monson ##Captain von Ruxleben #Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha #The Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha #Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn, attended by ##Colonel and the Hon. Mrs. A. Egerton #Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Albany, attended by ##Sir Robert and Lady Collins ##Miss Potts #Her Royal Highness Princess Frederica of Hanover and Baron von Pawel Raminingen, attended by ##Mr. and Mrs. Charles Wood #His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, attended by ##Colonel A. C. FitzGeorge, C.B. #Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Teck and his Highness the Duke of Teck, attended by ##Lady Katherine Coke ##The Hon. A. Nelson Hood #Her Royal Highness Princess Louise Duchess of Fife and the Duke of Fife #His Highness the Prince and her Royal Highness Princess Frederic Charles of Hesse, attended by ##The Hon. A. Hay ##Fraulein von Tasmund ##Baron von Kotwitz #Their Highnesses Prince and Princess Aribert of Anhalt, attended by ##Miss Deverell ##Major Evan Martin #Her Royal Highness the Hereditary Princess of Saxe-Meiningen and her Serene Highness Princess Feodore of Saxe-Meiningen, attended by ##The Hon. Aubrey FitzClarence ##Miss von Dreskan ##Baron von Roeder #His Serene Highness the Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe #Their Highnesses Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar #Her Serene Highness Princess Victor of Hohenlohe #Countess Gleichen (x2) #Their Serene Highnesses Prince and Princess Adolphus of Teck #The Prince Francis and Prince Alexander of Teck #His Highness Prince Augustus Leopold of Saxe-Coburg #Their Serene Highnesses Prince and Princess Blucher von Wahlstatt #Their Serene Highnesses Prince and Princess Joachim Murat #Their Serene Highnesses [[Social Victorians/People/Pless|Prince and Princess Hans Henry Pless]] #Prince and Princess Loewenstein #Their Serene Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Arenberg #Prince Victor Duleep Singh #Prince Frederick Duleep Singh #Princess Duleep Singh (x2) #ARGENTINE REPUBLIC — M. Florencio Dominguez and M. Carlos Dominguez #BADEN — Herr yon Brauer, Mr. Brook Taylor, and Baron Bohlen Halbach #BAVARIA — His Royal Highness the Prince Rupert, General Sir L. Gardiner, K.C.V.O., C.B., Major Fairholme, Lieutenant-Colonel Emile von le Bret Nucourt, and Captain Othon von Stettin #BELGIUM — His Serene Highness the Prince Charles de Ligne, Princess de Ligne, Madlle. de Ligne, Mr. C. lnnes Ker, Count de Jonghe d'Ardoye, and the Marquis d’Asshe #BOLIVIA — M. Caso, Mr. Conway Seymour, M. Pedro Suarez, Madame Suarez, and M. Adolfo Bolivian #BRAZIL — M. [[Social Victorians/People/Souza Correa|de Souza Correa]] [Corréa?] #BULGARIA — Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Bulgaria, Colonel J. R. Slade, C.B., Madame Petrow Tchomakoff, Count Robert de Bourboulon, Lieutenant-Colonel Marcoff, Major Petrew, Captain Stoïanow, and Mr. Martin Furth #CENTRAL AMERICA (Greater Republic) — M. Medina and Miss Medina #CHILI — M. Ramon Subercasseaux and Mr. Raglan Somerset #CHINA — His Excellency Chang Yen Hoon, Colonel Mark Bell, V.C,. Mr. Liang, Mr. Jui, and Mr. Koo #COREA — His Excellency Min Young Hwan, Major A. Cavendish, Mr. Min Young Chan, Mr. Min Shangho, and Mr. von Rautenfeld #COSTA RICA — Senor Don Demetrio Iglesias, Mr. C. Alban Young, Dona Eudoxia Castro, Señorita Maria Iglesias, Don Ricardo Fernandez Guardia, and Dona Christina Castro Keith #DENMARK — His Royal Highness the Prince Waldemar, Major-General Arthur Ellis, C.S.I., M. Charles Rothe, and Captain Evers #EGYPT — Prince Mohammed Ali Pasha, Colonel Larking, Tigrane Pasha, Colonel Aziz Bey, Mr. George Smart, Said Zoulfikar Bey #ECUADOR — M. Navares, Colonel Concha #FRANCE — General Davoust, Duc d'Auerstadt, Duchesse d'Auerstadt, and Madlle. Davoust, Colonel Brabazon, Colonel Dawson, General Hagron, M. Crozier, Colonel Humbert, and Captain Riviers de Mauny #GERMANY — His Royal Highness the Prince Albert of Prussia, Prince Regent of Brunswick, Major-General Sir C. du Piat, K.C.B., Colonel Grierson, Lieutenant-General von Plessen, Colonel von Arnim, Captain Fischel, Count von der Schulenberg (Hofmarschall), Major Freiherr von Stein, Dr. Schreibe, Captain von Unzer #GREECE — M. Rangabi, Mr. R. D. Norton #GUATEMALA — Dr. Cruz, Madlles. Cruz (2), Señor Estrada #HAWAIIAN ISLANDS — Mr. S. M. Damon, Captain the Hon. H. Napier, Major Curtis P. Jaukea #HESSE — Their Royal Highnesses the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Hesse, Colonel the Hon. H. Byng, C.B., Baroness de Grancy, Baron Riedesel zu Eisenbach, Baron de Genadius Grancy #ITALY — Their Royal Highnesses the Crown Prince and Princess, the Earl of Clarendon, Colonel Needham, Countess Giulia Trigona, Lieutenant-General Terzaghi, Major Cavaliere Viganoni, Captain Cavaliere Merli Miglietti, Count Romnaldo Trigona, Cavaliere F. Comotto #JAPAN — His Imperial Highness the Prince Arisugawa, Mr. R. F. Synge, Captain Beaumont, R.N., Marquis Ito, Mr. S. Saito, Marquis Kido, Captain Funaki, Lieutenant-Colonel Murata, Lieutenant Kato, Mr. Nabeshima #LIBERIA — Mr. H. Hayman #LUXEMBURG — His Royal Highness the Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxemburg, Colonel H. D. Browne, Baron Ritter yon Grünstein #MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN — His Excellency Herr D. yon Vietinghoff, Mr. Eyre A. Crowe #MEXICO — Don Antonio Mier y Celis, Mr. Arnold Royle, C.B., Don Francisco R. Gallardo, Don Eustagino dc Escaudon, and Captain Don Ponfirio Diaz #MONTENEGRO — His Highness the Prince Danilo, Major the Hon. C Harbord, Colonel Djurcovitch, and Captain Pejanovitch #NETHERLANDS — Count van Lynden, Countess van Lynden, Mr. Horace West, and Count W. de Bylandt #PARAGUAY — M. E. Machain and Madame Machain #PERSIA — His Imperial Highness the Prince Amir Khan, General Sir Thomas Gordon, K.C.I.E., C.B., C.S.I.[,] Mr. Harry Churchill, General Karim Khan, Mirza Ahmad Khan, Mirza Ohaness Khan, Mirza Mohamad Ali Khan #PERU — Senor Canevaro, Duchesse de Zoagli Canevaro, Dr. Don A. N. Puente, Don Alfredo Elster, and Don Carlos von der Heyde #PORTUGAL — His Royal Highness the Duke of Oporto, Major the Hon. H. C Legge, M.V.O., Colonel Duval Telles, Captain Moreira de Sà, Major d'Albuquerque, and Lieutenant Jose de Melie[?] #ROME — Right Rev. Monsignore Sambucetti, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]], Right Rev. Monsignore Belmont, the Right Rev. Monsignore de Vaz, Marchesi and Marchesa Muccioli, of the Noble Guard #ROUMANIA — General Pancovici, Colonel G. P. Georgescu #RUSSIA — Their Imperial Highnesses the Grand Duke Serge and Grand Duchess Feodrowna, the Grand Duke Cyril, Lord Churchill, Lieutenant-Colonel Waters, Countess Olsouffiew, Princess Youssoupoff, Princess Lobanoff de Rostow, General Stépanoff, Colonel Gadon, and Prince Youssoupoff, Colonel Clements, Mr. Alexander Gordon Ross, and Sub-Lieutenant N. Coubé (A.D.C. to Grand Duke Cyril) #SAXE-COBURG — His Royal Highness the Prince Philip of Saxe-Coburg, Captain Walter Campbell, and Herr von Schön #SAXE-WEIMAR — His Highness the Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar, Mr. Frederick Campbell, and Count Zeppelin #SAXONY — His Royal Highness the Prince Frederick Augustus, Duke of Saxony, Colonel Howard, Freiherr yon Reitzenstern, First Lieutenant von Metzsch, and Baron von Oppell #SERVIA — M. Mijatovich and Madame Mijatovich #SIAM — His Royal Highness the Crown Prince and the Prince Mahit of Siam, Colonel E. H. Sartorius, V.C., Lieutenant-Colonel Rajavallabha, Lieutenant-Colonel C. Vernon Hume, Colonel Indaraty, Surgeon-Major Yarr #SPAIN — Duke of Sotomayor, Captain the Hon. A. Greville, Señor José Caro, Señor Alfonso Merry del Val, and Señor Benitez al Villar #SWEDEN AND NORWAY — His Royal Highness the Prince Eugène of Sweden and Norway, Captain G. L. Holford, Count G. Gyldenstolpe, Captain Roeder, Captain Baron Cederstrom #TURKEY — Munir Pasha, Major Surtees, Brigadier-General Nassir Pasha, Captain Enver Bey, Colonel Gordon Ponsonby #UNITED STATES — His Excellency the Hon. Whitelaw Reid, Mrs. Whitelaw Reid, Colonel Hallam Parr, Major-General Nelson A. Miles, Mrs. Nelson Miles, Rear-Admiral Joseph N. Miller, Captain M. P. Maus, Mr. Ogden Mills, Mrs. Ogden Mills, Mr. G. Creighton Webb, Mr. Erskine Hewett, Commander W. H. Emory, Lieutenant Philip Andrews, Lieutenant T. S. Rogers #URUGUAY — Dr. Alberto Nin, Madlle. Nin, Don Alfonso Saenz de Zumaran, Don Luis Posadas, Colonel C. Robido #WURTEMBURG— His Royal Highness the Duke Albert of Wurtemburg, Colonel C. Swaine, Lieutenant-General von Bilfinger, First Lieutenant Count von Degenfeld- Schonburg; five officers of the Queen's German Regiment: Major C. R. Burn (in attendance), Lieutenant-Colonel von Falkenhayn, Major von Arnim, First Lieutenant Baron von Moeller-Lilienstern, First Lieutenant von Gerlach, Second Lieutenant von Studnitz #"Native Princes, and gentlemen and ladies accompanying them"<ref name=":1" /> (4, Col. 2b) ##His Highness the Raja of Kaparthala ##His Highness the Thakur Sahib of Morvi, K.C.I.E. ##His Highness the Thakur Sahib of Gondal, C.I., and her Highness the Maharani of Gondal, C.I. ##Colonel Maharaj Dhiraz ##Sir Pratab Singh, K.C.S.I. ##Thakur Hari Singh[,?] ##Kunwar Dhokal Singh ##Rajah Ajit Singh of Khetri, attended by ##Rajkumar Unmaid Singh of Shahpura, attended by ###Colonel Trevor (in attendance upon the Rajah Ajit Singh of Khetri and the Rajkumar Unmaid Singh of Shahpura) ##Bijey Singh ##Sir Jamaetjee Jejeebhoy, Bart., C.S.I., Miss Jejeebhoy, Mr. Jejeebhoy ##Mr. and Mrs. Powrala ##Major J. G. Turner and Mrs. Turner ##Mr. A. R. Wood and Mrs. Wood #The "officers of the Imperial Service Troops, with British officers and ladies"<ref name=":1" /> (4, Col. 2b) ##Captain Mir Hashim Ali Khan Hyderabad-Resaldar ##Major Sunayat Singh, Kashmir ##Commandant Abdul Ganny, Gwalior ##Commandant Gooind, Rao Matkar, Indore ##Commandant Mirza Kurim Beg, Bhopal ##Rai Bahadur Dhunpat Rai, Jeypore ##Commandant Nand Singh, Patiala ##Commandant Rai Bahadur Thakur Dip Sing, Bikanir ##Commandant Chatru Singh, Bhartpur ##Resaldar Abdul Majid Khan, Babawalpur ##Commandant Daud Khan, Ulwar ##Commandant Nazir Khan, Rampur ##Risalda-Major Didar Singh, Sindi ##Risaldar-Major Kishan Singh, Nabha ##Risaldar Hara Singh, Karpurthala ##Risaldar Dhan Singhi, Bhavnagar ##Colonel H. Melliss, C.S.I., and Mrs. Melliss ##Major F. H. R. Drummond and Mrs. Drummond ##Captain F. Angelo ##Lieutenant H. Coape-Smith ##Captain G. F. Chenevix-Trench #The "officers of Native Cavalry Corps with British officers and ladies"<ref name=":1" /> (4, Col. 2b) ##Risaldar-Major Baha-ud-din-Khan ##Sardar Bahadur, A.D.C. to Viceroy ##Risaldar-Major Sayyid Abdul Aziz ##Risaldar-Major Khan Bahadur ##Risaldar-Major Izzat Khan ##Risaldar-Major Hukam Singh ##Risaldar-Major Sher Singh ##Risaldar-Major Husain Khan ##Risaldar-Major Mangal Singh ##Risaldar-Major Kesar Singh ##Risaldar- Major Faiz Khan ##Risaldar-Major Muhammad Umar Khan ##Risaldar-Major Ali Mahomed Khan ##Risaldar-Major Mihrab Ali Khan ##Risaldar Kaddam Khan ##Risaldar Jahanzir Khan ##Risaldar Nadir Khan ##Risaldar Mir Haidar Shah Khan ##Risaldar Makbul Khan ##Risaldar Net Ram ##Ressaidar Gurdatt Singh ##Subadar Muhammed Beg Junadar ##Abdul Karin Khan ##Lieutenant-Colonel J. C. H. Gordon and Mrs. Gordon ##Major A. Phayre and Mrs. Phayre ##Captain C. F. Campbell ##Captain P. Melville, in attendance on his Highness Thakur Sahib of Morvi ##Captain M'Cartney Filgate, in attendance on their Highnesses the Thakur Sahib and Maharani of Gondal ##Mr. Nowroz ##M. Parveez ##Sir M. Mansherjee Bhownaggree, M.P. ##Mr. Percy Armytage and Mrs. Armytage ##Mr. Frank Cook, C.I.E., and Mrs. Frank Cook #The "commanding officers of Colonial contingents, with the ladies accompanying them"<ref name=":1" /> (4, Col. 2b) ##Colonel the Hon. M. and Mrs. Aylmer, Canada ##Colonel and Mrs. Lassetter, New South Wales ##Major Reay, Victoria ##Colonel Pitt, New Zealand ##Major and Miss King, Queensland ##Lieutenant and Mrs. Phillips, Cape of Good Hope ##Lieutenant-Colonel Rowell, South Australia ##Major Strickland, Western Australia ##Captain Shepstone, Natal ##Major and Miss Reeves, Ceylon ##Mr. Badeley, Hong Kong ##Colonel Walker, C.M.G., and Mrs. Walker, Straits Settlements ##Captain Lucie Smith, Jamaica ##Lieutenant-Colonel E. B. M'lnnis, C.M.G., and Mrs. M'lnnis, British Guiana ##Major Rooks, Trinidad ##Captain Bernard, Malta ##Captain Kershaw, Cyprus ##Captain and Mrs. Middlemist, Gold Coast ##Inspector Hook, Lagos ##Captain Blakeney, Sierra Leone ##Lieutenant Festing, Royal Niger Company ##Captain Flint, British North Borneo Company ##The Hon. M. Gifford, Rhodesian Horse ##The following British officers attached: Lieutenant-Colonel Boulton, Lieutenant-Colonel Prior, Lieutenant-Colonel Tucker, Lieutenant-Colonel Domville, Lieutenant-Colonel Gibson, and Lieutenant-Colonel Tyrwhitt #The "gentlemen representing the various races in the Island of Ceylon"<ref name=":1" /> (4, Col. 2c) ##Maha Mudaliyar don Solomon Dias Bandaranaihe ##The Hon. Alexander Dealius Sonewiratne ##M. E. Rowland Goonoratne ##M. Charles de Soysa Dessanayaka ##Panabokko Jikiri Banda ##Nugawela Kuia Banda ##Kobbokeduwe Loku Banda ##M. E. S. W. Senathi rajah [sic] and Mrs. Senathi ##M. J. H. de Saram and Miss de Saram ##M. P. Ramanathan ##M. Saunders and Miss Saunders #The "members of the Corps Diplomatique and other foreigners of distinction"<ref name=":1" /> (4, Col. 2c) ##The Russian Ambassador, Madame de Staal, Madlle. de Staal, Madame de Stoeckl, Princess de San Donato, Madame Yermoloff, Madlle. Yermoloff, the Councillor, three Secretaries, and four Attachés of Embassy ##The German Ambassador, Countess Paul Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg, her Serene Highness Princess Hans Hohenlohe-Oehringen, Baroness yon Eckardtstein, the Councillor, two Secretaries, three Attachés of Embassy, and the Director of the Chancery ##The Austro-Hungarian Ambassador, Countess Deym, Countess Isabella Deym, Countess Clary Aldringen, Baroness Ferstel, the Councillor, two Secretaries, and four Attachés of Embassy ##The French Ambassador, Baroness de Courcel[,] Madlle. de Courcel, Madame Geoffray, the Minister Plenipotentiary, five Secretaries, and three Attachés of Embassy ##The Italian Ambassador, Princess Ruspoli, three Secretaries, and three Attachés of Embassy ##The Spanish Ambassador, Countess de Casa Valencia; Mesdlles. de Alcala Galiano (2), Marquise de Guiria, Donna de Zea Bermudez, Countess de Morella, Donna de Ia Camara y Livermore, three Secretaries, and four Attachés of Embassy ##The Turkish Ambassador, Madame Antbopoulos, the Councillor, and two Secretaries of Embassy ##The United States Ambassador, Mrs. Hay, Miss Hay, Mrs. Henry White, Mrs. Carter, Mrs. Colwell, two Secretaries, one Attaché of Embassy, and the Private Secretary to the Ambassador ##The Argentine Minister, Madame Dominguez, Mesdlles. Dominguez (3), and the Secretary of Legation ##The Persian Minister, and one Secretary of Legation ##The Danish Minister, Madame de Bille, Madame Gosch, and the Secretary of Legation ##The Siamese Minister, Mrs. Verney, Miss Verney, Mrs. Loftus, the Councillor, the Secretary, the Attaché, and the Interpreter to the Legation ##The Liberian Minister ##The Roumanian Minister and the Councillor of the Legation ##The Netherlands Minister, Baroness de Goltstein d'Oldenaller, Baroness Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, and the Councillor of Legation ##The Belgian Minister, the Councillor, and two Secretaries of Legation ##The Mexican Minister, Madame Yturbe, Madame Romero, Madame Farias, Madame Garcia, two Secretaries and three Attachés of Legation ##The Japanese Minister, Madame Kato, two Secretaries, and three Atachés [sic] of Legation ##The Minister for Sweden and Norway, Countess Lewenhaupt, and the Attaché of Legation ##The Chinese Minister, Lady Macartney, the English Secretary, three Secretaries, and four Attachés of Legation ##The Portuguese Minister, Madlle. de Quilinan, three Secretaries, and one Attaché of Legation ##The Swiss Minister, Madame Bourcart, Madame de Salis, the Secretary, and the Attaché of Legation ##The Haytian Chargé d’Affaires ##The Chargé d’Affaires of Greece, Madame Metaxas, and the Attaché ##The Chargé d’Affaires of Chile and Madame Bascunan ##Two Secretaries and one Attaché of the Brazilian Legation ##Count E. van Rosen ##Mr. Hippolyte de Aranjo ##Vice-Admiral Montt ##Mr. Pinto, Mrs. Pinto ##Mr. and Mrs. Scaramanga ##Vicomte de Galard ##Dr. Arnold, and Madlle. von Rappoport ##Mrs. John Meiggs, Miss Meiggs ##Miss Margaret Butler ##Mrs. Henry Morgan ##Hon. Chauncey Depew ##Mr. and Mrs. James Taylor ##Mr. and Mrs. Charles Marshall ##Mr. and Mrs. Edmund Bayliss ##Mrs. Colgate ##Miss Furniss ##Miss Wells ##Miss Harris ##Hon. Levi P. Morton, Mrs. Morton, and the Misses Morton ##The Bishop of Illinois and Mrs. Leonard, Miss Leonard ##The Bishop of Albany and Mrs. Doane ##The Bishop of New York and Mrs. Potter ##the Bishop of Minnesota and Mrs. Whipple ##Mr. and Mrs. Walter Burns ##Mrs. Douglas Grant ##Miss Scott ##Mrs. Grace, Miss Margarita Grace ##Mrs. Wentworth ##Miss van Wart ##M. Valentin de Courcel ##Madame la Marquise de Talleyrand Perigord ##Comte Boson de Perigord ##Vicomte d'Espenilles ##Madame and Madlle. Thierry Delanoue ##Madlle. de la Cherè ##M. Cellerier ##M. and Madame Delawarre ##Madame Evelina Fenzi ##Count A. Zannini ##M. and Madame Jules Cottran ##Chevalier E. Mazzuechi ##Signor A. Tedeschi ##Signor A. Mariotti ##Captain Lucian von Ziegler ##Chevalier Lieutenant von Barry ##Baron Georg Rothschild ##Privy Councillor Count Berchtold ##Baron G. E. Levi, Baroness Levi ##Commander E. Philipson, Mrs. E. Philipson ##The Duke and Duchess of San Germano Calabritto ##The Marquis of San Vito ##Donna Lidia Serramezzana ##Donna Margherita Chigi ##Marchioness Vitelleschi ##Chevalier Elia ##Count de Franqueville ##Count Urbain Chevrau ##M. Marcel Fonquier ##M. Baudon de Mony, Madame Baudon de Mony ##Duchess de Rohan ##Marquis de Lastorgrie, Marchioness de Lastorgrie ##Count de Boisgelin, Countess L. de Boisgelin ##M. Stern, Madame Stern, Madlle. Stern ##Count Charles du Luart ##General de Saucy ##M. E. Seydoux ##Count Jean de Madre ##M. de Monbrison ##Baron de la Chevrelière ##Count de la Villestreux, Countess de la Villestreux ##Count Urbain de Maille, Countess Urbain de Maille ##General Faveret de Kerbrich ##Monsieur de la Haye Jousselin ##Baronne Faveret de Kerbrich ##Colonel Matton ##M. Ferinier Didet ##Madame Ferinier Didet ##Donna Isabella Colonna, Donna Victoria Colonna ##Pom-k-Soh ##Madame Reyntiens ##Marquis de Fuente Hermosa ##Herr Rudolf Swobody ##M. Lauritz Tuxen ##Duchesse de Baiten ##M. de Marcoarti ##Comte de Heeren, Madlle. de Heeren ##Monsieur M. de Mauny Talvande ##Senor Don Nicolas Campero ##Lieutenant Charny ##Lieutenant Sanders ##Madame and Madlle. de Mouni ##Comtesse de Montsoulmin #"Foreign Admirals and Commanding Officers and Staffs"<ref name=":1" /> (4, Col. 3a / Col. 3b) ##Austrian Admiral Baron von Spaun, Commander von Ziegler, Lieutenant Retter yon Barry, Lieutenant Mitchell, R.N. (attached) ##Danish Admiral H. H. Koch, Captain Waudel, Lieutenant Middelboc, Lieutenant Majendie, R.N. (attached) ##French Admiral C. F. E. De Courthille, Captain Germinet, Commander Poidlone, Lieutenant Perdriel, Sub-Lieutenant de Caqueray, Lieutenant Phillimore, R.N. (attached) ##Italian Admiral C. E. Morin, Commander Count Prasca, Lieutenant Lunghetti, Lieutenant Count Morano, Lieutenant Henderson. R.N. (attached) ##German Admiral his Royal Highness Prince Henry of Prussia, Captain Muller, Lieutenant von Spee, Sub-Lieutenant Wittman, Lieutenant Garforth, R.N. (attached) ##Japanese Admiral H.I.H. Prince Arizugawa, Captain Miura, Commander Tsuda, Lieutenant Stewart, R.N. (attached) ##Netherlands Admiral F. K. Englebrecht, Captain de Groot, Lieutenant Baron von Hardenbrock, Lieutenant Woolcombe, R.N. (attached) ##Norwegian Rear-Admiral von Krogh, Captain Muller, Lieutenant Petersen, Lieutenant Kerr Pearse, R.N. (attached) ##Portuguese Captain Barreto de Vascomellos, Captain de Cartillo, Lieutenant Trye, R.N. (attached) ##Russian Admiral Nicholas Skrydloff, Captain Domojiroff, Lieutenant Stetsenkoff, Lieutenant Twisleton Wykeham Fiennes, R.N. (attached) ##Spanish Admiral Don Segismundo Bermijo y Merelo, Captain Don Antonio Eulate y Fery, Lieutenant Don Juan Romero, Lieutenant Don Antonio Romero, Lieutenant Fair, R.N. (attached) ##Swedish Admiral A. F. H. Klintberg, Captain Ingelman, Commander Flack, Lieutenant Alton, R.N. (attached) ##United States Admiral J. N. Miller, Lieutenaut Richmond (attached) ##Captain de Mar E. Guerra ##Captain R. S. D. Cumins #The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Countess Cadogan #The Right Hon. the Speaker and Mrs. Gully, Miss Gully, and Miss Shelly Gully #Cardinal Vaughan #Right Hon. the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress, and Misses Faudel Phillips (2) #The Gold Stick in Waiting, Silver Stick in Waiting, Silver Stick Adjutant in Waiting #Officer Commanding 1st Life Guards and five officers #Officer Commanding 2nd Life Guards and four officers #Officer Commanding Royal Horse Guards and four officers #Officer Commanding 2nd Dragoons and three officers #Field Officer in Brigade Waiting, Adjutant in Brigade Waiting #Commanding Officer Grenadier Guards #Commanding Officer Coldstream Guards #Commanding Officer Scots Guards, a Regimental Adjutant #Commanding Officer 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions Grenadier Guards and three officers of each Battalion #Commanding Officer 1st and 2nd Battalions Coldstream Guards and three officers of each Battalion #Commanding Officer 1st and 2nd Battalions of Scots Guards and three officers of each Battalion #Commanding Officer Woolwich District and six officers #Commanding Officer R.H.A. Home District and two officers #Commanding Officer R.E. and four officers #Commanding Officer 2nd Battalion Lincolnshire Regiment and three officers #Commanding Officer Royal Marines (Chatham) and four officers #Commanding Officer Royal Marines (Portsmouth) and two officers #Four officers of the Honourable Corps of the Gentlemen at Arms #Archbishops — Canterbury, York, Armagh, Ontario, Rupertsland #Dukes and Duchesses ##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Argyll|Argyll]] ##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Abercorn]] ##The Duchess of De Baileu ##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Buccleuch|Buccleuch]] ##The Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Cleveland|Cleveland]] ##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Devonshire]] ##The Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton|Hamilton]] ##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Leeds|Leeds]] ##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Marlborough]] ##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester|Manchester]] ##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Montrose]] ##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Newcastle]] ##The Duke of [[Social Victorians/People/Norfolk|Norfolk]] ##The Duke of [[Social Victorians/People/Northumberland|Northumberland]] ##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Portland]] ##The Duke of [[Social Victorians/People/Richmond and Gordon|Richmond and Gordon]] ##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Roxburghe]] ##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset|Somerset]] ##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Sutherland|Sutherland]] ##The Duke and Duchess of St. Albans ##The Duke and Duchess of Wellington ##The Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|Westminster]] #Marquises and Marchionesses ##The Marquis of Abergavenny ##The Marchioness of Ailesbury ##The Marquis and Marchioness of Ailsa ##The Marquis of Anglesey ##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Breadalbane]] ##The Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough#Marchioness of Blandford|Blandford]] ##The Marquis and Marchioness of Bristol ##The Marquis of [[Social Victorians/People/Camden|Camden]] ##The Marquis and Marchioness of Conyngham ##Dowager [Marchioness of] Conyngham ##The Marchioness of Cassar de Sai[n] ##The Marquis and Marchioness of Cholmondeley ##The Marquis of D'Auerstadt ##The Marquis and Marchioness [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor|D'Hautpoul]] ##The Marquis and Marchioness of Downshire ##Dowager [Marchioness of] Downshire ##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|Dufferin and Ava]] ##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Exeter|Exeter]] ##The Marquis and Marchioness of Granby ##The Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Rawdon-Hastings Chetwynd|Hastings]] ##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Bective|Headfort]] ##The Marquis and Marchioness of Hertford ##The Marquis and Marchioness of Huntly ##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn#James Hamilton, Marquess of Hamilton|Hamilton]] ##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Lansdowne]] ##The Marquis and Marchioness of Lothian ##Dowager (Marchioness of) [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Londonderry]] ##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Londonderry]] ##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Ormonde]] ##The Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Queensberry|Queensberry]] ##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon|Ripon]] ##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Salisbury]] ##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Tweeddale]] ##Dowager (Marchioness of) [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Tweeddale]] ##John Stewart-Murray, [[Social Victorians/People/Atholl|Marquess of Tullibardine]] ##Lawrence, [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland|Marquess of Zetland]] and Lilian, [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland|Marchioness of Zetland]] #Earls and Countesses ##Countess of Aberdeen and Dowager Countess of Aberdeen ##Earl and Countess of Albemarle and Dowager Countess of Albemarle ##Earl and Countess of Ancaster ##Earl and Countess of Amherst ##Earl of Ava ##Earl and Countess of Antrim ##Earl and Countess of Aylesford ##Earl and Countess of Annesley ##Earl and Countess of Airlie ##Earl and Countess of Arran ##Earl of Aberdeen ##Earl and Countess of Bandon ##Countess of Bantry ##Earl and Countess of Beauchamp ##Earl and Countess of Bathurst and Dowager Countess of Bathurst ##Countess of Bective ##Earl and Countess of Belmore ##Earl of Bradford ##Countess of Bremer ##Earl and Countess of Brownlow ##Earl and Countess of Buckinghamshire ##Earl of Burford ##Earl and Countess of Cairns ##Earl and Countess of Caledon ##Earl of Camperdown ##Earl of Cardigan ##Earl and Countess of Carnarvon and Dowager Countess of Carnarvon ##Earl of Carnwath ##Earl and Countess of Carrington ##Earl and Countess of Carysfort ##Earl and Countess of Castlestuart ##Earl and Countess of Cathcart ##Earl and Countess of Cavan ##Earl and Countess of Chesterfield ##Earl and Countess of Chichester ##Dowager Countess of Clancarty ##Countess of Clanwilliam ##Earl and Countess of Compton ##Countess of Cottenham ##Earl of Courtown ##Earl and Countess of Cowper ##Earl and Countess of Cranbrook ##Earl and Countess of Craven and Dowager Countess of Craven ##Earl and Countess of Crawford ##Earl of Crewe ##Earl and Countess of Cork and Orrery ##Earl and Countess of Coventry ##Countess of Cromartie and Dowager Countess of Cromartie ##Earl and Countess of Dalkeith ##Earl and Countess of Dartmouth ##Earl and Countess of De Grey ##Dowager Countess of De La Warr ##Earl and Countess of Denbigh ##Earl and Countess of Derby ##Earl and Countess of Donoughmore ##Earl and Countess of Drogheda ##Earl of Ducie ##Earl and Countess of Dudley and Dowager Countess of Dudley ##Earl and Countess of Dundonald ##Earl and Countess of Dunmore ##Earl and Countess of Dunraven ##Earl of Durham ##Earl and Countess of Eglinton and Winton ##Earl of Eldon ##Earl and Countess of Ellesinere ##Earl and Countess of Enniskillen ##Earl and Countess of Erne ##Earl and Countess of Errol ##Earl and Countess of Essex and Dowager Countess of Erroll ##Earl of Euston ##Earl and Countess of Feversham ##Earl and Countess of Fingall ##Earl of Fortescue ##Earl and Countess of Gainsborough ##Earl and Countess of Galloway ##Earl and Countess of Glasgow ##Countess of Gosford ##Earl and Countess of Granard ##Countess of Granville ##Earl and Countess of Grey ##Countess of Grosvenor ##Countess of Guilford ##Earl and Countess of Harewood and Dowager Countess of Harewood ##Earl and Countess of Harrington ##Earl and Countess of Hopetoun ##Earl and Countess of Huntingdon ##Earl and Countess of Harrowby ##Countess of Hohenau ##Countess of Howe ##Earl and Countess of Iddesleigh ##Earl and Countess of Jersey ##Earl and Countess of Kenmare ##Earl of Kerry ##Earl and Countess of Kilmorey ##Earl of Kimberley ##Earl and Countess of Kingston ##Earl of Kinnoull ##Josephine, Countess Kinsky ##Earl and Countess of Kintore ##Countess of Leitrim ##Earl and Countess of Lanesborough ##Countess of Lathom ##Earl and Countess of Lauderdale ##Countess of Leicester ##Earl and Countess of Leven and Melville ##Earl and Countess of Lichfield ##Earl and Countess of Limerick ##Earl and Countess of Lindsay ##Earl and Countess of Lisburne ##Earl and Countess of Listowel ##Earl and Countess of Londesborough ##Earl and Countess of Longford ##Earl and Countess of Lonsdale and Dowager Countess of Lonsdale ##Earl and Countess of Loudoun ##Earl and Countess of Lovelace ##Earl and Countess of Lucan ##Countess of Lytton ##Countess of Macclesfield ##Earl and Countess of Malmesbury and Dowager Countess of Malmesbury ##Earl and Countess of Mar ##Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie and Dowager Countess of Mar and Kellie ##Earl and Countess of Mayo and Dowager Countess of Mayo ##Countess of Meath ##Countess of Metaxas ##Earl and Countess of Mexborough ##Earl and Countess of Minto ##Earl of De Montalt ##Earl and Countess of Morley ##Earl and Countess of Morton and Dowager Countess of Morton ##Earl of Nelson ##Earl and Countess of Norbury ##Earl of Northbrook ##Earl and Countess of Northesk and Dowager Countess of Northesk ##Earl and Countess of Onslow ##Earl of Orford ##Countess of Oxford ##Earl and Countess of Pembroke ##Countess of Percy ##Earl and Countess of Portarlington ##Earl and Countess of Portsmouth ##Earl and Countess of Powis ##Earl and Countess of Radnor ##Earl and Countess of Ravensworth ##Earl and Countess of Roden ##Earl and Countess of Romney ##Lawrence, [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland|Earl of Ronaldshay]] ##Earl of Rosebery ##Earl and Countess of Rosse ##Earl and Countess of Rosslyn and Dowager Countess of Rosslyn ##Earl of Sandwich ##Earl of Scarbrough ##Earl and Countess of Selborne ##Countess of Selkirk ##Countess of Shaftesbury ##Dowager Countess of Shrewsbury and Talbot ##Earl and Countess of Spencer ##Earl and Countess of Stamford ##Earl and Countess of Stanhope ##Earl and Countess of St. Germans ##Earl of Stradbroke ##Earl of Strafford ##Earl and Countess of Suffolk and Berkshire ##Earl and Countess of Temple (of Stowe) ##Earl and Countess of Verulam ##Earl and Countess of Waldegrave ##Earl and Countess of Warwick ##Earl and Countess of Westmeath ##Earl and Countess of Wharncliffe ##Elizabeth, Dowager Countess of Wilton and Isabella, Dowager Countess of Wilton ##Earl and Countess of Winchilsea and Nottingham ##Earl and Countess of Winterton ##Earl and Countess of Yarborough and Dowager Countess of Yarborough #Viscounts<ref name=":1" /> (4, Col. 3c / Col. 4a) and Viscountesses ##Viscount and Viscountess of Boyne ##Viscountess of Cantelupe ##Viscount and Viscountess of Castlerosse ##Viscount and Viscountess of Chelsea ##Viscount and Viscountess of Chetwynd ##Viscountess of Chewton ##Viscount and Viscountess of Clifden ##Viscount and Viscountess of Cobham ##Viscount and Viscountess of Coke ##Viscount of Corry ##Viscount and Viscountess of Cranborne ##Viscount of Crichton ##Viscount and Viscountess of Cross ##Viscount of Curzon ##Viscount and Viscountess of Dalrymple ##Viscount and Viscountess of Deerhurst ##Viscount and Viscountess of De Vesci ##Viscount and Viscountess of Dillon ##Viscount of Doneraile ##Viscount and Viscountess of Duncannon ##Viscount of Dungarvan ##Viscount and Viscountess of Ebrington ##Viscount and Viscountess of Emlyn ##Viscount of Encombe ##Viscount and Viscountess of Exmouth ##Viscount and Viscountess of Falkland ##Viscount and Viscountess of Falmouth ##Viscount of Fitz Harris ##Viscount and Viscountess of Folkestone ##Viscount and Viscountess of Frankfort de Montmorency ##Viscount and Viscountess of Gage ##Viscount and Viscountess of Galway ##Viscount and Viscountess of Garnock ##Viscount and Viscountess of Gough ##Viscount of Gort ##Viscount and Viscountess of Halifax ##Viscount and Viscountess of Hardinge ##Viscount of Harrington ##Viscount and Viscountess of Hood ##Viscount and Viscountess of Kilcoursie ##Viscount and Viscountess of Knutsford ##Viscount and Viscountess of Lifford ##Viscount of Llandaff ##Viscount and Viscountess of Maitland ##Viscount and Viscountess of Marsham ##Viscount and Viscountess of Massereene and Ferrard ##Viscount and Viscountess of Melville ##Viscount and Viscountess of Midleton ##Viscount and Viscountess of Milton ##Viscount and Viscountess of Monck ##Viscount and Viscountess of Morpeth ##Dowager Viscountess of Mountmorres ##Viscount and Viscountess of Newark ##Viscount and Viscountess of Newport ##Viscount and Viscountess of Oxenbridge ##Viscount of Parker ##Viscount of Peel ##Viscount and Viscountess of Portman ##Viscount and Viscountess of Powerscourt ##Viscount and Viscountess of Raincliffe ##Viscountess of Sherbrooke ##Viscount of Sidmouth ##Viscount of St. Cyres ##Viscount of Southwell ##Viscount of Suirdale ##Viscount and Viscountess of Templetown ##Viscountess of Torrington ##Viscount and Viscountess of Trafalgar ##Viscount and Viscountess of Valentia ##Viscount of Valletort ##Viscount of Villiers ##Viscountess of Wolseley #Bishops — Auckland, Barry, Bath and Wells, British Colombia, Chichester, Durham, Ely, Exeter, Gloucester and Bristol, Gibraltar, Hereford, London, Lichfield, Lincoln, Manchester, Newcastle, Norwich, Oxford, Peterborough, Rochester, Ripon, Stepney, Southwark, St. Albans, Salisbury, Sodor and Man, Southwell, Sydney, Sierra Leone, Worcester, Winchester, Wellington #Baronesses — Burdett-Coutts, Macdonald #Lords and Ladies<ref name=":1" /> (4, Col. 4b / Col. 5a) — ##Lord and Lady Abercromby ##Lord and Lady Aberdare ##Lord Aberdour ##Lady Abinger ##Lady Alexandra Acheson ##Lady Adam ##Lady Adderley ##Lord and Lady Addington ##Lady Adye ##Lady Agnew ##Lady Alderson ##Lord and Lady Alington ##Lady Alison ##Lady Mildred Allsopp ##Lord and Lady Amherst of Hackney ##Lady Heathcoat Amory ##Lord and Lady Ampthill ##Lady Agnes Anderson ##Lady Bertha Anson ##Lady Arbuthnot ##Lady Alice Archer Houblon ##Lord Ardee ##Lord and Lady Ardilaun ##Lady Armstrong ##Lady Arnold ##Lady Arnott ##Lord and Lady Ashbourne ##Lord and Lady Ashburton and Dowager Ashburton ##Lord and Lady Ashcombe ##Lady Alice Ashley ##Lady Edith Ashley ##Lady Ashmead-Bartlett ##Lord and Lady Ashton ##Lord and Lady Ashtown ##Lady Florence Astley ##Lady Gertrude Astley-Corbett ##Lady Austin ##Lord Bagot ##Lady Bailey ##Lady Blanche Baillie ##Lady Baird ##Lady Baker ##Lord Balcarres ##Lord and Lady Balfour of Burleigh, Lady Nina Balfour and Lady Betty Balfour ##Lord Balvaird ##Lord Bangor ##Dowager Lady Barclay ##Lord and Lady Barnard ##Lady Florence Barnardiston ##Lady Constance Barne ##Lady Barran ##Lady Barrington ##Lord and Lady Basing ##Lord and Lady Bateman ##Lady Evelyn Bathurst ##Lord and Lady Battersea ##Lady Steuart Bayley ##Lady Violet Beauchamp ##Lord Osborne Beauclerk and Lady Beauclerk (2) ##Lady A. Beaumont ##Lady Bedford ##Lord and Lady Belhaven and Stenton and Dowager Belhaven and Stenton ##Lord and Lady Bellew and Dowager Bellew ##Lord and Lady Belper ##Lady Charles Beresford ##Lady William Beresford (Lilian Duchess of Marlborough) ##Lady Bergne ##Lord and Lady Bertie and Lady Elizabeth Bertie ##Lady Biddulph, Lady Elizabeth Biddulph and Lady Wilfreda Biddulph ##Lady Bigge ##Lord and Lady Bingham ##Lord and Lady Binning ##Lord Blackwood, Lord Basil Blackwood. Lady Hermione Blackwood and Lord Terence Blackwood ##Lady Bloomfield ##Lady Blythswood ##Lord and Lady Bolton ##Lady Maud Bootle-Wilbraham, Lady Bertha Bootle-Wilbraham and Lady Edith Bootle-Wilbraham ##Lord Borthwick ##Lady Margaret Boscawen ##Lord and Lady Boston ##Lady Boughey ##Lady Albreda Bourke and Lady Florence Bourke ##Lady Bowen ##Lady Bower ##Lady Muriel Boyle and Lady Boyle (2) ##Lady Mary Brabazon ##Lady Brackenbury ##Lady Braddon ##Lady Bramwell ##Lady Bramston ##Lord Brassey, Lady Idina Brassey and Lady Violet Brassey ##Lord and Lady Braye ##Lady Mary Bridgeman ##Lady Eleanor Brodie ##Lady Hilda Brodrick ##Lady De Capel Brooke and Dowager Brooke ##Lady Cunliffe Brooks ##Lord and Lady Brougham and Vaux ##Lord and Lady Ulick Browne, Lady Browne and Lady Crichton Browne ##Lady Brownlow ##Lord and Lady F. Brudenell-Bruce ##Lady Brunner ##Dowager Buchanan-Riddeil ##Lady Audrey Buller ##Lady Burdett ##Lord and Lady Burghclere ##Lord Burghley ##Lady Agnes Burne ##Lady Burrell ##Lord and Lady Burton ##Lady Butler and Lady Butler (2) ##Lord and Lady Arthur Butter ##Lady Buxton and Lady Victoria Buxton ##Lady Susan Byng ##Lord and Calthorpe ##Lady C. Cameron and Lady Margaret Cameron ##Lord and Lady Archibald Campbell and Lady A. Campbell ##Lord and Lady George Campbell ##Lady Campbell-Bannerman ##Lord and Lady Camoys ##Lord and Lady Carbery and Dowager Carbery ##Lady Carbutt ##Lady Cardon ##Lord and Lady Cardross ##Lord and Lady Carew ##Lady Carmichael ##Lord and Lady Carnegie ##Lord and Lady Castlemaine ##Lord and Lady Castletown ##Lady Eva Cathcart and Lady R. Cathcart ##Lady Frederick Cavendish, Lady Myra Cavendish, Lady Evelyn Cavendish and Lady Harriet Cavendish ##Lord Charles Cavendish-Bentinck, Lord and Lady Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, Lord William Cavendish-Bentinck, Lady Ottoline Cavendish-Bentinck ##Lord and Eustace Cecil, Lord Hugh Cecil, Lord and John Cecil, Lord and Edward Cecil, Lord and Lady Robert Cecil, Lord W. Cecil, Lady Gwendolen Cecil, Lady Florence Cecil, Lady William Cecil, Lady Louisa Cecil ##Lady Francis Cecil-Dallas ##Lady Chamberlain ##Lady Chelmsford ##Lord and Lady Chesham ##Lady Chetwode ##Lord Cheylesmore ##Lord and Lady Fitzwarine Chichester ##Lady Chitty ##Lady Cholmeley ##Lady Henry Cholmondeley ##Lady Clements (2) ##Lady Churchill, Lady Randolph Churchill, Dowager Churchill, Lady Spencer Churchill (2) ##Lord Edward Spencer-Churchill, Lady Alfred Spencer-Churchill ##Lord and Lady Churston ##Lord and Lady Clifford of Chudleigh ##Lady Marshal Clarke, Lady E. Clarke ##Lady Isabel Clayton ##Lord and Lady Clinton ##Lord and Lady Clonbrock ##Lord Cloncurry ##Lady Muriel Close ##Lady Evelyn Cobbold ##Lady Cochrane, Lady Gertrude Cochrane, Lady Adela Cochrane ##Lady Coddington ##Lady Mabel Coke ##Lord and Lady Colchester ##Lady Cole (2) ##Lady Colebrooke ##Lord and Lady Coleridge ##Lady Collins ##Lady Colomb ##Lady Colvile, Lady Colville ##Lord and Lady Colville of Culross ##Lady Jane Seymour Combe, Lady Constance Combe ##Lady Commerell ##Lord and Lady Alwyne Compton ##Lady Dowager Congleton ##Lord and Lady Connemara ##Lady Conyers ##Lady Blanche Conyngham ##Lady Cooper ##Lady Evelyn Cotterell ##Lord and Lady Cottesloe ##Lady Couch ##Lord and Lady Courtenay ##Lady Coventry (2) ##Lady Cowell ##Lady Helen Craven ##Lord and Lady Crawshaw ##Lady Evelyn Crichton, Lady Emma Crichton ##Lord Crofton ##Lady Cromer ##Lady Mary Crosse ##Lady Crossley ##Lady Mary Cuffe ##Lady Culme-Seymour ##Lady Cunliffe ##Lady Georgiana Curzon ##Lady Elizabeth Cust ##Lady Ida Dalzell ##Lady Mary Dashwood ##Lord and Lady Davey ##Lady Victoria Dawnay, Lady Evelyn Dawnay, Lady Adelaide Dawnay ##Lady Decies ##Lord and Lady De Freyne ##Lord and Lady De L’Isle and Dudley ##Lord De Manley ##Lady Mildred Denison, Lady Elinor Denison ##Lord Deramore ##Lord and Lady De Ramsey ##Lady Dering ##Lady De Ross ##Lord and Lady De Saumarez ##Lady Des Voeux ##Lady De Trafford, Lady Agnes De Trafford ##Lady De Winton ##Lord and Lady Digby ##Lady Dorchester ##Lady Dorington ##Lady Margaret Douglas, Lady Edith Douglas ##Lady H. Douglas-Hamilton ##Lady Dowell ##Lady Drummond, Lady Edith Drummond ##Lady Du Cane ##Lady Duckworth ##Lady Eva Dugdale ##Lord Dunally ##Lady Florence Duncombe, Lady Ulrica Duncombe, Lady Caroline Duncombe ##Lady Alice Dundas ##Lord and Lady Dunleath ##Lord Dunglass ##Lady Dunn ##Lord Dunsandle and Clanconal ##Lady Durand ##Lord Dynevor ##Lord Ebury ##Lady Edmonstone ##Lady Edwards, Lady J. B. Edwards, Lady Blanche Edwards ##Lady Ernestine Edgcumbe ##Lady Egerton (2) ##Lord Egerton of Tatton ##Lady Grey-Egerton ##Lord and Lady Elcho ##Lord and Lady Elibank ##Lady Ellenborough ##Lady Ellis ##Lord and Lady Elphinstone ##Lady Winifred Cary-Elwes ##Lady Engleheart ##Lord Erskine, Lady Erskine (2), Lady Horatia Erskine, Lady Erskine ##Lord and Lady Esher ##Lady Evans ##Lady Evelyn Ewart, Lady Mary Ewart ##Lady Evelyn Eyre ##Lady Fairbairn ##Lady Fairfax ##Lady Anne Fane, Lady Augusta Fane ##Lady Farquhar ##Lord and Lady Farrer ##Lady Fayrer ##Lady Louisa Feilding ##Lady Helen Munro Ferguson ##Lady Fergusson ##Lady Ffolkes ##Lady Finlay ##Lady Fisher ##Lady Dorothea Fitz-Clarence, Lady Maria Fitz-Clarence, Lady Dorothy Fitzclarence ##Lord and Lady Henry Fitz-Gerald, Lady B. Fitz Gerald, Lady M. FitzGerald, Lord Seymour Fitz-Gerald ##Lady Beatrix Fitzmaurice ##Lord and Lady F. FitzRoy, Lady C. Fitz-Roy ##Lady Mary Fitzwilliam ##Lady FitzWygram ##Lady Fletcher ##Lady Flower, Lady Flower ##Lord Foley, Lady Mary Foley ##Lady Gertrude Foljambe ##Lady Angela Forbes, Lady Forbes (2), Dowager Helen Forbes ##Lord and Lady Forester ##Lady Forrest ##Lady Susan Fortescue ##Lady Forwood ##Lady Foster ##Lady Fowler ##Lady Edith Franklin ##Lady Fremantle, Lady Fremantle ##Lady Frere ##Lady Fulton ##Lady Gardiner, Lady Lynedoch Gardiner ##Lord Garioch ##Lady Galton ##Lady Katharine Gathorne-Hardy ##Lady Garvagh ##Lord and Lady Gerard ##Lady Gilbey ##Lady Gillford ##Lady Susan Gilmour ##Lady Gipps ##Lord and Lady Glamis ##Lord and Lady Glenesk ##Lady Glyn, Lady Mary Carr Glyn ##Lady D'Arcy Godolphin-Osborne ##Lady Gordon ##Lady Margaret Ormsby Gore, Lady Constance Gore ##Lady Gore Langton (2) ##Lord Walter Gordon-Lennox, Lord Algernon Gordon-Lennox ##Lady Evelyn Goschen ##Lord R. S. Gower ##Lady Graham, Lady Margaret Graham, Lady Helen Graham ##Lady Charlotte Graham-Toler ##Lady Grant, Lady Florence Grant ##Lady Grant-Duff ##Lady Green ##Lord Greenock ##Lady Grenfell ##Lady Frances Gresley ##Lady Victoria Grey, Lady Grey ##Lady Jane Grey-Trefusis ##Lady Griffin ##Lady Helen Grimston ##Lord and Lady Arthur Grosvenor, Lady Grosvenor (2) ##Lady Gull ##Lady Haldon ##Lady Haliburton ##Lady Basil Hall ##Lady Halle ##Lord and Lady Halsbury ##Lord and Lady E. Hamilton, Lord F. Hamilton, Lady F. Douglas Hamilton, Lady Alexandra Hamilton, Lady Baillie Hamilton (2), Lady C. Hamilton, Lady Victoria Hamilton, Lady George Hamilton ##Lady Hanson ##Lady Harcourt ##Lady Cicely Hardy, Lady Hardy ##Lady Beatrice Hare ##Lord Harlech ##Lady Constance Harris, Lady Harris ##Lady Harrison, Lady Harriet Harrison ##Lady Hart ##Lady Emily Hart-Dyke ##Lady Dixon-Hartland ##Lady Hartopp ##Lord and Lady Hastings ##Lord and Lady Hatherton ##Lady Alice Havelock-Allan ##Lady Hawke ##Lord and Lady Hawkesbury ##Lady John Hay, Lady Hay ##Lady Blanche Haygarth ##Lady Hayter ##Lady Hely-Hutchinson (2) ##Lady Hemming ##Lord and Lady Heneage ##Lord and Lady Henley ##Lord Henniker ##Lady Beatrix Herbert, Lady Herbert (2) ##Lord and Lady Herries ##Lord and Lady Herschell ##Lord Francis Hervey, Lady Augustus Hervey ##Lady Hervey-Bathurst ##Lady Fermor Hesketh ##Lady Hibbert ##Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach ##Lord and Lady Arthur Hill, Lady Clement Hill, Lady Stock Hill ##Lord and Lady Hillingdon ##Lord and Lady Hindlip ##Lord and Lady Hobhouse ##Lady Norah Hodgson ##Lady Holdich ##Lady Mary Holland ##Lady Beatrix Douglas Home ##Lady Maria Hood ##Lady Hood of Avalon ##Lady Hooker ##Lady Mary Hope ##Lady Hoskins ##Lord and Lady Hotham ##Lord and Lady Hothfield ##Lady Houldsworth ##Lady Eleanor Howard, Lady Agnes Howard, Lady Howard (2), Lady Mabel Howard, Lady Rachel Howard ##Lord and Lady Howard of Glossop ##Lady Howarth ##Lady Mary Hozier ##Lady Florentia Hughes ##Lady Seager Hunt ##Lady Hunter ##Lord Hyde ##Lady Hylton ##Lord and Lady Inchiquin ##Lord Inverurie ##Lord and Lady Iveagh ##Lady Jackson ##Lord James of Hereford ##Lady Margaret Jenkins, Lady Jenkins ##Lady Jenner ##Lady Jephson ##Dowager Jessel, Lady Jessell ##Lady Jeune ##Lady Hill Johnes ##Lady Joicey ##Lady Alice Jolliffe ##Lady Burn Jones ##Lady Caroline Lister Kaye, Lady Beatrice Lister Kaye, Lady Lister Kaye ##Lady Isabella Keane ##Lady Keith-Falconer (2) ##Lord and Lady Kelvin ##Lady Kemball ##Lady Beatrice Kemp ##Lady Kennard ##Lady Kennaway ##Lady Aline Kennedy ##Lady Kennett-Barrington ##Lord Kenyon ##Lady Mabel Kenyon-Slaney ##Lord Kensington ##Lady Mary Stuart Keppel ##Lady Innes-Ker (2) ##Lady Kerr (2) ##Lord Kilmarnock ##Lady King ##Lady Florence King King ##Lady Emily Kingscote ##Lady Edith King-Tenison ##Lord and Lady Kinnaird ##Lady Kitson ##Lady Laking ##Lady Frances Lambart, Lady Ellen Lambart ##Lady Victoria Lambton ##Lady Adela Larking ##Lady Isabel Larnach ##Lady Mary Lascelles ##Lord and Lady Lawrence ##Lady Lawson ##Lord and Lady Leconfield ##Lady Elliott Lees, Lady Lees ##Lady Leese ##Lady Legard ##Lord and Lady Leigh ##Lady Henry Gordon-Lennox, Lady Walter Gordon-Lennox, Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox, Lady Caroline Gordon-Lennox ##Lady Katharine Le Poer Trench ##Lady Constance Leslie ##Lady Susan Leslie-Melville ##Lady Lewis ##Lady Lilian Liddell ##Lady Lindley ##Lady Harriet Lindsay, Lady Jane Lindsay, Lady Jane Lindsay ##Lord and Lady Lingen ##Lord and Lady Lister ##Lady Gwendolen Little ##Lady Margaret Littleton ##Lord and Lady Llangattock ##Lady Llewelyn ##Lord and Lady Loch ##Lady Lockwood ##Lady Louise Loder ##Lady Catherine Loftus ##Lady Doreen Long ##Lady Longley ##Lady Albertha Lopes ##Lady Loraine ##Lord and Lady Lovat ##Lady Drury Lowe, Lady Lucy Drury Lowe ##Lady Lowry-Corry (2) ##Lady Mary Loyd ##Lady Lubbock ##Lord and Lady Lurgan and Dowager Lurgan ##Lady Lyall ##Lady Lyell ##Lady Mary Lygon ##Lady Lyons ##Lady Lysons ##Lady Lyttelton ##Lady Emily Lytton ##Lady MacCormac ##Lord and Lady Macdonald ##Lady Macgregor, Lady MacGregor, Lady Helen MacGregor ##Lady Mackenzie, Lady Mackenzie ##Lady Mackworth ##Lady Maclean ##Lord and Lady Macnaghten ##Lady Macpherson-Grant ##Lady Caroline Madden, Lady Madden ##Lady Louisa Magenis ##Lady Magheramorne, Dowager Magheramorne ##Lady Nora Maitland ##Lady Margaret Crichton-Maitland ##Lady Margaret Majendie ##Lord Cecil Manners, Lord Edward Manners, Lord Manners, Lady Victoria Manners, Lady Manners ##Lady Blundell Maple ##Lady Mappin ##Lady Marjoribanks ##Lady Markham ##Lady Marriott ##Lady Martin, Lady Martin ##Lady Evelyn Mason ##Lady Maude (2) ##Lady H. Maxwell, Lady Maxwell, Lady Maxwell, Lady Maxwell ##Lady Heron-Maxwell ##Lady M'Clintock ##Lady Evelyn M'Donnell ##Lady Meade (2) ##Lord and Lady Medway ##Lady Methuen ##Lady Meysey-Thompson ##Lord and Lady Middleton, Lady Middleton ##Lady Mary Milbanke ##Lady Miller ##Lady Milner ##Lady Clementina Mitford ##Lady Lady M'lver ##Lady Hilda M'Neile ##Lady Monckton ##Lord Moncreiff, Lady Scott Moncrieff ##Lady Moncreiffe ##Lord and Lady Monkswell ##Lady Monson ##Lord Charles Montagu, Lady Cecil Scott Montagu, Lady S. Montagu, Lady Agneta Montagu ##Lord Montagu of Beaulieu ##Lord and Lady Monteagle ##Lady Edith Montgomerie, Lady Sophia Montgomerie ##Lady Charlotte Montgomery ##Lady More-Molyneux ##Lord and Lady Moreton ##Lady Morgan ##Lord and Lady Morris ##Lady Blanche Morris ##Lady Mary Morrison ##Lady Moseley ##Lord and Lady Mostyn ##Lord and Lady Mowbray and Stourton, Dowager Mowbray and Stourton, Lady Mowbray ##Lord and Lady Muncaster ##Lady Anne Murray ##Lady Murray (2) ##Lady Georgiana Mure, Lady Georgiana Mure [sic] ##Lord and Lady Napier and Ettrick ##Lord and Lady Napier of Magdala and Dowager Napier of Magdala ##Lady Naylor-Leyland ##Lady Nelson ##Lord and Lady Henry Nevill ##Lord and Lady Newton ##Lord and Lady Newtown-Butler ##Lady Nicolson ##Lady Augusta Noel, Lady Agnes Noel ##Lady Norman ##Lord and Lady Norreys ##Lord and Lady North, Lady Muriel North ##Lady Northcote, Lady Northcote (2) ##Lord Norton ##Lady Elizabeth Nugent ##Lady O'Brien, Lady O'Brien [sic] ##Lady O'Hagan ##Lady Olpherts ##Lord and Lady O'Neill ##Lady Gwendoline O'Shee ##Princep [sic] Alice Packe ##Lord and Lady Berkeley Paget ##Lady Alfred Paget ##Lady Paget of Cranmore ##Lady Katherine Pakenham ##Lady Palgrave ##Lady Sophia Palmer, Lady Palmer ##Lady Evelyn Parker ##Lady Parratt ##Lady Maude Parry ##Lady Muriel Parsons ##Lord and Lady Pearson, Lady Pearson ##Lady Peel, Lady Georgiana Peel ##Lady Constance Childe-Pemberton ##Lord and Lady Penrhyn ##Lady Mary Pepys ##Lady Perceval ##Lady Percy (2) ##Lady Petre ##Dowager Lady Peyton ##Lady Phillimore ##Lady William Phipps ##Lord and Lady Pirbright ##Lord and Lady Playfair ##Lady Chichele Plowden ##Lady Anna Chandos-Pole ##Lady Pollock ##Lord and Lady Poltimore ##Lady Pontifex ##Lady Alice Portal ##Lady Powell, Lady Powell [sic] ##Lady Baden-Powell ##Lady Dickson-Poynder ##Lady Poynter ##Lord and Lady George Pratt ##Lady Priestley ##Lady Probyn ##Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin, Lady Wyndham-Quin (2) ##Lord and Lady Raglan, Dowager Raglan ##Lady Ramsay ##Lord and Lady Rathdonnell ##Lady Rathmore ##Lord and Lady Rayleigh, Dowager Rayleigh ##Lord and Lady Reay ##Lady Reid ##Lord and Lady Rendel ##Lord Rendlesham ##Lady Jane Repton ##Lord Revelstoke ##Lord and Lady Ribblesdale ##Lady Laura Ridding ##Lord and Lady Robartes ##Lady O. Roberts ##Lady Roberts of Kandahar ##Lady Robinson ##Lord and Lady Rodney ##Lord Romilly ##Lord and Lady Rookwood ##Lord and Lady Rossmore ##Lord Rowton ##Lady Roxburgh ##Lord and Lady Rothschild ##Lady Victoria Russell, Lady Arthur Russell, Lady G. Russell, Lady W. H. Russell, Lady Alexander Russell ##Lord and Lady Russell of Killowen ##Lord and Lady Ruthven ##Lady Jane Ryan ##Lady Mary Sackville ##Lady Salmon ##Lord and Lady Saltoun ##Lady Samuelson, Lady S. Samuel ##Lady Mary Saurin ##Lord and Lady Savile, Lady Marie Savile ##Lady Savory ##Lord George Scott, Lord Henry Scott, Lord Herbert Scott, Lady Sophie Scott, Lady Charles Scott, Lady Louisa Scott, Lady Scott (2) ##Lord and Lady Seaton ##Lord and Lady Settrington ##Lady Seymour, Lady Albert Seymour, Lady William Seymour, Lady Seymour (2) ##Lord and Lady Shand ##Lady Shaw ##Lady Constance Shaw-Lefevre ##Lady Octavia Shaw-Stewart, Lady Alice Shaw-Stewart ##Lady Mary Shelley ##Lord and Lady Sherborne ##Lady Shippard ##Lady Shute ##Lady Kay-Shuttleworth ##Lady Simeon ##Lady Simmons ##Lady Simpson of Windsor ##Lord and Lady Sinclair ##Lord and Lady Skelmersdale ##Lady Esther Smith, Lady Barbara Smith, Lady Smith, Lady Blanche Smith, Lady Sybil Smith, Lady Euan Smith, Lady D. Smith ##Lady Smyth ##Lady Catherine Somerset, Lady Geraldine Somerset, Lady Henry Somerset ##Lord and Lady Southampton, Dowager Southampton ##Lady Edward Spencer-Churchill ##Lady Margaret Spicer ##Lady Sprigg ##Lady Stafford ##Lord Stalbridge ##Lady Stanhope (2) ##Lord Stanmore ##Lord Stanley, Lady Alice Stanley, Lady Isobel Stanley ##Lady Stansfield ##Lord Stavordale ##Lady Stephenson ##Lady Stevenson ##Lady Helen Stewart, Lady Mary Stewart, Lady Mark Stewart, Lady Stewart, Lady Houston Stewart, Lady Stewart [sic], Lady Isabel Stewart ##Lady Stewart of Grantully ##Lady Edith St. Aubyn ##Lord and Lady St. Levan ##Lady St. Leonards ##Lord and Lady St. Oswald ##Lady Stone ##Lady Charlotte Stopford ##Lord and Lady Stratheden and Campbell ##Lady Mary Stuart-Richardson ##Lord Suffield ##Lady Sutherland ##Lady Evelyn Sutton, Lady Susan Sutton ##Lord and Lady Swansea ##Lady Swinnerton Dyer ##Lady Kathleen Swinnerton-Pilkington ##Lord and Lady E. Talbot, Lady Emma Talbot ##Lady Jane Taylor ##Lady Taylour (2) ##Lady Tatton Sykes ##Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, Lord Henry Vane-Tempest ##Lord and Lady Templemore ##Lady Tennant ##Lord and Lady Tennyson ##Lady Tenterden ##Lord Tewkesbury ##Lord and Lady Teynham ##Lord and Lady Thring ##Lady E. Thornton ##Lady Thursby ##Lady Ulrica Thynne ##Lord and Lady Tollemache ##Lady Agnes Townshend ##Lady Mary Trefusis ##Lady Tredegar ##Lady Trevelyan, Lady Trevelyan [sic] ##Lord and Lady Trevor ##Lady Troubridge ##Lady Turner ##Lady Henrietta Turnor ##Lady Tuson ##Lord and Lady Tweedmouth ##Lady Tyler ##Lady Emily Van De Weyer ##Lady Jane Van Koughnet ##Lord and Lady Ventry ##Lady Villiers (2), Lady Edith Villiers ##Lady Howard Vincent, Lady Helen Vincent, Lady Vincent ##Lady Vivian, Lady Jane Vivian ##Lady Mary Waldegrave ##Lady F. F. Walker, Lady James Walker ##Lady Walrond ##Lady Clementine Walsh ##Lord Wandsworth ##Lady Wantage ##Lord Warksworth ##Lady Leucha Warner ##Lady Warrender ##Lord and Lady Watson ##Lady Cecilia Webb ##Lady Rose Weigall ##Lord Welby ##Lady Willes ##Lady Willis ##Lady Arthur Wellesley ##Lord and Lady Wenlock ##Lord and Lady Westbury and Dowager Westbury ##Lady Isabella Whitbread ##Lady White ##Lady Whitehead ##Lady Whiteway ##Lady Elizabeth Williamson ##Lady Williams-Wynn ##Lady Willoughby (2) ##Lord Willoughby de Broke ##Lord Willoughby de Eresby ##Lady Willshire ##Lady Wilson, Lady Sarah Gordon Wilson ##Lord and Lady Wimborne ##Lady Windeyer ##Lord and Lady Windsor ##Lady Winnington ##Lady Constance Wodehouse ##Lord and Lady Wolverton ##Lady Julia Wombwell ##Lady Wood, Lady Mary Wood ##Lady Woods ##Lord Wrottesley ##Lady Hugh Wyndham ##Lady Barbara Yeatman ##Lady Lilian Yorke ##Lord Zouche #Right Honourables ##H. H. Asquith ##E. Ashley ##A. H. Dyke Acland ##J. Atkinson ##J. B. Balfour ##Sir G. Bowen ##G. W. Balfour ##Sir Hicks-Beach ##A. J. Balfour ##James Bryce ##Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman ##A. H. Smith-Barry ##E. Carson ##H. Chaplin ##Sir J. Chitty ##Jesse Collings ##Sir R. Couch ##G. N. Curzon ##J. Chamberlain ##L. Courtney ##Sir M. Grant-Duff ##A. Akers-Douglas ##Sir W. Hart Dyke ##Sir H. Elliot ##F. Foljambe ##Sir H. Fowler ##Sir A. B. Forwood ##Sir J. Fergusson ##Herbert Gladstone ##Sir J. Gorst ##G. J. Goschen ##W. E. Gladstone ##Sir G. Grey ##C. H. Hemphill ##Charles Seale-Hayne ##R. W. Hanbury ##Lord George Hamilton ##Staveley Hill ##Sir J. T. Hibbert ##Sir W. Harcourt ##lon Hamilton ##Sir Arthur Hayter ##Sir F. Jeune ##W. L. Jackson ##Sir John Kennaway ##G. Shaw-Lefevre ##W. Lidderdale ##Sir Massey Lopes ##James Lowther ##Sir J. Lubbock ##Sir H. Lopes ##Walter Long ##Sir N. Lindley ##J. W. Mellor ##Sir G. O. Morgan ##John Morley ##Arnold Morley ##Sir J. Mowbray ##A. J. Mundella ##J. H. Macdonald ##F. Max Müller ##Sir W. Marriott ##Graham Murray (the Lord Advocate) ##Sir E. Monson ##Sir P. O'Brien ##Sir A. Otway ##Sir F. Peel ##Sir R. Paget of Cranmore ##W. J. Pirrie ##J. P. Robertson ##Sir. J. Rigby ##C. T. Ritchie ##Sir S. H. Strong ##Sir B. Saunderson ##Sir J. Stansfeld ##Sir A. Smith ##C. R. Spencer ##Sir C. Kay-Shuttleworth ##Sir R. Temple ##Sir R. Thompson ##Sir E. Thornton ##Lord Henry Thynne ##Sir G. O. Trevelyan ##C. P. Villiers ##Sir Algernon West ##Sir C. L. Wyke ##C. B. Stuart-Wortley ##S. J. Way #Honourables<ref name=":1" /> (4, Col. 5a / Col. 5b) and Honourable Ladies<ref name=":1" /> (4, Col. 5b / Col. 5c) ##Mrs. Acland ##Mrs. Alexander ##H. Allsopp, Mrs. Allsopp, George Allsopp ##Mrs. Anstruther ##Mrs. Armytage ##[Hon. Lady] Vere Annesley ##Mrs. Bagot, Mrs. Bagot [sic 2x] ##Mrs. Baillie of Dochfour ##Mrs. Balfour ##[Hon.] Coplestone and [Hon.] Mrs. Bampfylde ##John Baring, Susan Baring, Lilian Baring ##Mrs. Barker ##Mrs. Barlow ##Eric Barrington, Mrs. Barrington ##Mrs. Hamar Bass ##Misses Bateman-Hanbury (2) ##Allen B. Bathurst ##Mrs. Benyon ##[Hon. Lady] Beresford ##[Hon.] R. Chetwynd ##Arthur Chichester ##Lady Biddulph ##C. E. Bingham, Mrs. Bingham, Albert Bingham, Mrs. Bingham [sic x2] ##Lady Birkbeck ##Ivo Bligh, Mrs. Bligh ##Diana Sclater-Booth ##O. Borthwick ##J. Boscawen ##Henry Bourke, Mrs. H. Bourke, Charles Bourke, Terence Bourke, Mrs. T. Bourke, Algernon Bourke, Mrs. A. Bourke, Mrs. E. R. Bourke ##Charles Brand, Arthur Brand, Mrs. Brand, Mrs. T. Brand ##T. Brassey, Mrs. A. Brassey ##Mrs. Stapleton Bretherton ##Reginald Brett, Mrs. Brett ##Mrs. F. Bridgeman, Misses Bridgeman (2) ##Mrs. Britten ##W. St. John Brodrick, Albinia Brodrick ##Emmeline Brownlow ##Mrs. T. C. Bruce, Misses Bruce (2) ##Misses M'Clintock Bunbury (2) ##Mary Byng ##T. J. Byrnes ##Arthur Cadogan, Mrs. A. Cadogan, Mrs. C. Cadogan, Ethel Cadogan ##Mrs. Gough-Calthorpe, Rachel (Gough) Calthorpe, Misses Gough Calthorpe (2) ##Mrs. Candy ##G. H. Campbell, K. Campbell, Hugh Campbell, Mrs. H. Campbell, Mrs. Ronald Campbell, Misses Campbell (2), Mrs. J. B. Campbell, Mildred Campbell ##Mrs. Carington ##Mrs. Carpenter ##Emily Cathcart ##W. Cavendish, Mrs. W. Cavendish, Mrs. Cavendish ##Eleonora Chetwynd, Mrs. R. Chetwynd ##Mrs. A. Chichester, Hilda Chichester ##Mrs. Clowes ##T. H. Cochrane ##Audrey Coleridge ##George Colville ##Mrs. Corbett ##Mrs. H. Corry ##Caroline Courtenay ##Henry Coventry ##Osbert Craven ##Misses Cross ##Mrs. P. Crutchley ##Henry Cubitt, Mrs. Cubitt ##Hamilton Cuffe, Mrs. Otway Cuffe ##Lady Cunningham ##Montagu Curzon, Darea Curzon, Mrs. Curzon ##Hew Dalrymple ##John Dawnay, Eustace Dawnay, W. Dawnay, Mrs. Dawnay (2) ##Misses de Montmorency (2) ##Mrs. H. Dennison ##R. C. Devereux, Mrs. R. C. Devereux ##Mrs. Digby ##Conrad Dillon, Mrs. C. Dillon, Edith Dillon ##Misses Douglas-Pennant (2) ##A. Hay Drummond, Mrs. Hay Drummond, Frances Drummond, Mrs. M. Drummond ##Hubert V. Duncombe, Cecil Duncombe, Mrs. C. Duncombe ##C. T. Dundas, Mrs. C. T. Dundas, W. Dundas, Mrs. W. Dundas, Mrs. John Dundas ##Lady Du Cane ##Herbert Eaton, Mrs. H. Eaton ##F. Egerton, Mrs. A. F. Egerton, Lady Grey Egerton, Tatton Egerton, Mrs. T. Egerton ##Arthur Elliot, Mrs. Arthur Elliot, Lady Elliot, Mrs. Eliot ##Lilian Elphinstone ##Mrs. Ellis ##Muriel Erskine ##H. Escombe, Mrs. Escombe ##Mrs. Evans ##Mrs. C. Keith-Falconer ##Sir S. Ponsonby Fane ##Mrs. W. Farquhar ##Ailwyn Fellowes, Mrs. A. Fellowes ##Mrs. Ferguson of Pitfour ##Everard Fielding ##N. Fitzgerald, Mrs. N. Fitzgerald, Mrs. Fitzgerald, , Mrs. F. G. FitzGerald, Lady FitzGerald ##R. Fitzwilliam, W. H. Fitzwilliam ##Mary Forester ##Sir John Forrest ##Mrs. W. H. Forster ##Mrs. Lionel Fortescue ##Sir C. Fremantle, Mary Fremantle ##Sir Malcolm Fraser, Misses Fraser (2) ##Mrs. Charles Keith-Fraser ##Violet Gibson ##Evelyn Giffard ##Mrs. Henry Gladstone ##Lady Godley ##George Ormsby Gore ##F. Leveson-Gower ##Mrs. Gough ##Mrs. Alaric Grant ##Ronald Greville, Mrs. R. Greville, Louis Greville, Mrs. L. Greville, Sidney Greville, Mrs. A. Greville, Mrs. A. H. F. Greville ##Robert Grosvenor, Algernon Grosvenor, Mrs. A. Grosvenor, Maud Grosvenor, Elizabeth Grosvenor ##Lady Hamilton Gordon, [Hon. Lady] Nevil Gordon ##Misses Guest (2) ##Geoffrey Browne Guthrie ##Mrs. Gye ##Mrs. A. Haig ##Mrs. Halford ##, Misses Hamilton (2) ##Mrs. North Dalrymple-Hamilton ##Mrs. Hobart Hampden ##Mrs. Assheton Harbord, Mrs. C. Harbord, Judith Harbord, Bridget Harbord, Mrs. Harbord ##C. Hardinge, Mrs. C. Hardinge, A. Hardinge ##A. E. Gathorne-Hardy, Nina Gathorne-Hardy ##Misses Hawke (2) ##C. G. Hay ##Misses Heneage (2) ##Helen Henniker, Mrs. Henniker ##Robert Herbert, Sir Robert Herbert, Mrs. R. Herbert, Mrs. Herbert ##A. Holland Hibbert, Mrs. A. Holland Hibbert ##Lady Higginson ##Mrs. Hill ##Lionel Holland, Sydney Holland ##Grosvenor Hood, Dorothy Hood ##Lady Acland-Hood ##Fanny Hood of Avalon ##Mrs. Curzon Howe ##[Hon.] Evelyn Hubbard, Mrs. E. Hubbard, Alice Hubbard ##Mary Hughes ##Mrs. Meynell Ingram ##G. Jolliffe, Sydney H. Jolliffe, Mrs. Jolliffe ##Lady Johnston ##G. Keppel, Mrs. Keppel, Derek Keppel, Mrs. William Keppel ##Mrs. Alfred Ker ##Constance Kerr ##Mrs. Kingscote ##C. C. Kingston ##Lady Knollys ##Bertha Lambart ##F. W. Lambton, Mrs. Lambton ##Mary Lascelles ##Charles Laurence, Herbert Laurence ##Wilfrid Laurier ##Mrs. Lawley ##Mrs. C. Lawrence, Misses Lawrence (2), Mrs. H. Lawrence ##Mrs. Legge ##T. W. Legh, Mrs. Legh, Sybil Legh ##F. D. Leigh, Mrs. F. D. Leigh, E. Chandos Leigh, Mrs. E. C. Leigh, Cordelia Leigh ##C. Hanbury Lennox, Mrs. Hanbury Lennox ##G. W. Leslie ##R. l’Estrange ##Atholl Liddell, Mrs. A. Liddell ##Mrs. H. Gore-Lindsay ##Reginald Lister ##Henry Littleton, Misses Littleton (2) ##Misses Loch (2) ##William Lowther, Mrs. W. Lowther, L. Lowther, Mrs. L. Lowther ##Mrs. E. H. Loyd ##Mrs. Lumley ##Alfred Lyttelton, Mrs. A. Lyttelton, Misses Lyttelton (2), Mrs. Lyttelton ##Flora Macdonald, Lady Macdonald ##Mrs. Mackinnon ##Mrs. Maclagan ##Mrs. Magniac ##Mrs. Maguire ##W. Massey-Mainwaring, Mrs. Massey-Mainwaring ##Mrs. Fuller-Maitland ##Aline Majendie ##Misses Henniker Major (2) ##Mrs. Mallet ##Archibald Marjoribanks ##Misses Constable Maxwell (2) ##Mrs. M'Calmont ##Schomberg M'Donnell ##Charles Mills, Violet Mills, Mrs. Mills ##Mrs. Percy Mitford ##Maud de Moleyns ##Mrs. C. Molyneux ##Annette Monck, Mrs. Monck ##Violet Monckton ##Mrs. Monson ##John Scott Montagu ##[Hon.] Evelyn Moore ##R. Moreton, Mrs. R. Moreton ##Mrs. Mostyn, Misses Mostyn (2) ##Mrs. G. H. Murray, Alice Murray ##Lady Musgrave ##[Hon. Lady] Napier, Emilia Napier, Mrs. Scott Napier ##Mrs. Neeld ##Sir Hugh Nelson ##[Hon.] R. Nevill ##Mrs. Newdigate ##Sir H. S. Northcote ##Misses O'Brien (2) ##Mary O'Hagan ##Mrs. Okeover ##Mrs. Oliphant ##R. Terence O'Neill, Henrietta O'Neill ##Misses Palk (2) ##Cecil Parker, R. Parker, F. Parker, Mrs. F. Parker, Mrs. Parker ##Mabel Parnell ##[Hon.] C. B. Parsons, Mrs. Parsons ##Mrs. W. Paton ##[Hon.] Sydney Peel, Misses Peel (2) ##Mrs. Anderson Pelham ##E. S. Douglas-Pennant, Mrs. E. S. Douglas-Pennant ##Mrs. Heber Percy ##Albert Petre, Mrs. A. Petre ##Harriet Phipps ##Mrs. Pirie ##Thomas Playford ##Horace C. Plunkett ##[Hon.] Ashley Ponsonby, Mrs. Ponsonby, Misses Ponsonby (2) ##H. Orde Powlett, Mrs. Orde-Powlett, Myra Orde-Powlett ##E. W. B. Portman, Mrs. Portman, Mary Portman ##Mrs. Pretyman ##C. Ramsay, Mrs. C. Ramsay ##G. H. Reid ##Misses Rendel (2) ##Misses Rice (2) ##Lady White Ridley ##Mrs. Ritchie ##F. Roberts, Mrs. Phillips Roberts ##Misses Roberts (of Kandahar) (2) ##J. M. Rolls, Eleanor Rolls ##W. Rothschild, Evelina Rothschild ##W. Rowley, Mrs W. Rowley, Lady Thelluson Rowley ##A. Russell, Misses Russell (2) ##Gustavus Hamilton-Russell, Misses Hamilton Russell (2) ##the Master of Ruthven, Mrs. Ruthven ##Mrs. J. D. Ryder ##Sir Saul Samuel ##A. Saumarez, Mrs. A. Saumarez ##Mrs. E. J. Saunderson ##J. Maxwell Scott, Mrs. Maxwell Scott ##R. J. Seddon ##Mary Sidney ##Lady Simeon ##Misses Skeffington (2) ##Sir Donald Smith, Mrs. A. H. Smith, [Hon.] W. F. D. Smith ##Granville Somerset, Mrs. G. Somerset, Arthur Somerset, Mrs. A. Somerset, R. Somerset, Violet Somerset ##Mrs. C. R. Spencer ##Sir J. Gordon Sprigg ##Lyulph Stanley, F. C. Stanley, George Stanley, Mrs. E. J. Stanley, Mrs. Stanley, Mrs. V. A. Stanley, Maude Stanley ##Lady Cowell-Stepney ##Randolph Stewart, Mrs. R. Stewart, FitzRoy Stewart, Mrs. Stewart ##Mabel St. Aubyn ##Misses St. Clair (2) ##Mrs. Stirling ##Horatia Stopford ##[Hon. Lady] Alison Stourton ##Mrs. Strutt, Misses Strutt (2) ##Hilda Sugden ##Alfred Talbot, Mrs. Talbot, Mrs. R. A. J. Talbot ##Sir D. Tennant ##S. R. Thayer ##Misses Thellusson (2) ##Edward Thesiger, Mrs. E. Thesiger, Frederick Thesiger, Mrs. F. Thesiger, Mary Thesiger ##Lady Thorold ##Katharine Thring ##Misses Tollemache (2) ##R. Marsham-Townshend, Mrs. Marsham-Townshend ##Alice Hanbury-Tracy ##Charles Grey Trefusis, Misses Trefusis (2) ##Mrs. Trelawny ##Mrs Tremayne ##Mrs. W. le Poer Trench ##Charles Trevor ##George Hill-Trevor, Marcus Hill-Trevor, Mrs. Hill-Trevor, Misses Hill-Trevor (2) ##Mrs. C. W. Trotter ##Lady Tryon ##Rosamond Tufton ##Sir G. Turner ##Rev. L. Tyrwhitt ##Misses Tyssen Amherst (2) ##Misses Vereker (2) ##R. Greville-Verney, Mrs. R. G. Verney, Misses Verney (2) ##F. Villiers, Mrs. F. Villiers ##Misses Vivian (2) ##Arthur Walsh ##Mrs. P. E. Warburton ##Robert Ward, Mrs. Dudley-Ward ##Mrs. West ##Mrs. Whateley ##Sir W. Whiteway ##F. Bootle-Wilbraham ##Ella Williamson ##Tatton Willoughby ##Lady Wilson ##[Hon.] Armine Wodehouse, Mrs. Wodehouse ##Frances Wolseley ##F. Wood, Misses Wood (2) ##Mrs. G. Wrottesley, Evelyn Wrottesley ##Percy Wyndham, Mrs. P. Wyndham, Misses Wyndham (2) ##Maud Wynn ##Lois Yarde-Buller ##Alex. G. Yorke, Mrs. J. Yorke, Mrs. E. C. Yorke #Sirs<ref name=":1" /> (4, Col. 5c–6a) ##Augustus Adderley ##Edwin Arnold ##John Austin ##George Arthur ##John Heathcoat-Amory ##A. Armstrong ##Andrew Agnew ##Frederick Abel ##Henry Acland ##A. Arnold ##Alexander Arbuthnot ##John Barran ##G. Bower ##J. W. Bonser ##J. Crichton-Browne ##Joseph Bailey ##E. Ashmead-Bartlett ##Henry Barkly ##R. Beauchamp ##Raymond Burrell ##Charles Barrington ##David Baird ##Arthur Birch ##Edward Birkbeck ##W. Cunliffe Brooks ##A. de Capel Brooke ##Courtenay Boyle ##F. Burton ##F. Buxton ##Steuart Bayley ##John Bramston ##John Baker ##H. Bullard ##J. T. Brunner ##H. Bellingham ##Henry Bergne ##Thomas Boughey ##F. J. Bramwell ##E. Burne-Jones ##James Blyth ##Seymour Blane ##Henry Chamberlain ##Roderick Cameron ##Hugh Cholmeley ##John Conroy ##Edward Clarke ##C. Cameron ##E. Carbutt ##W. Coddington ##Marshal Clarke ##Reginald Cathcart ##Savile Crossley ##Edward Colebrooke ##Reginald Cust ##Charles Crosthwaite ##John Colomb ##Daniel Cooper ##F. Astley-Corbett ##Donald Currie ##Henry Cunningham ##Robert Cunliffe ##Henry Cotterell ##T. D. Gibson Carmichael ##F. Curden, ##George Dallas ##James Drummond ##Mortimer Durand ##G. Des Vieux ##Henry Dering ##J. N. Dick ##Dyce Duckworth ##T. Swinnerton Dyer ##E. Hastings Doyle ##John Dorington ##William Dunn ##Humphrey de Trafford ##Charles Dalrymple ##G. Dashwood ##Gardner ##Engleheart ##Francis Evans ##A. Edmonstone ##Whittaker Ellis ##W. H. Flower ##Horace Farquhar ##Joseph Fayrer ##H. Fletcher ##William Ffolkes ##William Fraser ##Bartle Frere ##Gerald Seymour Fitz-Gerald ##Robert Finlay ##B. Walter Foster ##Gerald FitzGerald ##R. FitzGerald ##Maurice FitzGerald ##Forrest Fulton ##William Flower ##Andrew Fairbairn ##John Gilbert ##E. T. Gourley ##Edward Grey ##W. Gull ##Walter Gilbey ##Lepel Griffin ##G. Macpherson-Grant ##Reginald Graham ##Philip Grey Egerton ##Douglas Galton ##R. Glyn ##Arthur Godley ##Charles Grant ##R. Gresley ##Alexander Acland-Hood ##T. G. Fermor Hesketh ##Arthur Haliburton ##Brydges Henniker ##F. Dixon-Hartland ##R. Hanson ##Alfred Hickman ##W. Houldsworth ##Henry Howorth ##F. Seager Hunt ##Charles Hall ##E. W. Hamilton ##Reginald Hardy ##Clement Hill ##Basil Hall ##Joseph Hooker ##Charles Hunter ##Charles Hartopp ##Victor Houlton ##Augustus Hemming ##Henry Irving ##Frederic Johnstone ##W. Jenner ##J. Jenkins ##James Joicey ##Charles Jessell ##Harry Johnston ##Edward Jenkinson ##James Hill Johnes ##John Jackson ##H. Seymour King ##James Kitson ##J. Lister-Kaye ##V. Kennett-Barrington ##George Kekewich ##John Leslie ##Thomas Dick Lander ##T. Villiers Lister ##James Linton ##Charles Lees ##Charles Legard ##Thomas Lea ##Wilfrid Lawson ##Elliott Lees ##A. C. Lyall ##J. T. D. Llewelyn ##Joseph Leese ##Leonard Lyell ##F. Laking ##Godfrey Lushington ##F. Lockwood ##Henry Longley ##George Lewis ##F. Milner ##Herbert Maxwell ##Francis Montefiore ##Graham Montgomery ##Robert Moncreiffe ##Musgrave ##Colin Scott Moncrieff ##Francis Mowatt ##Evan MacGregor ##J. G. Miller ##F. D. Maclean ##J. Blundell Maple ##Allan Mackenzie ##Lewis M'lver ##F. Mappin ##Theodore Martin ##Samuel Montagu ##William MacCormac ##Hubert Miller ##Lewis Morris ##Clements Markham ##A. C. Mackenzie ##John Monckton ##J. Stirling-Maxwell ##J. Heron Maxwell ##Kenneth Matheson ##J. S. Montefiore ##Acquin Martin ##W. Maxwell ##Oswald Moseley ##Arthur Nicolson ##Terence O'Brien ##Reginald Ogilvy ##Herbert Oakeley ##Hush Owen ##G. G. Petre ##Walter Parratt ##Frederick Pollock ##Herbert Perrott ##Douglas Powell ##Weetman Pearson ##Joseph Pease ##Francis S. Powell ##Reginald Palgrave ##W. Priestley ##E. G. Poynter ##G. S. Baden-Powell ##Charles Pontifex ##J. Dickson-Poynder ##James Paget ##C. M. Palmer ##C. Lennox Peel ##James B. Peile ##Westby Perceval ##Charles Pigott ##John Puleston ##W. Plowden ##Richard Quain ##George Russell ##C. Lister Ryan ##W. H. Russell ##J. Ramsay ##Owen Roberts ##R. T. Reid ##Charles Robinson ##J. Thellusson Rowley ##James Reid ##C. Euan-Smith ##J. Barrington Simeon ##J. B. Stone ##M. Shaw-Stewart ##Edward Sieveking ##T. H. Sanderson ##Augustus K. Stephenson ##Thomas Sutherland ##Mark Stewart ##Andrew Scoble ##Joseph Savory ##Douglas Straight ##Charles Shelley ##S. Shippard ##E. Sassoon ##A. Condie Stephen ##E. Sullivan ##Arthur Sullivan ##S. Scott ##H. Simpson ##E. Stafford ##Ernest Satow ##Tatton Sykes ##John Tyler ##Charles Tennant ##John Tenniel ##J. Thorold ##John Thursby ##Thomas Troubridge ##Charles Turner ##H. Meysey-Thompson ##W. Vincent ##Edgar Vincent ##Arthur Vicars ##W. Williams-Wynn ##James Walker ##R. Webster ##George Wombwell ##C. Rivers Wilson ##W. H. Wills ##Donald Mackenzie Wallace ##George Warrender ##F. Winnington ##James Whitehead ##Arthur Willshire ##Henry Wood ##Hugh Wyndham ##W. White ##Sidney Waterlow ##Hedworth Williamson ##Jacob Wilson ##W. Windeyer ##Albert Woods (Garter) ##Allen Young #Chairman of County Council (Dr. Collins) #Counts and Countesses ##Count Cassini ##Count and Countess De Ganay ##Count Gurowski ##Count Hohenau ##Count Theodor Bolesta Koziebrodski ##Count Leon Mniszeek ##Count and Countess Potocki ##Count and Countess Raben #Barons and Baronesses ##Baroness Emile Beaumont d'Erlanger ##Baroness De Brienen ##Baron De Onethau and Baroness D’Onethan [sic] ##Baron and Baroness Alphonse de Rothschild ##Baron Ferdinand Rothschild ##Baron and Baroness Schröder ##Baron and Baroness von Deichmann ##Baron von Heeckeren van Wassenaer ##Baroness von Hügel, Baroness Gertrud von Hügel [sic] ##Baron and Baroness Campbell von Laurentz ##Baroness Wilhelm von Rothschild #Rev. the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland #Deans — Christ Church, St. Paul's, Westminster, Windsor #The Provost of Eton #Master of Trinity (Mr. Butler) #The Sub-Dean of the Chapels Royal #Canons — Blundell, Dalton, Duckworth, Fleming, Hervey, Teignmouth Shore, Wilberforce #Dr. Adler (Chief Rabbi) #Dr. M'Cormick #Chaplain of the Fleet #Chaplain General #Reverend Doctors — Edmund Warre, C. J. Welldon #Reverends — Prebendary Hawkshaw, Albert Baillie, W. H. Bliss, M. Ebrington Bisset, Lord W. Cecil, Lord Charles Fitzroy, J. H. Ellison, H. Haweis, W. R. Jolly, G. J. Martin, Newton Mant, Marquis of Normanby, A. Robins. W. Gunion Rutherford, Clement Smith, Montagu Villiers #Doctors — Lennox Browne, J. V. Bridge, Barlow, Robert Farquharson, J. F. Fox, Surgeon-Major Kilkelly, John Lowe, C. H. H. Parry, G. V. Poore, Dorrien Smith, S. Wilks #Messieurs<ref name=":1" /> (4, Col. 6b–7a), Mesdames (4, Col. 7a–b) and Misses<ref name=":1" /> (5, Col. 7c – 6, Col. 1a) ##Mme Abdy ##Mr C. T. Dyke-Acland, Mme A. H. Dyke Acland, Mme Dyke Acland ##Mme Adair ##Misses Adam (2) ##Mr and Mme Adeane ##Mme Agar ##Mr Hamilton Aidé ##Mr John Aird, Misses Aird (2) ##Miss Akers-Douglas ##Mr Edward Alderson ##Mr George Alexander, Mme Alexander, Miss Alexander ##Miss Alison ##Mr and Mme Allhusen ##Mme Alma-Tadema ##Mr W. Ambrose ##Miss Heathcoat-Amory ##Mr R. Anderson, Miss Florence Anderson ##Mr E. H. Anson ##Mr H. T. Anstruther, Miss Rosomond Anstruther ##Mme Antrobus ##Mr Arbuthnot, Miss Arbuthnott [sic] ##Miss Archer-Houblon ##Mme Argles ##Mme Arkwright, Miss Arkwright ##Misses Armytage (2) ##Miss Arnott ##Mr and Mme Ascroft, Miss Ascroft ##Mr Arthur Ash ##Mr A. Asher ##Mme Ashton ##Mme Asquith ##Mr Astor, Mr W. Astor ##Mr B. F. Astley ##Mme Evelyn Atherley ##Mr and Mme Alfred Austin, Misses Austin (2) ##, , Adye [?] (2), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Leonard Biddulph, Beresford, Stapleton Bretherton, F. Stapleton Bretherton, Bertier, R. G. Blennerhassett, Cosmo Bevan, R. Benson, Rupert Beckett, W. A. Baillie-Hamilton, Walter Baring, S. B. Bancroft (actor "Bancroft and his wife accepted with becoming grace the congratulations with which they were well-nigh overwhelmed"<ref name=":3" /> (5, Col. 6b)), Biddulph, H. R. Baird, J. Wolfe Barry, H. Bathurst, Victor Biddulph, Wentworth Beaumont, Wentworth B. Beaumont, F. Tress Barry, Baillie of Dochfour, Hamar Bass, G. Bridgman, C. G. O. Bridgeman, Edmund R. Boyle, Banbury, Sydney Buxton, C. H. Babington, A. O. Bruce, W. W. Beach, D. P. Barton, F. G. Barnes, J. Emmott Barlow, E. Bainbridge, James Bailey, J. G. A. Baird, Bolitho, H. C. O. Bonsor, E. W. Beckett, Boulnois. M. M. Bhownaggree, F. F. Begg, Charles Bell, M. Biddulph, Buchanan, A. Birrell, J. G. Butcher, W. R. Bousfield, Barton, Brookfield, T. G. Bowles, Brymer, A. H. Brown, W. Burns, Bucknill, E. Balfour, Baxendale, Bell, Barnes, Benson, Bischoffsheim, Beer, Charles Balfour, F. Bibby, Bigham, Baldwin, Bigwood, R. M. Beachcroft, Brigg, Banks, F. Bevan, H. L. C. Brassey, F. C Burnand, Bagge, Burges, F. Cavendish-Bentinck, Cavendish-Bentinck, Childe-Pemberton, Shepherd Cross, R. Cox, Cobbold, Richard Combe, Henry Pelham Clinton, J. R. G. Cotterell, C. Tyrall Cavendish, Kinloch Cooke, Compton, V. Seymour Corkran, F. Cawley, J. D. Clark, Croombie, Cooke, F. S. W. Cornwallis, Consett, George Courroux, Purdon Clarke, F. L. Cook, Colston, Cameron, R. K. Causton, Victor Cavendish, Henry Cavendish, Percy Crutchley, Austen Chamberlain, Cecil Chaplin, Ernest Clarke. J. D. Campbell, W. A. Cockerell, DOyly Carte, W. M. Cazalet, Burdett-Coutts, Clowes, C. A. Cripps, Cayzer, Clark, Cory, Clough, Evelyn Cecil, W. W. Carlile, Channing, Ward Cook, J. A. Campbell, Atkinson Clark, B. Cohen, Cavendish, Wentworth Cole, T. B. Cochrane, Crawshay, A. Cross, Daniel Cooper, Cameron Corbett, Cruddas, D. Coghill, Wilfrid Cripps, F. Cazenove, P. H. Calderon, Critchett, C. Kinloch Cooke, Lee Dillon, Louis Davidson, W. E. Denison, W. H. Dudley-Ward, W. de Winton, De Trafford, C. S. Dickson, W. Rees Davies, Coningsby Disraeli, A. Drummond, F. Dugdale, R. Disraeli, Gerard Dicconson, J. de la Cour, W. Bromley-Davenport, G. Drummond, J. Diggle, Ben Davies, de Soria, J. K. Digby, C. B. Dalison, Greville Douglas, Kenelm E. Digby, Darling, Dicken, Vaughan Davies, Doxford, Deverell, Thiselton Dyer, Edwin de Lisle, Du Plat Taylor, F. Elliot, Bevan Edwards, Cary-Elwes, T. H. Elliott, Erskine, W. H. Evans, T. E. Ellis, R. Edgcumb, C. C. Edwards, Eyre, F. Eaton, H. P. Ewart, Maurice Euphrussi, M. Eliot, Fitzgerald, Almeric Fitzroy, Alfred Farquhar, J. N. Farquharson, Farquharson of Invercauld, Cecil Fane, G. H. Fane, Herbert Fisher, H. St. George Foley, Hayes Fisher, Dyafer Fakhry, W. Farquhar, Arnold-Forster, Fardell, Munro-Ferguson, W. S. Foster, Johnson-Ferguson, L. Fry, Farmer, Fielden, Firbank, Fison, Flannery, E. Flower, H. W. Forster, Bevill Fortescue, Fane, F. G. Fitzgerald, E. Farquhar, Franklin, J. S. Forbes, Forbes, John Ford, John Gordon, Henry Graves, George Grossmith ("George Grossmith was not a little lionised by titled ladies"<ref name=":3">“The Queen’s Garden Party. Buckingham Palace Grounds. A Brilliant Scene. The Queen’s Cup of Tea.” ''Daily News'' (London) 29 June 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a [of 7] – 6, Col. 2a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970629/021/0005. Print pp. 5–6.</ref> (5, Col. 6b)), Howard of Greystoke, Hamilton Gatliff, G. P. Goldney, Goelet, Gye, Grifflth-Boscawen, A. Gosling, Geoffrey Drage, Otto Goldsmidt, Frank Gore, F. Graham, S. Hoffnung Goldnung Goldsmid, W. H. Kendal Grimston, Gilliat, Gadson, F. W. Gibbs, V. Gore, Goschen, J. E. Gordon, G. Leveson-Gower, E. A. Goulding, Graham, H. R. Graham, Ernest Gray, Montagu Guest, Garfit [?], H. D. Greene, W. R. Greene, J. A. Gretton, Henry Gladstone, W. H. Grenfell, S. W. Gore, Wilhelm Ganz, Scott Gatty, Charles Gold, Walter Gibson, Gurdon, W. Gillett, Sydney Gedge, Tyrell Giles, C. C. Graham, F. R. Gosset, A. C. Humphreys-Owen, G. M. Hutton, Heseltine, Claude Hay, Halford, E. Hope, Philip Henriques, C. D. Hohler, Hornyold, Carl Haag, Hardcastle, Hanbury, L. V. Harcourt, R. K. Hodgson, Adrian Hope, Beresford-Hope, J. Hozier, E. S. Howard, Horner, Maurice Holzman, A. C. Howard, Cozens-Hardy, Thomas Halsey, Hardy, James Hope, R. Hallett Holt, T. Hare, Hatch, R. B. Haldane, C. Harrison, J. Henniker Heaton, Hermon-Hodge, E. Brodie Hoare, G. Hoare, H. Hobhouse, VV. H. Hornby, R. P. Houston, G. B. Hudson, John Hutton, A. E. Hutton, Lewis Hall, Augustus Hare, George Harwood, G. T. Hertslet, Hartmann, H. Higgins, Hughes, Francis Hamilton, John Hare, Hungerford, Joseph Howard, Hope, R. R. Holmes, H. Howard, Haggard, Cecil Higgins, J. C. Horsley, The Munshi Abdul Hafiz Karim, Wootton Isaacson, E. R. Jenkins, Arthur James, Jacobs, Jebb, A. F. Jeffreys, J. H. Johnstone, Brynmor-Jones, H. C. Jervoise, W. James, Atherley-Jones, Philip Burne Jones, Henry Joslin, George Kemp, Nigel Kingscote, C. Kempe, W. Kenny, A. Kennard, J. Kenyon, Kearley, King King, Lees Knowles, Knowles, Kimber, Kuhe, T. Kingscote, Landon, Reginald Lucas, Letchworth, Lyon, Henry Gore Lindsay, E. H. Loyd, Leonard Lindsey, Drury Lowe, Fairfax Lucy, E. Law, Cecil Lister-Kaye, H. B. Lindsay, H. T. Lopes, J. Grant Lawson, H. Lubbock, W. A. Lindsay, A. K. Loyd, Lecky, W. F. Laurence, Edwin Laurence, J. W. Lowther, Luttrell, Loder, S. Leighton, W. C. F. Luttrell, E. Lloyd, Heathcote Long, L’Estrange, T. C. March, C. J. Murray, Mount, Morrell, R. J. More, Moon, E. P. Monckton, Monk, F. Bingham Mildmay, Beresford Melville, M’Laren, M'Ewan, Martin, H. H. Marks, lan Z. Malcolm, H. L. B. MCalmont, J. W. Maclure, Campbell Munro, J. Maclean, J. C. Macdona, W. G. E. Macartney, Muir Mackenzie, Hugh Morrison, G. H. Murray, P. C. Milbank, Bingham Mildmay, Alpin Macgregor, M. Myther, V. Montagu, Frederick Macmillan, C. M’Neill, Arundel St. John Mildmay, C. Maud, Fuller Maitland, A. Milman, W. A M’Arthur, Marjoribanks, W. H. Myers, F. W. Maude, Muntz, Charles Morley, Murdoch, A. B. F. Mitford, B. Mallet, Mure, Madden, W. J. Mure, R. Maguire, Mackinnon, Montgomerie, Maxwell-Lyte, Mason, Ronald Moncrieffe, Milvain, T. G. Menzies, G. Manners, Nicol, F. A. Newdigate, G. Noel, T. W. Nussey, Charles Orde, R. A. Oswald, M. Oldroyd, J. C. O'Dowd, Oswald, Oppenheim, Arthur Oliphant, C. L. Orr-Ewing, J. L. Pattison, J. Balfour Paul, Paton, A. Peckover, Archibald Peel, Perks, J. Pender, J. Penn, Price, Powell, Paoli, Constantine Phipps[,] Charles Phipps, Leslie Probyn, B. Faudel-Phillips, Wilton Phipps, L. Faudel-Phillips, Joseph Pease, Pollock, Arthur Pease, Roland Protheroe, Walter Peace, J. M. Paulton, Platt-Higgins, Pennefather, Provand, Guy Pym , A. E. Pease, Godfrey Pearse, Algernon Peel, A. V. Pryor, Montagu Price, Phelips, John Ponsonby, Hussey Packe, Wyndham Portal, Henry Petre, Lort Phillips, H. W. Primrose, E. Parkes, Herbert Praed, Heber Percy, Quilter, J. Rankin, Renshaw, J. A. Rentoul, H. C. Richards, Read, T. Richardson, A. T. Phillips Roberts, Hugo von Ruffer, Alexander Ramsay, Alderman and Sheriff Ritchie, Richardson, Rebow, G. L. Ryder, G. A. Redford, G. W. E. Russell, H. J. H. Russell, Pandeli Ralli, John Rutherford, J. Rennell Rodd, Leopold Rothschild, T. W. RusseII, Forbes Robertson, Alfred Rothschild, Brooke Robinson, Edmund Robertson, Repton, James Round, Royds, Henry Raikes, Bowen Rowlands, J. D. Ryder, Sheriff Hargreaves Rogers, Skeffington Smyth, Augustus Spalding, H. H. Shaw, E. Strachey, J. Murray Scott, J. Stern, P. L. Sclater, R. Sassoon, W. Sidebottom, Abel Smith, Louis Sinclair, C. H. Seely, Lucas Shadwell, W. E. T. Sharpe, C. E. Shaw, E. B. Sparke, T. H. Sidebottom, Steward, Stibbert, H. Somerset, H. S. Samuel, J. P. Smith, Horace Seymour, A. H. Smith, H. M. Stanley, J. A. Swettenham, A. Spicer, Stevenson, J. H. Stock, J. Sturgis, H. C. Smith, C. J. Stewart, Leslie Stephen, T. Smith, Senhouse, Eames Storey, Christopher Sykes, H. Seton-Karr, Philip Somers-Cocks, T. Skewes-Cox, Shelley-Bontein, Salting, Leo Schuster, Smith, Arthur Sassoon, G. D. Smith, Shaw, Michael Shaw-Stewart, E. J. Stanley, Albert Sandeman, Scaramanga, Sant, F. Sutton, Dudley Smith, C. E. Tritton. W. E. M. Tomlinson, H. F. Tollemache, A. M. Torrance, Tarleton, Edward Tighe, Alma-Tadema, W. H. Wilson-Todd, P. Thornton, F. Taylor, Beerbohm Tree, Dan Tupper, Montagu Tharp, Abel Thomas, Algernon Turnor, Tudway, C. W. Trotter, H. J. Tennant, J. C. Thynne, H. D. Trelawny, C. E. Thynne, F. J. Thynne, Montagu Thorold, Tremayne, H. Graham Toler, John Taylor, A. J. R. Trendell, Tosti, Christopher Tower, T. Usher, A. Ure, T. Usborne, Chas van Raalte, Graham Vivian, R. C. de Grey Vyner, Hope Vere, F. E. Villiers, Von André, Venning, L. Van Loon, Van De Weyer, Val Prinsep, Walter, Thomas Wayman, Hwfa Williams, Cornwallis West, R. G. Webster, Sackville West, Wanklyn, A. S. Wiison, G. Fleetwood Wilson, A. F. Warr, F. W. Wilson, Piers Egerton Warburton, S. Wombwell, Weigall, Powell Williams, John Welby, Wingfleld, Whitbread, J. W. Wilson, Walton, D’Arcy Wyvill, Wodehouse, Wylie, A. Wilson, John Wilson, C. H. Wilson, Herbert Whiteley, Wynne, Lee Warner, W. West, G. Whiteley, Spencer Walpole, H. C. Woods, M.D., Deputy Inspector-General, Charles Wyndham, J. Humphrey Ward, F. Walker, Whateley, W. Woodall, Wyndham, Godfrey Webb, J. Welby, Charles Waldstein, H. Yorke and Yerburgh #Mesdames<ref name=":1" /> (4, Col. 7a–b) — , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Bowden-Smith, Browne, Barton, Bates, H. M. Biddulph, W. H. Bliss, Beresford, Ebrington Bissett, Bertier, R. P. Blennerlhasset, Brownrigg, Bridge, Cosmo Bevan, Rupert Beckett, Bradley, Birch-Reynardson, W. A. Baillie-Hamilton, Walter Baring, Bathurst, S.[?] B. Bancroft (actor "Bancroft and his wife accepted with becoming grace the congratulations with which they were well-nigh overwhelmed"<ref name=":3" /> (5, Col. 6b)), H. R. Baird, Wolfe Barry, Beer, Barlow, Bischoffsheim, F. Bibby, Bigham, Butler, Bankes, W. Borsel, Duncan Baillie, Bagge, Burges, Butler, Brocklehurst, C. H. Babington, Bailey, H. A. Brassey, Barlow, F. Bevan, Tresa [?] Barry, F. C. Burnand, Charles Bagot, Wentworth Beaumont, Charles Balfour, Baxendale, Benson, Blundell, Bryce, C. G. O. Bridgeman, S. Buxton, A. Barry, Banbury, F. G. Barnes, Beaumont, D. P. Barton, W. W. Beach, A. C. Bruce, J. F. Bagot, J. Bailey, J. G. A. Baird, Birrell, Bolitho, Bonsor, Griffith-Boscawen, Boulnois [?], Bowles. F. F. Begg, C. Bill, Buchanan, Brookfield, A. H. Brown, Bell, E. Balfour, Baldwin, R. Benson, C. E. Buckle, Barnes, W. Burns, C. K. Burn, H. Churchill, Crutchley, Curzon, F. Cavendish-Bentinck, W. G. Cavendish-Bentinck, Chamberlain. W. Chetwynd, Dick-Cunynghame, Archibald Calvert, Creignton, Daniel Cooper, Calley, Cox, Kinloch Cooke, Rivett Carnac, C. Kinloch Cooke, Henry Pelham Clinton, Colston, Coghill, Castance, B. F. Clark, Cavaye, Consett, G. D. Clark, A. B. Crosbie, Clerk, Wilfrid Cripps, Chapman, Crawshay, F. Campbell. W. W. Carlile, Channing, Cayzer, F. S. W. Cornwallis, Armar Corry, Cory, Critchett, Craik, W. Campbell, Atkinson Clark, R. Cox, Cruddas, Cavendish, Shepherd Cross, Clive, Crombie, F. L. Cook, C. Tyrall Cavendish, Clifford Corry, Hastings Campbell, Cameron Corbett, Carter, Corroux, Chaloner, Cecil Chapiin, J. D. Campbell, W. A. Cockerell, Compton, D'Oyly Carte, Stanley Clark, Cazalet, Seymour Corkran, Chaine, Carson, Boyd Carpenter, Causton, W. Campbell, Codrington, F. L. Campbell, D. B. O. Campbell, Cuninghame, Stapleton Coton, Coventry, Crabbe, Close, Courtney, E. H. Cooper, Carnegy, Randall Davidson, A. Hay Drummond, G. De Plat Taylor, Dickson, Lawrence Drummond, Louis Davidson, Dicken, Denis Daly, Dalton, R. C. de Grey Vyner, Durnford, W. de Winton, Edwin de Lisle, de Arcos, Drummond, Darling, A. L. Douglas, Doxford, Thiselton Dyer, Vanghan Davies, Denny, Coningsby Disraeli, Geoffrey Drage, Davis, Dundas, R. Disraeli, Dicconson, J. de la Cour, G. Drummond, J. Diggle, Akers-Douglas, Digby, Dunne, Dalbiac, de Salis, C. S. Dickson, Domvile, Ellicott, Edwards, Ellison, C. B. Ewart, Edis, East, Eliot, Egerton, F. Elliot, Floyd, Fenwick, E. Farquhar, Barrington Foote, G. M. Farquhar, Farquarson of Invercauld, Almeric Fitzroy, Lancelot Farmer, FitzGeorge, G. H. Finch, Fenn, Wynne Finch, R. Fitzwilliam, Fanshawe, Fullerton, Fane, Hayes Fisher, Fellowes, Houston French, Arnold-Forster, Fardell, Field, W. H. Foster, H. S. Foster, Johnson Ferguson, Farmer, Fielden, Fison, Firbank, Bevill Fortescue, Farnham, H. Fludyer, S. W. Gore, F. R. Gosset, Gregory, C. C. Graham, Guy-Pym, John Gordon, Gooenough, Henry Graves, Gordon, Garfit [?], S. Gedge, Tyrell Giles, Gilliat, Godson, S. Hoffmung Goldsmid, Kendal Grimston, Goldsworthy, J. E. Gordon, Gunter, W. H. Grenfell, H. Grenfell, G. G. Gordon, Gurney, Goodden, F. Gore, S. Gordon, A Goldsmid, Scott Gatty, Walter Gibson, Gordon, Grant, Goelet, Gye, Gardner, Gladstone, Gore, Green, Goschen, A. Gosling, Hargreaves-Rogers, Staveley Hill, Hanbury. James Hope, Claude Hay, Heneage, Heseltine, E. Hope, Arthur Heath, Philip Henriques, C. D. Hohler, Hornyold, Carl Haag, Marcus Hare, Harford, Hardcastle, Holmes, Beresford Hope, Adrian Hope, Hanbury, Horner, Hammet, Hall, A. C. Howard, Halsey, Hardy, Heath, Hermon Hodge, Brodie Hoare, S. Hoare, H. Hobhouse, W. H. Hornby, G B. Hudson, Platt-Higgins, Hildyard, Lewis Hall, G. M. Hutton, G. Hutton, W. G. G. Hutchinson, Haweis, Hartmann, Higgins, John Hare, Hungerford, Humphreys-Owen, R. W. Hamilton, Hills, Hippisley, Herbert, Hatton, Henderson, Haggard, Hervey, J. Howard, H. Howard, Ian Hamilton, Gathorne-Hardy, Howard, Marcus Hare, Inglefield, Wootton Isaacson, Joicey, Jenkinson, Inigo Jones, Jackson, A. James, Cotton-Jodrell, Jacoby, Jebb, A. F. Jeffreys, Jessel, Brynmor Jones, Pryce Jones, J. E. Jameson, H. C. Jervoise, W. James, Atherley Jones, G. Johnstone, J. H. Johnstone, A. Kennard, Kearley, Kimber, Hegan Kennard, Kitching, Kennion [?], Kennison, Knowles, W. Kenny, Kennedy, Keeley, Kuhe, Kingston, Kilkelly, Colin Keppel, Hanning Lee, A. K. Loyd, Lyon, Long, Lane, Lucas, Lockwood, S. Leighton, Lecky, E. Lawrence, Lawrie, Luck, Lloyd. A. P. Lake, J. W. Lowther, Lowe, Lidderdale, Liddell, Lascelles, Luttrell, H. Lubbock, Leslie, Lucas-Shadwell, Laurier, Naylor Leyland, Langenbach, E. Law, Fairfax Lucy, Lockhart, Lewis, Maxwell-Lyte, F. A. Lucas, G. Manners, Beresford Melville, Morrell, Victor Milward, Marshall, Maclure, J. Maclean, M'Laren, M'Ewan, R. B. Martin, Marks, Markham, J. M'Calmont, F. W. Maude, Napier Miles, M’Neill, Max Muller, Meeking, Manvers Moorson, Arundel St. John Mildmay, Frederick Macmillan, Mount, Muntz, Murdoch, Wyndham Murray, W. J. Mure, Graham Murray, Montefiore, W. C. F. Molyneux, Newton Mant, Millett, Malet, Ashurst Morris, May, Maurice, Milvain, Marjoribanks, J. C. Macdona, Moorhouse, Muir Mackenzie, G. Moncrieff, J. Murray, Montgomery, Milbank, Bingham Mildmay, Mellor, C. Maude, T. G. Menzies, J. M'Donald, W. A. M'Arthur, M'Neile, M'N'eill, Campbell Munro, Mostyn, A. Milman, Majoribanks, Noel, H. F. Nicholson, F. Neville, Nicol, Nevul [?], Nugent, Newhouse, Oppenheim, M. Oldroyd, Charles Orde, H. H. Oldham, R. A. Oswald, Oswald. A. Oliphant, Oakley, J. L Pattison, Price, Perowne, Perks, Constantine Phipps, Peacocke [?], R. Prothero, Powell, Leslie Probyn, Pitman, Upton Prior, Lort Phillips, Primrose, Powlett, Pakenham, Peyton, Parkes, Wyndham Portal, Pipon, Pender, Phillpotts, Pollock, Montagu Price, Phellps, John Ponsonby, Fox Pitt, A. Peel, Aldrich Pelham, J. Pease, Poe, G. Pearse, A. Paget, A. Pease. N. G. Philips, Pirie [?], Dampier Palmer, F. Post, Pakenham, Paget, H. Parr, Wilton[?]-Phipps, Quilter, Rebow, J. C. Russell, Rolfe, Rutherford, I[?]. Richardson. James Ronand, Robins, Rennell Rodd, W. W. Russon[?], Alexander Ramsay, Robinson, J. Rennell Rodd, Redford, Harcourt Rose, Royds, H. Raikes, Carl Rosa, Ronalds, Arrnold Royle [? Royce?], Rice, Leopold Rothschild, Raikes, J. Rankin, Renshaw, F. Russell, Ricardo, Riddel, Robertson, G. Royle, Teignmouth [?] Shore, Sandeman, Stopford, Graham Smith, Salting, Brinsley Sheridan, Salmon [?], Salmond, Edgar Shephard, Sant. A. Sandeman, H. Seymour, H. S. Samuel, St. Clair, AbeI Smith, J. P. Smith, H. M. Stanley, A. Spicer, Stevenson, Swaine, Sullivan, J. H. Stock. E. B. Sparke, J. Sturgis, Louis Sinclair, H. Seton-Karr, Slade, J. Stern, Skefflngton Smyth, P. L. Slater, A. C. Stewart, R. Sassoon, C. Smith, E. Strachey, Napier Sturt, Steward, Eames Storey, Starkie, Senhouse, Bridgman Simpson, Seddon, T. Smith, Leslie Stephen, Settle, Scaramanga [?], Arthur Sassoon, L. Seymour, Shaw. R. F. Synge, T. Skewes-Cox, Stevenson, H. C. Smith, Sterling, T. H. Sidebottom, C. H. Seely, Shelley-Bontem [?], Sandford, Hawley Smart, Sergison [?], Frederick Slade, Scobell, Graves Sawle, Scott, Settle, Smith-Barry, Stewart, J. A. Swettenham, Surtees, Synge, Dudley Smith, Thomson, M. Thorold, H. Graham Toler [?], J. W. Taylor, Christopher Tower, Tosti, Temple, Beerbohm Tree, Dan Tupper, R. T. Thynne, Montagu Tharp, Trotter, Anstruther Thomson, Tupper, Taylor, C. E. Tritton, C. F. Anstruther Thomson, Edward Tighe, F. Taylor, Tillard, Tillbrook, Brook Taylor, Tudway, C. E. Thynne, J. C. Thynne, H. Thomas, Thwaites, Tarleton, A. Ure, Usher, R. Vivian, Val Prinsep, Edmund Vaughan, E. Villiers, C. van Raalte, Von André, Verschoyle, F. E. Villiers, Vance, Hope Vere, Villiers, Venning, Sackviile West, Whatman, Williams Wynn, Watson, Wharton, John Wilson, Williams, Stuart Wortley, Wood, C. H. Wilson, S. J. Way, Walton, H. Whiteley, G. Whiteley, Ellis Williams, Wilson, Weywan, E. F. Wodehouse, John Welby, Wray, Wickham, Whatley, Spencer Walpole, Hwfa Williams. J. Woodford, Charles Wyndham, Wingfield, Charles Wood, Lee Warner, Warre, Humphrey Ward, Wallis, Wilberforce, Wynne, J. Welby, Eardley Wilmot, A. S. Wilson, C. [?] E. Ward, Walter, Warner, R. G. Webster, Wells, Cornwallis-West, F. Charteris Wemyss, Yerburgh #Misses<ref name=":1" /> (5, Col. 7c – 6, Col. 1a) — , , , Birch-Reynardson (2), Bradley, Bowden-Smith (2), Browne (2), Bromley-Davenport, Barker, Burrell (2), Berkeley, Berkeley (2), Beresford, Berens, Bertier, Baird (2), Brownrigg, Bates, Alice Bagot, Barne, Bartlett (2), Barnardiston (2), Birch, Bourke, Brassey (2), Browne (2), Bruce (2), Hicks-Beach (2), Biddulph (2), Mariot [?] Bayley, Mabel Brackenbury, Browne (2), Stapleton Bretherton [?] (2), Beryl Bradford, Banbury, Evelyne Burne, Bolitho, Bonsor, Beach, Biddulph, Bill, Brunner, Blackwood (2), Bandanaratke [?], Barran (2), Brodie (2), Brookfield, Brown, Barnes (2), Burns, Bowen (2), Buxton (2), Bellingham, Bailey (2), Brooke, Bell (2), Baxendale, Burdett, Mary Bulteel, Burges (2), Bevan, Brassey (2), Duncan Baillie (2), Braddon, Rhoda Broughton, Blyth (2), Baring, Bathurst (2), Blundell, Balfour, Freda Biddulph, Hilda Beaumont, Budgett, Bramwell, Butler, Crutchley (2), Culme-Seymour, Carleton, Chapiin [sic?] (2), Cockerell, Lilah Campbell, Boyd Carpenter (2), Cowell-Stepney, Lucia Creighton, Chrichton-Maitland, Leila Crichton, Campbell, Calvert, Ronald Campbell, Cooper (2), Cochrane, Clarke, Clowes (2), Stanley Clarke, Commerell, Colville, Cayzer, Crosse, Chaning (2), Cunliffe, Chetwode (2), Chetwynd (2), Corry, Clark, J. A. Campbell, Cameron, Colomb, Custance, Clive (2), Grace de Capell-Brooke, Cook, Vera Consett, Cooper, Campbell (2), Cockerell, Cecil, Carlisle, Cholmeley (2), Cruddas (2), Cox, Cowell, Causton, Cust (2), Cuffe, Chitty, Chamberlain (2), Crabbe (2), Edith Chaplin, Corbett, Cameron (2), Chaplin, Cholmondeley, Carden, Cotterell (2), Spencer Churchill, Corkran, Commerell, Edith Drummond, Sybil Dudley-Ward, Gladys Dalgety [?], Drummond (2), Duncombe (2), De Winton, De Trafford, De Perpigna, Dalrymple, Dashwood, Duncombe (2), Dawnay (2), Du Cane  (2), De Brienen (2), La Baronne de Friesen, La Baronne Sirtema de Grovestins [?], Mary Drummond, De Winton, Davey, Digby (2), Dowell, Marion Dunne, Du Chair, De Winton, Domvile [?], Douglas (2), Dunn, Doxford, Deverell, Drummond (2), Digby, Disraeli, Adelizs [?] Drummond, May Dundas, Dillon (2), Bevan Edwards (2), Evans (2), Ellison, Eliot (2), Ellicott, Gertrude Elliot, Egerton (2), Ellis (2), Edis (2), Ellaby, Egerton, Grey Egerton, East (2), Elphinstone (2), Rachel Erskine, Evelyn Ellis, Amelia Farquharson, Henrietta Farquharson, Foster, Farmer, Fielden (2), Fison, Fersuson of Pitfour (2), Fitzwilliam (2), Flower, Keith Falconer (2), Fenwick (2), Forwood (2), Farquharson of Invercauld (2), FitzClarence (2), Olga FitzGeorge, Ethel Fitz-Roy, Fergusson, Dorothy Ffolkes, Finch (2), Fanshawe, Flower, Fullerton (2), Feilding (2), Fardell (2), Fisher (2), Fowler (2), Frere (2), Fitz Gerald, Gold, Graves, Gibbs (2), Gregory, Gough-Calthorpe (2), Helen Gladstone, Goschen (2), Glyn, Godley (2), Gardiner, Gillian [?] (2), Gunter (2), Gilbey, Maud Grenfell, Hamilton Gordon, Gurrney Goodden, Goldsmid, Gardiner, Grant, Victona Grant-Duff, Goelet, Gosling, Gore, Gathorne-Hardy, Gordon (2), Hood (2), Heneage, M. Carew Hunt, Hare (2), Hay  (2), Hickman, Adrian Hope (2), Hare (2), Agnes Beresford Hope, Carl Haag, Hardcastle (2), Heseltine, Hare, Hope, Heron Maxwell (2), Halford (2), Hamilton (2), Hamilton, Howard (2), Hardy (2), Hay (2), Herbert Margaret Acland Hood, Mary Hope, Hill, Hemming (2), Jean Hotham, Hall, Harrison, Gladys Higginson, (Brydges) Henniker, Halsey (2), V. Hanson, (Stock) Hill (2), (Brodie) Hoare (2), Hoare (2), Houldsworth (2), Haig, Hart, Hervey, (Lewis) Hall, Harwood (2), Hutchinson, Hughes (2), Hooker, Hart-Dyke (2), Hervey-Bathurst (2), Louisa Heathcote, Howard, Dora Hanbury, Howard (2), Hornby (2), Satyendra Bala Tagore, Grace Jackson, Jolliffe (2), Helena James, Jenner, Joicey, Cotton-Jodrell, Jenkins (2), Johnstone, Jameson (2), Jessel, Jervoise, S. L. Johnstone, Keith-Falconer (2), Ker (2), Ethel Kenny, Kennedy, Kennard, King King, Kennard (2), Kitson (2), Kerr (2), Kimber, Kennaway (2), Nona Kerr, Keppel, Kemball, C. Lees, Lyson, Gore Lindsay, Linton (2), Lindley (2), Lubbock, Aline Lambton, Lambart (2), Liddell, Alice Loch, Lindsay, Lucas-Shadwell, Hanning Lee (2), Emily Loch, Larking, Leese, Llewelyn, Leighton (2), Lawrence (2), Lopes (2), J. Lawson, Laurie (2), Lyte (2), Lloyd (2), Lyall, Luttrell, Lockwood, Lister, Lidderdale (2), Violet Leigh, Liddell (2), Drury Lowe, Lewis (2), Loftus, Lindsay, Lyell (2), Aimee Lowther, l’Estrange, Graham Murray, Mellor (2), Milward, Monk (2), Maxwell (2), Massey-Mainwaring, Mackworth (2), Markham (2), Macdonald, More-Molyneux, Cicely Monson, Maclure, Lena Milman, Morris (2), Macnaghten, Mowatt (2), Margaret Muir MacKenzie, Murray, Mundella, Mowbray, Ethel Morris, Beatrice Mildmay, May Milbank, Evelyn Moreton, Magniac (2), Mackenzie, M'Clintock, Madden, MacGregor(2) Mount (2), Muntz, Murdoch, Mitford, Montagu (2), Mure, Menzies, Macpherson-Grant, Malet, Moseley (2), Meeking, Macgregor, Mary Moore, Montgomery, St. John Mildmay, Madden (2), Milman (2), Constance Maude, Martyn, Campbell Munro, Nevill (2),Noel (2), Nevill, Nicol, Neville, Nelson (2). Olpherts [?] (2), Oakley, Ogilvy, Humphreys Owen, V. A. Okeover, O’Brien (2), Linda Oppenheim, Phoebe Otway, Alina O'Shee, Anderson Pelham, Pole, Pereira, Peyton, Pattison, Orde Powlett, Powlett, Pelly (2), Perowne, Charlotte Probyn, Julia Ponsonby, Peekover, Peel (2), Penn, Peace, Baden Powell, Powell (2), Pease, Priestley, Palgrave, Post, Parker, Pease, Palmer, Packe (2), Alice Paget, Paget, Paget of Cranmore (2), [?] Phillips, Phipps, Cecilia Peel, Chandos Pole, Pollock Phellps, Parry, Ponsonby, Wilton Phipps, Quain, Quilter (2), Russell of Killowen(2), Ritchie (2), Robins, Sibyl Robertson, Round (2), Royds (2), Russell, Rebow, Jane Ryan, Ramsay, Ricardo (2), Rigby, Russell (2), Lucy Raikes, Rankin, Frances Rod, Beatrix Rice, Russell (2), K. Reiss, Ricardo, Smith, Stafford, Stevenson, Stopford (2), M. Seymour, Kay Shuttleworth [?] (2), Seymour (2), Shaw, Shaw-Stewart, Evelyn Starling[?], Maxwell Scott, Abel Smith, Sartorius (2), Maud S[?]hey, Stewart, Magaret Stanley, Dorrien Smith, Smith (2), [?]-Smith, Saurin, Salmond (2), Sandeman (2), Sant, Dudley Smith[?], Swaine, Stephenson (2), Stewart (2), Dora Stone, Sparkes, [Stanley?], Nita Houston Stewart, Lily Severn, Evelyn Stanley, [Sheppart?], Saumarez Smith, Truda Saunderson, Swinburne, [Sullivan?], Mabel Seymour, Shute, R. Sterling, Stern (2), Sar[?] (2), Sassoon (2), P. L. Sclater, Sparke, Smith (Clement), [Sanderson?], Hilda Stewart, Seddon (2), Shelley, Sprigg (2), [?] Stephen, Ruby Spencer Churchill, Rachel Smith, [?], Tremayne (2), Ellen Terry, Ethel Thomas, Muriel [?], Taylor, Mary Talbot, Tomlinson, G. le M. Tupper, [?], Ella Taylor, Thorold, Taylor (2), E. Tuson, Trelawny [?], Adela[?] Trefusis, Rachel Thynne, Tritton (2), Thomson (2), [?], Thesiger, Thynne, I. C. (2), Thynne (2), Thornton (2), [Temple?], Turner, Talbot, Thynne, Usher, Van de Weyer (2), [Vivian?] (2), Dorothy Villiers, Freda Villiers, Verschoyle, Van [der Byl?], Villiers, Venning, Hilda von Deichmann, Wood[ford?], Fleetwood Wilson, Eardley-Wilmot, Maud Walpole, [?hend?] Wilson, Wilson, Wilberforce, Warren (2), [W?vil?] (2), Wills (2), Warrender (2), Walrond (2), Wynd[ham?] (2), Webster (2), Watson, Wombwell, Whitehead (2), [W?Ieyer?] (2), Evelyn Wellesley, Cornwallis West, Whatman {2), [?] (2), Rachel Weigall, F. Walker, Smart Walker, Wood (2), de la Wood[?], Ward, Wilbraham, Wilberforce (2), Walker, Williams, [Workham?] (2), Yeatman #Admirals of the Fleet [initial large caps, rest sm caps] — Earl of Clanwilliam, Lord John [Hay?], the Hon. Sir H. Keppel #Admirals — H. G. Andoe, C. E. Buckle, Sir F. Bedford, Britten, the Hon. W. Carpenter, H. F. Cleveland, Sir H. Chads, Close, [?], Carr, E. J. Church, Sir W. Dowell, R. G. Douglas, A. L. [?], C. E. Domvile, A. T. Dale, D’Eyncourt, Field, Sir A. [Farquhar?], Fitzgerald, Fellowes, Fanshawe, Sir H. Fairfax, Sir [?] Fisher, C. J. Fane, Fullerton, the Hon. Sir E. Fremantle, [?] FitzGeorge, Woods Pasha, Sir W. Hunt-Grubbe, Sir Anthony [?] Hoskin, Lord Hood of Avalon, Sir Leopold Heath, Sir [?] [F.?] Hotham, Sir Algernon Heneage, R. H. Hamond, the Right Hon. Sir [J.?] Hay, St. G. C. D’Arcy Irvine, Jones, Kennedy, Sir A. [?s], A. P. Lake, R. M. Lloyd, Sir L. Loraine, A. H. Markham, [Sir?] R. More-Molyneux, Sir F. L. M'Clintock, Sir R. Macdonald, [the?] Hon. V. Montagu, Nicholson, Noel, Marquis of Northampton, Sir E. Ommaney [?], Sir Augustus Phillimore, A. T. Powlett, [?], [?. ?.] Rowley, Sir F. Richards, Lord Charles Scott, [? St.? John?], W. H. C. St. Clair, Bowden Smith, Sulivan, E. H. Sey[mour?], H. Stephenson, Sir Nowell Salmon, Sir W. Houston [Stewart?], Sir M. [Cuhne?]-Seymour, E. W. Turnour, E. W. Van[?] Wharton, Sir G. Willes, the Hon. W. J. Ward #Captain, R.N. — W. A. D. Acland, C. J. Barlow, F. R. Board[?], H. Bainbridge, Hon. T. Brand, Bickford, Lord Charles [B?ford?], B. F. Clark, Colville, Carter, Hon. S. Cecil Colville, [?ford?], A. G. Douglas, Sir C. Domville, Hon. A. Hay Dru[?], [?] [W.?] [?] Gordon, Hammet, Hon. Curzon Howe, Hender[?], [?] Ingles, Jellicoe, Jephson, Johnstone, Jeffreys, H. C. [?], Hon. A. Littleton, Hon. Hedworth Lambton, Moore, May, [? Net?], Poe, Pipon [?], Aldrich Pelham, Alfred Paget, [Bi.idcl?], Rolleston, John Sinclair, Bridgeman Simpson, [?], Van Koughnet [?], Burges Watson, Eardley-Wilmot, [?ham, Winsloe, Hon. J. Yorke #[Lieutenants???] — Anson, G. R. Bethell, Blair, Bayley, Cave[?], [?] Cave,Hon. Cecil Cadogan, de Salis, Fraser, Floyd, Hon. [?] [F?], Alaric Grant, Morgan, Moore, Marescaux, [?] Stuart, Tupper, Wells, Williams, G. J. S. Warrender #[Lieutenants?] R.N. — Alton, Murray Aynsley, Boyle, Bather, [?], [R. F.?] Boyle, Chaytor, Sir Charles Cust, G. W. Davy, [?] Wyndham-Fiennes, Fair, Godfrey Faussett, Garforth, [L?]ord Clifford, Hopkinson, Henderson, Keyes, Keppel, [?] Lloyd, Majendie, Mitchell, Morant, Kerr-Pearse, [?] Richmond, Rae, Stewart, Hon. Victor Stanley, [?] [Calta?]-Seymoar, Trye, Thring, Hon. Cyril Ward, W[?], R. E. Wemyss, Woolcombe #[Captain?] Trinity House, Sir J. Sydney Webbe #[Field?] Marshall — Sir F. P. Haines, Sir Lintorn Simmons, Sir [?] Stewart, Lord Roberts of Kandahar, Viscount Wolseley #[Generals?] —Sir J. Ardagh, Sir A. Alison, Sir H. J. Alderson, [?n] Annesley, J. Alleyne, Sir J. M. Adye, Sir C. G. [Arbuth?]not, Sir H. Havelock-Allan, R. Bateson, Sir W. F. [B?er, Sir H. Brackenbury, H. M. Bengough, the Right Hon. [?] Buller, Sir Owen Tador-Burne, H. J. Buchanan, Sir C. H. [Brown?low], Sir S. Browne, Sir M. Biddulph, Viscount Bridport, [?. O.?] Barnard, E. F. Chapman, Lord Clarina, C. F. Clery, the Hon. S. Gough-Calthorpe, E. H. Clive, Godfrey Clerk, Lord [Ch?]sford, the Hon. Sir Andrew Clarke, Sir E. Du Cane, Crutchley [?], Lord de Ros, Sir John Donelly, J. H. Dunne, Sir Martin Dillon, Sir Collingwood Dickson, Sir H. de Bathe, Davis, Sir F. de Winton, Sir T. Dennehy, Sir H. Ewart, Sir J. B. Edwards, C. B. Ewart, Cecil East, Arthur French, Sir T. Fitz-Wygram, the Hon. Sir P. Feilding, Sir T. E. Gallwey, Sir T. Goldsmid, Sir R. Gipps, Sir R. Grant, Sir F. W. Grenfell, Coleridge Grove, Goldsworthy, J. J. H. Gordon, Sir E. A. Holdich, Sir E. W. Higginson, Sir R. J. Hay, Sir R. Harrison, Julian Hall, Earl Howe, the Hon. W. Home, J. Jameson, Sir Arnold Kemball, Kelly-Kenay, Lord Mark Kerr, F. T. Lloyd, Sir D. Lysons, Sir Drury Lowe, G. Luck, J. W. Laurie, F. Marshall, the Hon. R. Monck, Crichton Maitland, Sir J. M'Neill, Montgomery, the Hon. S. Mostyn, G. Moncrieff, E. Markham, Sir W. A. Mackinnon, Bryan Milman [?], H. M’Calmont [?], M'Donnell, W. C. F. Molyneux, Lord [Methuen?], J. F. Maurice, Sir F. Middleton, O. H. Nicolls, Sir E. [?] Newdegate, Sir H. N[orman?], Sir W. Olpherts, F. Peyton [?], G. [?] Upton Prior, T. H. Pakenham, G. W. T. Rich, Lord [?der] Russell, Robinson, Rowlands, J. C. Russell, F. [Russell?], A. C. Stewart, Sir Henry Smyth, Sterling, Sir C. [?] Shute, N. Stevenson, Swaine, Lord William Seymour, [?] [Sahmond?], Sir Frederick Stephenson, Sir John Stokes, Sir R. [?], Sir H. B. Tuson, the Hon. R. A. J. Talbot, G. le M. [Tupper?], Taylor, Hon. C. Thesiger, R. T. Thynne, Upperton, [?]H. Utterson, Sir J. Watson, Sir C. W. Wilson, Sir F. F. Walker, Sir Evelyn Wood, Sir C. Warren, Albert Williams, the Hon. G. Wrottesley, Sir G. H. Willis, Sir H. Wilmot #Colonels — Armytage, Arkwright, Pat Boyle, Burges, the Hon. [?] Byng, H. B. H. Blundell, M. S. Brownrigg, Sir E. Bradford, Sir A. [Blyge? Bigge?], the Hon. F. Bridgeman, Brassey, Lord William Beresford, St. John Barne, N. Barnardiston, Lord Blythswood, [?] Cunynghame, F. H. Custance, Clayton, Sir Henry Colville, [?] Carnac [?], Cavaye, Seymour Corkran, the Hon. Charles [?], W. Campbell, Chaloner, Archibald Calvert, the Hon. [?] Campbell, the Hon. Wenman C. Coke, the Hon. W. [?ton], the Hon. Sir W. Colville, Chaine, A. B. Crosbie, [T.?] [R?] Crosse, Lord Edward Pelham Clinton, the Hon. Henry [C?hton], E. H. Cooper, the Hon. H. Corry, John Clerk, Lord Dorchestcr, C. R. Dease, the Hon, Lewis Dawnay, [the?] Hon. H. Denison, Denny, Dalbiac, A. Davidson, the Hon. Cathbert Edwards, the Right Hon. Sir F. Edwards, [?son], R. Edis, the Hon. Charles Edgecumbe, Aubone Fife, [?], Wynne Finch, Ferguson of Pitfour, Forster, Lancelot [?r] H. Frudyer, Barrington Foote, Goldsmid, Gore, Grenfell, [?n], C. G. Gordon, R. Gunter, Alan Gardner, Hon. G. Gough, [?] [?iton], the Hon. A. Hood, the Earl of Home, Lord Claud [Hamilton?], Harford, Herbert, the Earl of Haddington, Haygarth, G. Hatton [?], Hillyard, Arthur Haig, Sir E. Stock Hill, R. Hennell, Archer Houblon [?], the Hon. Cospatrick Home, the Hon. C. Gathorne-Hardy, Johnstone, Cotton-Jodrell, Hegan, [H?nard], Sir N. Kingscote, H. A. Lascelles, the Hon. Heneage [L?], Hanning Lee, F. A. Lucas, the Hon. H. Lyttelton, Lockwood, L. V. Loyd, C. W. Long, Ronald Lane, Lucas, J. Leslie, the Hon. Caryl [?]Molyneux, John Murray, Sir A. W. Mackworth, J. M'Calmont [?], Milward, the Hon. F. C. Morgan, J. J. Mellor, Meeking, Manvers [?], Moorsom, H. Malet, the Earl of Mount Edgecumbe, the [Earl?] of March, Wyndham Murray, Sir V. Majendie, the Hon. G. [Napper?], H. H. Oldham, L. J. Oliphant, A. Paget, Dampier Palmer, [Earl?] Percy, George Paget, C. D. Patterson, Arthur Peel, [Birch?] [Richardson?], the Hon. F. W. Stopford, Sir W. G. Stirling, E J. [Sanderson?], T. M. Sandys, H. Smith, J. F. Sandeman, Renyon-[Surrey?], C. E Stewart, E. H. Sartorius, the Hon. Walter [Stewart?], L. Seymour, Settle, Stevenson, Starkie, C. H. Seafe, the Hon. Sir W. P. Talbot, J. Du Plat[?] Taylor, H. Thomas, A. W. [T?], the Hon. W. Ie Poer Trench, H. P. Vance, Sir C. E. Howard Vincent, M.P.; R. Vivian, A. P. Vivian, E. Villiers, the Duke of Westminster, the Earl of Wemyss, Lord Wantage, Ward, [Waring?], [Earle?] Welby, Lord Arthur Wellesley, Robert Williams, the Hon. H. L. Wood, Sir W. H. Walroud, F. Smart Walker, A. [Williams?] Wynn, Wardrop #Majors — Anne, Atherley, Ashton, F. H. Bowles, the Hon. [?] R. Bourke, Carnegy, H. Candy, Close, the Hon. F. Colborue, the Hon. Wenman Coke, Lawrence Drummond, Alfred [Edgecombe?], G. Egerton, E. H. Elliot, the Hon. A. Henniker, J. [H?a?h], the Hon. Assheton Harbord, the Hon. North Dalrymple [Hamilton?], Jameson, Pryce Jones, Larnach, the Hon. Osbert [Lumley?], C. Little, Marindin, the Hon. J. Scott Napier, Wyndham Quin, F. C Rasch, the Hon. A. Sidney, the Hon. J. T. St. Aubyn, Sir Edgar Sebright, Stirling, T. E. M. Swinnington-Parkington, [?.] M. Temple, Tillbrook, Anstruther Thomson, [E.?] [L.?] Woodhouse, and the Marquis of Winchester #Captains — O. Ames, J. Acland, Alan Boisragon, Bates, H. M. [Biddulph?], the Hon. Baring, Butler, the Hon. J. Byng, the Hon. [N.?] Yarde-Butler, E. W. Blunt, J. F. Bagot, the Hon. W. Bagot, Seymour Combe, W. Chetwynd, Dundas, Denis Daly, Cecil Drummond, M. Drummond, Ellison, Houston French, Gye, R. G. [Gilmour?], P. Green, W. G. Grice-Hutchinson, Ahmed Hussain, G. [L.?] Holford, Jessel, the Hon. W. Lambton, the Hon. G. H. [L?], Sir H. Naylor-Leyland, G. Lister, Matthews, A. D. Miller, [?],M. M'Neill, C. Norton, Phillpotts, N. G. Philips, Prety[man?], Duncan Pirie, Pitman, Fox Pitt, Petre, Harcourt Rose, [W.?] [J.?] Stopford, Sir Eyre Shaw, H. G. D. Shute, Spicer, the Hon. [?.] St. Aubyn, Sutton, Tillard, Webbe, Wray, and Gordon [Watson?] #Lieutenants — Baun, A. Cowell, the Hon. E. C. Lennox, F. Ponsonby, J. Ponsonby, Vandeleur, the Hon. C. Willoughby, and the Hon. C. S. H. D. Willoughby ===Entertainment=== "The Bands of the 1st Life Guards, Grenadier Guards, and Royal Artillery played a selection of music during the afternoon."<ref name=":1" /> (4, Col. 2c) ==Anthology== ====Quote Intro==== <quote></quote> () == Notes and Questions == # ==References== * <references /> nt89qgbbi9doxutqxjasqd5o63gt0vn 6 316569 2690032 2687801 2024-12-02T22:19:22Z OhanaUnited 18921 OhanaUnited uploaded a new version of [[File:The Himalayan fossil hoax.pdf]] 2687801 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 2690033 2690032 2024-12-02T22:20:25Z OhanaUnited 18921 summary & license 2690033 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description= English: [[WikiJournal of Science/The Himalayan fossil hoax]] |Source= 10.15347/WJS/2023.008 |Date= 12/5/2023 |Author= Kholhring Lalchhandama |Permission= This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Share-alike 3.0 unported license. }} == Licensing == {{cc-by-sa-3.0}} [[Category:WikiJournal]] pr19qlx0drbte7g05h4ujfdlqt2sb1q 0 316595 2689960 2688783 2024-12-02T13:55:40Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* Introduction */ 2689960 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== The ''Curve'', ''Line'', ''Path'' or ''Contour integral'' expands the standard integral term for the [[w:de:Integralrechnung|Integration]] in the complex plane ([[w:en:Complex analysis|Complex Analysis]]) or in the multidimensional space <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math> or <math>\mathbb{C}^n</math>. The [[w:de:Weg (Mathematik)|path]], the line or the [[w:de:Kurve (Mathematik)|curve]], via which is integrated, is called the ''integration path''<ref name="cite2"> Klaus Knothe, Heribert Wessels: Finite Elemente. Eine Einführung für Ingenieure. 3. Auflage. 1999, ISBN 3-540-64491-1, S. 524.</ref>. The line integral over a closed path are written with the symbol <math display="inline"> \textstyle \oint </math>. ==Real-valued Line Integrale== A path <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is given which is imaged from an interval (e.g. interpreted as a time interval) into the vector space <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the place where the value is <math display="inline"> t\in [a,b] </math>. The difference is * Line integral first type and * Line integral second type. ==Pathintegral first type== [[File:Line_integral_of_scalar_field.gif|thumb|Illustration eines Kurvenintegrals erster Art über ein Skalarfeld]] The path integral of a steady [[w:de:Funktion (Mathematik)|Function]] : <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} </math> along a continuously differentiable piece [[w:de:Weg (Mathematik)|path]] <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is defined as :<math display="block"> \int\limits_\gamma \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \, \| {\gamma \,}'(t) \|_2 \,\mathrm{d} t. </math> ===Deduction of the path=== <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}' </math> refers to the derivation from <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> to <math display="inline"> t </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> are a vector. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\dots ,\gamma_n) </math>. ===Remark - Component functions=== The component functions <math display="inline"> \gamma_i : [a,b] \to \mathbb{R} </math> are illustrations for which the derivation with the knowledge from the real analysis can be calculated. ===Example of a path and its derivation=== A differentiable path is defined first <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> with :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} \gamma: & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & \gamma \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \cdot \cos(t) \\ 3 \cdot \sin(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> The track of the path forms an ellipse with the half axes 5 and 3. ====Derivation of the path in the two-dimensional space==== The derivation <math display="inline"> {\gamma }' </math> of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> results directly from the derivation of the component functions :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} {\gamma }': & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & {\gamma }' \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \cdot \sin(t) \\ 3 \cdot \cos(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> ===Example - Deduction of the Way in the Three-dimensional Space=== Now a vector is <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)= (\cos(t),\sin(t),t) \in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t) = (- \sin(t),\cos(t), 1)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math>. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\gamma_2,\gamma_3) </math>. ==Task== Draw the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> (Ellipse) and plotted the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> with [[CAS4Wiki|CAS4Wiki]] plots. ===Vector length of the derivation vector of the path=== <math display="inline"> \|{\gamma \,}'(t)\|_2 </math> indicates the [[w:eb:Euclidean_space#Euclidean_norm|Euclidian norm]] of the vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma\,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Picture of the path - track=== The [[w:de:Bildmenge|image set]] <math display="inline"> \mbox{Spur}(\gamma) := \mathcal C := \gamma([a,b]) </math> of one piece [[w:en:Curve#Differential_geometry|differentiable curve]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> should not be confused with the graph of a curve which is a part of the <math display="inline"> [a,b] \times \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Notes=== * An example of such a function <math display="inline"> f </math> is a [[w:de:Skalarfeld|Scalar feild]] with [[w:de:Kartesisches Koordinatensystem|cartesischen coordinaten]]. * A path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> can pass through a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> either as a whole or only in sections several times. * For <math display="inline"> f \equiv 1 </math>, the path integral of the first type gives the length of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. * The path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> forms, inter alia <math display="inline"> a \in \mathbb{R} </math> on the starting point of the curve and <math display="inline"> b \in \mathbb{R} </math> on its end point. * <math display="inline"> t \in [a,b] </math> is an element of the definition set of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> and is generally ''not' for time. <math display="inline"> \mathrm dt </math> is the corresponding [[w:de:Differential (Mathematik)|Differential]]. ==Pathintegral second type== [[File:Line_integral_of_vector_field.gif|thumb|Visualization of a line integral of second type over Gradient vector field]] The line integral over a continuous [[w:de:Gradient vector field|gradient vector field]] : <math display="inline"> \mathbf f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n </math> with a curve also parameterized in this way is defined as the integral over the [[w:en:Scalar product|scalar product]] of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} \circ \gamma </math> and <math display="inline"> \dot\gamma </math>: : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \! \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathrm{d} \mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \! \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm{d} t </math> ===Influence of parameterization=== If <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta\colon[c,d]\to\mathbb R^n </math> 'simplified' (d. h, <math display="inline"> \gamma_{|(a,b)} </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta_{|(c,d)} </math> are identical This justifies the name c''urve integral''; if the direction of integration is visible or irrelevant, the path in the notation can be suppressed. ===Curve integrals=== Since a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the image of a path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>, the definitions of the curve integrals essentially correspond to the path integrals. ====Curve integral 1. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal C} \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \cdot \| {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \|_2 \, \mathrm{d} t </math> ====Curve integral 2. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\mathrm d\mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm dt </math> ====Length of curve==== A special case is again the length of the curve parameterized by <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math>: : <math display="inline"> \mathrm{L\ddot ange\ von\ }\mathcal C = \int\limits_{\mathcal C} 1 \, \mathrm{d}s = \int\limits_a^b\| {\gamma\,}'(t) \|_2\,\mathrm dt </math> ===Displacement element and length element=== The expression occurring in the first type of curves : <math display="inline"> \mathrm ds= \|{\gamma\,}'(t)\|_2 \, \mathrm dt </math> is called ''scalar path element' or 'length element''.The expression occurring in the second type of curve integrals :<math display="block"> \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = {\gamma\,}' (t)\,\mathrm dt </math> is called 'vectorial path element'. ===Rules of Procedure=== Be <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math>, <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) </math> Curve integrals of the same type (i.e. either both first or second type), be the original image of the two functions <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{g} </math> of the same dimension and be (698104789). The following rules apply to <math display="inline"> \alpha </math>, <math display="inline"> \beta\in \mathbb R </math> and <math display="inline"> c\in\mathbb [a, b] </math>: * <math display="inline"> \alpha\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_\gamma (\alpha\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x})) </math> * <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[a, c]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[c, b]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math> ==Notation for curve integrals of closed curves== If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is a closed way, you write : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\int\limits_\gamma </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\gamma </math> and similar for closed curves <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle \int\limits_\mathcal C </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\mathcal C </math>. With the circle in the Integral one would like to make clear that <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is closed. The only difference is in the notation. ==Examples== * If <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the [[w:de:Funktionsgraph|Graph]] of a function <math display="inline"> f\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R </math>, this curve will be passed through the path :: <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) </math> : parametrized. About :: <math display="inline"> \|\dot\gamma(t)\|_2=\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2} </math> : the length of the curve is equal :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C\mathrm ds = \int\limits_a^b\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2}\,\mathrm dt. </math> * A [[w:de:Ellipse|Ellipse]] with large half-axis <math display="inline"> a </math> and small half-axis <math display="inline"> b </math> is parameterized by <math display="inline"> (a\cos t, \, b\sin t) </math> for <math display="inline"> t\in[0,2\pi] </math>. Your scope is therefore :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_0^{2\pi}\sqrt{a^2\sin^2t+b^2\cos^2t}\,\mathrm dt = 4a\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{1-\varepsilon^2\cos^2t}\;\mathrm dt </math>. : In this case <math display="inline"> \varepsilon </math> refers to the [[w:de:Exzentrizität (Mathematik)|numerical eccenttricity]] <math display="inline"> \sqrt{1-b^2/a^2} </math> of the ellipse. The integral on the right is referred to as [[w:de:elliptisches Integral|ellipioes. Integral]] due to this connection. ==Way-independent== If a vector field <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> is a ''[[w:de:Gradientenfeld|Gradient field]]', i.e.'' : <math display="inline"> \mathbf{\nabla} V = \mathbf{F} </math>, This applies to [[w:de:Differentialrechnung|derivation]] of [[w:de:Komposition (Mathematik)|concatenation]] of <math display="inline"> V </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math> : <math display="inline"> \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) = \mathbf{\nabla} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) = \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) </math>, which exactly corresponds to the integral of the path integral over <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> to <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math>. ===Dependence of integral boundaries 1=== This follows for a given curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\,\mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_a^b \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t))\cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t)\,\mathrm dt = \int\limits_a^b \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \,\mathrm dt = V(\mathbf{r}(b)) - V(\mathbf{r}(a)). </math> === Visualization === The following image show two arbitrary curves <math>S1</math> and <math>S2</math> in a Gradient vector field connecting point <math>1</math> with point <math>2</math>. [[File:Konservative_Kraft_Wege.svg|350px|center|two arbitrary curves 'S1' and 'S2' in a Gradient vector field connecting point 1 with point 2.]] ===Dependence of integral boundaries 2=== This means that the integral of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> over <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> depends solely on points <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(b) </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(a) </math> and the path between them is irrelevant to the result. For this reason, the integral of a gradient field is referred to as “displaced”. ===Remark - closed paths - Ringintegral=== In particular, the ring integral applies to the closed curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> with two arbitrary paths <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_2 </math>: : <math display="inline"> \oint\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_{1,\mathcal{S}_1}^2 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} + \int\limits_{2,\mathcal{S}_2}^1 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = 0 </math> ===Application in Physics=== This is particularly important in [[w:de:Physik|Physics]], since, for example, the [[w:de:Gravitation|Gravitation]] has these properties. Since the energy in these force fields is always a conservation variable, they are referred to in physics as [[w:de:konservative Kraft|conservative force]]. ===Scaler fields - Potential energy=== The scalar field <math display="inline"> V </math> is the [[w:de:Skalarpotential|Potential]] or the [[w:de:potentielle Energie|potential Energy]]. Conservative force fields receive the mechanical energy, i.e. the sum of [[w:de:Kinetische Energie|kinetic Energy]] and potential energy. According to the above integral, a work of 0 J is applied on a closed curve overall. ===Number of revolutions=== Path independence can also be shown with the aid of the [[w:de:Integrabilitätsbedingung|Integrability condition]]. [[File:Windungszahl5.png|thumb|Die curve (698-1047-1732115943789-341-116) umläuft das Zentrum (698-1047-1732115943789-341-117) zweimal]] If the vector field is not possible as a gradient field only in a (small) environment <math display="inline"> U </math> of a point, the closed path integral of curves outside <math display="inline"> U </math> is proportional to the number of turns around this point and otherwise independent of the exact curve (see [[w:de:Algebraische Topologie#Methodik|Algebraic Topology: Methodology]]). ===Remark - Complex pathintegrale=== If <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> is replaced by <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>, complex path integrals are treated which are treated in the [[Complex Analysis]]. ==Literature== * [[w:en:Harro Heuser|Harro Heuser]]: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 2. 1981, 5. Auflage, Teubner 1990, ISBN 3-519-42222-0. p. 369, Theorem 180.1; p. 391, Theorem 184.1; p. 393, Theorem 185.1. === References === <references /> ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis]] * [[Measure theory on topological spaces]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Calculus Calculus]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20integral https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] -->; === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[v:de::Kurvenintegral|Kurvenintegral]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral * Date: 11/20/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurvenintegral" srclang="de" date="11/20/2024" time="17:04" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude> [[de:Kurvenintegral]] </noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Curve integral]]</noinclude> --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] cq0uuift75843fdedavyhxec9wegpxe 2689961 2689960 2024-12-02T14:27:54Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 2689961 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== The ''Curve'', ''Line'', ''Path'' or ''Contour integral'' expands the standard integral term for the [[w:de:Integralrechnung|Integration]] in the complex plane ([[w:en:Complex analysis|Complex Analysis]]) or in the multidimensional space <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math> or <math>\mathbb{C}^n</math>. The [[w:en:Path (topology)|path]], the line or the [[w:e:Curve|curve]], via which is integrated, is called the ''integration path''<ref name="cite2"> Klaus Knothe, Heribert Wessels: Finite Elemente. Eine Einführung für Ingenieure. 3. Auflage. 1999, ISBN 3-540-64491-1, S. 524.</ref>. The line integral over a closed path are written with the symbol <math display="inline"> \textstyle \oint </math>. ==Real-valued Line Integrale== A path <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is given which is imaged from an interval (e.g. interpreted as a time interval) into the vector space <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the place where the value is <math display="inline"> t\in [a,b] </math>. The difference is * Line integral first type and * Line integral second type. ==Pathintegral first type== [[File:Line_integral_of_scalar_field.gif|thumb|Illustration eines Kurvenintegrals erster Art über ein Skalarfeld]] The path integral of a steady [[w:de:Funktion (Mathematik)|Function]] : <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} </math> along a continuously differentiable piece [[w:de:Weg (Mathematik)|path]] <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is defined as :<math display="block"> \int\limits_\gamma \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \, \| {\gamma \,}'(t) \|_2 \,\mathrm{d} t. </math> ===Deduction of the path=== <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}' </math> refers to the derivation from <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> to <math display="inline"> t </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> are a vector. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\dots ,\gamma_n) </math>. ===Remark - Component functions=== The component functions <math display="inline"> \gamma_i : [a,b] \to \mathbb{R} </math> are illustrations for which the derivation with the knowledge from the real analysis can be calculated. ===Example of a path and its derivation=== A differentiable path is defined first <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> with :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} \gamma: & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & \gamma \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \cdot \cos(t) \\ 3 \cdot \sin(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> The track of the path forms an ellipse with the half axes 5 and 3. ====Derivation of the path in the two-dimensional space==== The derivation <math display="inline"> {\gamma }' </math> of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> results directly from the derivation of the component functions :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} {\gamma }': & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & {\gamma }' \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \cdot \sin(t) \\ 3 \cdot \cos(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> ===Example - Deduction of the Way in the Three-dimensional Space=== Now a vector is <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)= (\cos(t),\sin(t),t) \in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t) = (- \sin(t),\cos(t), 1)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math>. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\gamma_2,\gamma_3) </math>. ==Task== Draw the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> (Ellipse) and plotted the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> with [[CAS4Wiki|CAS4Wiki]] plots. ===Vector length of the derivation vector of the path=== <math display="inline"> \|{\gamma \,}'(t)\|_2 </math> indicates the [[w:eb:Euclidean_space#Euclidean_norm|Euclidian norm]] of the vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma\,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Picture of the path - track=== The [[w:de:Bildmenge|image set]] <math display="inline"> \mbox{Spur}(\gamma) := \mathcal C := \gamma([a,b]) </math> of one piece [[w:en:Curve#Differential_geometry|differentiable curve]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> should not be confused with the graph of a curve which is a part of the <math display="inline"> [a,b] \times \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Notes=== * An example of such a function <math display="inline"> f </math> is a [[w:de:Skalarfeld|Scalar feild]] with [[w:de:Kartesisches Koordinatensystem|cartesischen coordinaten]]. * A path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> can pass through a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> either as a whole or only in sections several times. * For <math display="inline"> f \equiv 1 </math>, the path integral of the first type gives the length of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. * The path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> forms, inter alia <math display="inline"> a \in \mathbb{R} </math> on the starting point of the curve and <math display="inline"> b \in \mathbb{R} </math> on its end point. * <math display="inline"> t \in [a,b] </math> is an element of the definition set of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> and is generally ''not' for time. <math display="inline"> \mathrm dt </math> is the corresponding [[w:de:Differential (Mathematik)|Differential]]. ==Pathintegral second type== [[File:Line_integral_of_vector_field.gif|thumb|Visualization of a line integral of second type over Gradient vector field]] The line integral over a continuous [[w:de:Gradient vector field|gradient vector field]] : <math display="inline"> \mathbf f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n </math> with a curve also parameterized in this way is defined as the integral over the [[w:en:Scalar product|scalar product]] of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} \circ \gamma </math> and <math display="inline"> \dot\gamma </math>: : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \! \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathrm{d} \mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \! \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm{d} t </math> ===Influence of parameterization=== If <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta\colon[c,d]\to\mathbb R^n </math> 'simplified' (d. h, <math display="inline"> \gamma_{|(a,b)} </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta_{|(c,d)} </math> are identical This justifies the name c''urve integral''; if the direction of integration is visible or irrelevant, the path in the notation can be suppressed. ===Curve integrals=== Since a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the image of a path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>, the definitions of the curve integrals essentially correspond to the path integrals. ====Curve integral 1. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal C} \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \cdot \| {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \|_2 \, \mathrm{d} t </math> ====Curve integral 2. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\mathrm d\mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm dt </math> ====Length of curve==== A special case is again the length of the curve parameterized by <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math>: : <math display="inline"> \mathrm{L\ddot ange\ von\ }\mathcal C = \int\limits_{\mathcal C} 1 \, \mathrm{d}s = \int\limits_a^b\| {\gamma\,}'(t) \|_2\,\mathrm dt </math> ===Displacement element and length element=== The expression occurring in the first type of curves : <math display="inline"> \mathrm ds= \|{\gamma\,}'(t)\|_2 \, \mathrm dt </math> is called ''scalar path element' or 'length element''.The expression occurring in the second type of curve integrals :<math display="block"> \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = {\gamma\,}' (t)\,\mathrm dt </math> is called 'vectorial path element'. ===Rules of Procedure=== Be <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math>, <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) </math> Curve integrals of the same type (i.e. either both first or second type), be the original image of the two functions <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{g} </math> of the same dimension and be (698104789). The following rules apply to <math display="inline"> \alpha </math>, <math display="inline"> \beta\in \mathbb R </math> and <math display="inline"> c\in\mathbb [a, b] </math>: * <math display="inline"> \alpha\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_\gamma (\alpha\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x})) </math> * <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[a, c]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[c, b]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math> ==Notation for curve integrals of closed curves== If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is a closed way, you write : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\int\limits_\gamma </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\gamma </math> and similar for closed curves <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle \int\limits_\mathcal C </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\mathcal C </math>. With the circle in the Integral one would like to make clear that <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is closed. The only difference is in the notation. ==Examples== * If <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the [[w:de:Funktionsgraph|Graph]] of a function <math display="inline"> f\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R </math>, this curve will be passed through the path :: <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) </math> : parametrized. About :: <math display="inline"> \|\dot\gamma(t)\|_2=\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2} </math> : the length of the curve is equal :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C\mathrm ds = \int\limits_a^b\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2}\,\mathrm dt. </math> * A [[w:de:Ellipse|Ellipse]] with large half-axis <math display="inline"> a </math> and small half-axis <math display="inline"> b </math> is parameterized by <math display="inline"> (a\cos t, \, b\sin t) </math> for <math display="inline"> t\in[0,2\pi] </math>. Your scope is therefore :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_0^{2\pi}\sqrt{a^2\sin^2t+b^2\cos^2t}\,\mathrm dt = 4a\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{1-\varepsilon^2\cos^2t}\;\mathrm dt </math>. : In this case <math display="inline"> \varepsilon </math> refers to the [[w:de:Exzentrizität (Mathematik)|numerical eccenttricity]] <math display="inline"> \sqrt{1-b^2/a^2} </math> of the ellipse. The integral on the right is referred to as [[w:de:elliptisches Integral|ellipioes. Integral]] due to this connection. ==Way-independent== If a vector field <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> is a ''[[w:de:Gradientenfeld|Gradient field]]', i.e.'' : <math display="inline"> \mathbf{\nabla} V = \mathbf{F} </math>, This applies to [[w:de:Differentialrechnung|derivation]] of [[w:de:Komposition (Mathematik)|concatenation]] of <math display="inline"> V </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math> : <math display="inline"> \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) = \mathbf{\nabla} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) = \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) </math>, which exactly corresponds to the integral of the path integral over <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> to <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math>. ===Dependence of integral boundaries 1=== This follows for a given curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\,\mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_a^b \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t))\cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t)\,\mathrm dt = \int\limits_a^b \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \,\mathrm dt = V(\mathbf{r}(b)) - V(\mathbf{r}(a)). </math> === Visualization === The following image show two arbitrary curves <math>S1</math> and <math>S2</math> in a Gradient vector field connecting point <math>1</math> with point <math>2</math>. [[File:Konservative_Kraft_Wege.svg|350px|center|two arbitrary curves 'S1' and 'S2' in a Gradient vector field connecting point 1 with point 2.]] ===Dependence of integral boundaries 2=== This means that the integral of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> over <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> depends solely on points <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(b) </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(a) </math> and the path between them is irrelevant to the result. For this reason, the integral of a gradient field is referred to as “displaced”. ===Remark - closed paths - Ringintegral=== In particular, the ring integral applies to the closed curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> with two arbitrary paths <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_2 </math>: : <math display="inline"> \oint\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_{1,\mathcal{S}_1}^2 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} + \int\limits_{2,\mathcal{S}_2}^1 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = 0 </math> ===Application in Physics=== This is particularly important in [[w:de:Physik|Physics]], since, for example, the [[w:de:Gravitation|Gravitation]] has these properties. Since the energy in these force fields is always a conservation variable, they are referred to in physics as [[w:de:konservative Kraft|conservative force]]. ===Scaler fields - Potential energy=== The scalar field <math display="inline"> V </math> is the [[w:de:Skalarpotential|Potential]] or the [[w:de:potentielle Energie|potential Energy]]. Conservative force fields receive the mechanical energy, i.e. the sum of [[w:de:Kinetische Energie|kinetic Energy]] and potential energy. According to the above integral, a work of 0 J is applied on a closed curve overall. ===Number of revolutions=== Path independence can also be shown with the aid of the [[w:de:Integrabilitätsbedingung|Integrability condition]]. [[File:Windungszahl5.png|thumb|Die curve (698-1047-1732115943789-341-116) umläuft das Zentrum (698-1047-1732115943789-341-117) zweimal]] If the vector field is not possible as a gradient field only in a (small) environment <math display="inline"> U </math> of a point, the closed path integral of curves outside <math display="inline"> U </math> is proportional to the number of turns around this point and otherwise independent of the exact curve (see [[w:de:Algebraische Topologie#Methodik|Algebraic Topology: Methodology]]). ===Remark - Complex pathintegrale=== If <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> is replaced by <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>, complex path integrals are treated which are treated in the [[Complex Analysis]]. ==Literature== * [[w:en:Harro Heuser|Harro Heuser]]: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 2. 1981, 5. Auflage, Teubner 1990, ISBN 3-519-42222-0. p. 369, Theorem 180.1; p. 391, Theorem 184.1; p. 393, Theorem 185.1. === References === <references /> ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis]] * [[Measure theory on topological spaces]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Calculus Calculus]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20integral https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] -->; === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[v:de::Kurvenintegral|Kurvenintegral]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral * Date: 11/20/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurvenintegral" srclang="de" date="11/20/2024" time="17:04" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude> [[de:Kurvenintegral]] </noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Curve integral]]</noinclude> --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] 45b47qk2iiz5rgskb029884rovvpvia 2689962 2689961 2024-12-02T14:28:23Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Vector length of the derivation vector of the path */ 2689962 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== The ''Curve'', ''Line'', ''Path'' or ''Contour integral'' expands the standard integral term for the [[w:de:Integralrechnung|Integration]] in the complex plane ([[w:en:Complex analysis|Complex Analysis]]) or in the multidimensional space <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math> or <math>\mathbb{C}^n</math>. The [[w:en:Path (topology)|path]], the line or the [[w:e:Curve|curve]], via which is integrated, is called the ''integration path''<ref name="cite2"> Klaus Knothe, Heribert Wessels: Finite Elemente. Eine Einführung für Ingenieure. 3. Auflage. 1999, ISBN 3-540-64491-1, S. 524.</ref>. The line integral over a closed path are written with the symbol <math display="inline"> \textstyle \oint </math>. ==Real-valued Line Integrale== A path <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is given which is imaged from an interval (e.g. interpreted as a time interval) into the vector space <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the place where the value is <math display="inline"> t\in [a,b] </math>. The difference is * Line integral first type and * Line integral second type. ==Pathintegral first type== [[File:Line_integral_of_scalar_field.gif|thumb|Illustration eines Kurvenintegrals erster Art über ein Skalarfeld]] The path integral of a steady [[w:de:Funktion (Mathematik)|Function]] : <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} </math> along a continuously differentiable piece [[w:de:Weg (Mathematik)|path]] <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is defined as :<math display="block"> \int\limits_\gamma \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \, \| {\gamma \,}'(t) \|_2 \,\mathrm{d} t. </math> ===Deduction of the path=== <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}' </math> refers to the derivation from <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> to <math display="inline"> t </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> are a vector. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\dots ,\gamma_n) </math>. ===Remark - Component functions=== The component functions <math display="inline"> \gamma_i : [a,b] \to \mathbb{R} </math> are illustrations for which the derivation with the knowledge from the real analysis can be calculated. ===Example of a path and its derivation=== A differentiable path is defined first <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> with :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} \gamma: & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & \gamma \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \cdot \cos(t) \\ 3 \cdot \sin(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> The track of the path forms an ellipse with the half axes 5 and 3. ====Derivation of the path in the two-dimensional space==== The derivation <math display="inline"> {\gamma }' </math> of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> results directly from the derivation of the component functions :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} {\gamma }': & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & {\gamma }' \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \cdot \sin(t) \\ 3 \cdot \cos(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> ===Example - Deduction of the Way in the Three-dimensional Space=== Now a vector is <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)= (\cos(t),\sin(t),t) \in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t) = (- \sin(t),\cos(t), 1)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math>. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\gamma_2,\gamma_3) </math>. ==Task== Draw the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> (Ellipse) and plotted the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> with [[CAS4Wiki|CAS4Wiki]] plots. ===Vector length of the derivation vector of the path=== <math display="inline"> \|{\gamma \,}'(t)\|_2 </math> indicates the [[w:en:Euclidean_space#Euclidean_norm|Euclidian norm]] of the vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma\,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Picture of the path - track=== The [[w:de:Bildmenge|image set]] <math display="inline"> \mbox{Spur}(\gamma) := \mathcal C := \gamma([a,b]) </math> of one piece [[w:en:Curve#Differential_geometry|differentiable curve]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> should not be confused with the graph of a curve which is a part of the <math display="inline"> [a,b] \times \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Notes=== * An example of such a function <math display="inline"> f </math> is a [[w:de:Skalarfeld|Scalar feild]] with [[w:de:Kartesisches Koordinatensystem|cartesischen coordinaten]]. * A path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> can pass through a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> either as a whole or only in sections several times. * For <math display="inline"> f \equiv 1 </math>, the path integral of the first type gives the length of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. * The path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> forms, inter alia <math display="inline"> a \in \mathbb{R} </math> on the starting point of the curve and <math display="inline"> b \in \mathbb{R} </math> on its end point. * <math display="inline"> t \in [a,b] </math> is an element of the definition set of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> and is generally ''not' for time. <math display="inline"> \mathrm dt </math> is the corresponding [[w:de:Differential (Mathematik)|Differential]]. ==Pathintegral second type== [[File:Line_integral_of_vector_field.gif|thumb|Visualization of a line integral of second type over Gradient vector field]] The line integral over a continuous [[w:de:Gradient vector field|gradient vector field]] : <math display="inline"> \mathbf f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n </math> with a curve also parameterized in this way is defined as the integral over the [[w:en:Scalar product|scalar product]] of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} \circ \gamma </math> and <math display="inline"> \dot\gamma </math>: : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \! \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathrm{d} \mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \! \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm{d} t </math> ===Influence of parameterization=== If <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta\colon[c,d]\to\mathbb R^n </math> 'simplified' (d. h, <math display="inline"> \gamma_{|(a,b)} </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta_{|(c,d)} </math> are identical This justifies the name c''urve integral''; if the direction of integration is visible or irrelevant, the path in the notation can be suppressed. ===Curve integrals=== Since a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the image of a path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>, the definitions of the curve integrals essentially correspond to the path integrals. ====Curve integral 1. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal C} \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \cdot \| {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \|_2 \, \mathrm{d} t </math> ====Curve integral 2. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\mathrm d\mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm dt </math> ====Length of curve==== A special case is again the length of the curve parameterized by <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math>: : <math display="inline"> \mathrm{L\ddot ange\ von\ }\mathcal C = \int\limits_{\mathcal C} 1 \, \mathrm{d}s = \int\limits_a^b\| {\gamma\,}'(t) \|_2\,\mathrm dt </math> ===Displacement element and length element=== The expression occurring in the first type of curves : <math display="inline"> \mathrm ds= \|{\gamma\,}'(t)\|_2 \, \mathrm dt </math> is called ''scalar path element' or 'length element''.The expression occurring in the second type of curve integrals :<math display="block"> \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = {\gamma\,}' (t)\,\mathrm dt </math> is called 'vectorial path element'. ===Rules of Procedure=== Be <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math>, <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) </math> Curve integrals of the same type (i.e. either both first or second type), be the original image of the two functions <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{g} </math> of the same dimension and be (698104789). The following rules apply to <math display="inline"> \alpha </math>, <math display="inline"> \beta\in \mathbb R </math> and <math display="inline"> c\in\mathbb [a, b] </math>: * <math display="inline"> \alpha\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_\gamma (\alpha\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x})) </math> * <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[a, c]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[c, b]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math> ==Notation for curve integrals of closed curves== If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is a closed way, you write : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\int\limits_\gamma </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\gamma </math> and similar for closed curves <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle \int\limits_\mathcal C </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\mathcal C </math>. With the circle in the Integral one would like to make clear that <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is closed. The only difference is in the notation. ==Examples== * If <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the [[w:de:Funktionsgraph|Graph]] of a function <math display="inline"> f\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R </math>, this curve will be passed through the path :: <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) </math> : parametrized. About :: <math display="inline"> \|\dot\gamma(t)\|_2=\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2} </math> : the length of the curve is equal :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C\mathrm ds = \int\limits_a^b\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2}\,\mathrm dt. </math> * A [[w:de:Ellipse|Ellipse]] with large half-axis <math display="inline"> a </math> and small half-axis <math display="inline"> b </math> is parameterized by <math display="inline"> (a\cos t, \, b\sin t) </math> for <math display="inline"> t\in[0,2\pi] </math>. Your scope is therefore :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_0^{2\pi}\sqrt{a^2\sin^2t+b^2\cos^2t}\,\mathrm dt = 4a\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{1-\varepsilon^2\cos^2t}\;\mathrm dt </math>. : In this case <math display="inline"> \varepsilon </math> refers to the [[w:de:Exzentrizität (Mathematik)|numerical eccenttricity]] <math display="inline"> \sqrt{1-b^2/a^2} </math> of the ellipse. The integral on the right is referred to as [[w:de:elliptisches Integral|ellipioes. Integral]] due to this connection. ==Way-independent== If a vector field <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> is a ''[[w:de:Gradientenfeld|Gradient field]]', i.e.'' : <math display="inline"> \mathbf{\nabla} V = \mathbf{F} </math>, This applies to [[w:de:Differentialrechnung|derivation]] of [[w:de:Komposition (Mathematik)|concatenation]] of <math display="inline"> V </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math> : <math display="inline"> \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) = \mathbf{\nabla} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) = \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) </math>, which exactly corresponds to the integral of the path integral over <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> to <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math>. ===Dependence of integral boundaries 1=== This follows for a given curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\,\mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_a^b \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t))\cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t)\,\mathrm dt = \int\limits_a^b \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \,\mathrm dt = V(\mathbf{r}(b)) - V(\mathbf{r}(a)). </math> === Visualization === The following image show two arbitrary curves <math>S1</math> and <math>S2</math> in a Gradient vector field connecting point <math>1</math> with point <math>2</math>. [[File:Konservative_Kraft_Wege.svg|350px|center|two arbitrary curves 'S1' and 'S2' in a Gradient vector field connecting point 1 with point 2.]] ===Dependence of integral boundaries 2=== This means that the integral of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> over <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> depends solely on points <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(b) </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(a) </math> and the path between them is irrelevant to the result. For this reason, the integral of a gradient field is referred to as “displaced”. ===Remark - closed paths - Ringintegral=== In particular, the ring integral applies to the closed curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> with two arbitrary paths <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_2 </math>: : <math display="inline"> \oint\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_{1,\mathcal{S}_1}^2 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} + \int\limits_{2,\mathcal{S}_2}^1 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = 0 </math> ===Application in Physics=== This is particularly important in [[w:de:Physik|Physics]], since, for example, the [[w:de:Gravitation|Gravitation]] has these properties. Since the energy in these force fields is always a conservation variable, they are referred to in physics as [[w:de:konservative Kraft|conservative force]]. ===Scaler fields - Potential energy=== The scalar field <math display="inline"> V </math> is the [[w:de:Skalarpotential|Potential]] or the [[w:de:potentielle Energie|potential Energy]]. Conservative force fields receive the mechanical energy, i.e. the sum of [[w:de:Kinetische Energie|kinetic Energy]] and potential energy. According to the above integral, a work of 0 J is applied on a closed curve overall. ===Number of revolutions=== Path independence can also be shown with the aid of the [[w:de:Integrabilitätsbedingung|Integrability condition]]. [[File:Windungszahl5.png|thumb|Die curve (698-1047-1732115943789-341-116) umläuft das Zentrum (698-1047-1732115943789-341-117) zweimal]] If the vector field is not possible as a gradient field only in a (small) environment <math display="inline"> U </math> of a point, the closed path integral of curves outside <math display="inline"> U </math> is proportional to the number of turns around this point and otherwise independent of the exact curve (see [[w:de:Algebraische Topologie#Methodik|Algebraic Topology: Methodology]]). ===Remark - Complex pathintegrale=== If <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> is replaced by <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>, complex path integrals are treated which are treated in the [[Complex Analysis]]. ==Literature== * [[w:en:Harro Heuser|Harro Heuser]]: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 2. 1981, 5. Auflage, Teubner 1990, ISBN 3-519-42222-0. p. 369, Theorem 180.1; p. 391, Theorem 184.1; p. 393, Theorem 185.1. === References === <references /> ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis]] * [[Measure theory on topological spaces]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Calculus Calculus]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20integral https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] -->; === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[v:de::Kurvenintegral|Kurvenintegral]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral * Date: 11/20/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurvenintegral" srclang="de" date="11/20/2024" time="17:04" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude> [[de:Kurvenintegral]] </noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Curve integral]]</noinclude> --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] 4cz7ii3tnuwp3ysdede0ccncavkghvv 2689963 2689962 2024-12-02T14:29:12Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Picture of the path - track */ 2689963 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== The ''Curve'', ''Line'', ''Path'' or ''Contour integral'' expands the standard integral term for the [[w:de:Integralrechnung|Integration]] in the complex plane ([[w:en:Complex analysis|Complex Analysis]]) or in the multidimensional space <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math> or <math>\mathbb{C}^n</math>. The [[w:en:Path (topology)|path]], the line or the [[w:e:Curve|curve]], via which is integrated, is called the ''integration path''<ref name="cite2"> Klaus Knothe, Heribert Wessels: Finite Elemente. Eine Einführung für Ingenieure. 3. Auflage. 1999, ISBN 3-540-64491-1, S. 524.</ref>. The line integral over a closed path are written with the symbol <math display="inline"> \textstyle \oint </math>. ==Real-valued Line Integrale== A path <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is given which is imaged from an interval (e.g. interpreted as a time interval) into the vector space <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the place where the value is <math display="inline"> t\in [a,b] </math>. The difference is * Line integral first type and * Line integral second type. ==Pathintegral first type== [[File:Line_integral_of_scalar_field.gif|thumb|Illustration eines Kurvenintegrals erster Art über ein Skalarfeld]] The path integral of a steady [[w:de:Funktion (Mathematik)|Function]] : <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} </math> along a continuously differentiable piece [[w:de:Weg (Mathematik)|path]] <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is defined as :<math display="block"> \int\limits_\gamma \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \, \| {\gamma \,}'(t) \|_2 \,\mathrm{d} t. </math> ===Deduction of the path=== <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}' </math> refers to the derivation from <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> to <math display="inline"> t </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> are a vector. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\dots ,\gamma_n) </math>. ===Remark - Component functions=== The component functions <math display="inline"> \gamma_i : [a,b] \to \mathbb{R} </math> are illustrations for which the derivation with the knowledge from the real analysis can be calculated. ===Example of a path and its derivation=== A differentiable path is defined first <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> with :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} \gamma: & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & \gamma \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \cdot \cos(t) \\ 3 \cdot \sin(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> The track of the path forms an ellipse with the half axes 5 and 3. ====Derivation of the path in the two-dimensional space==== The derivation <math display="inline"> {\gamma }' </math> of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> results directly from the derivation of the component functions :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} {\gamma }': & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & {\gamma }' \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \cdot \sin(t) \\ 3 \cdot \cos(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> ===Example - Deduction of the Way in the Three-dimensional Space=== Now a vector is <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)= (\cos(t),\sin(t),t) \in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t) = (- \sin(t),\cos(t), 1)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math>. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\gamma_2,\gamma_3) </math>. ==Task== Draw the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> (Ellipse) and plotted the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> with [[CAS4Wiki|CAS4Wiki]] plots. ===Vector length of the derivation vector of the path=== <math display="inline"> \|{\gamma \,}'(t)\|_2 </math> indicates the [[w:en:Euclidean_space#Euclidean_norm|Euclidian norm]] of the vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma\,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Picture of the path - track=== The [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image set]] <math display="inline"> \mbox{Spur}(\gamma) := \mathcal C := \gamma([a,b]) </math> of one piece [[w:en:Curve#Differential_geometry|differentiable curve]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> should not be confused with the graph of a curve which is a part of the <math display="inline"> [a,b] \times \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Notes=== * An example of such a function <math display="inline"> f </math> is a [[w:de:Skalarfeld|Scalar feild]] with [[w:de:Kartesisches Koordinatensystem|cartesischen coordinaten]]. * A path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> can pass through a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> either as a whole or only in sections several times. * For <math display="inline"> f \equiv 1 </math>, the path integral of the first type gives the length of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. * The path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> forms, inter alia <math display="inline"> a \in \mathbb{R} </math> on the starting point of the curve and <math display="inline"> b \in \mathbb{R} </math> on its end point. * <math display="inline"> t \in [a,b] </math> is an element of the definition set of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> and is generally ''not' for time. <math display="inline"> \mathrm dt </math> is the corresponding [[w:de:Differential (Mathematik)|Differential]]. ==Pathintegral second type== [[File:Line_integral_of_vector_field.gif|thumb|Visualization of a line integral of second type over Gradient vector field]] The line integral over a continuous [[w:de:Gradient vector field|gradient vector field]] : <math display="inline"> \mathbf f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n </math> with a curve also parameterized in this way is defined as the integral over the [[w:en:Scalar product|scalar product]] of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} \circ \gamma </math> and <math display="inline"> \dot\gamma </math>: : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \! \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathrm{d} \mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \! \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm{d} t </math> ===Influence of parameterization=== If <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta\colon[c,d]\to\mathbb R^n </math> 'simplified' (d. h, <math display="inline"> \gamma_{|(a,b)} </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta_{|(c,d)} </math> are identical This justifies the name c''urve integral''; if the direction of integration is visible or irrelevant, the path in the notation can be suppressed. ===Curve integrals=== Since a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the image of a path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>, the definitions of the curve integrals essentially correspond to the path integrals. ====Curve integral 1. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal C} \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \cdot \| {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \|_2 \, \mathrm{d} t </math> ====Curve integral 2. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\mathrm d\mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm dt </math> ====Length of curve==== A special case is again the length of the curve parameterized by <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math>: : <math display="inline"> \mathrm{L\ddot ange\ von\ }\mathcal C = \int\limits_{\mathcal C} 1 \, \mathrm{d}s = \int\limits_a^b\| {\gamma\,}'(t) \|_2\,\mathrm dt </math> ===Displacement element and length element=== The expression occurring in the first type of curves : <math display="inline"> \mathrm ds= \|{\gamma\,}'(t)\|_2 \, \mathrm dt </math> is called ''scalar path element' or 'length element''.The expression occurring in the second type of curve integrals :<math display="block"> \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = {\gamma\,}' (t)\,\mathrm dt </math> is called 'vectorial path element'. ===Rules of Procedure=== Be <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math>, <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) </math> Curve integrals of the same type (i.e. either both first or second type), be the original image of the two functions <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{g} </math> of the same dimension and be (698104789). The following rules apply to <math display="inline"> \alpha </math>, <math display="inline"> \beta\in \mathbb R </math> and <math display="inline"> c\in\mathbb [a, b] </math>: * <math display="inline"> \alpha\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_\gamma (\alpha\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x})) </math> * <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[a, c]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[c, b]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math> ==Notation for curve integrals of closed curves== If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is a closed way, you write : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\int\limits_\gamma </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\gamma </math> and similar for closed curves <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle \int\limits_\mathcal C </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\mathcal C </math>. With the circle in the Integral one would like to make clear that <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is closed. The only difference is in the notation. ==Examples== * If <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the [[w:de:Funktionsgraph|Graph]] of a function <math display="inline"> f\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R </math>, this curve will be passed through the path :: <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) </math> : parametrized. About :: <math display="inline"> \|\dot\gamma(t)\|_2=\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2} </math> : the length of the curve is equal :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C\mathrm ds = \int\limits_a^b\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2}\,\mathrm dt. </math> * A [[w:de:Ellipse|Ellipse]] with large half-axis <math display="inline"> a </math> and small half-axis <math display="inline"> b </math> is parameterized by <math display="inline"> (a\cos t, \, b\sin t) </math> for <math display="inline"> t\in[0,2\pi] </math>. Your scope is therefore :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_0^{2\pi}\sqrt{a^2\sin^2t+b^2\cos^2t}\,\mathrm dt = 4a\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{1-\varepsilon^2\cos^2t}\;\mathrm dt </math>. : In this case <math display="inline"> \varepsilon </math> refers to the [[w:de:Exzentrizität (Mathematik)|numerical eccenttricity]] <math display="inline"> \sqrt{1-b^2/a^2} </math> of the ellipse. The integral on the right is referred to as [[w:de:elliptisches Integral|ellipioes. Integral]] due to this connection. ==Way-independent== If a vector field <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> is a ''[[w:de:Gradientenfeld|Gradient field]]', i.e.'' : <math display="inline"> \mathbf{\nabla} V = \mathbf{F} </math>, This applies to [[w:de:Differentialrechnung|derivation]] of [[w:de:Komposition (Mathematik)|concatenation]] of <math display="inline"> V </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math> : <math display="inline"> \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) = \mathbf{\nabla} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) = \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) </math>, which exactly corresponds to the integral of the path integral over <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> to <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math>. ===Dependence of integral boundaries 1=== This follows for a given curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\,\mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_a^b \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t))\cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t)\,\mathrm dt = \int\limits_a^b \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \,\mathrm dt = V(\mathbf{r}(b)) - V(\mathbf{r}(a)). </math> === Visualization === The following image show two arbitrary curves <math>S1</math> and <math>S2</math> in a Gradient vector field connecting point <math>1</math> with point <math>2</math>. [[File:Konservative_Kraft_Wege.svg|350px|center|two arbitrary curves 'S1' and 'S2' in a Gradient vector field connecting point 1 with point 2.]] ===Dependence of integral boundaries 2=== This means that the integral of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> over <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> depends solely on points <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(b) </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(a) </math> and the path between them is irrelevant to the result. For this reason, the integral of a gradient field is referred to as “displaced”. ===Remark - closed paths - Ringintegral=== In particular, the ring integral applies to the closed curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> with two arbitrary paths <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_2 </math>: : <math display="inline"> \oint\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_{1,\mathcal{S}_1}^2 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} + \int\limits_{2,\mathcal{S}_2}^1 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = 0 </math> ===Application in Physics=== This is particularly important in [[w:de:Physik|Physics]], since, for example, the [[w:de:Gravitation|Gravitation]] has these properties. Since the energy in these force fields is always a conservation variable, they are referred to in physics as [[w:de:konservative Kraft|conservative force]]. ===Scaler fields - Potential energy=== The scalar field <math display="inline"> V </math> is the [[w:de:Skalarpotential|Potential]] or the [[w:de:potentielle Energie|potential Energy]]. Conservative force fields receive the mechanical energy, i.e. the sum of [[w:de:Kinetische Energie|kinetic Energy]] and potential energy. According to the above integral, a work of 0 J is applied on a closed curve overall. ===Number of revolutions=== Path independence can also be shown with the aid of the [[w:de:Integrabilitätsbedingung|Integrability condition]]. [[File:Windungszahl5.png|thumb|Die curve (698-1047-1732115943789-341-116) umläuft das Zentrum (698-1047-1732115943789-341-117) zweimal]] If the vector field is not possible as a gradient field only in a (small) environment <math display="inline"> U </math> of a point, the closed path integral of curves outside <math display="inline"> U </math> is proportional to the number of turns around this point and otherwise independent of the exact curve (see [[w:de:Algebraische Topologie#Methodik|Algebraic Topology: Methodology]]). ===Remark - Complex pathintegrale=== If <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> is replaced by <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>, complex path integrals are treated which are treated in the [[Complex Analysis]]. ==Literature== * [[w:en:Harro Heuser|Harro Heuser]]: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 2. 1981, 5. Auflage, Teubner 1990, ISBN 3-519-42222-0. p. 369, Theorem 180.1; p. 391, Theorem 184.1; p. 393, Theorem 185.1. === References === <references /> ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis]] * [[Measure theory on topological spaces]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Calculus Calculus]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20integral https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] -->; === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[v:de::Kurvenintegral|Kurvenintegral]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral * Date: 11/20/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurvenintegral" srclang="de" date="11/20/2024" time="17:04" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude> [[de:Kurvenintegral]] </noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Curve integral]]</noinclude> --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] 6u2j3sfzbg1ovsseeal2o77jxawi2jr 2689964 2689963 2024-12-02T14:30:23Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Notes */ 2689964 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== The ''Curve'', ''Line'', ''Path'' or ''Contour integral'' expands the standard integral term for the [[w:de:Integralrechnung|Integration]] in the complex plane ([[w:en:Complex analysis|Complex Analysis]]) or in the multidimensional space <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math> or <math>\mathbb{C}^n</math>. The [[w:en:Path (topology)|path]], the line or the [[w:e:Curve|curve]], via which is integrated, is called the ''integration path''<ref name="cite2"> Klaus Knothe, Heribert Wessels: Finite Elemente. Eine Einführung für Ingenieure. 3. Auflage. 1999, ISBN 3-540-64491-1, S. 524.</ref>. The line integral over a closed path are written with the symbol <math display="inline"> \textstyle \oint </math>. ==Real-valued Line Integrale== A path <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is given which is imaged from an interval (e.g. interpreted as a time interval) into the vector space <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the place where the value is <math display="inline"> t\in [a,b] </math>. The difference is * Line integral first type and * Line integral second type. ==Pathintegral first type== [[File:Line_integral_of_scalar_field.gif|thumb|Illustration eines Kurvenintegrals erster Art über ein Skalarfeld]] The path integral of a steady [[w:de:Funktion (Mathematik)|Function]] : <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} </math> along a continuously differentiable piece [[w:de:Weg (Mathematik)|path]] <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is defined as :<math display="block"> \int\limits_\gamma \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \, \| {\gamma \,}'(t) \|_2 \,\mathrm{d} t. </math> ===Deduction of the path=== <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}' </math> refers to the derivation from <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> to <math display="inline"> t </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> are a vector. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\dots ,\gamma_n) </math>. ===Remark - Component functions=== The component functions <math display="inline"> \gamma_i : [a,b] \to \mathbb{R} </math> are illustrations for which the derivation with the knowledge from the real analysis can be calculated. ===Example of a path and its derivation=== A differentiable path is defined first <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> with :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} \gamma: & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & \gamma \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \cdot \cos(t) \\ 3 \cdot \sin(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> The track of the path forms an ellipse with the half axes 5 and 3. ====Derivation of the path in the two-dimensional space==== The derivation <math display="inline"> {\gamma }' </math> of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> results directly from the derivation of the component functions :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} {\gamma }': & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & {\gamma }' \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \cdot \sin(t) \\ 3 \cdot \cos(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> ===Example - Deduction of the Way in the Three-dimensional Space=== Now a vector is <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)= (\cos(t),\sin(t),t) \in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t) = (- \sin(t),\cos(t), 1)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math>. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\gamma_2,\gamma_3) </math>. ==Task== Draw the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> (Ellipse) and plotted the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> with [[CAS4Wiki|CAS4Wiki]] plots. ===Vector length of the derivation vector of the path=== <math display="inline"> \|{\gamma \,}'(t)\|_2 </math> indicates the [[w:en:Euclidean_space#Euclidean_norm|Euclidian norm]] of the vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma\,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Picture of the path - track=== The [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image set]] <math display="inline"> \mbox{Spur}(\gamma) := \mathcal C := \gamma([a,b]) </math> of one piece [[w:en:Curve#Differential_geometry|differentiable curve]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> should not be confused with the graph of a curve which is a part of the <math display="inline"> [a,b] \times \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Notes=== * An example of such a function <math display="inline"> f </math> is a [[w:en:scalar field|scalar field]] with [[w:en:Cartesian coordinate system|cartesischen coordinaten]]. * A path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> can pass through a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> either as a whole or only in sections several times. * For <math display="inline"> f \equiv 1 </math>, the path integral of the first type gives the length of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. * The path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> forms, inter alia <math display="inline"> a \in \mathbb{R} </math> on the starting point of the curve and <math display="inline"> b \in \mathbb{R} </math> on its end point. * <math display="inline"> t \in [a,b] </math> is an element of the definition set of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> and is generally ''not' for time. <math display="inline"> \mathrm dt </math> is the corresponding [[w:de:Differential (Mathematik)|Differential]]. ==Pathintegral second type== [[File:Line_integral_of_vector_field.gif|thumb|Visualization of a line integral of second type over Gradient vector field]] The line integral over a continuous [[w:de:Gradient vector field|gradient vector field]] : <math display="inline"> \mathbf f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n </math> with a curve also parameterized in this way is defined as the integral over the [[w:en:Scalar product|scalar product]] of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} \circ \gamma </math> and <math display="inline"> \dot\gamma </math>: : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \! \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathrm{d} \mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \! \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm{d} t </math> ===Influence of parameterization=== If <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta\colon[c,d]\to\mathbb R^n </math> 'simplified' (d. h, <math display="inline"> \gamma_{|(a,b)} </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta_{|(c,d)} </math> are identical This justifies the name c''urve integral''; if the direction of integration is visible or irrelevant, the path in the notation can be suppressed. ===Curve integrals=== Since a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the image of a path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>, the definitions of the curve integrals essentially correspond to the path integrals. ====Curve integral 1. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal C} \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \cdot \| {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \|_2 \, \mathrm{d} t </math> ====Curve integral 2. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\mathrm d\mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm dt </math> ====Length of curve==== A special case is again the length of the curve parameterized by <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math>: : <math display="inline"> \mathrm{L\ddot ange\ von\ }\mathcal C = \int\limits_{\mathcal C} 1 \, \mathrm{d}s = \int\limits_a^b\| {\gamma\,}'(t) \|_2\,\mathrm dt </math> ===Displacement element and length element=== The expression occurring in the first type of curves : <math display="inline"> \mathrm ds= \|{\gamma\,}'(t)\|_2 \, \mathrm dt </math> is called ''scalar path element' or 'length element''.The expression occurring in the second type of curve integrals :<math display="block"> \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = {\gamma\,}' (t)\,\mathrm dt </math> is called 'vectorial path element'. ===Rules of Procedure=== Be <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math>, <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) </math> Curve integrals of the same type (i.e. either both first or second type), be the original image of the two functions <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{g} </math> of the same dimension and be (698104789). The following rules apply to <math display="inline"> \alpha </math>, <math display="inline"> \beta\in \mathbb R </math> and <math display="inline"> c\in\mathbb [a, b] </math>: * <math display="inline"> \alpha\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_\gamma (\alpha\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x})) </math> * <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[a, c]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[c, b]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math> ==Notation for curve integrals of closed curves== If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is a closed way, you write : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\int\limits_\gamma </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\gamma </math> and similar for closed curves <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle \int\limits_\mathcal C </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\mathcal C </math>. With the circle in the Integral one would like to make clear that <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is closed. The only difference is in the notation. ==Examples== * If <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the [[w:de:Funktionsgraph|Graph]] of a function <math display="inline"> f\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R </math>, this curve will be passed through the path :: <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) </math> : parametrized. About :: <math display="inline"> \|\dot\gamma(t)\|_2=\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2} </math> : the length of the curve is equal :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C\mathrm ds = \int\limits_a^b\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2}\,\mathrm dt. </math> * A [[w:de:Ellipse|Ellipse]] with large half-axis <math display="inline"> a </math> and small half-axis <math display="inline"> b </math> is parameterized by <math display="inline"> (a\cos t, \, b\sin t) </math> for <math display="inline"> t\in[0,2\pi] </math>. Your scope is therefore :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_0^{2\pi}\sqrt{a^2\sin^2t+b^2\cos^2t}\,\mathrm dt = 4a\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{1-\varepsilon^2\cos^2t}\;\mathrm dt </math>. : In this case <math display="inline"> \varepsilon </math> refers to the [[w:de:Exzentrizität (Mathematik)|numerical eccenttricity]] <math display="inline"> \sqrt{1-b^2/a^2} </math> of the ellipse. The integral on the right is referred to as [[w:de:elliptisches Integral|ellipioes. Integral]] due to this connection. ==Way-independent== If a vector field <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> is a ''[[w:de:Gradientenfeld|Gradient field]]', i.e.'' : <math display="inline"> \mathbf{\nabla} V = \mathbf{F} </math>, This applies to [[w:de:Differentialrechnung|derivation]] of [[w:de:Komposition (Mathematik)|concatenation]] of <math display="inline"> V </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math> : <math display="inline"> \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) = \mathbf{\nabla} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) = \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) </math>, which exactly corresponds to the integral of the path integral over <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> to <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math>. ===Dependence of integral boundaries 1=== This follows for a given curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\,\mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_a^b \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t))\cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t)\,\mathrm dt = \int\limits_a^b \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \,\mathrm dt = V(\mathbf{r}(b)) - V(\mathbf{r}(a)). </math> === Visualization === The following image show two arbitrary curves <math>S1</math> and <math>S2</math> in a Gradient vector field connecting point <math>1</math> with point <math>2</math>. [[File:Konservative_Kraft_Wege.svg|350px|center|two arbitrary curves 'S1' and 'S2' in a Gradient vector field connecting point 1 with point 2.]] ===Dependence of integral boundaries 2=== This means that the integral of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> over <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> depends solely on points <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(b) </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(a) </math> and the path between them is irrelevant to the result. For this reason, the integral of a gradient field is referred to as “displaced”. ===Remark - closed paths - Ringintegral=== In particular, the ring integral applies to the closed curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> with two arbitrary paths <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_2 </math>: : <math display="inline"> \oint\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_{1,\mathcal{S}_1}^2 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} + \int\limits_{2,\mathcal{S}_2}^1 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = 0 </math> ===Application in Physics=== This is particularly important in [[w:de:Physik|Physics]], since, for example, the [[w:de:Gravitation|Gravitation]] has these properties. Since the energy in these force fields is always a conservation variable, they are referred to in physics as [[w:de:konservative Kraft|conservative force]]. ===Scaler fields - Potential energy=== The scalar field <math display="inline"> V </math> is the [[w:de:Skalarpotential|Potential]] or the [[w:de:potentielle Energie|potential Energy]]. Conservative force fields receive the mechanical energy, i.e. the sum of [[w:de:Kinetische Energie|kinetic Energy]] and potential energy. According to the above integral, a work of 0 J is applied on a closed curve overall. ===Number of revolutions=== Path independence can also be shown with the aid of the [[w:de:Integrabilitätsbedingung|Integrability condition]]. [[File:Windungszahl5.png|thumb|Die curve (698-1047-1732115943789-341-116) umläuft das Zentrum (698-1047-1732115943789-341-117) zweimal]] If the vector field is not possible as a gradient field only in a (small) environment <math display="inline"> U </math> of a point, the closed path integral of curves outside <math display="inline"> U </math> is proportional to the number of turns around this point and otherwise independent of the exact curve (see [[w:de:Algebraische Topologie#Methodik|Algebraic Topology: Methodology]]). ===Remark - Complex pathintegrale=== If <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> is replaced by <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>, complex path integrals are treated which are treated in the [[Complex Analysis]]. ==Literature== * [[w:en:Harro Heuser|Harro Heuser]]: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 2. 1981, 5. Auflage, Teubner 1990, ISBN 3-519-42222-0. p. 369, Theorem 180.1; p. 391, Theorem 184.1; p. 393, Theorem 185.1. === References === <references /> ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis]] * [[Measure theory on topological spaces]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Calculus Calculus]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20integral https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] -->; === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[v:de::Kurvenintegral|Kurvenintegral]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral * Date: 11/20/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurvenintegral" srclang="de" date="11/20/2024" time="17:04" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude> [[de:Kurvenintegral]] </noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Curve integral]]</noinclude> --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] p2t2i6ll1wb1ewsz2pt2mwxbo6ztiqn 2689966 2689964 2024-12-02T14:33:11Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Examples */ 2689966 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== The ''Curve'', ''Line'', ''Path'' or ''Contour integral'' expands the standard integral term for the [[w:de:Integralrechnung|Integration]] in the complex plane ([[w:en:Complex analysis|Complex Analysis]]) or in the multidimensional space <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math> or <math>\mathbb{C}^n</math>. The [[w:en:Path (topology)|path]], the line or the [[w:e:Curve|curve]], via which is integrated, is called the ''integration path''<ref name="cite2"> Klaus Knothe, Heribert Wessels: Finite Elemente. Eine Einführung für Ingenieure. 3. Auflage. 1999, ISBN 3-540-64491-1, S. 524.</ref>. The line integral over a closed path are written with the symbol <math display="inline"> \textstyle \oint </math>. ==Real-valued Line Integrale== A path <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is given which is imaged from an interval (e.g. interpreted as a time interval) into the vector space <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the place where the value is <math display="inline"> t\in [a,b] </math>. The difference is * Line integral first type and * Line integral second type. ==Pathintegral first type== [[File:Line_integral_of_scalar_field.gif|thumb|Illustration eines Kurvenintegrals erster Art über ein Skalarfeld]] The path integral of a steady [[w:de:Funktion (Mathematik)|Function]] : <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} </math> along a continuously differentiable piece [[w:de:Weg (Mathematik)|path]] <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is defined as :<math display="block"> \int\limits_\gamma \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \, \| {\gamma \,}'(t) \|_2 \,\mathrm{d} t. </math> ===Deduction of the path=== <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}' </math> refers to the derivation from <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> to <math display="inline"> t </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> are a vector. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\dots ,\gamma_n) </math>. ===Remark - Component functions=== The component functions <math display="inline"> \gamma_i : [a,b] \to \mathbb{R} </math> are illustrations for which the derivation with the knowledge from the real analysis can be calculated. ===Example of a path and its derivation=== A differentiable path is defined first <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> with :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} \gamma: & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & \gamma \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \cdot \cos(t) \\ 3 \cdot \sin(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> The track of the path forms an ellipse with the half axes 5 and 3. ====Derivation of the path in the two-dimensional space==== The derivation <math display="inline"> {\gamma }' </math> of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> results directly from the derivation of the component functions :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} {\gamma }': & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & {\gamma }' \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \cdot \sin(t) \\ 3 \cdot \cos(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> ===Example - Deduction of the Way in the Three-dimensional Space=== Now a vector is <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)= (\cos(t),\sin(t),t) \in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t) = (- \sin(t),\cos(t), 1)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math>. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\gamma_2,\gamma_3) </math>. ==Task== Draw the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> (Ellipse) and plotted the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> with [[CAS4Wiki|CAS4Wiki]] plots. ===Vector length of the derivation vector of the path=== <math display="inline"> \|{\gamma \,}'(t)\|_2 </math> indicates the [[w:en:Euclidean_space#Euclidean_norm|Euclidian norm]] of the vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma\,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Picture of the path - track=== The [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image set]] <math display="inline"> \mbox{Spur}(\gamma) := \mathcal C := \gamma([a,b]) </math> of one piece [[w:en:Curve#Differential_geometry|differentiable curve]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> should not be confused with the graph of a curve which is a part of the <math display="inline"> [a,b] \times \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Notes=== * An example of such a function <math display="inline"> f </math> is a [[w:en:scalar field|scalar field]] with [[w:en:Cartesian coordinate system|cartesischen coordinaten]]. * A path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> can pass through a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> either as a whole or only in sections several times. * For <math display="inline"> f \equiv 1 </math>, the path integral of the first type gives the length of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. * The path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> forms, inter alia <math display="inline"> a \in \mathbb{R} </math> on the starting point of the curve and <math display="inline"> b \in \mathbb{R} </math> on its end point. * <math display="inline"> t \in [a,b] </math> is an element of the definition set of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> and is generally ''not' for time. <math display="inline"> \mathrm dt </math> is the corresponding [[w:de:Differential (Mathematik)|Differential]]. ==Pathintegral second type== [[File:Line_integral_of_vector_field.gif|thumb|Visualization of a line integral of second type over Gradient vector field]] The line integral over a continuous [[w:de:Gradient vector field|gradient vector field]] : <math display="inline"> \mathbf f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n </math> with a curve also parameterized in this way is defined as the integral over the [[w:en:Scalar product|scalar product]] of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} \circ \gamma </math> and <math display="inline"> \dot\gamma </math>: : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \! \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathrm{d} \mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \! \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm{d} t </math> ===Influence of parameterization=== If <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta\colon[c,d]\to\mathbb R^n </math> 'simplified' (d. h, <math display="inline"> \gamma_{|(a,b)} </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta_{|(c,d)} </math> are identical This justifies the name c''urve integral''; if the direction of integration is visible or irrelevant, the path in the notation can be suppressed. ===Curve integrals=== Since a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the image of a path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>, the definitions of the curve integrals essentially correspond to the path integrals. ====Curve integral 1. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal C} \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \cdot \| {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \|_2 \, \mathrm{d} t </math> ====Curve integral 2. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\mathrm d\mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm dt </math> ====Length of curve==== A special case is again the length of the curve parameterized by <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math>: : <math display="inline"> \mathrm{L\ddot ange\ von\ }\mathcal C = \int\limits_{\mathcal C} 1 \, \mathrm{d}s = \int\limits_a^b\| {\gamma\,}'(t) \|_2\,\mathrm dt </math> ===Displacement element and length element=== The expression occurring in the first type of curves : <math display="inline"> \mathrm ds= \|{\gamma\,}'(t)\|_2 \, \mathrm dt </math> is called ''scalar path element' or 'length element''.The expression occurring in the second type of curve integrals :<math display="block"> \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = {\gamma\,}' (t)\,\mathrm dt </math> is called 'vectorial path element'. ===Rules of Procedure=== Be <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math>, <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) </math> Curve integrals of the same type (i.e. either both first or second type), be the original image of the two functions <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{g} </math> of the same dimension and be (698104789). The following rules apply to <math display="inline"> \alpha </math>, <math display="inline"> \beta\in \mathbb R </math> and <math display="inline"> c\in\mathbb [a, b] </math>: * <math display="inline"> \alpha\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_\gamma (\alpha\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x})) </math> * <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[a, c]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[c, b]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math> ==Notation for curve integrals of closed curves== If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is a closed way, you write : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\int\limits_\gamma </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\gamma </math> and similar for closed curves <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle \int\limits_\mathcal C </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\mathcal C </math>. With the circle in the Integral one would like to make clear that <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is closed. The only difference is in the notation. ==Examples== * If <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph]] of a function <math display="inline"> f\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R </math>, this curve will be passed through the path :: <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) </math> : parametrized. About :: <math display="inline"> \|\dot\gamma(t)\|_2=\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2} </math> : the length of the curve is equal :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C\mathrm ds = \int\limits_a^b\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2}\,\mathrm dt. </math> * A [[w:en:ellipse|ellipse]] with large half-axis <math display="inline"> a </math> and small half-axis <math display="inline"> b </math> is parameterized by <math display="inline"> (a\cos t, \, b\sin t) </math> for <math display="inline"> t\in[0,2\pi] </math>. Your scope is therefore :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_0^{2\pi}\sqrt{a^2\sin^2t+b^2\cos^2t}\,\mathrm dt = 4a\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{1-\varepsilon^2\cos^2t}\;\mathrm dt </math>. : In this case <math display="inline"> \varepsilon </math> refers to the [[w:en:Eccentricity (mathematics)|numerical eccenttricity]] <math display="inline"> \sqrt{1-b^2/a^2} </math> of the ellipse. The integral on the right is referred to as [[w:en:elliptic Integral|elliptic tntegral]] due to this connection. ==Way-independent== If a vector field <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> is a ''[[w:de:Gradientenfeld|Gradient field]]', i.e.'' : <math display="inline"> \mathbf{\nabla} V = \mathbf{F} </math>, This applies to [[w:de:Differentialrechnung|derivation]] of [[w:de:Komposition (Mathematik)|concatenation]] of <math display="inline"> V </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math> : <math display="inline"> \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) = \mathbf{\nabla} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) = \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) </math>, which exactly corresponds to the integral of the path integral over <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> to <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math>. ===Dependence of integral boundaries 1=== This follows for a given curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\,\mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_a^b \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t))\cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t)\,\mathrm dt = \int\limits_a^b \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \,\mathrm dt = V(\mathbf{r}(b)) - V(\mathbf{r}(a)). </math> === Visualization === The following image show two arbitrary curves <math>S1</math> and <math>S2</math> in a Gradient vector field connecting point <math>1</math> with point <math>2</math>. [[File:Konservative_Kraft_Wege.svg|350px|center|two arbitrary curves 'S1' and 'S2' in a Gradient vector field connecting point 1 with point 2.]] ===Dependence of integral boundaries 2=== This means that the integral of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> over <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> depends solely on points <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(b) </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(a) </math> and the path between them is irrelevant to the result. For this reason, the integral of a gradient field is referred to as “displaced”. ===Remark - closed paths - Ringintegral=== In particular, the ring integral applies to the closed curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> with two arbitrary paths <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_2 </math>: : <math display="inline"> \oint\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_{1,\mathcal{S}_1}^2 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} + \int\limits_{2,\mathcal{S}_2}^1 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = 0 </math> ===Application in Physics=== This is particularly important in [[w:de:Physik|Physics]], since, for example, the [[w:de:Gravitation|Gravitation]] has these properties. Since the energy in these force fields is always a conservation variable, they are referred to in physics as [[w:de:konservative Kraft|conservative force]]. ===Scaler fields - Potential energy=== The scalar field <math display="inline"> V </math> is the [[w:de:Skalarpotential|Potential]] or the [[w:de:potentielle Energie|potential Energy]]. Conservative force fields receive the mechanical energy, i.e. the sum of [[w:de:Kinetische Energie|kinetic Energy]] and potential energy. According to the above integral, a work of 0 J is applied on a closed curve overall. ===Number of revolutions=== Path independence can also be shown with the aid of the [[w:de:Integrabilitätsbedingung|Integrability condition]]. [[File:Windungszahl5.png|thumb|Die curve (698-1047-1732115943789-341-116) umläuft das Zentrum (698-1047-1732115943789-341-117) zweimal]] If the vector field is not possible as a gradient field only in a (small) environment <math display="inline"> U </math> of a point, the closed path integral of curves outside <math display="inline"> U </math> is proportional to the number of turns around this point and otherwise independent of the exact curve (see [[w:de:Algebraische Topologie#Methodik|Algebraic Topology: Methodology]]). ===Remark - Complex pathintegrale=== If <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> is replaced by <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>, complex path integrals are treated which are treated in the [[Complex Analysis]]. ==Literature== * [[w:en:Harro Heuser|Harro Heuser]]: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 2. 1981, 5. Auflage, Teubner 1990, ISBN 3-519-42222-0. p. 369, Theorem 180.1; p. 391, Theorem 184.1; p. 393, Theorem 185.1. === References === <references /> ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis]] * [[Measure theory on topological spaces]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Calculus Calculus]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20integral https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] -->; === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[v:de::Kurvenintegral|Kurvenintegral]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral * Date: 11/20/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurvenintegral" srclang="de" date="11/20/2024" time="17:04" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude> [[de:Kurvenintegral]] </noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Curve integral]]</noinclude> --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] j5z10ozuzn3pliaffk3latxrttd61yl 2689967 2689966 2024-12-02T14:34:50Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Way-independent */ 2689967 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== The ''Curve'', ''Line'', ''Path'' or ''Contour integral'' expands the standard integral term for the [[w:de:Integralrechnung|Integration]] in the complex plane ([[w:en:Complex analysis|Complex Analysis]]) or in the multidimensional space <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math> or <math>\mathbb{C}^n</math>. The [[w:en:Path (topology)|path]], the line or the [[w:e:Curve|curve]], via which is integrated, is called the ''integration path''<ref name="cite2"> Klaus Knothe, Heribert Wessels: Finite Elemente. Eine Einführung für Ingenieure. 3. Auflage. 1999, ISBN 3-540-64491-1, S. 524.</ref>. The line integral over a closed path are written with the symbol <math display="inline"> \textstyle \oint </math>. ==Real-valued Line Integrale== A path <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is given which is imaged from an interval (e.g. interpreted as a time interval) into the vector space <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the place where the value is <math display="inline"> t\in [a,b] </math>. The difference is * Line integral first type and * Line integral second type. ==Pathintegral first type== [[File:Line_integral_of_scalar_field.gif|thumb|Illustration eines Kurvenintegrals erster Art über ein Skalarfeld]] The path integral of a steady [[w:de:Funktion (Mathematik)|Function]] : <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} </math> along a continuously differentiable piece [[w:de:Weg (Mathematik)|path]] <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is defined as :<math display="block"> \int\limits_\gamma \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \, \| {\gamma \,}'(t) \|_2 \,\mathrm{d} t. </math> ===Deduction of the path=== <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}' </math> refers to the derivation from <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> to <math display="inline"> t </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> are a vector. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\dots ,\gamma_n) </math>. ===Remark - Component functions=== The component functions <math display="inline"> \gamma_i : [a,b] \to \mathbb{R} </math> are illustrations for which the derivation with the knowledge from the real analysis can be calculated. ===Example of a path and its derivation=== A differentiable path is defined first <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> with :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} \gamma: & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & \gamma \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \cdot \cos(t) \\ 3 \cdot \sin(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> The track of the path forms an ellipse with the half axes 5 and 3. ====Derivation of the path in the two-dimensional space==== The derivation <math display="inline"> {\gamma }' </math> of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> results directly from the derivation of the component functions :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} {\gamma }': & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & {\gamma }' \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \cdot \sin(t) \\ 3 \cdot \cos(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> ===Example - Deduction of the Way in the Three-dimensional Space=== Now a vector is <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)= (\cos(t),\sin(t),t) \in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t) = (- \sin(t),\cos(t), 1)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math>. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\gamma_2,\gamma_3) </math>. ==Task== Draw the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> (Ellipse) and plotted the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> with [[CAS4Wiki|CAS4Wiki]] plots. ===Vector length of the derivation vector of the path=== <math display="inline"> \|{\gamma \,}'(t)\|_2 </math> indicates the [[w:en:Euclidean_space#Euclidean_norm|Euclidian norm]] of the vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma\,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Picture of the path - track=== The [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image set]] <math display="inline"> \mbox{Spur}(\gamma) := \mathcal C := \gamma([a,b]) </math> of one piece [[w:en:Curve#Differential_geometry|differentiable curve]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> should not be confused with the graph of a curve which is a part of the <math display="inline"> [a,b] \times \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Notes=== * An example of such a function <math display="inline"> f </math> is a [[w:en:scalar field|scalar field]] with [[w:en:Cartesian coordinate system|cartesischen coordinaten]]. * A path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> can pass through a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> either as a whole or only in sections several times. * For <math display="inline"> f \equiv 1 </math>, the path integral of the first type gives the length of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. * The path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> forms, inter alia <math display="inline"> a \in \mathbb{R} </math> on the starting point of the curve and <math display="inline"> b \in \mathbb{R} </math> on its end point. * <math display="inline"> t \in [a,b] </math> is an element of the definition set of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> and is generally ''not' for time. <math display="inline"> \mathrm dt </math> is the corresponding [[w:de:Differential (Mathematik)|Differential]]. ==Pathintegral second type== [[File:Line_integral_of_vector_field.gif|thumb|Visualization of a line integral of second type over Gradient vector field]] The line integral over a continuous [[w:de:Gradient vector field|gradient vector field]] : <math display="inline"> \mathbf f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n </math> with a curve also parameterized in this way is defined as the integral over the [[w:en:Scalar product|scalar product]] of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} \circ \gamma </math> and <math display="inline"> \dot\gamma </math>: : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \! \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathrm{d} \mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \! \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm{d} t </math> ===Influence of parameterization=== If <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta\colon[c,d]\to\mathbb R^n </math> 'simplified' (d. h, <math display="inline"> \gamma_{|(a,b)} </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta_{|(c,d)} </math> are identical This justifies the name c''urve integral''; if the direction of integration is visible or irrelevant, the path in the notation can be suppressed. ===Curve integrals=== Since a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the image of a path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>, the definitions of the curve integrals essentially correspond to the path integrals. ====Curve integral 1. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal C} \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \cdot \| {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \|_2 \, \mathrm{d} t </math> ====Curve integral 2. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\mathrm d\mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm dt </math> ====Length of curve==== A special case is again the length of the curve parameterized by <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math>: : <math display="inline"> \mathrm{L\ddot ange\ von\ }\mathcal C = \int\limits_{\mathcal C} 1 \, \mathrm{d}s = \int\limits_a^b\| {\gamma\,}'(t) \|_2\,\mathrm dt </math> ===Displacement element and length element=== The expression occurring in the first type of curves : <math display="inline"> \mathrm ds= \|{\gamma\,}'(t)\|_2 \, \mathrm dt </math> is called ''scalar path element' or 'length element''.The expression occurring in the second type of curve integrals :<math display="block"> \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = {\gamma\,}' (t)\,\mathrm dt </math> is called 'vectorial path element'. ===Rules of Procedure=== Be <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math>, <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) </math> Curve integrals of the same type (i.e. either both first or second type), be the original image of the two functions <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{g} </math> of the same dimension and be (698104789). The following rules apply to <math display="inline"> \alpha </math>, <math display="inline"> \beta\in \mathbb R </math> and <math display="inline"> c\in\mathbb [a, b] </math>: * <math display="inline"> \alpha\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_\gamma (\alpha\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x})) </math> * <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[a, c]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[c, b]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math> ==Notation for curve integrals of closed curves== If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is a closed way, you write : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\int\limits_\gamma </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\gamma </math> and similar for closed curves <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle \int\limits_\mathcal C </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\mathcal C </math>. With the circle in the Integral one would like to make clear that <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is closed. The only difference is in the notation. ==Examples== * If <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph]] of a function <math display="inline"> f\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R </math>, this curve will be passed through the path :: <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) </math> : parametrized. About :: <math display="inline"> \|\dot\gamma(t)\|_2=\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2} </math> : the length of the curve is equal :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C\mathrm ds = \int\limits_a^b\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2}\,\mathrm dt. </math> * A [[w:en:ellipse|ellipse]] with large half-axis <math display="inline"> a </math> and small half-axis <math display="inline"> b </math> is parameterized by <math display="inline"> (a\cos t, \, b\sin t) </math> for <math display="inline"> t\in[0,2\pi] </math>. Your scope is therefore :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_0^{2\pi}\sqrt{a^2\sin^2t+b^2\cos^2t}\,\mathrm dt = 4a\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{1-\varepsilon^2\cos^2t}\;\mathrm dt </math>. : In this case <math display="inline"> \varepsilon </math> refers to the [[w:en:Eccentricity (mathematics)|numerical eccenttricity]] <math display="inline"> \sqrt{1-b^2/a^2} </math> of the ellipse. The integral on the right is referred to as [[w:en:elliptic Integral|elliptic tntegral]] due to this connection. ==Way-independent== If a vector field <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> is a ''[[w:en:gradient field|Gradient field]]'', i.e.'' : <math display="inline"> \mathbf{\nabla} V = \mathbf{F} </math>, This applies to [[w:en:derivation|derivation]] of [[w:en:concatenation|concatenation]] of <math display="inline"> V </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math> : <math display="inline"> \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) = \mathbf{\nabla} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) = \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) </math>, which exactly corresponds to the integral of the path integral over <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> to <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math>. ===Dependence of integral boundaries 1=== This follows for a given curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\,\mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_a^b \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t))\cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t)\,\mathrm dt = \int\limits_a^b \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \,\mathrm dt = V(\mathbf{r}(b)) - V(\mathbf{r}(a)). </math> === Visualization === The following image show two arbitrary curves <math>S1</math> and <math>S2</math> in a Gradient vector field connecting point <math>1</math> with point <math>2</math>. [[File:Konservative_Kraft_Wege.svg|350px|center|two arbitrary curves 'S1' and 'S2' in a Gradient vector field connecting point 1 with point 2.]] ===Dependence of integral boundaries 2=== This means that the integral of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> over <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> depends solely on points <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(b) </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(a) </math> and the path between them is irrelevant to the result. For this reason, the integral of a gradient field is referred to as “displaced”. ===Remark - closed paths - Ringintegral=== In particular, the ring integral applies to the closed curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> with two arbitrary paths <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_2 </math>: : <math display="inline"> \oint\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_{1,\mathcal{S}_1}^2 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} + \int\limits_{2,\mathcal{S}_2}^1 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = 0 </math> ===Application in Physics=== This is particularly important in [[w:de:Physik|Physics]], since, for example, the [[w:de:Gravitation|Gravitation]] has these properties. Since the energy in these force fields is always a conservation variable, they are referred to in physics as [[w:de:konservative Kraft|conservative force]]. ===Scaler fields - Potential energy=== The scalar field <math display="inline"> V </math> is the [[w:de:Skalarpotential|Potential]] or the [[w:de:potentielle Energie|potential Energy]]. Conservative force fields receive the mechanical energy, i.e. the sum of [[w:de:Kinetische Energie|kinetic Energy]] and potential energy. According to the above integral, a work of 0 J is applied on a closed curve overall. ===Number of revolutions=== Path independence can also be shown with the aid of the [[w:de:Integrabilitätsbedingung|Integrability condition]]. [[File:Windungszahl5.png|thumb|Die curve (698-1047-1732115943789-341-116) umläuft das Zentrum (698-1047-1732115943789-341-117) zweimal]] If the vector field is not possible as a gradient field only in a (small) environment <math display="inline"> U </math> of a point, the closed path integral of curves outside <math display="inline"> U </math> is proportional to the number of turns around this point and otherwise independent of the exact curve (see [[w:de:Algebraische Topologie#Methodik|Algebraic Topology: Methodology]]). ===Remark - Complex pathintegrale=== If <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> is replaced by <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>, complex path integrals are treated which are treated in the [[Complex Analysis]]. ==Literature== * [[w:en:Harro Heuser|Harro Heuser]]: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 2. 1981, 5. Auflage, Teubner 1990, ISBN 3-519-42222-0. p. 369, Theorem 180.1; p. 391, Theorem 184.1; p. 393, Theorem 185.1. === References === <references /> ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis]] * [[Measure theory on topological spaces]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Calculus Calculus]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20integral https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] -->; === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[v:de::Kurvenintegral|Kurvenintegral]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral * Date: 11/20/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurvenintegral" srclang="de" date="11/20/2024" time="17:04" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude> [[de:Kurvenintegral]] </noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Curve integral]]</noinclude> --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] ge9q1992ush9zm2c0xvo2bvcz513dh8 2689968 2689967 2024-12-02T14:37:22Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Way-independent */ 2689968 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== The ''Curve'', ''Line'', ''Path'' or ''Contour integral'' expands the standard integral term for the [[w:de:Integralrechnung|Integration]] in the complex plane ([[w:en:Complex analysis|Complex Analysis]]) or in the multidimensional space <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math> or <math>\mathbb{C}^n</math>. The [[w:en:Path (topology)|path]], the line or the [[w:e:Curve|curve]], via which is integrated, is called the ''integration path''<ref name="cite2"> Klaus Knothe, Heribert Wessels: Finite Elemente. Eine Einführung für Ingenieure. 3. Auflage. 1999, ISBN 3-540-64491-1, S. 524.</ref>. The line integral over a closed path are written with the symbol <math display="inline"> \textstyle \oint </math>. ==Real-valued Line Integrale== A path <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is given which is imaged from an interval (e.g. interpreted as a time interval) into the vector space <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the place where the value is <math display="inline"> t\in [a,b] </math>. The difference is * Line integral first type and * Line integral second type. ==Pathintegral first type== [[File:Line_integral_of_scalar_field.gif|thumb|Illustration eines Kurvenintegrals erster Art über ein Skalarfeld]] The path integral of a steady [[w:de:Funktion (Mathematik)|Function]] : <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} </math> along a continuously differentiable piece [[w:de:Weg (Mathematik)|path]] <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is defined as :<math display="block"> \int\limits_\gamma \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \, \| {\gamma \,}'(t) \|_2 \,\mathrm{d} t. </math> ===Deduction of the path=== <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}' </math> refers to the derivation from <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> to <math display="inline"> t </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> are a vector. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\dots ,\gamma_n) </math>. ===Remark - Component functions=== The component functions <math display="inline"> \gamma_i : [a,b] \to \mathbb{R} </math> are illustrations for which the derivation with the knowledge from the real analysis can be calculated. ===Example of a path and its derivation=== A differentiable path is defined first <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> with :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} \gamma: & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & \gamma \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \cdot \cos(t) \\ 3 \cdot \sin(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> The track of the path forms an ellipse with the half axes 5 and 3. ====Derivation of the path in the two-dimensional space==== The derivation <math display="inline"> {\gamma }' </math> of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> results directly from the derivation of the component functions :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} {\gamma }': & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & {\gamma }' \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \cdot \sin(t) \\ 3 \cdot \cos(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> ===Example - Deduction of the Way in the Three-dimensional Space=== Now a vector is <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)= (\cos(t),\sin(t),t) \in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t) = (- \sin(t),\cos(t), 1)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math>. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\gamma_2,\gamma_3) </math>. ==Task== Draw the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> (Ellipse) and plotted the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> with [[CAS4Wiki|CAS4Wiki]] plots. ===Vector length of the derivation vector of the path=== <math display="inline"> \|{\gamma \,}'(t)\|_2 </math> indicates the [[w:en:Euclidean_space#Euclidean_norm|Euclidian norm]] of the vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma\,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Picture of the path - track=== The [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image set]] <math display="inline"> \mbox{Spur}(\gamma) := \mathcal C := \gamma([a,b]) </math> of one piece [[w:en:Curve#Differential_geometry|differentiable curve]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> should not be confused with the graph of a curve which is a part of the <math display="inline"> [a,b] \times \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Notes=== * An example of such a function <math display="inline"> f </math> is a [[w:en:scalar field|scalar field]] with [[w:en:Cartesian coordinate system|cartesischen coordinaten]]. * A path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> can pass through a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> either as a whole or only in sections several times. * For <math display="inline"> f \equiv 1 </math>, the path integral of the first type gives the length of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. * The path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> forms, inter alia <math display="inline"> a \in \mathbb{R} </math> on the starting point of the curve and <math display="inline"> b \in \mathbb{R} </math> on its end point. * <math display="inline"> t \in [a,b] </math> is an element of the definition set of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> and is generally ''not' for time. <math display="inline"> \mathrm dt </math> is the corresponding [[w:de:Differential (Mathematik)|Differential]]. ==Pathintegral second type== [[File:Line_integral_of_vector_field.gif|thumb|Visualization of a line integral of second type over Gradient vector field]] The line integral over a continuous [[w:de:Gradient vector field|gradient vector field]] : <math display="inline"> \mathbf f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n </math> with a curve also parameterized in this way is defined as the integral over the [[w:en:Scalar product|scalar product]] of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} \circ \gamma </math> and <math display="inline"> \dot\gamma </math>: : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \! \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathrm{d} \mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \! \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm{d} t </math> ===Influence of parameterization=== If <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta\colon[c,d]\to\mathbb R^n </math> 'simplified' (d. h, <math display="inline"> \gamma_{|(a,b)} </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta_{|(c,d)} </math> are identical This justifies the name c''urve integral''; if the direction of integration is visible or irrelevant, the path in the notation can be suppressed. ===Curve integrals=== Since a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the image of a path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>, the definitions of the curve integrals essentially correspond to the path integrals. ====Curve integral 1. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal C} \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \cdot \| {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \|_2 \, \mathrm{d} t </math> ====Curve integral 2. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\mathrm d\mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm dt </math> ====Length of curve==== A special case is again the length of the curve parameterized by <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math>: : <math display="inline"> \mathrm{L\ddot ange\ von\ }\mathcal C = \int\limits_{\mathcal C} 1 \, \mathrm{d}s = \int\limits_a^b\| {\gamma\,}'(t) \|_2\,\mathrm dt </math> ===Displacement element and length element=== The expression occurring in the first type of curves : <math display="inline"> \mathrm ds= \|{\gamma\,}'(t)\|_2 \, \mathrm dt </math> is called ''scalar path element' or 'length element''.The expression occurring in the second type of curve integrals :<math display="block"> \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = {\gamma\,}' (t)\,\mathrm dt </math> is called 'vectorial path element'. ===Rules of Procedure=== Be <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math>, <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) </math> Curve integrals of the same type (i.e. either both first or second type), be the original image of the two functions <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{g} </math> of the same dimension and be (698104789). The following rules apply to <math display="inline"> \alpha </math>, <math display="inline"> \beta\in \mathbb R </math> and <math display="inline"> c\in\mathbb [a, b] </math>: * <math display="inline"> \alpha\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_\gamma (\alpha\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x})) </math> * <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[a, c]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[c, b]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math> ==Notation for curve integrals of closed curves== If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is a closed way, you write : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\int\limits_\gamma </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\gamma </math> and similar for closed curves <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle \int\limits_\mathcal C </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\mathcal C </math>. With the circle in the Integral one would like to make clear that <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is closed. The only difference is in the notation. ==Examples== * If <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph]] of a function <math display="inline"> f\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R </math>, this curve will be passed through the path :: <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) </math> : parametrized. About :: <math display="inline"> \|\dot\gamma(t)\|_2=\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2} </math> : the length of the curve is equal :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C\mathrm ds = \int\limits_a^b\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2}\,\mathrm dt. </math> * A [[w:en:ellipse|ellipse]] with large half-axis <math display="inline"> a </math> and small half-axis <math display="inline"> b </math> is parameterized by <math display="inline"> (a\cos t, \, b\sin t) </math> for <math display="inline"> t\in[0,2\pi] </math>. Your scope is therefore :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_0^{2\pi}\sqrt{a^2\sin^2t+b^2\cos^2t}\,\mathrm dt = 4a\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{1-\varepsilon^2\cos^2t}\;\mathrm dt </math>. : In this case <math display="inline"> \varepsilon </math> refers to the [[w:en:Eccentricity (mathematics)|numerical eccenttricity]] <math display="inline"> \sqrt{1-b^2/a^2} </math> of the ellipse. The integral on the right is referred to as [[w:en:elliptic Integral|elliptic tntegral]] due to this connection. ==Way-independent== If a vector field <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> is a ''[[w:en:gradient field|Gradient field]]'', i.e.'' : <math display="inline"> \mathbf{\nabla} V = \mathbf{F} </math>, This applies to [[w:en:Derivation (differential algebra)|derivation]] of [[w:en:Function composition|function composition]] of <math display="inline"> V </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math> : <math display="inline"> \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) = \mathbf{\nabla} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) = \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) </math>, which exactly corresponds to the integral of the path integral over <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> to <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math>. ===Dependence of integral boundaries 1=== This follows for a given curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\,\mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_a^b \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t))\cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t)\,\mathrm dt = \int\limits_a^b \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \,\mathrm dt = V(\mathbf{r}(b)) - V(\mathbf{r}(a)). </math> === Visualization === The following image show two arbitrary curves <math>S1</math> and <math>S2</math> in a Gradient vector field connecting point <math>1</math> with point <math>2</math>. [[File:Konservative_Kraft_Wege.svg|350px|center|two arbitrary curves 'S1' and 'S2' in a Gradient vector field connecting point 1 with point 2.]] ===Dependence of integral boundaries 2=== This means that the integral of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> over <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> depends solely on points <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(b) </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(a) </math> and the path between them is irrelevant to the result. For this reason, the integral of a gradient field is referred to as “displaced”. ===Remark - closed paths - Ringintegral=== In particular, the ring integral applies to the closed curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> with two arbitrary paths <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_2 </math>: : <math display="inline"> \oint\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_{1,\mathcal{S}_1}^2 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} + \int\limits_{2,\mathcal{S}_2}^1 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = 0 </math> ===Application in Physics=== This is particularly important in [[w:de:Physik|Physics]], since, for example, the [[w:de:Gravitation|Gravitation]] has these properties. Since the energy in these force fields is always a conservation variable, they are referred to in physics as [[w:de:konservative Kraft|conservative force]]. ===Scaler fields - Potential energy=== The scalar field <math display="inline"> V </math> is the [[w:de:Skalarpotential|Potential]] or the [[w:de:potentielle Energie|potential Energy]]. Conservative force fields receive the mechanical energy, i.e. the sum of [[w:de:Kinetische Energie|kinetic Energy]] and potential energy. According to the above integral, a work of 0 J is applied on a closed curve overall. ===Number of revolutions=== Path independence can also be shown with the aid of the [[w:de:Integrabilitätsbedingung|Integrability condition]]. [[File:Windungszahl5.png|thumb|Die curve (698-1047-1732115943789-341-116) umläuft das Zentrum (698-1047-1732115943789-341-117) zweimal]] If the vector field is not possible as a gradient field only in a (small) environment <math display="inline"> U </math> of a point, the closed path integral of curves outside <math display="inline"> U </math> is proportional to the number of turns around this point and otherwise independent of the exact curve (see [[w:de:Algebraische Topologie#Methodik|Algebraic Topology: Methodology]]). ===Remark - Complex pathintegrale=== If <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> is replaced by <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>, complex path integrals are treated which are treated in the [[Complex Analysis]]. ==Literature== * [[w:en:Harro Heuser|Harro Heuser]]: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 2. 1981, 5. Auflage, Teubner 1990, ISBN 3-519-42222-0. p. 369, Theorem 180.1; p. 391, Theorem 184.1; p. 393, Theorem 185.1. === References === <references /> ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis]] * [[Measure theory on topological spaces]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Calculus Calculus]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20integral https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] -->; === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[v:de::Kurvenintegral|Kurvenintegral]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral * Date: 11/20/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurvenintegral" srclang="de" date="11/20/2024" time="17:04" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude> [[de:Kurvenintegral]] </noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Curve integral]]</noinclude> --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] fomflduz1yuuxjxz7tgmcvxt55h3ysg 2689969 2689968 2024-12-02T14:38:06Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Application in Physics */ 2689969 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== The ''Curve'', ''Line'', ''Path'' or ''Contour integral'' expands the standard integral term for the [[w:de:Integralrechnung|Integration]] in the complex plane ([[w:en:Complex analysis|Complex Analysis]]) or in the multidimensional space <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math> or <math>\mathbb{C}^n</math>. The [[w:en:Path (topology)|path]], the line or the [[w:e:Curve|curve]], via which is integrated, is called the ''integration path''<ref name="cite2"> Klaus Knothe, Heribert Wessels: Finite Elemente. Eine Einführung für Ingenieure. 3. Auflage. 1999, ISBN 3-540-64491-1, S. 524.</ref>. The line integral over a closed path are written with the symbol <math display="inline"> \textstyle \oint </math>. ==Real-valued Line Integrale== A path <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is given which is imaged from an interval (e.g. interpreted as a time interval) into the vector space <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the place where the value is <math display="inline"> t\in [a,b] </math>. The difference is * Line integral first type and * Line integral second type. ==Pathintegral first type== [[File:Line_integral_of_scalar_field.gif|thumb|Illustration eines Kurvenintegrals erster Art über ein Skalarfeld]] The path integral of a steady [[w:de:Funktion (Mathematik)|Function]] : <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} </math> along a continuously differentiable piece [[w:de:Weg (Mathematik)|path]] <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is defined as :<math display="block"> \int\limits_\gamma \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \, \| {\gamma \,}'(t) \|_2 \,\mathrm{d} t. </math> ===Deduction of the path=== <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}' </math> refers to the derivation from <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> to <math display="inline"> t </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> are a vector. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\dots ,\gamma_n) </math>. ===Remark - Component functions=== The component functions <math display="inline"> \gamma_i : [a,b] \to \mathbb{R} </math> are illustrations for which the derivation with the knowledge from the real analysis can be calculated. ===Example of a path and its derivation=== A differentiable path is defined first <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> with :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} \gamma: & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & \gamma \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \cdot \cos(t) \\ 3 \cdot \sin(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> The track of the path forms an ellipse with the half axes 5 and 3. ====Derivation of the path in the two-dimensional space==== The derivation <math display="inline"> {\gamma }' </math> of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> results directly from the derivation of the component functions :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} {\gamma }': & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & {\gamma }' \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \cdot \sin(t) \\ 3 \cdot \cos(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> ===Example - Deduction of the Way in the Three-dimensional Space=== Now a vector is <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)= (\cos(t),\sin(t),t) \in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t) = (- \sin(t),\cos(t), 1)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math>. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\gamma_2,\gamma_3) </math>. ==Task== Draw the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> (Ellipse) and plotted the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> with [[CAS4Wiki|CAS4Wiki]] plots. ===Vector length of the derivation vector of the path=== <math display="inline"> \|{\gamma \,}'(t)\|_2 </math> indicates the [[w:en:Euclidean_space#Euclidean_norm|Euclidian norm]] of the vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma\,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Picture of the path - track=== The [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image set]] <math display="inline"> \mbox{Spur}(\gamma) := \mathcal C := \gamma([a,b]) </math> of one piece [[w:en:Curve#Differential_geometry|differentiable curve]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> should not be confused with the graph of a curve which is a part of the <math display="inline"> [a,b] \times \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Notes=== * An example of such a function <math display="inline"> f </math> is a [[w:en:scalar field|scalar field]] with [[w:en:Cartesian coordinate system|cartesischen coordinaten]]. * A path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> can pass through a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> either as a whole or only in sections several times. * For <math display="inline"> f \equiv 1 </math>, the path integral of the first type gives the length of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. * The path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> forms, inter alia <math display="inline"> a \in \mathbb{R} </math> on the starting point of the curve and <math display="inline"> b \in \mathbb{R} </math> on its end point. * <math display="inline"> t \in [a,b] </math> is an element of the definition set of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> and is generally ''not' for time. <math display="inline"> \mathrm dt </math> is the corresponding [[w:de:Differential (Mathematik)|Differential]]. ==Pathintegral second type== [[File:Line_integral_of_vector_field.gif|thumb|Visualization of a line integral of second type over Gradient vector field]] The line integral over a continuous [[w:de:Gradient vector field|gradient vector field]] : <math display="inline"> \mathbf f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n </math> with a curve also parameterized in this way is defined as the integral over the [[w:en:Scalar product|scalar product]] of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} \circ \gamma </math> and <math display="inline"> \dot\gamma </math>: : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \! \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathrm{d} \mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \! \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm{d} t </math> ===Influence of parameterization=== If <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta\colon[c,d]\to\mathbb R^n </math> 'simplified' (d. h, <math display="inline"> \gamma_{|(a,b)} </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta_{|(c,d)} </math> are identical This justifies the name c''urve integral''; if the direction of integration is visible or irrelevant, the path in the notation can be suppressed. ===Curve integrals=== Since a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the image of a path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>, the definitions of the curve integrals essentially correspond to the path integrals. ====Curve integral 1. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal C} \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \cdot \| {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \|_2 \, \mathrm{d} t </math> ====Curve integral 2. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\mathrm d\mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm dt </math> ====Length of curve==== A special case is again the length of the curve parameterized by <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math>: : <math display="inline"> \mathrm{L\ddot ange\ von\ }\mathcal C = \int\limits_{\mathcal C} 1 \, \mathrm{d}s = \int\limits_a^b\| {\gamma\,}'(t) \|_2\,\mathrm dt </math> ===Displacement element and length element=== The expression occurring in the first type of curves : <math display="inline"> \mathrm ds= \|{\gamma\,}'(t)\|_2 \, \mathrm dt </math> is called ''scalar path element' or 'length element''.The expression occurring in the second type of curve integrals :<math display="block"> \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = {\gamma\,}' (t)\,\mathrm dt </math> is called 'vectorial path element'. ===Rules of Procedure=== Be <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math>, <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) </math> Curve integrals of the same type (i.e. either both first or second type), be the original image of the two functions <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{g} </math> of the same dimension and be (698104789). The following rules apply to <math display="inline"> \alpha </math>, <math display="inline"> \beta\in \mathbb R </math> and <math display="inline"> c\in\mathbb [a, b] </math>: * <math display="inline"> \alpha\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_\gamma (\alpha\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x})) </math> * <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[a, c]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[c, b]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math> ==Notation for curve integrals of closed curves== If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is a closed way, you write : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\int\limits_\gamma </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\gamma </math> and similar for closed curves <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle \int\limits_\mathcal C </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\mathcal C </math>. With the circle in the Integral one would like to make clear that <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is closed. The only difference is in the notation. ==Examples== * If <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph]] of a function <math display="inline"> f\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R </math>, this curve will be passed through the path :: <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) </math> : parametrized. About :: <math display="inline"> \|\dot\gamma(t)\|_2=\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2} </math> : the length of the curve is equal :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C\mathrm ds = \int\limits_a^b\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2}\,\mathrm dt. </math> * A [[w:en:ellipse|ellipse]] with large half-axis <math display="inline"> a </math> and small half-axis <math display="inline"> b </math> is parameterized by <math display="inline"> (a\cos t, \, b\sin t) </math> for <math display="inline"> t\in[0,2\pi] </math>. Your scope is therefore :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_0^{2\pi}\sqrt{a^2\sin^2t+b^2\cos^2t}\,\mathrm dt = 4a\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{1-\varepsilon^2\cos^2t}\;\mathrm dt </math>. : In this case <math display="inline"> \varepsilon </math> refers to the [[w:en:Eccentricity (mathematics)|numerical eccenttricity]] <math display="inline"> \sqrt{1-b^2/a^2} </math> of the ellipse. The integral on the right is referred to as [[w:en:elliptic Integral|elliptic tntegral]] due to this connection. ==Way-independent== If a vector field <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> is a ''[[w:en:gradient field|Gradient field]]'', i.e.'' : <math display="inline"> \mathbf{\nabla} V = \mathbf{F} </math>, This applies to [[w:en:Derivation (differential algebra)|derivation]] of [[w:en:Function composition|function composition]] of <math display="inline"> V </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math> : <math display="inline"> \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) = \mathbf{\nabla} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) = \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) </math>, which exactly corresponds to the integral of the path integral over <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> to <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math>. ===Dependence of integral boundaries 1=== This follows for a given curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\,\mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_a^b \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t))\cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t)\,\mathrm dt = \int\limits_a^b \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \,\mathrm dt = V(\mathbf{r}(b)) - V(\mathbf{r}(a)). </math> === Visualization === The following image show two arbitrary curves <math>S1</math> and <math>S2</math> in a Gradient vector field connecting point <math>1</math> with point <math>2</math>. [[File:Konservative_Kraft_Wege.svg|350px|center|two arbitrary curves 'S1' and 'S2' in a Gradient vector field connecting point 1 with point 2.]] ===Dependence of integral boundaries 2=== This means that the integral of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> over <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> depends solely on points <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(b) </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(a) </math> and the path between them is irrelevant to the result. For this reason, the integral of a gradient field is referred to as “displaced”. ===Remark - closed paths - Ringintegral=== In particular, the ring integral applies to the closed curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> with two arbitrary paths <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_2 </math>: : <math display="inline"> \oint\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_{1,\mathcal{S}_1}^2 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} + \int\limits_{2,\mathcal{S}_2}^1 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = 0 </math> ===Application in Physics=== This is particularly important in [[w:en:Physics|Physics]], since, for example, the [[w:en:Gravitation|Gravitation]] has these properties. Since the energy in these force fields is always a conservation variable, they are referred to in physics as [[w:en:conservative force|conservative force]]. ===Scaler fields - Potential energy=== The scalar field <math display="inline"> V </math> is the [[w:de:Skalarpotential|Potential]] or the [[w:de:potentielle Energie|potential Energy]]. Conservative force fields receive the mechanical energy, i.e. the sum of [[w:de:Kinetische Energie|kinetic Energy]] and potential energy. According to the above integral, a work of 0 J is applied on a closed curve overall. ===Number of revolutions=== Path independence can also be shown with the aid of the [[w:de:Integrabilitätsbedingung|Integrability condition]]. [[File:Windungszahl5.png|thumb|Die curve (698-1047-1732115943789-341-116) umläuft das Zentrum (698-1047-1732115943789-341-117) zweimal]] If the vector field is not possible as a gradient field only in a (small) environment <math display="inline"> U </math> of a point, the closed path integral of curves outside <math display="inline"> U </math> is proportional to the number of turns around this point and otherwise independent of the exact curve (see [[w:de:Algebraische Topologie#Methodik|Algebraic Topology: Methodology]]). ===Remark - Complex pathintegrale=== If <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> is replaced by <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>, complex path integrals are treated which are treated in the [[Complex Analysis]]. ==Literature== * [[w:en:Harro Heuser|Harro Heuser]]: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 2. 1981, 5. Auflage, Teubner 1990, ISBN 3-519-42222-0. p. 369, Theorem 180.1; p. 391, Theorem 184.1; p. 393, Theorem 185.1. === References === <references /> ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis]] * [[Measure theory on topological spaces]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Calculus Calculus]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20integral https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] -->; === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[v:de::Kurvenintegral|Kurvenintegral]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral * Date: 11/20/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurvenintegral" srclang="de" date="11/20/2024" time="17:04" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude> [[de:Kurvenintegral]] </noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Curve integral]]</noinclude> --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] si5gjjy0n3filhks2nab0j2s5x2nkjl 2689973 2689969 2024-12-02T14:44:08Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Number of revolutions */ 2689973 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== The ''Curve'', ''Line'', ''Path'' or ''Contour integral'' expands the standard integral term for the [[w:de:Integralrechnung|Integration]] in the complex plane ([[w:en:Complex analysis|Complex Analysis]]) or in the multidimensional space <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math> or <math>\mathbb{C}^n</math>. The [[w:en:Path (topology)|path]], the line or the [[w:e:Curve|curve]], via which is integrated, is called the ''integration path''<ref name="cite2"> Klaus Knothe, Heribert Wessels: Finite Elemente. Eine Einführung für Ingenieure. 3. Auflage. 1999, ISBN 3-540-64491-1, S. 524.</ref>. The line integral over a closed path are written with the symbol <math display="inline"> \textstyle \oint </math>. ==Real-valued Line Integrale== A path <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is given which is imaged from an interval (e.g. interpreted as a time interval) into the vector space <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the place where the value is <math display="inline"> t\in [a,b] </math>. The difference is * Line integral first type and * Line integral second type. ==Pathintegral first type== [[File:Line_integral_of_scalar_field.gif|thumb|Illustration eines Kurvenintegrals erster Art über ein Skalarfeld]] The path integral of a steady [[w:de:Funktion (Mathematik)|Function]] : <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} </math> along a continuously differentiable piece [[w:de:Weg (Mathematik)|path]] <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is defined as :<math display="block"> \int\limits_\gamma \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \, \| {\gamma \,}'(t) \|_2 \,\mathrm{d} t. </math> ===Deduction of the path=== <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}' </math> refers to the derivation from <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> to <math display="inline"> t </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> are a vector. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\dots ,\gamma_n) </math>. ===Remark - Component functions=== The component functions <math display="inline"> \gamma_i : [a,b] \to \mathbb{R} </math> are illustrations for which the derivation with the knowledge from the real analysis can be calculated. ===Example of a path and its derivation=== A differentiable path is defined first <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> with :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} \gamma: & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & \gamma \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \cdot \cos(t) \\ 3 \cdot \sin(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> The track of the path forms an ellipse with the half axes 5 and 3. ====Derivation of the path in the two-dimensional space==== The derivation <math display="inline"> {\gamma }' </math> of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> results directly from the derivation of the component functions :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} {\gamma }': & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & {\gamma }' \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \cdot \sin(t) \\ 3 \cdot \cos(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> ===Example - Deduction of the Way in the Three-dimensional Space=== Now a vector is <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)= (\cos(t),\sin(t),t) \in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t) = (- \sin(t),\cos(t), 1)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math>. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\gamma_2,\gamma_3) </math>. ==Task== Draw the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> (Ellipse) and plotted the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> with [[CAS4Wiki|CAS4Wiki]] plots. ===Vector length of the derivation vector of the path=== <math display="inline"> \|{\gamma \,}'(t)\|_2 </math> indicates the [[w:en:Euclidean_space#Euclidean_norm|Euclidian norm]] of the vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma\,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Picture of the path - track=== The [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image set]] <math display="inline"> \mbox{Spur}(\gamma) := \mathcal C := \gamma([a,b]) </math> of one piece [[w:en:Curve#Differential_geometry|differentiable curve]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> should not be confused with the graph of a curve which is a part of the <math display="inline"> [a,b] \times \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Notes=== * An example of such a function <math display="inline"> f </math> is a [[w:en:scalar field|scalar field]] with [[w:en:Cartesian coordinate system|cartesischen coordinaten]]. * A path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> can pass through a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> either as a whole or only in sections several times. * For <math display="inline"> f \equiv 1 </math>, the path integral of the first type gives the length of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. * The path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> forms, inter alia <math display="inline"> a \in \mathbb{R} </math> on the starting point of the curve and <math display="inline"> b \in \mathbb{R} </math> on its end point. * <math display="inline"> t \in [a,b] </math> is an element of the definition set of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> and is generally ''not' for time. <math display="inline"> \mathrm dt </math> is the corresponding [[w:de:Differential (Mathematik)|Differential]]. ==Pathintegral second type== [[File:Line_integral_of_vector_field.gif|thumb|Visualization of a line integral of second type over Gradient vector field]] The line integral over a continuous [[w:de:Gradient vector field|gradient vector field]] : <math display="inline"> \mathbf f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n </math> with a curve also parameterized in this way is defined as the integral over the [[w:en:Scalar product|scalar product]] of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} \circ \gamma </math> and <math display="inline"> \dot\gamma </math>: : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \! \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathrm{d} \mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \! \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm{d} t </math> ===Influence of parameterization=== If <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta\colon[c,d]\to\mathbb R^n </math> 'simplified' (d. h, <math display="inline"> \gamma_{|(a,b)} </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta_{|(c,d)} </math> are identical This justifies the name c''urve integral''; if the direction of integration is visible or irrelevant, the path in the notation can be suppressed. ===Curve integrals=== Since a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the image of a path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>, the definitions of the curve integrals essentially correspond to the path integrals. ====Curve integral 1. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal C} \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \cdot \| {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \|_2 \, \mathrm{d} t </math> ====Curve integral 2. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\mathrm d\mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm dt </math> ====Length of curve==== A special case is again the length of the curve parameterized by <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math>: : <math display="inline"> \mathrm{L\ddot ange\ von\ }\mathcal C = \int\limits_{\mathcal C} 1 \, \mathrm{d}s = \int\limits_a^b\| {\gamma\,}'(t) \|_2\,\mathrm dt </math> ===Displacement element and length element=== The expression occurring in the first type of curves : <math display="inline"> \mathrm ds= \|{\gamma\,}'(t)\|_2 \, \mathrm dt </math> is called ''scalar path element' or 'length element''.The expression occurring in the second type of curve integrals :<math display="block"> \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = {\gamma\,}' (t)\,\mathrm dt </math> is called 'vectorial path element'. ===Rules of Procedure=== Be <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math>, <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) </math> Curve integrals of the same type (i.e. either both first or second type), be the original image of the two functions <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{g} </math> of the same dimension and be (698104789). The following rules apply to <math display="inline"> \alpha </math>, <math display="inline"> \beta\in \mathbb R </math> and <math display="inline"> c\in\mathbb [a, b] </math>: * <math display="inline"> \alpha\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_\gamma (\alpha\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x})) </math> * <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[a, c]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[c, b]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math> ==Notation for curve integrals of closed curves== If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is a closed way, you write : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\int\limits_\gamma </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\gamma </math> and similar for closed curves <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle \int\limits_\mathcal C </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\mathcal C </math>. With the circle in the Integral one would like to make clear that <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is closed. The only difference is in the notation. ==Examples== * If <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph]] of a function <math display="inline"> f\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R </math>, this curve will be passed through the path :: <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) </math> : parametrized. About :: <math display="inline"> \|\dot\gamma(t)\|_2=\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2} </math> : the length of the curve is equal :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C\mathrm ds = \int\limits_a^b\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2}\,\mathrm dt. </math> * A [[w:en:ellipse|ellipse]] with large half-axis <math display="inline"> a </math> and small half-axis <math display="inline"> b </math> is parameterized by <math display="inline"> (a\cos t, \, b\sin t) </math> for <math display="inline"> t\in[0,2\pi] </math>. Your scope is therefore :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_0^{2\pi}\sqrt{a^2\sin^2t+b^2\cos^2t}\,\mathrm dt = 4a\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{1-\varepsilon^2\cos^2t}\;\mathrm dt </math>. : In this case <math display="inline"> \varepsilon </math> refers to the [[w:en:Eccentricity (mathematics)|numerical eccenttricity]] <math display="inline"> \sqrt{1-b^2/a^2} </math> of the ellipse. The integral on the right is referred to as [[w:en:elliptic Integral|elliptic tntegral]] due to this connection. ==Way-independent== If a vector field <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> is a ''[[w:en:gradient field|Gradient field]]'', i.e.'' : <math display="inline"> \mathbf{\nabla} V = \mathbf{F} </math>, This applies to [[w:en:Derivation (differential algebra)|derivation]] of [[w:en:Function composition|function composition]] of <math display="inline"> V </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math> : <math display="inline"> \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) = \mathbf{\nabla} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) = \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) </math>, which exactly corresponds to the integral of the path integral over <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> to <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math>. ===Dependence of integral boundaries 1=== This follows for a given curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\,\mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_a^b \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t))\cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t)\,\mathrm dt = \int\limits_a^b \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \,\mathrm dt = V(\mathbf{r}(b)) - V(\mathbf{r}(a)). </math> === Visualization === The following image show two arbitrary curves <math>S1</math> and <math>S2</math> in a Gradient vector field connecting point <math>1</math> with point <math>2</math>. [[File:Konservative_Kraft_Wege.svg|350px|center|two arbitrary curves 'S1' and 'S2' in a Gradient vector field connecting point 1 with point 2.]] ===Dependence of integral boundaries 2=== This means that the integral of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> over <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> depends solely on points <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(b) </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(a) </math> and the path between them is irrelevant to the result. For this reason, the integral of a gradient field is referred to as “displaced”. ===Remark - closed paths - Ringintegral=== In particular, the ring integral applies to the closed curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> with two arbitrary paths <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_2 </math>: : <math display="inline"> \oint\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_{1,\mathcal{S}_1}^2 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} + \int\limits_{2,\mathcal{S}_2}^1 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = 0 </math> ===Application in Physics=== This is particularly important in [[w:en:Physics|Physics]], since, for example, the [[w:en:Gravitation|Gravitation]] has these properties. Since the energy in these force fields is always a conservation variable, they are referred to in physics as [[w:en:conservative force|conservative force]]. ===Scaler fields - Potential energy=== The scalar field <math display="inline"> V </math> is the [[w:de:Skalarpotential|Potential]] or the [[w:de:potentielle Energie|potential Energy]]. Conservative force fields receive the mechanical energy, i.e. the sum of [[w:de:Kinetische Energie|kinetic Energy]] and potential energy. According to the above integral, a work of 0 J is applied on a closed curve overall. ===Number of revolutions=== Path independence can also be shown with the application of the [[w:en:Conservative_vector_field#Path_independence|Integrability condition]]. [[Image:Winding Number Around Point.svg|thumb|right|250px|This curve has winding number two around the point ''p''.]] if the vector field is not possible as a gradient field only in a (small) environment <math display="inline"> U </math> of a point, the closed path integral of curves outside <math display="inline"> U </math> is proportional to the number of turns around this point and otherwise independent of the exact curve (see [[w:en:Algebraic topology#Methodology|Algebraic Topology: Methodology]]). ===Remark - Complex pathintegrale=== If <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> is replaced by <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>, complex path integrals are treated which are treated in the [[Complex Analysis]]. ==Literature== * [[w:en:Harro Heuser|Harro Heuser]]: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 2. 1981, 5. Auflage, Teubner 1990, ISBN 3-519-42222-0. p. 369, Theorem 180.1; p. 391, Theorem 184.1; p. 393, Theorem 185.1. === References === <references /> ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis]] * [[Measure theory on topological spaces]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Calculus Calculus]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20integral https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] -->; === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[v:de::Kurvenintegral|Kurvenintegral]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral * Date: 11/20/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurvenintegral" srclang="de" date="11/20/2024" time="17:04" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude> [[de:Kurvenintegral]] </noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Curve integral]]</noinclude> --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] qqaducrrsy98t69tvxcdiz9dto3xbpo 2689974 2689973 2024-12-02T14:44:38Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Number of revolutions */ 2689974 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== The ''Curve'', ''Line'', ''Path'' or ''Contour integral'' expands the standard integral term for the [[w:de:Integralrechnung|Integration]] in the complex plane ([[w:en:Complex analysis|Complex Analysis]]) or in the multidimensional space <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math> or <math>\mathbb{C}^n</math>. The [[w:en:Path (topology)|path]], the line or the [[w:e:Curve|curve]], via which is integrated, is called the ''integration path''<ref name="cite2"> Klaus Knothe, Heribert Wessels: Finite Elemente. Eine Einführung für Ingenieure. 3. Auflage. 1999, ISBN 3-540-64491-1, S. 524.</ref>. The line integral over a closed path are written with the symbol <math display="inline"> \textstyle \oint </math>. ==Real-valued Line Integrale== A path <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is given which is imaged from an interval (e.g. interpreted as a time interval) into the vector space <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the place where the value is <math display="inline"> t\in [a,b] </math>. The difference is * Line integral first type and * Line integral second type. ==Pathintegral first type== [[File:Line_integral_of_scalar_field.gif|thumb|Illustration eines Kurvenintegrals erster Art über ein Skalarfeld]] The path integral of a steady [[w:de:Funktion (Mathematik)|Function]] : <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} </math> along a continuously differentiable piece [[w:de:Weg (Mathematik)|path]] <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is defined as :<math display="block"> \int\limits_\gamma \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \, \| {\gamma \,}'(t) \|_2 \,\mathrm{d} t. </math> ===Deduction of the path=== <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}' </math> refers to the derivation from <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> to <math display="inline"> t </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> are a vector. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\dots ,\gamma_n) </math>. ===Remark - Component functions=== The component functions <math display="inline"> \gamma_i : [a,b] \to \mathbb{R} </math> are illustrations for which the derivation with the knowledge from the real analysis can be calculated. ===Example of a path and its derivation=== A differentiable path is defined first <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> with :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} \gamma: & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & \gamma \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \cdot \cos(t) \\ 3 \cdot \sin(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> The track of the path forms an ellipse with the half axes 5 and 3. ====Derivation of the path in the two-dimensional space==== The derivation <math display="inline"> {\gamma }' </math> of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> results directly from the derivation of the component functions :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} {\gamma }': & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & {\gamma }' \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \cdot \sin(t) \\ 3 \cdot \cos(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> ===Example - Deduction of the Way in the Three-dimensional Space=== Now a vector is <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)= (\cos(t),\sin(t),t) \in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t) = (- \sin(t),\cos(t), 1)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math>. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\gamma_2,\gamma_3) </math>. ==Task== Draw the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> (Ellipse) and plotted the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> with [[CAS4Wiki|CAS4Wiki]] plots. ===Vector length of the derivation vector of the path=== <math display="inline"> \|{\gamma \,}'(t)\|_2 </math> indicates the [[w:en:Euclidean_space#Euclidean_norm|Euclidian norm]] of the vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma\,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Picture of the path - track=== The [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image set]] <math display="inline"> \mbox{Spur}(\gamma) := \mathcal C := \gamma([a,b]) </math> of one piece [[w:en:Curve#Differential_geometry|differentiable curve]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> should not be confused with the graph of a curve which is a part of the <math display="inline"> [a,b] \times \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Notes=== * An example of such a function <math display="inline"> f </math> is a [[w:en:scalar field|scalar field]] with [[w:en:Cartesian coordinate system|cartesischen coordinaten]]. * A path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> can pass through a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> either as a whole or only in sections several times. * For <math display="inline"> f \equiv 1 </math>, the path integral of the first type gives the length of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. * The path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> forms, inter alia <math display="inline"> a \in \mathbb{R} </math> on the starting point of the curve and <math display="inline"> b \in \mathbb{R} </math> on its end point. * <math display="inline"> t \in [a,b] </math> is an element of the definition set of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> and is generally ''not' for time. <math display="inline"> \mathrm dt </math> is the corresponding [[w:de:Differential (Mathematik)|Differential]]. ==Pathintegral second type== [[File:Line_integral_of_vector_field.gif|thumb|Visualization of a line integral of second type over Gradient vector field]] The line integral over a continuous [[w:de:Gradient vector field|gradient vector field]] : <math display="inline"> \mathbf f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n </math> with a curve also parameterized in this way is defined as the integral over the [[w:en:Scalar product|scalar product]] of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} \circ \gamma </math> and <math display="inline"> \dot\gamma </math>: : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \! \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathrm{d} \mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \! \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm{d} t </math> ===Influence of parameterization=== If <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta\colon[c,d]\to\mathbb R^n </math> 'simplified' (d. h, <math display="inline"> \gamma_{|(a,b)} </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta_{|(c,d)} </math> are identical This justifies the name c''urve integral''; if the direction of integration is visible or irrelevant, the path in the notation can be suppressed. ===Curve integrals=== Since a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the image of a path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>, the definitions of the curve integrals essentially correspond to the path integrals. ====Curve integral 1. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal C} \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \cdot \| {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \|_2 \, \mathrm{d} t </math> ====Curve integral 2. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\mathrm d\mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm dt </math> ====Length of curve==== A special case is again the length of the curve parameterized by <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math>: : <math display="inline"> \mathrm{L\ddot ange\ von\ }\mathcal C = \int\limits_{\mathcal C} 1 \, \mathrm{d}s = \int\limits_a^b\| {\gamma\,}'(t) \|_2\,\mathrm dt </math> ===Displacement element and length element=== The expression occurring in the first type of curves : <math display="inline"> \mathrm ds= \|{\gamma\,}'(t)\|_2 \, \mathrm dt </math> is called ''scalar path element' or 'length element''.The expression occurring in the second type of curve integrals :<math display="block"> \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = {\gamma\,}' (t)\,\mathrm dt </math> is called 'vectorial path element'. ===Rules of Procedure=== Be <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math>, <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) </math> Curve integrals of the same type (i.e. either both first or second type), be the original image of the two functions <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{g} </math> of the same dimension and be (698104789). The following rules apply to <math display="inline"> \alpha </math>, <math display="inline"> \beta\in \mathbb R </math> and <math display="inline"> c\in\mathbb [a, b] </math>: * <math display="inline"> \alpha\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_\gamma (\alpha\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x})) </math> * <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[a, c]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[c, b]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math> ==Notation for curve integrals of closed curves== If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is a closed way, you write : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\int\limits_\gamma </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\gamma </math> and similar for closed curves <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle \int\limits_\mathcal C </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\mathcal C </math>. With the circle in the Integral one would like to make clear that <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is closed. The only difference is in the notation. ==Examples== * If <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph]] of a function <math display="inline"> f\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R </math>, this curve will be passed through the path :: <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) </math> : parametrized. About :: <math display="inline"> \|\dot\gamma(t)\|_2=\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2} </math> : the length of the curve is equal :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C\mathrm ds = \int\limits_a^b\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2}\,\mathrm dt. </math> * A [[w:en:ellipse|ellipse]] with large half-axis <math display="inline"> a </math> and small half-axis <math display="inline"> b </math> is parameterized by <math display="inline"> (a\cos t, \, b\sin t) </math> for <math display="inline"> t\in[0,2\pi] </math>. Your scope is therefore :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_0^{2\pi}\sqrt{a^2\sin^2t+b^2\cos^2t}\,\mathrm dt = 4a\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{1-\varepsilon^2\cos^2t}\;\mathrm dt </math>. : In this case <math display="inline"> \varepsilon </math> refers to the [[w:en:Eccentricity (mathematics)|numerical eccenttricity]] <math display="inline"> \sqrt{1-b^2/a^2} </math> of the ellipse. The integral on the right is referred to as [[w:en:elliptic Integral|elliptic tntegral]] due to this connection. ==Way-independent== If a vector field <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> is a ''[[w:en:gradient field|Gradient field]]'', i.e.'' : <math display="inline"> \mathbf{\nabla} V = \mathbf{F} </math>, This applies to [[w:en:Derivation (differential algebra)|derivation]] of [[w:en:Function composition|function composition]] of <math display="inline"> V </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math> : <math display="inline"> \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) = \mathbf{\nabla} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) = \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) </math>, which exactly corresponds to the integral of the path integral over <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> to <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math>. ===Dependence of integral boundaries 1=== This follows for a given curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\,\mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_a^b \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t))\cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t)\,\mathrm dt = \int\limits_a^b \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \,\mathrm dt = V(\mathbf{r}(b)) - V(\mathbf{r}(a)). </math> === Visualization === The following image show two arbitrary curves <math>S1</math> and <math>S2</math> in a Gradient vector field connecting point <math>1</math> with point <math>2</math>. [[File:Konservative_Kraft_Wege.svg|350px|center|two arbitrary curves 'S1' and 'S2' in a Gradient vector field connecting point 1 with point 2.]] ===Dependence of integral boundaries 2=== This means that the integral of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> over <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> depends solely on points <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(b) </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(a) </math> and the path between them is irrelevant to the result. For this reason, the integral of a gradient field is referred to as “displaced”. ===Remark - closed paths - Ringintegral=== In particular, the ring integral applies to the closed curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> with two arbitrary paths <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_2 </math>: : <math display="inline"> \oint\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_{1,\mathcal{S}_1}^2 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} + \int\limits_{2,\mathcal{S}_2}^1 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = 0 </math> ===Application in Physics=== This is particularly important in [[w:en:Physics|Physics]], since, for example, the [[w:en:Gravitation|Gravitation]] has these properties. Since the energy in these force fields is always a conservation variable, they are referred to in physics as [[w:en:conservative force|conservative force]]. ===Scaler fields - Potential energy=== The scalar field <math display="inline"> V </math> is the [[w:de:Skalarpotential|Potential]] or the [[w:de:potentielle Energie|potential Energy]]. Conservative force fields receive the mechanical energy, i.e. the sum of [[w:de:Kinetische Energie|kinetic Energy]] and potential energy. According to the above integral, a work of 0 J is applied on a closed curve overall. ===Number of revolutions=== Path independence can also be shown with the application of the [[w:en:Conservative_vector_field#Path_independence|Integrability condition]]. [[Image:Winding Number Around Point.svg|thumb|right|250px|This curve has winding number two around the point ''p''.]] if the vector field is not possible as a gradient field only in a (small) environment <math display="inline"> U </math> of a point, the closed path integral of curves outside <math display="inline"> U </math> is proportional to the number of turns around this point and otherwise independent of the exact curve (see [[w:en:Algebraic_topology#Method_of_algebraic_invariants|Algebraic Topology: Methodology]]). ===Remark - Complex pathintegrale=== If <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> is replaced by <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>, complex path integrals are treated which are treated in the [[Complex Analysis]]. ==Literature== * [[w:en:Harro Heuser|Harro Heuser]]: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 2. 1981, 5. Auflage, Teubner 1990, ISBN 3-519-42222-0. p. 369, Theorem 180.1; p. 391, Theorem 184.1; p. 393, Theorem 185.1. === References === <references /> ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis]] * [[Measure theory on topological spaces]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Calculus Calculus]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20integral https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] -->; === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[v:de::Kurvenintegral|Kurvenintegral]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral * Date: 11/20/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurvenintegral" srclang="de" date="11/20/2024" time="17:04" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude> [[de:Kurvenintegral]] </noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Curve integral]]</noinclude> --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] qspf7sjd7495h1c8y9kdh2fpm3je6zp 0 316605 2689947 2688135 2024-12-02T12:22:35Z MathXplore 2888076 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 2689947 wikitext text/x-wiki === Most recent archive === Click [[Helping Give Away Psychological Science/Archived11202024|here]] to access pages archived on November 20th, 2024. === Older pages === ''None yet!'' {{BookCat}} n4cvqc9ythr66vp21p7aa6vl3gae84p 0 316607 2689946 2688143 2024-12-02T12:22:30Z MathXplore 2888076 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 2689946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Notice|heading=Incomplete|text=This page is a work in progress.}} == Meaning Creation as Life's Purpose == Life creates all natural meaning and, therefore, has the ultimate significance in an otherwise meaningless universe. The purpose of life, individually and collectively, is to sustain and create more meaningful interactions, objects and life. This answer is a product of decomposing the question "what is the meaning of life?" and developing a new understanding of what "life" is. == Decomposing "What is the Meaning of Life?" == To understand the "Meaning of Life" one should first clearly specify what the phrase is understood to mean. This should start with communicating definitions of the terms "meaning" and "life". === What is Meaning? === "Meaning" has many definitions; however, here we will focus on three synonyms: "purpose", "significance" and "signification". {{Notice|heading=Incomplete|text=This section is incomplete.}} === What is Life? === "Life" may refer specifically to the lived experience of a person or more generally to living biological organisms. Both perspectives are relevant to understanding the meaning of life. Biological answers to this question typically focus on the common characteristic of living things: homeostasis, reproduction, metabolism. This section builds an argument that the fundamental processes of life are detection and selective action, which combine to interpretation. {{Notice|heading=Incomplete|text=This section is incomplete.}} == Criticisms and Related Concepts == The "meaning of life" presented has a range of potential criticisms and relationships to existing philosophical concepts. {{Notice|heading=Incomplete|text=This section is incomplete.}} === Circular Reasoning === Declaring that "life creates meaning" and that "the purpose of life is to create meaning" has the appearance of a circular argument. === Relativism and Nihilism === === Humanism and Environmentalism === === Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Life === === Panpsychism === {{BookCat}} 1hgzvd9u712f2u1bcffyj7v6gj01bsw 0 316699 2689944 2688911 2024-12-02T12:21:20Z MathXplore 2888076 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 2689944 wikitext text/x-wiki *[[User:lbeaumont]] has contributed a course on [[Moral Reasoning]] based largely on the principle of impartiality. {{BookCat}} mt1ijfwsdst8swsa53wx9cx854zts7z 0 316700 2689943 2688913 2024-12-02T12:21:16Z MathXplore 2888076 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 2689943 wikitext text/x-wiki * [[User:lbeaumont]] describes [[Beyond Theism/What there is|what there is]] based largely on the standard model of particle physics, information, [[Subjective Awareness|subjective experience]], and [[Understanding Emergence|emergence]]. {{BookCat}} nik3ti19nmhmzchwq8omyhz545msdei 0 316747 2689945 2689262 2024-12-02T12:21:40Z MathXplore 2888076 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 2689945 wikitext text/x-wiki In the northern hemisphere, many plant galls are induced by wasps of the family [[w:Cynipidae|Cynipidae]], but this family is rarely encountered in the Afrotropics, where it comprises only four described species, all found in South Africa.<ref name=WaspwebAfroCynipidae>van Noort, 2024. [https://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Cynipidae/Classification/Classification_Afrotropical_Cynipidae.htm Classification and checklist of Afrotropical cynipid wasps], accessed on 29 November 2024.</ref> In the Afrotropics, most gall-associated wasps are chacidoids. =Chalcidoidea associated with plant galls= Most chalcidoid wasps in the families Cynipencyrtidae, Epichrysomallidae, Melanosomellidae, Ormyridae and Tanaostigmatidae are associated with plant galls; their larvae and pupae develop within galls. Together, these families comprise the ‘Gall Clade’ within the Chalcidoidea.<ref name=vanNoort2024/> In the Afrotropics four of these families are represented:<ref name=waspweb2024>van Noort, 2024. [https://www.waspweb.org/Classification/Classification_Afrotropical_Hymenoptera.htm Classification of Afrotropical Hymenoptera (Wasps, Bees, Ants)], accessed on 28 November 2024.</ref> * [[w:Epichrysomallidae|Epichrysomallidae]] includes about 16 described Afrotropical species in seven genera; they are exclusively associated with figs (genus ''[[w:Ficus|Ficus]]''); * [[w:Melanosomellidae|Melanosomellidae]] has four known species in the Afrotropics, two of which were introduced from Australia for the biological control of invasive Australian wattle trees; * [[w:Ormyridae|Ormyridae]] is represented by three species of ''Asparagobius'' which form galls on ''[[w:Asparagus (genus)|Asparagus]]'' species, ''Halleriaphagus phagolucida'', which forms galls on ''[[w:Halleria (plant)|Halleria]]'' species, two species of ''Ouma'' (biology unknown), and 14 described species of ''Ormyrus'', which are hyperparasitoids, attacking other gall-forming insects; * [[w:Tanaostigmatidae|Tanaostigmatidae]] contains five African species including ''Tanaostigmodes tambotis'', which is phytophagous, forming galls on the stems of tamboti trees (''[[w:Spirostachys africana|Spirostachys africana]]''); the biologies of the other species are unknown. ==''Ormyrus'' wasps on a ''Euclea'' stem gall== [[w:Ormyrus|''Ormyrus'']] is a genus of parasitoid wasps with a worldwide distribution. Most species are thought to be hyperparasitoids, i.e. their larvae feed on the larvae of gall-forming insects; these galls are found on a wide variety of plants.<ref name=vanNoort2024>van Noort, S., Mitroiu, M.D., Burks, R., Gibson, G., Hanson, P., Heraty, J., Janšta, P., Cruaud, A. and Rasplus, J.Y., 2024. Redefining Ormyridae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) with establishment of subfamilies and description of new genera. Systematic Entomology, 49(3), pp.447-494. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.644.10035</ref> These phtographs show the activity of ''Ormyrus'' wasps on a stem gall on a magic gwarrie (''[[w:Euclea divinorum|Euclea divinorum]]'') shrub. In this case the gall-forming insect, and host of the ''Ormyrus'' parasite, is not known. <gallery mode=packed heights=250> Ormyrus males 2024 09 28 iN 245187710 01.jpg|Male Ormyrus wasps on a stem gall, waiting for a female to emerge Ormyrus female 2024 10 01 iN 249534371 02.jpg|Female ''Ormyrus'' wasp ovipositing into a stem gall Ormyrus_males_2024_09_28_iN_245187710_02.jpg|Stem gall on a ''Euclea divinorum'' shrub </gallery> ==References== {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} fovl5kp8wqz736yzl3xo19cjqn3o8f7 0 316829 2689940 2689651 2024-12-02T12:19:35Z MathXplore 2888076 MathXplore moved page [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat]] to [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rivan Ghat]] without leaving a redirect: Misspelled title 2689651 wikitext text/x-wiki [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Assi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat|Assi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]] ---- === Location === 25º 17.396’ North and 83º 00.377’ East (centre of [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala Ghat|Ganga Mahala Ghat]]) === Historical/cultural/natural significance === A little further down the [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganga Mahala Ghat|Ganga Mahal Ghat]], an extension was made by adding another palatial house called [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/ Rivan Ghat|Rewa Gha]]<nowiki/>t, a royal symbol at the gate opening towards the ghat that can be distinctively marked. This building has two parts: one part of the palace and the other one of the auxiliary house. This ghat was earlier named after Lala Misir, a family priest of the king of Punjab, Raja Ranjit Singh. In 1879, the king of Rivan purchased this and made sufficient repairs. The northern and southern porches are based on the joints of pillars. On both sides, there are stone steps. In 1955, the king of Banaras donated this palace to Banaras Hindu University, which uses it as a dormitory for performance art and music students. During 1985-2000, the ghat was fully covered by the siltation during annual floods. Thanks to an NGO under the direction of Shanti Lal Jain, the silt has been fully recovered, and open space now exists. Some of the tea shops have occupied the area. === Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property === [[File:Rewan Kothi Rewa Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Rewan Kothi Rewa Ghat, Varanasi]] [[File:Rewan Koth, Rewan Ghat 2024.jpg|thumb|Rewan Koth, Rewan Ghat 2024]] It is expected that, with the support of active people's participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the betterment of society. === Ownership === The Rewa Mahal is owned by the Banaras Hindu University and the Ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation. {{CourseCat}} l4xutgx6c0k9ciwfda69juhdj78ba2i 0 316840 2689941 2689560 2024-12-02T12:19:45Z MathXplore 2888076 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 2689941 wikitext text/x-wiki [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat|Asi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat]] ----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats|Vaccharaja and Jain Ghats]] [[File:Jain_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jain Ghat, Varanasi]] === Location === 25º 17.578’ North and 83º 00.398’ East (Jain temple, Jain Ghat) ===== Exact location on a map ===== [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Vaccharaja Ghat|Vaccharaja]] and Jain Ghats Close to the turning towards Asi Ghat, on the right is the entrance gate to the temple. ==== Area ==== 0.26 ha === Historical/cultural/natural significance === Jain Ghat, named after the 7th Jain Tirthankara Suparshvanatha who was believed to be born in the neighbourhood. In commemoration a temple of Surapshvanath (Svetambara sect) was built in the upper part in 1885.Prior to 1931 this was part of Vaccharaja Ghat, but when Babu Shekhar Chanda has built this part separately and given the name with the support of Jain monks, that is how it is called Jain Ghat. The ghat renovated and re-constructed in 1988 by the irrigation department of the government of Uttar Pradesh. The nearby area is inhabited by boatmen who were responsible for polluting the area, but in the recent past the civic sense and mass awakening have prevailed in better way to improve the situation. === Present state of conservation === Except by the temple trusts directly taking care of the three properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives without specific plans. B- 3/15 Jain Ghat. Not only the ground floor illegal construction (stated as illegal and demolished at Serial no. 46 in the VDA affidavit dated 2 Dec 2012 and 24 Jan 2013) but the whole building is illegal and the owners reconstructed the building after it was punctured, illegally re-constructing all floors. === Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property === It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society. === Ownership === The respective trusts own the specific properties along the ghat, and the Municipal Corporation owns the ghat area. {{BookCat}} 9t6dkl861kyzqrkn1zsudqqiu268fhb 0 316849 2689939 2689645 2024-12-02T12:18:52Z MathXplore 2888076 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 2689939 wikitext text/x-wiki [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]] ---- [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Gularia Ghat|Gularia Ghat]][[File:Gulariya Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Gulariya Ghat, Varanasi]] === Location === 25º 17.652’ North and 83º 00.410’ East (south point of the Gularia Ghat). ===== Exact location on a map ===== Shivala–Gularia and Dandi Ghats ==== Area ==== 0.58 ha === Historical/cultural/natural significance === The extended part of [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Shivala Ghat|Shivala Ghat]] is called Gularia Ghat. In fact, earlier, this was part of the [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]. In 1819, a rich merchant of Banaras, Lalluji Agrawal, made this ghat pucca. After the well-known old and huge gular tree, a type of fig, the ghat is called Gularia Ghat. Attached to the ghat is a place of traditional wrestling. This ghat is deserted. -- A rich merchant of Banaras, Lalluji Agrawal, built it in 1821 with a joint effort of Babu Sagaramal. The government of Uttar Pradesh further renovated and restructured it in 1958. In the upper part of the ghat, there is a temple and a wrestling place. A branch of the Sharadapith of Dvaraka is where the Dandi ascetics live, carrying sticks in their hands and using ochre-coloured cloth. After this centre of Dandi ascetics, the ghat is called [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]]. === Present state of conservation === Except for the temple and monastery trusts, which are directly taking care of their ashramas, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their perspectives without specific plans. === Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property === It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society. === Ownership === The respective temples, trusts, and residents own the specific properties along the ghat, while the municipal corporation owns the ghat area. {{BookCat}} 98a4hgrgr8krzbzltx0lazx7fwud46o 0 316850 2689938 2689644 2024-12-02T12:18:49Z MathXplore 2888076 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 2689938 wikitext text/x-wiki [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat| Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat]] ---- [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Dandi Ghat|Dandi Ghat]] === Location === 25º 17.652’ North and 83º 00.410’ East (south point of the Gularia Ghat). ===== Exact location on a map ===== Shivala–Gularia and Dandi Ghats ==== Area ==== 0.58 ha === Historical/cultural/natural significance === A rich merchant of Banaras, Lalluji Agrawal, built it in 1821 with a joint effort of Babu Sagaramal. The government of Uttar Pradesh further renovated and restructured it in 1958. In the upper part of the ghat, there is a temple and a wrestling place. A branch of the Sharadapith of Dvaraka is where the Dandi ascetics live, carrying sticks in their hands and using ochre-coloured cloth. After this centre of Dandi ascetics, the ghat is called Dandi Ghar. === Present state of conservation === Except for the temple and monastery trusts, which are directly taking care of their ashramas, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The trusts maintain their properties according to their perspectives without specific plans. === Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property === It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control), the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better benefit of the society. === Ownership === The respective temples, trusts, and residents own the specific properties along the ghat, while the municipal corporation owns the ghat area. {{BookCat}} pr85nujlvznd6chgtbruyuuvbbz6qvo 0 316864 2689937 2689720 2024-12-02T12:18:42Z MathXplore 2888076 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 2689937 wikitext text/x-wiki [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Cauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat|Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat]] ----[[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Causatthi Ghat|Causatthi Ghat]] [[File:Chausatthi_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Chausatthi Ghat, Varanasi]] === Location === 25º 18.292’ North and 83º 00.525’ East (Causatthi Devi Temple). ===== Exact location on a map ===== Digpatia Ghat and Causatthi Ghat (Causatthi temple, Rana Mahal: D 22 / 17) ==== Area ==== 0.30ha (the main sacred area, ghat and temple complex) === Historical/cultural/natural significance === The Kashi Khanda (61.176-177) described the ghat and images of Yoginis, and mentioned the two Jala-Tirthas (“water associated sacred spots”). The goddess Causatthi and her associated ghat are mentioned in the Giravana-padamanjari (1600-60). This ghat had privilege to provide shelter to a great Sanskrit scholar, Madhusudan Sarasvati (CE 1540-1623). Till 18th century the main image of the Causatthi Devi was in the Rana Mahal, a palace nearby, however later shifted to its present site. In the late 16th century the ghat was made pucca by King Pratapaditya, which in course of time partly destroyed. In ca 1670 the king of Udaipur (Rajasthan) renovated and expanded the ghat. Later in 19th century the ghat was fully renovated and repaired by King Digpatiya (of Champaran, Bihar). The present built structure was made in 1807. And, the ghat was made pucca, in the present condition, in 1965 by the Government of Uttar Pradesh. In the temple compound there are old images of Kali, folk goddesses, Shiva, Ganesha and Kartikeya. Among the 64 Yogini images, only 16 are presently existing in Varanasi. Of them two are in the vicinity of the Causatthi Devi, i.e. Gajanana, “the elephant-headed” (House: D 21/ 22) and Mayuri, “the peacock-headed”, on the steps of the ghat. The Yoginis are considered to be the most ancient group of goddesses. The number 64 (causatha) is attributed to directional symbolism and also association between mother-goddesses (8) and their assistant-goddesses (8), or in other way the division of space (eight directions) on the earrth and in the celestial realm; thus the archetype becomes 64. On 12th dark-half of Caitra (March-April) many pilgrims pay visit to the Yogini temple and take ritual bath at this ghat. Another important occasion of attraction is the evening on the day of Holi, a colourful festival showing state of Caitra - 1st, when homage ritual is performed at the ghat. === Present state of conservation === No specific measures are adopted, except that the Temple trust and local people and the local public groups look after its maintenance. === Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property === No specific measures are taken to conserve and preserve the temple and the ghat, except to continue and maintain the daily religious activities by the local people. === Ownership === The Causatthi Temple Trust; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation. {{BookCat}} 3xdnolbi3868v6gze956wyqhlkwgjkf 0 316878 2689936 2689782 2024-12-02T12:18:21Z MathXplore 2888076 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 2689936 wikitext text/x-wiki [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]] ---- [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Ganesha Ghat|Ganesha Ghat]] === Location === 25º 18.839’ North and 83º 00.890’ East (Agnishvara, Patni Tola). ===== Exact location on a map ===== Naya-Ganesha and Mehta Ghats. ==== Area ==== 0.21 ha === Historical/cultural/natural significance === In puranic literature, this ghat is also called Vighneshvara Ghat. During 1761-72, Madhorao Peshva built the northern part of the Agnishvara Ghat pucca. In 1807, Amritrao Peshva further made extensive repairs, made the ghat fully pucca, and built Amrit Vinayaka Ganesha Temple. After the name of the temple, the ghat is called Ganesha Ghat. At the nearby bank exists the puranic water-front spot of Ikshvaku Tirtha. In the upper part, there are temples of Bhadreshvara and Nagesha Vinayaka. On the 9th dark half of Bhadrapada (August/ September), this ghat holds a unique religious fair as part of Ganesha's sacred bath and worship. The Maharashtian pilgrims dominate this. This is an active ghat where residents bathe daily, followed by the morning rituals. === Present state of conservation === Except for the temple organisations and the hospital taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. === Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property === It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society. === Ownership === The temple related and hospital properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation. {{BookCat}} 7hdvi7nt9w1iaazpbk1t2nugx2yoqqb 0 316879 2689935 2689781 2024-12-02T12:18:18Z MathXplore 2888076 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 2689935 wikitext text/x-wiki [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]] ---- [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Mehta Ghat| Mehta Ghat]] === Location === 25º 18.839’ North and 83º 00.890’ East (Agnishvara, Patni Tola). ===== Exact location on a map ===== Naya-Ganesha and Mehta Ghats. ==== Area ==== 0.21 ha === Historical/cultural/natural significance === Till 1960, Mehta Ghat was a portion of the southern part of Rama Ghat. According to the Puranic sources, two water-front sacred spots existed, viz. Maitravaruna and Mautta Tirtha. In 1960, a wealthy merchant of Kolkata, Ballabharam Saligaram Mehta, purchased this area and built a hospital in 1962. In commemorating his services to Kashi, this ghat is called Mehta Ghat. Further, the Municipal Corporation of Varanasi made the ghat in the same year and extended it. This ghat is well known for the Sangaveda Vidyalaya (‘school of the Sanga Veda’), where teaching is performed in Sanskrit medium, and students have to strictly follow the rules of chastity, celibacy, yoga and meditation and to live a life of monk. Of this kind, this is the only school, perhaps in the whole of India. Maharashtrian people dominate this area. === Present state of conservation === Except for the temple organisations and the hospital taking care of their properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes, or strategies for conserving and preserving the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. === Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property === It is expected that by supporting active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society. === Ownership === The respective trusts own the temple-related and hospital properties along the ghat, the inhabitants own the houses and other properties, and the Municipal Corporation owns the ghat area. {{BookCat}} oyiyexku4glyug938gmrxhlibru8t1e 0 316881 2689934 2689794 2024-12-02T12:18:16Z MathXplore 2888076 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 2689934 wikitext text/x-wiki [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Detailed description of each heritage Site|Detailed description of each heritage Site]] - [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat|Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat]] ---- [[The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Rama,Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats|Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats]] [[File:Jatar Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|thumb|Jatar Ghat, Varanasi]] === Location === 25º 18.924’ North and 83º 01.047’ East (Gwalior Ghat, centre). ===== Exact location on a map===== Rama–Jatar and Raja Gwalior Ghats ==== Area ==== 0.22 ha === Historical/cultural/natural significance === - In the mid 19th century the finance secretary of Gwalior Estate, Balaji Cimadaji Jatar has built this ghat with the support of the king Jiyajirao Shinde. After his name this is called Jatar Ghat. He has also built a multi-storeyed building (no. CK 24/ 33), in a portion of which exists the temple of Lakshminarayana. This temple is an example of the local craftsmanship, consisting of mosaic of colourful glasses in the large windows and light areas. At the gate there is an inscription, which reads the names of the finance secretary and the king, and their portraits are also shown there. Prinsep (1822) mentions this ghat as Chor Ghat. The name “Chor” (thief) reminds a fable about this ghat, which narrates the story that this ghat was defamed in the past for theft of the cloths of pilgrims and bathers. Greaves (1909) has mentioned this ghat as Jadau Ghat. The architectural beauty of the Lakshiminarayan temple is at the verge of danger limit; in lack of proper and immediate care this temple can be lost at any time. === Present state of conservation === Except by the temple organisations and the Estate Trust taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The temple trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives. [[|thumb|K 24/28 Ram Ghat That this building is illegal not only because it is built on the Ganga riverfront ghats in Varanasi after the year 2000 but primarily because it is built within 100 metres of an ASI protected monument (Dharhara Mosque), thereby violating the National Monument Act of 1958. Repeated FIRs filed by ASI (12.6.2000; 8.9.2001; 8.9.2003; 1.3.2004; 22.12.2004) against the owners of this illegal construction. Despite VDA issuing demolition orders for this illegal construction on 8 November 2005 and 28 June 2006, the illegal construction continues to exist since 7 years.]] === Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property === It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society. === Ownership === The temple related and estate properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation. {{BookCat}} cved0w0avfuc7h73x6nz7v21hj68y31 0 316892 2689925 2689922 2024-12-02T12:04:02Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* Diapriinae */ 2689925 wikitext text/x-wiki =African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]= This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.<ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea>van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ==Ismaridae == There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].<ref name=waspwebIsmaridae>van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=250> Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa </gallery> ==Diapriidae== These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black). However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> The Afrotropical taxa include 30 genera in three subfamilies. ===Ambositrinae=== A single extant species, ''[[w:Ambositra famosa|Ambositra famosa]]'', known from Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa.<ref name=Chemyreva2024>Chemyreva, V. G., Vasilenko, D. V., & Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). ‘Where there are many cattle’in the Eocene of Ukraine: Review of Ambositra Masner (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae, Ambositrinae) from Rovno amber, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 5446(4), 499-516.</ref><ref name=vanNoortAmbositra>van Noort, S. 2024. ''Ambositra famosa'' Masner [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Ambositrinae/Ambositra/Ambositra_famosa.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ===Belytinae=== There are eight Afrotropical genera in subfamily Belytinae.<ref name=vanNoortBelytinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Belytinae: Belytine wasps of Africa and Madagascar. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Belytinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ===Diapriinae=== There are 21 Afrotropical genera in subfamily Diapriinae including:<ref name=vanNoortDiapriinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Diapriinae: Diapriine wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Diapriinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ====''Basalys''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Basalys 2019 12 14 2109.jpg|Female ''Basalys'' on a daisy petal Basalys animation iN 141141887 2022-11-10.gif|Compilation: ''Basalys'' sp. mating </gallery> =References= {{reflist}} 29dkgq31jkugdz48mpre9jhxbega3z8 2689928 2689925 2024-12-02T12:11:16Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* Diapriidae */ <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Trichopria 2022 10 10 4723.jpg|Female ''Trichopria'' </gallery> 2689928 wikitext text/x-wiki =African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]= This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.<ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea>van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ==Ismaridae == There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].<ref name=waspwebIsmaridae>van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=250> Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa </gallery> ==Diapriidae== These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black). However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> The Afrotropical taxa include 30 genera in three subfamilies. ===Ambositrinae=== A single extant species, ''[[w:Ambositra famosa|Ambositra famosa]]'', known from Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa.<ref name=Chemyreva2024>Chemyreva, V. G., Vasilenko, D. V., & Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). ‘Where there are many cattle’in the Eocene of Ukraine: Review of Ambositra Masner (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae, Ambositrinae) from Rovno amber, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 5446(4), 499-516.</ref><ref name=vanNoortAmbositra>van Noort, S. 2024. ''Ambositra famosa'' Masner [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Ambositrinae/Ambositra/Ambositra_famosa.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ===Belytinae=== There are eight Afrotropical genera in subfamily Belytinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortBelytinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Belytinae: Belytine wasps of Africa and Madagascar. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Belytinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ===Diapriinae=== There are 21 Afrotropical genera in subfamily Diapriinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortDiapriinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Diapriinae: Diapriine wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Diapriinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ====''Basalys''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Basalys 2019 12 14 2109.jpg|Female ''Basalys'' on a daisy petal Basalys animation iN 141141887 2022-11-10.gif|Compilation: ''Basalys'' sp. mating </gallery> ====''Trichopria''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Trichopria 2022 10 10 4723.jpg|Female ''Trichopria'' </gallery> =References= {{reflist}} 7byr7ia5ae1jjaewuz0wj8zcigdji8r 2689930 2689928 2024-12-02T12:12:54Z MathXplore 2888076 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 2689930 wikitext text/x-wiki =African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]= This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.<ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea>van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ==Ismaridae == There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].<ref name=waspwebIsmaridae>van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=250> Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa </gallery> ==Diapriidae== These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black). However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> The Afrotropical taxa include 30 genera in three subfamilies. ===Ambositrinae=== A single extant species, ''[[w:Ambositra famosa|Ambositra famosa]]'', known from Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa.<ref name=Chemyreva2024>Chemyreva, V. G., Vasilenko, D. V., & Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). ‘Where there are many cattle’in the Eocene of Ukraine: Review of Ambositra Masner (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae, Ambositrinae) from Rovno amber, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 5446(4), 499-516.</ref><ref name=vanNoortAmbositra>van Noort, S. 2024. ''Ambositra famosa'' Masner [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Ambositrinae/Ambositra/Ambositra_famosa.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ===Belytinae=== There are eight Afrotropical genera in subfamily Belytinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortBelytinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Belytinae: Belytine wasps of Africa and Madagascar. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Belytinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ===Diapriinae=== There are 21 Afrotropical genera in subfamily Diapriinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortDiapriinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Diapriinae: Diapriine wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Diapriinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ====''Basalys''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Basalys 2019 12 14 2109.jpg|Female ''Basalys'' on a daisy petal Basalys animation iN 141141887 2022-11-10.gif|Compilation: ''Basalys'' sp. mating </gallery> ====''Trichopria''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Trichopria 2022 10 10 4723.jpg|Female ''Trichopria'' </gallery> =References= {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} g2phxafzlke6gtu410s25hhsh8i3whv 2689931 2689930 2024-12-02T12:13:43Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* Diapriidae */ 2689931 wikitext text/x-wiki =African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]= This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.<ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea>van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ==Ismaridae == There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].<ref name=waspwebIsmaridae>van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=250> Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa </gallery> ==Diapriidae== These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black). However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> The Afrotropical taxa include 30 genera in three subfamilies.<br> ===Ambositrinae=== A single extant species, ''[[w:Ambositra famosa|Ambositra famosa]]'', known from Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa.<ref name=Chemyreva2024>Chemyreva, V. G., Vasilenko, D. V., & Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). ‘Where there are many cattle’in the Eocene of Ukraine: Review of Ambositra Masner (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae, Ambositrinae) from Rovno amber, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 5446(4), 499-516.</ref><ref name=vanNoortAmbositra>van Noort, S. 2024. ''Ambositra famosa'' Masner [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Ambositrinae/Ambositra/Ambositra_famosa.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref><br> ===Belytinae=== There are eight Afrotropical genera in subfamily Belytinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortBelytinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Belytinae: Belytine wasps of Africa and Madagascar. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Belytinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref><br> ===Diapriinae=== There are 21 Afrotropical genera in subfamily Diapriinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortDiapriinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Diapriinae: Diapriine wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Diapriinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ====''Basalys''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Basalys 2019 12 14 2109.jpg|Female ''Basalys'' on a daisy petal Basalys animation iN 141141887 2022-11-10.gif|Compilation: ''Basalys'' sp. mating </gallery> ====''Trichopria''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Trichopria 2022 10 10 4723.jpg|Female ''Trichopria'' </gallery> =References= {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} 0zoz2mmsugtuc9480ldakkq2n39pawq 2689932 2689931 2024-12-02T12:14:20Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* Ambositrinae */ 2689932 wikitext text/x-wiki =African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]= This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.<ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea>van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ==Ismaridae == There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].<ref name=waspwebIsmaridae>van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=250> Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa </gallery> ==Diapriidae== These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black). However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> The Afrotropical taxa include 30 genera in three subfamilies.<br> ===Ambositrinae=== A single extant species, ''[[w:Ambositra famosa|Ambositra famosa]]'', known from Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa.<ref name=Chemyreva2024>Chemyreva, V. G., Vasilenko, D. V., & Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). ‘Where there are many cattle’in the Eocene of Ukraine: Review of Ambositra Masner (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae, Ambositrinae) from Rovno amber, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 5446(4), 499-516.</ref><ref name=vanNoortAmbositra>van Noort, S. 2024. ''Ambositra famosa'' Masner [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Ambositrinae/Ambositra/Ambositra_famosa.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref><br> <br> ===Belytinae=== There are eight Afrotropical genera in subfamily Belytinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortBelytinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Belytinae: Belytine wasps of Africa and Madagascar. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Belytinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref><br> ===Diapriinae=== There are 21 Afrotropical genera in subfamily Diapriinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortDiapriinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Diapriinae: Diapriine wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Diapriinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ====''Basalys''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Basalys 2019 12 14 2109.jpg|Female ''Basalys'' on a daisy petal Basalys animation iN 141141887 2022-11-10.gif|Compilation: ''Basalys'' sp. mating </gallery> ====''Trichopria''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Trichopria 2022 10 10 4723.jpg|Female ''Trichopria'' </gallery> =References= {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} lx9fy8uqlesea0mn7q4p4y5ks7yqqsh 2689933 2689932 2024-12-02T12:14:53Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* Diapriidae */ 2689933 wikitext text/x-wiki =African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]= This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.<ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea>van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ==Ismaridae == There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].<ref name=waspwebIsmaridae>van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=250> Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa </gallery> ==Diapriidae== These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black). However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> The Afrotropical taxa include 30 genera in three subfamilies.<br> ===Ambositrinae=== A single extant species, ''[[w:Ambositra famosa|Ambositra famosa]]'', known from Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa.<ref name=Chemyreva2024>Chemyreva, V. G., Vasilenko, D. V., & Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). ‘Where there are many cattle’in the Eocene of Ukraine: Review of Ambositra Masner (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae, Ambositrinae) from Rovno amber, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 5446(4), 499-516.</ref><ref name=vanNoortAmbositra>van Noort, S. 2024. ''Ambositra famosa'' Masner [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Ambositrinae/Ambositra/Ambositra_famosa.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref><br> <br><br> ===Belytinae=== There are eight Afrotropical genera in subfamily Belytinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortBelytinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Belytinae: Belytine wasps of Africa and Madagascar. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Belytinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref><br><br> ===Diapriinae=== There are 21 Afrotropical genera in subfamily Diapriinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortDiapriinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Diapriinae: Diapriine wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Diapriinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ====''Basalys''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Basalys 2019 12 14 2109.jpg|Female ''Basalys'' on a daisy petal Basalys animation iN 141141887 2022-11-10.gif|Compilation: ''Basalys'' sp. mating </gallery> ====''Trichopria''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Trichopria 2022 10 10 4723.jpg|Female ''Trichopria'' </gallery> =References= {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} 3zj115ds4nh4e8za5res5apuuurb29l 2689954 2689933 2024-12-02T13:34:08Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* Diapriidae */ 2689954 wikitext text/x-wiki =African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]= This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.<ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea>van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ==Ismaridae == There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].<ref name=waspwebIsmaridae>van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=250> Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa </gallery> ==Diapriidae== These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black). However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> The Afrotropical taxa include 30 genera in three subfamilies.<br> ===Ambositrinae=== A single extant species, ''[[w:Ambositra famosa|Ambositra famosa]]'', known from Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa.<ref name=Chemyreva2024>Chemyreva, V. G., Vasilenko, D. V., & Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). ‘Where there are many cattle’in the Eocene of Ukraine: Review of Ambositra Masner (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae, Ambositrinae) from Rovno amber, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 5446(4), 499-516.</ref><ref name=vanNoortAmbositra>van Noort, S. 2024. ''Ambositra famosa'' Masner [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Ambositrinae/Ambositra/Ambositra_famosa.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref><br> <br><br> ===Belytinae=== There are eight Afrotropical genera in subfamily Belytinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortBelytinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Belytinae: Belytine wasps of Africa and Madagascar. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Belytinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ====''Aclista ''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Aclista male iN 106732765 2 Jan 2022.jpg|Male ''Aclista'' sp. Aclista female iN 90872217 2 Aug 2021 02.jpg|Female ''Aclista'' sp. Aclista female iN 90872217 2 Aug 2021 01.jpg|Female ''Aclista'' sp. <br><br> ===Diapriinae=== There are 21 Afrotropical genera in subfamily Diapriinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortDiapriinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Diapriinae: Diapriine wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Diapriinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ====''Basalys''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Basalys 2019 12 14 2109.jpg|Female ''Basalys'' on a daisy petal Basalys animation iN 141141887 2022-11-10.gif|Compilation: ''Basalys'' sp. mating </gallery> ====''Trichopria''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Trichopria 2022 10 10 4723.jpg|Female ''Trichopria'' </gallery> =References= {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} p0yoi8v5ewmz3sh9gu8mstlh4s2n1jz 2689955 2689954 2024-12-02T13:35:07Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* Belytinae */ 2689955 wikitext text/x-wiki =African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]= This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.<ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea>van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ==Ismaridae == There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].<ref name=waspwebIsmaridae>van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=250> Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa </gallery> ==Diapriidae== These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black). However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> The Afrotropical taxa include 30 genera in three subfamilies.<br> ===Ambositrinae=== A single extant species, ''[[w:Ambositra famosa|Ambositra famosa]]'', known from Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa.<ref name=Chemyreva2024>Chemyreva, V. G., Vasilenko, D. V., & Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). ‘Where there are many cattle’in the Eocene of Ukraine: Review of Ambositra Masner (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae, Ambositrinae) from Rovno amber, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 5446(4), 499-516.</ref><ref name=vanNoortAmbositra>van Noort, S. 2024. ''Ambositra famosa'' Masner [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Ambositrinae/Ambositra/Ambositra_famosa.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref><br> <br><br> ===Belytinae=== There are eight Afrotropical genera in subfamily Belytinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortBelytinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Belytinae: Belytine wasps of Africa and Madagascar. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Belytinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ====''Aclista ''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Aclista male iN 106732765 2 Jan 2022.jpg|Male ''Aclista'' sp. Aclista female iN 90872217 2 Aug 2021 02.jpg|Female ''Aclista'' sp. Aclista female iN 90872217 2 Aug 2021 01.jpg|Female ''Aclista'' sp. </gallery> <br><br> ===Diapriinae=== There are 21 Afrotropical genera in subfamily Diapriinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortDiapriinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Diapriinae: Diapriine wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Diapriinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ====''Basalys''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Basalys 2019 12 14 2109.jpg|Female ''Basalys'' on a daisy petal Basalys animation iN 141141887 2022-11-10.gif|Compilation: ''Basalys'' sp. mating </gallery> ====''Trichopria''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Trichopria 2022 10 10 4723.jpg|Female ''Trichopria'' </gallery> =References= {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} qsfkqtmo4rq1t72bdeex28fzdklpkdh 2689956 2689955 2024-12-02T13:43:34Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* Ismaridae */ 2689956 wikitext text/x-wiki =African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]= This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.<ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea>van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ==Ismaridae == There is only one genus in this family - ''Ismarus''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].<ref name=waspwebIsmaridae>van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=250> Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa Ismarus kakamegensis (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 5.jpg|''Ismarus kakamegensis'' Ismarus watshami (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 14.jpg|''Ismarus watshami'' </gallery> ==Diapriidae== These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black). However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> The Afrotropical taxa include 30 genera in three subfamilies.<br> ===Ambositrinae=== A single extant species, ''[[w:Ambositra famosa|Ambositra famosa]]'', known from Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa.<ref name=Chemyreva2024>Chemyreva, V. G., Vasilenko, D. V., & Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). ‘Where there are many cattle’in the Eocene of Ukraine: Review of Ambositra Masner (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae, Ambositrinae) from Rovno amber, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 5446(4), 499-516.</ref><ref name=vanNoortAmbositra>van Noort, S. 2024. ''Ambositra famosa'' Masner [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Ambositrinae/Ambositra/Ambositra_famosa.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref><br> <br><br> ===Belytinae=== There are eight Afrotropical genera in subfamily Belytinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortBelytinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Belytinae: Belytine wasps of Africa and Madagascar. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Belytinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ====''Aclista ''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Aclista male iN 106732765 2 Jan 2022.jpg|Male ''Aclista'' sp. Aclista female iN 90872217 2 Aug 2021 02.jpg|Female ''Aclista'' sp. Aclista female iN 90872217 2 Aug 2021 01.jpg|Female ''Aclista'' sp. </gallery> <br><br> ===Diapriinae=== There are 21 Afrotropical genera in subfamily Diapriinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortDiapriinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Diapriinae: Diapriine wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Diapriinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ====''Basalys''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Basalys 2019 12 14 2109.jpg|Female ''Basalys'' on a daisy petal Basalys animation iN 141141887 2022-11-10.gif|Compilation: ''Basalys'' sp. mating </gallery> ====''Trichopria''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Trichopria 2022 10 10 4723.jpg|Female ''Trichopria'' </gallery> =References= {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} pjk681smlgtz1g3xkhp0epv11r3fxfa 2689957 2689956 2024-12-02T13:46:29Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* Ismaridae */ 2689957 wikitext text/x-wiki =African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]= This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.<ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea>van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ==Ismaridae == There is only one genus in this family - ''[[w:Ismarus (wasp)|Ismarus]]''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].<ref name=waspwebIsmaridae>van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=250> Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa Ismarus kakamegensis (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 5.jpg|''Ismarus kakamegensis'' Ismarus watshami (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 14.jpg|''Ismarus watshami'' </gallery> ==Diapriidae== These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black). However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> The Afrotropical taxa include 30 genera in three subfamilies.<br> ===Ambositrinae=== A single extant species, ''[[w:Ambositra famosa|Ambositra famosa]]'', known from Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa.<ref name=Chemyreva2024>Chemyreva, V. G., Vasilenko, D. V., & Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). ‘Where there are many cattle’in the Eocene of Ukraine: Review of Ambositra Masner (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae, Ambositrinae) from Rovno amber, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 5446(4), 499-516.</ref><ref name=vanNoortAmbositra>van Noort, S. 2024. ''Ambositra famosa'' Masner [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Ambositrinae/Ambositra/Ambositra_famosa.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref><br> <br><br> ===Belytinae=== There are eight Afrotropical genera in subfamily Belytinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortBelytinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Belytinae: Belytine wasps of Africa and Madagascar. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Belytinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ====''Aclista ''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Aclista male iN 106732765 2 Jan 2022.jpg|Male ''Aclista'' sp. Aclista female iN 90872217 2 Aug 2021 02.jpg|Female ''Aclista'' sp. Aclista female iN 90872217 2 Aug 2021 01.jpg|Female ''Aclista'' sp. </gallery> <br><br> ===Diapriinae=== There are 21 Afrotropical genera in subfamily Diapriinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortDiapriinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Diapriinae: Diapriine wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Diapriinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ====''Basalys''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Basalys 2019 12 14 2109.jpg|Female ''Basalys'' on a daisy petal Basalys animation iN 141141887 2022-11-10.gif|Compilation: ''Basalys'' sp. mating </gallery> ====''Trichopria''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Trichopria 2022 10 10 4723.jpg|Female ''Trichopria'' </gallery> =References= {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} 08mbi3kb6eq93dqrpw6441y7us3kbd2 2689958 2689957 2024-12-02T13:47:52Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* Ismaridae */ 2689958 wikitext text/x-wiki =African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]= This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.<ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea>van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ==Ismaridae == There is only one genus in this family - ''[[w:Ismarus (wasp)|Ismarus]]''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].<ref name=waspwebIsmaridae>van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref><ref name=KimCoplNott18>{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Chang-Jun |last2=Copland |first2=Robert |last3=Notton |first3=David |date=2018 |title=The family Ismaridae Thomson (Hymenoptera, Diaprioidea): first record for the Afrotropical region with description of fourteen species new to science |journal=African Invertebrates |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=127–163 |doi=10.3897/AfrInvertebr.59.24403 |name-list-style=amp |hdl=10141/622418 |hdl-access=free |doi-access=free }}</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=250> Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa Ismarus kakamegensis (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 5.jpg|''Ismarus kakamegensis'' Ismarus watshami (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 14.jpg|''Ismarus watshami'' </gallery> ==Diapriidae== These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black). However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> The Afrotropical taxa include 30 genera in three subfamilies.<br> ===Ambositrinae=== A single extant species, ''[[w:Ambositra famosa|Ambositra famosa]]'', known from Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa.<ref name=Chemyreva2024>Chemyreva, V. G., Vasilenko, D. V., & Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). ‘Where there are many cattle’in the Eocene of Ukraine: Review of Ambositra Masner (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae, Ambositrinae) from Rovno amber, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 5446(4), 499-516.</ref><ref name=vanNoortAmbositra>van Noort, S. 2024. ''Ambositra famosa'' Masner [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Ambositrinae/Ambositra/Ambositra_famosa.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref><br> <br><br> ===Belytinae=== There are eight Afrotropical genera in subfamily Belytinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortBelytinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Belytinae: Belytine wasps of Africa and Madagascar. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Belytinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ====''Aclista ''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Aclista male iN 106732765 2 Jan 2022.jpg|Male ''Aclista'' sp. Aclista female iN 90872217 2 Aug 2021 02.jpg|Female ''Aclista'' sp. Aclista female iN 90872217 2 Aug 2021 01.jpg|Female ''Aclista'' sp. </gallery> <br><br> ===Diapriinae=== There are 21 Afrotropical genera in subfamily Diapriinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortDiapriinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Diapriinae: Diapriine wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Diapriinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ====''Basalys''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Basalys 2019 12 14 2109.jpg|Female ''Basalys'' on a daisy petal Basalys animation iN 141141887 2022-11-10.gif|Compilation: ''Basalys'' sp. mating </gallery> ====''Trichopria''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Trichopria 2022 10 10 4723.jpg|Female ''Trichopria'' </gallery> =References= {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} c95xhr01a13dw9g83clxy6h7q05wrdr 2689959 2689958 2024-12-02T13:49:16Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* African Diaprioidea */ 2689959 wikitext text/x-wiki =African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]= This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.<ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea>van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ==[[w:Ismaridae|Ismaridae]] == There is only one genus in this family - ''[[w:Ismarus (wasp)|Ismarus]]''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].<ref name=waspwebIsmaridae>van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref><ref name=KimCoplNott18>{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Chang-Jun |last2=Copland |first2=Robert |last3=Notton |first3=David |date=2018 |title=The family Ismaridae Thomson (Hymenoptera, Diaprioidea): first record for the Afrotropical region with description of fourteen species new to science |journal=African Invertebrates |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=127–163 |doi=10.3897/AfrInvertebr.59.24403 |name-list-style=amp |hdl=10141/622418 |hdl-access=free |doi-access=free }}</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=250> Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa Ismarus kakamegensis (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 5.jpg|''Ismarus kakamegensis'' Ismarus watshami (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 14.jpg|''Ismarus watshami'' </gallery> ==[[w:Diapriidae|Diapriidae]]== These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black). However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> The Afrotropical taxa include 30 genera in three subfamilies.<br> ===Ambositrinae=== A single extant species, ''[[w:Ambositra famosa|Ambositra famosa]]'', known from Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa.<ref name=Chemyreva2024>Chemyreva, V. G., Vasilenko, D. V., & Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). ‘Where there are many cattle’in the Eocene of Ukraine: Review of Ambositra Masner (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae, Ambositrinae) from Rovno amber, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 5446(4), 499-516.</ref><ref name=vanNoortAmbositra>van Noort, S. 2024. ''Ambositra famosa'' Masner [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Ambositrinae/Ambositra/Ambositra_famosa.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref><br> <br><br> ===Belytinae=== There are eight Afrotropical genera in subfamily Belytinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortBelytinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Belytinae: Belytine wasps of Africa and Madagascar. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Belytinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ====''Aclista ''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Aclista male iN 106732765 2 Jan 2022.jpg|Male ''Aclista'' sp. Aclista female iN 90872217 2 Aug 2021 02.jpg|Female ''Aclista'' sp. Aclista female iN 90872217 2 Aug 2021 01.jpg|Female ''Aclista'' sp. </gallery> <br><br> ===Diapriinae=== There are 21 Afrotropical genera in subfamily Diapriinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortDiapriinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Diapriinae: Diapriine wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Diapriinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ====''Basalys''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Basalys 2019 12 14 2109.jpg|Female ''Basalys'' on a daisy petal Basalys animation iN 141141887 2022-11-10.gif|Compilation: ''Basalys'' sp. mating </gallery> ====''Trichopria''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Trichopria 2022 10 10 4723.jpg|Female ''Trichopria'' </gallery> =References= {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} qrg2z2t94wwd1vaicugxffhwp9kyaro 2689992 2689959 2024-12-02T16:10:35Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* Belytinae */ 2689992 wikitext text/x-wiki =African [[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]= This superfamily comprises four families, two of which are found worldwide; Ismaridae and Diapriidae.<ref name=waspwebDiaprioidea>van Noort, S. 2024. Diaprioidea of the World. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ==[[w:Ismaridae|Ismaridae]] == There is only one genus in this family - ''[[w:Ismarus (wasp)|Ismarus]]''. There are 16 described [[w:Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] ''Ismarus'' species. Remarkably they are hyperparasitoids that parasitize [[w:Dryinidae|Dryinid]] wasps that have parasitized [[w:Cicadellidae |leafhoppers]].<ref name=waspwebIsmaridae>van Noort, S. 2024. Ismarid wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Ismaridae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref><ref name=KimCoplNott18>{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Chang-Jun |last2=Copland |first2=Robert |last3=Notton |first3=David |date=2018 |title=The family Ismaridae Thomson (Hymenoptera, Diaprioidea): first record for the Afrotropical region with description of fourteen species new to science |journal=African Invertebrates |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=127–163 |doi=10.3897/AfrInvertebr.59.24403 |name-list-style=amp |hdl=10141/622418 |hdl-access=free |doi-access=free }}</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=250> Ismarus africanus (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 1.jpg|''Ismarus africanus'', the most common ismarid in Africa Ismarus kakamegensis (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 5.jpg|''Ismarus kakamegensis'' Ismarus watshami (10.3897-afrinvertebr.59.24403) Figure 14.jpg|''Ismarus watshami'' </gallery> ==[[w:Diapriidae|Diapriidae]]== These parasitic wasps generally go unnoticed because they are small (mostly 2-4 mm long) and dark (most are black). However, as a group, they are diverse, abundant and have a worldwide distribution.<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> Knowledge of the biology of most species is very poor, but current knowledge indicates that Diapriids are predominantly endoparasitoids of dipteran larvae and pupae, but some species are parasites of ants or beetles<ref name=Yoder2010>Yoder, M. J. (2010). Advances in diapriid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) systematics, with contributions to cybertaxonomy and the analysis of rRNA sequence data (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1301</ref> The Afrotropical taxa include 30 genera in three subfamilies.<br> ===Ambositrinae=== A single extant species, ''[[w:Ambositra famosa|Ambositra famosa]]'', known from Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa.<ref name=Chemyreva2024>Chemyreva, V. G., Vasilenko, D. V., & Perkovsky, E. E. (2024). ‘Where there are many cattle’in the Eocene of Ukraine: Review of Ambositra Masner (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae, Ambositrinae) from Rovno amber, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 5446(4), 499-516.</ref><ref name=vanNoortAmbositra>van Noort, S. 2024. ''Ambositra famosa'' Masner [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Ambositrinae/Ambositra/Ambositra_famosa.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref><br> <br><br> ===Belytinae=== There are eight Afrotropical genera in subfamily Belytinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortBelytinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Belytinae: Belytine wasps of Africa and Madagascar. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Belytinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ====''Aclista ''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Aclista male iN 106732765 2 Jan 2022.jpg|Male ''Aclista'' sp. Aclista female iN 90872217 2 Aug 2021 02.jpg|Female ''Aclista'' sp. Aclista female iN 90872217 2 Aug 2021 01.jpg|Female ''Aclista'' sp. </gallery> ====''Belyta ''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Belyta iN 182662513 Pietermaritzburg 2023 08 27 3894.jpg|Male ''Belyta'' sp. Belyta iN 182662513 Pietermaritzburg 2023 08 27 3908.jpg|Male ''Belyta'' sp. Belyta iN 182662513 Pietermaritzburg 2023 08 27 3925.jpg|Male ''Belyta'' sp. </gallery> <br><br> ===Diapriinae=== There are 21 Afrotropical genera in subfamily Diapriinae, including:<ref name=vanNoortDiapriinae>van Noort, S. 2024. Diapriinae: Diapriine wasps of the Afrotropical region. [https://www.waspweb.org/Diaprioidea/Diapriidae/Diapriinae/index.htm www.waspweb.org] (accessed on 2 Dec 2024).</ref> ====''Basalys''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Basalys 2019 12 14 2109.jpg|Female ''Basalys'' on a daisy petal Basalys animation iN 141141887 2022-11-10.gif|Compilation: ''Basalys'' sp. mating </gallery> ====''Trichopria''==== <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Trichopria 2022 10 10 4723.jpg|Female ''Trichopria'' </gallery> =References= {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} pg291nc6yq4lvfvgbllgofvietjftwx 0 316901 2689949 2689914 2024-12-02T12:38:27Z Chair-x86 2994439 2689949 wikitext text/x-wiki AT&T syntax is a way of writing assembly language instructions for x86 processors. It's one of two main syntaxes, the other being Intel syntax. Though AT&T syntax can be a bit more complex than Intel syntax, it's also more powerful and flexible. == Prerequisites == * C-programming knowledge * [[wikipedia:List_of_x86_manufacturers|A CPU with the x86 architecture]] (most Intel and AMD CPUs have this) * Ability to use the terminal * the GNU assembler and linker (or gcc which does both) * (Some basic knowledge of [[Computer architecture|how the CPU works]]) == Lessons == * [[AT&T-X86: intro|Intro]] * [[AT&T-X86: C-Assembly Relation|Relation to c]] * [[AT&T-X86: Registers & exit codes|Registers & exit codes]] * [[AT&T-X86: Labels & Basic Keywords/Operations|Labels & Basic Keywords/Operations]] * Comments * [[AT&T-X86: Sections|Sections]] * [[AT&T-X86: .text|.text]] * [[AT&T-X86: .data|.data]] * [[AT&T-X86: Calling functions|Calling functions]] * [[AT&T-X86: "Hello, World!"|"Hello, World!"]] * [[AT&T-X86: Using the Stack|Using the Stack]] * ... == See also == * [[Assembly language/x86/x86 Instruction Set|AT&T-x86 Instruction Set]] * 7yk1t01kllc8dkrq6o65xdgtedju512 2689984 2689949 2024-12-02T15:17:54Z Chair-x86 2994439 removed 'Comments' from Lessons 2689984 wikitext text/x-wiki AT&T syntax is a way of writing assembly language instructions for x86 processors. It's one of two main syntaxes, the other being Intel syntax. Though AT&T syntax can be a bit more complex than Intel syntax, it's also more powerful and flexible. == Prerequisites == * C-programming knowledge * [[wikipedia:List_of_x86_manufacturers|A CPU with the x86 architecture]] (most Intel and AMD CPUs have this) * Ability to use the terminal * the GNU assembler and linker (or gcc which does both) * (Some basic knowledge of [[Computer architecture|how the CPU works]]) == Lessons == * [[AT&T-X86: intro|Intro]] * [[AT&T-X86: C-Assembly Relation|Relation to c]] * [[AT&T-X86: Registers & exit codes|Registers & exit codes]] * [[AT&T-X86: Labels & Basic Keywords/Operations|Labels & Basic Keywords/Operations]] * [[AT&T-X86: Sections|Sections]] * [[AT&T-X86: .text|.text]] * [[AT&T-X86: .data|.data]] * [[AT&T-X86: Calling functions|Calling functions]] * [[AT&T-X86: "Hello, World!"|"Hello, World!"]] * [[AT&T-X86: Using the Stack|Using the Stack]] * ... == See also == * [[Assembly language/x86/x86 Instruction Set|AT&T-x86 Instruction Set]] * hl8kn85qhp1no16u635snmq0yux9dap 6 316902 2689951 2024-12-02T13:11:18Z ThaniosAkro 2805358 {{Information |Description=screenshot showing value of pi highlighted for copy and paste. |Source={{own}} |Date=2024-12-02 |Author=ThaniosAkro |Permission=public domain }} 2689951 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=screenshot showing value of pi highlighted for copy and paste. |Source={{own}} |Date=2024-12-02 |Author=ThaniosAkro |Permission=public domain }} == Licensing == {{PD-self}} dxianuqj4y1igche6baov8ck8bncuid 102 316903 2689970 2024-12-02T14:40:10Z Jason M. C., Han 2696291 First adding new item for page beginning 2689970 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:SUMMER played by piano student ZeyuCui.wav|thumb|Boy Fruit's "Summer Love" expressed to his kindness mother and soldier father]] As piano pupils from childhood, we all knew: 'Summer', composed by Jeo Hishashi, is very famous in piano classroom. More information regarding with this piece of piano music Boy fruit played, please refer to Kikujiro (Wikipedia: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikujiro ). Zeyu,Cui (Fruit) is my piano student - a little boy named Zeyu Cui is a little expert in its performance. He played it in many situations- in classroom, in life and somewhere traveling with piano. In his heart-music,you can hear: a piano boy's growing day after day and year after year, a tender expression of his love to mother and father, and a desire of happily playing with his companies in school, etc. Let's listen to him! Further information and story,I will add up soon both here and Wikiversity. 87tyywj802gppo62xrg81ep31ky7dlw 1 316904 2689971 2024-12-02T14:43:44Z Eyoungstrom 1933979 /* Please do not speedy delete! */ new section 2689971 wikitext text/x-wiki == Please do not speedy delete! == Hi! This page is intended to be an area where resources can be shared to help educate and disseminate information about research in mental and behavioral health and allied disciplines. The vision is to have a set of pages that are linked back to this as the top of the page pile, using it to organize information about scales, benchmarks for clinical application, and links to OSF repositories with code and deidentified data. There is an overlapping set of tools that have been built out in the EBA and OTOPS sections of Wikiversity that are already in use at Nationwide Children's Hospital. Having a set of Wikiversity pages (not Wikipedia!) creates helpful interstitial material for organization and linking. There is obvious potential COI for me editing pages on Wikipedia about NCH or OSU, as I am now employed by them, so I invite people to watch these pages and help maintain NPOV. Having Wikiversity pages as a staging area also creates an opportunity to have new, demographically diverse and clinically sophisticated editors join the community and learn how to make contributions to Wiki platforms, while sharing more aspects of their work with a larger audience in an open science and teaching framework. [[User:Eyoungstrom|Eyoungstrom]] ([[User talk:Eyoungstrom|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eyoungstrom|contribs]]) 14:43, 2 December 2024 (UTC) m8n57t8pletr0atf558xtoosyig9uz0 2689979 2689971 2024-12-02T15:08:09Z Atcovi 276019 /* Please do not speedy delete! */ Reply 2689979 wikitext text/x-wiki == Please do not speedy delete! == Hi! This page is intended to be an area where resources can be shared to help educate and disseminate information about research in mental and behavioral health and allied disciplines. The vision is to have a set of pages that are linked back to this as the top of the page pile, using it to organize information about scales, benchmarks for clinical application, and links to OSF repositories with code and deidentified data. There is an overlapping set of tools that have been built out in the EBA and OTOPS sections of Wikiversity that are already in use at Nationwide Children's Hospital. Having a set of Wikiversity pages (not Wikipedia!) creates helpful interstitial material for organization and linking. There is obvious potential COI for me editing pages on Wikipedia about NCH or OSU, as I am now employed by them, so I invite people to watch these pages and help maintain NPOV. Having Wikiversity pages as a staging area also creates an opportunity to have new, demographically diverse and clinically sophisticated editors join the community and learn how to make contributions to Wiki platforms, while sharing more aspects of their work with a larger audience in an open science and teaching framework. [[User:Eyoungstrom|Eyoungstrom]] ([[User talk:Eyoungstrom|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eyoungstrom|contribs]]) 14:43, 2 December 2024 (UTC) :Hello {{ping|Eyoungstrom}} there was a reason why I personally did not act upon the speedy requests. It seems to have been done by a user who is not native to English Wikiversity, so they may not be familiar with what is allowed/what is not allowed on this project. I'm sure the user had good intentions, but Wikiversity's content is quite unique to other Wikimedia projects - and what may seem as "advertisements" on other wikis, are perfectly fine here as long as there is a clear [[Wikiversity:Learning resources|learning objective]] (which you've demonstrated). I'm inclined to remove the speedy requests, but I am currently on vacation at the moment. When I return, I will be removing the speedy deletion requests per your rationale and [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?]]. Thanks! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:08, 2 December 2024 (UTC) sy185jpkphdri3o4l4sn9nxvbzpzs4s 0 316905 2689980 2024-12-02T15:12:15Z Chair-x86 2994439 New resource with "== What's AT&T assembly == AT&A syntax assembly is one of the two major dialects of x86 assembly alongside Intel syntax. As the name suggests, AT&T syntax was developed by [[wikipedia:AT&T|AT&T]]. == Why AT&T and not Intel syntax == The main difference between the two is the assembler support. A assembler is a piece of software that turns the assembly code into the actual binary that you computer can run. The most used wikibooks:X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers|assemblers..." 2689980 wikitext text/x-wiki == What's AT&T assembly == AT&A syntax assembly is one of the two major dialects of x86 assembly alongside Intel syntax. As the name suggests, AT&T syntax was developed by [[wikipedia:AT&T|AT&T]]. == Why AT&T and not Intel syntax == The main difference between the two is the assembler support. A assembler is a piece of software that turns the assembly code into the actual binary that you computer can run. The most used [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers|assemblers for the x86]] architecture are<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers|title=x86 Assembly/x86 Assemblers - Wikibooks, open books for an open world|website=en.wikibooks.org|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref>: * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/GNU_assembly_syntax|GNU Assembler (GAS)]] ** Supports both Intel and AT&T (though the intel support is less reliable then AT&T) * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/MASM_Syntax|Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM)]] ** Supports only intel assembly * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/NASM_Syntax|Netwide Assembler (NASM)]] ** Uses syntax which is "similar to Intel's but less complex"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers#Netwide%20Assembler%20(NASM)|title=x86 Assembly/x86 Assemblers - Wikibooks, open books for an open world|website=en.wikibooks.org|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref>. * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/FASM_Syntax|Flat Assembler (FASM)]] ** Supports Both Intel and AT&T syntax (but uses intel by default) For all upcoming examples I am going to be using the GNU Assemblers's AT&T syntax, though the concepts should translate translate to most x86 syntaxes. == What AT&T looks like == When learning most programming languages you start with the infamous "Hello, World!" program. in assembly though that would look something like this:<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1">.section .data foo: .string "Hello, World!\n" .section .text .globl _start _start: leaq foo(%rip), %rax movq %rax, %rdi call puts@PLT movl $0, %eax ret</syntaxhighlight>(Note: if you use gcc, make sure to replace '_start' with 'main') === Break-Down: === <syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="1"> .section .data </syntaxhighlight>this first row dictates that the following code should be put in the data section. later on there will be a more detailed coverage of the data section at [[AT&T-X86: .data|.data]].<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="2"> foo: .string "Hello, World!\n" </syntaxhighlight>this line declares a string with value "Hello, World!\n" under the label 'foo'. We can later use this label as a reference for the computer to know where the string is stored. As with the .data section, storing variables in the data section will be further explained on the [[AT&T-X86: .data|data]] page.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="3"> .section .text </syntaxhighlight>Line 3 is empty and counts as white-space, like with C, C++, and some other languages in assembly white-space is ignored. Line 4 again says the following code should be out in a certain section, but this time it is the .text section. generally the .data section is used for declaring and defining data (so variables) and the .text section is used for code though this gets further explained in the [[AT&T-X86: .text|.text]] and [[AT&T-X86: Sections|Sections]] lessons.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="5"> .globl _start </syntaxhighlight>this line declares '_start' as a global label, this means that the _start label can be accessed by systems outside of your program. In this case that is needed for the computer to know where to start the code execution. Note that if you use gcc to assemble and/or link your code you will have to use main instead of _start because gcc already defines _start for _start to then call main, for the rest main can usually by used the same as _start.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="6"> _start: </syntaxhighlight>This line defines the actual start of the _start (or main) label. The code that comes after will be considered part of the (in this case _start) label. The [[AT&T-X86: Labels & Basic Keywords/Operations|Labels & Basic Keywords/Operations]] lesson will explain the rest of the functionality of labels.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="7"> leaq foo(%rip), %rax movq %rax, %rdi call puts@PLT </syntaxhighlight>This is the part where we actually 'print' the string. Line 7 stores the string in the rax register. Regesters will be explained in the [[AT&T-X86: Registers & exit codes|Registers & exit codes]] lesson, but in short a register is a small amount of memory (usually either 32 or 64 bits in size depending on your CPU) that is directly built into your CPU and therefore can be accessed really quickly and efficiently. each register also has its own small 'ability' like how the rip (or eip for 32 systems) will always hold the memory location of the current command that is being executed, but that will be explained in the [[AT&T-X86: Registers & exit codes|Registers & exit codes]] lesson for now all you will need to know is that it is a efficient temporary way to store data. In Line 8 the contents of rax get moved to rdi. Both the rax and the rdi register now hold our string. One more thing registers can do is pass arguments (parameters). The last line: Line 9 actually calls the function to print our string. puts is a C function similar to printf but a little simpler. @PLT stands for 'Procedure Linkage Table' and is usually just an easy way to access pre-existing functions. In assembly you can not just write for example 'foo(Arg1, Arg2)' to call a function because the call keyword takes just one argument, though you can of course pass arguments, this is done in one of two ways: # if you have 6 or less arguments you can use rdi, rsi, rdx, r10, r8 and r9 for Argument 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively (Note that these are 64 bit registers, on a 32 bit system you will have to use: ebx, ecx, edx, esi and ebp). # if you have more than 6 arguments you can use the stack. (for the srack see lesson: [[AT&T-X86: Using the Stack|Using the Stack]]). <syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="10"> movq $0, %eax ret </syntaxhighlight>Lastly we will have to put in the assembly equivalent of the 'return 0;' line in C. In line 10 the value 0 is moved into the eax register (Note that $ is used to denote Imeadiate values, so '$300' means 300, but just '300' usually means memory address 300) and then on line 11 the ret keyword will return control from the program to the OS. the eax register will later be read by your operation system as the 'return code' so -1 would be seen as a error just like with the return keyword in the C main function. next: [[AT&T-X86: C-Assembly Relation|C's Relation to Assembly]] jxq6phijii5qqaxke6e6u7ygjtwxuzd 2689981 2689980 2024-12-02T15:12:55Z Chair-x86 2994439 2689981 wikitext text/x-wiki == What's AT&T assembly == AT&A syntax assembly is one of the two major dialects of x86 assembly alongside Intel syntax. As the name suggests, AT&T syntax was developed by [[wikipedia:AT&T|AT&T]]. == Why AT&T and not Intel syntax == The main difference between the two is the assembler support. A assembler is a piece of software that turns the assembly code into the actual binary that you computer can run. The most used [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers|assemblers for the x86]] architecture are<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers|title=x86 Assembly/x86 Assemblers - Wikibooks, open books for an open world|website=en.wikibooks.org|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref>: * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/GNU_assembly_syntax|GNU Assembler (GAS)]] ** Supports both Intel and AT&T (though the intel support is less reliable then AT&T) * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/MASM_Syntax|Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM)]] ** Supports only intel assembly * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/NASM_Syntax|Netwide Assembler (NASM)]] ** Uses syntax which is "similar to Intel's but less complex"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers#Netwide%20Assembler%20(NASM)|title=x86 Assembly/x86 Assemblers - Wikibooks, open books for an open world|website=en.wikibooks.org|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref>. * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/FASM_Syntax|Flat Assembler (FASM)]] ** Supports Both Intel and AT&T syntax (but uses intel by default) For all upcoming examples I am going to be using the GNU Assemblers's AT&T syntax, though the concepts should translate translate to most x86 syntaxes. == What AT&T looks like == When learning most programming languages you start with the infamous "Hello, World!" program. in assembly though that would look something like this:<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1">.section .data foo: .string "Hello, World!\n" .section .text .globl _start _start: leaq foo(%rip), %rax movq %rax, %rdi call puts@PLT movl $0, %eax ret</syntaxhighlight>(Note: if you use gcc, make sure to replace '_start' with 'main') === Break-Down: === <syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="1"> .section .data </syntaxhighlight>this first row dictates that the following code should be put in the data section. later on there will be a more detailed coverage of the data section at [[AT&T-X86: .data|.data]].<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="2"> foo: .string "Hello, World!\n" </syntaxhighlight>this line declares a string with value "Hello, World!\n" under the label 'foo'. We can later use this label as a reference for the computer to know where the string is stored. As with the .data section, storing variables in the data section will be further explained on the [[AT&T-X86: .data|data]] page.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="3"> .section .text </syntaxhighlight>Line 3 is empty and counts as white-space, like with C, C++, and some other languages in assembly white-space is ignored. Line 4 again says the following code should be out in a certain section, but this time it is the .text section. generally the .data section is used for declaring and defining data (so variables) and the .text section is used for code though this gets further explained in the [[AT&T-X86: .text|.text]] and [[AT&T-X86: Sections|Sections]] lessons.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="5"> .globl _start </syntaxhighlight>this line declares '_start' as a global label, this means that the _start label can be accessed by systems outside of your program. In this case that is needed for the computer to know where to start the code execution. Note that if you use gcc to assemble and/or link your code you will have to use main instead of _start because gcc already defines _start for _start to then call main, for the rest main can usually by used the same as _start.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="6"> _start: </syntaxhighlight>This line defines the actual start of the _start (or main) label. The code that comes after will be considered part of the (in this case _start) label. The [[AT&T-X86: Labels & Basic Keywords/Operations|Labels & Basic Keywords/Operations]] lesson will explain the rest of the functionality of labels.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="7"> leaq foo(%rip), %rax movq %rax, %rdi call puts@PLT </syntaxhighlight>This is the part where we actually 'print' the string. Line 7 stores the string in the rax register. Regesters will be explained in the [[AT&T-X86: Registers & exit codes|Registers & exit codes]] lesson, but in short a register is a small amount of memory (usually either 32 or 64 bits in size depending on your CPU) that is directly built into your CPU and therefore can be accessed really quickly and efficiently. each register also has its own small 'ability' like how the rip (or eip for 32 systems) will always hold the memory location of the current command that is being executed, but that will be explained in the [[AT&T-X86: Registers & exit codes|Registers & exit codes]] lesson for now all you will need to know is that it is a efficient temporary way to store data. In Line 8 the contents of rax get moved to rdi. Both the rax and the rdi register now hold our string. One more thing registers can do is pass arguments (parameters). The last line: Line 9 actually calls the function to print our string. puts is a C function similar to printf but a little simpler. @PLT stands for 'Procedure Linkage Table' and is usually just an easy way to access pre-existing functions. In assembly you can not just write for example 'foo(Arg1, Arg2)' to call a function because the call keyword takes just one argument, though you can of course pass arguments, this is done in one of two ways: # if you have 6 or less arguments you can use rdi, rsi, rdx, r10, r8 and r9 for Argument 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively (Note that these are 64 bit registers, on a 32 bit system you will have to use: ebx, ecx, edx, esi and ebp). # if you have more than 6 arguments you can use the stack. (for the srack see lesson: [[AT&T-X86: Using the Stack|Using the Stack]]). <syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="10"> movq $0, %eax ret </syntaxhighlight>Lastly we will have to put in the assembly equivalent of the 'return 0;' line in C. In line 10 the value 0 is moved into the eax register (Note that $ is used to denote Imeadiate values, so '$300' means 300, but just '300' usually means memory address 300) and then on line 11 the ret keyword will return control from the program to the OS. the eax register will later be read by your operation system as the 'return code' so -1 would be seen as a error just like with the return keyword in the C main function. next: [[AT&T-X86: C-Assembly Relation|C's Relation to Assembly]] == Citations: == d70vkhuusfmhl0ajl9fwe8n6ant626i 2689987 2689981 2024-12-02T15:22:13Z Chair-x86 2994439 2689987 wikitext text/x-wiki == What's AT&T assembly == AT&A syntax assembly is one of the two major dialects of x86 assembly alongside Intel syntax. As the name suggests, AT&T syntax was developed by [[wikipedia:AT&T|AT&T]]. == Why AT&T and not Intel syntax == The main difference between the two is the assembler support. A assembler is a piece of software that turns the assembly code into the actual binary that you computer can run. The most used [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers|assemblers for the x86]] architecture are<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers|title=x86 Assembly/x86 Assemblers - Wikibooks, open books for an open world|website=en.wikibooks.org|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref>: * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/GNU_assembly_syntax|GNU Assembler (GAS)]] ** Supports both Intel and AT&T (though the intel support is less reliable then AT&T) * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/MASM_Syntax|Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM)]] ** Supports only intel assembly * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/NASM_Syntax|Netwide Assembler (NASM)]] ** Uses syntax which is "similar to Intel's but less complex"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers#Netwide%20Assembler%20(NASM)|title=x86 Assembly/x86 Assemblers - Wikibooks, open books for an open world|website=en.wikibooks.org|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref>. * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/FASM_Syntax|Flat Assembler (FASM)]] ** Supports Both Intel and AT&T syntax (but uses intel by default) For all upcoming examples I am going to be using the GNU Assemblers's AT&T syntax, though the concepts should translate to most other x86 syntaxes. == What AT&T looks like == When learning most programming languages you start with the infamous "Hello, World!" program. in assembly though that would look something like this:<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1">.section .data foo: .string "Hello, World!\n" .section .text .globl _start _start: leaq foo(%rip), %rax movq %rax, %rdi call puts@PLT movl $0, %eax ret</syntaxhighlight>(Note: if you use gcc, make sure to replace '_start' with 'main') === Break-Down: === <syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="1"> .section .data </syntaxhighlight>this first row dictates that the following code should be put in the data section. later on there will be a more detailed coverage of the data section at [[AT&T-X86: .data|.data]].<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="2"> foo: .string "Hello, World!\n" </syntaxhighlight>this line declares a string with value "Hello, World!\n" under the label 'foo'. We can later use this label as a reference for the computer to know where the string is stored. As with the .data section, storing variables in the data section will be further explained on the [[AT&T-X86: .data|data]] page.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="3"> .section .text </syntaxhighlight>Line 3 is empty and counts as white-space, like with C, C++, and some other languages in assembly white-space is ignored. Line 4 again says the following code should be out in a certain section, but this time it is the .text section. generally the .data section is used for declaring and defining data (so variables) and the .text section is used for code though this gets further explained in the [[AT&T-X86: .text|.text]] and [[AT&T-X86: Sections|Sections]] lessons.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="5"> .globl _start </syntaxhighlight>this line declares '_start' as a global label, this means that the _start label can be accessed by systems outside of your program. In this case that is needed for the computer to know where to start the code execution. Note that if you use gcc to assemble and/or link your code you will have to use main instead of _start because gcc already defines _start for _start to then call main, for the rest main can usually by used the same as _start.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="6"> _start: </syntaxhighlight>This line defines the actual start of the _start (or main) label. The code that comes after will be considered part of the (in this case _start) label. The [[AT&T-X86: Labels & Basic Keywords/Operations|Labels & Basic Keywords/Operations]] lesson will explain the rest of the functionality of labels.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="7"> leaq foo(%rip), %rax movq %rax, %rdi call puts@PLT </syntaxhighlight>This is the part where we actually 'print' the string. Line 7 stores the string in the rax register. Regesters will be explained in the [[AT&T-X86: Registers & exit codes|Registers & exit codes]] lesson, but in short a register is a small amount of memory (usually either 32 or 64 bits in size depending on your CPU) that is directly built into your CPU and therefore can be accessed really quickly and efficiently. each register also has its own small 'ability' like how the rip (or eip for 32 systems) will always hold the memory location of the current command that is being executed, but that will be explained in the [[AT&T-X86: Registers & exit codes|Registers & exit codes]] lesson for now all you will need to know is that it is a efficient temporary way to store data. In Line 8 the contents of rax get moved to rdi. Both the rax and the rdi register now hold our string. One more thing registers can do is pass arguments (parameters). The last line: Line 9 actually calls the function to print our string. puts is a C function similar to printf but a little simpler. @PLT stands for 'Procedure Linkage Table' and is usually just an easy way to access pre-existing functions. In assembly you can not just write for example 'foo(Arg1, Arg2)' to call a function because the call keyword takes just one argument, though you can of course pass arguments, this is done in one of two ways: # if you have 6 or less arguments you can use rdi, rsi, rdx, r10, r8 and r9 for Argument 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively (Note that these are 64 bit registers, on a 32 bit system you will have to use: ebx, ecx, edx, esi and ebp). # if you have more than 6 arguments you can use the stack. (for the srack see lesson: [[AT&T-X86: Using the Stack|Using the Stack]]). <syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="10"> movq $0, %eax ret </syntaxhighlight>Lastly we will have to put in the assembly equivalent of the 'return 0;' line in C. In line 10 the value 0 is moved into the eax register (Note that $ is used to denote Imeadiate values, so '$300' means 300, but just '300' usually means memory address 300) and then on line 11 the ret keyword will return control from the program to the OS. the eax register will later be read by your operation system as the 'return code' so -1 would be seen as a error just like with the return keyword in the C main function. next: [[AT&T-X86: C-Assembly Relation|C's Relation to Assembly]] == Citations: == htwhchnkx3a35bd6tv80d820cicv4be 2689988 2689987 2024-12-02T15:23:02Z Chair-x86 2994439 2689988 wikitext text/x-wiki == What's AT&T assembly == AT&A syntax assembly is one of the two major dialects of x86 assembly alongside Intel syntax. As the name suggests, AT&T syntax was developed by [[wikipedia:AT&T|AT&T]]. == Why AT&T and not Intel syntax == The main difference between the two is the assembler support. A assembler is a piece of software that turns the assembly code into the actual binary that you computer can run. The most common [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers|assemblers for the x86]] architecture are<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers|title=x86 Assembly/x86 Assemblers - Wikibooks, open books for an open world|website=en.wikibooks.org|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref>: * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/GNU_assembly_syntax|GNU Assembler (GAS)]] ** Supports both Intel and AT&T (though the intel support is less reliable then AT&T) * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/MASM_Syntax|Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM)]] ** Supports only intel assembly * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/NASM_Syntax|Netwide Assembler (NASM)]] ** Uses syntax which is "similar to Intel's but less complex"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers#Netwide%20Assembler%20(NASM)|title=x86 Assembly/x86 Assemblers - Wikibooks, open books for an open world|website=en.wikibooks.org|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref>. * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/FASM_Syntax|Flat Assembler (FASM)]] ** Supports Both Intel and AT&T syntax (but uses intel by default) For all upcoming examples I am going to be using the GNU Assemblers's AT&T syntax, though the concepts should translate to most other x86 syntaxes. == What AT&T looks like == When learning most programming languages you start with the infamous "Hello, World!" program. in assembly though that would look something like this:<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1">.section .data foo: .string "Hello, World!\n" .section .text .globl _start _start: leaq foo(%rip), %rax movq %rax, %rdi call puts@PLT movl $0, %eax ret</syntaxhighlight>(Note: if you use gcc, make sure to replace '_start' with 'main') === Break-Down: === <syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="1"> .section .data </syntaxhighlight>this first row dictates that the following code should be put in the data section. later on there will be a more detailed coverage of the data section at [[AT&T-X86: .data|.data]].<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="2"> foo: .string "Hello, World!\n" </syntaxhighlight>this line declares a string with value "Hello, World!\n" under the label 'foo'. We can later use this label as a reference for the computer to know where the string is stored. As with the .data section, storing variables in the data section will be further explained on the [[AT&T-X86: .data|data]] page.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="3"> .section .text </syntaxhighlight>Line 3 is empty and counts as white-space, like with C, C++, and some other languages in assembly white-space is ignored. Line 4 again says the following code should be out in a certain section, but this time it is the .text section. generally the .data section is used for declaring and defining data (so variables) and the .text section is used for code though this gets further explained in the [[AT&T-X86: .text|.text]] and [[AT&T-X86: Sections|Sections]] lessons.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="5"> .globl _start </syntaxhighlight>this line declares '_start' as a global label, this means that the _start label can be accessed by systems outside of your program. In this case that is needed for the computer to know where to start the code execution. Note that if you use gcc to assemble and/or link your code you will have to use main instead of _start because gcc already defines _start for _start to then call main, for the rest main can usually by used the same as _start.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="6"> _start: </syntaxhighlight>This line defines the actual start of the _start (or main) label. The code that comes after will be considered part of the (in this case _start) label. The [[AT&T-X86: Labels & Basic Keywords/Operations|Labels & Basic Keywords/Operations]] lesson will explain the rest of the functionality of labels.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="7"> leaq foo(%rip), %rax movq %rax, %rdi call puts@PLT </syntaxhighlight>This is the part where we actually 'print' the string. Line 7 stores the string in the rax register. Regesters will be explained in the [[AT&T-X86: Registers & exit codes|Registers & exit codes]] lesson, but in short a register is a small amount of memory (usually either 32 or 64 bits in size depending on your CPU) that is directly built into your CPU and therefore can be accessed really quickly and efficiently. each register also has its own small 'ability' like how the rip (or eip for 32 systems) will always hold the memory location of the current command that is being executed, but that will be explained in the [[AT&T-X86: Registers & exit codes|Registers & exit codes]] lesson for now all you will need to know is that it is a efficient temporary way to store data. In Line 8 the contents of rax get moved to rdi. Both the rax and the rdi register now hold our string. One more thing registers can do is pass arguments (parameters). The last line: Line 9 actually calls the function to print our string. puts is a C function similar to printf but a little simpler. @PLT stands for 'Procedure Linkage Table' and is usually just an easy way to access pre-existing functions. In assembly you can not just write for example 'foo(Arg1, Arg2)' to call a function because the call keyword takes just one argument, though you can of course pass arguments, this is done in one of two ways: # if you have 6 or less arguments you can use rdi, rsi, rdx, r10, r8 and r9 for Argument 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively (Note that these are 64 bit registers, on a 32 bit system you will have to use: ebx, ecx, edx, esi and ebp). # if you have more than 6 arguments you can use the stack. (for the srack see lesson: [[AT&T-X86: Using the Stack|Using the Stack]]). <syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="10"> movq $0, %eax ret </syntaxhighlight>Lastly we will have to put in the assembly equivalent of the 'return 0;' line in C. In line 10 the value 0 is moved into the eax register (Note that $ is used to denote Imeadiate values, so '$300' means 300, but just '300' usually means memory address 300) and then on line 11 the ret keyword will return control from the program to the OS. the eax register will later be read by your operation system as the 'return code' so -1 would be seen as a error just like with the return keyword in the C main function. next: [[AT&T-X86: C-Assembly Relation|C's Relation to Assembly]] == Citations: == msubj8di8m3ga13se9obthsm1jdmwe7 2690070 2689988 2024-12-03T09:34:01Z Chair-x86 2994439 2690070 wikitext text/x-wiki == What's AT&T assembly == AT&A syntax assembly is one of the two major dialects of x86 assembly alongside Intel syntax. As the name suggests, AT&T syntax was developed by [[wikipedia:AT&T|AT&T]]. == Why AT&T and not Intel syntax == The main difference between the two is the assembler support. A assembler is a piece of software that turns the assembly code into the actual binary that your computer can run. The most common [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers|assemblers for the x86]] architecture are<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers|title=x86 Assembly/x86 Assemblers - Wikibooks, open books for an open world|website=en.wikibooks.org|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref>: * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/GNU_assembly_syntax|GNU Assembler (GAS)]] ** Supports both Intel and AT&T (though the intel support is less reliable then AT&T) * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/MASM_Syntax|Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM)]] ** Supports only intel assembly * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/NASM_Syntax|Netwide Assembler (NASM)]] ** Uses syntax which is "similar to Intel's but less complex"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers#Netwide%20Assembler%20(NASM)|title=x86 Assembly/x86 Assemblers - Wikibooks, open books for an open world|website=en.wikibooks.org|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref>. * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/FASM_Syntax|Flat Assembler (FASM)]] ** Supports Both Intel and AT&T syntax (but uses intel by default) For all upcoming examples I am going to be using the GNU Assemblers's AT&T syntax, though the concepts should translate to most other x86 syntaxes. == What AT&T looks like == When learning most programming languages you start with the infamous "Hello, World!" program. in assembly though that would look something like this:<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1">.section .data foo: .string "Hello, World!\n" .section .text .globl _start _start: leaq foo(%rip), %rax movq %rax, %rdi call puts@PLT movl $0, %eax ret</syntaxhighlight>(Note: if you use gcc, make sure to replace '_start' with 'main') === Break-Down: === <syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="1"> .section .data </syntaxhighlight>this first row dictates that the following code should be put in the data section. later on there will be a more detailed coverage of the data section at [[AT&T-X86: .data|.data]].<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="2"> foo: .string "Hello, World!\n" </syntaxhighlight>this line declares a string with value "Hello, World!\n" under the label 'foo'. We can later use this label as a reference for the computer to know where the string is stored. As with the .data section, storing variables in the data section will be further explained on the [[AT&T-X86: .data|data]] page.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="3"> .section .text </syntaxhighlight>Line 3 is empty and counts as white-space, like with C, C++, and some other languages in assembly white-space is ignored. Line 4 again says the following code should be out in a certain section, but this time it is the .text section. generally the .data section is used for declaring and defining data (so variables) and the .text section is used for code though this gets further explained in the [[AT&T-X86: .text|.text]] and [[AT&T-X86: Sections|Sections]] lessons.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="5"> .globl _start </syntaxhighlight>this line declares '_start' as a global label, this means that the _start label can be accessed by systems outside of your program. In this case that is needed for the computer to know where to start the code execution. Note that if you use gcc to assemble and/or link your code you will have to use main instead of _start because gcc already defines _start for _start to then call main, for the rest main can usually by used the same as _start.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="6"> _start: </syntaxhighlight>This line defines the actual start of the _start (or main) label. The code that comes after will be considered part of the (in this case _start) label. The [[AT&T-X86: Labels & Basic Keywords/Operations|Labels & Basic Keywords/Operations]] lesson will explain the rest of the functionality of labels.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="7"> leaq foo(%rip), %rax movq %rax, %rdi call puts@PLT </syntaxhighlight>This is the part where we actually 'print' the string. Line 7 stores the string in the rax register. Regesters will be explained in the [[AT&T-X86: Registers & exit codes|Registers & exit codes]] lesson, but in short a register is a small amount of memory (usually either 32 or 64 bits in size depending on your CPU) that is directly built into your CPU and therefore can be accessed really quickly and efficiently. each register also has its own small 'ability' like how the rip (or eip for 32 systems) will always hold the memory location of the current command that is being executed, but that will be explained in the [[AT&T-X86: Registers & exit codes|Registers & exit codes]] lesson for now all you will need to know is that it is a efficient temporary way to store data. In Line 8 the contents of rax get moved to rdi. Both the rax and the rdi register now hold our string. One more thing registers can do is pass arguments (parameters). The last line: Line 9 actually calls the function to print our string. puts is a C function similar to printf but a little simpler. @PLT stands for 'Procedure Linkage Table' and is usually just an easy way to access pre-existing functions. In assembly you can not just write for example 'foo(Arg1, Arg2)' to call a function because the call keyword takes just one argument, though you can of course pass arguments, this is done in one of two ways: # if you have 6 or less arguments you can use rdi, rsi, rdx, r10, r8 and r9 for Argument 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively (Note that these are 64 bit registers, on a 32 bit system you will have to use: ebx, ecx, edx, esi and ebp). # if you have more than 6 arguments you can use the stack. (for the srack see lesson: [[AT&T-X86: Using the Stack|Using the Stack]]). <syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="10"> movq $0, %eax ret </syntaxhighlight>Lastly we will have to put in the assembly equivalent of the 'return 0;' line in C. In line 10 the value 0 is moved into the eax register (Note that $ is used to denote Imeadiate values, so '$300' means 300, but just '300' usually means memory address 300) and then on line 11 the ret keyword will return control from the program to the OS. the eax register will later be read by your operation system as the 'return code' so -1 would be seen as a error just like with the return keyword in the C main function. next: [[AT&T-X86: C-Assembly Relation|C's Relation to Assembly]] == Citations: == lmt8anbzo4h2ytx8kl0w3a0vd0om96d 2690071 2690070 2024-12-03T09:35:13Z Chair-x86 2994439 2690071 wikitext text/x-wiki == What's AT&T assembly == AT&A syntax assembly is one of the two major dialects of x86 assembly alongside Intel syntax. As the name suggests, AT&T syntax was developed by [[wikipedia:AT&T|AT&T]]. == Why AT&T and not Intel syntax == The main difference between the two is the assembler support. A assembler is a piece of software that turns the assembly code into the actual binary that your computer can run. The most common [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers|assemblers for the x86]] architecture are<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers|title=x86 Assembly/x86 Assemblers - Wikibooks, open books for an open world|website=en.wikibooks.org|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref>: * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/GNU_assembly_syntax|GNU Assembler (GAS)]] ** Supports both Intel and AT&T (though the intel support is less reliable then AT&T) * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/MASM_Syntax|Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM)]] ** Supports only intel assembly * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/NASM_Syntax|Netwide Assembler (NASM)]] ** Uses syntax which is "similar to Intel's but less complex"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers#Netwide%20Assembler%20(NASM)|title=x86 Assembly/x86 Assemblers - Wikibooks, open books for an open world|website=en.wikibooks.org|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref>. * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/FASM_Syntax|Flat Assembler (FASM)]] ** Supports Both Intel and AT&T syntax (but uses intel by default) For all upcoming examples I am going to be using the GNU Assemblers's AT&T syntax, though the concepts should translate to most other x86 syntaxes. == What AT&T looks like == When learning most programming languages you start with the infamous "Hello, World!" program. In assembly though that would look something like this:<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1">.section .data foo: .string "Hello, World!\n" .section .text .globl _start _start: leaq foo(%rip), %rax movq %rax, %rdi call puts@PLT movl $0, %eax ret</syntaxhighlight>(Note: if you use gcc, make sure to replace '_start' with 'main') === Break-Down: === <syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="1"> .section .data </syntaxhighlight>this first row dictates that the following code should be put in the data section. later on there will be a more detailed coverage of the data section at [[AT&T-X86: .data|.data]].<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="2"> foo: .string "Hello, World!\n" </syntaxhighlight>this line declares a string with value "Hello, World!\n" under the label 'foo'. We can later use this label as a reference for the computer to know where the string is stored. As with the .data section, storing variables in the data section will be further explained on the [[AT&T-X86: .data|data]] page.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="3"> .section .text </syntaxhighlight>Line 3 is empty and counts as white-space, like with C, C++, and some other languages in assembly white-space is ignored. Line 4 again says the following code should be out in a certain section, but this time it is the .text section. generally the .data section is used for declaring and defining data (so variables) and the .text section is used for code though this gets further explained in the [[AT&T-X86: .text|.text]] and [[AT&T-X86: Sections|Sections]] lessons.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="5"> .globl _start </syntaxhighlight>this line declares '_start' as a global label, this means that the _start label can be accessed by systems outside of your program. In this case that is needed for the computer to know where to start the code execution. Note that if you use gcc to assemble and/or link your code you will have to use main instead of _start because gcc already defines _start for _start to then call main, for the rest main can usually by used the same as _start.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="6"> _start: </syntaxhighlight>This line defines the actual start of the _start (or main) label. The code that comes after will be considered part of the (in this case _start) label. The [[AT&T-X86: Labels & Basic Keywords/Operations|Labels & Basic Keywords/Operations]] lesson will explain the rest of the functionality of labels.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="7"> leaq foo(%rip), %rax movq %rax, %rdi call puts@PLT </syntaxhighlight>This is the part where we actually 'print' the string. Line 7 stores the string in the rax register. Regesters will be explained in the [[AT&T-X86: Registers & exit codes|Registers & exit codes]] lesson, but in short a register is a small amount of memory (usually either 32 or 64 bits in size depending on your CPU) that is directly built into your CPU and therefore can be accessed really quickly and efficiently. each register also has its own small 'ability' like how the rip (or eip for 32 systems) will always hold the memory location of the current command that is being executed, but that will be explained in the [[AT&T-X86: Registers & exit codes|Registers & exit codes]] lesson for now all you will need to know is that it is a efficient temporary way to store data. In Line 8 the contents of rax get moved to rdi. Both the rax and the rdi register now hold our string. One more thing registers can do is pass arguments (parameters). The last line: Line 9 actually calls the function to print our string. puts is a C function similar to printf but a little simpler. @PLT stands for 'Procedure Linkage Table' and is usually just an easy way to access pre-existing functions. In assembly you can not just write for example 'foo(Arg1, Arg2)' to call a function because the call keyword takes just one argument, though you can of course pass arguments, this is done in one of two ways: # if you have 6 or less arguments you can use rdi, rsi, rdx, r10, r8 and r9 for Argument 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively (Note that these are 64 bit registers, on a 32 bit system you will have to use: ebx, ecx, edx, esi and ebp). # if you have more than 6 arguments you can use the stack. (for the srack see lesson: [[AT&T-X86: Using the Stack|Using the Stack]]). <syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="10"> movq $0, %eax ret </syntaxhighlight>Lastly we will have to put in the assembly equivalent of the 'return 0;' line in C. In line 10 the value 0 is moved into the eax register (Note that $ is used to denote Imeadiate values, so '$300' means 300, but just '300' usually means memory address 300) and then on line 11 the ret keyword will return control from the program to the OS. the eax register will later be read by your operation system as the 'return code' so -1 would be seen as a error just like with the return keyword in the C main function. next: [[AT&T-X86: C-Assembly Relation|C's Relation to Assembly]] == Citations: == bo0ekxyvrjpigco53km0il3sgo665qc 2690072 2690071 2024-12-03T09:37:13Z Chair-x86 2994439 2690072 wikitext text/x-wiki == What's AT&T assembly == AT&A syntax assembly is one of the two major dialects of x86 assembly alongside Intel syntax. As the name suggests, AT&T syntax was developed by [[wikipedia:AT&T|AT&T]]. == Why AT&T and not Intel syntax == The main difference between the two is the assembler support. A assembler is a piece of software that turns the assembly code into the actual binary that your computer can run. The most common [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers|assemblers for the x86]] architecture are<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers|title=x86 Assembly/x86 Assemblers - Wikibooks, open books for an open world|website=en.wikibooks.org|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref>: * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/GNU_assembly_syntax|GNU Assembler (GAS)]] ** Supports both Intel and AT&T (though the intel support is less reliable then AT&T) * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/MASM_Syntax|Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM)]] ** Supports only intel assembly * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/NASM_Syntax|Netwide Assembler (NASM)]] ** Uses syntax which is "similar to Intel's but less complex"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers#Netwide%20Assembler%20(NASM)|title=x86 Assembly/x86 Assemblers - Wikibooks, open books for an open world|website=en.wikibooks.org|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref>. * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/FASM_Syntax|Flat Assembler (FASM)]] ** Supports Both Intel and AT&T syntax (but uses intel by default) For all upcoming examples I am going to be using the GNU Assemblers's AT&T syntax, though the concepts should translate to most other x86 syntaxes. == What AT&T looks like == When learning most programming languages you start with the infamous "Hello, World!" program. In assembly though that would look something like this:<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1">.section .data foo: .string "Hello, World!\n" .section .text .globl _start _start: leaq foo(%rip), %rax movq %rax, %rdi call puts@PLT movl $0, %eax ret</syntaxhighlight>(Note: if you use gcc, make sure to replace '_start' with 'main') === Break-Down: === <syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="1"> .section .data </syntaxhighlight>This first row dictates that the following code should be put in the data section. Later on there will be a more detailed coverage of the data section at [[AT&T-X86: .data|.data]].<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="2"> foo: .string "Hello, World!\n" </syntaxhighlight>This line declares a string with value "Hello, World!\n" under the label 'foo'. We can later use this label as a reference for the computer to know where the string is stored. As with the .data section, storing variables in the data section will be further explained on the [[AT&T-X86: .data|data]] page.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="3"> .section .text </syntaxhighlight>Line 3 is empty and counts as white-space, like with C, C++, and some other languages in assembly white-space is ignored. Line 4 again says the following code should be out in a certain section, but this time it is the .text section. generally the .data section is used for declaring and defining data (so variables) and the .text section is used for code though this gets further explained in the [[AT&T-X86: .text|.text]] and [[AT&T-X86: Sections|Sections]] lessons.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="5"> .globl _start </syntaxhighlight>this line declares '_start' as a global label, this means that the _start label can be accessed by systems outside of your program. In this case that is needed for the computer to know where to start the code execution. Note that if you use gcc to assemble and/or link your code you will have to use main instead of _start because gcc already defines _start for _start to then call main, for the rest main can usually by used the same as _start.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="6"> _start: </syntaxhighlight>This line defines the actual start of the _start (or main) label. The code that comes after will be considered part of the (in this case _start) label. The [[AT&T-X86: Labels & Basic Keywords/Operations|Labels & Basic Keywords/Operations]] lesson will explain the rest of the functionality of labels.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="7"> leaq foo(%rip), %rax movq %rax, %rdi call puts@PLT </syntaxhighlight>This is the part where we actually 'print' the string. Line 7 stores the string in the rax register. Regesters will be explained in the [[AT&T-X86: Registers & exit codes|Registers & exit codes]] lesson, but in short a register is a small amount of memory (usually either 32 or 64 bits in size depending on your CPU) that is directly built into your CPU and therefore can be accessed really quickly and efficiently. Each register also has its own small 'ability' like how the rip (or eip for 32 systems) will always hold the memory location of the current command that is being executed, but that will be explained in the [[AT&T-X86: Registers & exit codes|Registers & exit codes]] lesson for now all you will need to know is that it is a efficient temporary way to store data. In Line 8 the contents of rax get moved to rdi. Both the rax and the rdi register now hold our string. One more thing registers can do is pass arguments (parameters). The last line: Line 9 actually calls the function to print our string. Puts is a C function similar to printf but a little simpler. @PLT stands for 'Procedure Linkage Table' and is usually just an easy way to access pre-existing functions. In assembly you can not just write for example 'foo(Arg1, Arg2)' to call a function because the call keyword takes just one argument, though you can of course pass arguments, this is done in one of two ways: # if you have 6 or less arguments you can use rdi, rsi, rdx, r10, r8 and r9 for Argument 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively (Note that these are 64 bit registers, on a 32 bit system you will have to use: ebx, ecx, edx, esi and ebp). # if you have more than 6 arguments you can use the stack. (for the srack see lesson: [[AT&T-X86: Using the Stack|Using the Stack]]). <syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="10"> movq $0, %eax ret </syntaxhighlight>Lastly we will have to put in the assembly equivalent of the 'return 0;' line in C. In line 10 the value 0 is moved into the eax register (Note that $ is used to denote Imeadiate values, so '$300' means 300, but just '300' usually means memory address 300) and then on line 11 the ret keyword will return control from the program to the OS. The eax register will later be read by your operation system as the 'return code' so -1 would be seen as a error just like with the return keyword in the C main function. next: [[AT&T-X86: C-Assembly Relation|C's Relation to Assembly]] == Citations: == aeywo4ira2zcngf8gizn5e0wfvfc4v6 2690073 2690072 2024-12-03T09:38:09Z Chair-x86 2994439 2690073 wikitext text/x-wiki == What's AT&T assembly == AT&A syntax assembly is one of the two major dialects of x86 assembly alongside Intel syntax. As the name suggests, AT&T syntax was developed by [[wikipedia:AT&T|AT&T]]. == Why AT&T and not Intel syntax == The main difference between the two is the assembler support. A assembler is a piece of software that turns the assembly code into the actual binary that your computer can run. The most common [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers|assemblers for the x86]] architecture are<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers|title=x86 Assembly/x86 Assemblers - Wikibooks, open books for an open world|website=en.wikibooks.org|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref>: * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/GNU_assembly_syntax|GNU Assembler (GAS)]] ** Supports both Intel and AT&T (though the intel support is less reliable then AT&T) * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/MASM_Syntax|Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM)]] ** Supports only intel assembly * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/NASM_Syntax|Netwide Assembler (NASM)]] ** Uses syntax which is "similar to Intel's but less complex"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly/x86_Assemblers#Netwide%20Assembler%20(NASM)|title=x86 Assembly/x86 Assemblers - Wikibooks, open books for an open world|website=en.wikibooks.org|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref>. * [[wikibooks:X86_Assembly/FASM_Syntax|Flat Assembler (FASM)]] ** Supports Both Intel and AT&T syntax (but uses intel by default) For all upcoming examples I am going to be using the GNU Assemblers's AT&T syntax, though the concepts should translate to most other x86 syntaxes. == What AT&T looks like == When learning most programming languages you start with the infamous "Hello, World!" program. In assembly though that would look something like this:<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1">.section .data foo: .string "Hello, World!\n" .section .text .globl _start _start: leaq foo(%rip), %rax movq %rax, %rdi call puts@PLT movl $0, %eax ret</syntaxhighlight>(Note: if you use gcc, make sure to replace '_start' with 'main') === Break-Down: === <syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="1"> .section .data </syntaxhighlight>This first row dictates that the following code should be put in the data section. Later on there will be a more detailed coverage of the data section at [[AT&T-X86: .data|.data]].<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="2"> foo: .string "Hello, World!\n" </syntaxhighlight>This line declares a string with value "Hello, World!\n" under the label 'foo'. We can later use this label as a reference for the computer to know where the string is stored. As with the .data section, storing variables in the data section will be further explained on the [[AT&T-X86: .data|data]] page.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="3"> .section .text </syntaxhighlight>Line 3 is empty and counts as white-space, like with C, C++, and some other languages in assembly white-space is ignored. Line 4 again says the following code should be out in a certain section, but this time it is the .text section. generally the .data section is used for declaring and defining data (so variables) and the .text section is used for code though this gets further explained in the [[AT&T-X86: .text|.text]] and [[AT&T-X86: Sections|Sections]] lessons.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="5"> .globl _start </syntaxhighlight>This line declares '_start' as a global label, this means that the _start label can be accessed by systems outside of your program. In this case that is needed for the computer to know where to start the code execution. Note that if you use gcc to assemble and/or link your code you will have to use main instead of _start because gcc already defines _start for _start to then call main, for the rest main can usually by used the same as _start.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="6"> _start: </syntaxhighlight>This line defines the actual start of the _start (or main) label. The code that comes after will be considered part of the (in this case _start) label. The [[AT&T-X86: Labels & Basic Keywords/Operations|Labels & Basic Keywords/Operations]] lesson will explain the rest of the functionality of labels.<syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="7"> leaq foo(%rip), %rax movq %rax, %rdi call puts@PLT </syntaxhighlight>This is the part where we actually 'print' the string. Line 7 stores the string in the rax register. Regesters will be explained in the [[AT&T-X86: Registers & exit codes|Registers & exit codes]] lesson, but in short a register is a small amount of memory (usually either 32 or 64 bits in size depending on your CPU) that is directly built into your CPU and therefore can be accessed really quickly and efficiently. Each register also has its own small 'ability' like how the rip (or eip for 32 systems) will always hold the memory location of the current command that is being executed, but that will be explained in the [[AT&T-X86: Registers & exit codes|Registers & exit codes]] lesson for now all you will need to know is that it is a efficient temporary way to store data. In Line 8 the contents of rax get moved to rdi. Both the rax and the rdi register now hold our string. One more thing registers can do is pass arguments (parameters). The last line: Line 9 actually calls the function to print our string. Puts is a C function similar to printf but a little simpler. @PLT stands for 'Procedure Linkage Table' and is usually just an easy way to access pre-existing functions. In assembly you can not just write for example 'foo(Arg1, Arg2)' to call a function because the call keyword takes just one argument, though you can of course pass arguments, this is done in one of two ways: # If you have 6 or less arguments you can use rdi, rsi, rdx, r10, r8 and r9 for Argument 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively (Note that these are 64 bit registers, on a 32 bit system you will have to use: ebx, ecx, edx, esi and ebp). # If you have more than 6 arguments you can use the stack. (for the srack see lesson: [[AT&T-X86: Using the Stack|Using the Stack]]). <syntaxhighlight lang="gas" line="1" start="10"> movq $0, %eax ret </syntaxhighlight>Lastly we will have to put in the assembly equivalent of the 'return 0;' line in C. In line 10 the value 0 is moved into the eax register (Note that $ is used to denote Imeadiate values, so '$300' means 300, but just '300' usually means memory address 300) and then on line 11 the ret keyword will return control from the program to the OS. The eax register will later be read by your operation system as the 'return code' so -1 would be seen as a error just like with the return keyword in the C main function. Next: [[AT&T-X86: C-Assembly Relation|C's Relation to Assembly]] == Citations: == 2apaywn90m1qw4lzo0d99u276n1r64v 0 316906 2689991 2024-12-02T16:00:56Z Atcovi 276019 Create. 2689991 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Organizational Theory, Dynamics, and Change''' ==Module 14.1 - Conceptual & Theoretical Foundations of Organizations== 8r49dxyqg6bfmb2ulzn2qcwefj0s1hb 2689993 2689991 2024-12-02T16:16:09Z Atcovi 276019 /* Module 14.1 - Conceptual & Theoretical Foundations of Organizations */ 2689993 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Organizational Theory, Dynamics, and Change''' ==Module 14.1 - Conceptual & Theoretical Foundations of Organizations== '''Organization''': A group of people who band together for a common goal and follow a number of procedures to develop these products & services. They need ''strategic planning'' (buying from/selling to the unorganized). These organizations are a "way of life". Successful organizations are able to integrate several organizing forces (HR, finance, marketing, production) smoothly. === Classic Organizational Theory === '''Classic organizational theory''' proposes that organizations should emphasize architecture of organization rather than the processes of operation. Bureaucracy is the ideal way. The following are methods for describing an organization: * Division of labor * Delegation of authority * Structure * Span of control The theory assumes there was one best configuration for an organization, and assumes that organizations affect the behaviour of their members, but not the other way around. === Human Relations Theory === The '''human relations theory''' adds a human element to the study of organizations. '''McGregor's Theory X & Theory Y''' goes as the following: * '''Theory X:''' Managers believe subordinate behavior must be controlled. * '''Theory Y:''' Managers believe subordinates are active members of the organization, and responsible for their own behavior. The ''growth perspective of Argyris'' suggests there is natural developmental sequence in humans that can either be improved or destroyed by an organization. The proposed growth is a natural & healthy experience for an individual. === Contingency Theories === 3 organization types are described: * Small batch organization * Large batch & mass production organization * Continuous process organization The span of control varies systematically by the organization type. Introduces technology. 3nds7385mp9fimvjvp8tel6ltl2bnzp 2689996 2689993 2024-12-02T17:04:01Z Atcovi 276019 /* Contingency Theories */ 2689996 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Organizational Theory, Dynamics, and Change''' ==Module 14.1 - Conceptual & Theoretical Foundations of Organizations== '''Organization''': A group of people who band together for a common goal and follow a number of procedures to develop these products & services. They need ''strategic planning'' (buying from/selling to the unorganized). These organizations are a "way of life". Successful organizations are able to integrate several organizing forces (HR, finance, marketing, production) smoothly. === Classic Organizational Theory === '''Classic organizational theory''' proposes that organizations should emphasize architecture of organization rather than the processes of operation. Bureaucracy is the ideal way. The following are methods for describing an organization: * Division of labor * Delegation of authority * Structure * Span of control The theory assumes there was one best configuration for an organization, and assumes that organizations affect the behaviour of their members, but not the other way around. === Human Relations Theory === The '''human relations theory''' adds a human element to the study of organizations. '''McGregor's Theory X & Theory Y''' goes as the following: * '''Theory X:''' Managers believe subordinate behavior must be controlled. * '''Theory Y:''' Managers believe subordinates are active members of the organization, and responsible for their own behavior. The ''growth perspective of Argyris'' suggests there is natural developmental sequence in humans that can either be improved or destroyed by an organization. The proposed growth is a natural & healthy experience for an individual. === Contingency Theories === 3 organization types are described: * Small batch organization * Large batch & mass production organization * Continuous process organization The span of control varies systematically by the organization type. Introduces technology. ==== Lawrence & Lorsch ==== Lawrence & Lorsch came up with: # '''Mechanistic organizations''': Depend on formal rules & regulations, small span of control # '''Organic organizations''': Less formal procedures, larger span of control. They also identified the department as an "important level" for understanding organizations. ==== Mintzberg ==== 6 forms of coordination: # Mutual adjustments based in informal communication. # Direct supervision # Standardization of work processes # Standardization of KSAOs necessary for production # Standardization of outputs # Standardization of norms ==== Tavistock Institute's Sociotechnical approach ==== This uncovered a number of dramatic changes in social patterns of work that accompany technological change. This includes joint consideration of technology & social patterns. === Recent Approaches & Conclusion === # '''Pfeffer's resource theory''': An organization must be viewed in context of connections to other organizations. He states that the key to organizational survival is the ability to acquire and maintain resources. The conclusion of the theories of organization is that motivation metaphors can be applied to organizational theories. == Module 14.2 - Social Dynamics of Organizations == 0hjtjixnoi0fixt100yvr3tua88afzx 0 316907 2689997 2024-12-02T17:08:07Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 New resource with " ==Introduction== In the [[w:en:Mathematics|Mathematics]] a ''curve'' (of [[w:en:Latin|lat.]] 'curvus'' 'bent, curved') is a [[w:en:Dimension (mathematics)|eindimensionales]] [[w:en:Mathematical object|object]] in a two-dimensional plane (i.e. a curve in the plane) or in a higher-dimensional space15105. ==Parameter representations== * Multidimensional analysis: A continuous mapping <math display="inline"> f:[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^n </math> is a curve in the <math display..." 2689997 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== In the [[w:en:Mathematics|Mathematics]] a ''curve'' (of [[w:en:Latin|lat.]] 'curvus'' 'bent, curved') is a [[w:en:Dimension (mathematics)|eindimensionales]] [[w:en:Mathematical object|object]] in a two-dimensional plane (i.e. a curve in the plane) or in a higher-dimensional space15105. ==Parameter representations== * Multidimensional analysis: A continuous mapping <math display="inline"> f:[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^n </math> is a curve in the <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. * Complex Analysis: Continuous mapping <math display="inline"> f:[a,b] \to \mathbb{C} </math> is a path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math> (see also [[w:en:Path_(topology)|path for integration]]). ==Explanatory notes== A curve/a way is a mapping. It is necessary to distinguish the track of the path or the [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image]] of a path from the mapping graph. A path is a steady mapping of a [[w:en:Interval (mathematics)|interval]] in the space considered (e.g. <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> or <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>). ===Example 1 - Plot=== [[File:Cubic_with_double_point.svg|Cubic_with_double_point.svg]] <math display="inline"> \gamma_{1} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2, </math> <math display="inline"> t\mapsto \gamma_1(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big) </math> ===EXAMPLE 1 Curve as a solution of an algebraic equation=== <table> <tr> <td> [[File:Cubic with double point.svg|150px|Cubic with double point]] </td> <td vslign="top"> <math> \gamma_{1} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2,</math> <math> t\mapsto \gamma_1(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big)</math> resp. <math>y^2 = x^2 (x+1)</math>. Determine for the curve all <math display="inline"> (t_1,t_2) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> with <math display="inline"> \gamma_1(t_1)=\gamma_1(t_2) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> </td></tr></table> ===Examples 2=== The mapping * <math display="inline"> \widetilde{\gamma_2} \colon [ 0,2\pi ) \to \mathbb{R}^2,\quad t\mapsto \widetilde{\gamma_2}(t) =(\cos t,\sin t) </math> describes the [[w:en:Unit circle|Unit circle]] in the plane <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math>. * <math display="inline"> \gamma_2 \colon [ 0,2\pi ) \to \mathbb{C},\quad t\mapsto \gamma_2(t) = \cos (t) + i\sin (t) </math> describes the [[w:en:Unit circle|Unit circle]] in the Gaussian number level <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>. ===Examples 3=== The mapping : <math display="inline"> \gamma_{3} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2,\quad t\mapsto \gamma_3(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big) </math> describes a curve with a simple double point at <math display="inline"> (0,0) </math>, corresponding to the parameter values <math display="inline"> t=1 </math> and <math display="inline"> t=-1 </math>. ===Direction=== As a result of the parameter representation, the curve receives a ''directional direction'' in the direction of increasing parameter.<ref name="CITE1">H. Neunzert, W.G. Eschmann, A. Blickensdörfer-Ehlers, K. Schelkes: Analysis 2: Mit einer Einführung in die Vektor- und Matrizenrechnung. Ein Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch. 2. Auflage. Springer, 2013, lSBN 978-3-642-97840-1, 23.5</ref><ref name="cite2">H. Wörle, H.-J. Rumpf, J. Erven: Taschenbuch der Mathematics. 12. Auflage. Walter de Gruyter, 1994, lSBN 978-3-486-78544-9 </ref> ==Curve as Image of Path== Let <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b] \to \mathbb{C} </math> or <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b] \to \mathbb{R}^n </math> be a path. is the image of a path : <math display="inline"> Spur ( \gamma ) := \left\{ (t,\gamma(t)) \ | \ a \leq t \leq b \right\} </math>. ===Animation of the track=== ==Curves in Geogebra== First create a slider for the variable <math display="inline"> t\in [0,2\pi] </math> and two points <math display="inline"> K_1=(2 \cos(t), 2 \sin(t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> or <math display="inline"> K_2=(\cos(3 t), \sin(3t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> and generate with <math display="inline"> K := K_1 + K_2 </math> the sum of both location vectors of <math display="inline"> K_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> K_2 </math>. Analyze the parameterization of the curves. Geogebra: <pre> K_1:(2*cos(t),2 * sin(t)) K_2: (cos(3*t),sin(3*t)) </code>, <pre><code> K: K_1+K_2 </pre> :<math display="block"> \gamma_4(t):= (2 \cos(t), 2 \sin(t)) + (\cos(3 t), \sin(3t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> See also [https://www.geogebra.org/m/ppuvs3ge interaktive Exampe in Geogebra] ==Equation representations== A curve can also be described by one or more equations in the coordinates. The solution of the equations represents the curve: * The equation <math display="inline"> x^2+y^2=1 </math> describes the unit circle in the plane. * The equation <math display="inline"> y^2=x^2(x+1) </math> describes the curve indicated above in parameter representation with double point. If the equation is given by a [[w:en:w:en:w:en:Polynomialialialial|w:en:w:en:Polynomialialialial]], the curve is called ''[[w:en:Algebraic curve|algebraisch]]'. == Graph of a function== [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph of a functionen]] are a special case of the two forms indicated above: The graph of a function : <math display="inline"> f \colon D\to\mathbb{R},\quad x\mapsto f(x) </math> can be either as a parameter representation <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon D \to \mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) \} </math> or as equation <math display="inline"> y=f(x) </math>, wherein the solution quantity of the equation represents the curve by <math display="inline"> \{ (x,y) \in \mathbb R^2\mid y=f(x) \} </math>. If the [[w:en:Mathematics education|Mathematics Education]] of [[w:en:w:en:Curve sketching|w:en:Curve sketching]] is spoken, this special case is usually only said. ==Closed curves== Closed curves <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> are continuous mappings with <math display="inline"> \gamma(a) = \gamma(b) </math>. In the function theory, we need curves <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> in <math display="inline"> \mathbb C </math>, which can be continuously differentiated. These are called integration paths. ===Number of circulations in the complex numbers=== Smooth closed curves can be assigned a further number, the [[w:en:Winding number|Umlaufzahl]], which curve is parameterized according to the arc curve <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> by :<math display="block"> \mu(\gamma,z):= \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_\gamma \frac{1}{\xi - z}\,d\xi := \int_a^b \frac{1}{\gamma(t) - z}\cdot \gamma'(t)\,dt </math> is given. The [[w:en:Umlaufsatz|Umlaufsatz]] analogously to a curve in <math display="inline"> R^2 </math>, states that a simple closed curve has the number of revolutions <math display="inline"> 1 </math> or <math display="inline"> -1 </math>. ==Curves as independent object== Curves without surrounding space are relatively uninteresting in the [[w:en:Differential geometry|Differential geometry]] because each one-dimensional [[w:en:Manifold|Manifold]] [[w:en:w:en:Diffeomorphism|diffeomorph]] for real straight lines <math display="inline"> \mathbb R </math> or for the unit circle line <math display="inline"> S^1 </math>. Also properties such as the [[w:en:Curvature|Curvature]] of a curve cannot be determined intrinsically. In the [[w:en:Algebraic geometry|algebraischen Geometrie]] and associated in the [[w:en:Complex Analysis|komplexen Analysis]], “curves” are generally understood as one-dimensional [[w:en:w:en:complex manifold|w:en:complex manifold]]en, often also referred to as [[w:en:Riemann surface|Riemann surface]]. These curves are independent study objects, the most prominent example being the [[w:en:Elliptic curve|elliptischen Kurven]]. ''See' [[w:en:Algebraic geometry|Curve (algebraic geometry)]] ==Historical== The first book of [[w:en:w:en:Euclid's Elements|Elemente]] of [[w:en:Euclid|Euclid]] began with the definition : ''A point is what has no parts. A curve is a length without width.'' This definition can no longer be maintained today, as there are, for example, [[w:en:Peano curve|Peano-curven]], i.e., continuous [[w:en:surjective|surjectivee]] mappings <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math>, which fill the entire plane <math display="inline"> \mathbb R^2 </math>. On the other hand, it follows from [[w:en:Sard's theorem|Sard's theorem]] that each differentiable curve has the area content zero, i.e. actually as required by Euclid 'no width'. ==Interactive display of curves in geogebra== * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/e3hhdrvq Tangentialvektor einer Kurve] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> for a curve <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math> with tangential vector <math display="inline"> \gamma':[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math> * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/srmgcsZX Abrollkurven Fahrradreflektoren] as an example of curves - [[w:en:Cycloid|Cyclone]] * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/ppuvs3ge Abrollkurve für Beispiel 2] ==See also== * [[w:en:Curve|curve in a vector spacen]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> * [[Wikipedia:de:Kategorie:Kurve (Geometrie)|Kurven in der Geometrie]] * [[w:en:Curvature|Differenzierbare Kurven, Curvature]] * [[w:en:Cycloid|Cyclone]] ==Literature== * Ethan D. Bloch: ''A First Course in Geometric Topology and Differential Geometry'. Birkhäuser, Boston 1997. * Wilhelm Klingenberg: ''A Course in Differential Geometry'. Springer, New York 1978. ==Individual evidence== <references /> ==Web links== {Commonscat|Curves|Kurven} {Wiktionary|Kurve} ==Page information== You can represent this learning resource as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex Analysis/Kurven&author=Complex Analysis&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Kurven&coursetitle=Complex Analysis Wiki2Reveal-Slides]'. ===Wiki2Reveal=== This ''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex Analysis/Kurven&author=Complex Analysis&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Kurven&coursetitle=Complex Analysis Wiki2Reveal Slides]' was created for the learning unit '41' <!-- * The content of the page is based on the following content: ** [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex Analysis/Kurven https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Complex Analysis/Kurven] -> * [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Complex Analysis/Kurven The page] was created as a document type [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE]. * Link to source in Wikiversity: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Complex Analysis/Kurven * see also further information on [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] and under [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex Analysis/Kurven&author=Complex Analysis&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Kurven&coursetitle=Complex Analysis Wiki2Reveal-Linkgenerator]. <!-- * Next content of the course is [[]] -->; ===Wikipedia2Wikiversity=== * This page was created based on the following [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurve%20(Mathematics) Wikipedia source]: ** [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurve%20(Mathematics) Kurve (Mathematics)] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurve%20(Mathematics) * Date: 11.11.2018 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Konverter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity [[w:en:Dimension|en:Dimension]] == Page Information == === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[wikiversity:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven|Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven]] https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven * Date: 12/2/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven" srclang="de" date="12/2/2024" time="17:45" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven]]</noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Complex Analysis/Curves]]</noinclude> --> 7eteit6bff98lz6y4ekfpny0szfp43u 2689998 2689997 2024-12-02T17:08:53Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Translation and Version Control */ 2689998 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== In the [[w:en:Mathematics|Mathematics]] a ''curve'' (of [[w:en:Latin|lat.]] 'curvus'' 'bent, curved') is a [[w:en:Dimension (mathematics)|eindimensionales]] [[w:en:Mathematical object|object]] in a two-dimensional plane (i.e. a curve in the plane) or in a higher-dimensional space15105. ==Parameter representations== * Multidimensional analysis: A continuous mapping <math display="inline"> f:[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^n </math> is a curve in the <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. * Complex Analysis: Continuous mapping <math display="inline"> f:[a,b] \to \mathbb{C} </math> is a path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math> (see also [[w:en:Path_(topology)|path for integration]]). ==Explanatory notes== A curve/a way is a mapping. It is necessary to distinguish the track of the path or the [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image]] of a path from the mapping graph. A path is a steady mapping of a [[w:en:Interval (mathematics)|interval]] in the space considered (e.g. <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> or <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>). ===Example 1 - Plot=== [[File:Cubic_with_double_point.svg|Cubic_with_double_point.svg]] <math display="inline"> \gamma_{1} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2, </math> <math display="inline"> t\mapsto \gamma_1(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big) </math> ===EXAMPLE 1 Curve as a solution of an algebraic equation=== <table> <tr> <td> [[File:Cubic with double point.svg|150px|Cubic with double point]] </td> <td vslign="top"> <math> \gamma_{1} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2,</math> <math> t\mapsto \gamma_1(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big)</math> resp. <math>y^2 = x^2 (x+1)</math>. Determine for the curve all <math display="inline"> (t_1,t_2) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> with <math display="inline"> \gamma_1(t_1)=\gamma_1(t_2) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> </td></tr></table> ===Examples 2=== The mapping * <math display="inline"> \widetilde{\gamma_2} \colon [ 0,2\pi ) \to \mathbb{R}^2,\quad t\mapsto \widetilde{\gamma_2}(t) =(\cos t,\sin t) </math> describes the [[w:en:Unit circle|Unit circle]] in the plane <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math>. * <math display="inline"> \gamma_2 \colon [ 0,2\pi ) \to \mathbb{C},\quad t\mapsto \gamma_2(t) = \cos (t) + i\sin (t) </math> describes the [[w:en:Unit circle|Unit circle]] in the Gaussian number level <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>. ===Examples 3=== The mapping : <math display="inline"> \gamma_{3} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2,\quad t\mapsto \gamma_3(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big) </math> describes a curve with a simple double point at <math display="inline"> (0,0) </math>, corresponding to the parameter values <math display="inline"> t=1 </math> and <math display="inline"> t=-1 </math>. ===Direction=== As a result of the parameter representation, the curve receives a ''directional direction'' in the direction of increasing parameter.<ref name="CITE1">H. Neunzert, W.G. Eschmann, A. Blickensdörfer-Ehlers, K. Schelkes: Analysis 2: Mit einer Einführung in die Vektor- und Matrizenrechnung. Ein Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch. 2. Auflage. Springer, 2013, lSBN 978-3-642-97840-1, 23.5</ref><ref name="cite2">H. Wörle, H.-J. Rumpf, J. Erven: Taschenbuch der Mathematics. 12. Auflage. Walter de Gruyter, 1994, lSBN 978-3-486-78544-9 </ref> ==Curve as Image of Path== Let <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b] \to \mathbb{C} </math> or <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b] \to \mathbb{R}^n </math> be a path. is the image of a path : <math display="inline"> Spur ( \gamma ) := \left\{ (t,\gamma(t)) \ | \ a \leq t \leq b \right\} </math>. ===Animation of the track=== ==Curves in Geogebra== First create a slider for the variable <math display="inline"> t\in [0,2\pi] </math> and two points <math display="inline"> K_1=(2 \cos(t), 2 \sin(t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> or <math display="inline"> K_2=(\cos(3 t), \sin(3t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> and generate with <math display="inline"> K := K_1 + K_2 </math> the sum of both location vectors of <math display="inline"> K_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> K_2 </math>. Analyze the parameterization of the curves. Geogebra: <pre> K_1:(2*cos(t),2 * sin(t)) K_2: (cos(3*t),sin(3*t)) </code>, <pre><code> K: K_1+K_2 </pre> :<math display="block"> \gamma_4(t):= (2 \cos(t), 2 \sin(t)) + (\cos(3 t), \sin(3t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> See also [https://www.geogebra.org/m/ppuvs3ge interaktive Exampe in Geogebra] ==Equation representations== A curve can also be described by one or more equations in the coordinates. The solution of the equations represents the curve: * The equation <math display="inline"> x^2+y^2=1 </math> describes the unit circle in the plane. * The equation <math display="inline"> y^2=x^2(x+1) </math> describes the curve indicated above in parameter representation with double point. If the equation is given by a [[w:en:w:en:w:en:Polynomialialialial|w:en:w:en:Polynomialialialial]], the curve is called ''[[w:en:Algebraic curve|algebraisch]]'. == Graph of a function== [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph of a functionen]] are a special case of the two forms indicated above: The graph of a function : <math display="inline"> f \colon D\to\mathbb{R},\quad x\mapsto f(x) </math> can be either as a parameter representation <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon D \to \mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) \} </math> or as equation <math display="inline"> y=f(x) </math>, wherein the solution quantity of the equation represents the curve by <math display="inline"> \{ (x,y) \in \mathbb R^2\mid y=f(x) \} </math>. If the [[w:en:Mathematics education|Mathematics Education]] of [[w:en:w:en:Curve sketching|w:en:Curve sketching]] is spoken, this special case is usually only said. ==Closed curves== Closed curves <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> are continuous mappings with <math display="inline"> \gamma(a) = \gamma(b) </math>. In the function theory, we need curves <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> in <math display="inline"> \mathbb C </math>, which can be continuously differentiated. These are called integration paths. ===Number of circulations in the complex numbers=== Smooth closed curves can be assigned a further number, the [[w:en:Winding number|Umlaufzahl]], which curve is parameterized according to the arc curve <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> by :<math display="block"> \mu(\gamma,z):= \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_\gamma \frac{1}{\xi - z}\,d\xi := \int_a^b \frac{1}{\gamma(t) - z}\cdot \gamma'(t)\,dt </math> is given. The [[w:en:Umlaufsatz|Umlaufsatz]] analogously to a curve in <math display="inline"> R^2 </math>, states that a simple closed curve has the number of revolutions <math display="inline"> 1 </math> or <math display="inline"> -1 </math>. ==Curves as independent object== Curves without surrounding space are relatively uninteresting in the [[w:en:Differential geometry|Differential geometry]] because each one-dimensional [[w:en:Manifold|Manifold]] [[w:en:w:en:Diffeomorphism|diffeomorph]] for real straight lines <math display="inline"> \mathbb R </math> or for the unit circle line <math display="inline"> S^1 </math>. Also properties such as the [[w:en:Curvature|Curvature]] of a curve cannot be determined intrinsically. In the [[w:en:Algebraic geometry|algebraischen Geometrie]] and associated in the [[w:en:Complex Analysis|komplexen Analysis]], “curves” are generally understood as one-dimensional [[w:en:w:en:complex manifold|w:en:complex manifold]]en, often also referred to as [[w:en:Riemann surface|Riemann surface]]. These curves are independent study objects, the most prominent example being the [[w:en:Elliptic curve|elliptischen Kurven]]. ''See' [[w:en:Algebraic geometry|Curve (algebraic geometry)]] ==Historical== The first book of [[w:en:w:en:Euclid's Elements|Elemente]] of [[w:en:Euclid|Euclid]] began with the definition : ''A point is what has no parts. A curve is a length without width.'' This definition can no longer be maintained today, as there are, for example, [[w:en:Peano curve|Peano-curven]], i.e., continuous [[w:en:surjective|surjectivee]] mappings <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math>, which fill the entire plane <math display="inline"> \mathbb R^2 </math>. On the other hand, it follows from [[w:en:Sard's theorem|Sard's theorem]] that each differentiable curve has the area content zero, i.e. actually as required by Euclid 'no width'. ==Interactive display of curves in geogebra== * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/e3hhdrvq Tangentialvektor einer Kurve] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> for a curve <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math> with tangential vector <math display="inline"> \gamma':[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math> * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/srmgcsZX Abrollkurven Fahrradreflektoren] as an example of curves - [[w:en:Cycloid|Cyclone]] * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/ppuvs3ge Abrollkurve für Beispiel 2] ==See also== * [[w:en:Curve|curve in a vector spacen]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> * [[Wikipedia:de:Kategorie:Kurve (Geometrie)|Kurven in der Geometrie]] * [[w:en:Curvature|Differenzierbare Kurven, Curvature]] * [[w:en:Cycloid|Cyclone]] ==Literature== * Ethan D. Bloch: ''A First Course in Geometric Topology and Differential Geometry'. Birkhäuser, Boston 1997. * Wilhelm Klingenberg: ''A Course in Differential Geometry'. Springer, New York 1978. ==Individual evidence== <references /> ==Web links== {Commonscat|Curves|Kurven} {Wiktionary|Kurve} ==Page information== You can represent this learning resource as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex Analysis/Kurven&author=Complex Analysis&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Kurven&coursetitle=Complex Analysis Wiki2Reveal-Slides]'. ===Wiki2Reveal=== This ''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex Analysis/Kurven&author=Complex Analysis&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Kurven&coursetitle=Complex Analysis Wiki2Reveal Slides]' was created for the learning unit '41' <!-- * The content of the page is based on the following content: ** [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex Analysis/Kurven https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Complex Analysis/Kurven] -> * [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Complex Analysis/Kurven The page] was created as a document type [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE]. * Link to source in Wikiversity: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Complex Analysis/Kurven * see also further information on [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] and under [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex Analysis/Kurven&author=Complex Analysis&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Kurven&coursetitle=Complex Analysis Wiki2Reveal-Linkgenerator]. <!-- * Next content of the course is [[]] -->; ===Wikipedia2Wikiversity=== * This page was created based on the following [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurve%20(Mathematics) Wikipedia source]: ** [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurve%20(Mathematics) Kurve (Mathematics)] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurve%20(Mathematics) * Date: 11.11.2018 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Konverter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity [[w:en:Dimension|en:Dimension]] == Page Information == === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[v:de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven|Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven * Date: 12/2/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven" srclang="de" date="12/2/2024" time="17:45" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven]]</noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Complex Analysis/Curves]]</noinclude> --> 03yxoqoytbisyz5445fgli26l2vuuj2 2689999 2689998 2024-12-02T17:09:12Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Page information */ 2689999 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== In the [[w:en:Mathematics|Mathematics]] a ''curve'' (of [[w:en:Latin|lat.]] 'curvus'' 'bent, curved') is a [[w:en:Dimension (mathematics)|eindimensionales]] [[w:en:Mathematical object|object]] in a two-dimensional plane (i.e. a curve in the plane) or in a higher-dimensional space15105. ==Parameter representations== * Multidimensional analysis: A continuous mapping <math display="inline"> f:[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^n </math> is a curve in the <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. * Complex Analysis: Continuous mapping <math display="inline"> f:[a,b] \to \mathbb{C} </math> is a path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math> (see also [[w:en:Path_(topology)|path for integration]]). ==Explanatory notes== A curve/a way is a mapping. It is necessary to distinguish the track of the path or the [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image]] of a path from the mapping graph. A path is a steady mapping of a [[w:en:Interval (mathematics)|interval]] in the space considered (e.g. <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> or <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>). ===Example 1 - Plot=== [[File:Cubic_with_double_point.svg|Cubic_with_double_point.svg]] <math display="inline"> \gamma_{1} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2, </math> <math display="inline"> t\mapsto \gamma_1(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big) </math> ===EXAMPLE 1 Curve as a solution of an algebraic equation=== <table> <tr> <td> [[File:Cubic with double point.svg|150px|Cubic with double point]] </td> <td vslign="top"> <math> \gamma_{1} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2,</math> <math> t\mapsto \gamma_1(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big)</math> resp. <math>y^2 = x^2 (x+1)</math>. Determine for the curve all <math display="inline"> (t_1,t_2) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> with <math display="inline"> \gamma_1(t_1)=\gamma_1(t_2) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> </td></tr></table> ===Examples 2=== The mapping * <math display="inline"> \widetilde{\gamma_2} \colon [ 0,2\pi ) \to \mathbb{R}^2,\quad t\mapsto \widetilde{\gamma_2}(t) =(\cos t,\sin t) </math> describes the [[w:en:Unit circle|Unit circle]] in the plane <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math>. * <math display="inline"> \gamma_2 \colon [ 0,2\pi ) \to \mathbb{C},\quad t\mapsto \gamma_2(t) = \cos (t) + i\sin (t) </math> describes the [[w:en:Unit circle|Unit circle]] in the Gaussian number level <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>. ===Examples 3=== The mapping : <math display="inline"> \gamma_{3} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2,\quad t\mapsto \gamma_3(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big) </math> describes a curve with a simple double point at <math display="inline"> (0,0) </math>, corresponding to the parameter values <math display="inline"> t=1 </math> and <math display="inline"> t=-1 </math>. ===Direction=== As a result of the parameter representation, the curve receives a ''directional direction'' in the direction of increasing parameter.<ref name="CITE1">H. Neunzert, W.G. Eschmann, A. Blickensdörfer-Ehlers, K. Schelkes: Analysis 2: Mit einer Einführung in die Vektor- und Matrizenrechnung. Ein Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch. 2. Auflage. Springer, 2013, lSBN 978-3-642-97840-1, 23.5</ref><ref name="cite2">H. Wörle, H.-J. Rumpf, J. Erven: Taschenbuch der Mathematics. 12. Auflage. Walter de Gruyter, 1994, lSBN 978-3-486-78544-9 </ref> ==Curve as Image of Path== Let <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b] \to \mathbb{C} </math> or <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b] \to \mathbb{R}^n </math> be a path. is the image of a path : <math display="inline"> Spur ( \gamma ) := \left\{ (t,\gamma(t)) \ | \ a \leq t \leq b \right\} </math>. ===Animation of the track=== ==Curves in Geogebra== First create a slider for the variable <math display="inline"> t\in [0,2\pi] </math> and two points <math display="inline"> K_1=(2 \cos(t), 2 \sin(t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> or <math display="inline"> K_2=(\cos(3 t), \sin(3t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> and generate with <math display="inline"> K := K_1 + K_2 </math> the sum of both location vectors of <math display="inline"> K_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> K_2 </math>. Analyze the parameterization of the curves. Geogebra: <pre> K_1:(2*cos(t),2 * sin(t)) K_2: (cos(3*t),sin(3*t)) </code>, <pre><code> K: K_1+K_2 </pre> :<math display="block"> \gamma_4(t):= (2 \cos(t), 2 \sin(t)) + (\cos(3 t), \sin(3t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> See also [https://www.geogebra.org/m/ppuvs3ge interaktive Exampe in Geogebra] ==Equation representations== A curve can also be described by one or more equations in the coordinates. The solution of the equations represents the curve: * The equation <math display="inline"> x^2+y^2=1 </math> describes the unit circle in the plane. * The equation <math display="inline"> y^2=x^2(x+1) </math> describes the curve indicated above in parameter representation with double point. If the equation is given by a [[w:en:w:en:w:en:Polynomialialialial|w:en:w:en:Polynomialialialial]], the curve is called ''[[w:en:Algebraic curve|algebraisch]]'. == Graph of a function== [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph of a functionen]] are a special case of the two forms indicated above: The graph of a function : <math display="inline"> f \colon D\to\mathbb{R},\quad x\mapsto f(x) </math> can be either as a parameter representation <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon D \to \mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) \} </math> or as equation <math display="inline"> y=f(x) </math>, wherein the solution quantity of the equation represents the curve by <math display="inline"> \{ (x,y) \in \mathbb R^2\mid y=f(x) \} </math>. If the [[w:en:Mathematics education|Mathematics Education]] of [[w:en:w:en:Curve sketching|w:en:Curve sketching]] is spoken, this special case is usually only said. ==Closed curves== Closed curves <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> are continuous mappings with <math display="inline"> \gamma(a) = \gamma(b) </math>. In the function theory, we need curves <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> in <math display="inline"> \mathbb C </math>, which can be continuously differentiated. These are called integration paths. ===Number of circulations in the complex numbers=== Smooth closed curves can be assigned a further number, the [[w:en:Winding number|Umlaufzahl]], which curve is parameterized according to the arc curve <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> by :<math display="block"> \mu(\gamma,z):= \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_\gamma \frac{1}{\xi - z}\,d\xi := \int_a^b \frac{1}{\gamma(t) - z}\cdot \gamma'(t)\,dt </math> is given. The [[w:en:Umlaufsatz|Umlaufsatz]] analogously to a curve in <math display="inline"> R^2 </math>, states that a simple closed curve has the number of revolutions <math display="inline"> 1 </math> or <math display="inline"> -1 </math>. ==Curves as independent object== Curves without surrounding space are relatively uninteresting in the [[w:en:Differential geometry|Differential geometry]] because each one-dimensional [[w:en:Manifold|Manifold]] [[w:en:w:en:Diffeomorphism|diffeomorph]] for real straight lines <math display="inline"> \mathbb R </math> or for the unit circle line <math display="inline"> S^1 </math>. Also properties such as the [[w:en:Curvature|Curvature]] of a curve cannot be determined intrinsically. In the [[w:en:Algebraic geometry|algebraischen Geometrie]] and associated in the [[w:en:Complex Analysis|komplexen Analysis]], “curves” are generally understood as one-dimensional [[w:en:w:en:complex manifold|w:en:complex manifold]]en, often also referred to as [[w:en:Riemann surface|Riemann surface]]. These curves are independent study objects, the most prominent example being the [[w:en:Elliptic curve|elliptischen Kurven]]. ''See' [[w:en:Algebraic geometry|Curve (algebraic geometry)]] ==Historical== The first book of [[w:en:w:en:Euclid's Elements|Elemente]] of [[w:en:Euclid|Euclid]] began with the definition : ''A point is what has no parts. A curve is a length without width.'' This definition can no longer be maintained today, as there are, for example, [[w:en:Peano curve|Peano-curven]], i.e., continuous [[w:en:surjective|surjectivee]] mappings <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math>, which fill the entire plane <math display="inline"> \mathbb R^2 </math>. On the other hand, it follows from [[w:en:Sard's theorem|Sard's theorem]] that each differentiable curve has the area content zero, i.e. actually as required by Euclid 'no width'. ==Interactive display of curves in geogebra== * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/e3hhdrvq Tangentialvektor einer Kurve] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> for a curve <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math> with tangential vector <math display="inline"> \gamma':[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math> * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/srmgcsZX Abrollkurven Fahrradreflektoren] as an example of curves - [[w:en:Cycloid|Cyclone]] * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/ppuvs3ge Abrollkurve für Beispiel 2] ==See also== * [[w:en:Curve|curve in a vector spacen]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> * [[Wikipedia:de:Kategorie:Kurve (Geometrie)|Kurven in der Geometrie]] * [[w:en:Curvature|Differenzierbare Kurven, Curvature]] * [[w:en:Cycloid|Cyclone]] ==Literature== * Ethan D. Bloch: ''A First Course in Geometric Topology and Differential Geometry'. Birkhäuser, Boston 1997. * Wilhelm Klingenberg: ''A Course in Differential Geometry'. Springer, New York 1978. ==Individual evidence== <references /> ==Web links== {Commonscat|Curves|Kurven} {Wiktionary|Kurve} == Page Information == === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[v:de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven|Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven * Date: 12/2/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven" srclang="de" date="12/2/2024" time="17:45" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven]]</noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Complex Analysis/Curves]]</noinclude> --> cmua7ktrdazp8n1eh34fpzcrkrlnd4r 2690000 2689999 2024-12-02T17:13:46Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 2690000 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== In the [[w:en:Mathematics|Mathematics]] a ''curve'' (of [[w:en:Latin|lat.]] 'curvus'' 'bent, curved') is a [[w:en:Dimension (mathematics)|eindimensionales]] [[w:en:Mathematical object|object]] in a two-dimensional plane (i.e. a curve in the plane) or in a higher-dimensional space15105. ==Parameter representations== * Multidimensional analysis: A continuous mapping <math display="inline"> f:[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^n </math> is a curve in the <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. * Complex Analysis: Continuous mapping <math display="inline"> f:[a,b] \to \mathbb{C} </math> is a path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math> (see also [[w:en:Path_(topology)|path for integration]]). ==Explanatory notes== A curve/a way is a mapping. It is necessary to distinguish the track of the path or the [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image]] of a path from the mapping graph. A path is a steady mapping of a [[w:en:Interval (mathematics)|interval]] in the space considered (e.g. <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> or <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>). ===Example 1 - Plot=== [[File:Cubic_with_double_point.svg|Cubic_with_double_point.svg]] <math display="inline"> \gamma_{1} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2, </math> <math display="inline"> t\mapsto \gamma_1(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big) </math> ===EXAMPLE 1 Curve as a solution of an algebraic equation=== <table> <tr> <td> [[File:Cubic with double point.svg|150px|Cubic with double point]] </td> <td vslign="top"> <math> \gamma_{1} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2,</math> <math> t\mapsto \gamma_1(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big)</math> resp. <math>y^2 = x^2 (x+1)</math>. Determine for the curve all <math display="inline"> (t_1,t_2) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> with <math display="inline"> \gamma_1(t_1)=\gamma_1(t_2) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> </td></tr></table> ===Examples 2=== The mapping * <math display="inline"> \widetilde{\gamma_2} \colon [ 0,2\pi ) \to \mathbb{R}^2,\quad t\mapsto \widetilde{\gamma_2}(t) =(\cos t,\sin t) </math> describes the [[w:en:Unit circle|Unit circle]] in the plane <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math>. * <math display="inline"> \gamma_2 \colon [ 0,2\pi ) \to \mathbb{C},\quad t\mapsto \gamma_2(t) = \cos (t) + i\sin (t) </math> describes the [[w:en:Unit circle|Unit circle]] in the Gaussian number level <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>. ===Examples 3=== The mapping : <math display="inline"> \gamma_{3} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2,\quad t\mapsto \gamma_3(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big) </math> describes a curve with a simple double point at <math display="inline"> (0,0) </math>, corresponding to the parameter values <math display="inline"> t=1 </math> and <math display="inline"> t=-1 </math>. ===Direction=== As a result of the parameter representation, the curve receives a ''directional direction'' in the direction of increasing parameter.<ref name="CITE1">H. Neunzert, W.G. Eschmann, A. Blickensdörfer-Ehlers, K. Schelkes: Analysis 2: Mit einer Einführung in die Vektor- und Matrizenrechnung. Ein Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch. 2. Auflage. Springer, 2013, lSBN 978-3-642-97840-1, 23.5</ref><ref name="cite2">H. Wörle, H.-J. Rumpf, J. Erven: Taschenbuch der Mathematics. 12. Auflage. Walter de Gruyter, 1994, lSBN 978-3-486-78544-9 </ref> ==Curve as Image of Path== Let <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b] \to \mathbb{C} </math> or <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b] \to \mathbb{R}^n </math> be a path. is the image of a path : <math display="inline"> Spur ( \gamma ) := \left\{ (t,\gamma(t)) \ | \ a \leq t \leq b \right\} </math>. ===Animation of the track=== [[File:Ani Hypocyloid-deltoid.gif|250px|Animation: Abrollkurve]] ==Curves in Geogebra== First create a slider for the variable <math display="inline"> t\in [0,2\pi] </math> and two points <math display="inline"> K_1=(2 \cos(t), 2 \sin(t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> or <math display="inline"> K_2=(\cos(3 t), \sin(3t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> and generate with <math display="inline"> K := K_1 + K_2 </math> the sum of both location vectors of <math display="inline"> K_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> K_2 </math>. Analyze the parameterization of the curves. Geogebra: <pre> K_1:(2*cos(t),2 * sin(t)) K_2: (cos(3*t),sin(3*t)) </code>, <pre><code> K: K_1+K_2 </pre> :<math display="block"> \gamma_4(t):= (2 \cos(t), 2 \sin(t)) + (\cos(3 t), \sin(3t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> See also [https://www.geogebra.org/m/ppuvs3ge interaktive Exampe in Geogebra] ==Equation representations== A curve can also be described by one or more equations in the coordinates. The solution of the equations represents the curve: * The equation <math display="inline"> x^2+y^2=1 </math> describes the unit circle in the plane. * The equation <math display="inline"> y^2=x^2(x+1) </math> describes the curve indicated above in parameter representation with double point. If the equation is given by a [[w:en:w:en:w:en:Polynomialialialial|w:en:w:en:Polynomialialialial]], the curve is called ''[[w:en:Algebraic curve|algebraisch]]'. == Graph of a function== [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph of a functionen]] are a special case of the two forms indicated above: The graph of a function : <math display="inline"> f \colon D\to\mathbb{R},\quad x\mapsto f(x) </math> can be either as a parameter representation <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon D \to \mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) \} </math> or as equation <math display="inline"> y=f(x) </math>, wherein the solution quantity of the equation represents the curve by <math display="inline"> \{ (x,y) \in \mathbb R^2\mid y=f(x) \} </math>. If the [[w:en:Mathematics education|Mathematics Education]] of [[w:en:w:en:Curve sketching|w:en:Curve sketching]] is spoken, this special case is usually only said. ==Closed curves== Closed curves <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> are continuous mappings with <math display="inline"> \gamma(a) = \gamma(b) </math>. In the function theory, we need curves <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> in <math display="inline"> \mathbb C </math>, which can be continuously differentiated. These are called integration paths. ===Number of circulations in the complex numbers=== Smooth closed curves can be assigned a further number, the [[w:en:Winding number|Umlaufzahl]], which curve is parameterized according to the arc curve <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> by :<math display="block"> \mu(\gamma,z):= \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_\gamma \frac{1}{\xi - z}\,d\xi := \int_a^b \frac{1}{\gamma(t) - z}\cdot \gamma'(t)\,dt </math> is given. The [[w:en:Umlaufsatz|Umlaufsatz]] analogously to a curve in <math display="inline"> R^2 </math>, states that a simple closed curve has the number of revolutions <math display="inline"> 1 </math> or <math display="inline"> -1 </math>. ==Curves as independent object== Curves without surrounding space are relatively uninteresting in the [[w:en:Differential geometry|Differential geometry]] because each one-dimensional [[w:en:Manifold|Manifold]] [[w:en:w:en:Diffeomorphism|diffeomorph]] for real straight lines <math display="inline"> \mathbb R </math> or for the unit circle line <math display="inline"> S^1 </math>. Also properties such as the [[w:en:Curvature|Curvature]] of a curve cannot be determined intrinsically. In the [[w:en:Algebraic geometry|algebraischen Geometrie]] and associated in the [[w:en:Complex Analysis|komplexen Analysis]], “curves” are generally understood as one-dimensional [[w:en:w:en:complex manifold|w:en:complex manifold]]en, often also referred to as [[w:en:Riemann surface|Riemann surface]]. These curves are independent study objects, the most prominent example being the [[w:en:Elliptic curve|elliptischen Kurven]]. ''See' [[w:en:Algebraic geometry|Curve (algebraic geometry)]] ==Historical== The first book of [[w:en:w:en:Euclid's Elements|Elemente]] of [[w:en:Euclid|Euclid]] began with the definition : ''A point is what has no parts. A curve is a length without width.'' This definition can no longer be maintained today, as there are, for example, [[w:en:Peano curve|Peano-curven]], i.e., continuous [[w:en:surjective|surjectivee]] mappings <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math>, which fill the entire plane <math display="inline"> \mathbb R^2 </math>. On the other hand, it follows from [[w:en:Sard's theorem|Sard's theorem]] that each differentiable curve has the area content zero, i.e. actually as required by Euclid 'no width'. ==Interactive display of curves in geogebra== * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/e3hhdrvq Tangentialvektor einer Kurve] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> for a curve <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math> with tangential vector <math display="inline"> \gamma':[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math> * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/srmgcsZX Abrollkurven Fahrradreflektoren] as an example of curves - [[w:en:Cycloid|Cyclone]] * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/ppuvs3ge Abrollkurve für Beispiel 2] ==See also== * [[w:en:Curve|curve in a vector spacen]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> * [[Wikipedia:de:Kategorie:Kurve (Geometrie)|Kurven in der Geometrie]] * [[w:en:Curvature|Differenzierbare Kurven, Curvature]] * [[w:en:Cycloid|Cyclone]] ==Literature== * Ethan D. Bloch: ''A First Course in Geometric Topology and Differential Geometry'. Birkhäuser, Boston 1997. * Wilhelm Klingenberg: ''A Course in Differential Geometry'. Springer, New York 1978. ==Individual evidence== <references /> ==Web links== {Commonscat|Curves|Kurven} {Wiktionary|Kurve} == Page Information == === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[v:de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven|Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven * Date: 12/2/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven" srclang="de" date="12/2/2024" time="17:45" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven]]</noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Complex Analysis/Curves]]</noinclude> --> syo101nhsbj4pvbqd58t7tkc4jlf4f0 2690001 2690000 2024-12-02T17:14:12Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* See also */ 2690001 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== In the [[w:en:Mathematics|Mathematics]] a ''curve'' (of [[w:en:Latin|lat.]] 'curvus'' 'bent, curved') is a [[w:en:Dimension (mathematics)|eindimensionales]] [[w:en:Mathematical object|object]] in a two-dimensional plane (i.e. a curve in the plane) or in a higher-dimensional space15105. ==Parameter representations== * Multidimensional analysis: A continuous mapping <math display="inline"> f:[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^n </math> is a curve in the <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. * Complex Analysis: Continuous mapping <math display="inline"> f:[a,b] \to \mathbb{C} </math> is a path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math> (see also [[w:en:Path_(topology)|path for integration]]). ==Explanatory notes== A curve/a way is a mapping. It is necessary to distinguish the track of the path or the [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image]] of a path from the mapping graph. A path is a steady mapping of a [[w:en:Interval (mathematics)|interval]] in the space considered (e.g. <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> or <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>). ===Example 1 - Plot=== [[File:Cubic_with_double_point.svg|Cubic_with_double_point.svg]] <math display="inline"> \gamma_{1} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2, </math> <math display="inline"> t\mapsto \gamma_1(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big) </math> ===EXAMPLE 1 Curve as a solution of an algebraic equation=== <table> <tr> <td> [[File:Cubic with double point.svg|150px|Cubic with double point]] </td> <td vslign="top"> <math> \gamma_{1} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2,</math> <math> t\mapsto \gamma_1(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big)</math> resp. <math>y^2 = x^2 (x+1)</math>. Determine for the curve all <math display="inline"> (t_1,t_2) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> with <math display="inline"> \gamma_1(t_1)=\gamma_1(t_2) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> </td></tr></table> ===Examples 2=== The mapping * <math display="inline"> \widetilde{\gamma_2} \colon [ 0,2\pi ) \to \mathbb{R}^2,\quad t\mapsto \widetilde{\gamma_2}(t) =(\cos t,\sin t) </math> describes the [[w:en:Unit circle|Unit circle]] in the plane <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math>. * <math display="inline"> \gamma_2 \colon [ 0,2\pi ) \to \mathbb{C},\quad t\mapsto \gamma_2(t) = \cos (t) + i\sin (t) </math> describes the [[w:en:Unit circle|Unit circle]] in the Gaussian number level <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>. ===Examples 3=== The mapping : <math display="inline"> \gamma_{3} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2,\quad t\mapsto \gamma_3(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big) </math> describes a curve with a simple double point at <math display="inline"> (0,0) </math>, corresponding to the parameter values <math display="inline"> t=1 </math> and <math display="inline"> t=-1 </math>. ===Direction=== As a result of the parameter representation, the curve receives a ''directional direction'' in the direction of increasing parameter.<ref name="CITE1">H. Neunzert, W.G. Eschmann, A. Blickensdörfer-Ehlers, K. Schelkes: Analysis 2: Mit einer Einführung in die Vektor- und Matrizenrechnung. Ein Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch. 2. Auflage. Springer, 2013, lSBN 978-3-642-97840-1, 23.5</ref><ref name="cite2">H. Wörle, H.-J. Rumpf, J. Erven: Taschenbuch der Mathematics. 12. Auflage. Walter de Gruyter, 1994, lSBN 978-3-486-78544-9 </ref> ==Curve as Image of Path== Let <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b] \to \mathbb{C} </math> or <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b] \to \mathbb{R}^n </math> be a path. is the image of a path : <math display="inline"> Spur ( \gamma ) := \left\{ (t,\gamma(t)) \ | \ a \leq t \leq b \right\} </math>. ===Animation of the track=== [[File:Ani Hypocyloid-deltoid.gif|250px|Animation: Abrollkurve]] ==Curves in Geogebra== First create a slider for the variable <math display="inline"> t\in [0,2\pi] </math> and two points <math display="inline"> K_1=(2 \cos(t), 2 \sin(t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> or <math display="inline"> K_2=(\cos(3 t), \sin(3t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> and generate with <math display="inline"> K := K_1 + K_2 </math> the sum of both location vectors of <math display="inline"> K_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> K_2 </math>. Analyze the parameterization of the curves. Geogebra: <pre> K_1:(2*cos(t),2 * sin(t)) K_2: (cos(3*t),sin(3*t)) </code>, <pre><code> K: K_1+K_2 </pre> :<math display="block"> \gamma_4(t):= (2 \cos(t), 2 \sin(t)) + (\cos(3 t), \sin(3t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> See also [https://www.geogebra.org/m/ppuvs3ge interaktive Exampe in Geogebra] ==Equation representations== A curve can also be described by one or more equations in the coordinates. The solution of the equations represents the curve: * The equation <math display="inline"> x^2+y^2=1 </math> describes the unit circle in the plane. * The equation <math display="inline"> y^2=x^2(x+1) </math> describes the curve indicated above in parameter representation with double point. If the equation is given by a [[w:en:w:en:w:en:Polynomialialialial|w:en:w:en:Polynomialialialial]], the curve is called ''[[w:en:Algebraic curve|algebraisch]]'. == Graph of a function== [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph of a functionen]] are a special case of the two forms indicated above: The graph of a function : <math display="inline"> f \colon D\to\mathbb{R},\quad x\mapsto f(x) </math> can be either as a parameter representation <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon D \to \mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) \} </math> or as equation <math display="inline"> y=f(x) </math>, wherein the solution quantity of the equation represents the curve by <math display="inline"> \{ (x,y) \in \mathbb R^2\mid y=f(x) \} </math>. If the [[w:en:Mathematics education|Mathematics Education]] of [[w:en:w:en:Curve sketching|w:en:Curve sketching]] is spoken, this special case is usually only said. ==Closed curves== Closed curves <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> are continuous mappings with <math display="inline"> \gamma(a) = \gamma(b) </math>. In the function theory, we need curves <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> in <math display="inline"> \mathbb C </math>, which can be continuously differentiated. These are called integration paths. ===Number of circulations in the complex numbers=== Smooth closed curves can be assigned a further number, the [[w:en:Winding number|Umlaufzahl]], which curve is parameterized according to the arc curve <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> by :<math display="block"> \mu(\gamma,z):= \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_\gamma \frac{1}{\xi - z}\,d\xi := \int_a^b \frac{1}{\gamma(t) - z}\cdot \gamma'(t)\,dt </math> is given. The [[w:en:Umlaufsatz|Umlaufsatz]] analogously to a curve in <math display="inline"> R^2 </math>, states that a simple closed curve has the number of revolutions <math display="inline"> 1 </math> or <math display="inline"> -1 </math>. ==Curves as independent object== Curves without surrounding space are relatively uninteresting in the [[w:en:Differential geometry|Differential geometry]] because each one-dimensional [[w:en:Manifold|Manifold]] [[w:en:w:en:Diffeomorphism|diffeomorph]] for real straight lines <math display="inline"> \mathbb R </math> or for the unit circle line <math display="inline"> S^1 </math>. Also properties such as the [[w:en:Curvature|Curvature]] of a curve cannot be determined intrinsically. In the [[w:en:Algebraic geometry|algebraischen Geometrie]] and associated in the [[w:en:Complex Analysis|komplexen Analysis]], “curves” are generally understood as one-dimensional [[w:en:w:en:complex manifold|w:en:complex manifold]]en, often also referred to as [[w:en:Riemann surface|Riemann surface]]. These curves are independent study objects, the most prominent example being the [[w:en:Elliptic curve|elliptischen Kurven]]. ''See' [[w:en:Algebraic geometry|Curve (algebraic geometry)]] ==Historical== The first book of [[w:en:w:en:Euclid's Elements|Elemente]] of [[w:en:Euclid|Euclid]] began with the definition : ''A point is what has no parts. A curve is a length without width.'' This definition can no longer be maintained today, as there are, for example, [[w:en:Peano curve|Peano-curven]], i.e., continuous [[w:en:surjective|surjectivee]] mappings <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math>, which fill the entire plane <math display="inline"> \mathbb R^2 </math>. On the other hand, it follows from [[w:en:Sard's theorem|Sard's theorem]] that each differentiable curve has the area content zero, i.e. actually as required by Euclid 'no width'. ==Interactive display of curves in geogebra== * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/e3hhdrvq Tangentialvektor einer Kurve] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> for a curve <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math> with tangential vector <math display="inline"> \gamma':[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math> * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/srmgcsZX Abrollkurven Fahrradreflektoren] as an example of curves - [[w:en:Cycloid|Cyclone]] * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/ppuvs3ge Abrollkurve für Beispiel 2] ==See also== * [[w:en:Curve|curve in a vector space]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> * [[Wikipedia:de:Kategorie:Kurve (Geometrie)|Kurven in der Geometrie]] * [[w:en:Curvature|Differenzierbare Kurven, Curvature]] * [[w:en:Cycloid|Cyclone]] ==Literature== * Ethan D. Bloch: ''A First Course in Geometric Topology and Differential Geometry'. Birkhäuser, Boston 1997. * Wilhelm Klingenberg: ''A Course in Differential Geometry'. Springer, New York 1978. ==Individual evidence== <references /> ==Web links== {Commonscat|Curves|Kurven} {Wiktionary|Kurve} == Page Information == === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[v:de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven|Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven * Date: 12/2/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven" srclang="de" date="12/2/2024" time="17:45" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven]]</noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Complex Analysis/Curves]]</noinclude> --> p2m9rw1p7as11mitxs3kwwkp5reoqjj 2690059 2690001 2024-12-03T06:07:02Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* See also */ 2690059 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== In the [[w:en:Mathematics|Mathematics]] a ''curve'' (of [[w:en:Latin|lat.]] 'curvus'' 'bent, curved') is a [[w:en:Dimension (mathematics)|eindimensionales]] [[w:en:Mathematical object|object]] in a two-dimensional plane (i.e. a curve in the plane) or in a higher-dimensional space15105. ==Parameter representations== * Multidimensional analysis: A continuous mapping <math display="inline"> f:[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^n </math> is a curve in the <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. * Complex Analysis: Continuous mapping <math display="inline"> f:[a,b] \to \mathbb{C} </math> is a path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math> (see also [[w:en:Path_(topology)|path for integration]]). ==Explanatory notes== A curve/a way is a mapping. It is necessary to distinguish the track of the path or the [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image]] of a path from the mapping graph. A path is a steady mapping of a [[w:en:Interval (mathematics)|interval]] in the space considered (e.g. <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> or <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>). ===Example 1 - Plot=== [[File:Cubic_with_double_point.svg|Cubic_with_double_point.svg]] <math display="inline"> \gamma_{1} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2, </math> <math display="inline"> t\mapsto \gamma_1(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big) </math> ===EXAMPLE 1 Curve as a solution of an algebraic equation=== <table> <tr> <td> [[File:Cubic with double point.svg|150px|Cubic with double point]] </td> <td vslign="top"> <math> \gamma_{1} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2,</math> <math> t\mapsto \gamma_1(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big)</math> resp. <math>y^2 = x^2 (x+1)</math>. Determine for the curve all <math display="inline"> (t_1,t_2) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> with <math display="inline"> \gamma_1(t_1)=\gamma_1(t_2) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> </td></tr></table> ===Examples 2=== The mapping * <math display="inline"> \widetilde{\gamma_2} \colon [ 0,2\pi ) \to \mathbb{R}^2,\quad t\mapsto \widetilde{\gamma_2}(t) =(\cos t,\sin t) </math> describes the [[w:en:Unit circle|Unit circle]] in the plane <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math>. * <math display="inline"> \gamma_2 \colon [ 0,2\pi ) \to \mathbb{C},\quad t\mapsto \gamma_2(t) = \cos (t) + i\sin (t) </math> describes the [[w:en:Unit circle|Unit circle]] in the Gaussian number level <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>. ===Examples 3=== The mapping : <math display="inline"> \gamma_{3} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2,\quad t\mapsto \gamma_3(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big) </math> describes a curve with a simple double point at <math display="inline"> (0,0) </math>, corresponding to the parameter values <math display="inline"> t=1 </math> and <math display="inline"> t=-1 </math>. ===Direction=== As a result of the parameter representation, the curve receives a ''directional direction'' in the direction of increasing parameter.<ref name="CITE1">H. Neunzert, W.G. Eschmann, A. Blickensdörfer-Ehlers, K. Schelkes: Analysis 2: Mit einer Einführung in die Vektor- und Matrizenrechnung. Ein Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch. 2. Auflage. Springer, 2013, lSBN 978-3-642-97840-1, 23.5</ref><ref name="cite2">H. Wörle, H.-J. Rumpf, J. Erven: Taschenbuch der Mathematics. 12. Auflage. Walter de Gruyter, 1994, lSBN 978-3-486-78544-9 </ref> ==Curve as Image of Path== Let <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b] \to \mathbb{C} </math> or <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b] \to \mathbb{R}^n </math> be a path. is the image of a path : <math display="inline"> Spur ( \gamma ) := \left\{ (t,\gamma(t)) \ | \ a \leq t \leq b \right\} </math>. ===Animation of the track=== [[File:Ani Hypocyloid-deltoid.gif|250px|Animation: Abrollkurve]] ==Curves in Geogebra== First create a slider for the variable <math display="inline"> t\in [0,2\pi] </math> and two points <math display="inline"> K_1=(2 \cos(t), 2 \sin(t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> or <math display="inline"> K_2=(\cos(3 t), \sin(3t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> and generate with <math display="inline"> K := K_1 + K_2 </math> the sum of both location vectors of <math display="inline"> K_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> K_2 </math>. Analyze the parameterization of the curves. Geogebra: <pre> K_1:(2*cos(t),2 * sin(t)) K_2: (cos(3*t),sin(3*t)) </code>, <pre><code> K: K_1+K_2 </pre> :<math display="block"> \gamma_4(t):= (2 \cos(t), 2 \sin(t)) + (\cos(3 t), \sin(3t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> See also [https://www.geogebra.org/m/ppuvs3ge interaktive Exampe in Geogebra] ==Equation representations== A curve can also be described by one or more equations in the coordinates. The solution of the equations represents the curve: * The equation <math display="inline"> x^2+y^2=1 </math> describes the unit circle in the plane. * The equation <math display="inline"> y^2=x^2(x+1) </math> describes the curve indicated above in parameter representation with double point. If the equation is given by a [[w:en:w:en:w:en:Polynomialialialial|w:en:w:en:Polynomialialialial]], the curve is called ''[[w:en:Algebraic curve|algebraisch]]'. == Graph of a function== [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph of a functionen]] are a special case of the two forms indicated above: The graph of a function : <math display="inline"> f \colon D\to\mathbb{R},\quad x\mapsto f(x) </math> can be either as a parameter representation <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon D \to \mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) \} </math> or as equation <math display="inline"> y=f(x) </math>, wherein the solution quantity of the equation represents the curve by <math display="inline"> \{ (x,y) \in \mathbb R^2\mid y=f(x) \} </math>. If the [[w:en:Mathematics education|Mathematics Education]] of [[w:en:w:en:Curve sketching|w:en:Curve sketching]] is spoken, this special case is usually only said. ==Closed curves== Closed curves <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> are continuous mappings with <math display="inline"> \gamma(a) = \gamma(b) </math>. In the function theory, we need curves <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> in <math display="inline"> \mathbb C </math>, which can be continuously differentiated. These are called integration paths. ===Number of circulations in the complex numbers=== Smooth closed curves can be assigned a further number, the [[w:en:Winding number|Umlaufzahl]], which curve is parameterized according to the arc curve <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> by :<math display="block"> \mu(\gamma,z):= \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_\gamma \frac{1}{\xi - z}\,d\xi := \int_a^b \frac{1}{\gamma(t) - z}\cdot \gamma'(t)\,dt </math> is given. The [[w:en:Umlaufsatz|Umlaufsatz]] analogously to a curve in <math display="inline"> R^2 </math>, states that a simple closed curve has the number of revolutions <math display="inline"> 1 </math> or <math display="inline"> -1 </math>. ==Curves as independent object== Curves without surrounding space are relatively uninteresting in the [[w:en:Differential geometry|Differential geometry]] because each one-dimensional [[w:en:Manifold|Manifold]] [[w:en:w:en:Diffeomorphism|diffeomorph]] for real straight lines <math display="inline"> \mathbb R </math> or for the unit circle line <math display="inline"> S^1 </math>. Also properties such as the [[w:en:Curvature|Curvature]] of a curve cannot be determined intrinsically. In the [[w:en:Algebraic geometry|algebraischen Geometrie]] and associated in the [[w:en:Complex Analysis|komplexen Analysis]], “curves” are generally understood as one-dimensional [[w:en:w:en:complex manifold|w:en:complex manifold]]en, often also referred to as [[w:en:Riemann surface|Riemann surface]]. These curves are independent study objects, the most prominent example being the [[w:en:Elliptic curve|elliptischen Kurven]]. ''See' [[w:en:Algebraic geometry|Curve (algebraic geometry)]] ==Historical== The first book of [[w:en:w:en:Euclid's Elements|Elemente]] of [[w:en:Euclid|Euclid]] began with the definition : ''A point is what has no parts. A curve is a length without width.'' This definition can no longer be maintained today, as there are, for example, [[w:en:Peano curve|Peano-curven]], i.e., continuous [[w:en:surjective|surjectivee]] mappings <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math>, which fill the entire plane <math display="inline"> \mathbb R^2 </math>. On the other hand, it follows from [[w:en:Sard's theorem|Sard's theorem]] that each differentiable curve has the area content zero, i.e. actually as required by Euclid 'no width'. ==Interactive display of curves in geogebra== * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/e3hhdrvq Tangentialvektor einer Kurve] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> for a curve <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math> with tangential vector <math display="inline"> \gamma':[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math> * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/srmgcsZX Abrollkurven Fahrradreflektoren] as an example of curves - [[w:en:Cycloid|Cyclone]] * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/ppuvs3ge Abrollkurve für Beispiel 2] ==See also== * [[w:en:Curve|curve in a vector space]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> * [[w:en:Curvature|Curvature]] * [[w:en:Cycloid|Cycloid]] ==Literature== * Ethan D. Bloch: ''A First Course in Geometric Topology and Differential Geometry'. Birkhäuser, Boston 1997. * Wilhelm Klingenberg: ''A Course in Differential Geometry'. Springer, New York 1978. ==Individual evidence== <references /> ==Web links== {Commonscat|Curves|Kurven} {Wiktionary|Kurve} == Page Information == === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[v:de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven|Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven * Date: 12/2/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven" srclang="de" date="12/2/2024" time="17:45" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven]]</noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Complex Analysis/Curves]]</noinclude> --> 5npkgnryky53142pe6kw67ccxohf6pa 2690064 2690059 2024-12-03T06:20:52Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Interactive display of curves in geogebra */ 2690064 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== In the [[w:en:Mathematics|Mathematics]] a ''curve'' (of [[w:en:Latin|lat.]] 'curvus'' 'bent, curved') is a [[w:en:Dimension (mathematics)|eindimensionales]] [[w:en:Mathematical object|object]] in a two-dimensional plane (i.e. a curve in the plane) or in a higher-dimensional space15105. ==Parameter representations== * Multidimensional analysis: A continuous mapping <math display="inline"> f:[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^n </math> is a curve in the <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. * Complex Analysis: Continuous mapping <math display="inline"> f:[a,b] \to \mathbb{C} </math> is a path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math> (see also [[w:en:Path_(topology)|path for integration]]). ==Explanatory notes== A curve/a way is a mapping. It is necessary to distinguish the track of the path or the [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image]] of a path from the mapping graph. A path is a steady mapping of a [[w:en:Interval (mathematics)|interval]] in the space considered (e.g. <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> or <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>). ===Example 1 - Plot=== [[File:Cubic_with_double_point.svg|Cubic_with_double_point.svg]] <math display="inline"> \gamma_{1} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2, </math> <math display="inline"> t\mapsto \gamma_1(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big) </math> ===EXAMPLE 1 Curve as a solution of an algebraic equation=== <table> <tr> <td> [[File:Cubic with double point.svg|150px|Cubic with double point]] </td> <td vslign="top"> <math> \gamma_{1} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2,</math> <math> t\mapsto \gamma_1(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big)</math> resp. <math>y^2 = x^2 (x+1)</math>. Determine for the curve all <math display="inline"> (t_1,t_2) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> with <math display="inline"> \gamma_1(t_1)=\gamma_1(t_2) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> </td></tr></table> ===Examples 2=== The mapping * <math display="inline"> \widetilde{\gamma_2} \colon [ 0,2\pi ) \to \mathbb{R}^2,\quad t\mapsto \widetilde{\gamma_2}(t) =(\cos t,\sin t) </math> describes the [[w:en:Unit circle|Unit circle]] in the plane <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math>. * <math display="inline"> \gamma_2 \colon [ 0,2\pi ) \to \mathbb{C},\quad t\mapsto \gamma_2(t) = \cos (t) + i\sin (t) </math> describes the [[w:en:Unit circle|Unit circle]] in the Gaussian number level <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>. ===Examples 3=== The mapping : <math display="inline"> \gamma_{3} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2,\quad t\mapsto \gamma_3(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big) </math> describes a curve with a simple double point at <math display="inline"> (0,0) </math>, corresponding to the parameter values <math display="inline"> t=1 </math> and <math display="inline"> t=-1 </math>. ===Direction=== As a result of the parameter representation, the curve receives a ''directional direction'' in the direction of increasing parameter.<ref name="CITE1">H. Neunzert, W.G. Eschmann, A. Blickensdörfer-Ehlers, K. Schelkes: Analysis 2: Mit einer Einführung in die Vektor- und Matrizenrechnung. Ein Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch. 2. Auflage. Springer, 2013, lSBN 978-3-642-97840-1, 23.5</ref><ref name="cite2">H. Wörle, H.-J. Rumpf, J. Erven: Taschenbuch der Mathematics. 12. Auflage. Walter de Gruyter, 1994, lSBN 978-3-486-78544-9 </ref> ==Curve as Image of Path== Let <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b] \to \mathbb{C} </math> or <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b] \to \mathbb{R}^n </math> be a path. is the image of a path : <math display="inline"> Spur ( \gamma ) := \left\{ (t,\gamma(t)) \ | \ a \leq t \leq b \right\} </math>. ===Animation of the track=== [[File:Ani Hypocyloid-deltoid.gif|250px|Animation: Abrollkurve]] ==Curves in Geogebra== First create a slider for the variable <math display="inline"> t\in [0,2\pi] </math> and two points <math display="inline"> K_1=(2 \cos(t), 2 \sin(t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> or <math display="inline"> K_2=(\cos(3 t), \sin(3t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> and generate with <math display="inline"> K := K_1 + K_2 </math> the sum of both location vectors of <math display="inline"> K_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> K_2 </math>. Analyze the parameterization of the curves. Geogebra: <pre> K_1:(2*cos(t),2 * sin(t)) K_2: (cos(3*t),sin(3*t)) </code>, <pre><code> K: K_1+K_2 </pre> :<math display="block"> \gamma_4(t):= (2 \cos(t), 2 \sin(t)) + (\cos(3 t), \sin(3t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> See also [https://www.geogebra.org/m/ppuvs3ge interaktive Exampe in Geogebra] ==Equation representations== A curve can also be described by one or more equations in the coordinates. The solution of the equations represents the curve: * The equation <math display="inline"> x^2+y^2=1 </math> describes the unit circle in the plane. * The equation <math display="inline"> y^2=x^2(x+1) </math> describes the curve indicated above in parameter representation with double point. If the equation is given by a [[w:en:w:en:w:en:Polynomialialialial|w:en:w:en:Polynomialialialial]], the curve is called ''[[w:en:Algebraic curve|algebraisch]]'. == Graph of a function== [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph of a functionen]] are a special case of the two forms indicated above: The graph of a function : <math display="inline"> f \colon D\to\mathbb{R},\quad x\mapsto f(x) </math> can be either as a parameter representation <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon D \to \mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) \} </math> or as equation <math display="inline"> y=f(x) </math>, wherein the solution quantity of the equation represents the curve by <math display="inline"> \{ (x,y) \in \mathbb R^2\mid y=f(x) \} </math>. If the [[w:en:Mathematics education|Mathematics Education]] of [[w:en:w:en:Curve sketching|w:en:Curve sketching]] is spoken, this special case is usually only said. ==Closed curves== Closed curves <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> are continuous mappings with <math display="inline"> \gamma(a) = \gamma(b) </math>. In the function theory, we need curves <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> in <math display="inline"> \mathbb C </math>, which can be continuously differentiated. These are called integration paths. ===Number of circulations in the complex numbers=== Smooth closed curves can be assigned a further number, the [[w:en:Winding number|Umlaufzahl]], which curve is parameterized according to the arc curve <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> by :<math display="block"> \mu(\gamma,z):= \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_\gamma \frac{1}{\xi - z}\,d\xi := \int_a^b \frac{1}{\gamma(t) - z}\cdot \gamma'(t)\,dt </math> is given. The [[w:en:Umlaufsatz|Umlaufsatz]] analogously to a curve in <math display="inline"> R^2 </math>, states that a simple closed curve has the number of revolutions <math display="inline"> 1 </math> or <math display="inline"> -1 </math>. ==Curves as independent object== Curves without surrounding space are relatively uninteresting in the [[w:en:Differential geometry|Differential geometry]] because each one-dimensional [[w:en:Manifold|Manifold]] [[w:en:w:en:Diffeomorphism|diffeomorph]] for real straight lines <math display="inline"> \mathbb R </math> or for the unit circle line <math display="inline"> S^1 </math>. Also properties such as the [[w:en:Curvature|Curvature]] of a curve cannot be determined intrinsically. In the [[w:en:Algebraic geometry|algebraischen Geometrie]] and associated in the [[w:en:Complex Analysis|komplexen Analysis]], “curves” are generally understood as one-dimensional [[w:en:w:en:complex manifold|w:en:complex manifold]]en, often also referred to as [[w:en:Riemann surface|Riemann surface]]. These curves are independent study objects, the most prominent example being the [[w:en:Elliptic curve|elliptischen Kurven]]. ''See' [[w:en:Algebraic geometry|Curve (algebraic geometry)]] ==Historical== The first book of [[w:en:w:en:Euclid's Elements|Elemente]] of [[w:en:Euclid|Euclid]] began with the definition : ''A point is what has no parts. A curve is a length without width.'' This definition can no longer be maintained today, as there are, for example, [[w:en:Peano curve|Peano-curven]], i.e., continuous [[w:en:surjective|surjectivee]] mappings <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math>, which fill the entire plane <math display="inline"> \mathbb R^2 </math>. On the other hand, it follows from [[w:en:Sard's theorem|Sard's theorem]] that each differentiable curve has the area content zero, i.e. actually as required by Euclid 'no width'. ==Interactive display of curves in geogebra== * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/e3hhdrvq Tangent vector] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> for a [[w:en:Path (topology)|path]] <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math> with a tangent vector <math display="inline"> \gamma'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> defined by the derivation <math display="inline"> \gamma':[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^2 </math> * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/srmgcsZX Curves created by reflector on wheels of a bicycle] as an example of curves - [[w:en:Cycloid|Cycloid]] * [https://www.geogebra.org/m/ppuvs3ge Example of Roulette curves] - see also [[w:en:Roulette (curve)|Roulette (curve)]] ==See also== * [[w:en:Curve|curve in a vector space]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> * [[w:en:Curvature|Curvature]] * [[w:en:Cycloid|Cycloid]] ==Literature== * Ethan D. Bloch: ''A First Course in Geometric Topology and Differential Geometry'. Birkhäuser, Boston 1997. * Wilhelm Klingenberg: ''A Course in Differential Geometry'. Springer, New York 1978. ==Individual evidence== <references /> ==Web links== {Commonscat|Curves|Kurven} {Wiktionary|Kurve} == Page Information == === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[v:de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven|Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven * Date: 12/2/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven" srclang="de" date="12/2/2024" time="17:45" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Kurven]]</noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Complex Analysis/Curves]]</noinclude> --> mun236mlfuf5bdnmoophzvsjaeuanv8 0 316908 2690004 2024-12-02T19:42:17Z 137.75.80.56 Created entry 2690004 wikitext text/x-wiki The Coolidge effect is a biological phenomenon that describes how a male's sexual interest is renewed when presented with a new sexual partner: '''Explanation''' The Coolidge effect refers to the decrease in a male's refractory period, or the time between sexual encounters, when a new female is introduced. This is due to the tolerance that builds up from repeated sexual encounters with the same female. '''Etymology''' The Coolidge effect is named after an anecdote about President Calvin Coolidge and his wife. The story goes that while touring a chicken farm, Mrs. Coolidge was impressed by a rooster that mated with every hen it saw. When she asked the farmer how long the rooster could keep up this behavior, he replied "all day long". When President Coolidge came by, the farmer told him what Mrs. Coolidge had asked, and President Coolidge asked if the rooster mated with the same hen all day long. The farmer replied, "No, of course not, different hens". '''Neurobiology''' The Coolidge effect involves neurobiological changes in steroid receptors and their mRNA expression in the CNS. '''Application''' The Coolidge effect can be used to explain how males can distribute sperm more evenly across multiple females. cfjuuxtjw610sbp2uvraew828tne4c9 6 316910 2690041 2024-12-03T00:16:14Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=LIB.1A: Static Libraries (20241202 - 20241201) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-02 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2690041 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=LIB.1A: Static Libraries (20241202 - 20241201) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-02 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 1dbps5fvi7ohdepzgt67gujix61f9h6 6 316911 2690053 2024-12-03T04:12:08Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=LCal.8A: Combinator (20241202 - 20241201) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-02 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2690053 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=LCal.8A: Combinator (20241202 - 20241201) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-02 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} d3ybkqts12g56gdhv8oxus000ebu2j0 6 316912 2690054 2024-12-03T04:13:04Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=LCal.9A: Recursion (20241202 - 20240418) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-02 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2690054 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=LCal.9A: Recursion (20241202 - 20240418) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-02 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} d7s4rn01vm1nx6nzl8h130ryxowcvp1 6 316913 2690056 2024-12-03T05:02:26Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=ARM.2ASM: Branch and Return Methods (20241202 - 20241201) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-02 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2690056 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=ARM.2ASM: Branch and Return Methods (20241202 - 20241201) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-02 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 6hh3uortqdqdanngxc123xmvg75dhqz 6 316914 2690061 2024-12-03T06:11:02Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Work2.1A: Packages (20241201 - 20241130) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-02 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2690061 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Work2.1A: Packages (20241201 - 20241130) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-02 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 8pc9l53z4cwpynby7j4okxv6ieo296f 6 316915 2690063 2024-12-03T06:16:42Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Work2.1A: Packages (20241202 - 20241201) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-02 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2690063 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Work2.1A: Packages (20241202 - 20241201) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-02 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} rr87wem10n63i72kep58g41z7astisc 6 316916 2690075 2024-12-03T10:15:18Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=VLSI.Arith: Carry Skip Adders 1A (20241202 - 20241130) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-03 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2690075 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=VLSI.Arith: Carry Skip Adders 1A (20241202 - 20241130) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-03 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} htryfc7jetbtmzl80ko0ehuqfhetcv3 6 316917 2690077 2024-12-03T10:16:32Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=VLSI.Arith: Carry Skip Adders 1A (20241203 - 20241202) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-03 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2690077 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=VLSI.Arith: Carry Skip Adders 1A (20241203 - 20241202) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-03 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} g8a0ukp5chk74tik9b430dxjf5mpq77 6 316918 2690084 2024-12-03T10:42:26Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=C04.SA0: Address-of and de-reference operators 1A (20241202 - 20241130) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-03 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2690084 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=C04.SA0: Address-of and de-reference operators 1A (20241202 - 20241130) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-03 |Author=Young W. 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Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2690088 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Laurent.5: Permutation 6B (20241202 - 20241130) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-03 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 3lxt2yh7rff668i6y9elrcn00nuxl01 6 316921 2690090 2024-12-03T10:54:31Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Laurent.5: Permutation 6B (20241203 - 20241202) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-03 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2690090 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Laurent.5: Permutation 6B (20241203 - 20241202) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-03 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 4lleplnyetksmr0bemnal3zvwrqbd80