Wikiversity enwikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikiversity Wikiversity talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk School School talk Portal Portal talk Topic Topic talk Collection Collection talk Draft Draft talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 0 46464 2691337 2649406 2024-12-11T02:58:11Z Jtneill 10242 Revise opening sentence with the assistance of ChatGPT: https://chatgpt.com/share/6758ffb0-6158-8008-8db7-d6afa49149df 2691337 wikitext text/x-wiki A critical understanding of '''research methods in psychology''' examines how different types of scientific [[research methods]] are used to investigate psychological phenomena and considers their benefits and limitations. ==Overview== [[File:Woman looking through magnifying glass with numbers.jpg|thumb|275px|Woman looking through magnifying glass with numbers]] [[Psychology]] is a [[w:Science|science]]. [[Psychological research]] uses the [[w:Scientific method|scientific method]] to systematically investigate and understand human experience and behaviour (Willig, 2019). The scientific method is a systematic refinement of everyday thinking (Einstein, 1936). A useful distinction is made between research which is: * [[Quantitative research|quantitative]] (using numerical data) and * [[Qualitative research|qualitative]] (using non-numerical data) research. The approaches represent two sides of the same coin. Or, as Karl Marx wrote: {{quote|Merely quantitative differences, beyond a certain point, pass into qualitative changes.<br>- Karl Marx “Capital: An abridged edition”, 1999, p. 322, OUP Oxford}} Though predating the term "qualitative research", early pioneers such as [[w:Sigmund Freud|Freud]], [[w:Carl Jung|Jung]], and [[w:Jean Piaget|Piaget]] utilised such methods in their early work (e.g., case studies) and, by doing so, provided the foundation for modern psychology (del Rio Carral & Tseliou, 2019). Since the first experimental psychology laboratory was established in 1879 by [[w:Wilhelm Wundt|Wundt]], psychological research become highly quantitative during the 20th century. During the 21st century, the methods and foci of psychological research have expanded and diversified (Nelson, 2015). Each research method has strengths and weaknesses, so the selection of which method(s) to use should depend on the aims and nature of the research question. ==List of psychological research methods== Many different research methods are used in psychological research, including: {{colbegin}} * [[Action research]] * [[w:Autoethnography|Autoenthnography]] * [[Case study in psychology]] * [[w:Content analysis|Content analysis]] * [[Correlational research]] * [[Delphi method]] * [[Discourse analysis]] * [[Ethnography]] * [[w:Experiment|Experiment]] * [[w:Exploratory research|Exploratory research]] * [[Grounded theory]] * [[Indigenous research]] * [[Meta-analysis]] * [[w:Observarational techniques|Observation]] * [[Participatory research]] * [[Qualitative research]] * [[Quantitative research]] * [[w:Quasi-experiment|Quasi-experiment]] * [[w:Randomized experiment|Randomised experiment]] * [[w:Secondary research|Secondary research]] (Wikipedia) * [[Survey research]] - [[Survey research and design in psychology]] {{colend}} ==See also== {{wikipedia|Research methods}} * [[Constructivism]] * [[Epistemology]] * [[w:List of psychological research methods|List of psychological research methods]] (Wikipedia) * [[w:Ontology|Ontology]] (Wikipedia) * [[Portal:Research]] * [[w:Positivism|Positivism]] (Wikipedia) * [[Psychological research goals]] * [[Psychological statistics]] * [[Research methods]] * [[b:Introduction to Psychology/Child and Adolescent Psychology/Research Methods|Research methods]] (Introduction to Psychology - Wikibooks) * [[w:Category:Social science methodology|Social science methodology]] (Wikipedia) * [[Statistical Analysis]] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= del Rio Carrall, M., & Tseliou, E. (2019). Mapping qualitative research in psychology across Europe: Contemporary trends. ''Qualitative Research in Psychology'', ''16''(3), 325–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2019.1605276 Einstein, A. (1936). ''Physics and reality''. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/34651272/Physics_and_Reality_by_Albert_Einstein-libre.pdf Nelson, K. (2015). Quantitative and qualitative research in psychological science. ''Biological Theory'', ''10''(3), 263–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13752-015-0216-0 Willig, C. (2019). What can qualitative psychology contribute to psychological knowledge? ''Psychological Methods'', ''24''(6), 796–804. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000218 }} ==External links== * [https://online225.psych.wisc.edu/ PSY 225: Research methods] (University of Wisconsin-Madison) * [https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/psychmethods4e/ Research methods in psychology] (Jhangiani et al., 2019) [[Category:Research methods in psychology| ]] e3zrcka9u1eu64asjbazgp63niaa5kh 2691338 2691337 2024-12-11T02:58:43Z Jtneill 10242 2691338 wikitext text/x-wiki A critical understanding of '''research methods in psychology''' examines how different types of scientific [[research methods]] are used to investigate psychological phenomena, highlightint their benefits and limitations. ==Overview== [[File:Woman looking through magnifying glass with numbers.jpg|thumb|275px|Woman looking through magnifying glass with numbers]] [[Psychology]] is a [[w:Science|science]]. [[Psychological research]] uses the [[w:Scientific method|scientific method]] to systematically investigate and understand human experience and behaviour (Willig, 2019). The scientific method is a systematic refinement of everyday thinking (Einstein, 1936). A useful distinction is made between research which is: * [[Quantitative research|quantitative]] (using numerical data) and * [[Qualitative research|qualitative]] (using non-numerical data) research. The approaches represent two sides of the same coin. Or, as Karl Marx wrote: {{quote|Merely quantitative differences, beyond a certain point, pass into qualitative changes.<br>- Karl Marx “Capital: An abridged edition”, 1999, p. 322, OUP Oxford}} Though predating the term "qualitative research", early pioneers such as [[w:Sigmund Freud|Freud]], [[w:Carl Jung|Jung]], and [[w:Jean Piaget|Piaget]] utilised such methods in their early work (e.g., case studies) and, by doing so, provided the foundation for modern psychology (del Rio Carral & Tseliou, 2019). Since the first experimental psychology laboratory was established in 1879 by [[w:Wilhelm Wundt|Wundt]], psychological research become highly quantitative during the 20th century. During the 21st century, the methods and foci of psychological research have expanded and diversified (Nelson, 2015). Each research method has strengths and weaknesses, so the selection of which method(s) to use should depend on the aims and nature of the research question. ==List of psychological research methods== Many different research methods are used in psychological research, including: {{colbegin}} * [[Action research]] * [[w:Autoethnography|Autoenthnography]] * [[Case study in psychology]] * [[w:Content analysis|Content analysis]] * [[Correlational research]] * [[Delphi method]] * [[Discourse analysis]] * [[Ethnography]] * [[w:Experiment|Experiment]] * [[w:Exploratory research|Exploratory research]] * [[Grounded theory]] * [[Indigenous research]] * [[Meta-analysis]] * [[w:Observarational techniques|Observation]] * [[Participatory research]] * [[Qualitative research]] * [[Quantitative research]] * [[w:Quasi-experiment|Quasi-experiment]] * [[w:Randomized experiment|Randomised experiment]] * [[w:Secondary research|Secondary research]] (Wikipedia) * [[Survey research]] - [[Survey research and design in psychology]] {{colend}} ==See also== {{wikipedia|Research methods}} * [[Constructivism]] * [[Epistemology]] * [[w:List of psychological research methods|List of psychological research methods]] (Wikipedia) * [[w:Ontology|Ontology]] (Wikipedia) * [[Portal:Research]] * [[w:Positivism|Positivism]] (Wikipedia) * [[Psychological research goals]] * [[Psychological statistics]] * [[Research methods]] * [[b:Introduction to Psychology/Child and Adolescent Psychology/Research Methods|Research methods]] (Introduction to Psychology - Wikibooks) * [[w:Category:Social science methodology|Social science methodology]] (Wikipedia) * [[Statistical Analysis]] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= del Rio Carrall, M., & Tseliou, E. (2019). Mapping qualitative research in psychology across Europe: Contemporary trends. ''Qualitative Research in Psychology'', ''16''(3), 325–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2019.1605276 Einstein, A. (1936). ''Physics and reality''. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/34651272/Physics_and_Reality_by_Albert_Einstein-libre.pdf Nelson, K. (2015). Quantitative and qualitative research in psychological science. ''Biological Theory'', ''10''(3), 263–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13752-015-0216-0 Willig, C. (2019). What can qualitative psychology contribute to psychological knowledge? ''Psychological Methods'', ''24''(6), 796–804. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000218 }} ==External links== * [https://online225.psych.wisc.edu/ PSY 225: Research methods] (University of Wisconsin-Madison) * [https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/psychmethods4e/ Research methods in psychology] (Jhangiani et al., 2019) [[Category:Research methods in psychology| ]] tbo8my6h1xf5wny8dvlxg6t3ujjdhzq 0 46905 2691350 2196680 2024-12-11T08:01:48Z 92.184.117.129 /* Position */The Breton word for "low" was incorrectly written ("izhel" instead "izel"). 2691350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Breton}}{{Template:50%done}} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #c9a0dc; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | ==Brezhoneg Tri/Lesson 2== ===You will learn=== *How to ask where something is *How to tell someone where something is *How to tell someone something isn't there ===Position=== You use these to describe where an object is: {{center top}} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%" |+ Position |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Breton!! English |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|e-barzh |style="background:LightBlue"|inside |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|er-maezh |style="background:LightBlue"|outside |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|dirak |style="background:LightBlue"|in front |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|a-dreñv |style="background:LightBlue"|behind |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|e-kichen |style="background:LightBlue"|beside |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|etre |style="background:LightBlue"|between |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|e-kreiz |style="background:LightBlue"|in the center |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|aze |style="background:LightBlue"|here |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|amañ |style="background:LightBlue"|there |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|a-us |style="background:LightBlue"|above |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|en-traoñ |style="background:LightBlue"|in the bottom |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|en-nec'h |style="background:LightBlue"|in the top |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|dindan |style="background:LightBlue"|below |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|war |style="background:LightBlue"|upon |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|diwar |style="background:LightBlue"|(coming) from |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|gant |style="background:LightBlue"|with |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|digant |style="background:LightBlue"|without |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|uhel |style="background:LightBlue"|high |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|izel |style="background:LightBlue"|low |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|a-gleiz |style="background:LightBlue"|to the left |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|a-zehoù |style="background:LightBlue"|to the right |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|ouzh |style="background:LightBlue"|at |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|diouzh |style="background:LightBlue"|from |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|a-led |style="background:LightBlue"|horizontal |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|a-sonn |style="background:LightBlue"|vertical |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|eus |style="background:LightBlue"|from |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|da |style="background:LightBlue"|to |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|a-hed |style="background:LightBlue"|?? |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|war-eeun |style="background:LightBlue"|straight ahead |- |} {{center bottom}} ===Position : Questions & answers=== This is the basic format for a question:<br> '''Ez eus''' _____? - ''Is there'' ____?<br> '''Emañ''' _____? - ''Is there'' ____?<br> '''Eo''' _____? - ''Is there'' ____?<br> Eg.<br> '''Ez eus ur c'harr er karrdi?'''<br> '''Ez eus ur gador dirag an daol?'''<br> '''N'emañ ket ur c'hi en ti?'''<br> This is the basic format for a positive answer:<br> '''Ez eus, emañ _____.''' - ''There is!(=Yes), there is ____.''<br> '''Geo, emañ _____.''' - ''There is!(=Yes), there is ____.''<br> <br> Examples : '''Ez eus, emañ ur c'harr er karrdi.'''<br> '''Ez eus ur gador dirag an daol.'''<br> '''Geo, emañ ur c'hi en ti.'''<br> A negative question '''N'eus ket ... ?''' ''Isn't it?'' is answered as follows: *the positive answer is '''Geo, ...''' *the negative answer is '''N'eus ket ...'''.<br> <br> A negative question '''N'eo ket ... ?''' ''Isn't it?'' is answered as follows: *the positive answer is '''Geo, ...''' *the negative answer is '''N'eo ket ...'''.<br> <br> In the case of asking of a position. You give the position afterwards.<br> '''Eus ar c'har dirag an ti?'''<br> '''N'eus ket, n'eo ket ar c'har dirag an ti. Emañ ar c'harr er karrdi.'''<br> <br> ''Is the car in front of the house? No, the car isn't in front of the house. The car is in the garage.''<br> Note:<br> When giving answers about yourself (eg. '''Laouenn out?''' ''Are you happy?''). The positive answer is the appropriate personal form of the same verb. The negative is preceded by the negative particle '''Ne''', eg.: '''Laouenn out?''' = '''Eo, Laouenn on.''' or '''N'on ket, trist on.'''<br> <br> ==='''Geriadur''' ''Vocabulary''=== '''Emañ''' - ''there is''<br> <br> '''N'eus ket''' - ''there isn't''<br> <br> '''Eus!''' - ''There is!'' (Yes)(a)<br> <br> '''en''' - ''in the''<br> <br> '''N'eo ket ...?'''<br> ''Isn't there...?'' <br> '''Ez eus ...?''' (used with an indefinite noun)<br> ''Is there a ...?'' <br> ===Muioc'h skoueroù/More Examples=== Eg. 1.<br> '''Ez eus ur karr er karrdi?'''<br> '''Eus. Emañ ur karr er karrdi.'''<br> ''Is there a car in the garage?'' <br> ''Yes/there is. There is a car in the garage.'' Eg. 2.<br> '''Emañ ar c'haz dre an tan?'''<br> '''N'eo ket. N'emañ ket ar c'haz dre an tan. Emañ ar c'haz er kegin.'''<br> ''Is a cat by the fire?'' <br> ''No. The cat isn't by the fire. The cat is in the kitchen.''<br> Eg. 3.<br> '''Ha n'eus ket un daol en ty ker?'''<br> '''Ez eus. Emañ un daol en ty ker!'''<br> ''Isn't there a table in the town hall?''<br> ''Yes. There is a table in the town hall.''<br> ==Poelladennoù/Exercises==<br> <br> ====Poelladenn unan====<br> <br> Using vocabulary you have learnt from the previous courses, make at least 10 sentences. Form a negative and positive option for each sentence. <br> Eg.: '''Ez eus ur den er stal?'''<br> '''Eus. Emañ ur den er stal.'''<br> '''Nann. N'eus ket ur den er stal.'''<br> |} {{Template:Page Turner |PreviousLesson=Brezhoneg Daoù |PreviousPage=Brezhoneg Tri/Lesson 1 |NextPage=Brezhoneg Tri/Lesson 3 |LessonFirstPage=Brezhoneg Tri |NextLesson=Brezhoneg Pevar |FirstPage=Topic:Breton |Division=Topic:Brythonic Celtic Languages Division }} [[Category:Breton]] qguve9yz0askqghgm6th8in5epr7ul0 0 68559 2691289 2393791 2024-12-10T18:48:41Z 152.26.89.206 Added a link to the wikipedia page for the term sprites. 2691289 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Game programming''' is the branch of [[software engineering]] related to creating [[Wikipedia:video game|video games]]. It is not widely taught as a distinct career itself. Many programmers learn it themselves as a hobby, through trial-and-error, through [[Wikipedia:modding|modding]] existing games, books or via online resources. A few universities are starting to offer game development courses, however, such as [[Wikipedia:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], [[Wikipedia:University of Utah|University of Utah]] and [[Wikipedia:University of Southern California|University of Southern California]]. Some even specialize in game development, such as [[Wikipedia:Digipen|DigiPen]] and [[Wikipedia:Full Sail University|Full Sail University]]. This course will cover basic to advanced topics using the [[Wikipedia:C (programming language)|C language]] and [[Wikipedia:Simple DirectMedia Layer|SDL]]. If the reader of this course completes all the samples, they will be able to create a simple 2D game in the vein of ''[[Wikipedia:Tetris|Tetris]]'', ''[[Wikipedia:Arkanoid|Arkanoid]]'' or a game of their own design. Game programming is a specific type of software engineering and can only be learned by doing. We chose SDL as a game API because it is an easy library to work with: it is very powerful and offers almost all the features needed in a game. Other game APIs, like [[Wikipedia:DirectX|DirectX]] and [[OpenGL]], require a higher learning curve. Knowledge and experience in a programming language is expected. It is recommended that the reader understands C in an intermediate level since most articles and sample code will focus on that language. Also, it is recommended—but not required—to know something about event driven programming, such as with SDL or the [[Wikipedia:Windows API|Windows API]]. It is helpful if the reader is comfortable with some intermediate math, such as [[Wikipedia:algebra|algebra]], and some basic knowledge of [[Wikipedia:physics|physics]]. We will proceed from there and get to the programming topics related to our task: learning game programming. The art of game programming is not like playing video games; it is more exciting, said the founder of DigiPen. To become a good developer of games, first of all you should be a regular player. If you do not know the main types of games that exist you may not be able to develop a game that meets the minimum standards of quality and does not meet player's expectations. Therefore, the first step is to know which kinds of games are available to get an idea of what kind of game you are going to develop. == 2D Games == Games have become much more complex and exciting than they were in their infancy. Now most new games are some kind of three-dimensional adventure, whether they are sports games, strategy, racing, wrestling, role-playing, or puzzle. However, the knowledge that this tutorial series will give you will be useful to develop games in two dimensions (2D). To make the jump to the world of 3D games, you need to learn the techniques of 2D games first. Then you master the math knowledge required (linear algebra) and other advanced topics, not covered on this topic. However, 2D games are not entirely outdated. There will always be public for a Tetris-style game or one like Mario Brothers (maybe for a handheld console, even for the PC). The manner in which the reader can compete with the new 3D video games is by taking advantage of what people like: playability. It is incredible that relatively simple games like Space Invaders and Pacman have had people entertained for decades. By learning this series of tutorials, you may develop games like Space Invaders, Centipede, Asteroids, Pacman or, if you practiced hard enough, a game like Contra or Mario Brothers. But not without tons of work. A game programmer does not build himself from night to day, or in 21 days, like some books claim. Although most commercial top selling games are developed by a full team of designers, programmers, artists and writers, it is still possible for one person to develop a game of good quality. If you look at the credits screen of some successful games in the past, the main logic of the game was programmed by one or three people. Therefore, and based upon my personal experience (11 full games made by myself), I know that this is possible. Also, there is a big community of self-taught game programmers who make the coding just by themselves (no team). == Game libraries == And the most important thing is that nowadays it is easier to program games (relatively speaking, because any kind of software is somewhat complex). In the past, to program games for the PC you needed to be an experienced Assembler programmer (Assembler guru) to access the video card, sound and joystick through interrupts and BIOS functions. Today, there are different libraries with specialized functions that ease the development of video games; those are DirectX and SDL, mainly. You use them as you do with any other library... and Assembler knowledge is not needed. Windows operating system is sufficiently sophisticated to avoid having to use difficult functions from the past. In Windows 3.1, for example, memory management was 16-bit and, hence, in order to access the dynamic memory you could not use the classical functions called ''malloc'' and ''free''. You had to request the memory, lock it, use it and unlock it. It was a very tedious task compared with the straight use of ''malloc'' that you can make in Win32. Even if you use the Windows API functions it is a straight task. What you need to do now is to master one of these development libraries. If you plan to use DirectX, you must also have basic to advanced knowledge of Windows programming, depending on the task. If you use SDL, (what we do in these tutorials, for simplicity) you only need to learn how to handle this library. SDL encapsulates everything related to Windows (or Linux XWindows, if used in this system) so you never have to make a WinMain or WinProc function. Besides, obviously, the need to know a programming language (C in this case) thoroughly and know how to compile and run programs. It is recommended to have made several programs in other areas of software development. In these tutorials, words such as [[Double Buffering|double buffering]], [[Flipping Page|flipping page]], [[blitting]], [[wikipedia:Sprite_(computer_graphics)|sprites]] and [[finite state machines]] will be used often. So check the corresponding articles when you need to know more about each topic. == André Lamothe suggestions == What is most exciting about learning how to program video games is that after this, any kind of software (except operating system software) will be much easier to program. The developers of video games do things that other programmers would consider impossible (as the great master André Lamothe said). André recommends people to program as if nothing were impossible. That way you can get very far. In his words (the bold is mine): <blockquote> ... You'd better forget everything you learned about the PC and what's supposed impossible. Think of programming as a game. It's the greatest game in the world. '''The object of the game is to do the impossible'''. Most of the programming that a video-game programmer does would seem impossible to a programmer of ordinary applications. —''André Lamothe, game programmer, author of many books on the subject and CEO of Xtreme Games LLC.''</blockquote> Therefore, we must defeat the impossible in programming video games. The games ''Banjo-Kazooie'', ''Quake'', and ''Need For Speed'' boast features that had been thought impossible a few decades ago (except for writers of science fiction). ==Game stages== First of all, it comes the idea for the game. That idea is improved and written in a ''game design document''. That document is useful for tracking the changes done to the software. Here, the [[Game programming/game designer|game designer]] writes and plans everything about the future software: the plot, the characters, the music, the playability, the controls and so on. Second, it comes the harder stage, the '''game programming''' itself and the creation of the media needed for the software. The programmers, who usually work in teams, are divided according their mission: gameplay programmers, 3D engine programmers, system programmers (they make the tools needed for the game: linkers, compilers, art converters among other) and map designer. This is not an exhaustive list, these division may vary. The creation of media is done here. Several 2D and/or 3D artists begin making their models and they later send it to the programmers, for these people to incorporate them into the game. Musicians also work on this phase. The third stage is the ''beta-testing'' and modification of the game software. It is done by a special team of ''beta-testers'' who try to test every possible action in the game, searching for bugs (programming errors) and informing the programmers. The programmers then modify the software to correct the problems found. The fourth stage is selling the game. It includes marketing strategies, advertising and so on. Sometimes the company that created the game sells the rights to another for it to commercialize the game. That is the case of Rare, who sold its game licenses to Nintendo. The fifth stage is optional, and it may include some improvements made to the game to be sold as expansion packs. Also some corrections can be done if the release version still has bugs. Usually, the modifications can be downloaded freely through a website. On this topic we will cover step 2, game programming. ==Proposed articles== ===C=== *[[Game programming/Abstract Data Types|Abstract Data Types]] *[[Game programming/Collision detection|Collision detection]] *[[Game programming/Basic SDL|Basic SDL]] *[[Game programming/Blitter and sprites|Blitter and sprites]] *[[Game programming/Dynamic Link Libraries|Dynamic Link Libraries]] *[[Game programming/Function pointers|Function pointers]] *[[Game programming/Options menus|Options menus]] *[[Game programming/Physics|Physics]] *[[Game programming/Finite State Machines|Finite State Machines]] *[[Game programming/Sound|Sound]] ===BASIC=== *[[w:BlitzBasic|BlitzBasic]] *[[w:DarkBASIC|DarkBasic]] *[[w:GLBasic|GLBasic]] ===C++=== [[C++|Go to main article]] '''Java, Python''' *Add your own ==Related topics== *[[Game Design]] [[Category:Game programming| ]] 4ouooumdwmkwmm0j6qeglgfwbqu766q 2691290 2691289 2024-12-10T18:56:23Z 152.26.89.206 /* Game stages */ corrected some grammar mistakes. 2691290 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Game programming''' is the branch of [[software engineering]] related to creating [[Wikipedia:video game|video games]]. It is not widely taught as a distinct career itself. Many programmers learn it themselves as a hobby, through trial-and-error, through [[Wikipedia:modding|modding]] existing games, books or via online resources. A few universities are starting to offer game development courses, however, such as [[Wikipedia:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], [[Wikipedia:University of Utah|University of Utah]] and [[Wikipedia:University of Southern California|University of Southern California]]. Some even specialize in game development, such as [[Wikipedia:Digipen|DigiPen]] and [[Wikipedia:Full Sail University|Full Sail University]]. This course will cover basic to advanced topics using the [[Wikipedia:C (programming language)|C language]] and [[Wikipedia:Simple DirectMedia Layer|SDL]]. If the reader of this course completes all the samples, they will be able to create a simple 2D game in the vein of ''[[Wikipedia:Tetris|Tetris]]'', ''[[Wikipedia:Arkanoid|Arkanoid]]'' or a game of their own design. Game programming is a specific type of software engineering and can only be learned by doing. We chose SDL as a game API because it is an easy library to work with: it is very powerful and offers almost all the features needed in a game. Other game APIs, like [[Wikipedia:DirectX|DirectX]] and [[OpenGL]], require a higher learning curve. Knowledge and experience in a programming language is expected. It is recommended that the reader understands C in an intermediate level since most articles and sample code will focus on that language. Also, it is recommended—but not required—to know something about event driven programming, such as with SDL or the [[Wikipedia:Windows API|Windows API]]. It is helpful if the reader is comfortable with some intermediate math, such as [[Wikipedia:algebra|algebra]], and some basic knowledge of [[Wikipedia:physics|physics]]. We will proceed from there and get to the programming topics related to our task: learning game programming. The art of game programming is not like playing video games; it is more exciting, said the founder of DigiPen. To become a good developer of games, first of all you should be a regular player. If you do not know the main types of games that exist you may not be able to develop a game that meets the minimum standards of quality and does not meet player's expectations. Therefore, the first step is to know which kinds of games are available to get an idea of what kind of game you are going to develop. == 2D Games == Games have become much more complex and exciting than they were in their infancy. Now most new games are some kind of three-dimensional adventure, whether they are sports games, strategy, racing, wrestling, role-playing, or puzzle. However, the knowledge that this tutorial series will give you will be useful to develop games in two dimensions (2D). To make the jump to the world of 3D games, you need to learn the techniques of 2D games first. Then you master the math knowledge required (linear algebra) and other advanced topics, not covered on this topic. However, 2D games are not entirely outdated. There will always be public for a Tetris-style game or one like Mario Brothers (maybe for a handheld console, even for the PC). The manner in which the reader can compete with the new 3D video games is by taking advantage of what people like: playability. It is incredible that relatively simple games like Space Invaders and Pacman have had people entertained for decades. By learning this series of tutorials, you may develop games like Space Invaders, Centipede, Asteroids, Pacman or, if you practiced hard enough, a game like Contra or Mario Brothers. But not without tons of work. A game programmer does not build himself from night to day, or in 21 days, like some books claim. Although most commercial top selling games are developed by a full team of designers, programmers, artists and writers, it is still possible for one person to develop a game of good quality. If you look at the credits screen of some successful games in the past, the main logic of the game was programmed by one or three people. Therefore, and based upon my personal experience (11 full games made by myself), I know that this is possible. Also, there is a big community of self-taught game programmers who make the coding just by themselves (no team). == Game libraries == And the most important thing is that nowadays it is easier to program games (relatively speaking, because any kind of software is somewhat complex). In the past, to program games for the PC you needed to be an experienced Assembler programmer (Assembler guru) to access the video card, sound and joystick through interrupts and BIOS functions. Today, there are different libraries with specialized functions that ease the development of video games; those are DirectX and SDL, mainly. You use them as you do with any other library... and Assembler knowledge is not needed. Windows operating system is sufficiently sophisticated to avoid having to use difficult functions from the past. In Windows 3.1, for example, memory management was 16-bit and, hence, in order to access the dynamic memory you could not use the classical functions called ''malloc'' and ''free''. You had to request the memory, lock it, use it and unlock it. It was a very tedious task compared with the straight use of ''malloc'' that you can make in Win32. Even if you use the Windows API functions it is a straight task. What you need to do now is to master one of these development libraries. If you plan to use DirectX, you must also have basic to advanced knowledge of Windows programming, depending on the task. If you use SDL, (what we do in these tutorials, for simplicity) you only need to learn how to handle this library. SDL encapsulates everything related to Windows (or Linux XWindows, if used in this system) so you never have to make a WinMain or WinProc function. Besides, obviously, the need to know a programming language (C in this case) thoroughly and know how to compile and run programs. It is recommended to have made several programs in other areas of software development. In these tutorials, words such as [[Double Buffering|double buffering]], [[Flipping Page|flipping page]], [[blitting]], [[wikipedia:Sprite_(computer_graphics)|sprites]] and [[finite state machines]] will be used often. So check the corresponding articles when you need to know more about each topic. == André Lamothe suggestions == What is most exciting about learning how to program video games is that after this, any kind of software (except operating system software) will be much easier to program. The developers of video games do things that other programmers would consider impossible (as the great master André Lamothe said). André recommends people to program as if nothing were impossible. That way you can get very far. In his words (the bold is mine): <blockquote> ... You'd better forget everything you learned about the PC and what's supposed impossible. Think of programming as a game. It's the greatest game in the world. '''The object of the game is to do the impossible'''. Most of the programming that a video-game programmer does would seem impossible to a programmer of ordinary applications. —''André Lamothe, game programmer, author of many books on the subject and CEO of Xtreme Games LLC.''</blockquote> Therefore, we must defeat the impossible in programming video games. The games ''Banjo-Kazooie'', ''Quake'', and ''Need For Speed'' boast features that had been thought impossible a few decades ago (except for writers of science fiction). ==Game stages== First, it starts with the idea for the game. That idea is improved and written in a ''game design document''. That document is useful for tracking the changes done to the software. Here, the [[Game programming/game designer|game designer]] writes and plans everything about the future software: the plot, the characters, the music, the playability, the controls and so on. Second comes the harder stage, the '''game programming''' itself and the creation of the media needed for the software. The programmers, who usually work in teams, are divided according to their mission: gameplay programmers, 3D engine programmers, system programmers (they make the tools needed for the game: linkers, compilers, art converters among other) and map designer. This is not an exhaustive list, these divisions may vary. The creation of media is done here. Several 2D and/or 3D artists begin making their models and they later send it to the programmers, for these people to incorporate them into the game. Musicians also work on this phase. The third stage is the ''beta-testing'' and modification of the game software. It is done by a special team of ''beta-testers'' who try to test every possible action in the game, searching for bugs (programming errors) and informing the programmers. The programmers then modify the software to correct the problems found. The fourth stage is selling the game. It includes marketing strategies, advertising and so on. Sometimes the company that created the game sells the rights to another for it to commercialize the game. That is the case of Rare, who sold its game licenses to Nintendo. The fifth stage is optional, and it may include some improvements made to the game to be sold as expansion packs. Also some corrections can be done if the release version still has bugs. Usually, the modifications can be downloaded freely through a website. On this topic we will cover step 2, game programming. ==Proposed articles== ===C=== *[[Game programming/Abstract Data Types|Abstract Data Types]] *[[Game programming/Collision detection|Collision detection]] *[[Game programming/Basic SDL|Basic SDL]] *[[Game programming/Blitter and sprites|Blitter and sprites]] *[[Game programming/Dynamic Link Libraries|Dynamic Link Libraries]] *[[Game programming/Function pointers|Function pointers]] *[[Game programming/Options menus|Options menus]] *[[Game programming/Physics|Physics]] *[[Game programming/Finite State Machines|Finite State Machines]] *[[Game programming/Sound|Sound]] ===BASIC=== *[[w:BlitzBasic|BlitzBasic]] *[[w:DarkBASIC|DarkBasic]] *[[w:GLBasic|GLBasic]] ===C++=== [[C++|Go to main article]] '''Java, Python''' *Add your own ==Related topics== *[[Game Design]] [[Category:Game programming| ]] 6mhd9wuil0memztas29hqxljth6rvzm 0 113381 2691226 2691199 2024-12-10T13:06:01Z Eshaa2024 2993595 2691226 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|146px|thumb|Course contains [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] Slides]] [[File:Mapping f z equal 1 over z.gif|thumb|Moving the argument of function <math>f</math> in the complex number plane. The point <math>z</math> have a blue color and <math>f(z)= \frac{1}{z}</math> is marked in red color. <math>z</math> is moved on a curve with <math>\gamma(t)=t\cdot e^{it}</math>.]] [[File:Image of path 1 over z.webm|thumb|Image of path in the complex numbers for the function <math>f(z)=\frac{1}{z}</math>]] '''Complex analysis''' is a study of functions of a complex variable. This is a one quarter course in complex analysis at the undergraduate level. ==Articles== * [[Algebra II]] * [[Dummy variable]] * [[Materials Science and Engineering/Equations/Quantum Mechanics]] == Slides for Lectures == === Chapter 1 - Intoduction === * '''[[Complex Numbers/From real to complex numbers|Complex Numbers]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Numbers/From%20real%20to%20complex%20numbers&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Complex%20Numbers&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Heine–Borel_theorem|Heine-Borel Theorem]] * '''[[Riemann sphere|Riemann sphere]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Riemann%20sphere&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Riemann%20sphere&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root|Exponentiation and roots]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Exponentiation_and_square_root&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 2 - Topological Foundations === * '''[[Complex Analysis/Sequences and series|Sequences and series]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Sequences%20and%20series&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Sequences%20and%20series&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[/Power series/]] * '''[[Inverse-producing extensions of Topological Algebras/topological algebra|Topological algebra]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=topological%20algebra&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[w:en:Topological space|Topological space]] - Definition: [[Norms, metrics, topology#Definition:_topology|Topology]] * '''[[Norms, metrics, topology|Norms, metrics, topology]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 3 - Complex Derivative === * '''[[Holomorphic function|Holomorphic function]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphic%20function&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphic%20function&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Partial derivative|Partial Derivative]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Partial%20derivative&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Partial%20Derivative&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Cauchy-Riemann Equations (CRE)]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals === * '''[[Line integral|Line integral in <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math>]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Curves|Curves]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Curves&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Curves&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Holomorphic function|Wikipedia: holomorphic function]] ** [[w:en:Integral|Wikipedia:Integral ]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Paths|Paths]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Complex_Analysis/Paths&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Paths&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Path_Integral|Path integral]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Path_Integral&author=Course:Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Path_Integral&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Curve integral |Wikipedia: Curve integral]] ** [[w:en:Continuity|Continuity]] and [[w:en:Limits_of_sequences|Limits]], * '''[[Holomorphism]]''', ** [[Holomorphism/Criteria|Criteria for holomorphic functions]] - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphism/Criterion&author=Curs:Funktiontheory&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Criterion&coursetitle=Curs:Funktiontheory Slideset]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:e:Holomorphic_Function#.C3.84Equivalent_definitions_holomorphic_Function_one_Variable|Wikipedia: Holomorphy Criterien]] ** [[/differences between real and complex differentiation/]] ** [[w:en:Conformal_map|Conformal Mappings]]<math>(\ast)</math>, ** [[/inequalities/]] * '''[[ Course:Functionentheorey/Curve|Curve]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=%20Kurs:Functionentheory/Curve&author=%20Curs:Functiontheory&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Curve&coursetitle=%20Coures:Functiontheory Slide set]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ==Lectures== * [[/Cauchy-Riemann equations/]] * [[Cauchy Theorem for a triangle]] * [[Complex analytic function]] * [[Complex Numbers]] * [[Divergent series]] * [[Estimation lemma]] * [[Fourier series]] * [[Fourier transform]] * [[Fourier transforms]] * [[Laplace transform]] * [[Riemann hypothesis]] * [[The Real and Complex Number System]] * [[Warping functions]] ==Sample exams== [[/Sample Midterm Exam 1/]] [[/Sample Midterm Exam 2/]] ==See also== * [[Boundary Value Problems]] * [[Introduction to Elasticity]] * [[The Prime Sequence Problem]] * [[Wikipedia: Complex analysis]] *[[Complex number]] [[Category:Complex analysis| ]] [[Category:Mathematics courses]] [[Category:Mathematics]] <noinclude> [[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie]] </noinclude> fnjibh352cpfre7zh3ti5rxvmixubed 2691297 2691226 2024-12-10T20:18:44Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals */ 2691297 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|146px|thumb|Course contains [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] Slides]] [[File:Mapping f z equal 1 over z.gif|thumb|Moving the argument of function <math>f</math> in the complex number plane. The point <math>z</math> have a blue color and <math>f(z)= \frac{1}{z}</math> is marked in red color. <math>z</math> is moved on a curve with <math>\gamma(t)=t\cdot e^{it}</math>.]] [[File:Image of path 1 over z.webm|thumb|Image of path in the complex numbers for the function <math>f(z)=\frac{1}{z}</math>]] '''Complex analysis''' is a study of functions of a complex variable. This is a one quarter course in complex analysis at the undergraduate level. ==Articles== * [[Algebra II]] * [[Dummy variable]] * [[Materials Science and Engineering/Equations/Quantum Mechanics]] == Slides for Lectures == === Chapter 1 - Intoduction === * '''[[Complex Numbers/From real to complex numbers|Complex Numbers]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Numbers/From%20real%20to%20complex%20numbers&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Complex%20Numbers&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Heine–Borel_theorem|Heine-Borel Theorem]] * '''[[Riemann sphere|Riemann sphere]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Riemann%20sphere&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Riemann%20sphere&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root|Exponentiation and roots]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Exponentiation_and_square_root&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 2 - Topological Foundations === * '''[[Complex Analysis/Sequences and series|Sequences and series]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Sequences%20and%20series&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Sequences%20and%20series&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[/Power series/]] * '''[[Inverse-producing extensions of Topological Algebras/topological algebra|Topological algebra]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=topological%20algebra&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[w:en:Topological space|Topological space]] - Definition: [[Norms, metrics, topology#Definition:_topology|Topology]] * '''[[Norms, metrics, topology|Norms, metrics, topology]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 3 - Complex Derivative === * '''[[Holomorphic function|Holomorphic function]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphic%20function&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphic%20function&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Partial derivative|Partial Derivative]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Partial%20derivative&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Partial%20Derivative&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Cauchy-Riemann Equations (CRE)]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals === * '''[[Line integral|Line integral in <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math>]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Curves|Curves]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Curves&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Curves&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Holomorphic function|Wikipedia: holomorphic function]] ** [[w:en:Integral|Wikipedia:Integral ]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Paths|Paths]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Complex_Analysis/Paths&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Paths&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Path_Integral|Path integral]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Path_Integral&author=Course:Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Path_Integral&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Curve integral |Wikipedia: Curve integral]] ** [[w:en:Continuity|Continuity]] and [[w:en:Limits_of_sequences|Limits of sequences]], * '''[[Holomorphism]]''', ** [[Holomorphism/Criteria|Criteria for holomorphic functions]] - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphism/Criterion&author=Curs:Funktiontheory&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Criterion&coursetitle=Curs:Funktiontheory Slideset]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:e:Holomorphic_Function#.C3.84Equivalent_definitions_holomorphic_Function_one_Variable|Wikipedia: Holomorphy Criterien]] ** [[/differences between real and complex differentiation/]] ** [[w:en:Conformal_map|Conformal Mappings]]<math>(\ast)</math>, ** [[/inequalities/]] * '''[[ Course:Functionentheorey/Curve|Curve]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=%20Kurs:Functionentheory/Curve&author=%20Curs:Functiontheory&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Curve&coursetitle=%20Coures:Functiontheory Slide set]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ==Lectures== * [[/Cauchy-Riemann equations/]] * [[Cauchy Theorem for a triangle]] * [[Complex analytic function]] * [[Complex Numbers]] * [[Divergent series]] * [[Estimation lemma]] * [[Fourier series]] * [[Fourier transform]] * [[Fourier transforms]] * [[Laplace transform]] * [[Riemann hypothesis]] * [[The Real and Complex Number System]] * [[Warping functions]] ==Sample exams== [[/Sample Midterm Exam 1/]] [[/Sample Midterm Exam 2/]] ==See also== * [[Boundary Value Problems]] * [[Introduction to Elasticity]] * [[The Prime Sequence Problem]] * [[Wikipedia: Complex analysis]] *[[Complex number]] [[Category:Complex analysis| ]] [[Category:Mathematics courses]] [[Category:Mathematics]] <noinclude> [[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie]] </noinclude> qndt5ti13f5k5z6gypzxgegsqv8s60i 2691298 2691297 2024-12-10T20:29:30Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals */ 2691298 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|146px|thumb|Course contains [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] Slides]] [[File:Mapping f z equal 1 over z.gif|thumb|Moving the argument of function <math>f</math> in the complex number plane. The point <math>z</math> have a blue color and <math>f(z)= \frac{1}{z}</math> is marked in red color. <math>z</math> is moved on a curve with <math>\gamma(t)=t\cdot e^{it}</math>.]] [[File:Image of path 1 over z.webm|thumb|Image of path in the complex numbers for the function <math>f(z)=\frac{1}{z}</math>]] '''Complex analysis''' is a study of functions of a complex variable. This is a one quarter course in complex analysis at the undergraduate level. ==Articles== * [[Algebra II]] * [[Dummy variable]] * [[Materials Science and Engineering/Equations/Quantum Mechanics]] == Slides for Lectures == === Chapter 1 - Intoduction === * '''[[Complex Numbers/From real to complex numbers|Complex Numbers]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Numbers/From%20real%20to%20complex%20numbers&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Complex%20Numbers&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Heine–Borel_theorem|Heine-Borel Theorem]] * '''[[Riemann sphere|Riemann sphere]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Riemann%20sphere&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Riemann%20sphere&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root|Exponentiation and roots]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Exponentiation_and_square_root&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 2 - Topological Foundations === * '''[[Complex Analysis/Sequences and series|Sequences and series]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Sequences%20and%20series&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Sequences%20and%20series&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[/Power series/]] * '''[[Inverse-producing extensions of Topological Algebras/topological algebra|Topological algebra]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=topological%20algebra&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[w:en:Topological space|Topological space]] - Definition: [[Norms, metrics, topology#Definition:_topology|Topology]] * '''[[Norms, metrics, topology|Norms, metrics, topology]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 3 - Complex Derivative === * '''[[Holomorphic function|Holomorphic function]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphic%20function&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphic%20function&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Partial derivative|Partial Derivative]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Partial%20derivative&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Partial%20Derivative&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Cauchy-Riemann Equations (CRE)]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals === * '''[[Line integral|Line integral in <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math>]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Curves|Curves]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Curves&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Curves&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Holomorphic function|Wikipedia: holomorphic function]] ** [[w:en:Integral|Wikipedia:Integral ]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Paths|Paths]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Complex_Analysis/Paths&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Paths&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Path_Integral|Path integral]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Path_Integral&author=Course:Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Path_Integral&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Curve integral |Wikipedia: Curve integral]] ** [[w:en:Continuity|Continuity]] and [[w:en:Limits_of_sequences|Limits]], * '''[[Holomorphism]]''', ** [[Holomorphism/Criteria|Criteria for holomorphic functions]] - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphism/Criterion&author=Curs:Funktiontheory&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Criterion&coursetitle=Curs:Funktiontheory Slideset]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:e:Holomorphic_Function#.C3.84Equivalent_definitions_holomorphic_Function_one_Variable|Wikipedia: Holomorphy Criterien]] ** [[/differences between real and complex differentiation/]] ** [[w:en:Conformal_map|Conformal Mappings]]<math>(\ast)</math>, ** [[/inequalities/]] * '''[[ Course:Functionentheorey/Curve|Curve]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=%20Kurs:Functionentheory/Curve&author=%20Curs:Functiontheory&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Curve&coursetitle=%20Coures:Functiontheory Slide set]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ==Lectures== * [[/Cauchy-Riemann equations/]] * [[Cauchy Theorem for a triangle]] * [[Complex analytic function]] * [[Complex Numbers]] * [[Divergent series]] * [[Estimation lemma]] * [[Fourier series]] * [[Fourier transform]] * [[Fourier transforms]] * [[Laplace transform]] * [[Riemann hypothesis]] * [[The Real and Complex Number System]] * [[Warping functions]] ==Sample exams== [[/Sample Midterm Exam 1/]] [[/Sample Midterm Exam 2/]] ==See also== * [[Boundary Value Problems]] * [[Introduction to Elasticity]] * [[The Prime Sequence Problem]] * [[Wikipedia: Complex analysis]] *[[Complex number]] [[Category:Complex analysis| ]] [[Category:Mathematics courses]] [[Category:Mathematics]] <noinclude> [[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie]] </noinclude> 7o8lz4sfb9ifao75fqz1b7bswjky69x 2691304 2691298 2024-12-10T20:56:00Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals */ 2691304 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|146px|thumb|Course contains [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] Slides]] [[File:Mapping f z equal 1 over z.gif|thumb|Moving the argument of function <math>f</math> in the complex number plane. The point <math>z</math> have a blue color and <math>f(z)= \frac{1}{z}</math> is marked in red color. <math>z</math> is moved on a curve with <math>\gamma(t)=t\cdot e^{it}</math>.]] [[File:Image of path 1 over z.webm|thumb|Image of path in the complex numbers for the function <math>f(z)=\frac{1}{z}</math>]] '''Complex analysis''' is a study of functions of a complex variable. This is a one quarter course in complex analysis at the undergraduate level. ==Articles== * [[Algebra II]] * [[Dummy variable]] * [[Materials Science and Engineering/Equations/Quantum Mechanics]] == Slides for Lectures == === Chapter 1 - Intoduction === * '''[[Complex Numbers/From real to complex numbers|Complex Numbers]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Numbers/From%20real%20to%20complex%20numbers&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Complex%20Numbers&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Heine–Borel_theorem|Heine-Borel Theorem]] * '''[[Riemann sphere|Riemann sphere]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Riemann%20sphere&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Riemann%20sphere&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root|Exponentiation and roots]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Exponentiation_and_square_root&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 2 - Topological Foundations === * '''[[Complex Analysis/Sequences and series|Sequences and series]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Sequences%20and%20series&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Sequences%20and%20series&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[/Power series/]] * '''[[Inverse-producing extensions of Topological Algebras/topological algebra|Topological algebra]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=topological%20algebra&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[w:en:Topological space|Topological space]] - Definition: [[Norms, metrics, topology#Definition:_topology|Topology]] * '''[[Norms, metrics, topology|Norms, metrics, topology]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 3 - Complex Derivative === * '''[[Holomorphic function|Holomorphic function]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphic%20function&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphic%20function&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Partial derivative|Partial Derivative]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Partial%20derivative&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Partial%20Derivative&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Cauchy-Riemann Equations (CRE)]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals === * '''[[Line integral|Line integral in <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math>]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Curves|Curves]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Curves&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Curves&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Holomorphic function|Wikipedia: holomorphic function]] ** [[w:en:Integral|Wikipedia:Integral ]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Paths|Paths]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Complex_Analysis/Paths&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Paths&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Path_Integral|Path integral]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Path_Integral&author=Course:Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Path_Integral&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Curve integral |Wikipedia: Curve integral]] ** [[w:en:Continuity|Continuity]] and [[w:en:Limits_of_sequences|Limits]], *'''[[Holomorphism|Holomorphism]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphism&author=course:Functiontheory&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphism&coursetitle=Course:Functiontheory Slideset]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[Holomorphism/Criteria|Criteria]] - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphism/Criteria&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Criteria&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie slideset]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Holomorphism_function#.C3.84quivalent_properties_of_holomorphic_functions_of_one_variable|Wikipedia: Holomorphism function criteria]] ** [[/Differences from real differentiability/]] ** [[w:Conformal_mapping|conformal mappings]]<math>(\ast)</math>, ** [[/Inequalities/]] ==Lectures== * [[/Cauchy-Riemann equations/]] * [[Cauchy Theorem for a triangle]] * [[Complex analytic function]] * [[Complex Numbers]] * [[Divergent series]] * [[Estimation lemma]] * [[Fourier series]] * [[Fourier transform]] * [[Fourier transforms]] * [[Laplace transform]] * [[Riemann hypothesis]] * [[The Real and Complex Number System]] * [[Warping functions]] ==Sample exams== [[/Sample Midterm Exam 1/]] [[/Sample Midterm Exam 2/]] ==See also== * [[Boundary Value Problems]] * [[Introduction to Elasticity]] * [[The Prime Sequence Problem]] * [[Wikipedia: Complex analysis]] *[[Complex number]] [[Category:Complex analysis| ]] [[Category:Mathematics courses]] [[Category:Mathematics]] <noinclude> [[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie]] </noinclude> 04qbd37jojir2cgwl5frf5t9bllnton 2691305 2691304 2024-12-10T20:57:24Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals */ 2691305 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|146px|thumb|Course contains [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] Slides]] [[File:Mapping f z equal 1 over z.gif|thumb|Moving the argument of function <math>f</math> in the complex number plane. The point <math>z</math> have a blue color and <math>f(z)= \frac{1}{z}</math> is marked in red color. <math>z</math> is moved on a curve with <math>\gamma(t)=t\cdot e^{it}</math>.]] [[File:Image of path 1 over z.webm|thumb|Image of path in the complex numbers for the function <math>f(z)=\frac{1}{z}</math>]] '''Complex analysis''' is a study of functions of a complex variable. This is a one quarter course in complex analysis at the undergraduate level. ==Articles== * [[Algebra II]] * [[Dummy variable]] * [[Materials Science and Engineering/Equations/Quantum Mechanics]] == Slides for Lectures == === Chapter 1 - Intoduction === * '''[[Complex Numbers/From real to complex numbers|Complex Numbers]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Numbers/From%20real%20to%20complex%20numbers&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Complex%20Numbers&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Heine–Borel_theorem|Heine-Borel Theorem]] * '''[[Riemann sphere|Riemann sphere]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Riemann%20sphere&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Riemann%20sphere&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root|Exponentiation and roots]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Exponentiation_and_square_root&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 2 - Topological Foundations === * '''[[Complex Analysis/Sequences and series|Sequences and series]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Sequences%20and%20series&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Sequences%20and%20series&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[/Power series/]] * '''[[Inverse-producing extensions of Topological Algebras/topological algebra|Topological algebra]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=topological%20algebra&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[w:en:Topological space|Topological space]] - Definition: [[Norms, metrics, topology#Definition:_topology|Topology]] * '''[[Norms, metrics, topology|Norms, metrics, topology]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 3 - Complex Derivative === * '''[[Holomorphic function|Holomorphic function]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphic%20function&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphic%20function&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Partial derivative|Partial Derivative]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Partial%20derivative&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Partial%20Derivative&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Cauchy-Riemann Equations (CRE)]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals === * '''[[Line integral|Line integral in <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math>]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Curves|Curves]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Curves&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Curves&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Holomorphic function|Wikipedia: holomorphic function]] ** [[w:en:Integral|Wikipedia:Integral ]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Paths|Paths]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Complex_Analysis/Paths&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Paths&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Path_Integral|Path integral]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Path_Integral&author=Course:Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Path_Integral&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Curve integral |Wikipedia: Curve integral]] ** [[w:en:Continuity|Continuity]] and [[w:en:Limits_of_sequences|Limits]], *'''[[Holomorphism|Holomorphism]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphism&author=course:Functiontheory&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphism&coursetitle=Course:Functiontheory Slideset]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[Holomorphism/Criteria|Criteria]] - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphism/Criteria&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Criteria&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie slideset]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Holomorphism_function#.C3.84quivalent_properties_of_holomorphism_functions_of_one_variable|Wikipedia: Holomorphism function criteria]] ** [[/Differences from real differentiability/]] ** [[w:Conformal_mapping|conformal mappings]]<math>(\ast)</math>, ** [[/Inequalities/]] ==Lectures== * [[/Cauchy-Riemann equations/]] * [[Cauchy Theorem for a triangle]] * [[Complex analytic function]] * [[Complex Numbers]] * [[Divergent series]] * [[Estimation lemma]] * [[Fourier series]] * [[Fourier transform]] * [[Fourier transforms]] * [[Laplace transform]] * [[Riemann hypothesis]] * [[The Real and Complex Number System]] * [[Warping functions]] ==Sample exams== [[/Sample Midterm Exam 1/]] [[/Sample Midterm Exam 2/]] ==See also== * [[Boundary Value Problems]] * [[Introduction to Elasticity]] * [[The Prime Sequence Problem]] * [[Wikipedia: Complex analysis]] *[[Complex number]] [[Category:Complex analysis| ]] [[Category:Mathematics courses]] [[Category:Mathematics]] <noinclude> [[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie]] </noinclude> o7rg6di7khle29zr5z4dgo99cx9dzmn 2691307 2691305 2024-12-10T21:01:03Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals */ 2691307 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|146px|thumb|Course contains [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] Slides]] [[File:Mapping f z equal 1 over z.gif|thumb|Moving the argument of function <math>f</math> in the complex number plane. The point <math>z</math> have a blue color and <math>f(z)= \frac{1}{z}</math> is marked in red color. <math>z</math> is moved on a curve with <math>\gamma(t)=t\cdot e^{it}</math>.]] [[File:Image of path 1 over z.webm|thumb|Image of path in the complex numbers for the function <math>f(z)=\frac{1}{z}</math>]] '''Complex analysis''' is a study of functions of a complex variable. This is a one quarter course in complex analysis at the undergraduate level. ==Articles== * [[Algebra II]] * [[Dummy variable]] * [[Materials Science and Engineering/Equations/Quantum Mechanics]] == Slides for Lectures == === Chapter 1 - Intoduction === * '''[[Complex Numbers/From real to complex numbers|Complex Numbers]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Numbers/From%20real%20to%20complex%20numbers&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Complex%20Numbers&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Heine–Borel_theorem|Heine-Borel Theorem]] * '''[[Riemann sphere|Riemann sphere]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Riemann%20sphere&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Riemann%20sphere&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root|Exponentiation and roots]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Exponentiation_and_square_root&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 2 - Topological Foundations === * '''[[Complex Analysis/Sequences and series|Sequences and series]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Sequences%20and%20series&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Sequences%20and%20series&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[/Power series/]] * '''[[Inverse-producing extensions of Topological Algebras/topological algebra|Topological algebra]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=topological%20algebra&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[w:en:Topological space|Topological space]] - Definition: [[Norms, metrics, topology#Definition:_topology|Topology]] * '''[[Norms, metrics, topology|Norms, metrics, topology]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 3 - Complex Derivative === * '''[[Holomorphic function|Holomorphic function]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphic%20function&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphic%20function&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Partial derivative|Partial Derivative]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Partial%20derivative&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Partial%20Derivative&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Cauchy-Riemann Equations (CRE)]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals === * '''[[Line integral|Line integral in <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math>]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Curves|Curves]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Curves&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Curves&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Holomorphic function|Wikipedia: holomorphic function]] ** [[w:en:Integral|Wikipedia:Integral ]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Paths|Paths]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Complex_Analysis/Paths&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Paths&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Path_Integral|Path integral]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Path_Integral&author=Course:Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Path_Integral&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Curve integral |Wikipedia: Curve integral]] ** [[w:en:Continuity|Continuity]] and [[w:en:Limits_of_sequences|Limits]], *'''[[Holomorphism|Holomorphism]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphism&author=course:Functiontheory&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphism&coursetitle=Course:Functiontheory Slideset]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[Holomorphism/Criteria|Criteria]] - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphism/Criteria&author=Course:Functiontheory&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Criteria&coursetitle=Course:Functiontheory slideset]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Holomorphic_function#.C3.84quivalent_properties_of_holomorphic_functions_of_one_variable|Wikipedia: Holomorphic function criteria]] ** [[/Differences from real differentiability/]] ** [[w:Conformal_mapping|conformal mappings]]<math>(\ast)</math>, ** [[/Inequalities/]] ==Lectures== * [[/Cauchy-Riemann equations/]] * [[Cauchy Theorem for a triangle]] * [[Complex analytic function]] * [[Complex Numbers]] * [[Divergent series]] * [[Estimation lemma]] * [[Fourier series]] * [[Fourier transform]] * [[Fourier transforms]] * [[Laplace transform]] * [[Riemann hypothesis]] * [[The Real and Complex Number System]] * [[Warping functions]] ==Sample exams== [[/Sample Midterm Exam 1/]] [[/Sample Midterm Exam 2/]] ==See also== * [[Boundary Value Problems]] * [[Introduction to Elasticity]] * [[The Prime Sequence Problem]] * [[Wikipedia: Complex analysis]] *[[Complex number]] [[Category:Complex analysis| ]] [[Category:Mathematics courses]] [[Category:Mathematics]] <noinclude> [[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie]] </noinclude> 7rfwlh1t3a7sf0d8dhi55422wma6twn 2691383 2691307 2024-12-11T11:53:33Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals */ 2691383 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|146px|thumb|Course contains [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] Slides]] [[File:Mapping f z equal 1 over z.gif|thumb|Moving the argument of function <math>f</math> in the complex number plane. The point <math>z</math> have a blue color and <math>f(z)= \frac{1}{z}</math> is marked in red color. <math>z</math> is moved on a curve with <math>\gamma(t)=t\cdot e^{it}</math>.]] [[File:Image of path 1 over z.webm|thumb|Image of path in the complex numbers for the function <math>f(z)=\frac{1}{z}</math>]] '''Complex analysis''' is a study of functions of a complex variable. This is a one quarter course in complex analysis at the undergraduate level. ==Articles== * [[Algebra II]] * [[Dummy variable]] * [[Materials Science and Engineering/Equations/Quantum Mechanics]] == Slides for Lectures == === Chapter 1 - Intoduction === * '''[[Complex Numbers/From real to complex numbers|Complex Numbers]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Numbers/From%20real%20to%20complex%20numbers&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Complex%20Numbers&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Heine–Borel_theorem|Heine-Borel Theorem]] * '''[[Riemann sphere|Riemann sphere]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Riemann%20sphere&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Riemann%20sphere&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root|Exponentiation and roots]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Exponentiation_and_square_root&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 2 - Topological Foundations === * '''[[Complex Analysis/Sequences and series|Sequences and series]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Sequences%20and%20series&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Sequences%20and%20series&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[/Power series/]] * '''[[Inverse-producing extensions of Topological Algebras/topological algebra|Topological algebra]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=topological%20algebra&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[w:en:Topological space|Topological space]] - Definition: [[Norms, metrics, topology#Definition:_topology|Topology]] * '''[[Norms, metrics, topology|Norms, metrics, topology]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 3 - Complex Derivative === * '''[[Holomorphic function|Holomorphic function]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphic%20function&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphic%20function&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Partial derivative|Partial Derivative]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Partial%20derivative&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Partial%20Derivative&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Cauchy-Riemann Equations (CRE)]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals === * '''[[Line integral|Line integral in <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math>]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Curves|Curves]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Curves&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Curves&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Holomorphic function|Wikipedia: holomorphic function]] ** [[w:en:Integral|Wikipedia:Integral ]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Paths|Paths]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Complex_Analysis/Paths&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Paths&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Path_Integral|Path integral]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Path_Integral&author=Course:Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Path_Integral&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Curve integral |Wikipedia: Curve integral]] ** [[w:en:Continuity|Continuity]] and [[w:en:Limit of a sequence|Limit of a sequence]], *'''[[Holomorphism|Holomorphism]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphism&author=course:Functiontheory&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphism&coursetitle=Course:Functiontheory Slideset]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[Holomorphism/Criteria|Criteria]] - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphism/Criteria&author=Course:Functiontheory&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Criteria&coursetitle=Course:Functiontheory slideset]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Holomorphic_function#.C3.84quivalent_properties_of_holomorphic_functions_of_one_variable|Wikipedia: Holomorphic function criteria]] ** [[/Differences from real differentiability/]] ** [[w:Conformal_mapping|conformal mappings]]<math>(\ast)</math>, ** [[/Inequalities/]] ==Lectures== * [[/Cauchy-Riemann equations/]] * [[Cauchy Theorem for a triangle]] * [[Complex analytic function]] * [[Complex Numbers]] * [[Divergent series]] * [[Estimation lemma]] * [[Fourier series]] * [[Fourier transform]] * [[Fourier transforms]] * [[Laplace transform]] * [[Riemann hypothesis]] * [[The Real and Complex Number System]] * [[Warping functions]] ==Sample exams== [[/Sample Midterm Exam 1/]] [[/Sample Midterm Exam 2/]] ==See also== * [[Boundary Value Problems]] * [[Introduction to Elasticity]] * [[The Prime Sequence Problem]] * [[Wikipedia: Complex analysis]] *[[Complex number]] [[Category:Complex analysis| ]] [[Category:Mathematics courses]] [[Category:Mathematics]] <noinclude> [[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie]] </noinclude> 75kssf1yfyv9a0i99t9cqh1q9y98g1n 0 139384 2691228 2691030 2024-12-10T13:09:29Z Young1lim 21186 /* Adder */ 2691228 wikitext text/x-wiki == Adder == * Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:Adder.20131113.pdf|pdf]] ) {| class="wikitable" |- ! Adder type !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design !! CMOS Level Design |- | '''1. Ripple Carry Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20211108.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.rca.20140313.pdf|pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]] |- | '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CLA.20221130.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.cla.20140313.pdf|pdf]]|| |- | '''3. Carry Save Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''4. Carry Select Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''5. Carry Skip Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20241210.pdf|A]]|| || || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]] |- || '''6. Carry Chain Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf|pdf]], [[Media:Adder.cca.20140313.pdf|pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf|pdf]] |- || '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.ksa.20140409.pdf|pdf]]|| |- || '''8. Prefix Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''9.1 Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.VBA.20221110.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1B.VBA.20230911.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20240622.pdf|C]]|| || || |- || '''9.2 Multi-Level Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA-Multi.20221031.pdf|A]]|| || || |} </br> === Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === * FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf|pdf]]) * Carry-Skip Adder </br> == Barrel Shifter == * Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:Bshift.20131105.pdf|bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:Bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf|bshfit.makefile]]) </br> '''Mux Based Barrel Shifter''' * Analysis ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf|pdf]]) * Implementation </br> == Multiplier == === Array Multipliers === * Analysis ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Tree Mulltipliers === * Lattice Multiplication ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf|pdf]]) * Wallace Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf|pdf]]) * Dadda Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Booth Multipliers === * [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf|Booth Encoding Note]] * Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf|H1.pdf]]) </br> == Divider == * Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf|pdf]])</br> </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Digital Circuit Design]] [[Category:FPGA]] 4fgku77sy1qz5uwxopntowdzii7x8s8 4 159012 2691310 2683302 2024-12-10T21:44:43Z MediaWiki message delivery 983498 /* This Month in GLAM: November 2024 */ new section 2691310 wikitext text/x-wiki == Archives == * [[Outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives]] == ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This month in GLAM logo.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue I, January 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: We came, we saw, we conquered! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Basque Country report|Basque Country report]]: Books, librarians, encounters and borrowed data * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: #1Lib1Ref, Côte d'Ivoire participates for the 2nd time * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/France report|France report]]: Fonds André Cros; #1lib1ref; Library of Dinan; LATMOS * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: sustainability beyond metrics * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Digitizing the letters from Dewantara Kirti Griya Museum Yogyakarta continues * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Seventeen: let's talk and celebrate! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: Importance of digitization in 21 century * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Local heritage made available through Wikimedia & 3rd Wikicafé Tilburg * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Image collection from Armenia and Sami bibliography * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: #1lib1ref first time in Serbia: 786 references added! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: #1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Photos, 3D and training with the National Heritage Board * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Tunisia report|Tunisia report]]: Upload Book * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Oxford Wikidata project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Libraries at the Forefront of Running All-Out Action for Ukrainian Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikipedia Day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Our constraint reports won't constrain you! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Call for case studies, #1lib1ref, Structured Commons and more * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2017/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 13:56, 9 February 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=17717657 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This month in GLAM logo.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue II, February 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Photo contest Wiki Loves Public Space * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Starting new GLAM partnerships * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Bulgaria report|Bulgaria report]]: The first Bulgarian wikitown presented at an International Tourist Fair in Sofia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: Editing with more librarians as we expanded #1Lib1Ref campaign * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Finland's First Wikimedian in Residence to Kansallisarkisto * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: GLAM in galleries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Boosting collaborations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: Startup of the WikiIndustry project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Intern program for library students * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: WiR at The National Museums of World Culture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Scotland's Public Libraries move toward first edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: February made me shiver * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Pattypan 18.02: The uploading tool now includes STL support * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Cool Tools * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Structured Data on Commons, Wikidata Workshop materials, and Spring Travel * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 16:06, 9 March 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=17796295 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This month in GLAM logo.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue III, March 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Regional GLAM workshops and Art+Feminism * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: GenderGap edit-a-thon; GLAM at Open Belgium * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Brazilian user group and Portuguese chapter join forces for Women’s International Month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: Reflecting upon #1Lib1Ref impact, upcoming collaborations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Second edit-a-thon in Slaný and new cooperation with Institut of Bohuslav Martinů * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Paintings and photographers' biographies to Wikidata, translation of Rightsstatements.org, rephotography app * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Combining coding, learning and culture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/France report|France report]]: CNES, Musée Bourdelle * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Presentation "70. Westfälischer Archivtag" * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/India report|India report]]: Impact of Odisha Government content donation on Wikimedia Projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Ireland report|Ireland report]]: Art+Feminism boom in Ireland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Women's month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: Startup of the WikiBeer project & "Bitalon" - The Hackaton of Bitola * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Edit-a-thons and digitazation of books * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Wikipedia courses in libraries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: National Museums of World Culture; Air Force Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Article Contest for Libraries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women's History Month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: GLAM WIKI Conference in Tel Aviv, November 2018 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Family Favourites * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Structured Data on Commons; Upcoming events and travel * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 14:48, 10 April 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=17897344 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This month in GLAM logo.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue IV, April 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: HerStory in Alice Springs and Australasian Open Access Strategy * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Everybody WIKI * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Labs to introduce Wikidata and its potentialities in Brazil * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Catalan areas report|Catalan areas report]]: Event: Role of Wikimedia in the era of Open Science * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/France report|France report]]: City of Grenoble * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Libraries in the spotlight * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: Macedonian Wikiexpeditions exhibition and workshops with Wiki Clubs members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: 325,000 images from Dutch photo archives uploaded by Mr.Nostalgic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Philippines report|Philippines report]]: First Wikipedian in Residence in the Philippines * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Partnerships, GLAMs & Art+feminism * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Strong support from the Ministry of culture and information of Republic of Serbia: Financing the three WIR programs and realizing GLAM seminars * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: National museum of world Culture; Sounds and pronunciations; Nordic Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Tunisia report|Tunisia report]]: Upload Book * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: National Library of Wales and Oxford University * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: April showers * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: April Love * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Wikipedians in Residence and Travel * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11:52, 10 May 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18036831 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This month in GLAM logo.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue V, May 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: GLAM meetings and collaborations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: GLAM Peak having impact & International Museum Day edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Public domain month celebration; Edit-a-thon Amnesty International Vlaanderen; Upcoming photo contest: Wiki Loves Heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: New milestones for Brazilian GLAMs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/France report|France report]]: Bibliothèque universitaire de la Sorbonne; Laboratoire Latmos; Study day on photographic as heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Two fantastic weekends with science fiction literature and the history of mining made audible * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Ireland report|Ireland report]]: First Irish GLAM upload to Wikimedia Commons; Hunt Museum is first Irish GLAM to donate images to Wikimedia Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Contests, webinair and meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: GLAM activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Women Tech Storm, GWToolset workshop and Wiki goes Caribbean * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Bodil Biørn and human rights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: FEM's GLAM and Guinea-Bissau * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Russia report|Russia report]]: GLAM in Russia: need more contests * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Wikipedian in residence in the Museum of Yugoslavia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Democracy; Museum of World Culture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Scottish Library and Information Council * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: AfroCROWD Wikipedia Editor's Article on Doria Ragland Tops Wiki Search List For UK Royal Wedding: Libraries Key in her Wikipedian Journey * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Wikipedia Library report|Wikipedia Library report]]: Books & Bytes * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: EuropeanaTech conference, Lexicographical data, plus all your usual news * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Recent travels; Structured Data on Commons updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 19:29, 8 June 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18108436 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue VI, June 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: New look; Promotion: flyer * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Museums workers experiencing Wikidata power * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Wikipedia Making Public Histories * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: A GLAMWiki on the Belgian Heritage in Brazil * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/France report|France report]]: Archaeology day in Toulouse; Institut National d'Histoire de l'art; Palais des beaux-arts de Lille * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Cornerstone ceremony MiQua * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: From Eastern Indonesia on Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Wiki Weekend in Trentino; Fortezza delle Verrucole edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: Wiki Tour in the City Library, WWI editing days & WikiGap Skopje * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Wiki writing sprint Open Science * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: A New Zealand Wikipedian at Large * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Russia report|Russia report]]: ''All Russia'' under a free license * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: GLAM Seminar, WIR and GLAM/Edu camp * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: SMVK upload; Swedish National Archives; Wikidata connects Swedish people / archives using Wikidata tool hub; Topographical register at the Swedish National Archives; LIBRIS XL - Bibframe 2.0 and open linked data * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wikidata at Oxford * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiki Loves Pride 2018 + Bootcamp * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Concordance, Cloud, Citations & Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Wikimania report|Wikimania report]]: GLAM at Wikimania 2018 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Wikimedia and Libraries User Group|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group]]: Poll to direct activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Structured Data on Commons and Wikimania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11:46, 9 July 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18179409 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': July 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue VII, July 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Collaborating with GLAM Structure: Armenian Content Replenished in 45 Wikipedias * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: A land of ragged mountains * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Rare cartographic collection uploaded by Brazilian GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wikidata workshop around heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: The European Cultural Heritage Summit in Berlin and two visits in Potsdam * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Monuments and minorities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: The month of Festivals covered on Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Matching the GTAA thesaurus with Wikidata; Hands-on Pattypan training * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Seminar at The National Archives of Norway and Sami music and culture festivals * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Wikipedian in Residence at the Museum of Yugoslavia: History of Yugoslavia on Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: National Library of Sweden * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Oxford GLAMs and Celtic Knot 2018 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Summer in July * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Commons transcription tool * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Wikipedia Library report|Wikipedia Library report]]: Books & Bytes–Issue 29, June–July 2018 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: News from Cape Town, Aberystwyth, Berlin, Milan and Everywhere * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: August's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 05:10, 9 August 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18279968 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue VIII, August 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Museums workers experiencing Wikidata power * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: WikiTourAU and Researchers Week * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Brazilian Wikimedians develop tools for mass contributions: Mbabel and Import-500px * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/France report|France report]]: Ceramics and monuments * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Wikipedia meets antiquity in Xanten * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Ireland report|Ireland report]]: Stories and Connections: Editing workshop in National Gallery of Ireland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: First WoALUG contribution to this newsletter * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: WikiCity tour in Kočani and Vinica * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Malaysia report|Malaysia report]]: World Library and Information Congress 2018 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: GLAMifying the National Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Republic of Korea report|Republic of Korea report]]: Launch of GLAM Newsletter on Repupublic of Korea * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Wikimedians in residence at two Serbian museums * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: FindingGLAMs; National Library of Sweden; Crowdsourcing Structured Data on Commons for GLAMs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Sum of All Astrolabes; Exploring Collections with Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiknics and Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Upcoming conferences, and more * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Wikimania, Wikimedians in Residence, Structured Data on Commons, and upcoming conferences * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 13:23, 8 September 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18341498 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': September 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue IX, September 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Collections of Museums in Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: GLAM+Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: WikiTour AU * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Developing tGLAM: a landing-page generator for GLAM initiatives * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/France report|France report]]: European Heritage Days; Linked data for archaeology; Paris: Edit-a-thon at Mobilier National * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: History of Women and Democracy, Wikipedia-Culture-Ambassadors and two GLAM-on-Tour-stations in just four weeks * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: Wiki camps in Macedonia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Malaysia report|Malaysia report]]: Wikipedia for Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: Open GLAM Mexico 2018 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: >20,000 press photographs 1940-1990 uploaded, GLAM Wiki Meeting, Aerial Photographs, GLAM-Wiki Manual & Wikipedia Course for Historical Societies * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Women in Red; Researhers Days 2018; The 2019 edition of #wikinobel * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Archival photographs and literary knowledge enrich Polish Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Impact of GLAM seminars: Decentralization of GLAM activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Wikidata P3595 Biografiskt lexikon för Finland; Student Project at the Nordic Museum; Learning about sources on Swedish Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Botanical illustrations and Wiki Loves Monuments in Scotland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Back to school * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Wikipedia Library report|Wikipedia Library report]]: Books & Bytes–Issue 30, August–September 2018 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Wikidata Tour Down Under * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: October's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 05:29, 13 October 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18460949 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': October 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue X, October 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Erbstuecke edit-a-thon; Women in Tech edit-a-thon; Wiki Club Brussels; Wikidata workshop + party * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: "There is no reason not to participate in a GLAM-Wiki initiative": an interview with the director of the Museum of Veterinary Anatomy * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Estonian art and geoscience collections finding their way to Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: (RE)Photographic autumn * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/France report|France report]]: GLAMWiki 2018 Tel Aviv; City of Grenoble * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: GLAMorous Conferences * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: ‘More Gelders Heritage available via Wikimedia’ by Erfgoed Gelderland; Writing week Friesland; Wiki Techstorm * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Wiki Loves Monuments and wikinobel * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Heirlooms - locally and internationally * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: The growing GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Roundtripping Project, Books Import and Wikidata Imported to SOCH * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Built heritage conservation on Commons; les sans pagEs at a Modern art museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wikidata in Oxford * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikiconference North America Culture Crawl * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Documentation survey, Structured Data on Commons consultations, blog posts and conferences * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: November's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 08:16, 9 November 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18578169 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': November 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue XI, November 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wiki Photo Walk Albania 2018; Wiki Loves Monuments Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Singing Wikipedia; Photographs by Vahan Kochar * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Diverse milestones for the Brazilian community * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Denmark report|Denmark report]]: Intercontinental digitisation efforts * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Making contacts both internationally and in Estonia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Art and edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/France report|France report]]: Bibliothèque publique d’information; 3D museum collections on Wikimedia Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Conserving and digitizing texts in West Sumatra * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: Wiki Training at National and University Library "St. Clement of Ohrid" * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Equity, Wikidata, and the New York Times * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Collaboration with The National Archives of Norway * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Philippines report|Philippines report]]: Wiki Loves Art * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Archival image uploads, student collaborations and international projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Photo finish of the WIR's * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: The Swedish Performing Arts Agency; Library data starts to take shape; Learning Wikipedia at the Archives; Wikimedia Commons Data Roundtripping * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Sum of All Astrolabes * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikidata Workshop at Pratt School of Information; Wikidata Presentation for the New York Technical Services Librarians; Wikipedia Asian Month; Cleveland Park Wikipedia Edit-a-thon; Historic Ivy Hill Cemetery Workshop * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Wikipedia Library report|Wikipedia Library report]]: Books & Bytes–Issue 31, October–November 2018 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Welcoming Satdeep Gill; Structured Data on Commons; WikiCite * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: December's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 05:56, 11 December 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18702767 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2018 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume VIII, Issue XII, December 2018</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Cooperation with Yerevan Drama Theatre Named After Hrachia Ghaplanian; Singing Wikipedia (continuation); Photographs by Vahan Kochar (continuation) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: 2019 Australia's Year of the Public Domain * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Writing weeks German-speaking Community; End of year drink; Wiki Loves Heritage photo contest * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Google Art and GLAM initiatives in Brazil * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/India report|India report]]: Collaboration with RJVD Municipal Public Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Challenges and alliances with libraries, WLM and more * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: Exhibition:"Poland through photographs" & Wikipedia lectures with children in social risk * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Malaysia report|Malaysia report]]: Technology Talk and Update on Wikipedia @ National Library of Malaysia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Glam Days '18 at the National Library of Portugal * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Hats 🎩🧢👒🎓 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Oxford * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Holiday gatherings and visit to Internet Archive * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Wikidata reports * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons: pilot projects and multilingual captions * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2018/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 19:58, 10 January 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18771797 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue I, January 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Photographs by Vahan Kochar (continuation) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Public domain day edit-a-thon; Hack The Gender Gap edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: GLAM Wiki at the Digital Collections Conference and new partnership with Casa de Rui Barbosa * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: First report from GLAM in Wikimedia Colombia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Prachatice Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/France report|France report]]: #1lib1ref; Museum of Brittany * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Indonesian Wikisource meetup; more documents from Museum Tamansiswa * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Celebrating Wikipedia and remembering the Holocaust * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Diversity in Glam projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: GLAM Winter in Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Hackathon with the National Library of Sweden * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wales and Oxford * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Snowdays/Shutdowns but Lots of Open Access * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: New year, new newsletter format * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 13:59, 9 February 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18863115 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue II, February 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Gjirokastra reads about Musinenë * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: International Digital Curation Conference 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Wiki Loves Heritage; Wikipedian in Residence at the King Baudouin Foundation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: "Our experience with Wikimedians has brought collaborative principles of Wikipedia to our work with archival curation": an interview with the coordinator of the GLAM-Wiki initiative with the Brazilian National Archives * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Canada report|Canada report]]: Canada report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: Improving 135 articles during #1Lib1Ref at the Goethe-Institut * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Denmark report|Denmark report]]: Mass uploading and educational materials * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/France report|France report]]: Cinémathèque de Grenoble * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Regional coordinators and Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: Wiki Loves Mexico, Editathon at Museo Nacional de Historia and Art and Feminism * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: January - February 2019 activities: Public Domain Day, Wiki Goes Caribbean, Wiki Fridays, Wikimedians in Residence * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Art, feminism, rituals and historical portraits * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Domination of librarians * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: More Library cooperation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Professional day «GLAM & Wikimedia: review of projects in Switzerland and perspectives with Wikidata (2019)» * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Teaching SPARQL with Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Black History Month, Wikidata Game & Women's History Month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Wikimedia Commons Data Roundtripping * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Wikipedia Library report|Wikipedia Library report]]: Books & Bytes–Issue 32, January–February 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Wired for Sound * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report]]: Steering committee election 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Structured Data on Commons: GLAM pilots; Wikimania 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 07:55, 8 March 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18917724 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue III, March 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: WikiFilmat SQ - new articles about the Albanian movie industry! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Art+Feminism+GLAM, Collaboration with Hovhannes Toumanian museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Art+Feminism 2019 in Australia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: The GLAM at USP Museum of Veterinary Anatomy: a history of learnings and improvements * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Moving GLAM institutions inside and outside Colombia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Edit-a-thon Prachatice * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wiki day at the Institut national d'histoire de l'art; Age of wiki at the Musée Saint-Raymond * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/India report|India report]]: Gujarat Vishw Kosh Trust content donation to Wikimedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Italian librarians in Milan * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report]]: WikiLeague: Edit-a-thon on German Literature * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: WikiconNL, International Womens Day and working together with Amnesty, Field study Dutch Libraries and Wikimedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Spring residences and a wiki competition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: UNESCO; Working life museums; Swedish Performing Arts Agency shares historic music; Upload of glass plates photographs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wiki-people and Wiki-museum-data * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women's History Month and The Met has two Wikimedians in the house * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Go Siobhan! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons; Bengali Wikisource case study * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 20:50, 8 April 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=18985903 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue IV, April 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Museum of Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Collaboration with Hovhannes Toumanian museum; Art+Feminism+GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Research activity and GLAM-Wiki initiatives * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: Edit-a-thon with 15 librarians and ICT professionals, and a new Wikiclub * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/France report|France report]]: Nancy Museums * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Wikisource meetup and letter translations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: All over Italy * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: The Near East: from Leiden to Wikipedia; Wikipedia Workshop at Zeeuws Museum; Wiki Goes Caribbean * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Oslo Freedom Forum, Riddu Riđđu, and Márkomeannu * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Outcomes of A+F, new uploads, GLAM conference * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Serbian Ministry of Culture supporting GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Edit-a-thons in Madrid and Brasilia, Wiki Loves Falles and Club Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: FindingGLAMs; Sheet music from Musikverket; The first pilot of the Wikimedia Commons Data Roundtripping project is out!; Digikult * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wikidata and Oxford GLAMs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women's History * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Upcoming releases, and GLAM pilot projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Just call us u4 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Wikimania report|Wikimania report]]: Updates on the Wikimania conference in Stockholm (Aug 14–18) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: OpenGLAM Principles, ARL and Wikidata, CC Summit * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 06:49, 9 May 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19078967 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue V, May 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Your help is needed * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Cooperation with Central Bank of Armenia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Festivals of history, heritage and #1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Full catalog of Impressionist painter Eliseu Visconti into Wikidata and Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Canada report|Canada report]]: New partnership with Library and Archives Canada, and a GLAM Wiki Summit in Toronto * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Free Software Festival * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Starting to work with the Saami languages * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: More Kajawen on Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Open air, artistic and historical edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: WikiScout * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: 30 years on: Free elections, free market * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Wikipedian in Residence at Serbian National Theatre * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: International Museum Day and FESABID19 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Runic Recordings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Data Week and Data Joy * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Asian Pacific American History Month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Updates on development; GLAM pilot projects; Wikimania Hackathon with GLAM focus are * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Wikipedia Library report|Wikipedia Library report]]: Books & Bytes–Issue 33, March–April 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Library of Congress recognition; Hackathon results * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report]]: Hangout with Wikimedia and Libraries User Group * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Creative Commons Global Summit 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 01:19, 9 June 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19113678 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue VI, June 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Third round of cooperation with Hovhannes Toumanian Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Toodyaypedia, City of Canning, WoW2019, and the Pilbara * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Partnership with Football Museum brings visibility to entries about women’s soccer on Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: #1Lib1Ref edit-athons and restrospective of +190 articles improved * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/France report|France report]]: Regular workshops * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Introduction to Wikimedia Commons and Structured data * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: Wiki Loves Mexico * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Image donation; Wiki goes Caribbean meeting on slavery and plantations in Suriname; Dutch open public library data; Field study collaboration Wikimedia and Libraries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: The International Year of Indigenous Languages 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Documentary photographs from National Archives and WikiPlato * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Continuation of residences * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Wikidata imports; Data roundtripping project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Oxford and Coventry Updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: LGBTQ+ Pride * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Development updates; GLAM focus area at the Wikimania Hackathon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Want new tools? We've got 'em! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 23:54, 9 July 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19157272 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': July 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue VII, July 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Members of the National Assembly of Armenia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Staying warm over winter * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Heidelberg symposium * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Cultural Gardener Summer Project in Indonesia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Ireland report|Ireland report]]: Collaboration with the PhotoIreland Foundation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Archeology in alpine valleys * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Sámi place names – collaboration with the Sámi Várdobáiki Language Center * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: More bibliographic data on Wikidata; National Library of Sweden; GLAM activities Wikimania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Oxford and Coventry Updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Uganda report|Uganda report]]: #1Lib1Ref Uganda 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Summer meetups and Picnics * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Map the GLAM report|Map the GLAM report]]: Visualising the status and the spread of a cultural collection in Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Other statements; Wikimania; blog posts on SDC * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Wikipedia Library report|Wikipedia Library report]]: Books & Bytes–Issue 34, May–June 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: I ain't no square with my corkscrew hair * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: OpenGLAM, Wikimania and Structured Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: August's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 08:20, 10 August 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19268956 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue VIII, August 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: Strategic salon around GLAM perspectives * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Continuing our work with the Saami communities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Digitization of banknotes and introduction to structured data on Commons (continued) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Wikidata map making workshop * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Women in Red: collaboration with The National Library in Norway and Oslo Metropolitan University * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: GLAM communities of practice; Problematic data * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: New and old collaborations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikimania 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Wikimania GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Recent presentations, workshops and blog posts * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Work for us, or just tell us what you think of us * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Updates on OpenGLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 07:20, 11 September 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19359039 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': September 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue IX, September 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: The GLAM team from Wikimedia Colombia in OpenConLatAm * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Photographs and events * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/France report|France report]]: European Heritage Days * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Image donation by Indonesian Air Force * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Wikimedia Italia Summer School * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Open cultural heritage; More libraries in Africa on Wikidata; Global MIL Week 2019 Feature Conference; Kulturhistoria som gymnasiearbete; Wiki Loves Monuments * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Oxford, Khalili Collections and Endangered Archives * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Hispanic Heritage and Disability Awareness Month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Help the Movement Learn about Content Campaigns & Supporting newcomers in Wikidata training courses! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Tie a knot in your handkerchief * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: GLAM Manager Role Announced! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: October's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 17:31, 8 October 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19436590 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': October 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue X, October 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: WikiD at the Design Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Wikimedia Colombia in Argentinean event * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Wikipedia Week of Libraries in Broumov * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Nordic cooperation + Wikisource + library information * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Collaborative histories * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/France report|France report]]: GLAM working group at WMFr; Partnership with AAF * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Numismatic items from Sumatran Numismatic Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Malaysia report|Malaysia report]]: Wikipedia Penang Meetup 2 @ Tuanku Fauziah Museum and Gallery, University of Science Malaysia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Share Your Data master classes for GLAMs; New project manager WMNL; Images from Africa * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Radio Cinema at the National Library in Oslo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Nordic Museum publications on Wikidata and Commons; Wikipedia training in Härnösand; Open cultural heritage data in focus in Visby * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili; Museums + Tech; Oxford WIR placement ends * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Spooky Autumn meetups * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: #WikiForHumanRights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Getting started, Tool highlights, Blog posts and presentations about SDC * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Wikipedia Library report|Wikipedia Library report]]: Books & Bytes–Issue 35, July–August 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: We Are Seven * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report]]: October 16th meeting minutes * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Wikisource report|Wikisource report]]: Community Wishlist Survey 2020 and Wiki Advanced Training 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: 1Lib1Ref, Wikimedia Sweden Research and other updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: November's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 09:01, 12 November 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19505891 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': November 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue XI, November 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Wiki Loves Monuments * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Combining the old and the new * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wikimedia training workshops; Conference in the city of Arles * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: IHLIA starts monthly Wikipedia writing sessions, Wiki Techstorm 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Wellington talks and edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Transgressing the boundaries of internal academic discourse * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Minor grants and Library training * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: A busy conference season, a new Caribbean community and introducing a tool for adding artwork metadata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Continued development, documentation, and blog posts * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/Wikipedia Library report|Wikipedia Library report]]: Books & Bytes-Issue 36, September–October 2019 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Research published * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/Wikisource report|Wikisource report]]: Results of Community Wishlist Survey 2020 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: December's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 14:04, 10 December 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19624126 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2019 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume IX, Issue XII, December 2019</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: GLAM+Wikidata Collaboration between Armenia and Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Edit-a-thon Prachatice 2 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Transitional Justice edit-a-thon held in Prishtina * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: A Wikipedian in Residence and a Wikipedian writes * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Plaintext Wikipedia dumps for the National Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Swedish Performing Arts Agency; Bibliographic data about Swedish periodicals * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: White Elephant; WikiWednesday Salon; Cascadia Wikimedians annual meeting * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: New blog posts * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Job vacancies and item 80 million * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Mapping GLAM-Wiki collaborations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2019/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 16:24, 11 January 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19644376 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue I, January 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Burning * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Wikiviews from Benin: Wikipedia in the Tower of Babel * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/France report|France report]]: Paris musées; Bibliothèque Sainte Geneviève * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: 1st PD Day in Indonesia; visitation to GLAM institutions * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Brand new and old faithful wikimedian in residence! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Macrons and museums * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Sámi cultural heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: FindingGLAMs Challenge; Art by Edvard Munch from the Thiel Gallery; More European archives on Wikidata; OpenGLAM now! – watch the presentations; Wikipedia in Libraries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Wikidata for Libraries Hackday Series * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Knowledge Graphs and Meetups * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: New Book * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 19:29, 10 February 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19782286 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue II, February 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Wiki project on Museums with My Armenia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Moreira Salles Institute GLAM initiative in Brazil * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: The Helsinki then and now exhibition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/France report|France report]]: GLAM related blogposts * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Proposing collaboration with museums in Bali; First Wikisource training in the region * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Students write articles about Media artists, Public Domain Day 2020, Wiki Goes Caribbean, WikiFridays at Ihlia - Wikimedia Nederland in January & February 2020 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Wikipedia editing workshop with the Norwegian Network for Museums * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Great dedication of librarians * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Historic photos; Support for international Wikimedia community; Library training tour; Many GLAMs improved on Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Kimonos and Khalili * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Winning photos Wiki Loves Monuments shown in different cities; Libraries Lead an All-Ukrainian Challenge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Black History Month and Open Access Anniversaries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Summary of pilot projects, and what's next * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Leap into Wikidata! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: New Team Leadership, GLAM-Focused Grants Review, OpenGLAM Declaration Research * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 02:02, 10 March 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19882815 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue III, March 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Know My Name; Public libraries of Queensland join Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Gender gap, Wikipedia and Libraries from the GLAM team * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/France report|France report]]: WikiGoths; WikiTopia Archives * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Volunteers' meet-up; Wiki Cinta Budaya 2020 structured data edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Ireland report|Ireland report]]: Video tutorials; Celtic Knot Conference 2020 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: WoALUG and NGO Germin call Albanian Diaspora to contribute to Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen contributes to Wikimedia Commons again; Student research on GLAM-Wiki at Erasmus University Rotterdam * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: March Highlights - Everything is postponed * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: FindingGLAMs; Wikipedia in libraries; Art from the Thiel Gallery Collections; Kulturhistoria som gymnasiearbete * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Colourful Kimonos from Khalili * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women & Editing in the time of virus * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: COVID-19 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Lockdown Levellings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Mapping GLAM-Wiki collaborations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 08:24, 9 April 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=19949739 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue IV, April 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: GLAMce at Museu Paulista: making things machine-readable * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: WikiGap 2020 in Czech Republic; International event; support for Wikimedia community; edit-a-thon run with the US embassy and the Swedish Embassy * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/France report|France report]]: Association des Archivistes Francais; Palladia, a museum collection portal based on Wikimedia resources * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Wikisource Competition 2020 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Ireland report|Ireland report]]: Hunt Museum image donation; Livesteaming and video demonstrations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Archivio Ricordi, webinars and videos * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: One Village, One Article for each village in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Photo collections Afrika-Studiecentrum Leiden; meetup and media donations for Wiki goes Caribbean; first online WikiFriday * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Skrivstuga (edit-a-thon) online – Wikipedia in libraries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: More women on Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Japanese silk and Spanish iron * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Earth Day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Seven Million People Can't Be Wrong * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 15:49, 11 May 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=20062053 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue V, May 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Edit-a-thon dedicated to International Museum Day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: A #1Lib1Ref to close the gender gap * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: #1Lib1Ref 2020 from 26 to 28 May in Côte d'Ivoire * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/France report|France report]]: WikiArchives; IMD 2020: Cross-Chapter Collaboration * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Wikisource Competition 2020 recap; International Museum Day 2020 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: New collaborations and contents! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Analysis of Dutch GLAM-Wiki projects in relation to the Dutch Digital Heritage Reference Architecture, Content donation from Utrecht Archives, Detecting Wikipedia articles strongly based on single library collections and Collection highlights of the KB * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Free music on Wikipedia; NHB webinars; Wikipedia in libraries – Projekt HBTQI * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: International Museum Day 2020 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Japanese art * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Workshops & COVID-19 Symposium * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Content partnership category - your help is needed * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: GLAM metadata standards and Wikimedia projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 17:21, 10 June 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=20155977 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue VI, June 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikigap 2020 in Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Taking training online * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wikimedia in Brazil in times of pandemics * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/France report|France report]]: Association des archivistes français * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: México free and diverse representation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Wiki goes Caribbean meetup and media donation & Making references to Dutch newspapers in Wikipedia more sustainable * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: More than 130 new articles about insects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: June Highlights - Let’s make new agreements * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Free music on Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Diversity in GLAM Program * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Taiwan report|Taiwan report]]: Research Case of the White Paper Cooperation Writing Between Taiwan Gallery and Wikidata Taiwan * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: New project on Islamic art * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Juneteenth2020 +Pride * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Creative Commons invites Open GLAM stories from underrepresented communities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Departure of Sandra Fauconnier * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 15:57, 10 July 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=20268385 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': July 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue VII, July 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikimedia CEE Spring 2020 in Albania and Kosova * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: New WikiClub and Australian GLAM Research * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Important records of Brazilian history: images, metadata and edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Rephotography walks during the pandemic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/France report|France report]]: Bibliothèque Sainte Geneviève * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Hacking the Arts * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: October history month East-West, Pictures as a legacy to the world & Photos of Mali * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Wikimedia Serbia is working on new activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: More Swedish music – of all sorts * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/Uganda report|Uganda report]]: Sensitisation of GLAM institutions in Uganda * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: The effect of a Commons Picture of the Day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: AfroCROWD, AAPB, Philadelphia, Smithsonian * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: August's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 05:40, 12 August 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=20342708 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue VIII, August 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikivoyage edit-a-thon - Editing Albania and Kosovo’s travel destinations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Open innovation and dissemination activities: wrapping up great achievements on a major GLAM in Brazil * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: First Prague Wiki Editathon held in Prague * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Virtual exhibition about Polish-Estonian relations. Rephotography and cultural heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: KulTour in Swabia and 8000 documents new online * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/India report|India report]]: Utilising Occasion for Content donation: A story * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: WMIN & WMNL collaboration & Japanese propaganda films * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Enriching Wiki projects in different ways * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Free music and new recordings of songs in the public domain; Autumn in the libraries; Yes, you can hack the heritage this year – online! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/Uganda report|Uganda report]]: Participating in the African Librarians Week (24-30 May 2020) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Spanish metal and ... * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiknic & Black Artists Matter & Respect Her Crank * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Wikipedia Library, new WikiCite grant programs, and GLAM office hours * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 21:09, 11 September 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=20437068 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': September 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue IX, September 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wikidata birthday celebrations, Wiki Loves Monuments, new partnerships and more! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: GLAM and virtual education * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/France report|France report]]: AAF training course; Workshops in Strasbourg; European Heritage Days: Rennes; Wiki Loves Monuments * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Ahoy! Wikipedians set sail to document the reality of modern seafaring * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: New GLAM partnerships on data donation; Commons structured data edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: Students taking on GLAM Wiki women in red * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Musikverket: more folk music and photos; Hack for Heritage 2020; Wiki Loves Monuments; Wikipedia in the libraries; Digital Book Fair on Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: National Lottery; Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Virtual events MetFashion, 19SuffrageStories, WikiCari Festival and more * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/Open Access report|Open Access report]]: New publication about access to digitised cultural heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Launching Wikisource Pagelist Widget * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: ctober's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 02:44, 13 October 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=20528305 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': October 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue X, October 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report|AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report]]: Wikipedia in African Libraries Project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Abre-te Código hackathon, Wikidata related events and news from our partners * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Postponed Hack4FI GLAM hackathon turned into an online global Hack4OpenGLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/France report|France report]]: Partnership with BNU Strasbourg * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Coding da Vinci cultural data hackathon heads to Lower Saxony * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/India report|India report]]: Mapping GLAM in Maharashtra, India * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Bulan Sejarah Indonesia 2.0; Structured data edit-a-thon; Proofreading mini contest * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: National History Month: East to West, Dutch libraries and Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: West Coast Wikipedian at Large * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/Norway report|Norway report]]: The Sámi Languages on wiki * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Many activities are in our way * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Librarians learn about Wikidata; More Swedish literature on Wikidata; Online Edit-a-thon Dalarna; Applications to the Swedish Innovation Agency; Kulturhistoria som gymnasiearbete; Librarians and Projekt HBTQI; GLAM Statistical Tool * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Enamels of the World * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: American Archive of Public Broadcasting; Smithsonian Women in Finance Edit-a-thon; Black Lunch Table; San Diego/October 2020; WikiWednesday Salon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: November's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 22:36, 11 November 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=20644673 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': November 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue XI, November 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report|AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report]]: Launch of Wikipedia in African Libraries Project Pilot Cohort * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Accessibility through audio descriptions, GLAM tutorials, WikidataCon 2021 and more updates on Brazilian GLAMs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/Canada report|Canada report]]: Taking a tour of CAPACOA workshops and some recent example sets from commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: German symphony orchestra releases audio samples under free license * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/India report|India report]]: Re-licensing of content on water & rivers in India * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: #WikiSejarah WPWP Campaign * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Wikipedia and Education, Funding granted for two projects in 2021, KB completes collection highlights project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: GLAM in Serbia makes important steps in the digitization of cultural heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Edit-a-thons on women scientists and painters * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Music, UNESCO and Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Hundreds of Khalili images * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Black Lunch Table & Museum Computer Network * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: December's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 14:29, 11 December 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=20736167 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue XII, December 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report|AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report]]: Wrap up of the Wikipedia in African Libraries project pilot cohort * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Canada report|Canada report]]: Branding Toolkit released by the Canadian Museums Association for GLAMs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Hundreds of thousands of new photos released * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: The Karl-Preusker-Medal 2020 goes to Wikimedia Deutschland e. V. * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Documentation of workflows for the ingestion of bibliographic data into Wikidata; Wikipedia & Africa: Why contributing to Wikipedia matters * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Māori Women Weavers Edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: GLAMorous end of 2020 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Wiki Loves Monuments submissions livestreamed; Nordiska museet uploads; Sjung med oss, Mamma! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wales, Women in Leeds, and the Hajj * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: WikiConference North America and Salons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: The GLAM & Culture office hours * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11:42, 12 January 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=20941536 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2020 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume X, Issue XII, December 2020</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report|AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report]]: Wrap up of the Wikipedia in African Libraries project pilot cohort * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Canada report|Canada report]]: Branding Toolkit released by the Canadian Museums Association for GLAMs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Hundreds of thousands of new photos released * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: The Karl-Preusker-Medal 2020 goes to Wikimedia Deutschland e. V. * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Documentation of workflows for the ingestion of bibliographic data into Wikidata; Wikipedia & Africa: Why contributing to Wikipedia matters * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Māori Women Weavers Edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: GLAMorous end of 2020 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Wiki Loves Monuments submissions livestreamed; Nordiska museet uploads; Sjung med oss, Mamma! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wales, Women in Leeds, and the Hajj * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: WikiConference North America and Salons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: The GLAM & Culture office hours * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2020/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 14:32, 12 January 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=20941536 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue I, January 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: The Public Domain Tool; Data Donations; Wiki Loves Heritage Belgium 2020 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Heading 2021 with new (and renewed!) GLAM-Wiki projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Public domain day in Colombia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: AvoinGLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/France report|France report]]: #1lib1ref; Training courses; What's next ?; Wikidata and archaeology vocabulary * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Coding da Vinci Niedersachsen wraps up * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: A month in the spirit of references * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Record numbers of digital museum visits * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Protests & Suffragettes - Wikipedia work in 2020; Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiki 20 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Digital Public Library of America makes an impact in 2020 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 07:37, 9 February 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=21034985 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue II, February 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Recruiting two PMs; Budget Report 2020; Wikipedia 20th Bday * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Who do we think we are? * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: New GLAM tutorials in Portuguese * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: WikiMuseum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Focus on learning * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: PD Day 2021 in Indonesia, #1lib1ref, Wikisource workshop * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Historical Maps; Share your Data on colonial heritage; Knowledge platform for heritage institutions * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Amazing results of the January #1Lib1Ref campaign * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Medieval ballads; Project HBTQI * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: 50 Years Women's Suffrage in Switzerland & More * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Black History Month and Smithsonian anniversary * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Project Grants, Analytics for GLAMs, and Shared Citations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 16:00, 11 March 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=21206861 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue III, March 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report|AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report]]: Wikipedia in African Libraries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wiki Loves Folklore 2021; I edit Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: The Brazilian House is the theme of new GLAM dissemination activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Enriching indigenous items in Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: A virtual exhibition on 20 years of Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Wikimedians in Residence for Media Art Project LIMA, Wikimedia and libraries, Wikimedia training related to shared heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: GLAM in Sweden in March * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Leeds Museums & Galleries, the British Library and the Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women's History Month in the US * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Media Search, Image Suggestion API, and Project Grants * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 22:52, 11 April 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=21294881 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue IV, April 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: WikiGap 2021; Workshop “When State Security was engaged in Science”; Women in STEM; International Roma Day Edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: A Wealth of Wiki Women * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Projects by Wikimedia Belgium * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Festa da Wiki-Lusofonia celebrates Wikipedia 20 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: WikiGap 2021 report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/DRCongo report|DRCongo report]]: WMDRC - UG report: Wikipedia in library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Finding new ways of making art visible + 360° panoramas of Estonian museums * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Saami place names * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/France report|France report]]: Journée Wikimédia Culture et numérique 2021; French open content report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Northern Exposure for cultural heritage data * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/India report|India report]]: Proofread competition on Bengali Wikisource in collaboration with British Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Wikisource Competition 2021; Museum Daerah Deli Serdang is now on Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: A Wikipedian in residence at the Civic Museum of Modena: report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: WikiVrijdagen with Atria and IHLIA, Wikimedians in Residence will increase the visibility of media art on Wikipedia, Wikimedia training: shared heritage, Papiamentu and Papiamento: Wikipedia is up and ready to go! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: West Coast WikiCon and Performing Arts Aotearoa * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Great impact of cooperations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: New partnerships * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: More music; Enriching GLAM photos with SDC; Swedish GLAM survey * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: GLAMhack 2021 & more * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: University of Edinburgh Library Wikimedia Community of Interest; Khalili Collections; British Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: The Met, Smithsonian, and a busy Edit-a-thon season * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Wikipedia Library report|Wikipedia Library report]]: Fostering Connections: Wikimedia and Libraries Global Meetup * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report]]: Extended Date Time Format for Wikibase * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Wikimedia Hackathon, Product Updates, and Office Hours * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 04:54, 12 May 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=21418797 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue V, May 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report|AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report]]: A busy month at AfLIA * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Museum, Archives and Libraries on May * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Presence of Museums in Wiki Projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Librarians unite across Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand for 1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Loves Bahia: 2021 is the year of Bahia on Wikipedia in Portuguese * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: Glam-wiki 2021 29 May in Côte d'Ivoire * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/India report|India report]]: Collaboration continues with British Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: #1lib1ref in Indonesia; Online talk show with Wikimedia Nederland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Conference, webinar and projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: National Gallery of Kosovo Collection now on Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Over 15,000 images available from Elsinga Collection, 1.9 million records on slavery and slave trade digitally accessible * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: A busy month in Aotearoa * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: GLAM activities of GLAM Macedonia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: A month in the sign of edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Viquiprojecte:Muixeranga * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Working with UN Human Rights; Aftermath to the fiddler competition; Music manuscripts from the 18th century; Digital visions; Should museums work with Wikipedia?; Wikidata project with museums has results * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Strengthening GLAM Partnerships * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Uganda report|Uganda report]]: Wikipedia for Museums in Uganda * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: British Library, Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Hackathon outputs, data roundtripping and Asian American heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Wikimedia Hackathon report: Upgrading GLAM tech tools and PAWS * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Wikisource report|Wikisource report]]: Indic Wikisource community online gathering * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Grants and conferences * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Wiki World Heritage UG report|Wiki World Heritage User Group report]]: May's report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 14:09, 10 June 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=21497818 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue VI, June 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report|AfLIA Wikipedia in African Libraries report]]: African Librarians Week 2021 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: CEE Spring Campaign in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: A course on opening cultural collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Edit-a-thons with Wiki Women Design * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: A metadata roundtripping model for museums * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/France report|France report]]: European Archaeology Days; Edit-a-thon in Romanity Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Guinea report|Guinea report]]: GLAM with Harmattan Guinée 15 June 2021 in Conakry * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Festival and edit-a-thon dedicated to the world of archives * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Training at Het Nieuwe Instituut in Rotterdam; training for Suriname and the Dutch Caribbean has concluded * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Making artists visible * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Wikidata development and culture of Rudnik and Takovo region * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Museums writing challenge and Viquimarató Carmelina Sánchez-Cutillas * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Free music; Kulturarv som gymnasiearbete; Statistics Sweden – now as open data; KTH library training * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Diversity in GLAM Program * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Uganda report|Uganda report]]: Wikipedia for Museums in Uganda * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: British Library and Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: #1Lib1Ref in Ukrainian Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Meetup/CCCCWI; Vaccine Safety Wikipedia Edit-a-thon; WikiWednesday Salon; San Diego Wiknic; Black Lunch Table / Black visual artists * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Play, experiment and cross borders at Hack4OpenGLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: OpenRefine starts Structured Data on Commons development and is searching for two developers * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Conferences and Structured data modeling * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 05:47, 11 July 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=21652088 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': July 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue VII, July 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Collaboration with the New Vision Organization in Tirana; Summer of Wikivoyage Campaign 2021 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Representation and erasure: opportunities and risks that Wikipedia presents for First Nations knowledges * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: A wikicontest to celebrate and make visible the state of Bahia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/India report|India report]]: Rabimas proofread contest ends on Bengali Wikisource * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: New Zealand holds its second Wikimedia conference, and a performing arts Wikiproject gathers steam * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: New chances for GLAM success * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Photos of Childrens theatre * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: A Thousand Images of Islam, British Library Updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Smithsonian Wiki Focus: Black Women in Food History; San Diego 73; Black Lunch Table Black artists * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: A conversation about depicts and Structured Data on Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: August's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 07:23, 11 August 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=21849336 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue VIII, August 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos (WPWP) Campaign in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: How Australian libraries are turning to Wikipedia during the global pandemic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Transbordados: WikidataCon's preconference for Latin America discusses GLAM and decolonization * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: Glam-wiki 2021 10 Juillet en Côte d'Ivoire * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wikimedian in residence; Some projects for this autumn * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/India report|India report]]: Second proofread competition starts on Bengali Wikisource in collaboration with the British Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Summer school in July and two new WiR in August * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: 50 cool new things you can now do with KB’s collection highlights, and New old photographs of Algeria, Mali and Morocco by Angeline van Achterberg * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: A Wikimedian at New Zealand Opera * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Villas and castles of Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: History, history and future * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections reaches 30 articles * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiki salons and Kearny Mesa * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Hack4OpenGLAM is ready to start * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: OpenRefine starts SDC development * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: GLAM conversations and feedbacks for a better Wikimedia movement * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 00:30, 12 September 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=21990260 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': September 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue IX, September 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Diaspora Edits Wikipedia Campaign * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: New parnership agreements and more training! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Preserving paralympic history * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Wikimedia Belgium GLAM report September 2021 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: WikidataCon's right around the corner: find out how to participate * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wikidata training in Musée de Grenoble * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Call for Italian museums, archives and libraries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Diaspora Edits Wikipedia Campaign * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: GLAM at WikiconNL2021, ISA-campaign Tag the species Naturalis en Rijksmuseum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: New WiR and presentation of our activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Women Gastronomes Edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Kulturhistoria som gymnasiearbete; Uploads from museums in Göteborg; Wiki Loves Monuments; LGBTQIA+ edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: British Library and Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: New page patrol not assuming good faith towards workshop editors * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Working towards a thematic hub on content partnerships * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: First steps for Wikimedia Commons reconciliation service * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Updates on grant-funded technical projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: October's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 22:33, 12 October 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=22102670 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': October 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue X, October 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Open access as Australia reopens * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Wikimedia Belgium GLAM report October 2021 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Wikipedia Art Month + Heritage Days * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Collaborations and partnership * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: How Wikipedia helped to create a Serbian stamp; Many GLAM-related presentations planned at WikiconNL * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Outreach by members of the Aotearoa New Zealand Wikimedia User Group * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Wikidata for Libraries and notable Librarians in Nigeria * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: A good start to GLAM Fall * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Women Writers Month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: The Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk; More museum data on Wikidata; LGBT edit-a-thon; Local business history in Nyköping; Stockholm City Museum ♥ Wikipedia; Writing about fashion at Nordiska museet * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: British Library and Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikiconference North America + Workshops * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Needs assessment interviews; Cultural heritage on Wikidata – thousands of monuments in Norway; Structured Data uploads continue * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: A Wikimedia Commons Reconciliation Service, You Say? * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: GLAM office hours, GLAM newsletter moving to Meta-wiki, and more * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: November's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 06:19, 11 November 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=22311279 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': November 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue XI, November 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Migration from Outreach to Meta: your opinion is needed * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/France report|France report]]: Study day on open content; Open content GLAM report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/India report|India report]]: Second proofread competition ended on Bengali Wikisource in collaboration with the British Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Traing course and conference in November * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: GLAMorous November * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Art, design and history from the museums of Göteborg; Maps in the National Archives of Sweden * [[outreach:outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Aricle contest for librarians «Local cultural heritage and prominent people» * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Smithsonian demos new Wiki API Connector tool and other meetups * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: We continue building for the hub; SDC for fun and profit: detecting bad coordinates; Needs assessment – video recorded interviews; Improving ISA * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Wikisource birthday celebration, Community Tech Wishlist, and upcoming conversation about courses for GLAM professionals * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: December's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11:52, 9 December 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=22394007 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue XII, December 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Writing The Record: the Australian Music Wikipedia project launches * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: We were editing about Bogotan writers * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: Ab ovo. Towards future reports... * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: The New Zealand Wikidata thesis project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Safeguarding the heritage of a community * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Commons project with Göteborg museums was a success; Digital humaniora meets Wikidata; HBTQI, Europeana and WiR * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: 2021 in Review * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Smithsonian Institution Training * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Adding more Structured Data on Commons statements * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Some structured data developments * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 10:46, 12 January 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=22518926 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2021 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XI, Issue XII, December 2021</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Writing The Record: the Australian Music Wikipedia project launches * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: We were editing about Bogotan writers * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: Ab ovo. Towards future reports... * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: The New Zealand Wikidata thesis project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Safeguarding the heritage of a community * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Commons project with Göteborg museums was a success; Digital humaniora meets Wikidata; HBTQI, Europeana and WiR * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: 2021 in Review * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Smithsonian Institution Training * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Adding more Structured Data on Commons statements * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Some structured data developments * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2021/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 16:23, 12 January 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=22518926 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue I, January 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Belgium report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: A portable museum experience to digitize and share collections online * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Let's celebrate the Public domain day with Wikisource * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Mobile Photo Studio + New Cooperations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Photowalks in Helsinki, autumn 2021 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: Training course for Musée de l'armée staff members; Journée Wikimédia Culture et numérique 2022; Wikiway * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: GLAM Indonesia wrap-up; Public Domain Day 2022 in Indonesia; #1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Collaborations and new projects in January * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Romania report|Romania report]]: About #1lib1ref activities in Romania (and Moldova) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Successful end of the Old and even more successful beginning of the New year * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: BiBat Museum and libraries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Uploads of photographs taken by Swedish missionaries in China; Sörmlands museum's first contributions * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections and British Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Report from DPLA * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Hello, world! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Results and summaries; Helping with getting Pattypan back on track; Working with partners to make content available * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: February 22: Meetup about SDC support in OpenRefine * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Wikimedia campaigns for librarians and museum workers; Community Wishlist Survey; and Wikimedia query services * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 18:30, 12 February 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=22740271 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue II, February 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Traditional Food Photography * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Shakespeare is dead - Contemporary playwriting festival; Public Domain Day Belgium 2022 (10/02) report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: An examples of a visual storytelling – two virtual exhibitions * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wikimedian in Residence in Clermont Auvergne * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: New agreement for Wiki Loves Monument Italy 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Traditional Food Photography * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: New photo collections of Alkmaar, Wiki goes Caribbean meeting, contemporary art Wikidata import and knowledge platform for GLAMS * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: National Digital Forum and Editing in a Time of COVID * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: 1Lib1Ref 2022 Kwara * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: New GLAM-Wiki partnerships and cooperations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: A month in the sign of 1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Additional photos from Swedish missionairies; Historical maps of Ukraine * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Stand with Ukraine! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women's History Month activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: February in AvoinGLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Encyclopaedia of Life release their 2 million species descriptions under CC0 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Editing SDC with OpenRefine; Monthly OpenRefine and Wikimedia office hours * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 16:19, 12 March 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=22892827 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue III, March 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Visual culture, human rights and digitization * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Australia grows gender equity for International Women's Day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Collaboration with GLAM institutes in Belgium * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Pills of GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: ...starting bottom-up in indie archive! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Glass, Books and Paintings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: Mooc Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/India report|India report]]: Wikimedian-in-Residence program initiated at the Research Institute of World's Ancient Traditions, Cultures and Heritage in Arunachal Pradesh * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: The growth of sharing on Wikimedia projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Letters from Sierra Leone: the Sjoerd Hofstra photo collection in a new light * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Forming Wikimedia Aotearoa and the Aotearoa New Zealand Theses Project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: News in Wikipedian in residence projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: WikiToro * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: The Unique Historical Kalmar County project continues ...; WikiGap x 3; Students writing articles * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Uruguay report|Uruguay report]]: GLAM Activities by Wikimedia Uruguay * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women's History Month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: UN Environment Programme sharing their knowledge on Wikipedia. Logo competition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: OpenRefine: survey for Structured Data on Commons features * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Commons APP calls, Bophana documentaries, and Image Description Week * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 08:44, 13 April 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=23092895 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue IV, April 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Growing the record of Australian Music * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: About African Pagnes and Belgian music * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Brazil wins the first place in WLM 2021 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: French GLAM meeting * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Work with GLAMs on Wikisourse and Wikimedia Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: GLAM professionals add an image and become Wikipedians; Edificio Carolino Edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: People in Paleontology, Digikult, and copyright term extension for New Zealand * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Wikidata for Nigerian Novelist and Novel * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Wikiresidence in progress and workshop Evolution in GLAM in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Important activities within the GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Training at the National Archives of Sweden; Training at the Stockholm City Museum; Training at the Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology; Improved images from Swedish Performing Arts Agency * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Wikidata Coffee Breaks * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Uruguay report|Uruguay report]]: Wikimedistas de Uruguay report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: WVU Libraries; Earth Day-2022-SWC; Wiki-Gap * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Open Access vs NFT, GLAM School, Saami language, family trees * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Enter our logo competition; IGO/INGO; Needs assessments research results; Wrapping up some ISA-things * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: 1Lib1Ref, Image Description Week, Commons calls, and the Add an image events * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 04:22, 10 May 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=23247018 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue V, May 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Summer of Wikivoyage 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Face-to-face and virtual events on May * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Over 1000 references added in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand for #1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: New Wikidata Property * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Loves Espírito Santo is a sucess * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: From university to library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Photowalks in Southern Finland, spring 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: International Museum Day 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/India report|India report]]: Digitization of Tibetan Buddhist canons, The International Museum Day 2022 Wikidata Competition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: May in and for museums * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Cooperation with the National Gallery of Kosova and Summer of Wikivoyage 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Malaysia report|Malaysia report]]: WikiGap Malaysia 2022 @ Kuala Lumpur Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Pacific Arts Aotearoa Wikiproject, Auckland Museum's Exploratory Study and Report back on #1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Wikipedian in residence in the National Museum in Cracow; Training at the Wawel Royal Castle National Art Collection; How can we make GLAM’s digital resources more reusable in education?; The International Museum Day 2022 Wikidata Competition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: New GLAM brochure and Wikilive 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Rembrandt and others – drawings from the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm; Stockholm Museum of Women’s History; The map book of Heinrich Thome; Sörmland Museum; Wikidata competition – International Museum Day 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Diversity in GLAM Program * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Uruguay report|Uruguay report]]: Wikimedistas de Uruguay report: 1bib1ref, Museum of Natural History, and more! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Hackathons and Edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: International Energy Agency share their knowledge and graphics on Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Uploading files to Wikimedia Commons with OpenRefine: looking for test uploads! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Results from 1Lib1Ref May 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 14:13, 13 June 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=23345409 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue VI, June 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: CEE Spring 2022 in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: In the middle of new projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: A celebration, a commitment, an edit-a-thon: Know My Name returns for 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Heritage and Wikimedian in Residence * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: FIRST WikiCon Brazil & Three States of GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: Network(ing) effect(s) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: French open content report promotion * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Opening and closing projects in June * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Edit-a-thon with Kino Lumbardhi; DokuTech; CEE Spring 2022 in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: West Coast Wikipedian at Large and Auckland Museum updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Wikipedian in residence in the National Museum in Cracow; The next online meeting within the cycle of monthly editing GLAM meetings; Steps to communicate GLAM partnerships better and involve the Wikimedian community * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: 100 000 memories from the Nordic Museum; Report from the Swedish National Archives * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Diversity in GLAM Program * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Featured images and cultural diversity * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Fifty Women Sculptors; Juneteenth Edit-a-thon; Juneteenth Photobooths 2022; Wiknic June 2022; New York Botanical Garden June 2022; LGBT Pride Month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Structured data on Commons editing now possible with OpenRefine 3.6; file uploading with 3.7 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 03:46, 11 July 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=23471794 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': July 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue VII, July 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Provinces: our main characters * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Brazil holds its National Wiki Conference, and many GLAM partners join * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: A very busy July for Colombian libraries / Un Julio bastante movido para las bibliotecas colombianas * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wikimedian in residence in Clermont-Ferrand * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: News from Auckland Museum, the West Coast, and New Zealand's thesis repositories * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Edit-a-thon in the National Museum in Cracow, GLAM editing contest on the collection of artworks * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Portugal’s first GLAM-Wiki open access museum project is launched!! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Presentation of GLAM activities at Edu Wiki Camp * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: GLAM for the Masses * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Wikimania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Wikimania activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: What next for 1Lib1Ref? * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: August's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 01:24, 9 August 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=23554599 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue VIII, August 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Campaign in Albania and Kosovo in 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Introducing Wikidata to the City of Sydney * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: In-person and online activities hosted by Brazil during Wikimania 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Summer in WMEE - from collecting professors´ portraits to new potential co-operations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Coins and paintings by the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: 4 Islands Outreach; Digital Clippings; Balinese Wikisource Competition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Italian institutions ever closer to Wiki Loves Monuments * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Campaign and Wikivoyage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: West Africa in the Van der Kraaij Photo Collection 1972-1987 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: A Wikipedian at Large * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: The summary of GLAM editing contest and the end of residency at the National Museum in Cracow; Cooperation with Wawel Royal Castle; Hack(art)hon for Zachęta * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Linking Portuguese culture to Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Contemporary Art Edit-a-thon and Wikipedian in residence at the Historical Archive of Negotin * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: 100 000 Bildminnen; Uniforms, images from New Sweden, colonial officers, the map book of Fryderyk Getkant, and more!; Swedish general election 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Culturally diversifying Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/Uruguay report|Uruguay report]]: Wikimuseos & editing clubs in Uruguay * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikimania, Meetups and More * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Crisis & GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Tools; Helpdesk; IGO/INGO * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: New tool in development utilizing Structured Data * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Capacity building for Bophana Center * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 15:55, 12 September 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=23741699 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': September 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue IX, September 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wiki Loves EuroPride in Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Behind the scenes with Australia's Wiki Loves Earth 2022 winner * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022/Contents/Austria report|Austria report]]: A Börthday present for Wikidata - the DACH Culture Contest * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Reopening of Museu Paulista and other news * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: Meeting with Prime minister cultural adviser; Residence at the Brittany Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022/Contents/India report|India report]]: Digitisation of O Bharat, a bilingual biweekly published in Goa from 1912 to 1949 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: GLAM Socialization; Wikistories for GLAM Competition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: September month of results and planning * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Wiki Loves Monuments Suriname first edition: 554 photos * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: New Zealand Thesis Project and Te Papa Forget-me-nots * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: The results of GLAM editing contest; GLAM Coordinators Meeting * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: External projects, great results and high level of independence * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Bookfair back on site; Cultural history in High Schools; More identifiers from National Historical Museums of Sweden on Wikidata; Swedish general election 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programm * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Islamic art and global art * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Advocacy and Invention; New Smithsonian WiR; Called to Create; DC Statehood and Home Rule; Annual meeting; Wikipedian in Residence Opportunity at the Pérez Art Museum Miami * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Workshops on tool prioritization and helpdesk * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: View it! tool development update * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: October's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 22:53, 8 October 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=23872369 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': October 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue X, October 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2022/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikimedian in Residence in Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2022/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Celebrating Wikidata, and over 400 new Wikipedia pages * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: WLM Brazil, HR & Environment Wikicontest, and GLAM with Atlantic Forest National Institut * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2022/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Chuvash people in WMEE and Photo contest * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2022/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: GLAM Talk; Javanese Wikisource Workshop * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Touring Club Italiano: updates and uploads * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2022/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: About the Dutch Wiki Loves Fashion 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: TDWG2022 and Molluscs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2022/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Wiki Loves Monuments 2022 selection process in progress; GLAM online meeting on evaluation of ten editions Wiki Loves Monuments in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: GLAMorous October; Faculty of Dramatic Arts in Belgrade; CEE Meeting * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Women and architechture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2022/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Program * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Foundation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Asian American Edit-a-thons and More * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: First batch upload; list of tools * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2022/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: View it! tool: now with Commons category search! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2022/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: AfLIA Wikisource webinar, Wiki Rescues Manuscripts & European GLAMwiki Coordinators meeting * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: November's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 17:12, 10 November 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=23979654 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': November 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue XI, November 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2022/Contents/Africa report|Africa report]]: Wiki Loves Africa 2022 Winners & 2022 ISA Drive * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2022/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: An event at the National History Museum in Tirana * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: WLM tool, Wiki Takes, New WMB's Strategy, and 2 new GLAMs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2022/Contents/India report|India report]]: Two Open Culture films on India's Odia language, made with volunteer labour * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2022/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Open GLAM Conference; Sundanese Wikisource Workshop; Minangkabau books digitization * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Video and photo to share the beauty of Italy's heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2022/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Linking heritage data at HackaLOD * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Integrating with the BHL, loading natural science specimens and data * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2022/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: How Wiki helps to explore and enjoy art & culture; Wiki workshop for the National Museum in Krakow; GLAM online meeting on ideas for 2023; Wiki Loves Monuments 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Wikipedian in residence at Faculty of Dramatic Arts in Belgrade and National Museum of Zrenjanin * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Wikipedian in Residence at Musikverket; Women and architecture; Gymnasiearbete; New uploads from the Swedish National Archives; WLM winners; Images of Äpplet * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2022/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Program * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Foundation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2022/Contents/Uruguay report|Uruguay report]]: Let's GLAM Together in Uruguay: Help us organize the GLAM Wiki Conference 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: WikiConference North America 2022; Punk Wikipedia Edit-a-thon; Kensho Technologies Impact-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2022/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: We need your opinion: GLAM Wiki Conference 2023 & Your Favorite Tools * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Survey: your favorite tools * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: December's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 04:14, 11 December 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=24181148 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue XII, December 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Ongoing projects with open culture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: A YEAR in REarVIEW! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/Denmark report|Denmark report]]: Edit-a-thon on contemporary Danish artists from the former Yugoslavia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/India report|India report]]: CIS-A2K launches GLAM projects in Aurangabad, Maharashtra * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Digitalization in Deli Serdang and Yogyakarta; #1Lib1Ref Workshop; Structured Data Marathon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Museo Egizio - collection import * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: The Great Macron War, Critter of the Week, and West Couast Wikisource * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: WikiLovesLibraries Nigeria:An initiative beyond 1Lib1Ref for Librarians in Nigeria * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: The first European GLAM Coordinators online meet-up; New articles on the collection of Wawel Royal Castle; Results of Wiki Loves Monuments 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Wikibase in social sciences and Public Domain Day celebrations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Wikidata Birthday and ongoing projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Musikverket; Media literacy graphics; Reports for project and to project partners * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme: look back to 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/Uganda report|Uganda report]]: GLAM in Uganda 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili project year in review * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikipedia Edit-a-Thon: International Volunteer Day; ICP x Art + Feminism * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Introducing Wiki Loves Living Heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Helpdesk; IGO/INGO * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: View it!: New FULL version is ready to launch * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: GLAM-Wiki Con 2023, DPLA's new Sloan Foundation funding, and more * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 12:17, 11 January 2023 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=24342308 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2023 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2023|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIII, Issue I, January 2023</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2023/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia Birthday in Tirana, Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2023/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: DESINGEL arts centre and Wikimedia platforms * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2023/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Open Midiateca: Licensing and analysis of collections of Midiateca Capixaba * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2023/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Let's celebrate public domain day 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2023/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Photo walks for Wiki Loves Monuments and rephotography * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2023/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Public Domain Day in Indonesia; #1Lib1Ref Campaign and Workshop * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2023/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Wikimedia Italy's calls for free knowledge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2023/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Opening old books at Maastricht University * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2023/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM stepping into 2023; New “did you know” articles on the collection of Wawel Royal Castle * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2023/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: #1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2023/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Tekniska museet makes 3000 polar images available on Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2023/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2023/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: National Trust and cultural diversity * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2023/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Effie Kapsalis remembered; Mathematicians + Wikipedia; Wikipedia Day 2023; San Diego meetup * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2023/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Report of survey about Wikimedia content partnerships tools * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2023/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: View it! Editing Functionality: Final Update! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2023/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2023/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 20:31, 9 February 2023 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=24506764 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2023 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2023|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIII, Issue II, February 2023</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2023/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: I Edit Wikipedia Online Campaign 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2023/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Public Domain Day Belgium 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2023/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: GLAM-Wiki initiatives in Brazil spark academic investigation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2023/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: Activities during first two months of 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2023/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Launching of Wikisource Loves Manuscripts; Bincang GLAM continues * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2023/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: New project and collaboration in February * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2023/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: I Edit Wikipedia Online Campaign 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2023/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Wikidata and the Biodiversity Heritage Library, Wellington WikiCon 2023 and Auckland Museum local suburb project funding * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2023/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: The European GLAM Coordinators online meet-up; GLAM-Wiki workshop at the Wawel Royal Castle State Art Collection; Wikimedians-in-residence online meet up * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2023/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: 100 000 Bildminnen; Report from The Association of Swedish Museums; Wikipedia for all of Sweden; ArkDes edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2023/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: In Memoriam Jo Pugh / Cultural Diversity * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2023/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Black History Month and More * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2023/Contents/Wiki Loves Living Heritage report|Wiki Loves Living Heritage report]]: Wiki Loves Living Heritage launches 17 March 1pm UTC * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2023/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Gender, language, and living heritage events in collaboration with affiliates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2023/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2023/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 06:20, 12 March 2023 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=24700176 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2023 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIII, Issue III, March 2023</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: WikiGap Tirana 2023, Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Starting the year at WMAR * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Know My Name edit-a-thon at the National Gallery of Australia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Loves Pará, Women's month and a huge upload for biologists * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: From Ruhnu to Vääna a.k.a. Winterspring in WMEE * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023/Contents/France report|France report]]: Residency at the Brittany Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Javanese Wikisource Competition; 5 More Bincang GLAMs; GLAM Socialization to University of Sriwijaya * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: GLAM Spring * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Wikivoyage Edit-a-thon in Istog * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Auckland War Memorial Museum Local Suburb Project updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM meet-ups, Wikiresidencies and GLAM partners contributiong to editing contest * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: GLAM in March * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Photo memories from three industrial towns; Update from the archives; ArkDes edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Foundation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Projects and activities in March * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Mismatch Finder: Resolving Mismatches in Wikidata’s 100 Million Items * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023/Contents/Wiki Loves Living Heritage report|Wiki Loves Living Heritage report]]: The Ethics of Open Sharing * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2023/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 23:47, 10 April 2023 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=24780501 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2023 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2023|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIII, Issue IV, April 2023</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2023/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: International Roma Day Edit-a-thon in Albania, 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2023/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: "Every Book its Public" Campaign and Strategic Committee on Libraries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2023/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: What's new at GLAM in the Czech Republic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2023/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: GLAM Mini Grants; Structured Data Marathon VIII; Wikisource Online Workshop * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2023/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Bridges between Wikimedia and culture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2023/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: BHL Whitepaper and outreach for Citizen Science Month and WeDigBio, Auckland Museum suburbs project update, New Zealand Women in Architecture Wikidata Project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2023/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Another meeting of EU GLAM Coordinators; Guided tours for Wikipedians in museums in Krakow; Presentation on Art in Wikipedia; Online training on the basics of copyright law; Polish monuments among the top winners of WLM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2023/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: ISOF workshop; More articles from students; SAAB veterans shared their knowledge during metadata edit-a-thon; ArkDes edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2023/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Democratising knowledge and cultural diversity * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2023/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Into the Wikiverse; Earth Day 2023 Bushwick * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2023/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Wikipedia day pitches by FAO and IEA * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2023/Contents/Wiki Loves Living Heritage report|Wiki Loves Living Heritage report]]: Activities are starting! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2023/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Biodiversity Heritage Library whitepaper and the #1Lib1Ref campaign * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2023/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2023/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 22:33, 10 May 2023 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=24999560 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2023 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIII, Issue V, May 2023</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: E-mail account issue * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Summer of Wikivoyage Edit-a-thon in Shëngjin, Albania, 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Improving Wikipedia pages about Australian women filmmakers at ACMI * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: First GLAM-Wiki partnership from Pará * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Adding authority control templates with Pywikibot * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/India report|India report]]: Digitization of Behar Herald starts in Patna * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Wikisource Workshop in Madura; Outreach to Bandung; Indonesian Wikisource Competition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Open access from North to South * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Summer of Wikivoyage Edit-a-thon 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Women in Architecture Edit-a-thon and Auckland suburb updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/Philippines report|Philippines report]]: Wikisource promotion at UNC Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Air travel and city streets * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/Uganda report|Uganda report]]: These last few months in Uganda * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Promoting cultural diversity on Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: A Spotlight on Black Women Birders; DC Nobel Solution Sessions; Women of Color in the Renwick Gallery; Anthropology and Community Connections; SAGE edit-a-thon; WikiWednesday Salon; Into the Wikiverse: AANHPIs in Science Fiction and Pop Culture; Queering Wikipedia 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Help Wikimedia Map Your Efforts to Improve Copyright! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/GLAM Wiki conference report|GLAM Wiki conference report]]: GLAM Wiki Conference 2023: Announcing the venue & scholarship application process open * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/Wiki Loves Living Heritage report|Wiki Loves Living Heritage report]]: Photo contests * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: WILMA, DPLA + SDAW, and BHL whitepaper updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2023/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 00:47, 12 June 2023 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=25118911 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2023 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIII, Issue VI, June 2023</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: CEE Spring Campaign 2023, Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Contents/Asia report|Asia report]]: Donation of images from the National Centre for Biological Sciences * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Native Brazilian photographer wins Wiki Loves Folklore Brazil 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: Half done in 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Museum tour, WLM, handouts and image donation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Contents/India report|India report]]: Wiki Exploration Programme GLAM activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Conclusion of Mini Grants; Second #1Lib1Ref Campaign; Wikisource Workshop in Bali * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: TCI and Turin Academy of Science * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: CEE Spring Campaign 2023, Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: A new book, new Wikipedia articles, videos and further images on Africa * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Report on the Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections Conference 2023 and Auckland suburb updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Contents/Philippines report|Philippines report]]: GLAM outreach activity at University of Nueva Caceres: Digitization, workshops and proofread-a-thons as future collaboration * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM-Wiki workshops for the Czartoryski Library; Work on the GLAM-Wiki Project Page Continues; End of Internship within the "Praktykuj w Kulturze" Program * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Knowledge overview; Almedalen week * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programm * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Cultural diversity * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: WikiWednesday returns to Manhattan; Wikimedia NYC and Art+Feminism; WikiConference North America 2023; GLAM Wiki 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Flickr Foundation and Wikimedia Foundation partner to build Flickypedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Contents/GLAM Wiki conference report|GLAM Wiki conference report]]: The call for proposals is now open for the GLAM Wiki Conference * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2023/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 07:10, 10 July 2023 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=25275926 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': July 2023 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2023|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIII, Issue VII, July 2023</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2023/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wiki Photowalk Albania and Kosovo, 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2023/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: First batch of a big upload * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2023/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Where's The Source? Adding Citations to Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2023/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Two new GLAM-wiki partnerships and Three large uploads * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2023/Contents/France report|France report]]: New milestone reached: already 500 portraits of geographers uploaded on Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2023/Contents/India report|India report]]: Open Knowledge Fellowship by Heritage Lab and Wikibase set foot in India * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2023/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Videos and filmmakers of Africa, Open Churches Photochallenge and Wiki goes Caribbean meet-up in Dutch National Archive * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2023/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: EU GLAM Coordinators; WikiMatejko; Polona; internship program * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2023/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Wikipedian in residence raises the standards * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2023/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Roads, Kingdoms and Assassins * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2023/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: WikiWednesday Salon; New York Botanical Garden; Meetup San Diego * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2023/Contents/Wiki Loves Living Heritage report|Wiki Loves Living Heritage report]]: Join Wiki Loves Living Heritage at Wikimania! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2023/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: WiLMa updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2023/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: August's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2023/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 07:16, 9 August 2023 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=25415835 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2023 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIII, Issue VIII, August 2023</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Highlights on Wikimania 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Wikimedia Armenia GLAM projects in August * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Activities in Belgium September-December 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: 4 new GLAM-Wiki partnerships and uploads from several institutions * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Canada report|Canada report]]: Wiki-Wednesdays: Digital Literacy for GLAM workers * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Summer does not stop the wiki collaborations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: The Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos in Albania and Kosovo; Wiki Loves Earth in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Public sculpture photo trail: documenting Auckland sculptures in Wikidata; Aotearoa's Wikimedia Laureate * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Presentation for school librarians at Wikiteka, Ongoing projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: A month in the shine of Wikidata and new cooperation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Showcasing collaboration with the Nordic Museum at Wikimania 2023; Working with Swedish folk high schools * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programm * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Islamic art exhibitions and heritage innovation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Great North American Wiknic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Wikidocumentaries to import images from the web to Structured Data on Commons – a Google Summer of Code project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Hub updates at Wikimania 2023; Supporting Wiki Loves Monuments teams * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Open call: OpenRefine-Wikimedia train-the-trainer course, November 2023-April 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Wiki Loves Living Heritage report|Wiki Loves Living Heritage report]]: Looking back, looking ahead * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/WREN at Wikimania report|WREN at Wikimania report]]: Wikimedians in Residence Exchange Network at Wikimania Singapore * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11:01, 12 September 2023 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=25585038 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': September 2023 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIII, Issue IX, September 2023</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Disseminating open culture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Amazonia on Wiki * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Wikidata and the editing of Ibero-American scientific journals * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/France report|France report]]: Celebrating Rugby Herstory and History in Toulouse; Les Lorraines sans pages * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/India report|India report]]: Wikimedia Commons Contest connects Pune citizens with the rivers Mula & Mutha * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: 10,000 institutions on the Wikimedia projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: West Coast Wikipedian at Large * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM-Wiki educational activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: With multiple events, September was a busy month for Wikimedia Portugal * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Wikipedia in education; Continuation at Swedish folk high schools; Wikipedians at the Bookfair * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: A new WIR and a very old book * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikimedia New York City Election 2023; San Diego/September 2023; Climate Change and Food Safety * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: OpenRefine and Wikimedia Commons: train the trainer course participants and two surveys * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Wiki Loves Living Heritage report|Wiki Loves Living Heritage report]]: European photo contest finalists, Local Contexts Wikiproject at GLAMhack * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Wikisource Loves Manuscripts, ICOM outreach, Flickr Foundation partnership, OpenRefine adoption, new sources in The Wikipedia Library, Image Description Month events, and the GLAM Wiki Conference * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: October's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 15:02, 11 October 2023 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=25712541 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': October 2023 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIII, Issue X, October 2023</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Celebrating Wikipedia's 20th Birthday in Albanian Language * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Content, resources and platforms for open access! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: October Report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Loves Monuments Brasil 2023 and Open Midiateca * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Open Access Week and Wikidata; Opening Culture and Heritage training * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: Wikimedia Côte d'Ivoire and Apsid-ci collaboration for Glam * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: Looong summer is over * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Great first results in State Regional Archives and Wikiresident Group coworking * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Ireland report|Ireland report]]: Wikimedia Community Ireland Host WikiWomen Partner Meeting at Dublin's historical Port * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Results of funded projects within Call GLAM 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Wiki Loves Fashion in the Netherlands * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Biodiversity Information Standards Conference 2023 (TDWG2023) and the Entomological Collection Network Meeting (ECN2023) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: WikiMatejko, Internships, Open Heritage, folk costumes * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Open Access Week celebrations and an edit-a-thon to increase the visibility of black lusophone communities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Dynamic October in Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/South Africa report|South Africa report]]: Edit-a-thon for Librarians at the annual Library and Information Association of South Africa 2023 Conference * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Wikipedia for all of Sweden; Museums and Wikidata – why and how?; Photo memories from Stockholm and Rome; Negotiating Knowledge on Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programm * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Good omens for a rosy future * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women in Environmental Justice; October WikiSalon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: AvoinGLAM joins the long-awaited GLAM Wiki 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Let's Connect * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Wiki Loves Living Heritage report|Wiki Loves Living Heritage report]]: Learning and sharing * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report]]: The Wikimedia and Libraries AI Salons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: November's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 03:14, 11 November 2023 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=25792228 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': November 2023 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIII, Issue XI, November 2023</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Three-months of Wikimedian in Residence at the Qemal Baholli Public Library in Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: New partners in Rio and GLAM WikiCon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Canada report|Canada report]]: WCNA 2023: an key event for North American users * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Wiki GLAM Conf and Bogotá Libraries Meeting * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/France report|France report]]: Edit-a-thon Le retour de la momie * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Record edition of Wiki Loves Monuments in Italy * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Share your Data course, history month, REBOOT! and Dutch Public Domain Day event * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Summer students at Auckland Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM-Wiki Conference, WikiMatejko * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Catalan culture and showcasing Wikimedia on both side of the Atlantic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Wikipedians in Residence, GLAM Wiki Conference * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: National Historical Museums of Sweden contributions; Photo memories from all over the world engage the community; Museum of medieval photo safari * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Fifty article milestone * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: AvoinGLAM at GLAM Wiki 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: 3,000 medical images on Wikimedia Commons through the Helpdesk * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Wiki Loves Living Heritage report|Wiki Loves Living Heritage report]]: 2023 Living Heritage elements are added to Wiki Loves Living Heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: December's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 08:40, 11 December 2023 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=25925124 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2023 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIII, Issue XII, December 2023</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wiki Loves EuroPride in Albania 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Bosnia & Herzegovina report|Bosnia & Herzegovina report]]: A year in review ... * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: 2023 in review * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Wiki-residents establishing meeting took place in December * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Go-ahead for Wikidata Project of GLAM institutions from Baden-Württemberg * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: WLM Local winners and funds for 2024 GLAM projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Auckland Museum summer updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Intense end to a year of GLAM-Wiki activities in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Photo memories project concludes; Sörmlands museum passes 1000 uploads to Wikimedia Commons; Wikimedian in Residence supports an upload of music content; Subject terms from Queerlit; Wikidata for authority control: 3 years of work * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Program * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: 2023 in Review * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: WikiConference North America 2023; TSU and USF; Philadelphia WikiSalon; Wikimedia DC Annual Membership Meeting; Wikipedia Editing 101 for All; NYC Hacking Night; Upstate NY workshop; Wikiquote She Said Project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Wiki Loves Living Heritage report|Wiki Loves Living Heritage report]]: Thank you for making Wiki Loves Living Heritage happen! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Updates and invitation to test the Commons Impact Metrics prototype * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 05:25, 13 January 2024 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=26019095 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue I, January 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia Day in Albania 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: First international public domain day celebration in Europe coming up on March 7 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: A legal infrastructure for sharing public collections in Brazil: the case of Midiateca Capixaba * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: January '24: Institute of Physics photos and Free culture discussion * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Photographing at the second half of 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/India report|India report]]: Documenting ASI (Archaeological Survey of India) Museums in Bihar * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Public Domain Day & Monumental Moments * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Aotearoa Wikipedian at Large, and Auckland Museum updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: An update on the Wikimatejko editing action and an invitation to the international community to join the action * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Unveiling Catrapilha: A ReacTive approach to GLAM content import * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Freedom of Panorama in Sweden * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Indonesian praise for an Ottoman photograph of Arabia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikipedia Day 2024; edit-a-thon; meetups * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Events! Events! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: New OpenRefine documentation for Wikimedia Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: WiLMa Updates, OpenRefine training, Biodiversity, and Librarians * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 01:59, 10 February 2024 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=26180968 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue II, February 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: One village, One article in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: On tour * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: News from Rio de Janeiro * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/France report|France report]]: Open Content Observatory letter * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Antarctic Writing Month and GLAM call * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: One Village, One Article Campaign * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: WikiProject Te Papa Research Expeditions, wrapping up the Auckland / Tāmaki Makaurau local histories project, and the Aotearoa Wikipedian at Large * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: WikiMatejko editing action; The eighth European GLAM Wiki coordinators meet up * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: SMALL GLAM SLAM Pilot 1 Rapid Grant * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Working life museums * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: National Trust, Leeds 2023, and Khalili Foundation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Hacking Night; Seattle Meetups; Denver Huddle; Wikipedia Day LA; San Diego/February 2024; Supreme Court visit * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group February Monthly Highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Working with catalogues: a Wikidata volunteer’s perspective * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Updates on OpenRefine training and Wikisource Loves manuscripts * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 13:49, 10 March 2024 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=26279731 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue III, March 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: WikiGap Tirana 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Art+Feminism in Australia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Belgian Public domain day and Wiki Loves Heritage awards on March 7 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: A GLAM focus on Rio de Janeiro; Archivos en vigília * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Making the public domain visible on Wikidata; In Colombia Women are historical * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: GLAM call winner projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: GLAMorousToHTML - a tool to list Wikipedia articles that include images from a given Commons category * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Update on Wikidata:WikiProject Te Papa research expeditions and the Wikipedian at Large * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM-Wiki in Poland in March * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: More photo memories – and the community is helping out; Yearly student project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: A small problem with the Ottoman Empire * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: GLAM CSI and WikiPortraits launch and more meetups * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group March monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: GLAMorousToHTML - a tool to list Wikipedia articles that include images from a given Commons category * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: WikiLearn course for OpenRefine on Wikimedia Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Learn to upload to Commons with OpenRefine and get up to date on the International Museum Day, GLAM CSI, WiLMa Network, and WikiWorkshop * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 01:55, 11 April 2024 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=26483115 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue IV, April 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: International Roma Day Editathon in Albania and Kosovo, 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: New images from Central Australia on Wikimedia Commons, Library Science WikiProject students edit Wikipedia & 1Lib1Ref in Australia and New Zealand * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Library Month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: 2023 became a promissing year for wiki-residents and partnerships in CR * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: International Roma Day Editathon in Albania and Kosovo, 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Informal GLAM hack session * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Te Papa research expeditions and the Wikipedian at Large * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Climate Changes and GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM-Wiki in Poland in April * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: SMALL GLAM SLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: 100 000 bildminnen; Metabase * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Heaven on Earth at last? * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group April monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: AI Sauna quick reflection * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: OpenRefine online courses in more languages, and certified trainers * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: OpenRefine course in three more languages and International Museum Day challenges * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 06:43, 11 May 2024 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=26483115 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue V, May 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Summer of Wikivoyage Edit-a-thon in Kruja; Traditional Albanian food photography competition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Open licensing guide from Midiateca Capixaba; Activities in Rio de Janeiro; First batch from LabDOC; New batch from NeuroMat; Hercule Florence photowalk * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: International discussion on the role of media and new GLAM partnership on the horizon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/India report|India report]]: Digitization concludes for Behar Herald and a digitization workshop held for libraries in Maharashtra * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Summer of Wikivoyage Edit-a-thon in Kruja & Traditional Albanian food photography competition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: WikiconNL 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Women in Architecture Edit-a-thon, Wikidata Te Papa research expeditions project and 1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM-Wiki in Poland in May * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: The Search for the Lost Manuscripts * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Our first Igbo language article * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Article campaigns for Ukrainian librarians, partnership with a national library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: WikiPortraits & Edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group May monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/GLAM Wiki Meta pages revamp|GLAM Wiki Meta pages revamp]]: GLAM Wiki Meta pages kicking off the Working Group * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Introducing Alice Kibombo, a new dataset, and more * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 14:25, 9 June 2024 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=26893904 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue VI, June 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wiki Loves Living Heritage in Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Partner Project between Wikimedia Australia, the Australian and New Zealand Society of Indexers (ANZSI) and the School of Information and Communication Studies at Charles Sturt University (CSU SICS) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Loves Mato Grosso * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: GLAM digital with the August Bebel Institute - "Wiki Loves Democracy Part III" and new GLAM-on-Tour-Film released * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: 2024 Half-a-year in Review * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Open science conference and Wikimedians in Sicily * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Wiki Loves Earth in Albania & Kosovo, 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: WikiProject Te Papa Research Expeditions and WikiProject IBC 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Climate Changes Edit-a-thons by Wikimedia MKD * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM-Wiki in Poland in June * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: News in GLAM Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Using Wikipedia in interfaith education * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: GLAM CSI user stories feedback requested and US events * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group June monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Bridging Digital Art Practices with Institutional Archives: professional knowledge exchange on digital art archiving * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: 20th Century Press Archives – history in newspaper clippings, made accessible by ZBW and Wikimedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 02:29, 12 July 2024 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=27031050 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': July 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue VII, July 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: For what matters most for your community * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Mid-term digitization update * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Structuring Wiki Loves Monuments through a Wikidata portal * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Canada report|Canada report]]: CCA Hosts Inaugural Wiki Edit-a-Thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: The flight over the "Rosinenbomber" - drone deployment for Free Knowledge; Kicking off a German-language community of practice for building cultural heritage linked open data with the wikimedia projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/India report|India report]]: GLAM partner ventures into 'Digitisation Plus' programs with Wikimedians * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Prompting what's most important - our community in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: WikiProject International Botanical Congress 2024, a presentation to the Natural History Museum, London & Kew Gardens staff and a Research expeditions edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Translations galore * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikicurious WikiNYC Civic Hall; San Diego 111; #5WomenArtists campaign * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group July monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: GLAM GLobal meetup & GLAM Global Calls * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: August's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 02:58, 12 August 2024 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=27242105 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue VIII, August 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Vacancy Wikimedian in Residence for Wikipedia on Aruba - Aruba on Wikipedia project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Technology and biodiversity: “Amazonian Knowledge on Wiki” * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Colombia in Wikimania Mood * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Cooperation between National Library and Wikimedia CR was presented at Wikimania 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/India report|India report]]: Wikimedians-in-residence assigned to add lexicographical data of 5 endangered languages of West Bengal * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: 10 reasons why the National Library of the Netherlands moved its Wikimedia-related publications from SlideShare to Zenodo, and keeps them on Wikimedia Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Looking for Aotearoa's next roving Wikipedian, a Wikidata Te Papa research expeditions publication & the Wikidata WikiProject IBC follow-up workshop * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: An insight of Wkikimedia MKD's 2024 GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM-Wiki in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Indonesian Featured Article award * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikimania report and meetups * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group August monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Global GLAM Wiki Meetup - Future meetings and outcomes * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: AvoinGLAM at Wikimania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Content Partnerships Hub at Wikimania; The Helpdesk; Metabase; UN collaboration day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Commons Impact Metrics, WikiLibCon25, and WikiConference North America * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 10:47, 11 September 2024 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=27310248 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': September 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue IX, September 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikimedian in Residence at Elbasan’s Ethnographic Museum in Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: GLAM and communities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Artbank's edit-a-thon for gender equity in Australian visual arts * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Project 'Belgian distilleries as Linked Open Data' completed * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Photowalks for Wiki Loves Monuments 2024 at five corners of Brazil * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/France report|France report]]: 4th edition of the Label Culture Libre * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/India report|India report]]: Digitization at the Museum of Santal Culture, Federation Hall Society Library and Cultural Heritage and Literature in Meghalaya * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Report on the Wikidata WikiProject International Botanical 2024, Conference report for SPNHC-TDWG 2024 and the upcoming New Zealand species edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM-Wiki in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Wiki Takes Rural Archaeology * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wiki content in interfaith education * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Banned books and more * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group September monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Global GLAM calls from November: short survey, and register! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: October's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11:37, 10 October 2024 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=27548598 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': October 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue X, October 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wiki Loves Monuments in Albania and Kosovo, 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Amazon holotypes: how the species were discovered * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Canada report|Canada report]]: FIMS Graduate Library Wiki Club Lunch & Learn * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: ¿Por qué y para qué usar Wikidata en Colombia? / Why and for what purpose should Wikidata be used in Colombia? * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Empowering Italian GLAMs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Edit-a-thon at the City Museum of Mitrovica * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Latvia report|Latvia report]]: Wikidata Workshop 2024: National Library of Latvia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Highlights from the Third Wiki Loves Fashion Campaign in the Netherlands * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Auckland Museum Wikimedian in Residence, Te Maori edit-a-thons & NZ Species edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: WIKIMEDIA MKD's successful GLAM programme! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM-Wiki in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: General Archive of the Palace * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Memory of the World baseline * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: October meetups * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group October monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: European encounters * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Baseline report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Wikidata's 12th birthday celebration * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: November's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 15:18, 10 November 2024 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=27687486 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': November 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue XI, November 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Minigrant and Photowalk Projects in Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Winners of WLM 2024 Brazil * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Canada report|Canada report]]: WikiConvention francophone 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: deGrowth in N0vember * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Visual memory presented with collections of East Bohemia Museum in Hradec Kralove * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/India report|India report]]: Digitization starts at Rammohun Library and Free Reading Room * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Wrap up the nine projects funded by 2024 GLAM call and Italian Wikidata Days * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: NZ Species Editathon, OEGlobal 2024 and Auckland Museum's Summer Students * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM-Wiki in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Summary of Wikidata Days 2024: Librarians don’t need hammers, they need Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/UAE report|UAE report]]: Highlighting the Impact of Wiki Loves Monuments 2024 in UAE * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Wikimedia UAE and Librarians report|Wikimedia UAE and Librarians report]]: Empowering Knowledge: Librarians and Wikimedia at DILC 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Middle-Eastern history and interfaith education * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: November meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group November monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Winter Festival * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Wikidata and Wikipedia improvements * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: December's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 21:44, 10 December 2024 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=27942378 --> fqmqu52a6hkkvdiv909fqt5e47qamps 4 159013 2691249 2684289 2024-12-10T15:12:38Z MediaWiki message delivery 983498 /* This Month in Education: November 2024 */ new section 2691249 wikitext text/x-wiki == Archives == * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives]] == This Month in Education: January 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 7 | Issue 1 | January 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> {{anchor|back}} <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="width:50%; color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Featured Topic|Featured Topic]] | style="width:50%; font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | <!-- Enter the title of the articles for this issue --> [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 1|Bertsomate: using Basque oral poetry to illustrate math concepts]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 2|Wikimedia Serbia celebrated 10 years from the first article written within the Education Program]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 3|WikiChallenge Ecoles d'Afrique update]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 4|The first Swedish Master's in Digital Humanities partners with Wikimedia Sverige]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 5|How we use PetScan to improve partnership with lecturers and professors]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 6|The Education Survey Report is out!]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 7|Education Extension scheduled shutdown]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 18:42, 1 February 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=17696217 --> == This Month in Education: February 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 7 | Issue 2 | February 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 2|WikiProject Engineering Workshop at IIUC,Chittagong]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 3|What did we learn from Wikibridges MOOC?]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 4|Wikimedia Serbia launched Wiki scholar project]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 5|Wiki Club in Ohrid, Macedonia]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 6|Karvachar’s WikiClub: When getting knowledge is cool]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 7|More than 30 new courses launched in the University of the Basque Country]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 8|Review meeting on Christ Wikipedia Education Program]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 9|The Multidisciplinary Choices of High School Students: The Arabic Education Program; Wikimedia Israel]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 10|The Education Extension is being deprecated (second call)]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 11|The 2017 survey report live presentation is available for viewing]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 08:53, 1 March 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=17757914 --> == This Month in Education: March 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 7 | Issue 3 | March 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="width:50%; color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Featured Topic|Featured Topic]] | style="width:50%; font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 1|Education Programs Itinerary]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 2|Animated science educational videos in Basque for secondary school student]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 3|Beirut WikiClub: Wikijourney that has enriched our experiences]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 4|Students of the Faculty of Biology in Belgrade edit Wikipedia for the first time]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 5|The role of Wikipedia in education - Examples from the Wiki Education Foundation]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 6|Multilingual resource for Open education projects]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 7|Wikipedia: examples of curricular integration in Portugal]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 8|Resources and Tips to engage with Educators]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 9|Education Session at WMCON 2018]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 10:33, 4 April 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=17882222 --> == This Month in Education: April 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 7 | Issue 4 | April 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="width:50%; color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Featured Topic|Featured Topic]] | style="width:50%; font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 1|Wikimedia at the Open Educational Resources Conference 2018]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 2|Global perspectives from Western Norway]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 3|Togh's WikiClub: Wikipedia is the 8th wonder of the world!]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 4|Aboriginal Volunteers in Taiwan Shared Experience about Incubating Minority Language Wikipedia in Education Magazine]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 5|Workshops with Wiki Clubs members in the Republic of Macedonia]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 6|Celebrating Book's Day in the University of the Basque Country: is Wikipedia the largest Basque language book?]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 7|Txikipedia is born and you'll love it]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 8|Students Write Wiktionary]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 9|Presenting the Wikipedia Education Program at the Open Education Global Conference]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 07:33, 4 May 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=17992472 --> == This Month in Education: May 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 4 | Issue 5 | May 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 2|Creating and reusing OERs for a Wikiversity science journalism course from Brazil]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 3|Inauguration Ceremony of Sri Jayewardenepura University Wiki Club]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 4|Wiki Education publishes evaluation of Fellows pilot]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 5|The first students of Russia with diplomas of Wikimedia and Petrozavodsk State University]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 6|Selet WikiSchool]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 8|A lofty vision for the Education Team]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 9|UNESCO Mobile Learning Week 2018, Digital Skills for Life and Work]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 21:44, 4 June 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=18071070 --> == This Month in Education: June 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 4 | Issue 6 | June 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="width:50%; color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Featured Topic|Featured Topic]] | style="width:50%; font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 1|Academia and Wikipedia: the first Irish conference on Wikipedia in education]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 2|Ashesi Wiki Club: Charting the cause for Wikipedia Education Program in West Africa]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 3|Wikimedia Serbia has received a new accreditation for the Accredited seminars for teachers]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 4|Côte d'Ivoire: Wikipedia Classes 2018 are officially up and running]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 5|Basque secondary students have now better coverage for main topics thanks to the Education Program]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 6|What lecturers think about their first experience in the Basque Education Program]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 7|Education Extension scheduled deprecation]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#In the News|In the News]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 8|Wikipedia calls for participation to boost content from the continent]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 9|Wikipedia in the History Classroom]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 10|Wikipedia as a Pedagogical Tool Complicating Writing in the Technical Writing Classroom]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 11|When the World Helps Teach Your Class: Using Wikipedia to Teach Controversial Issues]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 06:03, 30 June 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18158878 --> == This Month in Education: July 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 4 | Issue 7 | July 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="width:50%; color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Featured Topic|Featured Topic]] | style="width:50%; font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Article 1|Wikipedia+Education Conference 2019: Community Engagement Survey]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Article 2|Young wikipedian: At WikiClub you get knowledge on your own will]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Article 3|Wikipedia in schools project at the "New Technologies in Education" Conference]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Article 4|Basque Education Program: 2017-2018 school year report]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#In the News|In the News]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Article 10|UNESCO ICT in Education Prize call for nominations opens]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Article 11|An educator's overview of Wikimedia (in short videos format)]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 06:32, 2 August 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18263925 --> == This Month in Education: August 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 4 | Issue 8 | August 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#Article 2|The reconnection of Wikimedia Projects in Brazil]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#Article 3|Christ (DU) students enrolls for 3rd Wikipedia certificate course]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#Article 4|Educational wiki-master-classes at International "Selet" forum]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#Article 5|54 students help enrich the digital Arabic content]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#Article 6|Mapping education in the Wikimedia Movement]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 03:12, 2 September 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18288215 --> == This Month in Education: September 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 4 | Issue 9 | September 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 1|Edu Wiki Camp 2018: New Knowledge for New Generation]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 2|Education loves Monuments: A Brazilian Tale]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 3|“I have always liked literature, now I like it even more thanks to Wikipedia”. Literature is in the air of WikiClubs․]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 4|History of Wikipedia Education programme at Christ (Deemed to be University)]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 5|Preparation for the autumn educational session of Selet WikiSchool is started]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 6|Wiki Camp Doyran 2018]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 7|Wikicamp Czech Republic 2018]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 8|Wikipedia offline in rural areas of Colombia]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 9|Presentation on mapping education in the Wikimedia Movement]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 01:14, 9 October 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18394865 --> == This Month in Education: November 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 4 | Issue 10 | October 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 1|A new academic course featuring Wikidata at Tel Aviv University]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 2|How we included Wikipedia edition into a whole University department curriculum]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 3|Meet the first board of the UG Wikipedia & Education]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 4|The education program has kicked off as the new academic year starts]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 5|The education program has kicked off as the new academic year starts in Albania]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 6|The first Wikimedia+Education conference will happen on April 5-7 at Donostia-Saint Sebastian]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 7|Using ORES to assign articles in Basque education program]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 8|What to write for Wikipedia about? Monuments!]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 9|Wikifridays: editing Wikipedia in the university]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 10|Writing articles on Wikipedia is our way of leaving legacy to the next generations]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 05:55, 12 November 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18504430 --> == This Month in Education: November 2018 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em; direction:ltr;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 4 &bull; Issue 10 &bull; October 2018</span> ------ <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2018|Contents]] &bull; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2018/Single page|Single page view]] &bull; [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ------- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/WikiEducation - Report from Wikimedians of Albanian Language UG |WikiEducation - Report from Wikimedians of Albanian Language UG]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Wikipedia Education Program in ICETC 2018 , Japan |Wikipedia Education Program in ICETC 2018, Japan]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Wikipedia has become the inseparable part of my daily life |Wikipedia has become the inseparable part of my daily life]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Wikipedia is a world in which anyone of us has his own place |Wikipedia is a world in which anyone of us has his own place]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Wiki conference for teachers in Ohrid |Wiki conference for teachers in Ohrid]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Our baby is 3! |Our baby is 3!]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/highlighting work of Sailesh Patnaik |Highlighting work of Sailesh Patnaik]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Important updates from Wikimedia Education Team |Important updates from Wikimedia Education Team]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Welcome Melissa to the Education Team |Welcome Melissa to the Education Team]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/What has the education team been up to? Year end review and updates! |What has the education team been up to? Year end review and updates! ]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 18:18, 30 November 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18673623 --> == This Month in Education: January 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &bull; Issue 1 &bull; January 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2019|Contents]] &bull; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &bull; [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Registration for Wikimedia+Education Conference is open|Registration for Wikimedia+Education Conference is open]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Collaboration with Yerevan State University of Languages and Social Sciences after V. Brusov|Collaboration with Yerevan State University of Languages and Social Sciences after V. Brusov]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Meet the first Programs & Events Dashboard sysops|Meet the first Programs & Events Dashboard sysops]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/More than a hundred students gathered in Ecuador to edit Wikipedia|More than a hundred students gathered in Ecuador to edit Wikipedia]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Selet WikiSchool continues to teach young Tatar language Wikipedians|Selet WikiSchool continues to teach young Tatar language Wikipedians]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/The WikiClub contributes to the development of our human qualities |The WikiClub contributes to the development of our human qualities]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Third prize for Wikipedia in schools project|Third prize for Wikipedia in schools project]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/We've updated the design of Education space!|We've updated the design of Education space!]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/WikiChallenge Ecoles d'Afrique 2019|The WikiChallenge Ecoles d'Afrique is back]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Wiki Advanced Training at VVIT|Wiki Advanced Training at VVIT]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/WikiEducation in Albania from WoALUG|Creating our first WikiClub]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/WikiClubs participate in edit-a-thon of cartoons|WikiClubs participate in edit-a-thon of cartoons]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Wikimedia and Education in Portugal: Where are we now|Wikimedia and Education in Portugal: Where are we now]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Wikimedia Israel: “Wikipedia Ambassadors” program for Arabic-speaking schools is launched|Wikimedia Israel: “Wikipedia Ambassadors” program for Arabic-speaking schools is launched]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 04:41, 29 January 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18816770 --> == This Month in Education: February 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 2 &#x2022; February 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Wikimedia User Group Nigeria in Collaboration with AfroCrowd Celebrate Black Month History with a 2Day Editathon|Wikimedia User Group Nigeria in Collaboration with AfroCrowd Celebrate Black Month History with a 2Day Editathon]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Wikimedia+Education Programme announced|Wikimedia+Education Programme announced]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Wikipedia in Education, Uruguay|Wikipedia in Education, Uruguay]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Oslo Metropolitan University hires “Wikipedia-assistants”|Oslo Metropolitan University hires “Wikipedia-assistants”]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Basque Education Program: 2018 in review|Basque Education Program: 2018 in review]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Wikimedia Israel introduces Wikidata to Education|Wikimedia Israel introduces Wikidata to Education]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Wikimedia Serbia made tutorials in Serbian language on editing Wikipedia|Wikimedia Serbia made tutorials in Serbian language on editing Wikipedia]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Seminar on wikis in education|Seminar on wikis in education]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Wikimedia, Tourism and Education: Launching project ISAL|Wikimedia, Tourism and Education: Launching project ISAL]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/The Swiss Lab: Wikipedia as a game|The Swiss Lab: Wikipedia as a game]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Meet Hungary|Meet Hungary]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 17:52, 27 February 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18903920 --> == This Month in Education: March 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 3 &#x2022; March 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/Wikimedia at MLW2019|Wikimedia at UNESCO Mobile Learning Week 2019]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/Wiki Education publishes evaluation on how to get subject matter experts to edit|Wiki Education publishes evaluation on how to get subject matter experts to edit]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/WikiGap brings editors to close WikiGap|WikiGap brings editors to close WikiGap and open Wiki Pathshala]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/Education Mapping exercise is open for public review|Education Mapping exercise is open for public review]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/Wikimedia movement projects and activities presented at EDU RUSSIA 2019 forum|Wikimedia movement projects and activities presented at EDU RUSSIA 2019 forum]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/“Edit-a-thons give us opportunity to distract from common interests” The club members write articles about New Year|“Edit-a-thons give us opportunity to distract from common interests” The club members write articles about New Year]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/WikiClub as a non-formal educational centre in rural communities|WikiClub as a non-formal educational centre in rural communities]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/Mini-MWT at VVIT (Feb 2019)|Mini MediaWiki Training at VVIT]]</div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 06:31, 28 March 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18959709 --> == Bring your idea for Wikimedia in Education to life! Launch of the Wikimedia Education Greenhouse == {{center|'''Apply for Education Greenhouse'''}} [[File:Wikimedia Education Greenhouse logo button.svg|frameless|left|120px]] Are you passionate about open education? Do you have an idea to apply Wikimedia projects to an education initiative but don’t know where to start? Join the the Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse! It is an immersive co-learning experience that lasts 9 months and will equip you with the skills, knowledge and support you need to bring your ideas to life. You can apply as a team or as an individual, by May 12th. Find out more <big> [[:outreach:Education/Greenhouse|Education Greenhouse]].</big> For more information reachout to mguadalupe{{@}}wikimedia.org —[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 11:16, 5 April 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Saileshpat@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18981257 --> == This Month in Education: April 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 4 &#x2022; April 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[:outreach:Education/News/April 2019/Launch of the Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse!|Launch of the Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse!]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/April 2019/Wikipedia Student Scholar|Wikipedia Student Scholar]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/April 2019/Wikimedia Commons: a highly hostile place for multimedia students contributions|Wikimedia Commons: a highly hostile place for multimedia students contributions]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/April 2019/Wikimedia+Education Conference highlights|Wikimedia+Education Conference highlights]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 01:27, 24 April 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19034809 --> == This Month in Education: May 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 5 &#x2022; May 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Education in Wales|Education in Wales]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse: Applications closed!|Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse: Applications closed!]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Meet Germany|Wiki Camp 'Meet Germany']] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Seniors also count!|Seniors also count!]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Mandatory internship at Wikimedia Armenia|Mandatory internship at Wikimedia Armenia]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Wikimedia Experience Survey by VVIT WikiConnect|Wikimedia Experience Survey by VVIT WikiConnect]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/OFWA Wikipedia Education Highlights April 2019|OFWA Wikipedia Education Highlights April 2019]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Wikimedia Education at "Wikicamp Chattogram 2019"|Wikimedia Education at "Wikicamp Chattogram 2019"]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Edit a thon about flora and fauna to celebrate the earth day|Edit a thon about flora and fauna to celebrate the earth day]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 07:16, 29 May 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19113682 --> == This Month in Education: June 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 6 &#x2022; June 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/The introduction of the Wikipedia into the educational program has expanded|The introduction of the Wikipedia into the educational program has expanded]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/Welcome Vasanthi|Welcome Vasanthi to the Education Team!]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/Wikimedia Education SAARC Conference happening in India|Wikimedia Education SAARC Conference happening in India]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/"Won't somebody please think of the children?"|"Won't somebody please think of the children?"]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/The first Annual Report of VVIT WikiConnect|The first Annual Report of VVIT WikiConnect]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/An effective collaboration of WikiClubs and schools|An effective collaboration of WikiClubs and schools]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/Wikiclassroom: New way for students' inspiration|Wikiclassroom: New way for students' inspiration]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/Wikipedia as a classroom activity kicks off in Kosovo|Wikipedia as a classroom activity kicks off in Kosovo]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 17:40, 6 July 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19174995 --> == This Month in Education: July 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 7 &#x2022; July 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/First WikiEducation gathering in Mexico|First WikiEducation gathering in Mexico]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/SEABA school in India has hired a Wikimedian to teach Wikimedia project in their school.|SEABA school in India has hired a Wikimedian to teach Wikimedia project in their school.]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/Selet WikiSchool: results of first half of 2019|Selet WikiSchool: results of first half of 2019]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/Students Use Archival Documents in a Competition, WMIL|Students Use Archival Documents in a Competition, WMIL]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/Stepanakert WikiClub: Meeting with the Speaker of the Artsakh Parliament - Ashot Ghoulian|Stepanakert WikiClub: Meeting with the Speaker of the Artsakh Parliament - Ashot Ghoulian]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/Collaboration with American University of Armenia|Collaboration with American University of Armenia]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/Finalizing the Collaboration with Armenian Education Foundation|Finalizing the Collaboration with Armenian Education Foundation]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/Wikimedia Education SAARC Conference Journey|Wikimedia Education SAARC Conference Journey]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 09:53, 30 July 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19221452 --> == This Month in Education: August 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 8 &#x2022; August 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2019/Summer WikiCamp for secondary school students 2019 in Armenia|Summer WikiCamp for secondary school students 2019 in Armenia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2019/Together, we can create an environment that promotes Quality Education|Together, we can create an environment that promotes Quality Education]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2019/International Days and pop culture motivate primary and secondary education students to write on Wikipedia and Wikidata|International Days and pop culture motivate primary and secondary education students to write on Wikipedia and Wikidata]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2019/Quality learning and recruiting students at Edu Wiki camp|Quality learning and recruiting students at Edu Wiki camp]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2019/We spend such wonderful days in WikiCamps that noone wants to return home|We spend such wonderful days in WikiCamps that noone wants to return home]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 01:00, 5 September 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19308048 --> == This Month in Education: September 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 9 &#x2022; September 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Learning history by expanding articles about novels|Learning history by expanding articles about novels]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Organizing the Education space at Wikimania 2019 - A conversation with Shani Evenstein|Organizing the Education space at Wikimania 2019 - A conversation with Shani Evenstein]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Wiki Goes to School is back in three cities in Indonesia|Wiki Goes to School is back in three cities in Indonesia]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Wikipedia workshop at the Summer IT School for Teachers|Wikipedia workshop at the Summer IT School for Teachers]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/WikiChallenge Ecoles d'Afrique 2019 is over|WikiChallenge Ecoles d'Afrique 2019 is over]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Wikipedia Education Program launched in Bangladesh|Wikipedia Education Program held at Netrokona Government College, Bangladesh]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Stepanakert WikiClub turns 4!|Stepanakert WikiClub turns 4!]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Wikimedia Indonesia trained the trainers through WikiPelatih 2019|Wikimedia Indonesia trained the trainers through WikiPelatih 2019]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Students learning Wikipedia editing by attending Wikicamp at Nabran|Students learning Wikipedia editing by attending Wikicamp at Nabran]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/What is happening at Wikimedia Space?|What is happening at Wikimedia Space?]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 19:34, 1 October 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19418815 --> == This Month in Education: October 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 10 &#x2022; October 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Wikimedia Chile launched its new online course for school teachers|Wikimedia Chile launched its new online course for school teachers]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Wikimedia Norway is developing an education program for Sámi students and universities teaching Sámi subjects|Wikimedia Norway is developing an education program for Sámi students and universities teaching Sámi subjects]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Teachers Association of the Republic of Indonesia (PGRI) Keeps Improving Teachers’ Digital Literacy Through the Use of Wikipedia|Teachers Association of the Republic of Indonesia (PGRI) Keeps Improving Teachers’ Digital Literacy Through the Use of Wikipedia]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Lectures on Wikipedia at the the University of Warsaw|Lectures on Wikipedia at the the University of Warsaw]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Wikicamp in Armenia through the Eyes of Foreigners| Wikicamp in Armenia through the Eyes of Foreigners]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/New Wiki Education evaluation report of Wikidata courses published|New Wiki Education evaluation report of Wikidata courses published courses.]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Youth Salon by VVIT WikiConnect along with Wikipedia & Education user group|Wikimedia 2030 Strategoy Youth Salon by VVIT WikiConnect]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse – Highlights from the first unit of the online course|Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse – Highlights from the first unit of the online courses.]] *[[outreach:Education/News/September 2019/What is happening at Wikimedia Space?|What is happening at Wikimedia Space?]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 08:30, 25 October 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19436525 --> == This Month in Education: November 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 11 &#x2022; November 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/GOES for Ghana|Wikimedians aim to make a difference in the lives of students in Ghana with support from the Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/The Third "Editatón WikiUNAM"|The Third "Editatón WikiUNAM"]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/Spreading Free Knowledge in the Land of Minangkabau|Spreading Free Knowledge in the Land of Minangkabau]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/What can we learn from the Open Education movement about attaining educational SDG in the digital age?|What can we learn from the Open Education movement about attaining educational SDG in the digital age?]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/We are highlighting the work User:Ixocactus for his contributions in Wikimedia & Education‎| We are highlighting the work of User:Ixocactus this month‎]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/“Olympic sports through history” on Serbian Wikipedia|“Olympic sports through history” on Serbian Wikipedia courses.]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/Workshops with Wiki Club members|Workshops with Wiki Club members]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/"Learning about other Culture" SEABA School, Lehragaga|"Learning about other Culture" SEABA School, Lehragaga.]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/What is happening at Wikimedia Space?|What is happening at Wikimedia Space?]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 03:15, 29 November 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19589002 --> == This Month in Education: January 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &bull; Issue 1 &bull; January 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2019|Contents]] &bull; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &bull; [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Featured education community member of January 2020|Meet this month's featured Wikimedia & Education community member: User:Parvathisri]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Alva's college collaboration|Alva's college collaboration]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/EtnoWiki strikes again!|EtnoWiki strikes again in Poland!]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Internship program: Engaging New Volunteers to Join the Community|Internship program: Engaging New Volunteers to Join the Community]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Joint translations as language studying tool in Karvachar’s Wikiclub|Joint translations as language studying tool in Karvachar’s Wikiclub]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Selet WikiSchool introduces Wikinews and other Wikimedia projects|Selet WikiSchool introduces Wikinews and other Wikimedia projects]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Training of Trainers for Teachers in South Sulawesi Was Organized For the First Time|Training of Trainers for Teachers in South Sulawesi Was Organized For the First Time]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Twenty video tutorials in Serbian language on editing Wikipedia|Twenty video tutorials in Serbian language on editing Wikipedia]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Updates from Wikimedia Education database edit-a-thon|Updates from Wikimedia Education database edit-a-thon]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Wiki Club Ohrid grows|Wiki Club Ohrid grows]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Wiki Masuk Sekolah (Wiki Goes to School) Involved the Students in Producing and Sharing Knowledge Through Wikipedia|Wiki Masuk Sekolah (Wiki Goes to School) Involved the Students in Producing and Sharing Knowledge Through Wikipedia]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Wikiclassroom as a New Means of Gaining Knowledge|Wikiclassroom as a New Means of Gaining Knowledge]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse – Highlights from the second unit of the online course|Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse – Highlights from the second unit of the online course]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/WoALUG collaboration with educational institution BONEVET in Prishtina|WoALUG collaboration with educational institution BONEVET in Prishtina]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 07:26, 3 February 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19722205 --> == This Month in Education: February 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &#x2022; Issue 1 &#x2022; February 2020</span> ----<span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2020|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ----<span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/Featured education community member of February 2020|Featured education community member of February 2020]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/Wikipedia in Mayan Language|Wikipedia in Mayan Language]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/Open Education Week - events with Wikimedia Poland|Open Education Week - events with Wikimedia Poland]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/Youngest wikimedians ever editing Txikipedia|Youngest wikimedians ever editing Txikipedia]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/Fashion and digital citizenship at Bath Spa University|Fashion and digital citizenship at Bath Spa University]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/WoALUG and REC Albania continue their collaboration in Wikimedia Education|WoALUG and REC Albania continue their collaboration in Wikimedia Education]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/Respati Project|Respati Project]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 22:06, 3 March 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19845865 --> == This Month in Education: March 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &#x2022; Issue 3 &#x2022; March 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2020|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2020/An Update on Wikimedia Indonesia’s Education Program|An Update on Wikimedia Indonesia’s Education Program]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2020/Education Program in CUC Sur, Jalisco, México|Education Program in CUC Sur, Jalisco, México]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2020/Featured education community member of March 2020|Meet this month's featured Wikimedia & Education community member: Amber Berson]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2020/Enhancing Armenian Wikipedia with professional articles|Enhancing Armenian Wikipedia with professional articles]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2020/How collaborations and perseverance contributed to an especially impactful educational project|How collaborations and perseverance contributed to an especially impactful educational project]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2020/Wikimedia Argentina carried out the first training program in education and Human Rights for the Wikimedia Movement|Wikimedia Argentina carried out the first training program in education and Human Rights for the Wikimedia Movement]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 15:30, 30 March 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19864438 --> == This Month in Education: April 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &#x2022; Issue 4 &#x2022; April 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2020|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/ Wikipedia Reveals New Sides of Translation|Wikipedia Reveals New Sides of Translation]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Education Webinars organized by Wikimedia México|Education Webinars organized by Wikimedia México]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Fact checking tool with library under cc-license|Fact checking tool with library under cc-license]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Fast help for schools: An interactive platform for Open Educational Resources|Fast help for schools: An interactive platform for Open Educational Resources]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Featured education community member of April 2020|Meet this month's featured Wikimedia & Education community member]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Wiki Club Ashesi Welcomes Onboard a New Patron|Wiki Club Ashesi Welcomes Onboard a New Patron]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Wiki-school project with Wikimedia Poland|Wiki-school. A new program for teachers in Poland]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Wikimedia Serbia was organized action on improving students assignments on Wikipedia|Wikimedia Serbia was organized action on improving students assignments on Wikipedia]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 10:45, 5 May 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20024483 --> == This Month in Education: May 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &#x2022; Issue 5 &#x2022; May 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2020|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2020/EduWiki challenge México by Wikimedia México|EduWiki challenge México by Wikimedia México]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2020/Featured education community member of May 2020|Featured education community member of May 2020]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2020/Sharing Wikimedia Education Projects in the Philippines|Sharing Wikimedia Education Projects in the Philippines]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2020/Turkish professors are giving Wikipedia assignments during Covid-19 days|Turkish professors are giving Wikipedia assignments during Covid-19 days]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2020/Wikidata introduced in Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade|Wikidata introduced in Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2020/Wikipedia as career counseling tool for teenagers|Wikipedia as career counseling tool for teenagers]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 16:39, 10 June 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20130275 --> == This Month in Education: June 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &#x2022; Issue 6 &#x2022; June 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2020|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2020/Understanding Wikimedia Affiliates Evaluation in Education Report|Understanding Wikimedia Affiliates Evaluation in Education Report]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2020/Understanding Wikimedia Community as Research Fellows|Understanding Wikimedia Community as Research Fellows]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2020/Participants of Wiki/Ponder online workshop in Kosovo edit Wikipedia|Participants of Wiki/Ponder online workshop in Kosovo edit Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2020/Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse – Celebrating the final unit of the online course!|Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse – Celebrating the final unit of the online course!]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2020/Wikipedia in schools competing for innovations in teaching award|Wikipedia in schools competing for innovations in teaching award]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2020/Featured education community member of June 2020|Meet this month's featured Wikimedia & Education community member: Oleh Kushch]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 03:54, 24 June 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20166080 --> == This Month in Education: July 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &#x2022; Issue 7 &#x2022; July 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2020|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span><div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2020/About Education at the Wikimedia Polska Conference|About Education at the Wikimedia Polska Conference]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2020/Featured education community member of July 2020|Featured education community member]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2020/The importance of having an Education and Human Rights Program|The importance of having an Education and Human Rights Program]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2020/The Welsh Wiki-Education project|The Welsh Wiki-Education project]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2020/Wikimedia Chile faces the challenge of mandatory virtuality|Wikimedia Chile faces the challenge of mandatory virtuality]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2020/WoALUG and Canadian Institute of Technology write about women in tech|WoALUG and Canadian Institute of Technology write about women in tech]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 05:27, 5 August 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20337242 --> == This Month in Education: August 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 • Issue 8 • August 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2020|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span><div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2020/Collaboration between Karvachar Armath laboratory and Karvachar’s Wikiclub as a new educational platform for the teenagers|Collaboration between Karvachar Armath laboratory and Karvachar’s Wikiclub as a new educational platform for the teenagers]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2020/Education cycle “Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: an instructional strategy for the teaching practice” organized by the Faculty of Education Sciences of the Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala and Wikimedia México.|Education cycle “Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: an instructional strategy for the teaching practice”]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2020/3rd edition of Wikipedia Education Program in Hebron, Palestine. (COVID-19 edition)|3rd edition of Wikipedia Education Program in Hebron, Palestine. (COVID-19 edition)]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2020/Introductory Wikipedia Workshop with Future Engineers: First Step of Education Program|Introductory Wikipedia Workshop with Future Engineers: First Step of Education Program]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2020/A picture is worth a thousand words: history students research pictures on Commons|A picture is worth a thousand words: history students research pictures on Commons]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 13:33, 23 August 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20345269 --> == This Month in Education: September 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 • Issue 9 • September 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2020|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2020/Active autumn in the Polish wiki-education|Active autumn in the Polish wiki-education]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2020/Cycle "Caminos y voces de la educación con Wikipedia"|Cycle "Caminos y voces de la educación con Wikipedia"]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2020/Featured education community member of September 2020|Featured education community member of September 2020]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2020/The Use of Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons as tool for Module Development in the Philippines|The Use of Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons as tool for Module Development in the Philippines]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2020/Wikimedia Indonesia Education Team Launched Their Books About Wikipedia|Wikimedia Indonesia Education Team Launched Their Books About Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2020/Wikimedia Serbia is organizing the first online Edu Wiki camp|Wikimedia Serbia is organizing the first online Edu Wiki camp]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 12:49, 23 September 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20463283 --> == This Month in Education: October 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 • Issue 10 • October 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2020|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2020/Collegiate Students Fight Historical Revisionism Through Online Wikipedia Edit-a-thon|Collegiate Students Fight Historical Revisionism Through Online Wikipedia Edit-a-thon]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2020/Digital skills using Wikimedia Art + Feminism|Digital skills using Wikimedia Art + Feminism]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2020/Editathon “¡No se olvida!” (We don’t forget!)|Editathon “¡No se olvida!” (We don’t forget!)]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2020/Education news bytes|Education news bytes]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2020/Featured education community member of October 2020|Featured education community member of October 2020]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2020/Teaching Wikipedia at University of Tromsø with support from the Sámi Parliament|Teaching Wikipedia at University of Tromsø with support from the Sámi Parliament]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 12:59, 25 October 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20514345 --> == This Month in Education: November 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 • Issue 11 • November 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2020|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span><div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Celebrating 10 years of student editing in the United States and Canada|Celebrating 10 years of student editing in the United States and Canada]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Cooperation in digital education – Wikimedia Polska conference|Cooperation in digital education – Wikimedia Polska conference]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Education Team 2020 Year End Review|Education Team 2020 Year End Review]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Featured education community members of 2020|Featured education community members of 2020]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Fifteen years of implementation of the Wikipedia Education Program in Serbia|Fifteen years of implementation of the Wikipedia Education Program in Serbia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Hablon User Group and UP Internet Freedom Network Wikipedia Edit-a-thon|Hablon User Group and UP Internet Freedom Network Wikipedia Edit-a-thon]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Online trainings on Wikipedia with high school students of Kosova|Online trainings on Wikipedia with high school students of Kosova]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Photographics and free culture training in Cameroon and Switzerland|Photographics and free culture training in Cameroon and Switzerland]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/The article about Wiki-education in the science magazine|The article about Wiki-education in the science magazine]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/The first Online EduWiki Camp in Serbia|The first Online EduWiki Camp in Serbia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Wikimedia Mexico’s Education Program celebrates Open Access Week 2020|Wikimedia Mexico’s Education Program celebrates Open Access Week 2020]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Wikipedia as a Tool to Educate and to Be Educated|Wikipedia as a Tool to Educate and to Be Educated]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 07:14, 17 December 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20831200 --> == This Month in Education: January 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 1 • January 2021</span> ----<span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[metawiki:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ----<span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span><div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Featured education community member of January 2021|Featured education community member of January 2021]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Open Education Global 2020 Conference|Open Education Global 2020 Conference]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia|Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/The impact of war on young Wikimedians in Stepanakert|The impact of war on young Wikimedians in Stepanakert]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/The Possibility of Open-Access Learning Portals in the Philippines|The Possibility of Open-Access Learning Portals in the Philippines]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Training Resources about Author’s Rights published by Wiki in Africa|Training Resources about Author’s Rights published by Wiki in Africa]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 17:26, 23 January 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20974633 --> == This Month in Education: January 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 1 • January 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span><div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Featured education community member of January 2021|Featured education community member of January 2021]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Open Education Global 2020 Conference|Open Education Global 2020 Conference]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia|Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/The impact of war on young Wikimedians in Stepanakert|The impact of war on young Wikimedians in Stepanakert]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/The Possibility of Open-Access Learning Portals in the Philippines|The Possibility of Open-Access Learning Portals in the Philippines]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Training Resources about Author’s Rights published by Wiki in Africa|Training Resources about Author’s Rights published by Wiki in Africa]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 15:35, 24 January 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21000945 --> == This Month in Education: February 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 2 • February 2021</span> ----<span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[metawiki:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ----<span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span><div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/February 2021/Education news bytes|Wikimedia Education news bytes]] * [[outreach:Education/News/February 2021/Featured education community member of February 2021|Featured education community member of February 2021]] * [[outreach:Education/News/February 2021/Karvachar Wikiclub continues its activities online|Karvachar Wikiclub continues its activities online]] * [[outreach:Education/News/February 2021/Over 4,000 references added|Over 4,000 more references added! 1Lib1Ref campaign in Poland]] * [[outreach:Education/News/February 2021/Philippines Climate Change Translate-a-thon|Philippines Climate Change Translate-a-thon]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 07:33, 24 February 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21035028 --> == This Month in Education: March 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 3 • March 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2021/A Wikipedia Webinar for Indonesian Women Teachers|A Wikipedia Webinar for Indonesian Women Teachers]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2021/Educational program of GLAM Macedonia|Educational program of GLAM Macedonia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2021/Filling Gaps - the Conference about Education in Poland|Filling the Gaps & Open Education Week]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2021/Featured education community member of March 2021|Meet this month's featured Wikimedia & Education community member: Bara'a Zama'reh]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2021/Using Wikipedia and Bridging the Gender Gap: In-Service training for Teachers in Philippines|Using Wikipedia and Bridging the Gender Gap: In-Service training for Teachers in Philippines]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11:46, 26 March 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21247888 --> == This Month in Education: April 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 4 • April 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2021/Collaboration with Brusov State University|Collaboration with Brusov State University]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2021/Editing contest "Meet Russia"|Editing contest "Meet Russia"]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2021/Educational project: Wikipedia at the University with the University Center for Economic-Administrative Sciences|Educational project: Wikipedia at the University with the University Center for Economic-Administrative Sciences (Centro Universitario de Ciencias Económico Administrativas (CUCEA)) of the University of Guadalajara]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2021/Regional Meeting of Latin American Education by the EWOC|Regional Meeting of Latin American Education by the EWOC]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2021/Students of the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade have started an internship program|Students of the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade have started an internship program]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 22:48, 25 April 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21372399 --> == This Month in Education: May 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 5 • May 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/A Multimedia-Rich Wikiversity MOOC from Brazil|A Multimedia-Rich Wikiversity MOOC from Brazil]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/Featured education community member of May 2021|Meet this month's featured Wikimedia & Education community member: Maria Weronika Kmoch]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/Offline workshop with Nikola Koperniku High School in Albania|Offline workshop with Nikola Koperniku High School in Albania]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/Wiki Education Program Organized with the University Students for the First time in Bangladesh|Wiki Education Program Organized with the University Students for the First time in Bangladesh]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/Wikimedia Commons workshop with high school students in Kosovo; Workshop with telecommunication students at University of Prishtina|Wikimedia Commons workshop with high school students in Kosovo]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/Wikipedia training for the Safeguardians of the Intangible Cultular Heritage|Wikipedia training for the Bearers of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Poland]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/“Writing a Wikipedia article isn’t as difficult and unimaginable as it seems”: A case for Wikipedia Education Program in Ukraine|“Writing a Wikipedia article isn’t as difficult and unimaginable as it seems”: A case for Wikipedia Education Program in Ukraine]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 17:37, 27 May 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21425406 --> == This Month in Education: June 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 6 • June 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2021/Children writing for an encyclopedia – is it possible?|Can children write articles for a wiki encyclopedia?]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2021/Editing contest "Biosphere reserves in the world"|Editing contest "Biosphere reserves in the world"]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2021/Training & workshop on Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons with students from Municipal Learning Center, Gurrakoc|Training & workshop on Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons with students from Municipal Learning Center, Gurrakoc]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2021/Wiki for Human Rights Campaign in the Philippines|Wiki for Human Rights Campaign in the Philippines]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2021/Wiki-School program in Poland at the end of school year|Wikipedia makes children and teachers happy!]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2021/Workshop with students of Language Faculty of Philology, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina"|Workshop with the students of Language Faculty of Philology, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina"]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 19:57, 23 June 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21553405 --> == This Month in Education: July 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 7 • July 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2021/UHI Editathon celebrates 10 years as a university|University celebrates 10th anniversary with an Editathon]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2021/A paper on Students' Attitudes Towards the Use of Wikipedia|A paper on Students' Attitudes Towards the Use of Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2021/Announcing the Training of Trainers program for Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom!|Announcing the Training of Trainers program for "Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom"]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2021/MOOC Conocimiento Abierto y Software Libre|MOOC Conocimiento Abierto y Software Libre]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2021/Leamos Wikipedia en Bolivia|Updates on the Leamos Wikipedia en Bolivia 2021]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2021/E-lessons on Wikipedia from Wikimedia Polska|Virtual lessons on Wikipedia from Wikimedia Polska for schools]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 19:32, 3 August 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21829196 --> == This Month in Education: August 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 8 • August 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2021/Workshop for the Teachers from Poland|GLAM-wiki Summer in the City: Polish Teachers met in Warsaw]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2021/Wikipedia for School – our largest article contest for Ukrainian teachers|Wikipedia for School – our largest article contest for Ukrainian teachers]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2021/The importance of Social Service: Modality of educational linkage with ITESM, Querétaro campus and Wikimedia Mexico|The importance of Social Service: Modality of educational linkage with ITESM, Querétaro campus and Wikimedia Mexico]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2021/"Searching for the unschooling vibes around Wikipedia" at the Wikimania 2021|Wikimania 2021 and the unschooling vibes around Wikipedia by Wikimedia Polska, Education team]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2021/Open Foundation West Africa Introduces KIWIX Offline to the National Association of Graduate Teachers|Open Foundation West Africa Introduces KIWIX Offline to the National Association of Graduate Teachers]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 13:37, 25 August 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21914750 --> == This Month in Education: September 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 9 • September 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2021/Cultural history on Wikipedia|Cultural history on Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2021/Education program in Ukraine is finally back to offline|Education program in Ukraine is finally back to offline!]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2021/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Module Distribution in the Philippines|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Module Distribution in the Philippines]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2021/Senior Citizens WikiTown 2021: Týn nad Vltavou|Senior Citizens WikiTown 2021: Týn nad Vltavou]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2021/WikiXLaEducación: New contest to include articles about education on Wikipedia|#WikiXLaEducación: New contest to include articles about education on Wikipedia]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 19:42, 26 September 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=22072998 --> == This Month in Education: October 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 10 • October 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2021/1st joint contest Wikimedia UG Georgia and the Ministry of Education of Georgia.|1st joint contest Wikimedia UG Georgia and the Ministry of Education of Georgia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2021/Promoting more inclusive and equitable support for the Wikimedia Education community|Promoting more inclusive and equitable support for the Wikimedia Education community]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2021/The Second Online EduWiki Camp in Serbia|The Second Online EduWiki Camp in Serbia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2021/University courses in the UK|Higher and further education courses in the UK]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2021/Wikipedia on Silesia Cieszyn in Poland|Wikipedia on Silesia Cieszyn in Poland and in Czech Republic]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:40, 26 October 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=22208730 --> == This Month in Education: November 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 11 • November 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/November 2021|Contents]] • [[m:Education/Newsletter/November 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/We talked about EduWiki Outreach Collaborators and how Wikimedia Serbia played a role being a part of it|We talked about EduWiki Outreach Collaborators and how Wikimedia Serbia played a role being a part of it]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Welcome to Meta!|Welcome to Meta!]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Wikipedia Education Program in Ukraine in 2021|Wikipedia Education Program in Ukraine in 2021]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Wikipedia and Education Mentorship Program-Serbia and Philippines Partnership|Wikipedia and Education Mentorship Program-Serbia and Philippines Partnership]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Launch of the Wikimedia Research Fund!|Launch of the Wikimedia Research Fund!]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Education projects in the Land of Valencia|Education projects in the Land of Valencia]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/A Hatch-Tyap-Wikipedia In-person Training Event|A Hatch-Tyap-Wikipedia In-person Training Event]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Celebrating Sq Wikipedia Birthday with the Vasil Kamami High School students|Celebrating Sq Wikipedia Birthday with the Vasil Kamami High School students]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Celebrating Wikidata with the Nikola Koperniku High School students|Celebrating Wikidata with the Nikola Koperniku High School students]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:18, 21 November 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=22360687 --> == This Month in Education: January 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span><br/> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 1 • January 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/30-h Wikipedia Article Writing Challenge|30-h Wikipedia Article Writing Challenge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Announcing Wiki Workshop 2022|Announcing Wiki Workshop 2022]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Final exhibition about Cieszyn Silesia region|Final exhibition about Cieszyn Silesia region]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Join us this February for the EduWiki Week|Join us this February for the EduWiki Week]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Offline Education project WikiChallenge closed its third edition|Offline Education project WikiChallenge closed its third edition]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom ToT Experience of a Filipina Wikimedian|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom ToT Experience of a Filipina Wikimedian]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Welcoming new trainers of the Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom program|Welcoming new trainers of the Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Wikimedia Israel’s education program: Students enrich Hebrew Wiktionary with Biblical expressions still in use in modern Hebrew|Wikimedia Israel’s education program: Students enrich Hebrew Wiktionary with Biblical expressions still in use in modern Hebrew]] </div></div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 17:28, 24 January 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=22669905 --> == This Month in Education: February 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 2 • February 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</div> </div> <div style="column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/Open Foundation West Africa Expands Open Movement With UHAS|Open Foundation West Africa Expands Open Movement With UHAS]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/Celebrating the 18th anniversary of Ukrainian Wikipedia|Celebrating the 18th anniversary of Ukrainian Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/Integrating Wikipedia in the academic curriculum in a university in Mexico|Integrating Wikipedia in the academic curriculum in a university in Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/Results of "Reading Wikipedia" workshop in the summer school of Plan Ceibal in Uruguay|Results of "Reading Wikipedia" workshop in the summer school of Plan Ceibal in Uruguay]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/WikiFundi, offline editing plateform : last release notes and how-tos|WikiFundi, offline editing plateform : last release notes and how-tos]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/Writing Wikipedia as an academic assignment in STEM fields|Writing Wikipedia as an academic assignment in STEM fields]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/The Learning and Connection – 1Lib1Ref with African Librarians|The Learning and Connection – 1Lib1Ref with African Librarians]] </div> </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:09, 28 February 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=22886200 --> == This Month in Education: March 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 3 • March 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Arte+Feminismo Pilipinas:Advocacy on Women Empowerment|Arte+Feminismo Pilipinas:Advocacy on Women Empowerment]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/The edit-a-thon on Serbian Wikipedia on the occasion of Edu Wiki Week|The edit-a-thon on Serbian Wikipedia on the occasion of Edu Wiki Week]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Call for Participation: Higher Education Survey|Call for Participation: Higher Education Survey]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Collection of Good Practices in Wikipedia Education|Collection of Good Practices in Wikipedia Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Conversation: Open education in the Wikimedia Movement views from Latin America|Conversation: Open education in the Wikimedia Movement views from Latin America]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/EduWiki Week 2022, celebrations and learnings|EduWiki Week 2022, celebrations and learnings]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/EduWiki Week in Armenia|EduWiki Week in Armenia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Open Education Week at the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León|Open Education Week at the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Wikipedia + Education Talk With Leonard Hagan|Wikipedia + Education Talk With Leonard Hagan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Wikimedia Israel cooperates with Yad Vashem in developing a training course for teachers|Wikimedia Israel cooperates with Yad Vashem in developing a training course for teachers]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:57, 25 March 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23020683 --> == This Month in Education: April 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 4 • April 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/Audio-Educational Seminar of Wikimedia Mexico|Audio-Educational Seminar of Wikimedia Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/Dagbani Wikimedians using digital TV broadcast to train Wikipedia contributors in Ghana|Dagbani Wikimedians using digital TV broadcast to train Wikipedia contributors in Ghana]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/Digital Education & The Open Space With Herbert Acheampong|Digital Education & The Open Space With Herbert Acheampong]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/HerStory walks as a part of edit-a-thons|HerStory walks as a part of edit-a-thons]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/Join us for Wiki Workshop 2022|Join us for Wiki Workshop 2022]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/The youngest member of Tartu Wikiclub is 15-year-old student|The youngest member of Tartu Wikiclub is 15-year-old student]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 12:51, 24 April 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23177152 --> == This Month in Education: May 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 5 • May 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[Education/News/May 2022/Wiki Hackathon in Kwara State|Wiki Hackathon in Kwara State]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Introduction of the Wikimedia Fan Club to Kwara State University Malete|Introduction of the Wikimedia Fan Club to Kwara State University Malete]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Education in Kosovo|Education in Kosovo]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Bringing the Wikiprojects to the Island of Catanduanes|Bringing the Wikiprojects to the Island of Catanduanes]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Tyap Wikipedia Goes Live|Tyap Wikipedia Goes Live]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Spring 1Lib1Ref edition in Poland|Spring 1Lib1Ref edition in Poland]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Tyap Editors Host Maiden Wiktionary In-person Training Workshop|Tyap Editors Host Maiden Wiktionary In-person Training Workshop]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Wikibooks project in teaching|Wikibooks project in teaching]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Africa Eduwiki Network Hosted Conversation about Wikimedian in Education with Nebojša Ratković|Africa Eduwiki Network Hosted Conversation about Wikimedian in Education with Nebojša Ratković]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/My Journey In The Wiki-Space By Thomas Baah|My Journey In The Wiki-Space By Thomas Baah]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education| Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 02:43, 1 June 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23282386 --> == This Month in Education: May 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 5 • May 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Wiki Hackathon in Kwara State|Wiki Hackathon in Kwara State]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Introduction of the Wikimedia Fan Club to Kwara State University Malete|Introduction of the Wikimedia Fan Club to Kwara State University Malete]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Education in Kosovo|Education in Kosovo]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Bringing the Wikiprojects to the Island of Catanduanes|Bringing the Wikiprojects to the Island of Catanduanes]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Tyap Wikipedia Goes Live|Tyap Wikipedia Goes Live]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Spring 1Lib1Ref edition in Poland|Spring 1Lib1Ref edition in Poland]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Tyap Editors Host Maiden Wiktionary In-person Training Workshop|Tyap Editors Host Maiden Wiktionary In-person Training Workshop]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Wikibooks project in teaching|Wikibooks project in teaching]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Africa Eduwiki Network Hosted Conversation about Wikimedian in Education with Nebojša Ratković|Africa Eduwiki Network Hosted Conversation about Wikimedian in Education with Nebojša Ratković]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/My Journey In The Wiki-Space By Thomas Baah|My Journey In The Wiki-Space By Thomas Baah]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education| Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 02:54, 1 June 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23351176 --> == This Month in Education: June 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 11 • Issue 6 • June 2022</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Black Lunch Table: Black History Month with Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Black Lunch Table: Black History Month with Igbo Wikimedians User Group]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Bolivian Teachers Welcomed Wikipedia in their Classroom|Bolivian Teachers Welcomed Wikipedia in their Classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Educational program & Wikivoyage in Ukrainian University|Educational program & Wikivoyage in Ukrainian University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/The Great Learning and Connection: Experience from AFLIA|The Great Learning and Connection: Experience from AFLIA]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/New Mexico Students Join Wikimedia Movement Through WikiForHumanRights Campaign|New Mexico Students Join Wikimedia Movement Through WikiForHumanRights Campaign]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/The school wiki-project run by a 15 year old student came to an end|The school wiki-project run by a 15 year old student came to an end]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/The students of Kadir Has University, Istanbul contribute Wikimedia projects in "Civic Responsibility Project" course|The students of Kadir Has University, Istanbul contribute Wikimedia projects in "Civic Responsibility Project" course]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Wiki Trip with Vasil Kamami Wikiclub to Berat, the town of one thousand windows|Wiki Trip with Vasil Kamami Wikiclub to Berat, the town of one thousand windows]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Wikiclubs in Albania|Wikiclubs in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Wikidata in the classroom FGGC Bwari Experience|Wikidata in the classroom FGGC Bwari Experience]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Wikipedia and Secondary Schools in Aotearoa New Zealand|Wikipedia and Secondary Schools in Aotearoa New Zealand]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/А large-scale online course for teaching beginners to work in Wikipedia has been developed in Russia|А large-scale online course for teaching beginners to work in Wikipedia has been developed in Russia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 18:50, 4 July 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23406065 --> == This Month in Education: July 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 11 • Issue 7 • July 2022</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2022/Wikimedia Chile launched a teacher guidebook with Wiki tools for Heritage Education|Wikimedia Chile launched a teacher guidebook with Wiki tools for Heritage Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2022/Wikimedia Serbia received a new accreditation for the professional development program|Wikimedia Serbia received a new accreditation for the professional development program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2022/Wikimedia for Illiterate Persons|Wikimedia for Illiterate Persons]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2022/EtnoWiki edit-a-thon in Poland|Polish Wikipedia is enriched with new EtnoWiki content]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2022/Career Education through Wikipedia|Career Education through Wikipedia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 17:38, 3 August 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23607963 --> == This Month in Education: August 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 11 • Issue 8 • August 2022</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/The Making of a Certified Trainer of Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom|The Making of a Certified Trainer of Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/Wikimania SDGs 2022: The Kwara Experience|Wikimania SDGs 2022: The Kwara Experience]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/An adapted Module teacher’s guide in Yoruba and English about Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom in Nigeria is now available on Commons|An adapted Module teacher’s guide in Yoruba and English about Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom in Nigeria is now available on Commons]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Kwara, Nigeria: The Trainers Experience|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Kwara, Nigeria: The Trainers Experience]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/Edu Wiki Camp 2022 in Serbia: Together again|Edu Wiki Camp 2022 in Serbia: Together again]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Program Nigeria: The Teacher experience |Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Program Nigeria: The Teacher experience]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/Wiki For Senior Citizens|Wiki For Senior Citizens]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/WikiLoves SDGs Nigeria Tours Kwara State University Malete|WikiLoves SDGs Nigeria Tours Kwara State University Malete]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/Wikiteka project in Poland - summertime|Wikiteka project in Poland - summertime]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:00, 7 September 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23758285 --> == This Month in Education: September 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 11 • Issue 9 • September 2022</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2022/OpenEdu.ch: centralising training documents, a platform for the teachers' community in Switzerland|OpenEdu.ch: centralising training documents, a platform for the teachers' community in Switzerland]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2022/Senior Citizens WikiTown 2022: Exploring Olomouc and its heritage|Senior Citizens WikiTown 2022: Exploring Olomouc and its heritage]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2022/Wikimedia Research Fund|Wikimedia Research Fund]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2022/Wikimedia Youths Commemorate the International Youth Day 2022 in an exciting way across the globe|Wikimedia Youths Commemorate the International Youth Day 2022 in an exciting way across the globe]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2022/Wikipedia, Education, and the Crisis of Information|Wikipedia, Education, and the Crisis of Information]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:55, 3 October 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23879722 --> == This Month in Education: End of the 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 11 • Issue 10 • October–November 2022</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/End of the 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/End of the 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/2nd Latin American Regional Meeting on Education|2nd Latin American Regional Meeting on Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/Adopting Wikipedia for Secondary School Students in Nigeria Classroom|Adopting Wikipedia for Secondary School Students in Nigeria Classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/Celebrating 2022 Vibrance in Kwara State University Malete|Celebrating 2022 Vibrance in Kwara State University Malete]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/Celebrating the Wikipedia and Wikidata Birthday in school|Celebrating the Wikipedia and Wikidata Birthday in school]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/Report on school libraries in Poland for the Wikiteka project|Report on school libraries in Poland for the Wikiteka project]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/Wiki For Senior Citizens Network|Wiki For Senior Citizens Network]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/WikiEducation, Educational practices and experiences in Mexico with Wikipedia and other open resources|WikiEducation, Educational practices and experiences in Mexico with Wikipedia and other open resources]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/Wikimedia & Education Workshops: a Wiki Movimento Brasil initiative|Wikimedia & Education Workshops: a Wiki Movimento Brasil initiative]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/An event at the National History Museum in Tirana|An event at the National History Museum in Tirana]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/Students 24-hour competition on Wikipedia article writing|Students 24-hour competition on Wikipedia article writing]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/Wiki-Data a Giant at 10|Wiki-Data a Giant at 10]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/WikiGraphers: Visualizing Open Knowledge|WikiGraphers: Visualizing Open Knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/Wikimedia Israel’s Educational Innovation: “Students Write Wikipedia” as a Matriculation-Exam Alternative|Wikimedia Israel’s Educational Innovation: “Students Write Wikipedia” as a Matriculation-Exam Alternative]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/Wikimedia Morocco User Group Empowers Moroccan Teachers to Use Wikipedia in the Classroom |Wikimedia Morocco User Group Empowers Moroccan Teachers to Use Wikipedia in the Classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/Wikimedia Russia has released the "Introduction to Wikipedia" textbook|Wikimedia Russia has released the "Introduction to Wikipedia" textbook]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/“Wikipedia for School” contest was held in Ukraine for the third time|“Wikipedia for School” contest was held in Ukraine for the third time]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/Announcing the Wikipedia & Education User Group Election Results|Announcing the Wikipedia & Education User Group Election Results]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 06:56, 19 December 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=24091294 --> == This Month in Education: January 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 1 • January 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2023/Educational Projects 2023-1 in Mexico|Educational Projects 2023-1 in Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2023/Integration of Wikipedia in Ukrainian universities – teacher-led and student-led|Integration of Wikipedia in Ukrainian universities – teacher-led and student-led]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2023/Transitional Justice in Kosovo edit-a-thon and Partnership with Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering - University of Prishtina|Transitional Justice in Kosovo edit-a-thon and Partnership with Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering - University of Prishtina]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2023/Wikidata Citation Hunt Program for secondary school students, Dubai|Wikidata Citation Hunt Program for secondary school students, Dubai]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2023/Wikipedia edit-a-thon with students from Art Faculty - University of Prishtina|Wikipedia edit-a-thon with students from Art Faculty - University of Prishtina]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2023/Тeacher from Belgrade got a reward for using Wikibooks in teaching|Тeacher from Belgrade got a reward for using Wikibooks in teaching]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 17:32, 6 February 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=24472891 --> == This Month in Education: February 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 2 • February 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2023/A Strategic Direction for a Massive Online Course for Educators in Brazil|A Strategic Direction for a Massive Online Course for Educators in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2023/Alliance Funding for Wikipedia as a school resource in Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland, New Zealand|Alliance Funding for Wikipedia as a school resource in Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland, New Zealand]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2023/Call for Submissions to Wiki Workshop 2023|Call for Submissions to Wiki Workshop 2023]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2023/Collaboration with Charles University on the creation of Czech Wikipedia started in January|Collaboration with Charles University on the creation of Czech Wikipedia started in January]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2023/Open Education Week 2023 in the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program|Open Education Week 2023 in the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2023/Wikiclubs with different schools in Albania |Wikiclubs with different schools in Albania]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 21:08, 12 March 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=24706239 --> == This Month in Education: March 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 3 • March 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Audio-seminar project of the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program|Audio-seminar project of the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Empowering Nigerian Female Artists: Through Art & Feminism Edith-A-Thon at KWASU Fan Club|Empowering Nigerian Female Artists: Through Art & Feminism Edith-A-Thon at KWASU Fan Club]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Exploring How Wikipedia Works|Exploring How Wikipedia Works]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Florida graduate students complete Library History edit-a-thon for credit|Florida graduate students complete Library History edit-a-thon for credit]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Improving hearing health content in Brazil|Improving hearing health content in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Media Literacy Portal to become a key resource for media education in Czech Libraries |Media Literacy Portal to become a key resource for media education in Czech Libraries]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Wikeys in the Albanian language|Wikeys in the Albanian language]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Wikimarathon is an opportunity to involve students and teachers in creating and editing articles in Wikipedia|Wikimarathon is an opportunity to involve students and teachers in creating and editing articles in Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Wikimedia Polska short report|Wikimedia Polska short report]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Wikimedia Serbia participated in the State Seminar of the The Mathematical Society of Serbia|Wikimedia Serbia participated in the State Seminar of the The Mathematical Society of Serbia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 18:45, 8 April 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=24824837 --> == This Month in Education: April 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 4 • April 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Auckland Museum Alliance fund project update|Auckland Museum Alliance fund project update]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Introducing Wikipedia to Kusaal Language Teachers|Introducing Wikipedia to Kusaal Language Teachers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/KWASU Fan Club Leads the Way in 21st Century Learning with Wiki in School Program|KWASU Fan Club Leads the Way in 21st Century Learning with Wiki in School Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/On-line Courses for Educators in Poland|On-line Courses for Educators in Poland]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Online meeting of Ukrainian educators working with Wikipedia – four perspectives|Online meeting of Ukrainian educators working with Wikipedia – four perspectives]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Wikiclubs Editathon in Elbasan, Albania |Wikiclubs Editathon in Elbasan, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Wikipedia at the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad|Wikipedia at the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Wikipedia at the University of Łódź Information Management Conference|Wikipedia at the University of Łódź Information Management Conference]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:27, 23 May 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=24999562 --> == This Month in Education: June 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 5 • June 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/Africa Day 2023: Abuja Teachers celebrates|Africa Day 2023: Abuja Teachers celebrates]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/From editing articles to civic power – Wikimedia UK's research on democracy and Wikipedia|From editing articles to civic power – Wikimedia UK's research on democracy and Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Program in Yemen Brings Positive Impact to Yemeni Teachers|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Program in Yemen Brings Positive Impact to Yemeni Teachers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/Using Wikipedia in education: students' and teachers' view|Using Wikipedia in education: students' and teachers' view]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/The Journey of Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Lagos State|The Journey of Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Lagos State]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/WMB goes to Serbia |WMB goes to Serbia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/But we don't want it to end!|But we don't want it to end!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 08:44, 4 July 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25147408 --> == This Month in Education: July 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 7 • July 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Wikimedia Kaduna Connect Campaign|Wikimedia Kaduna Connect Campaign]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Wikimedia Serbia published a paper Promoting Equity in Access to Open Knowledge: An Example of the Wikipedia Educational Program|Wikimedia Serbia published a paper Promoting Equity in Access to Open Knowledge: An Example of the Wikipedia Educational Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Wikimedia and Education Kailali Multiple campus|Wikimedia and Education Kailali Multiple campus]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/WikiCamp in Istog, Kosovo: Promoting Knowledge and Nature Appreciation|WikiCamp in Istog, Kosovo: Promoting Knowledge and Nature Appreciation]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Wiki at the Brazilian National History Symposium|Wiki at the Brazilian National History Symposium]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/US & Canada program reaches 100M words added |US & Canada program reaches 100M words added]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Renewed Community Wikiconference brought together experienced Wikipedians and newcomers|Renewed Community Wikiconference brought together experienced Wikipedians and newcomers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Kusaal Wikipedia Workshop at Ajumako Campus, University of Education, Winneba|Kusaal Wikipedia Workshop at Ajumako Campus, University of Education, Winneba]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Join us to celebrate the Kiwix4Schools Africa Mentorship Program Graduation Ceremony|Join us to celebrate the Kiwix4Schools Africa Mentorship Program Graduation Ceremony]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Activities that took place during the presentation of the WikiEducation book|Activities that took place during the presentation of the WikiEducation book. Educational practices and experiences in Mexico with Wikipedia and other open resources in Xalala, Veracruz from the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/62+ Participants Graduates from the Kiwix4Schools Africa Mentorship Program|62+ Participants Graduates from the Kiwix4Schools Africa Mentorship Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/“Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” course launched in Ukraine|“Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” course launched in Ukraine]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/OFWA and Goethe Institute Host Wiki Skills For Librarians Workshop-Ghana|OFWA and Goethe Institute Host Wiki Skills For Librarians Workshop-Ghana]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:32, 14 August 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25457946 --> == This Month in Education: September 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 7 • September 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Inauguration of the Kent Wiki Club at the Wikimania 2023 Conference|Inauguration of the Kent Wiki Club at the Wikimania 2023 Conference]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Letter Magic: Supercharging Your WikiEducation Programs|Letter Magic: Supercharging Your WikiEducation Programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Réseau @pprendre (Learning Network) : The Initiative for Educational Change in Francophone West Africa|Réseau @pprendre (Learning Network) : The Initiative for Educational Change in Francophone West Africa]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/WikiChallenge Ecoles d’Afrique closes its 5th edition with 13 winning schools|WikiChallenge Ecoles d’Afrique closes its 5th edition with 13 winning schools]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/WikiConecta: connecting Brazilian university professors and Wikimedia|WikiConecta: connecting Brazilian university professors and Wikimedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Wikimedia Germany launches interactive event series Open Source AI in Education |Wikimedia Germany launches interactive event series Open Source AI in Education]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 05:01, 10 October 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25700976 --> == This Month in Education: October 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Volume 12 • Issue 8 • October 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/3 Generations at Wikipedia Education Program in Türkiye|3 Generations at Wikipedia Education Program in Türkiye]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/CBSUA Launches Wiki Education in Partnership with PhilWiki Community and Bikol Wikipedia Community|CBSUA Launches Wiki Education in Partnership with PhilWiki Community and Bikol Wikipedia Community]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Celebrating Wikidata’s Birthday in Elbasan|Celebrating Wikidata’s Birthday in Elbasan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Edu Wiki Camp 2023 - together in Sremski Karlovci|Edu Wiki Camp 2023 - together in Sremski Karlovci]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/PhilWiki Community promotes language preservation and cultural heritage advocacies at ADNU|PhilWiki Community promotes language preservation and cultural heritage advocacies at ADNU]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/PunjabWiki Education Program: A Wikipedia Adventure in Punjab|PunjabWiki Education Program: A Wikipedia Adventure in Punjab]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/WikiConference on Education ignites formation of Wikimedia communities|WikiConference on Education ignites formation of Wikimedia communities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikimedia Estonia talked about education at CEE meeting in Tbilisi|Wikimedia Estonia talked about education at CEE meeting in Tbilisi]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikimedia in Brazil is going to be a book|Wikimedia in Brazil is going to be a book]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikipedian Editor Project: Arabic Sounds Workshop 2023|Wikipedian Editor Project: Arabic Sounds Workshop 2023]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 11:34, 8 November 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25784366 --> == This Month in Education: November 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 9 • November 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/4th WikiUNAM Editathon: Community knowledge strengthens education|4th WikiUNAM Editathon: Community knowledge strengthens education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Edit-a-thon at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo|Edit-a-thon at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/EduWiki Nigeria Community: Embracing Digital Learning Through Wikipedia|EduWiki Nigeria Community: Embracing Digital Learning Through Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Evening Wikischool offers Czech seniors further education on Wikipedia|Evening Wikischool offers Czech seniors further education on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Expansion of Wikipedia Education Program through Student Associations at Iranian Universities|Expansion of Wikipedia Education Program through Student Associations at Iranian Universities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Exploring Wikipedia through Wikiclubs and the Wikeys board game in Albania |Exploring Wikipedia through Wikiclubs and the Wikeys board game in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/First anniversary of the game Wikeys|First anniversary of the game Wikeys]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Involve visiting students in education programs|Involve visiting students in education programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Iranian Students as Wikipedians: Using Wikipedia to Teach Research Methodology and Encyclopedic Writing|Iranian Students as Wikipedians: Using Wikipedia to Teach Research Methodology and Encyclopedic Writing]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Kiwix4Schools Nigeria: Bridging Knowledge Gap through Digital Literacy|Kiwix4Schools Nigeria: Bridging Knowledge Gap through Digital Literacy]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Lire wikipedia en classe à Djougou au Bénin|Lire wikipedia en classe à Djougou au Bénin]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Tyap Wikimedians Zaria Outreach|Tyap Wikimedians Zaria Outreach]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Art Outreach at Aje Compreshensive Senior High School 1st November 2023, Lagos Mainland|Art Outreach at Aje Comprehensive Senior High School 1st November 2023, Lagos Mainland]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/PhilWiki Community holds a meet-up to advocate women empowerment|PhilWiki Community holds a meet-up to advocate women empowerment]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 08:24, 14 December 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25919737 --> == This Month in Education: January 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 1 • January 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Cross-Continental Wikimedia Activities: A Dialogue between Malaysia and Estonia|Cross-Continental Wikimedia Activities: A Dialogue between Malaysia and Estonia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Czech programme SWW in 2023 – how have we managed to engage students|Czech programme SWW in 2023 – how have we managed to engage students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Extending Updates on Wikipedia in Education – Elbasan, Albania|Extending Updates on Wikipedia in Education – Elbasan, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Teacher’s guide – now available in Bulgarian language|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Teacher’s guide – now available in Bulgarian language]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Summer students at Auckland Museum|Summer students at Auckland Museum]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/WikiDunong: EduWiki Initiatives in the Philippines Project|WikiDunong: EduWiki Initiatives in the Philippines Project]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Wikimedia Armenia's Educational Workshops|Wikimedia Armenia's Educational Workshops]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Wikimedia Foundation publishes its first Child Rights Impact Assessment|Wikimedia Foundation publishes its first Child Rights Impact Assessment]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 10:02, 10 February 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26091771 --> == This Month in Education: February 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 2 • February 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/2 new courses in Students Write Wikipedia Starting this February|2 new courses in Students Write Wikipedia Starting this February]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/More two wiki-education partnerships|More two wiki-education partnerships]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Open Education Week 2024 in Mexico|Open Education Week 2024 in Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia, the community grows|Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia, the community grows]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Education Philippines promotes OERs utilization|Wiki Education Philippines promotes OERs utilization]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Loves Librarians, Kaduna|Wiki Loves Librarians, Kaduna]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Workshop 2024 CfP - Call for Papers Research track|Wiki Workshop 2024 CfP – Call for Papers Research track]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 18:37, 20 March 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26310117 --> == This Month in Education: March 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 3 • March 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Reading Wikipedia in the classroom, Kaduna|Reading Wikipedia in the classroom, Kaduna]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Reading Wikipedia in Ukraine – the course for educators is now available on demand|Reading Wikipedia in Ukraine – the course for educators is now available on demand]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Wiki Movement Brazil will once again support the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad|Wiki Movement Brazil will once again support the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Wikipedia within the Education Setting in Albania|Wikipedia within the Education Setting in Albania]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 07:28, 28 April 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26659969 --> == This Month in Education: April 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 4 • April 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/EduWiki Updates From Uganda|EduWiki Updates From Uganda]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Good news from Bolivia: Reading Wikipedia Program continues in 2024|Good news from Bolivia: Reading Wikipedia Program continues in 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Hearing Health Project: Impactful partnership with Wiki Movement Brazil|Hearing Health Project: Impactful partnership with Wiki Movement Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Wikimedia Spain, Amical Wikimedia and the University of Valencia develop Wikipedia educational project|Wikimedia Spain, Amical Wikimedia and the University of Valencia develop Wikipedia educational project]]</div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 03:19, 14 May 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26698909 --> == This Month in Education: May 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 5 • May 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Albania - Georgia Wikimedia Cooperation 2024|Albania - Georgia Wikimedia Cooperation 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Aleksandër Xhuvani University Editathon in Elbasan|Aleksandër Xhuvani University Editathon in Elbasan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Central Bicol State University of Agriculture LitFest features translation and article writing on Wikipedia|Central Bicol State University of Agriculture LitFest features translation and article writing on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Empowering Youth Council in Bulqiza through editathons|Empowering Youth Council in Bulqiza through editathons]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/We left a piece of our hearts at Arhavi|We left a piece of our hearts at Arhavi]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Wiki Movimento Brasil at Tech Week and Education Speaker Series |Wiki Movimento Brasil at Tech Week and Education Speaker Series]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Wikimedia MKD trains new users in collaboration with MYLA|Wikimedia MKD trains new users in collaboration with MYLA]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 13:30, 15 June 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26854161 --> == This Month in Education: June 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 6 • June 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/From a Language Teacher to a Library Support Staff: The Wikimedia Effect|From a Language Teacher to a Library Support Staff: The Wikimedia Effect]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/5th WikiEducation 2024 Conference in Mexico|5th WikiEducation 2024 Conference in Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Lviv hosted a spring wikischool for Ukrainian high school students|Lviv hosted a spring wikischool for Ukrainian high school students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/First class of teachers graduated from Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom 2024|First class of teachers graduated from Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Empowering Digital Citizenship: Unlocking the Power of Open Knowledge with Participants of the LIFE Legacy|Empowering Digital Citizenship: Unlocking the Power of Open Knowledge with Participants of the LIFE Legacy]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Wiki Movimento Brazil supports online and in-person courses and launches material to guide educators in using Wikimedia projects |Wiki Movimento Brazil supports online and in-person courses and launches material to guide educators in using Wikimedia projects]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Where to find images for free? Webinar for librarians answered many questions|Where to find images for free? Webinar for librarians answered many questions]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Wikimedia MKD and University of Goce Delchev start a mutual collaboration|Wikimedia MKD and University of Goce Delchev start a mutual collaboration]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 06:58, 9 July 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27085892 --> == This Month in Education: August 2024 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 7 • August 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Cross-Cultural Knowledge Sharing: Wikipedia's New Frontier at University of Tehran|Cross-Cultural Knowledge Sharing: Wikipedia's New Frontier at University of Tehran]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Let's Read Wikipedia in Bolivia reaches teachers in Cochabamba|Let's Read Wikipedia in Bolivia reaches teachers in Cochabamba]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Results of the 2023 “Wikipedia for School” Contest in Ukraine|Results of the 2023 “Wikipedia for School” Contest in Ukraine]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Edu Wiki Camp in Serbia, 2024|Edu Wiki Camp in Serbia, 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wikimedia Human Rights Month this year engaged schools in large amount|Wikimedia Human Rights Month this year engaged schools in large amount]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Strengthening Education Programs at Wikimania 2024: A Global Leap in Collaborative Learning|Strengthening Education Programs at Wikimania 2024: A Global Leap in Collaborative Learning]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wiki Education programs are featured in a scientific outreach magazine, and Wiki Movimento Brasil offers training for researchers in the Amazon|Wiki Education programs are featured in a scientific outreach magazine, and Wiki Movimento Brasil offers training for researchers in the Amazon]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wiki Movimento Brasil aims to adapt a game about Wikipedia, organize an academic event for scientific dissemination, and host the XXXIII Wiki-Education Workshop|Wiki Movimento Brasil aims to adapt a game about Wikipedia, organize an academic event for scientific dissemination, and host the XXXIII Wiki-Education Workshop]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 13:21, 11 September 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27310254 --> == This Month in Education: October 2024 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 8 • October 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/CBSUA Wiki Education turns 1 year|CBSUA Wiki Education turns 1 year]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/7th Senior WikiTown took place in Becov nad Teplou, Czech Republic|7th Senior WikiTown took place in Becov nad Teplou, Czech Republic]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Edit-a-thon about Modern Architecture in Kosovo|Edit-a-thon about Modern Architecture in Kosovo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Edu_Wiki_in_South_Sudan:_Creating_a_better_future_in_education|Empowering Digital Literacy through Wikimedia in South Sudan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Many new articles and contributions in September and October for Wikimedia MKD|Many new articles and contributions in September and October for Wikimedia MKD]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/New Record: 5 Events in Municipal Library within a Month |New Record: 5 Events in Municipal Library within a Month]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wiki-Education programs in Brazil are centered around the Wikidata and Wikisource platforms|Wiki-Education programs in Brazil are centered around the Wikidata and Wikisource platforms]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/WikiChallenge African Schools wins the “Open Pedagogy” Award 2024 from OE Global|WikiChallenge African Schools wins the “Open Pedagogy” Award 2024 from OE Global]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wikipedia helps in improving cognitive skills|Wikipedia helps in improving cognitive skills]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wikipedia in Graduate Studies: Expanding Research Impact|Wikipedia in Graduate Studies: Expanding Research Impact]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/WiLMa PH establishes a Wiki Club|WiLMa PH establishes a Wiki Club]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 14:56, 12 November 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27733413 --> == This Month in Education: November 2024 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 9 • November 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Auckland Museum Wikipedia Student Programme|Auckland Museum Wikipedia Student Programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Citizenship and free knowledge on Wikipedia in Albanian language|Citizenship and free knowledge on Wikipedia in Albanian language]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Engaging students with Wikipedia and Wikidata at Hasanuddin University’s Wikimedia Week|Engaging students with Wikipedia and Wikidata at Hasanuddin University’s Wikimedia Week]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Minigrant initiative by empowering the Rrëshen community in Albania|Minigrant initiative by empowering the Rrëshen community in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikidata birthday in Albania, 2024|Wikidata birthday in Albania, 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikidata birthday in School |Wikidata birthday in School]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikimedia Education Workshop at Lumbini Technological University|Wikimedia Education Workshop at Lumbini Technological University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikimedia MKD's new collaborations and new content|Wikimedia MKD's new collaborations and new content]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Improving Historical Knowledge on Persian Wikipedia through a continuous Wikimedia Education Program: Shahid Beheshti University Wikipedia Education Program|Improving Historical Knowledge on Persian Wikipedia through a continuous Wikimedia Education Program: Shahid Beheshti University Wikipedia Education Program]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:12, 10 December 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27879342 --> 3mw0tbki8l3jhlhbi71tzeiz8j6g0rn 0 164784 2691251 2390119 2024-12-10T15:17:31Z 97.77.229.195 2691251 wikitext text/x-wiki “Service Animal” [Note: this is edited for research purposes, not offered as advice The bold print indicates relevance to scientific hypotheses Insertions pertain to theoretic basis for training , only.] ... title II entities have the same legal obligations as title III entities .... The 1991 title III regulation, 28 CFR 36.104, defines a “service animal” as “any guide dog, signal dog, or other [modified: species-qualified] animal individually trained to do work or perform tasks for the benefit of an individual with a disability, including, but not limited to, guiding individuals with impaired vision, alerting individuals with impaired hearing to intruders or sounds, providing minimal protection or rescue work, pulling a wheelchair [or other mobility device] or fetching dropped items.” Section 36.302(c)(1) of the 1991 title III regulation requires that “[g]enerally, a public accommodation shall modify policies, practices, or procedures to permit the use of a service animal by an individual with a disability.” ...[[/not required to care for animal/]] The Department has issued guidance and provided technical assistance and [[publications concerning service animals]] since the 1991 regulations became effective. In the NPRM, the Department proposed to modify the definition of service animal, added the definition to title II, and asked for public input on several issues related to the service animal provisions of the title II regulation: whether the Department should clarify the phrase “providing minimal protection” in the definition or remove it; whether there are any circumstances where a service animal “providing minimal protection” would be appropriate or expected; whether certain species should be eliminated from the definition of “service animal... The Department ... has modified the final rule ... In the interests of avoiding unnecessary repetition, the Department has elected to discuss the issues raised in the NPRM questions about service animals and the corresponding public comments in the following discussion of the definition of “service animal.” The Department's final rule defines “service animal” as “any dog that is individually trained to do work or perform tasks for the benefit of an individual with a disability, including a physical, sensory, psychiatric, intellectual, or other mental disability...The work or tasks performed by a service animal must be directly related to the individual's disability. Examples of work or tasks include, but are not limited to, assisting individuals who are blind or have low vision with navigation and other tasks, alerting individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing to the presence of people or sounds, providing non-violent protection or rescue [[work]], pulling a wheelchair, assisting an individual during a seizure, alerting individuals to the presence of allergens, retrieving items such as medicine or the telephone, providing physical support and assistance with balance and stability to individuals with mobility disabilities, and helping persons with psychiatric and neurological disabilities by preventing or interrupting impulsive or destructive behaviors. The crime deterrent effects of an animal's presence and the provision of emotional support, well-being, and emotional comfort, or companionship do not constitute work or tasks for the purposes of this definition.” This definition has been designed to clarify a key provision of the ADA. Many covered entities indicated that they are confused regarding their obligations under the ADA with regard to individuals with disabilities who use service animals. Individuals with disabilities who use trained guide or service dogs are concerned that if untrained or unusual animals are termed “service animals,” their own right to use guide or service dogs may become unnecessarily restricted or questioned. Some individuals who are not individuals with disabilities have claimed, whether fraudulently or sincerely (albeit mistakenly), that their animals are service animals covered by the ADA, in order to gain access to courthouses, city or county administrative offices, and other title II facilities. The increasing use of wild, exotic, or unusual species, many of which are untrained, as service animals has also added to the confusion. Finally, individuals with disabilities who have the legal right under the Fair Housing Act (FHAct) to use certain animals in their homes as a reasonable accommodation to their disabilities have assumed that their animals also qualify under the ADA. This is not necessarily the case, as discussed below. The Department recognizes the diverse needs and preferences of individuals with disabilities protected under the ADA, and does not wish to unnecessarily impede individual choice. Service animals play an integral role in the lives of many individuals with disabilities and, with the clarification provided by the final rule, individuals with disabilities will continue to be able to use their service animals as they go about their daily activities and civic interactions. The clarification will also help to ensure that the fraudulent or mistaken use of other animals not qualified as service animals under the ADA will be deterred. A more detailed analysis of the elements of the definition and the comments responsive to the service animal provisions of the NPRM follows. Providing minimal protection. As previously noted, the 1991 title II regulation does not contain specific language concerning service animals. The 1991 title III regulation included language stating that “minimal protection” was a task that could be performed by an individually trained service animal for the benefit of an individual with a disability. In the Department's “ADA Business Brief on Service Animals” (2002), the Department interpreted the “minimal protection” language within the context of a seizure (i.e., alerting and protecting a person who is having a seizure). The Department received many comments in response to the question of whether the “minimal protection” language should be clarified. Many commenters urged the removal of the “minimal protection” language from the service animal definition for two reasons: (1) The phrase can be interpreted to allow any dog that is trained to be aggressive to qualify as a service animal simply by pairing the animal with a person with a disability; and (2) the phrase can be interpreted to allow any untrained pet dog to qualify as a service animal, since many consider the mere presence of a dog to be a crime deterrent, and thus sufficient to meet the minimal protection standard. These commenters argued, and the Department agrees, that these interpretations were not contemplated under the original title III regulation, and, for the purposes of the final title II regulations, the meaning of “minimal protection” must be made clear. While many commenters stated that they believe that the “minimal protection” language should be eliminated, other commenters recommended that the language be clarified, but retained. Commenters favoring clarification of the term suggested that the Department explicitly exclude the function of attack or exclude those animals that are trained solely to be aggressive or protective. Other commenters identified non-violent behavioral tasks that could be construed as minimally protective, such as interrupting self-mutilation, providing safety checks and room searches, reminding the individual to take medications, and protecting the individual from injury resulting from seizures or unconsciousness. Several commenters noted that the existing direct threat defense, which allows the exclusion of a service animal if the animal exhibits unwarranted or unprovoked violent behavior or poses a direct threat, prevents the use of “attack dogs” as service animals. One commenter noted that the use of a service animal trained to provide “minimal protection” may impede access to care in an emergency, for example, where the first responder, usually a title II entity, is unable or reluctant to approach a person with a disability because the individual's service animal is in a protective posture suggestive of aggression. Many organizations and individuals stated that in the general dog training community, “protection” is code for attack or aggression training and should be removed from the definition. Commenters stated that there appears to be a broadly held misconception that aggression-trained animals are appropriate service animals for persons with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While many individuals with PTSD may benefit by using a service animal, the work or tasks performed appropriately by such an animal would not involve unprovoked aggression but could include actively cuing the individual by nudging or pawing the individual to alert to the onset of an episode and removing the individual from the anxiety-provoking environment. The Department recognizes that despite its best efforts to provide clarification, the “minimal protection” language appears to have been misinterpreted. While the Department maintains that protection from danger is one of the key functions that service animals perform for the benefit of persons with disabilities, the Department recognizes that an animal individually trained to provide aggressive protection, such as an attack dog, is not appropriately considered a service animal. Therefore, the Department has decided to modify the “minimal protection” language to read “non-violent protection,” thereby excluding so-called “attack dogs” or dogs with traditional “protection training” as service animals. The Department believes that this modification to the service animal definition will eliminate confusion, without restricting unnecessarily the type of work or tasks that service animals may perform. The Department's modification also clarifies that the crime-deterrent effect of a dog's presence, by itself, does not qualify as work or tasks for purposes of the service animal definition. Alerting to intruders. The phrase “alerting to intruders” is related to the issues of minimal protection and the work or tasks an animal may perform to meet the definition of a service animal. In the original 1991 regulatory text, this phrase was intended to identify service animals that alert individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing to the presence of others. This language has been misinterpreted by some to apply to dogs that are trained specifically to provide aggressive protection, resulting in the assertion that such training qualifies a dog as a service animal under the ADA. The Department reiterates that title II entities are not required to admit any animal whose use poses a direct threat under § 35.139. In addition, the Department has decided to remove the word “intruders” from the service animal definition and replace it with the phrase “the presence of people or sounds.” The Department believes this clarifies that so-called “attack training” or other aggressive response types of training that cause a dog to provide an aggressive response do not qualify a dog as a service animal under the ADA. Conversely, if an individual uses a breed of dog that is perceived to be aggressive because of breed reputation, stereotype, or the history or experience the observer may have with other dogs, but the dog is under the control of the individual with a disability and does not exhibit aggressive behavior, the title II entity cannot exclude the individual or the animal from a State or local government program, service, or facility. The animal can only be removed if it engages in the behaviors mentioned in § 35.136(b) (as revised in the final rule) or if the presence of the animal constitutes a fundamental alteration to the nature of the service, program, or activity of the title II entity. Doing “work” or “performing tasks.” The NPRM proposed that the Department maintain the requirement, first articulated in the 1991 title III regulation, that in order to qualify as a service animal, the animal must “perform tasks” or “do work” for the individual with a disability. The phrases “perform tasks” and “do work” describe what an animal must do for the benefit of an individual with a disability in order to qualify as a service animal. The Department received a number of comments in response to the NPRM proposal urging the removal of the term “do work” from the definition of a service animal. These commenters argued that the Department should emphasize the performance of tasks instead. The Department disagrees. Although the common definition of work includes the performance of tasks, the definition of work is somewhat broader, encompassing activities that do not appear to involve physical action. One service dog user stated that in some cases, “critical forms of assistance can't be construed as physical tasks,” noting that the manifestations of “brain-based disabilities,” such as psychiatric disorders and autism, are as varied as their physical counterparts. The Department agrees with this statement but cautions that unless the animal is individually trained to do something that qualifies as work or a task, the animal is a pet or support animal and does not qualify for coverage as a service animal. A pet or support animal may be able to discern that the individual is in distress, but it is what the animal is trained to do in response to this awareness that distinguishes a service animal from an observant pet or support animal. The NPRM contained an example of “doing work” that stated “a psychiatric service dog can help some individuals with dissociative identity disorder to remain grounded in time or place.” 73 FR 34466, 34504 (June 17, 2008). Several commenters objected to the use of this example, arguing that grounding was not a “task” and therefore, the example inherently contradicted the basic premise that a service animal must perform a task in order to mitigate a disability. Other commenters stated that “grounding” should not be included as an example of “work” because it could lead to some individuals claiming that they should be able to use emotional support animals in public because the dog makes them feel calm or safe. By contrast, one commenter with experience in training service animals explained that grounding is a trained task based upon very specific behavioral indicators that can be observed and measured. These tasks are based upon input from mental health practitioners, dog trainers, and individuals with a history of working with psychiatric service dogs. It is the Department's view that an animal that is trained to “ground” a person with a psychiatric disorder does work or performs a task that would qualify it as a service animal as compared to an untrained emotional support animal whose presence affects a person's disability. It is the fact that the animal is trained to respond to the individual's needs that distinguishes an animal as a service animal. The process must have two steps: Recognition and response. For example, if a service animal senses that a person is about to have a psychiatric episode and it is trained to respond for example, by nudging, barking, or removing the individual to a safe location until the episode subsides, then the animal has indeed performed a task or done work on behalf of the individual with the disability, as opposed to merely sensing an event. One commenter suggested defining the term “task,” presumably to improve the understanding of the types of services performed by an animal that would be sufficient to qualify the animal for coverage. The Department believes that the common definition of the word “task” is sufficiently clear and that it is not necessary to add to the definitions section. However, the Department has added examples of other kinds of work or tasks to help illustrate and provide clarity to the definition. After careful evaluation of this issue, the Department has concluded that the phrases “do work” and “perform tasks” have been effective during the past two decades to illustrate the varied services provided by service animals for the benefit of individuals with all types of disabilities. Thus, the Department declines to depart from its longstanding approach at this time. Species limitations. When the Department originally issued its title III regulation in the early 1990s, the Department did not define the parameters of acceptable animal species. At that time, few anticipated the variety of animals that would be promoted as service animals in the years to come, which ranged from pigs and miniature horses to snakes, iguanas, and parrots. The Department has followed this particular issue closely, keeping current with the many unusual species of animals represented to be service animals. Thus, the Department has decided to refine further this aspect of the service animal definition in the final rule. The Department received many comments from individuals and organizations recommending species limitations. Several of these commenters asserted that limiting the number of allowable species would help stop erosion of the public's trust, which has resulted in reduced access for many individuals with disabilities who use trained service animals that adhere to high behavioral standards. Several commenters suggested that other species would be acceptable if those animals could meet nationally recognized behavioral standards for trained service dogs. Other commenters asserted that certain species of animals (e.g., reptiles) cannot be trained to do work or perform tasks, so these animals would not be covered. In the NPRM, the Department used the term “common domestic animal” in the service animal definition and excluded reptiles, rabbits, farm animals (including horses, miniature horses, ponies, pigs, and goats), ferrets, amphibians, and rodents from the service animal definition. 73 FR 34466, 34478 (June 17, 2008). However, the term “common domestic animal” is difficult to define with precision due to the increase in the number of domesticated species. Also, several State and local laws define a “domestic” animal as an animal that is not wild. The Department agrees with commenters' views that limiting the number and types of species recognized as service animals will provide greater predictability for State and local government entities as well as added assurance of access for individuals with disabilities who use dogs as service animals. As a consequence, the Department has decided to limit this rule's coverage of service animals to dogs, which are the most common service animals used by individuals with disabilities. {{CourseCat}} i1ygayvsuctlvnk5fo2y5jhpmqcy8eq 0 171005 2691239 2691039 2024-12-10T13:45:16Z Young1lim 21186 /* Geometric Series Examples */ 2691239 wikitext text/x-wiki Many of the functions that arise naturally in mathematics and real world applications can be extended to and regarded as complex functions, meaning the input, as well as the output, can be complex numbers <math>x+iy</math>, where <math>i=\sqrt{-1}</math>, in such a way that it is a more natural object to study. '''Complex analysis''', which used to be known as '''function theory''' or '''theory of functions of a single complex variable''', is a sub-field of analysis that studies such functions (more specifically, '''holomorphic''' functions) on the complex plane, or part (domain) or extension (Riemann surface) thereof. It notably has great importance in number theory, e.g. the [[Riemann zeta function]] (for the distribution of primes) and other <math>L</math>-functions, modular forms, elliptic functions, etc. <blockquote>The shortest path between two truths in the real domain passes through the complex domain. — [[wikipedia:Jacques_Hadamard|Jacques Hadamard]]</blockquote>In a certain sense, the essence of complex functions is captured by the principle of [[analytic continuation]].{{mathematics}} ==''' Complex Functions '''== * Complex Functions ([[Media:CAnal.1.A.CFunction.20140222.Basic.pdf|1.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.B.CFunction.20140111.Octave.pdf|1.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.C.CFunction.20140111.Extend.pdf|1.C.pdf]]) * Complex Exponential and Logarithm ([[Media:CAnal.5.A.CLog.20131017.pdf|5.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.5.A.Octave.pdf|5.B.pdf]]) * Complex Trigonometric and Hyperbolic ([[Media:CAnal.7.A.CTrigHyper..pdf|7.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.7.A.Octave..pdf|7.B.pdf]]) '''Complex Function Note''' : 1. Exp and Log Function Note ([[Media:ComplexExp.29160721.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 2. Trig and TrigH Function Note ([[Media:CAnal.Trig-H.29160901.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 3. Inverse Trig and TrigH Functions Note ([[Media:CAnal.Hyper.29160829.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Integrals '''== * Complex Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.2.A.CIntegral.20140224.Basic.pdf|2.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.B.CIntegral.20140117.Octave.pdf|2.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.C.CIntegral.20140117.Extend.pdf|2.C.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Series '''== * Complex Series ([[Media:CPX.Series.20150226.2.Basic.pdf|3.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.B.CSeries.20140121.Octave.pdf|3.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.C.CSeries.20140303.Extend.pdf|3.C.pdf]]) ==''' Residue Integrals '''== * Residue Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.4.A.Residue.20140227.Basic.pdf|4.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.B.pdf|4.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.C.Residue.20140423.Extend.pdf|4.C.pdf]]) ==='''Residue Integrals Note'''=== * Laurent Series with the Residue Theorem Note ([[Media:Laurent.1.Residue.20170713.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series with Applications Note ([[Media:Laurent.2.Applications.20170327.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series and the z-Transform Note ([[Media:Laurent.3.z-Trans.20170831.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series as a Geometric Series Note ([[Media:Laurent.4.GSeries.20170802.pdf|H1.pdf]]) === Laurent Series and the z-Transform Example Note === * Overview ([[Media:Laurent.4.z-Example.20170926.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ====Geometric Series Examples==== * Causality ([[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.A.20191026n.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.B.20191026.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Time Shift ([[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.A.20191028.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.B.20191029.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Reciprocity ([[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3A.20191030.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3B.20191031.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Combinations ([[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4A.20200702.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4B.20201002.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5A.20220105.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5B.20220126.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Permutations ([[Media:Laurent.6.Permutation.6A.20230711.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6B.20241210.pdf|B.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6C.20240528.pdf|C.pdf]]) * Applications ([[Media:Laurent.5.Application.6B.20220723.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Double Pole Case :- Examples ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7A.20220722.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7B.20220720.pdf|B.pdf]]) :- Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5A.20190226.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5B.20190228.pdf|B.pdf]]) ====The Case Examples==== * Example Overview : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.0.A.20171208.pdf|0A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.6.CaseExample.0.B.20180205.pdf|0B.pdf]]) * Example Case 1 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.A.20171107.pdf|1A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.B.20171227.pdf|1B.pdf]]) * Example Case 2 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.A.20171107.pdf|2A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.B.20171227.pdf|2B.pdf]]) * Example Case 3 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.A.20171017.pdf|3A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.B.20171226.pdf|3B.pdf]]) * Example Case 4 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.A.20171017.pdf|4A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.B.20171228.pdf|4B.pdf]]) * Example Summary : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.A.20171212.pdf|5A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.B.20171230.pdf|5B.pdf]]) ==''' Conformal Mapping '''== * Conformal Mapping ([[Media:CAnal.6.A.Conformal.20131224.pdf|6.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.6.A.Octave..pdf|6.B.pdf]]) go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Complex analysis]] cykhgueqyhi1t43z5o60v10j71bqcax 0 203942 2691331 2691166 2024-12-11T02:19:33Z Young1lim 21186 /* Lambda Calculus */ 2691331 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== * Overview I ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.1.A.20160806.pdf |pdf]]) * Overview II ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.2.A.20160926.pdf |pdf]]) * Overview III ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.3.A.20161011.pdf |pdf]]) * Overview IV ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.4.A.20161104.pdf |pdf]]) * Overview V ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.5.A.20161108.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Applications== * Sudoku Background ([[Media:Sudoku.Background.0.A.20161108.pdf |pdf]]) * Bird's Implementation :- Specification ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.1.A.Spec.20170425.pdf |pdf]]) :- Rules ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.2.A.Rule.20170201.pdf |pdf]]) :- Pruning ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.3.A.Pruning.20170211.pdf |pdf]]) :- Expanding ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.4.A.Expand.20170506.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Using GHCi== * Getting started ([[Media:GHCi.Start.1.A.20170605.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Using Libraries== * Library ([[Media:Library.1.A.20170605.pdf |pdf]]) </br> </br> ==Types== * Constructors ([[Media:Background.1.A.Constructor.20180904.pdf |pdf]]) * TypeClasses ([[Media:Background.1.B.TypeClass.20180904.pdf |pdf]]) * Types ([[Media:MP3.1A.Mut.Type.20200721.pdf |pdf]]) * Primitive Types ([[Media:MP3.1B.Mut.PrimType.20200611.pdf |pdf]]) * Polymorphic Types ([[Media:MP3.1C.Mut.Polymorphic.20201212.pdf |pdf]]) ==Functions== * Functions ([[Media:Background.1.C.Function.20180712.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:Background.1.E.Operator.20180707.pdf |pdf]]) * Continuation Passing Style ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.Continuation.20220110.pdf |pdf]]) ==Expressions== * Expressions I ([[Media:Background.1.D.Expression.20180707.pdf |pdf]]) * Expressions II ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.Expression.20220628.pdf |pdf]]) * Non-terminating Expressions ([[Media:MP3.1F.Mut.Non-terminating.20220616.pdf |pdf]]) </br> </br> ==Lambda Calculus== * Lambda Calculus - informal description ([[Media:LCal.1A.informal.20220831.pdf |pdf]]) * Lambda Calculus - Formal definition ([[Media:LCal.2A.formal.20221015.pdf |pdf]]) * Expression Reduction ([[Media:LCal.3A.reduction.20220920.pdf |pdf]]) * Normal Forms ([[Media:LCal.4A.Normal.20220903.pdf |pdf]]) * Encoding Datatypes :- Church Numerals ([[Media:LCal.5A.Numeral.20230627.pdf |pdf]]) :- Church Booleans ([[Media:LCal.6A.Boolean.20230815.pdf |pdf]]) :- Functions ([[Media:LCal.7A.Function.20231230.pdf |pdf]]) :- Combinators ([[Media:LCal.8A.Combinator.20241202.pdf |pdf]]) :- Recursions ([[Media:LCal.9A.Recursion.20241211.pdf |pdf]]) </br> </br> ==Function Oriented Typeclasses== === Functors === * Functor Overview ([[Media:Functor.1.A.Overview.20180802.pdf |pdf]]) * Function Functor ([[Media:Functor.2.A.Function.20180804.pdf |pdf]]) * Functor Lifting ([[Media:Functor.2.B.Lifting.20180721.pdf |pdf]]) === Applicatives === * Applicatives Overview ([[Media:Applicative.3.A.Overview.20180606.pdf |pdf]]) * Applicatives Methods ([[Media:Applicative.3.B.Method.20180519.pdf |pdf]]) * Function Applicative ([[Media:Applicative.3.A.Function.20180804.pdf |pdf]]) * Applicatives Sequencing ([[Media:Applicative.3.C.Sequencing.20180606.pdf |pdf]]) === Monads I : Background === * Side Effects ([[Media:Monad.P1.1A.SideEffect.20190316.pdf |pdf]]) * Monad Overview ([[Media:Monad.P1.2A.Overview.20190308.pdf |pdf]]) * Monadic Operations ([[Media:Monad.P1.3A.Operations.20190308.pdf |pdf]]) * Maybe Monad ([[Media:Monad.P1.4A.Maybe.201900606.pdf |pdf]]) * IO Actions ([[Media:Monad.P1.5A.IOAction.20190606.pdf |pdf]]) * Several Monad Types ([[Media:Monad.P1.6A.Types.20191016.pdf |pdf]]) === Monads II : State Transformer Monads === * State Transformer : - State Transformer Basics ([[Media:MP2.1A.STrans.Basic.20191002.pdf |pdf]]) : - State Transformer Generic Monad ([[Media:MP2.1B.STrans.Generic.20191002.pdf |pdf]]) : - State Transformer Monads ([[Media:MP2.1C.STrans.Monad.20191022.pdf |pdf]]) * State Monad : - State Monad Basics ([[Media:MP2.2A.State.Basic.20190706.pdf |pdf]]) : - State Monad Methods ([[Media:MP2.2B.State.Method.20190706.pdf |pdf]]) : - State Monad Examples ([[Media:MP2.2C.State.Example.20190706.pdf |pdf]]) === Monads III : Mutable State Monads === * Mutability Background : - Inhabitedness ([[Media:MP3.1F.Mut.Inhabited.20220319.pdf |pdf]]) : - Existential Types ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.Existential.20220128.pdf |pdf]]) : - forall Keyword ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.forall.20210316.pdf |pdf]]) : - Mutability and Strictness ([[Media:MP3.1C.Mut.Strictness.20200613.pdf |pdf]]) : - Strict and Lazy Packages ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.Package.20200620.pdf |pdf]]) * Mutable Objects : - Mutable Variables ([[Media:MP3.1B.Mut.Variable.20200224.pdf |pdf]]) : - Mutable Data Structures ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.DataStruct.20191226.pdf |pdf]]) * IO Monad : - IO Monad Basics ([[Media:MP3.2A.IO.Basic.20191019.pdf |pdf]]) : - IO Monad Methods ([[Media:MP3.2B.IO.Method.20191022.pdf |pdf]]) : - IORef Mutable Variable ([[Media:MP3.2C.IO.IORef.20191019.pdf |pdf]]) * ST Monad : - ST Monad Basics ([[Media:MP3.3A.ST.Basic.20191031.pdf |pdf]]) : - ST Monad Methods ([[Media:MP3.3B.ST.Method.20191023.pdf |pdf]]) : - STRef Mutable Variable ([[Media:MP3.3C.ST.STRef.20191023.pdf |pdf]]) === Monads IV : Reader and Writer Monads === * Function Monad ([[Media:Monad.10.A.Function.20180806.pdf |pdf]]) * Monad Transformer ([[Media:Monad.3.I.Transformer.20180727.pdf |pdf]]) * MonadState Class :: - State & StateT Monads ([[Media:Monad.9.A.MonadState.Monad.20180920.pdf |pdf]]) :: - MonadReader Class ([[Media:Monad.9.B.MonadState.Class.20180920.pdf |pdf]]) * MonadReader Class :: - Reader & ReaderT Monads ([[Media:Monad.11.A.Reader.20180821.pdf |pdf]]) :: - MonadReader Class ([[Media:Monad.12.A.MonadReader.20180821.pdf |pdf]]) * Control Monad ([[Media:Monad.9.A.Control.20180908.pdf |pdf]]) === Monoid === * Monoids ([[Media:Monoid.4.A.20180508.pdf |pdf]]) === Arrow === * Arrows ([[Media:Arrow.1.A.20190504.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Polymorphism== * Polymorphism Overview ([[Media:Poly.1.A.20180220.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Concurrent Haskell == </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] ==External links== * [http://learnyouahaskell.com/introduction Learn you Haskell] * [http://book.realworldhaskell.org/read/ Real World Haskell] * [http://www.scs.stanford.edu/14sp-cs240h/slides/ Standford Class Material] [[Category:Haskell|programming in plain view]] hyfk15uz6nfgxg0b0nz1ju0c1mexfl7 0 212733 2691344 2691170 2024-12-11T03:20:36Z Young1lim 21186 /* Using Libraries */ 2691344 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''' Part I '''== <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Introduction === * Overview * Memory * Number <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Python for C programmers === * Hello, World! ([[Media:CProg.Hello.1A.20230406.pdf |pdf]]) * Statement Level ([[Media:CProg.Statement.1A.20230509.pdf |pdf]]) * Output with print * Formatted output * File IO <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Using Libraries === * Scripts ([[Media:Python.Work2.Script.1A.20231129.pdf |pdf]]) * Modules ([[Media:Python.Work2.Module.1A.20231216.pdf |pdf]]) * Packages ([[Media:Python.Work2.Package.1A.20241207.pdf |pdf]]) * Libraries ([[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1A.20241211.pdf |pdf]]) * Namespaces ([[Media:Python.Work2.Scope.1A.20231021.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:Python.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20230314.pdf |pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:Repeat2.Loop.1A.20230401.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling a Big Work === * Functions ([[Media:Python.Work1.Function.1A.20230529.pdf |pdf]]) * Lambda ([[Media:Python.Work2.Lambda.1A.20230705.pdf |pdf]]) * Type Annotations ([[Media:Python.Work2.AtypeAnnot.1A.20230817.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Series of Data === * Arrays ([[Media:Python.Series1.Array.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series2.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Lists ([[Media:Python.Series3.List.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series4.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Sets ([[Media:Python.Series5.Set.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Dictionary ([[Media:Python.Series6.Dictionary.1A.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types * Operators ([[Media:Python.Data3.Operators.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:Python.Data4.File.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Class and Objects === * Classes & Objects ([[Media:Python.Work2.Class.1A.20230906.pdf |pdf]]) * Inheritance <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> == Python in Numerical Analysis == </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] ==External links== * [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/training/python/pdfs/Python-for-Computational-Science-and-Engineering.pdf Python and Computational Science and Engineering] qzt1bryxnctvr4yg6eb86wuq3v0vz6v 0 232469 2691340 2691168 2024-12-11T03:00:52Z Young1lim 21186 /* ARM Assembly Programming (II) */ 2691340 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Background''' == '''Combinational and Sequential Circuits''' * [[Media:DD2.B.4..Adder.20131007.pdf |Adder]] * [[Media:DD3.A.1.LatchFF.20160308.pdf |Latches and Flipflops]] '''FSM''' * [[Media:DD3.A.3.FSM.20131030.pdf |FSM]] * [[Media:CArch.2.A.Bubble.20131021.pdf |FSM Example]] '''Tiny CPU Example''' * [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.A.ISA.20160511.pdf |Instruction Set]] * [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.B.DPath.20160502.pdf |Data Path]] * [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.C.CPath.20160427.pdf |Control Path]] * [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.D.Implement.20160513.pdf |FPGA Implementation]] </br> == '''Microprocessor Architecture''' == * ARM Architecture : - Programmer's Model ([[Media:ARM.1Arch.1A.Model.20180321.pdf |pdf]]) : - Pipelined Architecture ([[Media:ARM.1Arch.2A.Pipeline.20180419.pdf |pdf]]) * ARM Organization * ARM Cortex-M Processor Architecture * ARM Processor Cores </br> == '''Instruction Set Architecture''' == * ARM Instruction Set : - Overview ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.1A.Overview.20190611.pdf |pdf]]) : - Addressing Modes ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.2A.AddrMode.20191108.pdf |pdf]]) : - Multiple Transfer ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.3A.MTransfer.20190903.pdf |pdf]]) : - Assembler Format :: - Data Processing ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4A.Proc.Format.20200204.pdf |pdf]]) :: - Data Transfer ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4B.Trans.Format.20200205.pdf |pdf]]) :: - Coprocessor ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4C.CoProc.Format.20191214.pdf |pdf]]) :: - Summary ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4D.Summary.Format.20200205.pdf |pdf]]) : - Binary Encoding ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.5A.Encoding.201901105.pdf |pdf]]) * Thumb Instruction Set </br> == '''Assembly Programming''' == === ARM Assembly Programming (I) === * 1. Overview ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.1A.Overview.20200101.pdf |pdf]]) * 2. Example Programs ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.2A.Program.20200108.pdf |pdf]]) * 3. Addressing Modes ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.3A.Address.20200127.pdf |pdf]]) * 4. Data Transfer ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.4A.DTransfer.20230726.pdf |pdf]]) * 5. Data Processing ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.5A.DProcess.20200208.pdf |pdf]]) * 6. Control ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.6A.Control.20200215.pdf |pdf]]) * 7. Arrays ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.7A.Array.20200311.pdf |pdf]]) * 8. Data Structures ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.8A.DataStruct.20200718.pdf |pdf]]) * 9. Finite State Machines ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.9A.FSM.20200417.pdf |pdf]]) * 10. Functions ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.10A.Function.20210115.pdf |pdf]]) * 11. Parameter Passing ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.11A.Parameter.20210106.pdf |pdf]]) * 12. Stack Frames ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.12A.StackFrame.20210611.pdf |pdf]]) :: :: === ARM Assembly Programming (II) === :: * 1. Branch and Return Methods ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.Branch.20241211.pdf |pdf]]) * 2. PC Relative Addressing ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.PCRelative.20241123.pdf |pdf]]) * 3. Thumb instruction Set ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.Thumb.20241123.pdf |pdf]]) * 4. Exceptions ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.Exception.20220722.pdf |pdf]]) * 5. Exception Programming ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.ExceptionProg.20220311.pdf |pdf]]) * 6. Exception Handlers ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.ExceptionHandler.20220131.pdf |pdf]]) * 7. Interrupt Programming ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.InterruptProg.20211030.pdf |pdf]]) * 8. Interrupt Handlers ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.InterruptHandler.20211030.pdf |pdf]]) * 9. Vectored Interrupt Programming ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.VectorInt.20230610.pdf |pdf]]) * 10. Tail Chaining ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.TailChain.20230816.pdf |pdf]]) </br> * ARM Assembly Exercises ([[Media:ESys.3.A.ARM-ASM-Exercise.20160608.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:ESys.3.B.Assembly.20160716.pdf |B.pdf]]) :: === ARM Assembly Programming (III) === * 1. Fixed point arithmetic (integer division) * 2. Floating point arithmetic * 3. Matrix multiply === ARM Linking === * arm link ([[Media:arm_link.20211208.pdf |pdf]]) </br> === ARM Microcontroller Programming === * 1. Input / Output * 2. Serial / Parallel Port Interfacing * 3. Analog I/O Interfacing * 4. Communication </br> == '''Memory Architecture''' == </br> === '''Memory Hierarchy''' === </br> === '''System and Peripheral Buses''' === </br> === '''Architectural Support''' === * High Level Languages * System Development * Operating Systems </br> == '''Peripheral Architecture''' == </br> === '''Vectored Interrupt Controller ''' === </br> === '''Timers ''' === * Timer / Counter ([[Media:ARM.4ASM.Timer.20220801.pdf |pdf]]) * Real Time Clock * Watchdog Timer </br> === '''Serial Bus''' === * '''UART''' : Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter ([[Media:ARM.4ASM.UART.20220924.pdf |pdf]]) * '''I2C''' : Inter-Integrated Circuit * '''SPI''' : Serial Peripheral Interface * '''USB''' : Universal Serial Bus Device Controller </br> === '''I/Os ''' === * General Purpose Input/Output ports (GPIO) * Pulse Width Modulator * Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) * Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) </br> <!-- == '''Interrupts and Exceptions ''' == --> </br> == '''Synchrnoization'''== </br> === H/W and S/W Synchronization === * busy wait synchronization * handshake interface </br> === Interrupt Synchronization === * interrupt synchronization * reentrant programming * buffered IO * periodic interrupt * periodic polling </br> ==''' Interfacing '''== </br> === Time Interfacing === * input capture * output compare </br> === Serial Interfacing === * Programming UART * Programming SPI * Programming I2C * Programming USB </br> === Analog Interfacing === * OP Amp * Filters * ADC * DAC </br> == '''Old materials''' == === '''Instruction Set Architecture''' === * ARM Instruction Set :: - Overview ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.1A.Overview.20180528.pdf |pdf]]) :: - Binary Encoding ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.2A.Encoding.20180528.pdf |pdf]]) :: - Assembler Format ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.3A.Format.20180528.pdf |pdf]]) * Thumb Instruction Set * ARM Assembly Language ([[Media:ESys3.1A.Assembly.20160608.pdf |pdf]]) * ARM Machine Language ([[Media:ESys3.2A.Machine.20160615.pdf |pdf]]) </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] 0b25hzxwc7un5bhdoie1jbzaee41nul 0 233730 2691333 2288004 2024-12-11T02:32:24Z Yinuo Liu 2935880 first version (need to add reference) 2691333 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> The '''Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview''' (SITBI) is a structured interview that assesses the presence, frequency, and characteristics of five self-injury-related constructs, including suicidal ideation, suicide plans, suicide gestures, suicide attempts, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). This instrument can be administered by both researchers and clinicians. It has been widely used in research settings to assess adolescent and young adults samples. Its long form consists of 169 questions, and its short form consists of 69 questions. The revised version of SITBI, Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview–Revised (SITBI-R), includes a broader range of self-injurious outcomes, like aborted and interrupted suicide attempts. == Psychometrics == ==== Reliability ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ Evaluation for reliability for SITBI ! Criterion !! Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*) !! Explanation with references |- |[[w:Inter-rater reliability|Interrater reliability]] ||Excellent ||Nock et al. reported an average kappa of .99 and r of 1.0, and raters in the study showed excellent to perfect agreement for all five self-injury related constructs. |- |[[Test-retest reliability]] || Good || r = .73 over 15 weeks. Nock et al. reported an average kappa of .70. Test-retest validity is good for suicidal ideation, suicide plan, suicide attempt, and NSSI, but poor for suicide gesture. |} ====Validity==== {| class="wikitable" |+ Evaluation of validity for SITBI ! Criterion !! Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*) !! Explanation with references |- |[[w:Construct validity|Construct validity]] (e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity) || Good || Shows [[w:convergent validity|Convergent validity]] via correspondence between the SITBI and other measures of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and NSSI |} ==Use in other populations== SITBI was translated into German, Korean, and Spanish, with research supporting each language version’s psychometric properties. ==References== {{DEFAULTSORT:Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Navbox}} [[Category:Psychological measures]] [[Category:Assessment measures]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview}} 55ejavzixymjk7j58d373n5dgjl0bmc 0 248843 2691230 2394443 2024-12-10T13:25:12Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Learning Tasks */ 2691230 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bebop Drone over Dubai beach.jpg|thumb|Open Drone Map - Open Source]] Open Drone Map is a [[Photogrammetry]] learning resource to create [[w:Digital Elevation Model|Digital Elevation Models - DEM]] from several images. The learning resource is following the [[Open Community Approach]], i.e. use [[Open Educational Resources]] to learn about the Drone Mapping and DEM and application of Open Source software to accomplish the learning objectives. == Learning Tasks == * Compare [[Photogrammetry/Regard3D|Regard3D]] and [https://www.opendronemap.org/ OpenDroneMap] as software and define the use cases in which you would apply the open source for creating [[3D Modelling|3D models]] of the terain or building. * What are technical similarities and what are the differences between [[Photogrammetry/Regard3D|Regard3D]] and [https://github.com/OpenDroneMap/ODM OpenDroneMap]<ref>OpenDroneMap ODM (2024) GitHub repository - Installation - URL: https://github.com/OpenDroneMap/ODM (accessed 2024/12/10)</ref>? == See also == * [[Wikipedia:Photogrammetry]] * [[3D Modelling]] * [[Photogrammetry/Regard3D|Regard3D]] 870kigbjvlluen9l1fu2wxprz14a53x 2691231 2691230 2024-12-10T13:25:34Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* See also */ 2691231 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bebop Drone over Dubai beach.jpg|thumb|Open Drone Map - Open Source]] Open Drone Map is a [[Photogrammetry]] learning resource to create [[w:Digital Elevation Model|Digital Elevation Models - DEM]] from several images. The learning resource is following the [[Open Community Approach]], i.e. use [[Open Educational Resources]] to learn about the Drone Mapping and DEM and application of Open Source software to accomplish the learning objectives. == Learning Tasks == * Compare [[Photogrammetry/Regard3D|Regard3D]] and [https://www.opendronemap.org/ OpenDroneMap] as software and define the use cases in which you would apply the open source for creating [[3D Modelling|3D models]] of the terain or building. * What are technical similarities and what are the differences between [[Photogrammetry/Regard3D|Regard3D]] and [https://github.com/OpenDroneMap/ODM OpenDroneMap]<ref>OpenDroneMap ODM (2024) GitHub repository - Installation - URL: https://github.com/OpenDroneMap/ODM (accessed 2024/12/10)</ref>? == References == <references/> == See also == * [[Wikipedia:Photogrammetry]] * [[3D Modelling]] * [[Photogrammetry/Regard3D|Regard3D]] 0046dfekqblfapm39ov1tac3a9hasc3 2691233 2691231 2024-12-10T13:29:03Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Learning Tasks */ 2691233 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bebop Drone over Dubai beach.jpg|thumb|Open Drone Map - Open Source]] Open Drone Map is a [[Photogrammetry]] learning resource to create [[w:Digital Elevation Model|Digital Elevation Models - DEM]] from several images. The learning resource is following the [[Open Community Approach]], i.e. use [[Open Educational Resources]] to learn about the Drone Mapping and DEM and application of Open Source software to accomplish the learning objectives. == Learning Tasks == * Compare [[Photogrammetry/Regard3D|Regard3D]] and [https://www.opendronemap.org/ OpenDroneMap] as software and define the use cases in which you would apply the open source for creating [[3D Modelling|3D models]] of the terain or building. * What are technical similarities and what are the differences between [[Photogrammetry/Regard3D|Regard3D]], [[Photogrammetry/Meshroom|Meshroom]] and [https://github.com/OpenDroneMap/ODM OpenDroneMap]<ref>OpenDroneMap ODM (2024) GitHub repository - Installation - URL: https://github.com/OpenDroneMap/ODM (accessed 2024/12/10)</ref>? == References == <references/> == See also == * [[Wikipedia:Photogrammetry]] * [[3D Modelling]] * [[Photogrammetry/Regard3D|Regard3D]] 5ikqra4j7pe6r1stypygxida1m5lcys 2691234 2691233 2024-12-10T13:32:05Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Learning Tasks */ 2691234 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bebop Drone over Dubai beach.jpg|thumb|Open Drone Map - Open Source]] Open Drone Map is a [[Photogrammetry]] learning resource to create [[w:Digital Elevation Model|Digital Elevation Models - DEM]] from several images. The learning resource is following the [[Open Community Approach]], i.e. use [[Open Educational Resources]] to learn about the Drone Mapping and DEM and application of Open Source software to accomplish the learning objectives. == Learning Tasks == * Compare [[Photogrammetry/Regard3D|Regard3D]] and [https://www.opendronemap.org/ OpenDroneMap] as software and define the use cases in which you would apply the open source for creating [[3D Modelling|3D models]] of the terain or building. * What are technical similarities and what are the differences between [[Photogrammetry/Regard3D|Regard3D]], [[Photogrammetry/MeshRoom|Meshroom]] and [https://github.com/OpenDroneMap/ODM OpenDroneMap]<ref>OpenDroneMap ODM (2024) GitHub repository - Installation - URL: https://github.com/OpenDroneMap/ODM (accessed 2024/12/10)</ref>? == References == <references/> == See also == * [[Wikipedia:Photogrammetry]] * [[3D Modelling]] * [[Photogrammetry/Regard3D|Regard3D]] nk2kgj612na590ktgzcuj6ahnxoqo4p 2691235 2691234 2024-12-10T13:32:31Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* See also */ 2691235 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bebop Drone over Dubai beach.jpg|thumb|Open Drone Map - Open Source]] Open Drone Map is a [[Photogrammetry]] learning resource to create [[w:Digital Elevation Model|Digital Elevation Models - DEM]] from several images. The learning resource is following the [[Open Community Approach]], i.e. use [[Open Educational Resources]] to learn about the Drone Mapping and DEM and application of Open Source software to accomplish the learning objectives. == Learning Tasks == * Compare [[Photogrammetry/Regard3D|Regard3D]] and [https://www.opendronemap.org/ OpenDroneMap] as software and define the use cases in which you would apply the open source for creating [[3D Modelling|3D models]] of the terain or building. * What are technical similarities and what are the differences between [[Photogrammetry/Regard3D|Regard3D]], [[Photogrammetry/MeshRoom|Meshroom]] and [https://github.com/OpenDroneMap/ODM OpenDroneMap]<ref>OpenDroneMap ODM (2024) GitHub repository - Installation - URL: https://github.com/OpenDroneMap/ODM (accessed 2024/12/10)</ref>? == References == <references/> == See also == * [[Wikipedia:Photogrammetry]] * [[3D Modelling]] * [[Photogrammetry/MeshRoom|MeshRoom]] * [[Photogrammetry/Regard3D|Regard3D]] 8jsk5aikmx3gk6z2ehsaifn5yustimz 2691236 2691235 2024-12-10T13:32:40Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 added [[Category:Photogrammetry]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 2691236 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bebop Drone over Dubai beach.jpg|thumb|Open Drone Map - Open Source]] Open Drone Map is a [[Photogrammetry]] learning resource to create [[w:Digital Elevation Model|Digital Elevation Models - DEM]] from several images. The learning resource is following the [[Open Community Approach]], i.e. use [[Open Educational Resources]] to learn about the Drone Mapping and DEM and application of Open Source software to accomplish the learning objectives. == Learning Tasks == * Compare [[Photogrammetry/Regard3D|Regard3D]] and [https://www.opendronemap.org/ OpenDroneMap] as software and define the use cases in which you would apply the open source for creating [[3D Modelling|3D models]] of the terain or building. * What are technical similarities and what are the differences between [[Photogrammetry/Regard3D|Regard3D]], [[Photogrammetry/MeshRoom|Meshroom]] and [https://github.com/OpenDroneMap/ODM OpenDroneMap]<ref>OpenDroneMap ODM (2024) GitHub repository - Installation - URL: https://github.com/OpenDroneMap/ODM (accessed 2024/12/10)</ref>? == References == <references/> == See also == * [[Wikipedia:Photogrammetry]] * [[3D Modelling]] * [[Photogrammetry/MeshRoom|MeshRoom]] * [[Photogrammetry/Regard3D|Regard3D]] [[Category:Photogrammetry]] 6o56hexibggrspt93uokh06el3tcrip 0 263813 2691247 2691058 2024-12-10T15:08:49Z Scogdill 1331941 2691247 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Also Known As== * Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.</ref> * The Hon. Algernon Bourke * Lady Florence Bourke * See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father. == Overview == Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,<ref name=":6">1911 England Census.</ref> he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. Lady Florence Bourke was a noted horsewoman, exhibited at dog shows successfully and was "an appreciative listener to good music."<ref>"Vanity Fair." ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.</ref> It is not clear that the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon were or were not the same person, so this page treats them as two people until certainty can be achieved. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl. == Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies == === Mr. Algernon Bourke === * [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], "one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys"<ref name=":8">"Metropolitan Notes." ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.</ref> * Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her "legal advisor" on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner<ref>"Metropolitan Notes." ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.</ref> == Organizations == === The Hon. Algernon Bourke === * Eton * Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term<ref name=":7">Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.</ref> * Conservative Party * 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act * Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford * White's gentleman's club, St. James's,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.</ref> Manager (1897)<ref>"Side Lights on Drinking." ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.</ref> * Stock Exchange * Willis's Rooms<blockquote>... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.<ref>"Lenten Dullness." ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.</ref></blockquote> *The Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Limited, one of the directors<ref>''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.</ref> === Mr. Algernon Bourke === * Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, "that well-known firm of stockbrokers"<ref name=":8" /> == Timeline == '''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a "convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.</ref> The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old. '''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death from falling off a horse of a student.<ref>"The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge." ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.</ref> '''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the "Rochester Conservatives" announced that they would "bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,"<ref>"Election Intelligence." ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.</ref> but because he could not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.<ref>"Rochester." London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.</ref> '''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.<ref>"South London Candidates." ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.</ref> The Liberal candidate, who won, was Mr. J. F. Moulton. '''1887 December 15''', Hon. Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Stanley were married at St. Paul's, Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of "the recent death of a near relative of the bride."<ref>"Court Circular." ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.</ref> '''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.<ref name=":12">"Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford." {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}</ref> According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,<blockquote>LONDON GOSSIP. (From the ''World''.) The marriage of "Mr. Manton" was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. "Harry" Milner (familiarly known in the City as "Millions") was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].<ref name=":8" /></blockquote>'''1888 December 1st week''', according to "Society Gossip" from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:<blockquote>I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.<ref>"Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says." ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.</ref></blockquote>'''1889 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was "proprietor" of White's Club, St. James's Street.<ref name=":9">"The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs." ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.</ref> '''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club. '''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]]. '''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House. '''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:<blockquote>THE HON. ALGERNON BOURKE'S AFFAIRS.<p> The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.<ref name=":9" /></blockquote>'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Miss Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield, so presumably her parents were present as well.<ref>"London Day by Day." ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph & Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.</ref> '''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died. '''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895. == Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#"Oriental" Procession|"Oriental" procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Based on the people they were dressed as, Guendonine Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was. [[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. Guendoline Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] === Hon. Guendoline Bourke === [[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]] Lafayette's portrait (right) of "Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô" in costume is photogravure #128 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":4">"Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker & Boutall after various photographers." 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.</ref> The printing on the portrait says, "The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo."<ref>"Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.</ref> ==== Newspaper Accounts ==== The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as * Salambo in the Oriental procession.<ref name=":2">"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref><ref name=":3">"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> * "(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché."<ref>“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}} *"Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis."<ref>“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.</ref>{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}} ==== Salammbô ==== Salammbô is the eponymous protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.</ref> Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'' was based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890 and performed in 1892<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.</ref> (both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well<ref name=":5" />). Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô was published in 1896, the year before the ball (above left).[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by "Spy," ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]] === Hon. Algernon Bourke === [[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] '''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of "Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton" in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":4" /> The printing on the portrait says, "The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton."<ref>"Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.</ref> This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.</ref> A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.) A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called "Algy," by Leslie Ward ("Spy") was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its "Men of the Day" series,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).</ref> giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume. === Mr. and Mrs. Bourke === The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.<ref name=":3" /> Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.) == Demographics == *Nationality: Anglo-Irish<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> *Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager<ref>''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.</ref> === Residences === *Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.<ref name=":7" /> Not Co. Mayo? *1890: 33 Cadogan Terrace *1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house<ref>Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.</ref> *1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea<ref>Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.</ref> *1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea<ref>Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.</ref> *1911: 1911 Fulham, London<ref name=":6" /> *20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. & C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.</ref> (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]]) == Family == *Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)<ref>"Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> *Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)<ref name=":1">"Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> #Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962) === Relations === *Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Other Bourkes ==== *Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)<ref>"Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.</ref> *Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;<ref>"Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.</ref> he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926. == Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers == === Writings === * Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892. * Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., "with a brief Memoir." ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893. * Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894. === Papers === * Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon Bourke's papers with them? == Notes and Questions == #The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it? #The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the "Oriental" procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once. #Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#"Oriental" Procession|"Oriental" procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin. #[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes. #The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704. == Footnotes == {{reflist}} 5v233u965fut7pwhc1btd7llpus4n8g 2691325 2691247 2024-12-10T23:43:06Z Scogdill 1331941 2691325 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Also Known As== * Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.</ref> * The Hon. Algernon Bourke * Mrs. Guendoline Bourke * Lady Florence Bourke * See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father. == Overview == Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,<ref name=":6">1911 England Census.</ref> he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. Mrs. Guendoline Bourke was a noted horsewoman and an excellent shot, exhibited at dog shows successfully and was "an appreciative listener to good music."<ref>"Vanity Fair." ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.</ref> The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl. == Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies == === Mr. Algernon Bourke === * [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], "one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys"<ref name=":8">"Metropolitan Notes." ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.</ref> * Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her "legal advisor" on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner<ref>"Metropolitan Notes." ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.</ref> == Organizations == === The Hon. Algernon Bourke === * Eton * Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term<ref name=":7">Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.</ref> * Conservative Party * 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act * Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford * White's gentleman's club, St. James's,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.</ref> Manager (1897)<ref>"Side Lights on Drinking." ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.</ref> * Stock Exchange * Willis's Rooms<blockquote>... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.<ref>"Lenten Dullness." ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.</ref></blockquote> *The Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Limited, one of the directors<ref>''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.</ref> === Mr. Algernon Bourke === * Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, "that well-known firm of stockbrokers"<ref name=":8" /> == Timeline == '''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a "convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.</ref> The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old. '''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death from falling off a horse of a student.<ref>"The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge." ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.</ref> '''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the "Rochester Conservatives" announced that they would "bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,"<ref>"Election Intelligence." ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.</ref> but because he could not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.<ref>"Rochester." London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.</ref> '''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.<ref>"South London Candidates." ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.</ref> The Liberal candidate, who won, was Mr. J. F. Moulton. '''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#8 September 1886, Wednesday|a "trial-rehearsal" as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports. '''1887 December 15''', Hon. Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Stanley were married at St. Paul's, Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of "the recent death of a near relative of the bride."<ref>"Court Circular." ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.</ref> '''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.<ref name=":12">"Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford." {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}</ref> According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,<blockquote>LONDON GOSSIP. (From the ''World''.) The marriage of "Mr. Manton" was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. "Harry" Milner (familiarly known in the City as "Millions") was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].<ref name=":8" /></blockquote>'''1888 December 1st week''', according to "Society Gossip" from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:<blockquote>I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.<ref>"Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says." ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.</ref></blockquote>'''1889 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was "proprietor" of White's Club, St. James's Street.<ref name=":9">"The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs." ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.</ref> '''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club. '''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. '''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]]. '''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:<blockquote>LI HUNG CHANG'S DIET. It is probably not generally known (says the "Chef") that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrinips and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.<ref>"Li Hung Chang's Diet." ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.</ref></blockquote>'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House. '''1898 January 5, Wednesday''', the ''Irish Independent'' reported that "Mr Algernon Bourke, the aristocratic stock broker ... was mainly responsible for the living pictures at the Blenheim Palace entertainment.<ref>"Mr Algernon Bourke ...." ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.</ref> '''1899 June 1, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Countess Cairns at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.<ref>"Marriage of Mr. Sloane Stanley and Countess Cairns." ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 03 June 1899, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990603/049/0006. Print p. 6.</ref> '''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:<blockquote>THE HON. ALGERNON BOURKE'S AFFAIRS.<p> The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.<ref name=":9" /></blockquote>'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Miss Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield, so presumably her parents were present as well.<ref>"London Day by Day." ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph & Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.</ref> '''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died. '''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895. == Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#"Oriental" Procession|"Oriental" procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Based on the people they were dressed as, Guendonine Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was. [[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. Guendoline Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] === Hon. Guendoline Bourke === [[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]] Lafayette's portrait (right) of "Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô" in costume is photogravure #128 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":4">"Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker & Boutall after various photographers." 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.</ref> The printing on the portrait says, "The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo."<ref>"Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.</ref> ==== Newspaper Accounts ==== The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as * Salambo in the Oriental procession.<ref name=":2">"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref><ref name=":3">"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> * "(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché."<ref>“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}} *"Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis."<ref>“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.</ref>{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}} ==== Salammbô ==== Salammbô is the eponymous protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.</ref> Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'' was based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890 and performed in 1892<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.</ref> (both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well<ref name=":5" />). Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô was published in 1896, the year before the ball (above left).[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by "Spy," ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]] === Hon. Algernon Bourke === [[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] '''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of "Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton" in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":4" /> The printing on the portrait says, "The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton."<ref>"Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.</ref> This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.</ref> A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.) A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called "Algy," by Leslie Ward ("Spy") was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its "Men of the Day" series,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).</ref> giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume. === Mr. and Mrs. Bourke === The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.<ref name=":3" /> Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.) == Demographics == *Nationality: Anglo-Irish<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> *Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager<ref>''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.</ref> === Residences === *Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.<ref name=":7" /> Not Co. Mayo? *1890: 33 Cadogan Terrace *1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house<ref>Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.</ref> *1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea<ref>Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.</ref> *1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea<ref>Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.</ref> *1911: 1911 Fulham, London<ref name=":6" /> *20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. & C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.</ref> (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]]) == Family == *Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)<ref>"Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> *Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)<ref name=":1">"Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> #Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962) === Relations === *Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Other Bourkes ==== *Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)<ref>"Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.</ref> *Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;<ref>"Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.</ref> he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926. == Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers == === Writings === * Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892. * Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., "with a brief Memoir." ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893. * Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894. === Papers === * Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon Bourke's papers with them? == Notes and Questions == #The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it? #The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the "Oriental" procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once. #Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#"Oriental" Procession|"Oriental" procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin. #[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes. #The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704. == Footnotes == {{reflist}} fojuiypz28oj6e5v7o9six1i93sfoev 0 263927 2691258 2637151 2024-12-10T15:30:42Z Scogdill 1331941 2691258 wikitext text/x-wiki == Also Known As == *Family name: Goelet, Göelet == Overview == Miss Mary Goelet, like her mother, went by the name May. Her mother engineered her entry into the marriage market beginning in 1895 when May was a bridesmaid in Consuelo Vanderbilt's wedding in New York and in the UK in May 1897, when May was presented to the queen.<ref name=":6">Thompson, Matthew. In {{Cite web|url=https://pastlovespodcast.co.uk/2022/01/25/floors-castle-love-story/|title=The American Heiress and British Aristocrat – The Love Story of the 8th Duke and Duchess of Roxburghe|date=2022-01-25|website=Past Loves|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}} Interview for the ''Past Loves Podcast''. https://pastlovespodcast.co.uk/2022/01/25/floors-castle-love-story/.</ref> About 20 men were said or rumored to have proposed to her, although the parties denied it for some of the newspaper reports. Miss May Goelet was successful in finding a place in the British aristocracy in large part because of her wealth and familiarity with public life. At the end of the 19th century she was the wealthiest American heiress after Consuelo Vanderbilt.<ref name=":0" /> Interviewed for the podcast ''Past Loves'', Matthew Thomas describes May Goelet as a hostess after she married and was Duchess of Roxburghe:<blockquote>She was into entertaining in the same way that the Astors were into entertaining. Lady Astor reputedly had solid gold cutlery. She was world famous for it, the best hostess in the world, and I think that May had almost been brought up to be that, to emulate that and entertaining with a bit of panache was something very American – that whole sort of society impactful event hosting. But I can’t help but think that Henry was just trying to hide all the time. I don’t think he would have liked it. I think he would have really struggled with it. I think he was quite private and quite sort of you know, not introverted as such, but I just get this sense that he would’ve always been tried to be reigning [sic] her in and you know ‘do we have to?’ I feel that sort of question would have been asked a lot. But I think she was great, she fitted in really really well. Fishing – there’s a couple of miles of the River Tweed on the estate here, one of the best, if not the best, salmon fishing river in Scotland and she could fish with the best of them.<ref name=":6" /></blockquote>Ogden Goelet died on his yacht the ''Mayflower'' at Cowes, Isle of Wight, having been attended by William Broadbent, physician to the Prince of Wales.<ref name=":2" /> Mrs. Mary Wilson Goelet, May's mother, was also called ''May''. A taint of unsavoriness accompanied her, not only because of her cold, competitive nature but also because her father had made his fortune — perhaps $500,000<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-06-15|title=Richard Thornton Wilson|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Thornton_Wilson&oldid=1229130143|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Thornton_Wilson.</ref> — profiteering after the U.S. Civil War by selling blankets made of cotton but supposed to have been made of wool. == Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies == According to Matthew Thomas, 20 men who were reported to have proposed to Miss May Goelet: # 1897: [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester|William Montagu, 9th Duke of Manchester]], 20 years old at the time the rumor was printed in the ''Daily Telegraph''.<ref name=":0" /> May "been to the theatre with his mother," so it is possible he "misconstrue[d] the signals."<ref name=":6" /> # Late December 1898: [[Social Victorians/People/Crichton|Henry, Viscount Crichton]], eldest son and heir of the 4th Earl Erne.<ref name=":0" /> They knew and liked each other, but they were not social equals.<ref name=":6" /> #Hugo von Hohenlohe, "a German Prince, aged around 50 at the time he was pursuing May Goelet," who "agreed to pay [Lucius O’Brien, an Irish lawyer] the sum £10,000" to "secure him a marriage contract with May Goelet."<ref name=":6" /> He could not afford to pay, which caused a scandal that was widely reported in the German newspapers. #"Captain Oswald Ames of the Lifeguards six feet, eight inches of cavalryman."<ref name=":6" /> #Prince Francis of Teck<ref name=":6" /> #1899: Henry, Duke of Roxburghe<ref name=":6" /> #Prince Heinrich of Bavaria<ref name=":6" /> #"Prince Henri of Orléans , grandson of King Louis Philippe of France"<ref name=":6" /> #"Viscount Ingestre, heir to the Earl of Shrewsbury"<ref name=":6" /> #"Grand Duke Boris Romanov, the Tsar’s cousin"<ref name=":6" /> #Lord Shaftesbury<ref name=":8">Cannadine, David. ''The Rise and Fall of the British Aristocracy''. Vintage Books, Random House, 1990.</ref>{{rp|398}} #[[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West|George Cornwallis-West]]<ref name=":8" />{{rp|398}} #1901: Michael Myers writing from San Jose, Colorado, completely out of the blue; he calls her Princess May, says he is going to inherit $15 million and wonders if she wants to marry.<ref name=":6" /> #Christmas 1902: American [[Social Victorians/People/Ambassadors and Ministers#American Embassy in London (1895–)|William (Billy) Woodward]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdYVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT108&dq=Mary+Goelet&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwic5sXM9YuHAxXBk44IHdD6CPI4ChDoAXoECA0QAg|title=This Crazy Thing Called Love: The Golden World and Fatal Marriage of Ann and Billy Woodward|last=Braudy|first=Susan|date=2014-11-12|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8041-5335-5|language=en}}</ref> == Organizations == === Mrs. May Wilson Goelet in New York === *Ward McAllister's "Four Hundred," the "Ultra-fashionable 150"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-24|title=Mary Wilson Goelet|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Wilson_Goelet&oldid=990448790|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> *The "marrying Wilsons," named for large family of sisters she came from who married well<ref name=":6" /> == Timeline == '''1877''', May Wilson and Ogden Goelet married in New York.<ref name=":0" /> '''1895 November 6''', [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Sunny (Charles Richard John) Spencer-Churchill]] and Consuelo Vanderbilt married at St. Thomas Church, New York City, New York.<ref name=":22">"Consuelo Vanderbilt." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p10185.htm#i101844|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-01}}</ref> Miss May Goelet was a bridesmaid.<ref name=":6" /> [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Henry, Duke of Roxburghe]] was first-cousin of Sunny Spencer-Churchill, and if he attended this wedding in New York, they might have met. 1897 May, Miss May Goelet was presented to Queen Victoria. '''28 June 1897''', Monday, Queen Victoria hosted an enormous garden party at Buckingham Palace that included many royals and foreign dignitaries who were in London for the Diamond Jubilee. Both Miss May Goelet and Henry, Duke of Roxburghe were present.<ref>“The Queen’s Garden Party.” ''Morning Post'' 29 June 1897, Tuesday: 4–5 [of 12], Cols. 1a–1c. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18970629/032/0004 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970629/032/0005.</ref> Even though the party was so large, the fact that she was so wealthy and eligible and that he was so high status and eligible means they could have met if they had not met before.<ref name=":6" /> '''1897 July 2, Friday''', Mr. Ogden Goelet, Mrs. May Goelet, and Mary Goelet attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House. (Ogden Goelet is #502 in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who attended]]; Mrs. May Goelet is #503; and Miss Mary Goelet is #228.) '''1897 August 27''', Ogden Goelet died on his yacht the ''Mayflower'' at Cowes, Isle of Wight, having been ill for two months.<ref name=":2" /> His body was taken back to New York and his funeral held on the yacht.<ref name=":2" /> '''1903 August 20 and 25 and September 3''', the Goelets attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#August–September 1903|the America's Cup in New York]]; Henry, Duke of Roxburghe was present as well. '''1903 November 10''', Mary Goelet and Henry John Innes-Ker, Duke of Roxburghe married in St. Thomas Church, New York City, New York, the same church used by Consuelo Vanderbilt.<ref name=":6" /> Because of mourning in the Goelet family, a firm decorated the church to reduce its apparent size, making this a more intimate wedding.<ref name=":6" /> The public interest in the wedding meant that crowds followed the couple, even on their way to the wedding. For the podcast ''Past Loves'' Matthew Thomas describes the scene at the church:<blockquote>Her carriage pulls up. There’s already been scuffles with a number of, a large number of women who tried to gain entry to the church uninvited. So the police are actively fighting with women keeping them out of the church. Some women find a manhole that they end up going underneath the church, coming up in a part of the church that isn’t guarded from everybody. So there’s these women literally crawling out from underneath the ground to try to get in to this great event. ...<p>But yes the carriage gets mobbed. She gets kind of rushed in under guard almost. People want to touch her. They’re grabbing hold of her wedding dress. She’s a, you know, total celebrity. But scary I would think.<ref name=":6" /></blockquote>The New York newspapers described the chaos at the church in more detail:<blockquote>A mob of 5,000 'well-dressed' women had descended upon the church and thrown the neighborhood into an uproar. Hastily Police Captain Murphy had sent for 125 reinforcements for his original detail of 15 patrolmen but the law remained powerless to deal with the more determined of the mob. They raged about, shouting "I want to see the Duke," and "I've seen the bride," and generally cluttering the way of more genteel folk. Dozens of women lifted the canopy to the church door and crawled under it in an attempt to see the bride. Police dragged them out by the ankles. Others invaded the coal cellar of the church, climbed over piles of coal and sought to made their way to the nave. Some even battled their way into the church house and a few got as far as the vestry room. ... / It was, said the ''Herald'', an opinion held unanimously: "That such an assemblage of ill behaved persons should be permitted to obstruct the approaches to a church so that the bridal party and the guests were subjected to most unpleasant experiences was universally conceded to be disgraceful." Police Commissioner Green wearily noted that if the horde had been composed of men: "We'd have used very different tactics."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykB0AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55&dq=Mary+Goelet&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwic5sXM9YuHAxXBk44IHdD6CPI4ChDoAXoECAsQAg|title=Era of Elegance|last=Tully|first=Andrew|publisher=eNet Press|isbn=978-1-61886-705-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|54–55}}</blockquote> == Costumes at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == Mr. Ogden Goelet, Mrs. May Goelet and Mary Goelet, called Miss Ogden Göelet, attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]]. Miss May Göelet was among the Suite of Ladies in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#"Oriental" Procession|"Oriental" procession]]. [[File:Mary-ne-Goelet-Duchess-of-Roxburghe-as-Scheherazade.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a reclining woman richly dressed in an historical costume and a crown on her head|Mary Goelet as Scheherazade. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] John Thomson's portrait (right) of "Mary (née Goelet), Duchess of Roxburghe as Scheherazade" in costume is photogravure #243 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref>"Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker & Boutall after various photographers." 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.</ref> The printing on the portrait says, "Miss Goelet as Scheherazade," with a Long S in ''Miss''.<ref>"Miss Goelet as Scheherazade." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158606/Mary-ne-Goelet-Duchess-of-Roxburghe-as-Scheherazade.</ref> Another image of her in costume appeared in the ''Queen'' (top right of the page, the numeral 15 below the line drawing, full front, the drawing is similar to her costume in her photograph, headdress and bare arms emphasized; the drawing apparently signed by "C Rook").<ref name=":7">“Dresses Worn at the Duchess of Devonshire’s Fancy Ball on July 2.” The ''Queen'', The Lady’s Newspaper 10 July 1897, Saturday: 52 [of 98 BNA; p. 78 on printed page], full page [3 of 3 cols.]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002627/18970710/174/0052.</ref>{{rp|Col. 3a–b}} A posting in Reddit shows a different view of May Goelet in costume,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.reddit.com/r/OldSchoolCool/comments/16863l0/mary_innesker_nee_mary_goelet_duchess_of/|title=Mary Innes-Ker, nee Mary Goelet, Duchess of Roxburghe, circa 1903.|last=Defiant-Skeptic|date=2023-09-02|website=r/OldSchoolCool|access-date=2024-07-03}} https://www.reddit.com/r/OldSchoolCool/comments/16863l0/mary_innesker_nee_mary_goelet_duchess_of/?rdt=42130.</ref> probably copied from an illustration in a newspaper, possibly in an American newspaper announcement of her engagement to Henry, Duke of Roxburghe in 1903. (A slightly better version of the same image appears in the "Social Encyclopedia" ''Alchetron'', with the caption "Our New American Duchess, Miss May Goelet Who is engaged to be married to the Duke of Roxburgh; she is shown here in fancy dress."<ref>"Mary Goelet." ''Alchetron: The Free Social Encyclopedia'' [text from ''Wikipedia''] (15 January 2024). https://alchetron.com/Mary-Goelet.</ref>) The photograph in the Reddit post and the one published in the commemorative album were both taken by the photographer John Thomson with the same backdrop, so probably in the same session. === Newspaper Accounts === *"Miss Ogden Goelet, as a lady of the Assyrian court, was attired in a beautiful robe of golden gauze, glittering with multi-coloured jewels, and draped at the waist with soft sashes of ''crêpe de chine'' in pale shades of mauve, pink, and blue."<ref>“The Devonshire House Ball. A Brilliant Gathering.” The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 3 July 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 10], Col. 2a–3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970703/019/0007.</ref>{{rp|p. 7, Col. 3a}} *The Princess of Pless "was followed by five black attendants and six maidens, one of whom was Miss Goelet, whose dress was another marvellous triumph."<ref name=":4">"Gorgeous Affair. Costume Ball Given by the Duchess of Devonshire in London Last Evening. Many Americans Present. Duchess of Marlborough Appeared as ‘Columbia’ and Depew as Washington." ''Providence [Rhode Island] Evening Telegram'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 9, Col. 3b [of 8]. ''Google Books''. Retrieved September 2023. https://books.google.com/books?id=gvJeAAAAIBAJ.</ref> *"Miss '''Goelett''' (Assyrian Queen), gold embroidered gauze with pink, blue, and mauve sashes."<ref>“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|p. 40, Col. 2a}} *Accompanying the line drawing in the ''Queen'' is this description:<blockquote>Made by Mrs Mason, 4, New Burlington Street, W. … No. 15. M<small>ISS</small> G<small>ORLET</small> [sic], Lady of the Assyrian Court. — Gown of gold-striped / gauze over gold tissue, richly embroidered with gold and jewels; three sushes [s/b: sashes?] in pink, lilac, and blue, also embroidered; Assyrian headdress in jewels, with aigrette.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|Col. 3a–b, 1–2c}}</blockquote> *Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Violet Greville]] says that Miss Mary Goelet, "a very pretty girl, made quite a sensation at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball."<ref>Greville, Violet, Lady. "Place Aux Dames." The ''Graphic'' 4 September 1897, Saturday: 27 [of 36]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000057/18970904/032/0027.</ref> ==== Mrs. May Goelet ==== The costume worn by Mrs. May Goelet, Mary's mother, is mentioned in one American newspaper, the ''Providence [Rhode Island] Evening Telegram'': * "Mrs. Goelet in the character of Night shone in a blaze of diamonds."<ref name=":4" /> === Commentary on Mary Goelet's Costume === * The only source that identifies Miss May Goelet as Scherezade is the commemorative album: none of the newspapers gets more specific than "Assyrian Queen." Dressing as a very well-known fictional character was clever on May Goelet's part: she is recognizable, but she is not claiming connections to the historical, especially England's or Europe's past. * May's well-designed dress is of a light silk fabric striped with gold. The heavy trim stiffens the hem of the dress, making it hang in a kind of A-line. May's foundation garments give this costume its distinctive Victorian look and exaggerate her already small waist. The heavy trim at the top of the bodice and the jewelry at her neck are balanced by the heavily embroidered hem of the dress and the ends of the sashes. Except for the trim and the flowers attached to the knots of the sash, this dress is actually quite simple, with a much more modern look for this young woman than what, say, the House of Worth might have made for her. Her wealth is in the trim rather than [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Frou-frou|frou-frou]] on the dress. * She is wearing 3 sashes made of a soft, light silk, with complex knots and heavily jeweled ends. Although we cannot see it in the black-and-white photographs, the sashes were in 3 light colors, pink, lilac and blue. The knot on her left hip may have a flower tied or sewn into it. Rather than adding bulk, the sashes and light fabric of the dress emphasize her tiny waist. * In the photograph from the commemorative album, she is lying on a chaise, holding her head up with her left arm. Behind and below a velvet pillow are at least 2 separate types of fabric, which are likely her train and the 3rd sash. The embroidered brocade train is draped to cover the chaise. Above the train and behind the pillow is a translucent, light-weight fabric similar to what was used in the other sashes. It is spread open to show the hem and decorative stitching. The borders at the bottom of the sashes are the same size but the patterns of the embroidery and beading are different. * May Goelet's headdress is made up of an extravagant curled plume on top, a crown-like cap, a filet around her forehead holds an enormous cabochon jewel framed with diamonds. The cap and filet are covered with jewels. Hanging below the cabochon is another large ornament that falls between her eyes. Attached to the sides of the headdress above her ears are large flowers. Strings of pearls hang below the flowers on either side. The ''Queen'' describes and shows an aigrette, but the photographs clearly show a curled plume. * She is wearing a number of bracelets on her arms and three substantial necklaces, although we can see only two in the album portrait. She is wearing some kind of beaded belt that falls below below the sash tied around her waist. [[File:Ferdinand Keller - Scheherazade und Sultan Schariar (1880).jpg|thumb|alt=Colorful painting of a woman talking and gesturing in the air with her left arm and talking to a man with a crown who is listening intently. Her light skin dominates the painting, balanced by a red parrot spreading its wings|Ferdinand Keller, ''Scheherazade und Sultan Schariar'', 1880]] === Scheherazade === [[File:Scheherazade.tif|thumb|left|alt=Colorful painting of head and bust of a woman with a veil and a necklace made of gold coins looks at the viewer calmly and directly. Her hair and eyebrows are dark.|''Scheherazade'', Sophie Anderson]] [[File:Brangwyn, Arabian Nights, Vol 1, 1896 (2).jpg|thumb|alt=Page from an old book showing the back of a woman sitting on pillows and talking to a man and a woman reclining against him.|Brangwyn, Arabian Nights, 1896]] By the end of the 19th century in the UK, the collection of stories called or based on ''One Thousand and One Nights'' would have been familiar to anyone with more than the most basic literacy. In this famous example of a framing narrative — of stories within stories — Scherazade (the German spelling has been preserved in English from early 19th-century translations) saves her own life by telling the sultan her husband a story every night for 1,001 nights. The framing narrative as well as a number of the stories were treated by artists in the 19th century and would likely have been recognizable images. For example, ''Scheherazade'' (left), a portrait by Sophie Gengembre Anderson, dates from the 2nd half of the 19th century.<ref>"File:Scheherazade.tif." Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scheherazade.tif.</ref> Anderson (1823 – 10 March 1903) was born in Paris, grew up in France and the US but is identified as a British painter because the family moved to London in 1854.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-06-23|title=Sophie Gengembre Anderson|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophie_Gengembre_Anderson&oldid=1230609956|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Gengembre_Anderson.</ref> The painting of Sherazade telling one of the stories with a large gesture with her left arm is Ferdinand Keller's 1880 ''Scheherazade und Sultan Schariar'' (top right).<ref>File:Ferdinand Keller - Scheherazade und Sultan Schariar (1880).jpg. Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Keller_-_Scheherazade_und_Sultan_Schariar_(1880).jpg.</ref> "Sheherazade Telling the Stories" (bottom right) is Frank Brangwyn's illustration from Edward William Lane's 6-volume translation of the stories, published in 1896.<ref>"File:Brangwyn, Arabian Nights, Vol 1, 1896 (2).jpg." Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brangwyn,_Arabian_Nights,_Vol_1,_1896_(2).jpg.</ref> The collection of stories has also been called ''Arabian Nights'' since a translation into English <abbr>c.</abbr> 1706–1721 used that name, followed by subsequent translations that used that title as well, including Edward William Lane's 1896 translation.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=2024-06-06|title=One Thousand and One Nights|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Thousand_and_One_Nights&oldid=1227539079|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights.</ref> <blockquote>Some of the stories commonly associated with the ''Arabian Nights'' — particularly "Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp" and "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves" — were not part of the collection in the original Arabic versions, but were instead added to the collection by French translator Antoine Galland after he heard them from Syrian writer Hanna Diyabduring the latter's visit to Paris. ... Other stories, such as "The Seven Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor", had an independent existence before being added to the collection.<ref name=":5" /></blockquote> == Demographics == *Nationality: both, American === Residences === *Roxburghe: Floors Castle, Scotland *Goelets, in London: Wimbourne House<ref name=":0" /> == Family == *Ogden Goelet (11 June 1851 – 27 August 1897)<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-24|title=Ogden Goelet|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ogden_Goelet&oldid=990463076|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden_Goelet.</ref> *May (Mary Rita) Wilson Goelet (December 12, 1855 – February 23, 1929)<ref name=":0" /> #'''Mary Goelet''' (6 October 1878 – 26 April 1937) #Robert Wilson Goelet (1880–1966) *Mary Goelet (6 October 1878 – 26 April 1937)<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-23|title=Mary Goelet|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Goelet&oldid=990260921|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Goelet.</ref> *Henry John Innes-Ker, [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe |8th Duke of Roxburghe]] (24 July 1876 – 29 September 1932)<ref name=":3">"Henry John Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p1098.htm#i10972|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-07}}</ref> #George Victor Robert John Innes-Ker (7 September 1913 – 26 September 1974) === Relations === *Mrs. Mary Wilson Goelet's sister Grace married Cornelius Vanderbilt III<ref name=":0" /> *Duke of Marlborough<ref name=":1" /> *Winston Churchill<ref name=":1" /> *Mrs. Mary Wilson Goelet's sister Belle married Sir Michael Henry Herbert, whose older brother was the 13th [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke|Earl of Pembroke]]<ref name=":0" /> *Mrs. Mary Wilson Goelet's brother Marshall Orme Wilson married Carrie Astor, whose parents were William and Caroline Astor<ref name=":0" /> == Demographics == *Nationality: both, American === Residences === *Roxburghe: Floors Castle, Scotland *Goelets, in London: Wimbourne House == Family == *Ogden Goelet (11 June 1851 – 27 August 1897)<ref name=":2" /> *May (Mary Rita) Wilson Goelet (December 12, 1855 – February 23, 1929)<ref name=":0" /> #'''Mary Goelet''' (6 October 1878 – 26 April 1937) #Robert Wilson Goelet (1880–1966) *Mary Goelet (6 October 1878 – 26 April 1937)<ref name=":1" /> *Henry John Innes-Ker, [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe |8th Duke of Roxburghe]] (24 July 1876 – 29 September 1932)<ref name=":3" /> #George Victor Robert John Innes-Ker (7 September 1913 – 26 September 1974) === Relations === *Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt<ref name=":1" /> *Duke of Marlborough<ref name=":1" /> *Winston Churchill<ref name=":1" /> == Questions and Notes == #"At the time of her marriage to the Duke of Roxburghe, [Mary Goelet] was the wealthiest American heiress, with a dowry of twenty million dollars, exceeded only by Consuelo Vanderbilt in the wealth brought to the transatlantic marriages of the pre-1914 era" ("Mary Goelet." Wikipedia). #Ogden Goelet had 3 boats at the time of the ball: his schooner the ''Norseman'', his yacht the ''Mayflower'', and the ''White Ladye'', which he had leased from Lillie Langtry beginning in 1893.<ref name=":2" /> #The Suite of Ladies in the Oriental procession at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball |Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] included the following: a Miss West, Mary Goelet, Lady C. Grosvenor, and [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Miss Oppenheim]]. Miss West was [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West|Shelagh Cornwallis-West]]. Mary Goelet was 18 years old at the time of the ball; Lady Constance Grosvenor almost 22; [[Social Victorians/People/Oppenheim|Miss Rosalind Oppenheim]]'s age is uncertain, but she cannot be younger than about 30 (her father remarried in 1868). == Footnotes == {{reflist}} 4snk78hrnjkvp9g4yyiy9zfjzrkj52c 0 264255 2691286 2183992 2024-12-10T17:51:20Z Scogdill 1331941 /* November 1885 */ 2691286 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881 | 1881]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882 | 1882]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883 | 1883]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884 | 1884]] 1885 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886 | 1886]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887 | 1887]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888 | 1888]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889 | 1889]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] "In 1885 the Queen conferred a peerage on Nathaniel Rothschild, and against much opposition from the landed aristocracy the Prince of Wales had become intimate with the [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Rothschild family]] and admitted them into his circle" (Baring-Gould II 568, n. 20). ==January 1885== [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] and Annie Besant met at a meeting of the Dialectical Society in January 1885 (Holroyd, vol. 1, p. 140). ===1 January 1885, Thursday, New Year's Day=== ===26 January 1885, Monday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]] meets Bret Harte "at the home of Lord Alfred Paget" (http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC, p. 240). ==February 1885== ==March 1885== ===14 March 1885, Saturday=== Gilbert and Sullivan's ''The Mikado, Or the Town of Titipu'' opened at the Savoy. ==April 1885== ===3 April 1885, Friday=== Good Friday ===5 April 1885, Sunday=== Easter Sunday ===6 April 1885, Monday=== On 10 April 1885, the ILN says this: "An excellent variety entertainment was prepared at the Royal Victoria Hall and Coffee Tavern, Waterloo-road, for Easter week, including the "Night Watch in Egypt" — the usual science lecture and ballad concert being discontinued in its favour. These will, however, be resumed next week, and be continued during the rest of the season." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 11, 1885; pg. 373; Issue 2399, Col. C) ===18 April 1885, Saturday=== "The remains of the late Lord Mayor Nottage were placed in St. Paul's Cathedral last Saturday after a very impressive service, at which a large congregation attended. The present Lord Mayor and Sheriffs went in their state coaches, accompanied by a procession of City officials, and all the way from the Mansion House the streets were densely thronged by spectators. The coffin, which was covered with flowers, was placed on a catafalque beneath the dome until the conclusion of the service, when it was removed to the crypt." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 25, 1885; pg. 440; Issue 2401, Col. C; Royal Visit to Ireland (Supplement)). "Primrose Day, in memory of the late Lord Beaconsfield, was celebrated last Saturday in London and throughout the country even more generally than on any former occasion. On Sunday, the anniversary of his Lordship's death, a wreath of primroses sent by the Queen was placed on his grave at Hughenden. Lord John Manners presided on Saturday evening over a Primrose League banquet, in St. James's Hall, at which upwards of 600 gentlemen were present. The toast of the evening, "The Primrose League," was proposed by Lord Randolph Churchill. Viscount Bury, Sir H. Hoare, M.P., Mr. Sclater-Booth, M.P., and other well-known Conservatives also spoke to toasts." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 25, 1885; pg. 440; Issue 2401, Col. C; Royal Visit to Ireland (Supplement)) ==May 1885== ===24 May 1885, Sunday=== Whit Sunday ==June 1885== ===3 June 1885, Wednesday=== Derby Day. According to the Morning Post, <quote>New Club Dance. / Chevalier L. Desanges and Mrs. Desanges' at home at 16, Stratford-place, four till seven. No cards. / Royal College of Music 10th annual pupils' concert, West Theatre of the Royal Albert Hall.</quote> ("Arrangements for This Day." The Morning Post Wednesday, 3 June 1885: p. 5 [of 8], Col. 5B). ===26 June 1885, Friday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==July 1885== ===9 July 1885, Thursday=== The Men and Women's Club was rededicated "to focus on the relations between the two sexes" (Gillham, Nicholas Wright. A Life of Sir Francis Galton: From African Exploration to the Birth of Eugenics. New York: Oxford UP, 2001. Page 274). The inaugural address was given by Karl Pearson, his paper "The Woman's Question" (Walkowitz 145); members included Pearson, Robert Parker, Ralph Thicknesse, Bryan Donkin ("doctor" of Eleanor Marx Aveling), Olive Schreiner, and the Sharpe sisters (Elizabeth, Maria and Loetita), plus enough to make 14 members when the club began; there were more women than men at first. Also present seem to have been a Mrs. Brown, a Miss Mills, and Emma Brooke; they corresponded with Elizabeth Cobb about the paper (Walkowitz 150). Charlotte Wilson read it and critiqued it in an essay of her own; she was not a member (Walkowitz 150-51). Henrietta Muller read her own paper to the club "The Other Side of the Question," at the next meeting, October 1885 (Walkowitz 151). ==August 1885== ===11 August 1885, Tuesday=== Lord Houghton (Richart Monckton Milnes) died of a heart attack at Vichy (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 23). The funeral was "in the little marshy churchyard of Ferry Fryston in the West Riding" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 24). There must have been a number of social events around this. Richard Milnes then became Lord Houghton. ===31 August 1885, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1885== ===10 September 1885, Thursday=== "Lord Carrington, the newly appointed Governor of New South Wales, was entertained at a farewell banquet by the county of Bucks at Beaconsfield on the 10th inst., Mr. E. Lawson, the lord of the manor, being the host. The Duke of Buckingham and Chandos occupied the chair, and Mr. Lawson the vice-chair. Lord Carrington's health was cordially drunk, and his Lordship replied in an interesting speech, speaking of the extent of our colonies and the importance of the mother country cultivating close relations with them. Lord Rosebery, proposing "The Empire," dwelt on the importance of a closer [Col A/B] union between the mother country and the colonies. He proposed the health of the Agents-General for the several Governments of teh Colonies, those present being Sir Saul Samuel, Agent for New South Wales; Sir Arthur Blyth, Agent for South Australia; Sir Charles Mills, Agent for Cape Colony; Mr. R. Murray Smith, Agent for Victoria; the Hon. J. F. Garrick, Agent for Queensland. The toast was responded to by Sir Saul Samuel, who expressed teh ardent feeling of loyalty entertained amongst the people of Australia for the mother country. He was convinced that no fear of separation need be harboured so long as England continued to respect the rights and privileges of the colonies. He [Col B/C] greeted Lord Carrington inthe name of the colony over whose government he was about to preside, and predicted for him a pleasant sojourn at the Antipodes. We give an Illustration of the scene at this farewell banquet. [new paragraph] The Right Hon. Charles Robert Carington, third Baron Carrington (the title is thus spelt differently from the family name), was born May 16, 1843, was educated at Eton, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his degree of B.A. in 1863, and was a Captain in the Royal Horse Guards. In 1868 he succeeded his father in the peerage, which was created in 1797, the first Lord Carrington being Mr. Robert Smith, M.P. for Nottingham, whose son, the second Peer, in 1839, [301 Col C/ 302 Col A] assumed the name of Carington, by Royal license, instead of Smith, and married a daughter of Lord Willoughby D'Eresby. The present Lord Carrington, during three years before his elevation to the Upper House, was M.P. for High Wycombe, and is attached to the Liberal Party. He holds, in right of his maternal ancestors, the office of Joint Hereditary Lord Great Chamberlain. He accompanied, as Aide-de-Camp, the Prince of Wales in his visit to India ten years ago, and has since 1881 been Captain of the Queen's Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms; he is Lieutenant-Colonel of the third battalion of Oxfordshire Light Infantry Volunteers. Lord Carrington married, in 1878, the Hon. Cecilia Margaret Harbord, daughter of Lord Suffield, and has children. He seat is Wycombe Abbey, Buckinghamshire." (Dinner to Lord Carrington.Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, September 19, 1885; pp. 301-302; Issue 2422, Cols) ==October 1885== The second meeting of the Men and Women's Club; Henrietta Muller responded to Pearson's paper of 9 July 1885 with "The Other Side of the Question" (Bland 12). ===1 October 1885, Thursday=== Emma Nevada and Raymond Palmer married in Paris (https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html). Here is the article published in the New York Times: "Marriage of Miss Nevada. Paris, Oct. 1. — Mlle. Emma Nevada was married to-day to Dr. Raymond Palmer, of Birmingham, England. The civil service took place at the English Embassy and the religious ceremonies at the Church of the Passionist Fathers. The bridesmaids were Misses Morris, Johnston, Everest, and Tift, of America. Signor Salvini, the Italian tragedian was the 'best man.' The attendance was large, American, English, and Parisian fashionable society being well represented. The occasion was marked by much enthusiasm, and the display of flowers and elegant costumes lent an air of gayety to the scene. The whole of the American colony and a large number of notabilities attended the ceremonies. The Rev. Father Michael Watts-Russell, of the Passionate Order, Rector of St. Joseph's Retreat, Highgate Hil, London, delivered an eloquent oration. A string band furnished music for the occasion, Miss Laura Moore sang a solo, with harp accompaniment. The wedding breakfast was served at the Hotel Athenee to the bridal party and guests. Signor Salvini placed a diamond bracelet upon the bride's wrist, and many eulogistic speeches were made." (2 October 1885, New York Times. Online: http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9E01E5D8153FE533A25751C0A9669D94649FD7CF) ===31 October 1885, Saturday=== Halloween ==November 1885== There was a meeting of the Men and Women's Club in November 1885. ===5 November 1885, Thursday=== Guy Fawkes Day === 27 November 1885, Friday === Election day. ==December 1885== "At the December meeting [of the Men and Women's Club], club member Dr. Reginald Ryle" gave a paper, on "some physiological facts which bear upon the relations of the sexes" (Bland 15). ===25 December 1885, Friday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1885, Saturday=== Boxing Day ==Works Cited== *"Chronology of Events in the Life of Emma Nevada." https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html (retrieved 14 April 2010). pz7o10jgl8gf1gizus7fpviix8s4h4s 0 264256 2691300 2437191 2024-12-10T20:39:01Z Scogdill 1331941 /* September 1886 */ 2691300 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881 | 1881]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882 | 1882]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883 | 1883]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884 | 1884]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885 | 1885]] 1886 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887 | 1887]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888 | 1888]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889 | 1889]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] Mary Cora (Urquhart) Brown-Potter and her husband (and daughter?) visited England in 1886 and met the Prince of Wales, who invited them to spend a weekend. (Wikipedia: Brown-Potter). The Shelley Society mounted a production of ''The Cenci'', which lasted four hours. According to Neil Fraistat, "Wilde, Shaw, and Browning were all in the audience. It was a hard ticket to get. The audience gave it a rapturous reception. The newspaper critics, not so much. Wilde was wild about it. Shaw had reservations."<ref>Freistat, Neil. ''Twitter''. 14 October 2022 https://twitter.com/fraistat/status/1578404994021310465 (Retrieved 2022-10-14). In a comment that follows this tweet, Freistat says, "The Shelley Society Notebooks have great descriptions, but for an excellent overview, see Curran, Shelley’s Cenci, 183–92."</ref> ==January 1886== Annie Eastty and Isabella Clemes gave their papers at the Men and Women's Club regular January meeting, talking about morality; Henrietta Muller and Mrs. Walters were not present at this meeting (Bland 22). ===1 January 1886, Friday, New Year's Day=== ===15 January 1886, Friday=== Reading of ''A Doll's House'' "in a Bloomsbury drawing room in which all the participant were not only associated with the feminist cause but had achieved or would achieve prominence in the British socialist movment: Eleanor Marx, the daughter of Karl, in the role of Nora; her common-law husband Edward Aveling, who played Helmer; William Morris's daughter May, portraying Mrs Linde; and, as Krogstad, none other than [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|Bernard Shaw]]." (McFarlane 89) "'I feel I must do something to make people understand our Ibsen a little more than they do,' wrote Eleanor Marx to Havelock Ellis in Late December 1885.1 [fn 1] So invitations went out to a 'few people worth reading Nora to'; and on 15 January 1886, in their flat in Great Russell Street, Karl Marx's youngest daughter and her common-law husband, Edward Aveling, played host to one of the first readings in England of an Ibsen play — A Doll's House in the Henrietta Frances Lord translation. Bernard Shaw was a favoured invitee, playing the part of Krogstad to the Mrs Linde of William Morris's daughter, May." (McFarlane 233) [McFarlane, James Walter. The Cambridge companion to Ibsen. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.] ==February 1886== Robert Parker gave a paper on "Sexual Relations among the Greeks of the Periclean Era" at the regular February 1886 meeting of the Men and Women's Club (Bland 31). ==March 1886== ==April 1886== === 15 April 1886, Thursday === Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Mills|Charles W. Mills]] and Hon. Alice Marion Harbord married:<blockquote>The marriage of the Hon. Charles W. Mills, M.P., eldest son of Lord Hillingdon, with the Hon. Alice Marion Harbord, second daughter of Lord Suffield, took place yesterday afternoon at St Peter's Chapel, Vere-street. Among the relatives and friends who assembled were the Duchess of Leeds and Lady Harriet Godolphin Osborne, the Dowager Marchioness of Lansdowne and Lady Emily Fitzmaurice, the Earl and Countess of Wharnciiife, the Earl of Arran and Lady Alice Gore, Lord and Lady Suffield, [[Social Victorians/People/Mills|Lord and Lady Hillingdon]], Viscountess Bury and Hon. Misses Keppel, Lord and Lady George Hamilton, Lord and Lady Hastings and Hon. Miss Astley, Lord and Lady Claud Hamilton, Lord and Lady Revelstoke, Viscountess Downe, Sir E. and Hon. Lady Birkbeck, Captain and Lady Agneta Moutagu, Colonel Hon. C. Edgoumbe [sic], Hon. Assheton E. Harbord, Colonel and Hon. Mrs. Ellis, and Mrs. Windham Baring. Mr. Adolphus Liddell was the bridegroom's best man, and the eight bridesmaids were the Hon. Winifred, Hon. Eleanor, and Hon. Bridget Harbord, sisters of the bride; the Hon. Isabel, Hon. Mabel, and Hon. Violet Mills, sisters of the bridegroom; the Hon. Elizabeth Baring, and Miss Alexandra Ellis. The Hon. and Rev. James W. Lascelles, rector of Goldsborough, Yorkshire, uncle of the bridegroom, officiated, assisted by the Rev. P. Roberts, M.A., Lord Suffield giving his daughter away. After the ceremony Lord and Lady Suffield received the friends present at the wedding at their residence in Grosvenor-street. Early in the evening the bride and bridegroom left for Queen's Mede, near Windsor, lent to them by Colonel the Hon. Reginald and Mrs. Talbot for the honeymoon.<ref>"Arrangements for This Day." ''Morning Post'' 16 April 1886 Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18860416/041/0005.</ref></blockquote> ===23 April 1886, Friday=== Good Friday ===25 April 1886, Sunday=== Easter Sunday ==May 1886== ===7 May 1886, Friday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] taking part in the program for a benefit. Mr. Clive Wilson was a "sable attendant," probably in racist blackface. The copy of the newspaper the British Library digitized is sometimes quite difficult to read. <blockquote>At the Anlaby Room on Friday evening, an entertainment, provided by Mrs Arthur Wilson of Tranby Croft, and house [?] party, was successfully presented. The performance was given in aid of the School Building Fund, which, as the room was crowded to excess, will materially benefited. The first part of the programme consisted of a concert, in which every item was encored, the quaint trio, "Three little maids from school," sang [sic?] by Miss Wilson, Mrs Travers, Messrs Whiting and Mahoney, and the recital of "The Stowaway" by Mr F. W. Wood, deservedly drawing forth hearty approval, the recitation being given with good dramatic feeling. A right merry finale was furnished in the exhibition of Mr Wood's famous “Waxworks," the figures in which included the "Grand Old Man” (Mr Reginald Voase), "Laughing Girl" (Miss Wilson), "The Walking Doll" (Miss Muriel Wilson), "The Duchess of Devonshire" (Mrs Reynard), "The Babes [?] in the Wood" (Miss Mabel Wilkinson and Mr Harry Sykes), and "Alonzo the Brave and the fair Imogene” (Lady Boynton and Mr Reynard). The showman found his humour heightened the able assistance rendered by Mr R. Hxxyard [?] as clown, and Master Clive Wilson as a picturesquely-attired sable attendant with a passion for the drum. The whole affair was in every way a complete success. (“Entertainment at Anlaby.” Hull Daily Mail 10 May 1886, Monday: 2 [of 4], Col. [of ]. British Newspaper Archive (accessed July 2019).</blockquote> ===16 May 1886, Sunday=== Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, recovering from his conflict with Randolph Churchill in 1876, agreed to attend a dinner party hosted by Jennie Churchill. Bertie had attended a dinner in March 1884 that included the Gladstones and Lord and Lady Randolph Churchill, his first meeting with them since 1876. <quote>...another two years elapsed and Lord Randolph had become Secretary for India before the Prince could bring himself to enter the Churchill home. On this occasion Blandford also attended, and Jennie, the bewitching Jennie, was thirty-two — approaching the age at which the Prince really appreciated his lady friends. The date was May 16, 1886, and it proved her most successful dinner party because so much was at stake</quote><cite>(Leslie 66)</cite>. ===26 May 1886, Wednesday=== Derby Day. According to the ''Morning Post'', <quote>The Derby Day. / The Countess of Dalhousie's reception. / Mrs. Smith's second evening party. / Mrs. Charles Mills's dance, instead of Friday, ths 28th inst. / Mrs. Burton's first dance, at 6, Chesterfield-gardens. / Chevalier and Mrs. Desanges' at home, at 16, Stratford-place, from four to seven. No cards. / New Club Dance.</quote> ("Arrangements for This Day." The Morning Post Wednesday, 26 May 1886: p. 7 [of 12], Col. 7B). ==June 1886== ===13 June 1886, Sunday=== Whit Sunday ===26 June 1886, Saturday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ===28 June 1886, Monday=== George, Duke of Cambridge: "Went to Kneller Hall. There met Sir Arthur Sullivan who had come down from London in my waggonette. Heard the band in the Chapel first and then a fine and powerful band, and was very much satisfied with the whole condition of things, as was Sullivan, who said he had no sort of suggestions to offer for improvements." (Sheppard, Edgar. George, Duke of Cambridge: a memoir of his private life based on the journals and correspondence of His Royal Highness. Volume 2. London: Longmans, Green, 1906: 153. Google Books, retrieved 23 February 2010.) ==July 1886== ===12 July 1886, Monday=== Bret "Harte became an official member" of the Beefsteak Club "on July 12, 1886" (Axel Nissen, Bret Harte: Prince & Pauper. Jackson, MS: U P of Mississippi: 2000: 300; from personal correspondence to Nissen by the Beefsteak Club). ==August 1886== === 23 August 1886 === From the 28 August 1886 ''Vanity Fair'':<blockquote>THINGS IN HOMBURG H<small>OMBURG</small>, 23rd August. MY DEAR VANITY,— Here I am once more in Homburg, and it seems hard to realise that it is a full year ago that I wrote to you from this place. Everything goes on just as when I left in August, 1885. The band plays the same music, nearly all the same people walk up and down the avenue of the springs, the water is served out by the same young women, the same "watery" shop is talked all over the place, and the restaurants have the same bills of fare. In fact, had I, like Rip Van Winkle, fallen asleep in August, 1885, and been suddenly awakened in August, 1886, I should have noticed no change to tell me that twelve months had elapsed. His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales arrived about ten days ago, and whilst going steadily through the cure, seems to be enjoying himself with occasional visits to the Frankfort Opera and little picnics in the woods. The Prince's kind and genial manner makes him popular wherever he goes, and one hears nothing but words of praise about him from both English and Germans here. Princess Christian and the blind Grand Duke of Mecklenburg are also here, so that we have a fair share of Royalty in the town. Frankfort Races, which came off on Sunday and Monday, the 15th and 16th, were very amusing, and drew many people away from Homburg. On the second day, Monday, the Prince of Wales went over with a small party of friends, and was met by his brother-in-law, the Grand Duke of Hesse. The Stand and Paddock are very prettily situated in the middle of a pine wood; and as the day was hot, the shade was delicious. Betting is strictly forbidden now in Germany, but in spite of this, a little wagering was done when an English bookmaker put in an appearance; for, although he could not shout out the odds, / yet he was quite willing to walk to the wood with any would be backer for a few minutes' conversation, and once safely there, would explain what he could do on the next race. The last event on the card, a steeplechase, was great fun. Two German officers rode in uniform, and went very well indeed, although it must have been a severe trial for both horses and riders in this almost tropical heat. Lord Rendlesham gave a charming little dance on Wednesday evening to about forty friends. The Prince of Wales was present, and everyone enjoyed it. Dancing, which began at half-past nine, was stopped at half-past eleven. Then came a small supper, and to bed soon afterwards, for in Homburg no one dreams of sitting up late. On Monday afternoon all the ''beau monde'' here were at a concert, at which Herr Hollman, violoncellist to the King of Holland, played most beautifully. Mrs. Burrowes sang divinely, and Mr. Alexander Yorke gave his impersonation of actors and actresses. The whole performance was so good that, in spite of the intense heat, everybody stayed till the end. A good many people have left during the last two or three days, but fresh arrivals still pour in to take their places, so that it is difficult to find rooms, unless they are engaged a few days beforehand. Homburg is quite celebrated for its lovely roses, and this year they seem to be finer than ever. One of the great occupations at the Elizabeth spring in the morning is to "bunch” the fair sex with bouquets and sprays. When leaving Homburg, the popularity of a fair lady may always be guessed by the amount of flowers which are sent by friends to the station. A certain beautiful and popular Countess left a morning or two ago, and her carriage looked like a florist's shop, in such numbers did her many friends come to wish her God speed. Never have I seen a finer August in Homburg. The result is that picnics are quite the order of the day. Last week the Prince of Wales gave a charming one in the Taunus Woods, and ordered a photographer there, who did some groups of the party. Mr. Hargreaves also got up a most successful picnic, at which every pretty face in Homburg was to be seen, and the lunch being quite excellent was most thoroughly enjoyed. Amongst the many well-known English who are here just now are the Duke of Manchester, Lord and Lady Erne, Lord Rendlesham, Lady Shrewsbury, Lady Conyers and Miss Lane-Fox, Mrs. and the Miss Verschoyles, Lord Dartmouth, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Webb|Godfrey Webb]], Colonel Larking, Mrs. and Miss Legh of Lyme, Lady Headfort, Mrs. Dixon, Mr. and Mrs. Cunard, Mr. and Miss Clarke Thornhill, Mrs. Francis Slone Stanley, Mr. and Mrs. Walter Campbell, the Hon. Mrs. Candy and Major Westenra, Lady and Miss De Bathe, Mrs. Rochford and Miss Crabbe, Colonel Colville, Colonel and Mrs. Chaine, Lord and Lady Cork, Mrs. Keith Fraser, Miss Ethel Cadogan, Mr. Alfred Montgomery, Mr. and Mrs. Ker Seymer, Mr. and Mrs. Hare, Mr. and Mrs. Grossmith, Lord Wolverton, Mrs. Maxey, Countess Tolstoi and Miss Helen Henniker, Mr. Alexander Yorke, Lady Sophia Macnamara, Mr. and Mrs. Powell, Mr. Hargreaves, Mr. Percy Barker, the Hon. Mrs. Roche and Miss Werke, Lady Macpherson Grant, Mrs. and the Miss Shaws, Admiral, Mrs., and the Miss Cochranes, and a heap more whose names do not come to me just now.<ref>"Things in Homburg." ''Vanity Fair'' 28 August 1886 (Vol. 36): 123–124. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=MGtHAQAAMAAJ.</ref></blockquote> ===30 August 1886, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1886== "... in September 1886, the decision was taken to move [the head-centre organization of the Liberal party] to London, with the proviso that its annual meetings were always to be held in some provincial centre" (Spender 12). Robert Hudson, who was Assistant Secretary to Schnadhorst, moved to Palace Chambers, where he lived until May 1888 (Spender 15). '''8 September 1886, Wednesday''' The ''Taunton Courier'' reprinted an article from the ''World'' with some theatre and sports gossip. The Thursday of the trial rehearsal was probably 2 September 1886, and the Saturday of the production that Rosebery, Chetwynd and the Comptroller of the Household attended was probably 4 September 1886.<blockquote>DRURY LANE THEATRE. Mr Augustus Harris has abundant reason to be satisfied with the advice and assistance he has received in the production of "A Run of Luck." Mr [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Leopold de Rothschild]], Prince Soltykoff, "[[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Mr Manton]]," the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duke of Portland]], Mr Chaplin, and the [[Social Victorians/People/Beaufort|Duke of Beaufort]] all lent him their colours to be used in his race, and on Thursday his Grace of Beaufort came up expressly from Badmintont officiate as the foreman of a critical jury of sportsmen. Sir John Willoughby, Lord Baring (who missed a division in consequence), Colonel Vivian, Mr [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], Mr Hume Webster, Captain Thurton, Mr James Selby (no relation to the squire of that ilk), and the proprietor of Kempton were all amongst the empanelled; the trial-rehearsal lasted for more than five hours, and the final verdict was pronounced in the small hours of Friday morning. At the production on Saturday [[Social Victorians/People/Rosebery|Lord Rosebery]] and Sir George Chetwynd were both present, the Comptroller of the Household dropped in on his way back from Covent Garden, and Sir John Gorst mused on the mysteries of the marriage-laws in the stalls. — ''The World''.<ref>"Drury Lane Theatre." ''Taunton Courier and Western Advertiser'' 08 September 1886, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000526/18860908/026/0007. Print title ''Taunton Courier''; print p. 7.</ref></blockquote> ==October 1886== ===28 October 1886, Thursday=== In New York City, the Statue of Liberty was dedicated. ==November 1886== ===5 November 1886, Friday=== Guy Fawkes Day ===16 November 1886, Tuesday=== "On the 16th inst., at St. George's, Hanover-square, by the Rev. E. W. Pownall, M.A., Emslie John, only son of F. J. Horniman, Esq., of Surrey Mount, Forest Hill, to Laura Isabel, only daughter of Colonel A. G. Plomer, of 7, Chesterfield-street, Mayfair. (No cards.)" ("Marriages." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, November 20, 1886; pg. 544; Issue 2483, Col. B) ==December 1886== ===25 December 1886, Saturday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1886, Sunday=== Boxing Day ==Works Cited== *Gray, Eugene F. "Chronology of Events in the Life of Emma Nevada." Emma Nevada: An American Diva. https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html (retrieved 14 April 2010). *Sheppard, Edgar. George, Duke of Cambridge: a memoir of his private life based on the journals and correspondence of His Royal Highness. Volume 2, 1871-1904. London: Longmans, Green, 1906. Google Books, retrieved 23 February 2010. *Spender, J. A. Sir Robert Hudson: A Memoir. London: Cassell, 1930. c7h06bxey97l3a01jfbo0431rs0w0ce 0 264257 2691275 2183747 2024-12-10T17:15:27Z Scogdill 1331941 /* May 1887 */ 2691275 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881 | 1881]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882 | 1882]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883 | 1883]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884 | 1884]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885 | 1885]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886 | 1886]] 1887 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888 | 1888]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889 | 1889]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] "Bloody Sunday": protest march on Trafalgar Square. Annie Besant was there, as was G. B. Shaw, who "skedaddled." Queen Victoria's Jubilee year, along with 1897. That summer, in some way as part of it, there was a "Congress" at the Empress Theatre, in which a number of people (mostly but not exclusively women) read papers on the progress made in women's education. Those papers were collected in a volume by the Lady Warwick (Frances Evelyn Warwick, Countess of Warwick) in 1898; the "Sub-Editor" was Edith Bradley. ==January 1887== Annie Besant spoke at the January 1887 meeting of the Men and Women's Club; her paper was "The State and Sexual Relations," or "preventive checks," or contraception (Bland 19). ===1 January 1887, Thursday, New Year's Day=== ===11 January 1887, Tuesday=== Joseph Gancher defended Louis Pasteur's treatment of rabies Gelfand, Toby. ("11 January 1887, the day medicine changed: Joseph Grancher's defense of Pasteur's treatment for rabies." Bulletin of the History of Medicine Vol. 76, no. 4 [Winter 2002]: .). ===22 January 1887, Saturday=== ''Ruddygore, or the Witch's Curse'', opened at the Savoy Theatre. The reviews were not all positive; according to the Wikipedia article on Ruddigore, the Illustrated London News reviewed it (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruddigore; accessed 12 February 2010). See "Gilbert and Sullivan's New Opera" [http://www.savoyoperas.org.uk/ruddigore/rud1.html], The Monthly Musical Record, 1 February 1887, 17, pp. 41–42, Retrieved on 17 June 2008," from the footnotes to this article. ===29 January 1887, Saturday=== Review in the Illustrated London News of the opening of Gilbert and Sullivan's Ruddygore at the Savoy. Here is the review: <blockquote>MUSIC THE NEW COMIC OPERA AT THE SAVOY The specialty of last week was the new comic opera written by Mr. W. S. Gilbert, and composed by Sir Arthur Sullivan - a piece from their associated genius being an event of equal dramatic and musical interest; the great and deserved success of their several previous works of the kind having induced eager expectation for any new essay. The co-operation of the two gentlemen referred to has been a happy coincidence, similar to that of the united labours of Scribe and Auber in their delightful works of the opera-comique class. The production of "Ruddygore, or the Witch's Curse" is noticed in the theatrical column of this week, and it is, therefore, only necessary here to refer briefly to the musical interest of the piece, which is quite equal to that of its predecessors from the same hands. The vocal score will not be published for some weeks to come, when we shall be able to refer again to its merits; meantime, we may point to some of the pieces that proved attractive in performance, and will doubtless be permanently popular. Rose Maybud's expressive ballad, "If somebody there chance to be"; the piquant duet, "I know a youth", for her and Robin Oakapple; Richard Dauntless's robust nautical ballad, "I've shipped, d'ye see, in a Revenue sloop" (with its capital hornpipe climax); the suave love duet, "The battle's roar is over", for this character and Rose; the spirited trio, "In sailing o'er life's ocean", for the personages already named; Mad Margaret's scena, and ballad, "To a garden"; Sir Despard Murgatroyd's sententious solo, "Oh, why am I moody" (with its interspersed choral comments); the impulsive duet, "You understand" for him and Richard, the beautiful madrigal, and the several movements which close the first act are all effective in their respective styles. In the second (and last) act, the music in the scene of the animation of the portraits in the picture gallery is highly dramatic in its appropriate sombreness of style and impressive orchestral effects. This is preceded by a pretty duet (with chorus), "Happily coupled" - for Rose and Richard; and a refined ballad, "In bygone days", for the former. Sir Roderic Murgatroyd's sombre song, "When the night-wind howls" - with the surrounding choral and orchestral accessories - rises to a dramatic and musical height worthy of grand opera; and throws into strong relief the exquisitely quaint music of the subsequent duet, "I once was a very abandoned person", for Sir Despard and Margaret in their ludicrously altered aspects. The patter trio for these two and Robin; Hannah's sentimental ballad, "There grew a little flower"; and a well-contrasted finale are prominent features of the closing division of the work. The principal performers have been as well fitted with their music as with their dramatic characters, the performance of which is noted in our article, "The Playhouses"; and it must here be said that Misses Braham, Bond, and Brandram, and Messrs. G. Grossmith, D. Lely, R. Barrington, R. Temple, and others, worthily fulfilled the vocal requirements. There is some bright and tuneful music for female chorus in each act; and the orchestral details, throughout, are rich in colouring and variety of detail. As in his other productions of the same class, Sir Arthur Sullivan has eminently succeeded alike in the expression of refined sentiment and comic humour. In the former respect, the charm of graceful melody prevails; while, in the latter, the music of the most grotesque situations is redolent of fun, without the slightest approach to vulgarity or coarseness - in this latter respect, how unlike some of the French buffo music of the day! The composer conducted the performance on the first night, using, in the scene of darkness (in the second act), a baton illuminated by the electric light. (Gareth Jacobs, "Ruddygore and the British Library (long)," posting on Savoynet savoynet@bridgewater.edu 5 July 2003.)</blockquote> ==February 1887== ==March 1887== "In March 1887 [Bret Harte] joined the Kinsmen Social Club, whose members included William Black, Edmund Gosse, and Henry James, and over the next few months he accepted invitations to become a member of the New American Club and an honorary member of both the British Authors Association and the Devonshire Club." (Gary Scharnhorst. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West.The Oklahoma Western Biographies. Vol. 17. Norman, OK: U of Oklahoma P, 2000. Page 189.) ===8 March 1887, Tuesday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was a bridesmaid at the wedding of Miss Susan West (Tottie) Wilson and Mr. J. G. Menzies. <blockquote>The marriage of Miss Susan West (Tottie) Wilton eldest daughter of Mr. A. Wilson, of Tranby Croft, Master of the Holderness Hounds, and one of the partners in the firm of Messrs. Thos. Wilson, Sons, and Co., owners of the Wilson line of steamers, Hull, to Mr. J. G. Menzies, was celebrated on Tuesday afternoon at the village church of Anlaby by the Rev. J. Foord, assisted by the Rev. E. Lambert, cousin of the bride. The day being fine, hundreds of persons went out from Hull and assembled from the surrounding districts. The admission to the church was by ticket, and the edifice was crowded in every part. Flags were plentifully displayed along the route from Tranby Croft to Anlaby, and the ships of the Wilson line lying in the Hall docks, as well as other vessels, were gaily decorated with flags. The bridal procession left Tranby Croft Lodge at a quarter-past two o'clock, and the carriages passed between a large concourse of persons, who thickly lined each side of the road. Anlaby Church was soon reached. The bridegroom, with his best man, Mr. Stuart Menzies, M.P., had already arrived, and as the bride was escorted into the sacred edifice by her father the organ, at which Captain Hallett presided, commenced playing, and the processional hymn, "Saviour, Blessed Saviour," was sung. The bride wore a very long rich white satin train, the front draped a la grecque, bordered with rich pearl and silver embroidery, a bouquet of white liliums, the ribbons of which were tied with orange blossom; her ornaments were a large diamond star, presented to her by the bridegroom, a diamond necklace presented by her father and mother, with spray given by the tradespeople of Hull, and a diamond bangle by her uncle, Mr. David Wilson. The bridesmaids were Miss Muriel Wilson, sister of the bride, Misses Enid, Joan, and Gwladys Wilson, cousins; Hon. Rosamond Tufton, and Miss Boynton. Each wore cream brocade skirts, with grey overskirts and coats of cream satin merveilleux, pink rose bouquets, and brooches with "8th February, 1887," in diamonds, these being the gifts of the bridegroom. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]] wore a brown velvet and faille, trimmed with black jet, Mrs. Lycett [?] Green, green skirt, with cream cloth under-skirt. Mrs. Charles Wilson, heliotrope velvet, with waistcoat of gold embroidery. Lady Julia Wombwell wore a plum-coloured satin and velvet dress. Lady Norreys, a heliotrope faille. Mrs Hungerford, a pretty costume of grey cloth; and Lady Hothfield [? R? B?], green velvet. The service was full choral; the responses of the bride were given in a firm and audible tone, and at the conclusion of the ceremony the wedding party adjourned to the rectory, where the register was signed by the bride and bridegroom and other interested parties. On the return of the bridal party to Tranby Croft, a luncheon followed, and later in the afternoon the happy pair left for the South, en routefor Paris. The bride's travelling dress was a skirt of white cloth edged with brown fur, a polonnaise of pale grey cloth, trimmed with brown fur, with hat to match. (“Fashionable Marriage near Hull.” York Herald 12 February 1887, Saturday: 14 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18870212/149/0014 (accessed July 2019))</blockquote> ===15 March 1887, Tuesday=== There was a heavy snowstorm in London; 5 to 6 inches fell in N.W. London (Baring-Gould II 282, n. 1). ===17 March 1887, Thursday=== A light, half-inch, snowfall added to the snow on the ground from two days earlier. There was a sharp frost Thursday night (Baring-Gould II 282, n. 1). ===18 March 1887, Friday=== Friday was sunny: "[o]ver six hours' sunshine" (Baring-Gould II 282, n. 1). ==April 1887== In the May issue of ''London Society'', Mrs. Humphry says, "At a recent 'afternoon' there was much to delight the gossip-lover. Almost every one there had been 'talked of' in one sense or other. One had written a 'risky' book; another had most innocently committed bigamy, and did not at the moment know with any degree of exactitude who was the lady whom he really was bound to love and cherish, owing to the suspected existence of a previous husband of one of his two wives. This was all very interesting indeed. Quite as much so was the fact that two deadly enemies had accidentally met on this occasion. The few words they exchanged when they unluckily encountered each other in a blocked doorway were of a forcible description, both belligerents being men. There must have been extraordinary vitality about these short speeches, for in the course of ten minutes they had increased from a dozen words into a dialogue that would 'play' for quite ten minutes at the Court Theatre. A very vivid imagination on the part of the various raconteurs may possibly have accounted for some of this gourd-like growth." (Humphry, Mrs. "Social Echoes." London Society: A Monthly Magazine of Light and Amusing Literature for Hours of Relaxation. May 1887. Vol. LI (January–June 1887): 685). ===16 April 1887, Saturday=== Emma Nevada sang Amina in ''La Sonnambula'' at Covert Garden (https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html). ===29 April 1887, Friday=== Emma Nevada sang Gonoud's Mirella at Covent Garden (https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html). ==May 1887== The papers delived at the Men and Women's Club meeting for May 1887 were by Henrietta Muller and Kate Mills and were on the subject of "family limitation" (Bland 17). The American Exhibition opened in May. A "signalling incident" in 1907 caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event in 1887:<blockquote>SIGNALLING INCIDENT. The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not he threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment. During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from Lord Charles's ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]] (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the "Times," and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.<ref>"Signalling Incident." ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.</ref></blockquote> ===25 May 1887, Wednesday=== Derby Day. According to the Morning Post,<blockquote>The Hon. Mrs. Henry Forester's dance, at 13, Carlton-house-terrace. / Lady Goldsmid's first evening party. / Mrs. Charles Waring's ball. / Chevalier and Mrs. Desanges' at home, at 16, Stratford-place, 4 to 7. / New Club Dance. / The giand pianoforte designed by L. Alma Tadema, R.A., with paintings by E. J. Poynter, R.A., on view at Johnstone, Norman, and Co.'s Galleries, 67, New Bond-street. Admission on presentation of card. / Epsom Races: Derby Day.<ref>"Arrangements for This Day." The ''Morning Post'' Wednesday, 25 May 1887: p. 5 [of 8], Col. 5b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' .</ref></blockquote> ===28 May 1887, Saturday=== [[Social Victorians/1887 American Exhibition/Indigenous People Visit the Savage Club|Red Shirt and other native performers from Buffalo Bill's Wild West visit the Savage Club]] at the Savoy. ===29 May 1887, Sunday=== Whit Sunday ===30 May 1887, Monday=== "Taking advantage of the Bank Holiday, nearly 100,000 persons on Monday visited the American Exhibition, where Buffalo Bill gave three performances." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, June 04, 1887; pg. 632; Issue 2511, Col. B) ==June 1887== ===26 June 1887, Sunday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==July 1887== ===7 July 1887, Thursday=== "Wilde is known to have dined at Upper Hamilton Terace," where the Van der Veldes lived (actually, they lived at 15 Upper Hamilton Terrace) (Axel Nissen, Bret Harte: Prince & Pauper. Jackson, MS: U P of Mississippi, 2000: 216). ===13 July 1887, Wednesday=== (Six days after July 7): Oscar Wilde <quote>entertained [Bret] Harte and the Van de Veldes at an "at home," which also featured Buffalo Bill Cody, Lady Wilde, Lady Neville, and Lady Monckton</quote> (Axel Nissen, Bret Harte: Prince & Pauper. U P of Mississippi, 2000: 216). ===23 July 1887, Saturday=== "At this late period of the London season, it frequently becomes the duty of families residing in town, before their own departure for change of scene or change of air, to receive the visits of friends from the country, and sometimes to conduct them to the sights and amusements which have already been made familiar to themselves in preceding months. The Colonial and Indian Exhibition of last year, and those of former yers at South Kensington, which remained open till October, were naturally thronged by provincial visitors during the late summer and autumn; and it will probably be the same with the American Exhibition, including the romantic "Wild West" and the performances of "Buffalo Bill." There is, however, one important annual feature of the metropolitan attractions, for people of a certain degree of social and intellectual pretensions, which disappears at the end of July; the pictures at the Royal Academy, the merits of which were abundantly discussed here in May, are to be viewed yet another week, before their dispersal to the ends of the kingdom. Many ladies and gentlemen with a taste for art, or with an idea that they are bound to qualify themselves for remarks upon this safe topic in the social convese that may await them , make a point of coming to London almost for the purpose of seeing the Academy Exhibiton. Their frank and eager curiosity, with their warmly expressed admiration of favourite works, affords a refreshing contrast to the fatigued indifference of Londoners, who have endured the toils of a variety of private and public entertainments, not to speak of business, professional work, and politics, since the beginning of February, and who are now craving repose. The latter may undeservedly get the discredit of a nil admirari temperament, and of insensibility to the sublime and beautiful, when they are only physically and mentally tired." (Country Cousins at the Exhibition.Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, July 23, 1887; pg. 103; Issue 2518, Col. C) ===30 July 1887, Saturday=== On Saturday 30 July 1887, the ILN reports the following about an event the prior week: "The new Welcome Club, in the grounds of the popular American Exhibition, was opened last week. Within sight of the switch-back railway, and within sound of the music of the band, a picturesque little club-house has been erected, furnished and provided with every comfort, and, as its name implies, offering a hearty welcome to its guests. Only gentlemen are admitted as members of the club, but each member may bring with him a lady guest; one part of the building has been set apart for their sole use, and is called the Ladies' Pavilion. The inviting entrance-hall, approached from the garden by a flight of steps and a covered verandah, is delightfully cool and shady, even in the hottest weather. Here is an attractive buffet, draped with electric-blue plush and Oriental fringes, where American iced drinks may be obtained in endless variety. It is furnished with the deep saddle-bag settees, and is decorated with a pretty terra-cotta wall-paper; an electric lamp of beaten brass is in the centre of the ceiling, and there are artistic wall-lights, in ormolu, with plaques of blue and white enamel. To the left of the entrance-hall is a cool and spacious dining-room, where an excellent menu is served by a competent chef, from five in the evening till half-past eight. On the opposite side of the entrance-hall is the smoking-room, where all the furniture is of American walnut wood, used in combination with dark green morocco. A soft Axminster carpet covers the floor, and the walls are decorated with works of art, including water-colour drawings by Mr. T. B. Hardy and Mr. Dudley Hardy. Here, too, is a paino, for those who care to divert the intervals of smoking by musical interludes. The Royal Pavilion, intended specially for the use of the Royal Princes and Princesses, is a charming little place, effectively decorated, in the Louis XVI. style, with white carved-wood furniture, covered with satin and brocade. The colouring here is highly artistic. The arrangement of the satin portière which drapes the door is particularly noticeable, harmonising with the tapestry wall-covering, the dark dado, the cabinets of satin-wood [lb at hyphen], and the mirrors, with their white carved frames. Passing across a wide, shady terrace, which is bright with flower-beds, and is amply furnished with tempting seats, the visitor reaches the Ladies' Pavilion, which forms a separate bulding. It is a very pretty room, tastefully furnished, with the dainty accessories befitting the use of ladies. A piano fills one corner, in another is a Chippendale writing-table. Glass bowls of roses are placed here and there, while engravings from Tadema and Millais look well upon the pale-blue wall-paper, above a dado of silk tapestry. In fact nothing has been forgotten, and the lady visitors may well look forward to spending many pleasant hours in their Welcome Club pavilion. The whole of the furnishing has been designed and executed by Messrs. Oetzmann, of Hampstead-road, in a manner doing great credit to the artistic taste and workmanship of that firm. The members of the Welcome Club gave a very successful garden-party to their friends one day last week, when numerous distinguished guess were present; among others were Lord and Lady Lamington, Lord Northbrook, Lady Dorothy and Miss Neville, the Countess of Scarborough, Lord and Lady Rothschild, Lord Ronald Gower, Lady McPherson Grant, Lady Louisa Cunningham, and Sir Philip and Lady Cunliffe-Owen." (The Welcome Club.Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, July 30, 1887; pg. 131; Issue 2519, Col. C) ==August 1887== ===29 August 1887, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1887== "In September of the same year Lady Houghton and her children were staying at Crewe Hall, with 'Uncle Crewe.' The children were convalescing from the bouts of scarlet fever they had had at Fryston. At Crewe their mother suddenly contracted the same disease. Within a few days she was dead" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 26). ==October 1887== ===31 October 1887, Monday=== Halloween. "The American Exhibition, which attracted all the town to West Brompton the last few months, was brought on Monday to a dignified close. A meeting of representative Englishmen and Americans wsa held in the Trophy Room, under the presidency of Lord Lorne, in support of the movement for establishing a Court of Arbitration for the settlement of disputes between this country and the United States. Resolutions in favour of the principle of international artibration were adopted. Mr. Bright, Lord Granville, Lord Wolseley, and other distinguished public men wrote expressing sympathy with the cause." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, November 05, 1887; pg. 537; Issue 2533, Col. C.) ==November 1887== ===5 November 1887, Saturday=== Guy Fawkes Day ===8 November 1887, Tuesday=== The next-to-the-last performance of the original run of ''Ruddigore'' was done at the Crystal Palace, as was the last, on 9 November. ("At the Play", The Observer, 6 November 1887, p. 2 and The Times, 8 November 1887, p. 1) ===9 November 1887, Wednesday=== The last performance of the original run of ''Ruddigore'' was done at the Crystal Palace, as was the last, on 9 November. ===13 November 1887, Sunday=== "Bloody Sunday": "the name given to a demonstration against coercion in Ireland and to demand the release from prison of MP William O'Brien, who was imprisoned for incitement as a result of an incident in the Irish Land War. The demonstration was organized by the Social Democratic Federation and the Irish National League." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1887)) "Then, on 13 November 1887, although a meeting called by the Metropolitan Radical Association in protest against the government's failure to tackle unemployment is banned, a mass demonstration in Trafalgar Square goes ahead anyway. This leads to a riot in which one person dies, 200 are hurt and 400 arrested. The event is named 'Bloody Sunday'." (http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/guide19/part04.html). In his My Life and Loves, Frank Norris describes it, though he has the wrong date?: <blockquote>All this while the discontent of the working classes in Great Britain, as in Ireland, grew steadily and increased in bitterness. In London it found determined defenders in the Social Democratic Federation. Mr. H. W. Hyndman had started this association a couple of years or so before as a follower more or less convinced of Karl Marx. The first time I heard Bernard Shaw speak was at a meeting of the Federation, but I had left it before he joined and he left it soon afterwards. On a Monday early in February, 1886, the Federation called a meeting in Trafalgar Square which ended in a riot. The mob got out of hand and marched to attack the clubs in Pall Mall and soon proceeded to loot shops in Piccadilly and hold another meeting at Hyde Park Corner. The ringleaders were arrested and tried: they were Hyndman, Williams, Burns and Champion. Williams and Burns, both workingmen, were bailed out by William Morris, the poet. Hyndman seemed to me an ordinary English bourgeois with a smattering of German reading: he was above middle height, burly and bearded; Champion, the thin, well-bred officer type with good heart and scant reading; Williams, the ordinary workingman full of class prejudices; and John Burns, also a workingman, but really intelligent and thoughtful, who afterwards proved himself an excellent minister and resigned with Lord Morley rather than accept the world war. In spite of deficient education, Burns was even then a most interesting man; though hardly middle height, he was sturdy and exceedingly strong and brave. He had read from boyhood and we became great friends about the beginning of the century through the South African War. Burns was an early lover of Carlyle, and the experiences of a workingman's life had not blinded him to the value of individual merit. In many respects he stood on the forehead of the time to come, and if his education had been equal to his desire for knowledge, he would have been among the choicest spirits of the age. Even in 1886 I'm glad to say I rated him far above most of the politicians, though he never reached any originality of thought." (Vol. 2, p. 387)</blockquote> ==December 1887== ===12 December 1887, Monday=== The Men and Women's Club met and Robert J. Parker read his paper, "The Contagious Diseases Act" (Walkowitz 292, n. 87). ===25 December 1887, Sunday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1887, Monday=== Boxing Day ==Works Cited== *Gelfand, Toby. "11 January 1887, the day medicine changed: Joseph Grancher's defense of Pasteur's treatment for rabies." Bulletin of the History of Medicine Vol. 76, no. 4 (Winter 2002): . *Humphry, Mrs. "Social Echoes." London Society: A Monthly Magazine of Light and Amusing Literature for Hours of Relaxation. May 1887. Vol. LI (January–June 1887): 685 *Warwick, [Lady] Frances Evelyn, Countess of. Progress in Women's Education in the British Empire, Being the Report of the Education Section, Victorian Era Exhibit, 1897. London: Longmans, Green, 1898. Google Books, retrieved 14 March 2010. *Gray, Eugene F. "Chronology of Events in the Life of Emma Nevada." Emma Nevada: An American Diva. https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html (retrieved 14 April 2010). frzj4ltaynvf8rz9y2huvy8e6x1kggg 2691276 2691275 2024-12-10T17:15:52Z Scogdill 1331941 /* May 1887 */ 2691276 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881 | 1881]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882 | 1882]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883 | 1883]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884 | 1884]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885 | 1885]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886 | 1886]] 1887 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888 | 1888]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889 | 1889]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] "Bloody Sunday": protest march on Trafalgar Square. Annie Besant was there, as was G. B. Shaw, who "skedaddled." Queen Victoria's Jubilee year, along with 1897. That summer, in some way as part of it, there was a "Congress" at the Empress Theatre, in which a number of people (mostly but not exclusively women) read papers on the progress made in women's education. Those papers were collected in a volume by the Lady Warwick (Frances Evelyn Warwick, Countess of Warwick) in 1898; the "Sub-Editor" was Edith Bradley. ==January 1887== Annie Besant spoke at the January 1887 meeting of the Men and Women's Club; her paper was "The State and Sexual Relations," or "preventive checks," or contraception (Bland 19). ===1 January 1887, Thursday, New Year's Day=== ===11 January 1887, Tuesday=== Joseph Gancher defended Louis Pasteur's treatment of rabies Gelfand, Toby. ("11 January 1887, the day medicine changed: Joseph Grancher's defense of Pasteur's treatment for rabies." Bulletin of the History of Medicine Vol. 76, no. 4 [Winter 2002]: .). ===22 January 1887, Saturday=== ''Ruddygore, or the Witch's Curse'', opened at the Savoy Theatre. The reviews were not all positive; according to the Wikipedia article on Ruddigore, the Illustrated London News reviewed it (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruddigore; accessed 12 February 2010). See "Gilbert and Sullivan's New Opera" [http://www.savoyoperas.org.uk/ruddigore/rud1.html], The Monthly Musical Record, 1 February 1887, 17, pp. 41–42, Retrieved on 17 June 2008," from the footnotes to this article. ===29 January 1887, Saturday=== Review in the Illustrated London News of the opening of Gilbert and Sullivan's Ruddygore at the Savoy. Here is the review: <blockquote>MUSIC THE NEW COMIC OPERA AT THE SAVOY The specialty of last week was the new comic opera written by Mr. W. S. Gilbert, and composed by Sir Arthur Sullivan - a piece from their associated genius being an event of equal dramatic and musical interest; the great and deserved success of their several previous works of the kind having induced eager expectation for any new essay. The co-operation of the two gentlemen referred to has been a happy coincidence, similar to that of the united labours of Scribe and Auber in their delightful works of the opera-comique class. The production of "Ruddygore, or the Witch's Curse" is noticed in the theatrical column of this week, and it is, therefore, only necessary here to refer briefly to the musical interest of the piece, which is quite equal to that of its predecessors from the same hands. The vocal score will not be published for some weeks to come, when we shall be able to refer again to its merits; meantime, we may point to some of the pieces that proved attractive in performance, and will doubtless be permanently popular. Rose Maybud's expressive ballad, "If somebody there chance to be"; the piquant duet, "I know a youth", for her and Robin Oakapple; Richard Dauntless's robust nautical ballad, "I've shipped, d'ye see, in a Revenue sloop" (with its capital hornpipe climax); the suave love duet, "The battle's roar is over", for this character and Rose; the spirited trio, "In sailing o'er life's ocean", for the personages already named; Mad Margaret's scena, and ballad, "To a garden"; Sir Despard Murgatroyd's sententious solo, "Oh, why am I moody" (with its interspersed choral comments); the impulsive duet, "You understand" for him and Richard, the beautiful madrigal, and the several movements which close the first act are all effective in their respective styles. In the second (and last) act, the music in the scene of the animation of the portraits in the picture gallery is highly dramatic in its appropriate sombreness of style and impressive orchestral effects. This is preceded by a pretty duet (with chorus), "Happily coupled" - for Rose and Richard; and a refined ballad, "In bygone days", for the former. Sir Roderic Murgatroyd's sombre song, "When the night-wind howls" - with the surrounding choral and orchestral accessories - rises to a dramatic and musical height worthy of grand opera; and throws into strong relief the exquisitely quaint music of the subsequent duet, "I once was a very abandoned person", for Sir Despard and Margaret in their ludicrously altered aspects. The patter trio for these two and Robin; Hannah's sentimental ballad, "There grew a little flower"; and a well-contrasted finale are prominent features of the closing division of the work. The principal performers have been as well fitted with their music as with their dramatic characters, the performance of which is noted in our article, "The Playhouses"; and it must here be said that Misses Braham, Bond, and Brandram, and Messrs. G. Grossmith, D. Lely, R. Barrington, R. Temple, and others, worthily fulfilled the vocal requirements. There is some bright and tuneful music for female chorus in each act; and the orchestral details, throughout, are rich in colouring and variety of detail. As in his other productions of the same class, Sir Arthur Sullivan has eminently succeeded alike in the expression of refined sentiment and comic humour. In the former respect, the charm of graceful melody prevails; while, in the latter, the music of the most grotesque situations is redolent of fun, without the slightest approach to vulgarity or coarseness - in this latter respect, how unlike some of the French buffo music of the day! The composer conducted the performance on the first night, using, in the scene of darkness (in the second act), a baton illuminated by the electric light. (Gareth Jacobs, "Ruddygore and the British Library (long)," posting on Savoynet savoynet@bridgewater.edu 5 July 2003.)</blockquote> ==February 1887== ==March 1887== "In March 1887 [Bret Harte] joined the Kinsmen Social Club, whose members included William Black, Edmund Gosse, and Henry James, and over the next few months he accepted invitations to become a member of the New American Club and an honorary member of both the British Authors Association and the Devonshire Club." (Gary Scharnhorst. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West.The Oklahoma Western Biographies. Vol. 17. Norman, OK: U of Oklahoma P, 2000. Page 189.) ===8 March 1887, Tuesday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was a bridesmaid at the wedding of Miss Susan West (Tottie) Wilson and Mr. J. G. Menzies. <blockquote>The marriage of Miss Susan West (Tottie) Wilton eldest daughter of Mr. A. Wilson, of Tranby Croft, Master of the Holderness Hounds, and one of the partners in the firm of Messrs. Thos. Wilson, Sons, and Co., owners of the Wilson line of steamers, Hull, to Mr. J. G. Menzies, was celebrated on Tuesday afternoon at the village church of Anlaby by the Rev. J. Foord, assisted by the Rev. E. Lambert, cousin of the bride. The day being fine, hundreds of persons went out from Hull and assembled from the surrounding districts. The admission to the church was by ticket, and the edifice was crowded in every part. Flags were plentifully displayed along the route from Tranby Croft to Anlaby, and the ships of the Wilson line lying in the Hall docks, as well as other vessels, were gaily decorated with flags. The bridal procession left Tranby Croft Lodge at a quarter-past two o'clock, and the carriages passed between a large concourse of persons, who thickly lined each side of the road. Anlaby Church was soon reached. The bridegroom, with his best man, Mr. Stuart Menzies, M.P., had already arrived, and as the bride was escorted into the sacred edifice by her father the organ, at which Captain Hallett presided, commenced playing, and the processional hymn, "Saviour, Blessed Saviour," was sung. The bride wore a very long rich white satin train, the front draped a la grecque, bordered with rich pearl and silver embroidery, a bouquet of white liliums, the ribbons of which were tied with orange blossom; her ornaments were a large diamond star, presented to her by the bridegroom, a diamond necklace presented by her father and mother, with spray given by the tradespeople of Hull, and a diamond bangle by her uncle, Mr. David Wilson. The bridesmaids were Miss Muriel Wilson, sister of the bride, Misses Enid, Joan, and Gwladys Wilson, cousins; Hon. Rosamond Tufton, and Miss Boynton. Each wore cream brocade skirts, with grey overskirts and coats of cream satin merveilleux, pink rose bouquets, and brooches with "8th February, 1887," in diamonds, these being the gifts of the bridegroom. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]] wore a brown velvet and faille, trimmed with black jet, Mrs. Lycett [?] Green, green skirt, with cream cloth under-skirt. Mrs. Charles Wilson, heliotrope velvet, with waistcoat of gold embroidery. Lady Julia Wombwell wore a plum-coloured satin and velvet dress. Lady Norreys, a heliotrope faille. Mrs Hungerford, a pretty costume of grey cloth; and Lady Hothfield [? R? B?], green velvet. The service was full choral; the responses of the bride were given in a firm and audible tone, and at the conclusion of the ceremony the wedding party adjourned to the rectory, where the register was signed by the bride and bridegroom and other interested parties. On the return of the bridal party to Tranby Croft, a luncheon followed, and later in the afternoon the happy pair left for the South, en routefor Paris. The bride's travelling dress was a skirt of white cloth edged with brown fur, a polonnaise of pale grey cloth, trimmed with brown fur, with hat to match. (“Fashionable Marriage near Hull.” York Herald 12 February 1887, Saturday: 14 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18870212/149/0014 (accessed July 2019))</blockquote> ===15 March 1887, Tuesday=== There was a heavy snowstorm in London; 5 to 6 inches fell in N.W. London (Baring-Gould II 282, n. 1). ===17 March 1887, Thursday=== A light, half-inch, snowfall added to the snow on the ground from two days earlier. There was a sharp frost Thursday night (Baring-Gould II 282, n. 1). ===18 March 1887, Friday=== Friday was sunny: "[o]ver six hours' sunshine" (Baring-Gould II 282, n. 1). ==April 1887== In the May issue of ''London Society'', Mrs. Humphry says, "At a recent 'afternoon' there was much to delight the gossip-lover. Almost every one there had been 'talked of' in one sense or other. One had written a 'risky' book; another had most innocently committed bigamy, and did not at the moment know with any degree of exactitude who was the lady whom he really was bound to love and cherish, owing to the suspected existence of a previous husband of one of his two wives. This was all very interesting indeed. Quite as much so was the fact that two deadly enemies had accidentally met on this occasion. The few words they exchanged when they unluckily encountered each other in a blocked doorway were of a forcible description, both belligerents being men. There must have been extraordinary vitality about these short speeches, for in the course of ten minutes they had increased from a dozen words into a dialogue that would 'play' for quite ten minutes at the Court Theatre. A very vivid imagination on the part of the various raconteurs may possibly have accounted for some of this gourd-like growth." (Humphry, Mrs. "Social Echoes." London Society: A Monthly Magazine of Light and Amusing Literature for Hours of Relaxation. May 1887. Vol. LI (January–June 1887): 685). ===16 April 1887, Saturday=== Emma Nevada sang Amina in ''La Sonnambula'' at Covert Garden (https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html). ===29 April 1887, Friday=== Emma Nevada sang Gonoud's Mirella at Covent Garden (https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html). ==May 1887== The papers delived at the Men and Women's Club meeting for May 1887 were by Henrietta Muller and Kate Mills and were on the subject of "family limitation" (Bland 17). The American Exhibition opened in May. A "signalling incident" in 1907 caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event in 1887:<blockquote>SIGNALLING INCIDENT.<p> The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not he threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment. During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from Lord Charles's ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]] (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the "Times," and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.<ref>"Signalling Incident." ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.</ref></blockquote> ===25 May 1887, Wednesday=== Derby Day. According to the Morning Post,<blockquote>The Hon. Mrs. Henry Forester's dance, at 13, Carlton-house-terrace. / Lady Goldsmid's first evening party. / Mrs. Charles Waring's ball. / Chevalier and Mrs. Desanges' at home, at 16, Stratford-place, 4 to 7. / New Club Dance. / The giand pianoforte designed by L. Alma Tadema, R.A., with paintings by E. J. Poynter, R.A., on view at Johnstone, Norman, and Co.'s Galleries, 67, New Bond-street. Admission on presentation of card. / Epsom Races: Derby Day.<ref>"Arrangements for This Day." The ''Morning Post'' Wednesday, 25 May 1887: p. 5 [of 8], Col. 5b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' .</ref></blockquote> ===28 May 1887, Saturday=== [[Social Victorians/1887 American Exhibition/Indigenous People Visit the Savage Club|Red Shirt and other native performers from Buffalo Bill's Wild West visit the Savage Club]] at the Savoy. ===29 May 1887, Sunday=== Whit Sunday ===30 May 1887, Monday=== "Taking advantage of the Bank Holiday, nearly 100,000 persons on Monday visited the American Exhibition, where Buffalo Bill gave three performances." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, June 04, 1887; pg. 632; Issue 2511, Col. B) ==June 1887== ===26 June 1887, Sunday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==July 1887== ===7 July 1887, Thursday=== "Wilde is known to have dined at Upper Hamilton Terace," where the Van der Veldes lived (actually, they lived at 15 Upper Hamilton Terrace) (Axel Nissen, Bret Harte: Prince & Pauper. Jackson, MS: U P of Mississippi, 2000: 216). ===13 July 1887, Wednesday=== (Six days after July 7): Oscar Wilde <quote>entertained [Bret] Harte and the Van de Veldes at an "at home," which also featured Buffalo Bill Cody, Lady Wilde, Lady Neville, and Lady Monckton</quote> (Axel Nissen, Bret Harte: Prince & Pauper. U P of Mississippi, 2000: 216). ===23 July 1887, Saturday=== "At this late period of the London season, it frequently becomes the duty of families residing in town, before their own departure for change of scene or change of air, to receive the visits of friends from the country, and sometimes to conduct them to the sights and amusements which have already been made familiar to themselves in preceding months. The Colonial and Indian Exhibition of last year, and those of former yers at South Kensington, which remained open till October, were naturally thronged by provincial visitors during the late summer and autumn; and it will probably be the same with the American Exhibition, including the romantic "Wild West" and the performances of "Buffalo Bill." There is, however, one important annual feature of the metropolitan attractions, for people of a certain degree of social and intellectual pretensions, which disappears at the end of July; the pictures at the Royal Academy, the merits of which were abundantly discussed here in May, are to be viewed yet another week, before their dispersal to the ends of the kingdom. Many ladies and gentlemen with a taste for art, or with an idea that they are bound to qualify themselves for remarks upon this safe topic in the social convese that may await them , make a point of coming to London almost for the purpose of seeing the Academy Exhibiton. Their frank and eager curiosity, with their warmly expressed admiration of favourite works, affords a refreshing contrast to the fatigued indifference of Londoners, who have endured the toils of a variety of private and public entertainments, not to speak of business, professional work, and politics, since the beginning of February, and who are now craving repose. The latter may undeservedly get the discredit of a nil admirari temperament, and of insensibility to the sublime and beautiful, when they are only physically and mentally tired." (Country Cousins at the Exhibition.Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, July 23, 1887; pg. 103; Issue 2518, Col. C) ===30 July 1887, Saturday=== On Saturday 30 July 1887, the ILN reports the following about an event the prior week: "The new Welcome Club, in the grounds of the popular American Exhibition, was opened last week. Within sight of the switch-back railway, and within sound of the music of the band, a picturesque little club-house has been erected, furnished and provided with every comfort, and, as its name implies, offering a hearty welcome to its guests. Only gentlemen are admitted as members of the club, but each member may bring with him a lady guest; one part of the building has been set apart for their sole use, and is called the Ladies' Pavilion. The inviting entrance-hall, approached from the garden by a flight of steps and a covered verandah, is delightfully cool and shady, even in the hottest weather. Here is an attractive buffet, draped with electric-blue plush and Oriental fringes, where American iced drinks may be obtained in endless variety. It is furnished with the deep saddle-bag settees, and is decorated with a pretty terra-cotta wall-paper; an electric lamp of beaten brass is in the centre of the ceiling, and there are artistic wall-lights, in ormolu, with plaques of blue and white enamel. To the left of the entrance-hall is a cool and spacious dining-room, where an excellent menu is served by a competent chef, from five in the evening till half-past eight. On the opposite side of the entrance-hall is the smoking-room, where all the furniture is of American walnut wood, used in combination with dark green morocco. A soft Axminster carpet covers the floor, and the walls are decorated with works of art, including water-colour drawings by Mr. T. B. Hardy and Mr. Dudley Hardy. Here, too, is a paino, for those who care to divert the intervals of smoking by musical interludes. The Royal Pavilion, intended specially for the use of the Royal Princes and Princesses, is a charming little place, effectively decorated, in the Louis XVI. style, with white carved-wood furniture, covered with satin and brocade. The colouring here is highly artistic. The arrangement of the satin portière which drapes the door is particularly noticeable, harmonising with the tapestry wall-covering, the dark dado, the cabinets of satin-wood [lb at hyphen], and the mirrors, with their white carved frames. Passing across a wide, shady terrace, which is bright with flower-beds, and is amply furnished with tempting seats, the visitor reaches the Ladies' Pavilion, which forms a separate bulding. It is a very pretty room, tastefully furnished, with the dainty accessories befitting the use of ladies. A piano fills one corner, in another is a Chippendale writing-table. Glass bowls of roses are placed here and there, while engravings from Tadema and Millais look well upon the pale-blue wall-paper, above a dado of silk tapestry. In fact nothing has been forgotten, and the lady visitors may well look forward to spending many pleasant hours in their Welcome Club pavilion. The whole of the furnishing has been designed and executed by Messrs. Oetzmann, of Hampstead-road, in a manner doing great credit to the artistic taste and workmanship of that firm. The members of the Welcome Club gave a very successful garden-party to their friends one day last week, when numerous distinguished guess were present; among others were Lord and Lady Lamington, Lord Northbrook, Lady Dorothy and Miss Neville, the Countess of Scarborough, Lord and Lady Rothschild, Lord Ronald Gower, Lady McPherson Grant, Lady Louisa Cunningham, and Sir Philip and Lady Cunliffe-Owen." (The Welcome Club.Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, July 30, 1887; pg. 131; Issue 2519, Col. C) ==August 1887== ===29 August 1887, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1887== "In September of the same year Lady Houghton and her children were staying at Crewe Hall, with 'Uncle Crewe.' The children were convalescing from the bouts of scarlet fever they had had at Fryston. At Crewe their mother suddenly contracted the same disease. Within a few days she was dead" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 26). ==October 1887== ===31 October 1887, Monday=== Halloween. "The American Exhibition, which attracted all the town to West Brompton the last few months, was brought on Monday to a dignified close. A meeting of representative Englishmen and Americans wsa held in the Trophy Room, under the presidency of Lord Lorne, in support of the movement for establishing a Court of Arbitration for the settlement of disputes between this country and the United States. Resolutions in favour of the principle of international artibration were adopted. Mr. Bright, Lord Granville, Lord Wolseley, and other distinguished public men wrote expressing sympathy with the cause." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, November 05, 1887; pg. 537; Issue 2533, Col. C.) ==November 1887== ===5 November 1887, Saturday=== Guy Fawkes Day ===8 November 1887, Tuesday=== The next-to-the-last performance of the original run of ''Ruddigore'' was done at the Crystal Palace, as was the last, on 9 November. ("At the Play", The Observer, 6 November 1887, p. 2 and The Times, 8 November 1887, p. 1) ===9 November 1887, Wednesday=== The last performance of the original run of ''Ruddigore'' was done at the Crystal Palace, as was the last, on 9 November. ===13 November 1887, Sunday=== "Bloody Sunday": "the name given to a demonstration against coercion in Ireland and to demand the release from prison of MP William O'Brien, who was imprisoned for incitement as a result of an incident in the Irish Land War. The demonstration was organized by the Social Democratic Federation and the Irish National League." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1887)) "Then, on 13 November 1887, although a meeting called by the Metropolitan Radical Association in protest against the government's failure to tackle unemployment is banned, a mass demonstration in Trafalgar Square goes ahead anyway. This leads to a riot in which one person dies, 200 are hurt and 400 arrested. The event is named 'Bloody Sunday'." (http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/guide19/part04.html). In his My Life and Loves, Frank Norris describes it, though he has the wrong date?: <blockquote>All this while the discontent of the working classes in Great Britain, as in Ireland, grew steadily and increased in bitterness. In London it found determined defenders in the Social Democratic Federation. Mr. H. W. Hyndman had started this association a couple of years or so before as a follower more or less convinced of Karl Marx. The first time I heard Bernard Shaw speak was at a meeting of the Federation, but I had left it before he joined and he left it soon afterwards. On a Monday early in February, 1886, the Federation called a meeting in Trafalgar Square which ended in a riot. The mob got out of hand and marched to attack the clubs in Pall Mall and soon proceeded to loot shops in Piccadilly and hold another meeting at Hyde Park Corner. The ringleaders were arrested and tried: they were Hyndman, Williams, Burns and Champion. Williams and Burns, both workingmen, were bailed out by William Morris, the poet. Hyndman seemed to me an ordinary English bourgeois with a smattering of German reading: he was above middle height, burly and bearded; Champion, the thin, well-bred officer type with good heart and scant reading; Williams, the ordinary workingman full of class prejudices; and John Burns, also a workingman, but really intelligent and thoughtful, who afterwards proved himself an excellent minister and resigned with Lord Morley rather than accept the world war. In spite of deficient education, Burns was even then a most interesting man; though hardly middle height, he was sturdy and exceedingly strong and brave. He had read from boyhood and we became great friends about the beginning of the century through the South African War. Burns was an early lover of Carlyle, and the experiences of a workingman's life had not blinded him to the value of individual merit. In many respects he stood on the forehead of the time to come, and if his education had been equal to his desire for knowledge, he would have been among the choicest spirits of the age. Even in 1886 I'm glad to say I rated him far above most of the politicians, though he never reached any originality of thought." (Vol. 2, p. 387)</blockquote> ==December 1887== ===12 December 1887, Monday=== The Men and Women's Club met and Robert J. Parker read his paper, "The Contagious Diseases Act" (Walkowitz 292, n. 87). ===25 December 1887, Sunday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1887, Monday=== Boxing Day ==Works Cited== *Gelfand, Toby. "11 January 1887, the day medicine changed: Joseph Grancher's defense of Pasteur's treatment for rabies." Bulletin of the History of Medicine Vol. 76, no. 4 (Winter 2002): . *Humphry, Mrs. "Social Echoes." London Society: A Monthly Magazine of Light and Amusing Literature for Hours of Relaxation. May 1887. Vol. LI (January–June 1887): 685 *Warwick, [Lady] Frances Evelyn, Countess of. Progress in Women's Education in the British Empire, Being the Report of the Education Section, Victorian Era Exhibit, 1897. London: Longmans, Green, 1898. Google Books, retrieved 14 March 2010. *Gray, Eugene F. "Chronology of Events in the Life of Emma Nevada." Emma Nevada: An American Diva. https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html (retrieved 14 April 2010). p21uwc1stpi6c1tk90keiso8fk6a6yw 2691277 2691276 2024-12-10T17:16:31Z Scogdill 1331941 /* May 1887 */ 2691277 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881 | 1881]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882 | 1882]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883 | 1883]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884 | 1884]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885 | 1885]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886 | 1886]] 1887 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888 | 1888]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889 | 1889]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] "Bloody Sunday": protest march on Trafalgar Square. Annie Besant was there, as was G. B. Shaw, who "skedaddled." Queen Victoria's Jubilee year, along with 1897. That summer, in some way as part of it, there was a "Congress" at the Empress Theatre, in which a number of people (mostly but not exclusively women) read papers on the progress made in women's education. Those papers were collected in a volume by the Lady Warwick (Frances Evelyn Warwick, Countess of Warwick) in 1898; the "Sub-Editor" was Edith Bradley. ==January 1887== Annie Besant spoke at the January 1887 meeting of the Men and Women's Club; her paper was "The State and Sexual Relations," or "preventive checks," or contraception (Bland 19). ===1 January 1887, Thursday, New Year's Day=== ===11 January 1887, Tuesday=== Joseph Gancher defended Louis Pasteur's treatment of rabies Gelfand, Toby. ("11 January 1887, the day medicine changed: Joseph Grancher's defense of Pasteur's treatment for rabies." Bulletin of the History of Medicine Vol. 76, no. 4 [Winter 2002]: .). ===22 January 1887, Saturday=== ''Ruddygore, or the Witch's Curse'', opened at the Savoy Theatre. The reviews were not all positive; according to the Wikipedia article on Ruddigore, the Illustrated London News reviewed it (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruddigore; accessed 12 February 2010). See "Gilbert and Sullivan's New Opera" [http://www.savoyoperas.org.uk/ruddigore/rud1.html], The Monthly Musical Record, 1 February 1887, 17, pp. 41–42, Retrieved on 17 June 2008," from the footnotes to this article. ===29 January 1887, Saturday=== Review in the Illustrated London News of the opening of Gilbert and Sullivan's Ruddygore at the Savoy. Here is the review: <blockquote>MUSIC THE NEW COMIC OPERA AT THE SAVOY The specialty of last week was the new comic opera written by Mr. W. S. Gilbert, and composed by Sir Arthur Sullivan - a piece from their associated genius being an event of equal dramatic and musical interest; the great and deserved success of their several previous works of the kind having induced eager expectation for any new essay. The co-operation of the two gentlemen referred to has been a happy coincidence, similar to that of the united labours of Scribe and Auber in their delightful works of the opera-comique class. The production of "Ruddygore, or the Witch's Curse" is noticed in the theatrical column of this week, and it is, therefore, only necessary here to refer briefly to the musical interest of the piece, which is quite equal to that of its predecessors from the same hands. The vocal score will not be published for some weeks to come, when we shall be able to refer again to its merits; meantime, we may point to some of the pieces that proved attractive in performance, and will doubtless be permanently popular. Rose Maybud's expressive ballad, "If somebody there chance to be"; the piquant duet, "I know a youth", for her and Robin Oakapple; Richard Dauntless's robust nautical ballad, "I've shipped, d'ye see, in a Revenue sloop" (with its capital hornpipe climax); the suave love duet, "The battle's roar is over", for this character and Rose; the spirited trio, "In sailing o'er life's ocean", for the personages already named; Mad Margaret's scena, and ballad, "To a garden"; Sir Despard Murgatroyd's sententious solo, "Oh, why am I moody" (with its interspersed choral comments); the impulsive duet, "You understand" for him and Richard, the beautiful madrigal, and the several movements which close the first act are all effective in their respective styles. In the second (and last) act, the music in the scene of the animation of the portraits in the picture gallery is highly dramatic in its appropriate sombreness of style and impressive orchestral effects. This is preceded by a pretty duet (with chorus), "Happily coupled" - for Rose and Richard; and a refined ballad, "In bygone days", for the former. Sir Roderic Murgatroyd's sombre song, "When the night-wind howls" - with the surrounding choral and orchestral accessories - rises to a dramatic and musical height worthy of grand opera; and throws into strong relief the exquisitely quaint music of the subsequent duet, "I once was a very abandoned person", for Sir Despard and Margaret in their ludicrously altered aspects. The patter trio for these two and Robin; Hannah's sentimental ballad, "There grew a little flower"; and a well-contrasted finale are prominent features of the closing division of the work. The principal performers have been as well fitted with their music as with their dramatic characters, the performance of which is noted in our article, "The Playhouses"; and it must here be said that Misses Braham, Bond, and Brandram, and Messrs. G. Grossmith, D. Lely, R. Barrington, R. Temple, and others, worthily fulfilled the vocal requirements. There is some bright and tuneful music for female chorus in each act; and the orchestral details, throughout, are rich in colouring and variety of detail. As in his other productions of the same class, Sir Arthur Sullivan has eminently succeeded alike in the expression of refined sentiment and comic humour. In the former respect, the charm of graceful melody prevails; while, in the latter, the music of the most grotesque situations is redolent of fun, without the slightest approach to vulgarity or coarseness - in this latter respect, how unlike some of the French buffo music of the day! The composer conducted the performance on the first night, using, in the scene of darkness (in the second act), a baton illuminated by the electric light. (Gareth Jacobs, "Ruddygore and the British Library (long)," posting on Savoynet savoynet@bridgewater.edu 5 July 2003.)</blockquote> ==February 1887== ==March 1887== "In March 1887 [Bret Harte] joined the Kinsmen Social Club, whose members included William Black, Edmund Gosse, and Henry James, and over the next few months he accepted invitations to become a member of the New American Club and an honorary member of both the British Authors Association and the Devonshire Club." (Gary Scharnhorst. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West.The Oklahoma Western Biographies. Vol. 17. Norman, OK: U of Oklahoma P, 2000. Page 189.) ===8 March 1887, Tuesday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was a bridesmaid at the wedding of Miss Susan West (Tottie) Wilson and Mr. J. G. Menzies. <blockquote>The marriage of Miss Susan West (Tottie) Wilton eldest daughter of Mr. A. Wilson, of Tranby Croft, Master of the Holderness Hounds, and one of the partners in the firm of Messrs. Thos. Wilson, Sons, and Co., owners of the Wilson line of steamers, Hull, to Mr. J. G. Menzies, was celebrated on Tuesday afternoon at the village church of Anlaby by the Rev. J. Foord, assisted by the Rev. E. Lambert, cousin of the bride. The day being fine, hundreds of persons went out from Hull and assembled from the surrounding districts. The admission to the church was by ticket, and the edifice was crowded in every part. Flags were plentifully displayed along the route from Tranby Croft to Anlaby, and the ships of the Wilson line lying in the Hall docks, as well as other vessels, were gaily decorated with flags. The bridal procession left Tranby Croft Lodge at a quarter-past two o'clock, and the carriages passed between a large concourse of persons, who thickly lined each side of the road. Anlaby Church was soon reached. The bridegroom, with his best man, Mr. Stuart Menzies, M.P., had already arrived, and as the bride was escorted into the sacred edifice by her father the organ, at which Captain Hallett presided, commenced playing, and the processional hymn, "Saviour, Blessed Saviour," was sung. The bride wore a very long rich white satin train, the front draped a la grecque, bordered with rich pearl and silver embroidery, a bouquet of white liliums, the ribbons of which were tied with orange blossom; her ornaments were a large diamond star, presented to her by the bridegroom, a diamond necklace presented by her father and mother, with spray given by the tradespeople of Hull, and a diamond bangle by her uncle, Mr. David Wilson. The bridesmaids were Miss Muriel Wilson, sister of the bride, Misses Enid, Joan, and Gwladys Wilson, cousins; Hon. Rosamond Tufton, and Miss Boynton. Each wore cream brocade skirts, with grey overskirts and coats of cream satin merveilleux, pink rose bouquets, and brooches with "8th February, 1887," in diamonds, these being the gifts of the bridegroom. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]] wore a brown velvet and faille, trimmed with black jet, Mrs. Lycett [?] Green, green skirt, with cream cloth under-skirt. Mrs. Charles Wilson, heliotrope velvet, with waistcoat of gold embroidery. Lady Julia Wombwell wore a plum-coloured satin and velvet dress. Lady Norreys, a heliotrope faille. Mrs Hungerford, a pretty costume of grey cloth; and Lady Hothfield [? R? B?], green velvet. The service was full choral; the responses of the bride were given in a firm and audible tone, and at the conclusion of the ceremony the wedding party adjourned to the rectory, where the register was signed by the bride and bridegroom and other interested parties. On the return of the bridal party to Tranby Croft, a luncheon followed, and later in the afternoon the happy pair left for the South, en routefor Paris. The bride's travelling dress was a skirt of white cloth edged with brown fur, a polonnaise of pale grey cloth, trimmed with brown fur, with hat to match. (“Fashionable Marriage near Hull.” York Herald 12 February 1887, Saturday: 14 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18870212/149/0014 (accessed July 2019))</blockquote> ===15 March 1887, Tuesday=== There was a heavy snowstorm in London; 5 to 6 inches fell in N.W. London (Baring-Gould II 282, n. 1). ===17 March 1887, Thursday=== A light, half-inch, snowfall added to the snow on the ground from two days earlier. There was a sharp frost Thursday night (Baring-Gould II 282, n. 1). ===18 March 1887, Friday=== Friday was sunny: "[o]ver six hours' sunshine" (Baring-Gould II 282, n. 1). ==April 1887== In the May issue of ''London Society'', Mrs. Humphry says, "At a recent 'afternoon' there was much to delight the gossip-lover. Almost every one there had been 'talked of' in one sense or other. One had written a 'risky' book; another had most innocently committed bigamy, and did not at the moment know with any degree of exactitude who was the lady whom he really was bound to love and cherish, owing to the suspected existence of a previous husband of one of his two wives. This was all very interesting indeed. Quite as much so was the fact that two deadly enemies had accidentally met on this occasion. The few words they exchanged when they unluckily encountered each other in a blocked doorway were of a forcible description, both belligerents being men. There must have been extraordinary vitality about these short speeches, for in the course of ten minutes they had increased from a dozen words into a dialogue that would 'play' for quite ten minutes at the Court Theatre. A very vivid imagination on the part of the various raconteurs may possibly have accounted for some of this gourd-like growth." (Humphry, Mrs. "Social Echoes." London Society: A Monthly Magazine of Light and Amusing Literature for Hours of Relaxation. May 1887. Vol. LI (January–June 1887): 685). ===16 April 1887, Saturday=== Emma Nevada sang Amina in ''La Sonnambula'' at Covert Garden (https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html). ===29 April 1887, Friday=== Emma Nevada sang Gonoud's Mirella at Covent Garden (https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html). ==May 1887== The papers delived at the Men and Women's Club meeting for May 1887 were by Henrietta Muller and Kate Mills and were on the subject of "family limitation" (Bland 17). The [[Social Victorians/1887 American Exhibition|American Exhibition]] opened in May. A "signalling incident" in 1907 caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event in 1887:<blockquote>SIGNALLING INCIDENT.<p> The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not he threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment. During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from Lord Charles's ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]] (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the "Times," and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.<ref>"Signalling Incident." ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.</ref></blockquote> ===25 May 1887, Wednesday=== Derby Day. According to the Morning Post,<blockquote>The Hon. Mrs. Henry Forester's dance, at 13, Carlton-house-terrace. / Lady Goldsmid's first evening party. / Mrs. Charles Waring's ball. / Chevalier and Mrs. Desanges' at home, at 16, Stratford-place, 4 to 7. / New Club Dance. / The giand pianoforte designed by L. Alma Tadema, R.A., with paintings by E. J. Poynter, R.A., on view at Johnstone, Norman, and Co.'s Galleries, 67, New Bond-street. Admission on presentation of card. / Epsom Races: Derby Day.<ref>"Arrangements for This Day." The ''Morning Post'' Wednesday, 25 May 1887: p. 5 [of 8], Col. 5b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' .</ref></blockquote> ===28 May 1887, Saturday=== [[Social Victorians/1887 American Exhibition/Indigenous People Visit the Savage Club|Red Shirt and other native performers from Buffalo Bill's Wild West visit the Savage Club]] at the Savoy. ===29 May 1887, Sunday=== Whit Sunday ===30 May 1887, Monday=== "Taking advantage of the Bank Holiday, nearly 100,000 persons on Monday visited the American Exhibition, where Buffalo Bill gave three performances." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, June 04, 1887; pg. 632; Issue 2511, Col. B) ==June 1887== ===26 June 1887, Sunday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==July 1887== ===7 July 1887, Thursday=== "Wilde is known to have dined at Upper Hamilton Terace," where the Van der Veldes lived (actually, they lived at 15 Upper Hamilton Terrace) (Axel Nissen, Bret Harte: Prince & Pauper. Jackson, MS: U P of Mississippi, 2000: 216). ===13 July 1887, Wednesday=== (Six days after July 7): Oscar Wilde <quote>entertained [Bret] Harte and the Van de Veldes at an "at home," which also featured Buffalo Bill Cody, Lady Wilde, Lady Neville, and Lady Monckton</quote> (Axel Nissen, Bret Harte: Prince & Pauper. U P of Mississippi, 2000: 216). ===23 July 1887, Saturday=== "At this late period of the London season, it frequently becomes the duty of families residing in town, before their own departure for change of scene or change of air, to receive the visits of friends from the country, and sometimes to conduct them to the sights and amusements which have already been made familiar to themselves in preceding months. The Colonial and Indian Exhibition of last year, and those of former yers at South Kensington, which remained open till October, were naturally thronged by provincial visitors during the late summer and autumn; and it will probably be the same with the American Exhibition, including the romantic "Wild West" and the performances of "Buffalo Bill." There is, however, one important annual feature of the metropolitan attractions, for people of a certain degree of social and intellectual pretensions, which disappears at the end of July; the pictures at the Royal Academy, the merits of which were abundantly discussed here in May, are to be viewed yet another week, before their dispersal to the ends of the kingdom. Many ladies and gentlemen with a taste for art, or with an idea that they are bound to qualify themselves for remarks upon this safe topic in the social convese that may await them , make a point of coming to London almost for the purpose of seeing the Academy Exhibiton. Their frank and eager curiosity, with their warmly expressed admiration of favourite works, affords a refreshing contrast to the fatigued indifference of Londoners, who have endured the toils of a variety of private and public entertainments, not to speak of business, professional work, and politics, since the beginning of February, and who are now craving repose. The latter may undeservedly get the discredit of a nil admirari temperament, and of insensibility to the sublime and beautiful, when they are only physically and mentally tired." (Country Cousins at the Exhibition.Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, July 23, 1887; pg. 103; Issue 2518, Col. C) ===30 July 1887, Saturday=== On Saturday 30 July 1887, the ILN reports the following about an event the prior week: "The new Welcome Club, in the grounds of the popular American Exhibition, was opened last week. Within sight of the switch-back railway, and within sound of the music of the band, a picturesque little club-house has been erected, furnished and provided with every comfort, and, as its name implies, offering a hearty welcome to its guests. Only gentlemen are admitted as members of the club, but each member may bring with him a lady guest; one part of the building has been set apart for their sole use, and is called the Ladies' Pavilion. The inviting entrance-hall, approached from the garden by a flight of steps and a covered verandah, is delightfully cool and shady, even in the hottest weather. Here is an attractive buffet, draped with electric-blue plush and Oriental fringes, where American iced drinks may be obtained in endless variety. It is furnished with the deep saddle-bag settees, and is decorated with a pretty terra-cotta wall-paper; an electric lamp of beaten brass is in the centre of the ceiling, and there are artistic wall-lights, in ormolu, with plaques of blue and white enamel. To the left of the entrance-hall is a cool and spacious dining-room, where an excellent menu is served by a competent chef, from five in the evening till half-past eight. On the opposite side of the entrance-hall is the smoking-room, where all the furniture is of American walnut wood, used in combination with dark green morocco. A soft Axminster carpet covers the floor, and the walls are decorated with works of art, including water-colour drawings by Mr. T. B. Hardy and Mr. Dudley Hardy. Here, too, is a paino, for those who care to divert the intervals of smoking by musical interludes. The Royal Pavilion, intended specially for the use of the Royal Princes and Princesses, is a charming little place, effectively decorated, in the Louis XVI. style, with white carved-wood furniture, covered with satin and brocade. The colouring here is highly artistic. The arrangement of the satin portière which drapes the door is particularly noticeable, harmonising with the tapestry wall-covering, the dark dado, the cabinets of satin-wood [lb at hyphen], and the mirrors, with their white carved frames. Passing across a wide, shady terrace, which is bright with flower-beds, and is amply furnished with tempting seats, the visitor reaches the Ladies' Pavilion, which forms a separate bulding. It is a very pretty room, tastefully furnished, with the dainty accessories befitting the use of ladies. A piano fills one corner, in another is a Chippendale writing-table. Glass bowls of roses are placed here and there, while engravings from Tadema and Millais look well upon the pale-blue wall-paper, above a dado of silk tapestry. In fact nothing has been forgotten, and the lady visitors may well look forward to spending many pleasant hours in their Welcome Club pavilion. The whole of the furnishing has been designed and executed by Messrs. Oetzmann, of Hampstead-road, in a manner doing great credit to the artistic taste and workmanship of that firm. The members of the Welcome Club gave a very successful garden-party to their friends one day last week, when numerous distinguished guess were present; among others were Lord and Lady Lamington, Lord Northbrook, Lady Dorothy and Miss Neville, the Countess of Scarborough, Lord and Lady Rothschild, Lord Ronald Gower, Lady McPherson Grant, Lady Louisa Cunningham, and Sir Philip and Lady Cunliffe-Owen." (The Welcome Club.Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, July 30, 1887; pg. 131; Issue 2519, Col. C) ==August 1887== ===29 August 1887, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1887== "In September of the same year Lady Houghton and her children were staying at Crewe Hall, with 'Uncle Crewe.' The children were convalescing from the bouts of scarlet fever they had had at Fryston. At Crewe their mother suddenly contracted the same disease. Within a few days she was dead" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 26). ==October 1887== ===31 October 1887, Monday=== Halloween. "The American Exhibition, which attracted all the town to West Brompton the last few months, was brought on Monday to a dignified close. A meeting of representative Englishmen and Americans wsa held in the Trophy Room, under the presidency of Lord Lorne, in support of the movement for establishing a Court of Arbitration for the settlement of disputes between this country and the United States. Resolutions in favour of the principle of international artibration were adopted. Mr. Bright, Lord Granville, Lord Wolseley, and other distinguished public men wrote expressing sympathy with the cause." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, November 05, 1887; pg. 537; Issue 2533, Col. C.) ==November 1887== ===5 November 1887, Saturday=== Guy Fawkes Day ===8 November 1887, Tuesday=== The next-to-the-last performance of the original run of ''Ruddigore'' was done at the Crystal Palace, as was the last, on 9 November. ("At the Play", The Observer, 6 November 1887, p. 2 and The Times, 8 November 1887, p. 1) ===9 November 1887, Wednesday=== The last performance of the original run of ''Ruddigore'' was done at the Crystal Palace, as was the last, on 9 November. ===13 November 1887, Sunday=== "Bloody Sunday": "the name given to a demonstration against coercion in Ireland and to demand the release from prison of MP William O'Brien, who was imprisoned for incitement as a result of an incident in the Irish Land War. The demonstration was organized by the Social Democratic Federation and the Irish National League." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1887)) "Then, on 13 November 1887, although a meeting called by the Metropolitan Radical Association in protest against the government's failure to tackle unemployment is banned, a mass demonstration in Trafalgar Square goes ahead anyway. This leads to a riot in which one person dies, 200 are hurt and 400 arrested. The event is named 'Bloody Sunday'." (http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/guide19/part04.html). In his My Life and Loves, Frank Norris describes it, though he has the wrong date?: <blockquote>All this while the discontent of the working classes in Great Britain, as in Ireland, grew steadily and increased in bitterness. In London it found determined defenders in the Social Democratic Federation. Mr. H. W. Hyndman had started this association a couple of years or so before as a follower more or less convinced of Karl Marx. The first time I heard Bernard Shaw speak was at a meeting of the Federation, but I had left it before he joined and he left it soon afterwards. On a Monday early in February, 1886, the Federation called a meeting in Trafalgar Square which ended in a riot. The mob got out of hand and marched to attack the clubs in Pall Mall and soon proceeded to loot shops in Piccadilly and hold another meeting at Hyde Park Corner. The ringleaders were arrested and tried: they were Hyndman, Williams, Burns and Champion. Williams and Burns, both workingmen, were bailed out by William Morris, the poet. Hyndman seemed to me an ordinary English bourgeois with a smattering of German reading: he was above middle height, burly and bearded; Champion, the thin, well-bred officer type with good heart and scant reading; Williams, the ordinary workingman full of class prejudices; and John Burns, also a workingman, but really intelligent and thoughtful, who afterwards proved himself an excellent minister and resigned with Lord Morley rather than accept the world war. In spite of deficient education, Burns was even then a most interesting man; though hardly middle height, he was sturdy and exceedingly strong and brave. He had read from boyhood and we became great friends about the beginning of the century through the South African War. Burns was an early lover of Carlyle, and the experiences of a workingman's life had not blinded him to the value of individual merit. In many respects he stood on the forehead of the time to come, and if his education had been equal to his desire for knowledge, he would have been among the choicest spirits of the age. Even in 1886 I'm glad to say I rated him far above most of the politicians, though he never reached any originality of thought." (Vol. 2, p. 387)</blockquote> ==December 1887== ===12 December 1887, Monday=== The Men and Women's Club met and Robert J. Parker read his paper, "The Contagious Diseases Act" (Walkowitz 292, n. 87). ===25 December 1887, Sunday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1887, Monday=== Boxing Day ==Works Cited== *Gelfand, Toby. "11 January 1887, the day medicine changed: Joseph Grancher's defense of Pasteur's treatment for rabies." Bulletin of the History of Medicine Vol. 76, no. 4 (Winter 2002): . *Humphry, Mrs. "Social Echoes." London Society: A Monthly Magazine of Light and Amusing Literature for Hours of Relaxation. May 1887. Vol. LI (January–June 1887): 685 *Warwick, [Lady] Frances Evelyn, Countess of. Progress in Women's Education in the British Empire, Being the Report of the Education Section, Victorian Era Exhibit, 1897. London: Longmans, Green, 1898. Google Books, retrieved 14 March 2010. *Gray, Eugene F. "Chronology of Events in the Life of Emma Nevada." Emma Nevada: An American Diva. https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html (retrieved 14 April 2010). q01brnuu3b3o7z9lxv77hetw8oylzeb 2691280 2691277 2024-12-10T17:22:42Z Scogdill 1331941 /* May 1887 */ 2691280 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881 | 1881]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882 | 1882]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883 | 1883]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884 | 1884]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885 | 1885]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886 | 1886]] 1887 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888 | 1888]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889 | 1889]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] "Bloody Sunday": protest march on Trafalgar Square. Annie Besant was there, as was G. B. Shaw, who "skedaddled." Queen Victoria's Jubilee year, along with 1897. That summer, in some way as part of it, there was a "Congress" at the Empress Theatre, in which a number of people (mostly but not exclusively women) read papers on the progress made in women's education. Those papers were collected in a volume by the Lady Warwick (Frances Evelyn Warwick, Countess of Warwick) in 1898; the "Sub-Editor" was Edith Bradley. ==January 1887== Annie Besant spoke at the January 1887 meeting of the Men and Women's Club; her paper was "The State and Sexual Relations," or "preventive checks," or contraception (Bland 19). ===1 January 1887, Thursday, New Year's Day=== ===11 January 1887, Tuesday=== Joseph Gancher defended Louis Pasteur's treatment of rabies Gelfand, Toby. ("11 January 1887, the day medicine changed: Joseph Grancher's defense of Pasteur's treatment for rabies." Bulletin of the History of Medicine Vol. 76, no. 4 [Winter 2002]: .). ===22 January 1887, Saturday=== ''Ruddygore, or the Witch's Curse'', opened at the Savoy Theatre. The reviews were not all positive; according to the Wikipedia article on Ruddigore, the Illustrated London News reviewed it (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruddigore; accessed 12 February 2010). See "Gilbert and Sullivan's New Opera" [http://www.savoyoperas.org.uk/ruddigore/rud1.html], The Monthly Musical Record, 1 February 1887, 17, pp. 41–42, Retrieved on 17 June 2008," from the footnotes to this article. ===29 January 1887, Saturday=== Review in the Illustrated London News of the opening of Gilbert and Sullivan's Ruddygore at the Savoy. Here is the review: <blockquote>MUSIC THE NEW COMIC OPERA AT THE SAVOY The specialty of last week was the new comic opera written by Mr. W. S. Gilbert, and composed by Sir Arthur Sullivan - a piece from their associated genius being an event of equal dramatic and musical interest; the great and deserved success of their several previous works of the kind having induced eager expectation for any new essay. The co-operation of the two gentlemen referred to has been a happy coincidence, similar to that of the united labours of Scribe and Auber in their delightful works of the opera-comique class. The production of "Ruddygore, or the Witch's Curse" is noticed in the theatrical column of this week, and it is, therefore, only necessary here to refer briefly to the musical interest of the piece, which is quite equal to that of its predecessors from the same hands. The vocal score will not be published for some weeks to come, when we shall be able to refer again to its merits; meantime, we may point to some of the pieces that proved attractive in performance, and will doubtless be permanently popular. Rose Maybud's expressive ballad, "If somebody there chance to be"; the piquant duet, "I know a youth", for her and Robin Oakapple; Richard Dauntless's robust nautical ballad, "I've shipped, d'ye see, in a Revenue sloop" (with its capital hornpipe climax); the suave love duet, "The battle's roar is over", for this character and Rose; the spirited trio, "In sailing o'er life's ocean", for the personages already named; Mad Margaret's scena, and ballad, "To a garden"; Sir Despard Murgatroyd's sententious solo, "Oh, why am I moody" (with its interspersed choral comments); the impulsive duet, "You understand" for him and Richard, the beautiful madrigal, and the several movements which close the first act are all effective in their respective styles. In the second (and last) act, the music in the scene of the animation of the portraits in the picture gallery is highly dramatic in its appropriate sombreness of style and impressive orchestral effects. This is preceded by a pretty duet (with chorus), "Happily coupled" - for Rose and Richard; and a refined ballad, "In bygone days", for the former. Sir Roderic Murgatroyd's sombre song, "When the night-wind howls" - with the surrounding choral and orchestral accessories - rises to a dramatic and musical height worthy of grand opera; and throws into strong relief the exquisitely quaint music of the subsequent duet, "I once was a very abandoned person", for Sir Despard and Margaret in their ludicrously altered aspects. The patter trio for these two and Robin; Hannah's sentimental ballad, "There grew a little flower"; and a well-contrasted finale are prominent features of the closing division of the work. The principal performers have been as well fitted with their music as with their dramatic characters, the performance of which is noted in our article, "The Playhouses"; and it must here be said that Misses Braham, Bond, and Brandram, and Messrs. G. Grossmith, D. Lely, R. Barrington, R. Temple, and others, worthily fulfilled the vocal requirements. There is some bright and tuneful music for female chorus in each act; and the orchestral details, throughout, are rich in colouring and variety of detail. As in his other productions of the same class, Sir Arthur Sullivan has eminently succeeded alike in the expression of refined sentiment and comic humour. In the former respect, the charm of graceful melody prevails; while, in the latter, the music of the most grotesque situations is redolent of fun, without the slightest approach to vulgarity or coarseness - in this latter respect, how unlike some of the French buffo music of the day! The composer conducted the performance on the first night, using, in the scene of darkness (in the second act), a baton illuminated by the electric light. (Gareth Jacobs, "Ruddygore and the British Library (long)," posting on Savoynet savoynet@bridgewater.edu 5 July 2003.)</blockquote> ==February 1887== ==March 1887== "In March 1887 [Bret Harte] joined the Kinsmen Social Club, whose members included William Black, Edmund Gosse, and Henry James, and over the next few months he accepted invitations to become a member of the New American Club and an honorary member of both the British Authors Association and the Devonshire Club." (Gary Scharnhorst. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West.The Oklahoma Western Biographies. Vol. 17. Norman, OK: U of Oklahoma P, 2000. Page 189.) ===8 March 1887, Tuesday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was a bridesmaid at the wedding of Miss Susan West (Tottie) Wilson and Mr. J. G. Menzies. <blockquote>The marriage of Miss Susan West (Tottie) Wilton eldest daughter of Mr. A. Wilson, of Tranby Croft, Master of the Holderness Hounds, and one of the partners in the firm of Messrs. Thos. Wilson, Sons, and Co., owners of the Wilson line of steamers, Hull, to Mr. J. G. Menzies, was celebrated on Tuesday afternoon at the village church of Anlaby by the Rev. J. Foord, assisted by the Rev. E. Lambert, cousin of the bride. The day being fine, hundreds of persons went out from Hull and assembled from the surrounding districts. The admission to the church was by ticket, and the edifice was crowded in every part. Flags were plentifully displayed along the route from Tranby Croft to Anlaby, and the ships of the Wilson line lying in the Hall docks, as well as other vessels, were gaily decorated with flags. The bridal procession left Tranby Croft Lodge at a quarter-past two o'clock, and the carriages passed between a large concourse of persons, who thickly lined each side of the road. Anlaby Church was soon reached. The bridegroom, with his best man, Mr. Stuart Menzies, M.P., had already arrived, and as the bride was escorted into the sacred edifice by her father the organ, at which Captain Hallett presided, commenced playing, and the processional hymn, "Saviour, Blessed Saviour," was sung. The bride wore a very long rich white satin train, the front draped a la grecque, bordered with rich pearl and silver embroidery, a bouquet of white liliums, the ribbons of which were tied with orange blossom; her ornaments were a large diamond star, presented to her by the bridegroom, a diamond necklace presented by her father and mother, with spray given by the tradespeople of Hull, and a diamond bangle by her uncle, Mr. David Wilson. The bridesmaids were Miss Muriel Wilson, sister of the bride, Misses Enid, Joan, and Gwladys Wilson, cousins; Hon. Rosamond Tufton, and Miss Boynton. Each wore cream brocade skirts, with grey overskirts and coats of cream satin merveilleux, pink rose bouquets, and brooches with "8th February, 1887," in diamonds, these being the gifts of the bridegroom. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]] wore a brown velvet and faille, trimmed with black jet, Mrs. Lycett [?] Green, green skirt, with cream cloth under-skirt. Mrs. Charles Wilson, heliotrope velvet, with waistcoat of gold embroidery. Lady Julia Wombwell wore a plum-coloured satin and velvet dress. Lady Norreys, a heliotrope faille. Mrs Hungerford, a pretty costume of grey cloth; and Lady Hothfield [? R? B?], green velvet. The service was full choral; the responses of the bride were given in a firm and audible tone, and at the conclusion of the ceremony the wedding party adjourned to the rectory, where the register was signed by the bride and bridegroom and other interested parties. On the return of the bridal party to Tranby Croft, a luncheon followed, and later in the afternoon the happy pair left for the South, en routefor Paris. The bride's travelling dress was a skirt of white cloth edged with brown fur, a polonnaise of pale grey cloth, trimmed with brown fur, with hat to match. (“Fashionable Marriage near Hull.” York Herald 12 February 1887, Saturday: 14 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18870212/149/0014 (accessed July 2019))</blockquote> ===15 March 1887, Tuesday=== There was a heavy snowstorm in London; 5 to 6 inches fell in N.W. London (Baring-Gould II 282, n. 1). ===17 March 1887, Thursday=== A light, half-inch, snowfall added to the snow on the ground from two days earlier. There was a sharp frost Thursday night (Baring-Gould II 282, n. 1). ===18 March 1887, Friday=== Friday was sunny: "[o]ver six hours' sunshine" (Baring-Gould II 282, n. 1). ==April 1887== In the May issue of ''London Society'', Mrs. Humphry says, "At a recent 'afternoon' there was much to delight the gossip-lover. Almost every one there had been 'talked of' in one sense or other. One had written a 'risky' book; another had most innocently committed bigamy, and did not at the moment know with any degree of exactitude who was the lady whom he really was bound to love and cherish, owing to the suspected existence of a previous husband of one of his two wives. This was all very interesting indeed. Quite as much so was the fact that two deadly enemies had accidentally met on this occasion. The few words they exchanged when they unluckily encountered each other in a blocked doorway were of a forcible description, both belligerents being men. There must have been extraordinary vitality about these short speeches, for in the course of ten minutes they had increased from a dozen words into a dialogue that would 'play' for quite ten minutes at the Court Theatre. A very vivid imagination on the part of the various raconteurs may possibly have accounted for some of this gourd-like growth." (Humphry, Mrs. "Social Echoes." London Society: A Monthly Magazine of Light and Amusing Literature for Hours of Relaxation. May 1887. Vol. LI (January–June 1887): 685). ===16 April 1887, Saturday=== Emma Nevada sang Amina in ''La Sonnambula'' at Covert Garden (https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html). ===29 April 1887, Friday=== Emma Nevada sang Gonoud's Mirella at Covent Garden (https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html). ==May 1887== The papers delived at the Men and Women's Club meeting for May 1887 were by Henrietta Muller and Kate Mills and were on the subject of "family limitation" (Bland 17). The [[Social Victorians/1887 American Exhibition|American Exhibition]] opened in May. A "signalling incident" in 1907 caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event in 1887:<blockquote>SIGNALLING INCIDENT.<p> The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not he threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment. During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from Lord Charles's ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]] (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the "Times," and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.<ref>"Signalling Incident." ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.</ref></blockquote> ===25 May 1887, Wednesday=== Derby Day. According to the ''Morning Post'',<blockquote>The Hon. Mrs. Henry Forester's dance, at 13, Carlton-house-terrace.<br>Lady Goldsmid's first evening party.<br>Mrs. Charles Waring's ball.<br>Chevalier and Mrs. Desanges' at home, at 16, Stratford-place, 4 to 7.<br>New Club Dance.<br>The giand pianoforte designed by L. Alma Tadema, R.A., with paintings by E. J. Poynter, R.A., on view at Johnstone, Norman, and Co.'s Galleries, 67, New Bond-street. Admission on presentation of card.<br>Epsom Races: Derby Day.<ref>"Arrangements for This Day." The ''Morning Post'' Wednesday, 25 May 1887: p. 5 [of 8], Col. 5b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' .</ref></blockquote> ===28 May 1887, Saturday=== [[Social Victorians/1887 American Exhibition/Indigenous People Visit the Savage Club|Red Shirt and other native performers from Buffalo Bill's Wild West visit the Savage Club]] at the Savoy. ===29 May 1887, Sunday=== Whit Sunday ===30 May 1887, Monday=== "Taking advantage of the Bank Holiday, nearly 100,000 persons on Monday visited the American Exhibition, where Buffalo Bill gave three performances." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, June 04, 1887; pg. 632; Issue 2511, Col. B) ==June 1887== ===26 June 1887, Sunday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==July 1887== ===7 July 1887, Thursday=== "Wilde is known to have dined at Upper Hamilton Terace," where the Van der Veldes lived (actually, they lived at 15 Upper Hamilton Terrace) (Axel Nissen, Bret Harte: Prince & Pauper. Jackson, MS: U P of Mississippi, 2000: 216). ===13 July 1887, Wednesday=== (Six days after July 7): Oscar Wilde <quote>entertained [Bret] Harte and the Van de Veldes at an "at home," which also featured Buffalo Bill Cody, Lady Wilde, Lady Neville, and Lady Monckton</quote> (Axel Nissen, Bret Harte: Prince & Pauper. U P of Mississippi, 2000: 216). ===23 July 1887, Saturday=== "At this late period of the London season, it frequently becomes the duty of families residing in town, before their own departure for change of scene or change of air, to receive the visits of friends from the country, and sometimes to conduct them to the sights and amusements which have already been made familiar to themselves in preceding months. The Colonial and Indian Exhibition of last year, and those of former yers at South Kensington, which remained open till October, were naturally thronged by provincial visitors during the late summer and autumn; and it will probably be the same with the American Exhibition, including the romantic "Wild West" and the performances of "Buffalo Bill." There is, however, one important annual feature of the metropolitan attractions, for people of a certain degree of social and intellectual pretensions, which disappears at the end of July; the pictures at the Royal Academy, the merits of which were abundantly discussed here in May, are to be viewed yet another week, before their dispersal to the ends of the kingdom. Many ladies and gentlemen with a taste for art, or with an idea that they are bound to qualify themselves for remarks upon this safe topic in the social convese that may await them , make a point of coming to London almost for the purpose of seeing the Academy Exhibiton. Their frank and eager curiosity, with their warmly expressed admiration of favourite works, affords a refreshing contrast to the fatigued indifference of Londoners, who have endured the toils of a variety of private and public entertainments, not to speak of business, professional work, and politics, since the beginning of February, and who are now craving repose. The latter may undeservedly get the discredit of a nil admirari temperament, and of insensibility to the sublime and beautiful, when they are only physically and mentally tired." (Country Cousins at the Exhibition.Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, July 23, 1887; pg. 103; Issue 2518, Col. C) ===30 July 1887, Saturday=== On Saturday 30 July 1887, the ILN reports the following about an event the prior week: "The new Welcome Club, in the grounds of the popular American Exhibition, was opened last week. Within sight of the switch-back railway, and within sound of the music of the band, a picturesque little club-house has been erected, furnished and provided with every comfort, and, as its name implies, offering a hearty welcome to its guests. Only gentlemen are admitted as members of the club, but each member may bring with him a lady guest; one part of the building has been set apart for their sole use, and is called the Ladies' Pavilion. The inviting entrance-hall, approached from the garden by a flight of steps and a covered verandah, is delightfully cool and shady, even in the hottest weather. Here is an attractive buffet, draped with electric-blue plush and Oriental fringes, where American iced drinks may be obtained in endless variety. It is furnished with the deep saddle-bag settees, and is decorated with a pretty terra-cotta wall-paper; an electric lamp of beaten brass is in the centre of the ceiling, and there are artistic wall-lights, in ormolu, with plaques of blue and white enamel. To the left of the entrance-hall is a cool and spacious dining-room, where an excellent menu is served by a competent chef, from five in the evening till half-past eight. On the opposite side of the entrance-hall is the smoking-room, where all the furniture is of American walnut wood, used in combination with dark green morocco. A soft Axminster carpet covers the floor, and the walls are decorated with works of art, including water-colour drawings by Mr. T. B. Hardy and Mr. Dudley Hardy. Here, too, is a paino, for those who care to divert the intervals of smoking by musical interludes. The Royal Pavilion, intended specially for the use of the Royal Princes and Princesses, is a charming little place, effectively decorated, in the Louis XVI. style, with white carved-wood furniture, covered with satin and brocade. The colouring here is highly artistic. The arrangement of the satin portière which drapes the door is particularly noticeable, harmonising with the tapestry wall-covering, the dark dado, the cabinets of satin-wood [lb at hyphen], and the mirrors, with their white carved frames. Passing across a wide, shady terrace, which is bright with flower-beds, and is amply furnished with tempting seats, the visitor reaches the Ladies' Pavilion, which forms a separate bulding. It is a very pretty room, tastefully furnished, with the dainty accessories befitting the use of ladies. A piano fills one corner, in another is a Chippendale writing-table. Glass bowls of roses are placed here and there, while engravings from Tadema and Millais look well upon the pale-blue wall-paper, above a dado of silk tapestry. In fact nothing has been forgotten, and the lady visitors may well look forward to spending many pleasant hours in their Welcome Club pavilion. The whole of the furnishing has been designed and executed by Messrs. Oetzmann, of Hampstead-road, in a manner doing great credit to the artistic taste and workmanship of that firm. The members of the Welcome Club gave a very successful garden-party to their friends one day last week, when numerous distinguished guess were present; among others were Lord and Lady Lamington, Lord Northbrook, Lady Dorothy and Miss Neville, the Countess of Scarborough, Lord and Lady Rothschild, Lord Ronald Gower, Lady McPherson Grant, Lady Louisa Cunningham, and Sir Philip and Lady Cunliffe-Owen." (The Welcome Club.Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, July 30, 1887; pg. 131; Issue 2519, Col. C) ==August 1887== ===29 August 1887, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1887== "In September of the same year Lady Houghton and her children were staying at Crewe Hall, with 'Uncle Crewe.' The children were convalescing from the bouts of scarlet fever they had had at Fryston. At Crewe their mother suddenly contracted the same disease. Within a few days she was dead" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 26). ==October 1887== ===31 October 1887, Monday=== Halloween. "The American Exhibition, which attracted all the town to West Brompton the last few months, was brought on Monday to a dignified close. A meeting of representative Englishmen and Americans wsa held in the Trophy Room, under the presidency of Lord Lorne, in support of the movement for establishing a Court of Arbitration for the settlement of disputes between this country and the United States. Resolutions in favour of the principle of international artibration were adopted. Mr. Bright, Lord Granville, Lord Wolseley, and other distinguished public men wrote expressing sympathy with the cause." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, November 05, 1887; pg. 537; Issue 2533, Col. C.) ==November 1887== ===5 November 1887, Saturday=== Guy Fawkes Day ===8 November 1887, Tuesday=== The next-to-the-last performance of the original run of ''Ruddigore'' was done at the Crystal Palace, as was the last, on 9 November. ("At the Play", The Observer, 6 November 1887, p. 2 and The Times, 8 November 1887, p. 1) ===9 November 1887, Wednesday=== The last performance of the original run of ''Ruddigore'' was done at the Crystal Palace, as was the last, on 9 November. ===13 November 1887, Sunday=== "Bloody Sunday": "the name given to a demonstration against coercion in Ireland and to demand the release from prison of MP William O'Brien, who was imprisoned for incitement as a result of an incident in the Irish Land War. The demonstration was organized by the Social Democratic Federation and the Irish National League." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1887)) "Then, on 13 November 1887, although a meeting called by the Metropolitan Radical Association in protest against the government's failure to tackle unemployment is banned, a mass demonstration in Trafalgar Square goes ahead anyway. This leads to a riot in which one person dies, 200 are hurt and 400 arrested. The event is named 'Bloody Sunday'." (http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/guide19/part04.html). In his My Life and Loves, Frank Norris describes it, though he has the wrong date?: <blockquote>All this while the discontent of the working classes in Great Britain, as in Ireland, grew steadily and increased in bitterness. In London it found determined defenders in the Social Democratic Federation. Mr. H. W. Hyndman had started this association a couple of years or so before as a follower more or less convinced of Karl Marx. The first time I heard Bernard Shaw speak was at a meeting of the Federation, but I had left it before he joined and he left it soon afterwards. On a Monday early in February, 1886, the Federation called a meeting in Trafalgar Square which ended in a riot. The mob got out of hand and marched to attack the clubs in Pall Mall and soon proceeded to loot shops in Piccadilly and hold another meeting at Hyde Park Corner. The ringleaders were arrested and tried: they were Hyndman, Williams, Burns and Champion. Williams and Burns, both workingmen, were bailed out by William Morris, the poet. Hyndman seemed to me an ordinary English bourgeois with a smattering of German reading: he was above middle height, burly and bearded; Champion, the thin, well-bred officer type with good heart and scant reading; Williams, the ordinary workingman full of class prejudices; and John Burns, also a workingman, but really intelligent and thoughtful, who afterwards proved himself an excellent minister and resigned with Lord Morley rather than accept the world war. In spite of deficient education, Burns was even then a most interesting man; though hardly middle height, he was sturdy and exceedingly strong and brave. He had read from boyhood and we became great friends about the beginning of the century through the South African War. Burns was an early lover of Carlyle, and the experiences of a workingman's life had not blinded him to the value of individual merit. In many respects he stood on the forehead of the time to come, and if his education had been equal to his desire for knowledge, he would have been among the choicest spirits of the age. Even in 1886 I'm glad to say I rated him far above most of the politicians, though he never reached any originality of thought." (Vol. 2, p. 387)</blockquote> ==December 1887== ===12 December 1887, Monday=== The Men and Women's Club met and Robert J. Parker read his paper, "The Contagious Diseases Act" (Walkowitz 292, n. 87). ===25 December 1887, Sunday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1887, Monday=== Boxing Day ==Works Cited== *Gelfand, Toby. "11 January 1887, the day medicine changed: Joseph Grancher's defense of Pasteur's treatment for rabies." Bulletin of the History of Medicine Vol. 76, no. 4 (Winter 2002): . *Humphry, Mrs. "Social Echoes." London Society: A Monthly Magazine of Light and Amusing Literature for Hours of Relaxation. May 1887. Vol. LI (January–June 1887): 685 *Warwick, [Lady] Frances Evelyn, Countess of. Progress in Women's Education in the British Empire, Being the Report of the Education Section, Victorian Era Exhibit, 1897. London: Longmans, Green, 1898. Google Books, retrieved 14 March 2010. *Gray, Eugene F. "Chronology of Events in the Life of Emma Nevada." Emma Nevada: An American Diva. https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html (retrieved 14 April 2010). rkk2cud8105bbepr0hphtgwsodpqu0y 2691281 2691280 2024-12-10T17:23:19Z Scogdill 1331941 /* 25 May 1887, Wednesday */ 2691281 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881 | 1881]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882 | 1882]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883 | 1883]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884 | 1884]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885 | 1885]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886 | 1886]] 1887 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888 | 1888]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889 | 1889]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] "Bloody Sunday": protest march on Trafalgar Square. Annie Besant was there, as was G. B. Shaw, who "skedaddled." Queen Victoria's Jubilee year, along with 1897. That summer, in some way as part of it, there was a "Congress" at the Empress Theatre, in which a number of people (mostly but not exclusively women) read papers on the progress made in women's education. Those papers were collected in a volume by the Lady Warwick (Frances Evelyn Warwick, Countess of Warwick) in 1898; the "Sub-Editor" was Edith Bradley. ==January 1887== Annie Besant spoke at the January 1887 meeting of the Men and Women's Club; her paper was "The State and Sexual Relations," or "preventive checks," or contraception (Bland 19). ===1 January 1887, Thursday, New Year's Day=== ===11 January 1887, Tuesday=== Joseph Gancher defended Louis Pasteur's treatment of rabies Gelfand, Toby. ("11 January 1887, the day medicine changed: Joseph Grancher's defense of Pasteur's treatment for rabies." Bulletin of the History of Medicine Vol. 76, no. 4 [Winter 2002]: .). ===22 January 1887, Saturday=== ''Ruddygore, or the Witch's Curse'', opened at the Savoy Theatre. The reviews were not all positive; according to the Wikipedia article on Ruddigore, the Illustrated London News reviewed it (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruddigore; accessed 12 February 2010). See "Gilbert and Sullivan's New Opera" [http://www.savoyoperas.org.uk/ruddigore/rud1.html], The Monthly Musical Record, 1 February 1887, 17, pp. 41–42, Retrieved on 17 June 2008," from the footnotes to this article. ===29 January 1887, Saturday=== Review in the Illustrated London News of the opening of Gilbert and Sullivan's Ruddygore at the Savoy. Here is the review: <blockquote>MUSIC THE NEW COMIC OPERA AT THE SAVOY The specialty of last week was the new comic opera written by Mr. W. S. Gilbert, and composed by Sir Arthur Sullivan - a piece from their associated genius being an event of equal dramatic and musical interest; the great and deserved success of their several previous works of the kind having induced eager expectation for any new essay. The co-operation of the two gentlemen referred to has been a happy coincidence, similar to that of the united labours of Scribe and Auber in their delightful works of the opera-comique class. The production of "Ruddygore, or the Witch's Curse" is noticed in the theatrical column of this week, and it is, therefore, only necessary here to refer briefly to the musical interest of the piece, which is quite equal to that of its predecessors from the same hands. The vocal score will not be published for some weeks to come, when we shall be able to refer again to its merits; meantime, we may point to some of the pieces that proved attractive in performance, and will doubtless be permanently popular. Rose Maybud's expressive ballad, "If somebody there chance to be"; the piquant duet, "I know a youth", for her and Robin Oakapple; Richard Dauntless's robust nautical ballad, "I've shipped, d'ye see, in a Revenue sloop" (with its capital hornpipe climax); the suave love duet, "The battle's roar is over", for this character and Rose; the spirited trio, "In sailing o'er life's ocean", for the personages already named; Mad Margaret's scena, and ballad, "To a garden"; Sir Despard Murgatroyd's sententious solo, "Oh, why am I moody" (with its interspersed choral comments); the impulsive duet, "You understand" for him and Richard, the beautiful madrigal, and the several movements which close the first act are all effective in their respective styles. In the second (and last) act, the music in the scene of the animation of the portraits in the picture gallery is highly dramatic in its appropriate sombreness of style and impressive orchestral effects. This is preceded by a pretty duet (with chorus), "Happily coupled" - for Rose and Richard; and a refined ballad, "In bygone days", for the former. Sir Roderic Murgatroyd's sombre song, "When the night-wind howls" - with the surrounding choral and orchestral accessories - rises to a dramatic and musical height worthy of grand opera; and throws into strong relief the exquisitely quaint music of the subsequent duet, "I once was a very abandoned person", for Sir Despard and Margaret in their ludicrously altered aspects. The patter trio for these two and Robin; Hannah's sentimental ballad, "There grew a little flower"; and a well-contrasted finale are prominent features of the closing division of the work. The principal performers have been as well fitted with their music as with their dramatic characters, the performance of which is noted in our article, "The Playhouses"; and it must here be said that Misses Braham, Bond, and Brandram, and Messrs. G. Grossmith, D. Lely, R. Barrington, R. Temple, and others, worthily fulfilled the vocal requirements. There is some bright and tuneful music for female chorus in each act; and the orchestral details, throughout, are rich in colouring and variety of detail. As in his other productions of the same class, Sir Arthur Sullivan has eminently succeeded alike in the expression of refined sentiment and comic humour. In the former respect, the charm of graceful melody prevails; while, in the latter, the music of the most grotesque situations is redolent of fun, without the slightest approach to vulgarity or coarseness - in this latter respect, how unlike some of the French buffo music of the day! The composer conducted the performance on the first night, using, in the scene of darkness (in the second act), a baton illuminated by the electric light. (Gareth Jacobs, "Ruddygore and the British Library (long)," posting on Savoynet savoynet@bridgewater.edu 5 July 2003.)</blockquote> ==February 1887== ==March 1887== "In March 1887 [Bret Harte] joined the Kinsmen Social Club, whose members included William Black, Edmund Gosse, and Henry James, and over the next few months he accepted invitations to become a member of the New American Club and an honorary member of both the British Authors Association and the Devonshire Club." (Gary Scharnhorst. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West.The Oklahoma Western Biographies. Vol. 17. Norman, OK: U of Oklahoma P, 2000. Page 189.) ===8 March 1887, Tuesday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was a bridesmaid at the wedding of Miss Susan West (Tottie) Wilson and Mr. J. G. Menzies. <blockquote>The marriage of Miss Susan West (Tottie) Wilton eldest daughter of Mr. A. Wilson, of Tranby Croft, Master of the Holderness Hounds, and one of the partners in the firm of Messrs. Thos. Wilson, Sons, and Co., owners of the Wilson line of steamers, Hull, to Mr. J. G. Menzies, was celebrated on Tuesday afternoon at the village church of Anlaby by the Rev. J. Foord, assisted by the Rev. E. Lambert, cousin of the bride. The day being fine, hundreds of persons went out from Hull and assembled from the surrounding districts. The admission to the church was by ticket, and the edifice was crowded in every part. Flags were plentifully displayed along the route from Tranby Croft to Anlaby, and the ships of the Wilson line lying in the Hall docks, as well as other vessels, were gaily decorated with flags. The bridal procession left Tranby Croft Lodge at a quarter-past two o'clock, and the carriages passed between a large concourse of persons, who thickly lined each side of the road. Anlaby Church was soon reached. The bridegroom, with his best man, Mr. Stuart Menzies, M.P., had already arrived, and as the bride was escorted into the sacred edifice by her father the organ, at which Captain Hallett presided, commenced playing, and the processional hymn, "Saviour, Blessed Saviour," was sung. The bride wore a very long rich white satin train, the front draped a la grecque, bordered with rich pearl and silver embroidery, a bouquet of white liliums, the ribbons of which were tied with orange blossom; her ornaments were a large diamond star, presented to her by the bridegroom, a diamond necklace presented by her father and mother, with spray given by the tradespeople of Hull, and a diamond bangle by her uncle, Mr. David Wilson. The bridesmaids were Miss Muriel Wilson, sister of the bride, Misses Enid, Joan, and Gwladys Wilson, cousins; Hon. Rosamond Tufton, and Miss Boynton. Each wore cream brocade skirts, with grey overskirts and coats of cream satin merveilleux, pink rose bouquets, and brooches with "8th February, 1887," in diamonds, these being the gifts of the bridegroom. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]] wore a brown velvet and faille, trimmed with black jet, Mrs. Lycett [?] Green, green skirt, with cream cloth under-skirt. Mrs. Charles Wilson, heliotrope velvet, with waistcoat of gold embroidery. Lady Julia Wombwell wore a plum-coloured satin and velvet dress. Lady Norreys, a heliotrope faille. Mrs Hungerford, a pretty costume of grey cloth; and Lady Hothfield [? R? B?], green velvet. The service was full choral; the responses of the bride were given in a firm and audible tone, and at the conclusion of the ceremony the wedding party adjourned to the rectory, where the register was signed by the bride and bridegroom and other interested parties. On the return of the bridal party to Tranby Croft, a luncheon followed, and later in the afternoon the happy pair left for the South, en routefor Paris. The bride's travelling dress was a skirt of white cloth edged with brown fur, a polonnaise of pale grey cloth, trimmed with brown fur, with hat to match. (“Fashionable Marriage near Hull.” York Herald 12 February 1887, Saturday: 14 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18870212/149/0014 (accessed July 2019))</blockquote> ===15 March 1887, Tuesday=== There was a heavy snowstorm in London; 5 to 6 inches fell in N.W. London (Baring-Gould II 282, n. 1). ===17 March 1887, Thursday=== A light, half-inch, snowfall added to the snow on the ground from two days earlier. There was a sharp frost Thursday night (Baring-Gould II 282, n. 1). ===18 March 1887, Friday=== Friday was sunny: "[o]ver six hours' sunshine" (Baring-Gould II 282, n. 1). ==April 1887== In the May issue of ''London Society'', Mrs. Humphry says, "At a recent 'afternoon' there was much to delight the gossip-lover. Almost every one there had been 'talked of' in one sense or other. One had written a 'risky' book; another had most innocently committed bigamy, and did not at the moment know with any degree of exactitude who was the lady whom he really was bound to love and cherish, owing to the suspected existence of a previous husband of one of his two wives. This was all very interesting indeed. Quite as much so was the fact that two deadly enemies had accidentally met on this occasion. The few words they exchanged when they unluckily encountered each other in a blocked doorway were of a forcible description, both belligerents being men. There must have been extraordinary vitality about these short speeches, for in the course of ten minutes they had increased from a dozen words into a dialogue that would 'play' for quite ten minutes at the Court Theatre. A very vivid imagination on the part of the various raconteurs may possibly have accounted for some of this gourd-like growth." (Humphry, Mrs. "Social Echoes." London Society: A Monthly Magazine of Light and Amusing Literature for Hours of Relaxation. May 1887. Vol. LI (January–June 1887): 685). ===16 April 1887, Saturday=== Emma Nevada sang Amina in ''La Sonnambula'' at Covert Garden (https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html). ===29 April 1887, Friday=== Emma Nevada sang Gonoud's Mirella at Covent Garden (https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html). ==May 1887== The papers delived at the Men and Women's Club meeting for May 1887 were by Henrietta Muller and Kate Mills and were on the subject of "family limitation" (Bland 17). The [[Social Victorians/1887 American Exhibition|American Exhibition]] opened in May. A "signalling incident" in 1907 caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event in 1887:<blockquote>SIGNALLING INCIDENT.<p> The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not he threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment. During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from Lord Charles's ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]] (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the "Times," and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.<ref>"Signalling Incident." ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.</ref></blockquote> ===25 May 1887, Wednesday=== Derby Day. According to the ''Morning Post'',<blockquote>The Hon. Mrs. Henry Forester's dance, at 13, Carlton-house-terrace.<br>Lady Goldsmid's first evening party.<br>Mrs. Charles Waring's ball.<br>Chevalier and Mrs. Desanges' at home, at 16, Stratford-place, 4 to 7.<br>New Club Dance.<br>The '''giand[?]''' pianoforte designed by L. Alma Tadema, R.A., with paintings by E. J. Poynter, R.A., on view at Johnstone, Norman, and Co.'s Galleries, 67, New Bond-street. Admission on presentation of card.<br>Epsom Races: Derby Day.<ref>"Arrangements for This Day." The ''Morning Post'' Wednesday, 25 May 1887: p. 5 [of 8], Col. 5b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' .</ref></blockquote> ===28 May 1887, Saturday=== [[Social Victorians/1887 American Exhibition/Indigenous People Visit the Savage Club|Red Shirt and other native performers from Buffalo Bill's Wild West visit the Savage Club]] at the Savoy. ===29 May 1887, Sunday=== Whit Sunday ===30 May 1887, Monday=== "Taking advantage of the Bank Holiday, nearly 100,000 persons on Monday visited the American Exhibition, where Buffalo Bill gave three performances." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, June 04, 1887; pg. 632; Issue 2511, Col. B) ==June 1887== ===26 June 1887, Sunday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==July 1887== ===7 July 1887, Thursday=== "Wilde is known to have dined at Upper Hamilton Terace," where the Van der Veldes lived (actually, they lived at 15 Upper Hamilton Terrace) (Axel Nissen, Bret Harte: Prince & Pauper. Jackson, MS: U P of Mississippi, 2000: 216). ===13 July 1887, Wednesday=== (Six days after July 7): Oscar Wilde <quote>entertained [Bret] Harte and the Van de Veldes at an "at home," which also featured Buffalo Bill Cody, Lady Wilde, Lady Neville, and Lady Monckton</quote> (Axel Nissen, Bret Harte: Prince & Pauper. U P of Mississippi, 2000: 216). ===23 July 1887, Saturday=== "At this late period of the London season, it frequently becomes the duty of families residing in town, before their own departure for change of scene or change of air, to receive the visits of friends from the country, and sometimes to conduct them to the sights and amusements which have already been made familiar to themselves in preceding months. The Colonial and Indian Exhibition of last year, and those of former yers at South Kensington, which remained open till October, were naturally thronged by provincial visitors during the late summer and autumn; and it will probably be the same with the American Exhibition, including the romantic "Wild West" and the performances of "Buffalo Bill." There is, however, one important annual feature of the metropolitan attractions, for people of a certain degree of social and intellectual pretensions, which disappears at the end of July; the pictures at the Royal Academy, the merits of which were abundantly discussed here in May, are to be viewed yet another week, before their dispersal to the ends of the kingdom. Many ladies and gentlemen with a taste for art, or with an idea that they are bound to qualify themselves for remarks upon this safe topic in the social convese that may await them , make a point of coming to London almost for the purpose of seeing the Academy Exhibiton. Their frank and eager curiosity, with their warmly expressed admiration of favourite works, affords a refreshing contrast to the fatigued indifference of Londoners, who have endured the toils of a variety of private and public entertainments, not to speak of business, professional work, and politics, since the beginning of February, and who are now craving repose. The latter may undeservedly get the discredit of a nil admirari temperament, and of insensibility to the sublime and beautiful, when they are only physically and mentally tired." (Country Cousins at the Exhibition.Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, July 23, 1887; pg. 103; Issue 2518, Col. C) ===30 July 1887, Saturday=== On Saturday 30 July 1887, the ILN reports the following about an event the prior week: "The new Welcome Club, in the grounds of the popular American Exhibition, was opened last week. Within sight of the switch-back railway, and within sound of the music of the band, a picturesque little club-house has been erected, furnished and provided with every comfort, and, as its name implies, offering a hearty welcome to its guests. Only gentlemen are admitted as members of the club, but each member may bring with him a lady guest; one part of the building has been set apart for their sole use, and is called the Ladies' Pavilion. The inviting entrance-hall, approached from the garden by a flight of steps and a covered verandah, is delightfully cool and shady, even in the hottest weather. Here is an attractive buffet, draped with electric-blue plush and Oriental fringes, where American iced drinks may be obtained in endless variety. It is furnished with the deep saddle-bag settees, and is decorated with a pretty terra-cotta wall-paper; an electric lamp of beaten brass is in the centre of the ceiling, and there are artistic wall-lights, in ormolu, with plaques of blue and white enamel. To the left of the entrance-hall is a cool and spacious dining-room, where an excellent menu is served by a competent chef, from five in the evening till half-past eight. On the opposite side of the entrance-hall is the smoking-room, where all the furniture is of American walnut wood, used in combination with dark green morocco. A soft Axminster carpet covers the floor, and the walls are decorated with works of art, including water-colour drawings by Mr. T. B. Hardy and Mr. Dudley Hardy. Here, too, is a paino, for those who care to divert the intervals of smoking by musical interludes. The Royal Pavilion, intended specially for the use of the Royal Princes and Princesses, is a charming little place, effectively decorated, in the Louis XVI. style, with white carved-wood furniture, covered with satin and brocade. The colouring here is highly artistic. The arrangement of the satin portière which drapes the door is particularly noticeable, harmonising with the tapestry wall-covering, the dark dado, the cabinets of satin-wood [lb at hyphen], and the mirrors, with their white carved frames. Passing across a wide, shady terrace, which is bright with flower-beds, and is amply furnished with tempting seats, the visitor reaches the Ladies' Pavilion, which forms a separate bulding. It is a very pretty room, tastefully furnished, with the dainty accessories befitting the use of ladies. A piano fills one corner, in another is a Chippendale writing-table. Glass bowls of roses are placed here and there, while engravings from Tadema and Millais look well upon the pale-blue wall-paper, above a dado of silk tapestry. In fact nothing has been forgotten, and the lady visitors may well look forward to spending many pleasant hours in their Welcome Club pavilion. The whole of the furnishing has been designed and executed by Messrs. Oetzmann, of Hampstead-road, in a manner doing great credit to the artistic taste and workmanship of that firm. The members of the Welcome Club gave a very successful garden-party to their friends one day last week, when numerous distinguished guess were present; among others were Lord and Lady Lamington, Lord Northbrook, Lady Dorothy and Miss Neville, the Countess of Scarborough, Lord and Lady Rothschild, Lord Ronald Gower, Lady McPherson Grant, Lady Louisa Cunningham, and Sir Philip and Lady Cunliffe-Owen." (The Welcome Club.Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, July 30, 1887; pg. 131; Issue 2519, Col. C) ==August 1887== ===29 August 1887, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1887== "In September of the same year Lady Houghton and her children were staying at Crewe Hall, with 'Uncle Crewe.' The children were convalescing from the bouts of scarlet fever they had had at Fryston. At Crewe their mother suddenly contracted the same disease. Within a few days she was dead" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 26). ==October 1887== ===31 October 1887, Monday=== Halloween. "The American Exhibition, which attracted all the town to West Brompton the last few months, was brought on Monday to a dignified close. A meeting of representative Englishmen and Americans wsa held in the Trophy Room, under the presidency of Lord Lorne, in support of the movement for establishing a Court of Arbitration for the settlement of disputes between this country and the United States. Resolutions in favour of the principle of international artibration were adopted. Mr. Bright, Lord Granville, Lord Wolseley, and other distinguished public men wrote expressing sympathy with the cause." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, November 05, 1887; pg. 537; Issue 2533, Col. C.) ==November 1887== ===5 November 1887, Saturday=== Guy Fawkes Day ===8 November 1887, Tuesday=== The next-to-the-last performance of the original run of ''Ruddigore'' was done at the Crystal Palace, as was the last, on 9 November. ("At the Play", The Observer, 6 November 1887, p. 2 and The Times, 8 November 1887, p. 1) ===9 November 1887, Wednesday=== The last performance of the original run of ''Ruddigore'' was done at the Crystal Palace, as was the last, on 9 November. ===13 November 1887, Sunday=== "Bloody Sunday": "the name given to a demonstration against coercion in Ireland and to demand the release from prison of MP William O'Brien, who was imprisoned for incitement as a result of an incident in the Irish Land War. The demonstration was organized by the Social Democratic Federation and the Irish National League." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1887)) "Then, on 13 November 1887, although a meeting called by the Metropolitan Radical Association in protest against the government's failure to tackle unemployment is banned, a mass demonstration in Trafalgar Square goes ahead anyway. This leads to a riot in which one person dies, 200 are hurt and 400 arrested. The event is named 'Bloody Sunday'." (http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/guide19/part04.html). In his My Life and Loves, Frank Norris describes it, though he has the wrong date?: <blockquote>All this while the discontent of the working classes in Great Britain, as in Ireland, grew steadily and increased in bitterness. In London it found determined defenders in the Social Democratic Federation. Mr. H. W. Hyndman had started this association a couple of years or so before as a follower more or less convinced of Karl Marx. The first time I heard Bernard Shaw speak was at a meeting of the Federation, but I had left it before he joined and he left it soon afterwards. On a Monday early in February, 1886, the Federation called a meeting in Trafalgar Square which ended in a riot. The mob got out of hand and marched to attack the clubs in Pall Mall and soon proceeded to loot shops in Piccadilly and hold another meeting at Hyde Park Corner. The ringleaders were arrested and tried: they were Hyndman, Williams, Burns and Champion. Williams and Burns, both workingmen, were bailed out by William Morris, the poet. Hyndman seemed to me an ordinary English bourgeois with a smattering of German reading: he was above middle height, burly and bearded; Champion, the thin, well-bred officer type with good heart and scant reading; Williams, the ordinary workingman full of class prejudices; and John Burns, also a workingman, but really intelligent and thoughtful, who afterwards proved himself an excellent minister and resigned with Lord Morley rather than accept the world war. In spite of deficient education, Burns was even then a most interesting man; though hardly middle height, he was sturdy and exceedingly strong and brave. He had read from boyhood and we became great friends about the beginning of the century through the South African War. Burns was an early lover of Carlyle, and the experiences of a workingman's life had not blinded him to the value of individual merit. In many respects he stood on the forehead of the time to come, and if his education had been equal to his desire for knowledge, he would have been among the choicest spirits of the age. Even in 1886 I'm glad to say I rated him far above most of the politicians, though he never reached any originality of thought." (Vol. 2, p. 387)</blockquote> ==December 1887== ===12 December 1887, Monday=== The Men and Women's Club met and Robert J. Parker read his paper, "The Contagious Diseases Act" (Walkowitz 292, n. 87). ===25 December 1887, Sunday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1887, Monday=== Boxing Day ==Works Cited== *Gelfand, Toby. "11 January 1887, the day medicine changed: Joseph Grancher's defense of Pasteur's treatment for rabies." Bulletin of the History of Medicine Vol. 76, no. 4 (Winter 2002): . *Humphry, Mrs. "Social Echoes." London Society: A Monthly Magazine of Light and Amusing Literature for Hours of Relaxation. May 1887. Vol. LI (January–June 1887): 685 *Warwick, [Lady] Frances Evelyn, Countess of. Progress in Women's Education in the British Empire, Being the Report of the Education Section, Victorian Era Exhibit, 1897. London: Longmans, Green, 1898. Google Books, retrieved 14 March 2010. *Gray, Eugene F. "Chronology of Events in the Life of Emma Nevada." Emma Nevada: An American Diva. https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html (retrieved 14 April 2010). jufb76a0fn18np4mydk4e7pv6bqsd35 0 264282 2691326 2688419 2024-12-10T23:43:12Z Scogdill 1331941 /* February 1895 */ 2691326 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890 | 1890]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891 | 1891]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892 | 1892]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893 | 1893]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894 | 1894]] 1895 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896 | 1896]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897 | 1897]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898 | 1898]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899 | 1899]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==Sometime in 1895== Sometime in 1895 "the first Japanese (Nippos Yusen Kaisha) steamship came to Europe" (Baring-Gould II 435). Leonora Braham appeared as Lady Barbara Cripps in ''An Artist's Model'' at Daly's Theatre in 1895. [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] had two plays running in the West End, ''The Importance of Being Earnest'' (which opened Thursday, 14 February 1895, at the St. James) and ''An Ideal Husband'' (at the Haymarket Theatre). Arthur Wing Pinero's ''The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith'' was running at the Garrick. Engelbert Humperdinck's ''Hansel and Gretel'' moved to the Gaiety from Daly's. ==January 1895== ===1 January 1895, Tuesday, New Year's Day=== === 10 January 1895, Thursday === The Dorset Hunt Ball, with Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Hughes-Onslow|Hughes-Onslow]] and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Hughes-Onslow|Somerset Hughes-Onslow]] in attendance (Somerset Hughes-Onslow never married, so this is likely his brother's wife). This first article is from the Weymouth ''Telegram'':<blockquote> HUNT BALL AT DORCHESTER. On Thursday evening, the annual hunt ball was held at the Municipal Buildings, Dorchester. About 340 tickets had been issued, and the hon. sec. (Capt. R. B. Foster) was obliged to refuse a number of applican[t]s. The Municipal Buildings were, as usual, magnificently fitted up for the occasion. The Corn Exchange was converted into a ball-room. The colours which were used in decorating the room were cinnamon, gold, and white. In each recess was worked a fan composed of these colours, with a hanging of the same down to the floor, and the walls were adorned with striped paper to match. Draperies were hung from the roof across to the buttresses, and there were other decorations of an effective character. Under the clock was displayed a magnificent palm (lent by Lieut. Gen. Henning. C.B.), and other plants from the same grower were also staged. The entrance to the hall proper was raised with a dais covered with crimson carpet, and on a table rested a splendid mirror standing six feet high. Choice plants also adorned the table. The ball room was illuminated with the incandescent light, which was supplied by the Gas Company. The decorations of the ball-room were carried out by Mr. G. J. Wood, who displayed great taste. The Town Hall was utilised as a supper room and was splendidly fitted up. The arrangement of the several tables was all that could be desired, and Mr. Bilham of the King's Arms Hotel, who was the caterer, well maintained the high reputation of the hostelry over which he so ably presides. Costly lamps adorned the tables, and these, together with the lamps which illuminated the stairway and tea room, were supplied by Messrs. Foster & Co. The plants were from Ilsington Gardens, and were lent by Lieut.-Colonel Brymer, M.P., and effectively arranged by the head gardener. Messrs. Hannah & Holland, of Cornhill, displayed considerable artistic taste in the decoration of the supper-room. A draped bordered dado was placed round the hall, and the windows were draped. Messrs. Hannah & Holland also had the arrangement of the tea room, which was made as cosy as possible, and the stairway which was covered with red cloth, and the handrail draped and festooned with muslins. The entrance to the Town Hall was converted into an ante-room, which contained lounges and easy chairs. The Petty Sessional Court was divided into two parts and made into cloak rooms. Dancing began shortly after ten o'clock to the music of Benzoni's band from Bournemouth. The following is a list of those present:— Captain, Mrs., and Miss Amyatt, Capt. and Mrs. J. Acland, Dr. Aruthen, H.M.S. ''Boscawen'', Mr. and Mrs. G. M. Archdale, Mr. H. T. Arnold, Mr. Allen, H.M.S. ''Alexandra'', Mrs. and Miss Austin, Miss Troyte Bullock, Mr. and Madame Baillie, Lady Baker, Miss Baker, Mr. Brough, Mr. and Mrs. Dunlop Best, Mr. and Mrs. Edmund Barkworth, Lieut.-Colonel W. E. Brymer, M.P., Colonel and Mrs. Bingham, Mr. G. P. Best, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bankes, Mr. E. Nugent Bankes, Miss Nugent Bankes, Miss Georgina C. Nugent Bankes, Miss Margaret H. Nugent Bankes, Mr. and Mrs. Dalglish Bellasis. Rev. W. and Mrs. Barclay, Mr. Bagshawe, Miss Bayley, Mr. Gerald D. Bond, Mr. Raymond Bond, Miss Leonora Bond, Miss Rachel Bond, the Hon. Ivan Campbell, Mr. Cardew, R.H.A., Mr. Evelyn Cecil, Major and Mrs. Campbell, Mr. Edward Comberlege, Mr. F. Carbutt, Lady Margaret Campbell, Miss J. Creighton, Mr. J. E. Crane, Mr. and Mrs. T. A. Colfox, Lieut-Colonel J. J. Congdon, R.A., Mr. Herbert Crosse, Mrs., Miss, and Mr. C. Clapcott, Mr. Currie, Captain Cotesworth, Mr. A. L. Collard (Hampshire Regiment), Mrs. Croke, Lord and Lady Digby, Major-General Denne, Miss Denne, Mr. J. W. G. Wingfield Digby, the Rev. A. and Miss Tyrwhitt Drake, Mr. E. Tyrwhitt Drake, Miss Devenish[,] Mr. Montagu Digby, Miss Katherine Digby, Mr. A. Doyle, Sir Robert and Lady Edgcumbe, Colonel and Mrs. Eliot, Lieut-Colonel and Mrs. Caledon Egerton, Mr. F. Earle, Lieut. Eagles, H.M.S. ''Alexandra'', Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Fellowes, Mrs. James Fellows, Miss G. Fellows, Lord Fitz-Harris, Mrs. Fetherstonhaugh, Miss Blanche Fetherstonhaugh, Miss Agnes Farquharson, Mr. and Miss Fane, Miss Fenton, Mrs. Fyler, Miss Dora and Miss Ethel Fyler, Miss Fraser, Miss Violet Fraser, Miss Falls. Lieut-Comtuander Foley, R.N., Mr. and Mrs. Charles Faber[,] Lady Glyn, Miss Glyn, Mr. and Mrs. George Gordon, Mr. Smith Gordon, Mr. and Mrs. Edmund Gadesden, Mrs. Chafyn Grove, Mr. Drew Grimstone, Mr. John Goodden, Lieut.-General Henning, C.B., Mrs. and Miss Henning, Lionel Halsey, R.N., Count Edgar and Count [sic] Alexandra Hoyos, Countess Hoyos, Mr. P. Higginson, (85th Light Infintry [sic]), the Rev and Mrs. Claude Homan, Mr. and Mrs. Humbro, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Hawkins, Mrs. and Miss Holford, Mr. A. O. Hood, Mr. Houston, Mr. Frederick Harford, Miss Charlotte Harford, Mr. Hickie, R.H.A.[,] Captain Hagan, R.N., Mr. Hulse, Miss Hunt-Grubbe, Mrs. J. Hargreaves, jun., Miss Jacobson, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Kindersley, Miss Fanny and Miss Katherine Kindersley, Mrs. Alfred Ker, Miss Ker, Misses Kathleen and Winfred Ker, Captain and Mr. Lushington, Major Long, R.H.A., Mr. Elliott Lees, M.P., and Mrs. Elliott Lees, Miss Lees, Miss Katherine Lees, Miss C. P. Lees, Miss Dorothea Lees, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. McLean, Mr. G. E. Llewhellin, Miss Lance, Lady Medlycott, Mr. H. Medlycott, Colonel and Mrs. Mansel, Mr. and Mrs. H. B. Middleton, Mr. H. C. Middleton, Mr. A. D. Musgrave, R.A., Captain McMahon (85th K.L.I.), Mr. A. L. and Miss L. Morant, Miss Munro, Mr. Francis Mead, Mr. E. L. Mansel, Mr. Marriott, Mr. Maxwell, Miss Marker, Mr. Mosley, Miss Mercer, Mr. C. Marshall (K.L.I.), and Mr. J. L. Nickieson[sic], Mr. G. B. Napier, Miss Ella Nash, Capt. Neish R.H.A.. Mrs. Hughes Onslow, Mr. Somerset Hughes Onslow, Mr. and Mrs. Berkely Portman, Mr. and Mrs. Chandos Pole and Miss Pole, Mr. M. W. Portman. R.N., and Mrs. Portman, the Hon Gerald B. Portman, Mr. and Mrs. F. W. Preston, Lady Parke, Miss Parke, Miss Dorothy Parke, Mr. and Mrs. L. C. H. Palairet, Mr. R. C. N. Palairet, Mrs. E. M. K. and E. V. Palairet, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Pope, Mr. Alec Pope (3rd Dorset Regiment) and Mr. E. Alex Pope, Mr. W. A. W. Parke, Mr. Lionel Fox Pitt, Mrs. Fitzpatrick Praed, Mr. Ralph Paget, Captain Arthur Platt, Mrs. Pecklington, Captain Harold Platt, Mrs. Parry, Miss Peach, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Radelyffe, Mr. Raymond Radcliffe, Miss Radelyffe, Misses Grace and Violet Radelyffe, Mr. Garner Richardson, Mr. and Mrs. Ashton Radcliffe, Mr. Percy Radcliffe, Mr. Ernest L. Radcliffe, Miss Radcliffe, Mr. Disney Roebuck, Capt. Rudyerd, Mr. F. F. Read (Royal Berks Regiment), Col. Slade, C.B., and Mrs. Slade, Mrs. and Miss Sheridan, the Bishop of Southwark, Rev. S. and Mrs. Spencer-Smith, Rev. S. and Mr. D. Spencer-Smith, Mr. and Mrs. A. Critchly Salmondson, Mr. W. Critchly Salmondson, H. Henri B. de Satgé, Col. and Mrs. Skene, Miss Skene, Miss Hilda Skene, Col. Shakerley, Mr. and Mrs. S. Owen Swaffield, Lieut.-Col. O'Sullivan, Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Stillwell, Miss Stillwell, Miss G. Stillwell, Major and Mrs. C. S. Shephard, Capt. Saunders, Mr. and Miss Hayne-Smith, Mr. F. Manners-Sutton, Miss Shrub, Miss Scott, Miss L. Shirley, Mr. Francis Stronge, Miss Mabel Silvertop, Mr. Scott, Miss Scott, Miss Sybil Scott, Mr. E. M. Sprot (85th K.L.I.), Miss A. C. Troyte Bullock, Mrs. R. D. Thornton, Mr. R. W. Trevan, Colonel and Mrs. Tweedie, the Rev. H. Van, Mr. Harry Verney, Col. and Mrs. Robt. Williams, Miss Williams, the Hon. Mrs. Williams, Mr. Ashley Williams, Mr. Berkeley Williams, Mr. Eustace S. Williams, Major and Miss Wynyard, Captain and Mrs. Wingfield, Mrs. H. D. Williams, Mr. H. Weld Blundell, Capt. Wrey, R.N., Mr. and Mrs. T. W. Gibson Watts, Mr. R. W. Waller, Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Walmesley, Miss Watson, Mr. R. Worthington, Mr. Beethom Whitehead, Mr. Weston, Mr. Wilkin, D.S.O., R.A., Rev. H. J. and Mrs. Watkins, Lady Barbara Yeatman, and Miss Yeatman.<ref>"Hunt Ball at Dorchester." Weymouth ''Telegram'' 15 January 1895 Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002982/18950115/089/0005.</ref></blockquote> Another version, with less description of the place, from the ''Western Gazette'':<blockquote>HUNT BALL AT DORCHESTER.<br /><br />On January 10th the Dorset Hunt ball was held at the Corporation Buildings, Dorchester. The Corn Exchange was utilised as the ball-room, and a special floor was laid. The decorations, which were carried out with artistic taste, reflected the greatest credit on the designer, Mr. Woods. From the centre of the ceiling were depended graceful folds of light material, in white, yellow, cinnamon, these being the leading colours in the general decoration. The music was provided by Benzoni's Band, of Bournemouth. The Town Hall above was laid out as a supper room, the decorations, which were of a very effective character, having been carried out most skilfully [sic] by Messrs. Hannah & Holland. The supper and refreshments were supplied by the proprietors of the King's Arms Hotel, Messrs. Hodges & Sons supplying the wines. Captain R. B. Foster was the M.C., and the company, an unprecedentedly large one, numbered 350. Among those present were:— Captain, Mrs., and Miss Amyatt, Captain and Mrs. J. Acland, Dr. Aruthen, H.M.S. Boscawen, Mr. and Mrs. G. M. Archdale, Mr. H. T. Arnold, Mr. Allen, H.M.S. Alexandra, Mrs. and Miss Austin, Miss Troyte-Bullock, Mr. and Madame Baillie, Lady Baker, Miss Baker, Mr. Brough, Mr. and Mrs. Dunlop Best, Mr. and Mrs. Edmund Barkworth, Lieut.-Colonel W. E. Brymer, M.P., Colonel and Mrs. Bingham, Mr. G. P. Best, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bankes, Mr. E. Nugent Bankes, Miss Nugent Bankes, Miss Georgina C. Nugent Bankes, Miss Margaret H. Nugent Bankes, Mr. and Mrs. Dalglish Bellasis, the Rev. W. and Mrs. Barclay, Mr. Bagshawe, Miss Bayley, Mr. Gerald D. Bond, Mr. Raymond Bond, Miss Leonora Bond, Miss Rachel Bond, the Hon. Ivan Campbell, Mr. Cardew, R.H.A., Mr. Evelyn Cecil, Major and Mrs. Campbell, Mr. Edward Comberlege, Mr. F. Carbutt, Lady Margaret Campbell, Miss J. Creighton, Mr. J. E. Crane, Mr. and Mrs. T. A. Colfex, Lieut.-Colonel J. J. Congdon, R.A., Mr. Herbert Crosse, Mrs., Miss, and Mr. C. Clapcott, Mr. Currie, Captain Cotesworth, Mr. A. L. Collard (Hampshire Regiment), Mrs. Croke, Lord and Lady Digby, Major-General Denne, Miss Denne, Mr. J. W. G. Wingfield Digby, the Rev. A. and Miss Tyrwhitt Drake, Mr. E. Tyrwhitt Drake, Miss Devenish, Mr. Montagu Digby, Miss Katherine Digby, Mr. A. Doyle, Sir Robert and Lady Edgcumbe, Colonel and Mrs. Eliot, Lieut.-Colonel and Mrs. Caledon Egerton, Mr. Bryan Egerton. Mr. F. Earle, Lieutenant Eagles, H.M.S. Alexandra, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Fellowes, Mrs. James Fellows, Miss G. Fellows, Lord Fitz-Harris, Mrs. Fetherstonhaugh, Miss Blanche Fetherstonhaugh, Miss Agnes Farquharson, Mr. and Miss Fane, Miss Fenton, Mrs. Fyler, Miss Dora and Miss Ethel Fyler, Miss Fraser, Miss Violet Fraser, Miss Falls, Lieut.-Commander Foley, R.N., Mr. and Mrs. Charles Faber, Lady Glyn, Miss Glyn, Mr. and Mrs. George Gordon, Mr. Smith Gordon, Mr. and Mrs. Edmund Gadesden, Mrs. Chafyn-Grove, Mr. Digby Grimstone, Mr. John Goodden, Lieutenant-General Henning, C.B., Mrs. and Miss Henning, Lionel Halsey, R.N., Count Edgar and Count [sic] Alexandra Hoyos, Countess Hoyos, Mr. P. Higginson (85th Light Infantry), the Rev. and Mrs. Claude Homan, Mr. and Mrs. Hambro, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Hawkins, Mrs. and Miss Holford, Mr. A. O. Hood, Mr. Houston, Mr. Frederick Harford, Miss Charlotte Harford, Mr. Hickie, R.H.A., Captain Hagan, R.N., Mr. Hulse, Miss Hunt-Grubbe, Mrs. J. Hargreaves, jun., Miss Jacobson, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Kindersley, Miss Fanny and Miss Katherine Kindersley, Mrs. Alfred Ker, Miss Ker, Misses Kathleen and Winifred Ker, Captain and Mrs. Lushington, Major Long, R.H.A., Mr. Elliott Lees, M.P., and Mrs. Elliott Lees, Miss Lees, Miss Catherine Lees, Miss C. P. Lees, Miss Dorothea Lees, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. McLean, Mr. G. E. Llewhellin, Miss Lance, Lady Medlycott, Mr. H. Medlycott, Colonel and Mrs. Mansel, Mr. and Mrs. H. B. Middleton, Mr. H. C. Middleton, Mr. A. D. Musgrave, R.A., Captain (85th K.L.I.), Mr. A. L. and Miss L. Miss Morant, Miss Munro, Mr. Francis Meade, Mr. Ed. L. Mansel, Mr. Marriott, Mr. Maxwell, Miss Marker, Mr. Mosley, Miss Mercer, Mr. C. Marshall (K.L.I.), and Mr. J. L. Nickleson, Mr. G. B. Napier, Miss Ella Nash, Captain Neish, R.H.A., Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Hughes-Onslow|Hughes-Onslow]], Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Hughes-Onslow|Somerset Hughes-Onslow]], Mr. and Mrs. Berkeley Portman, Mr. and Mrs. Chandos Pole and Miss Pole, Mr. M. W. Portman, R.N., and Mrs. Portman, the Hon. Gerald B. Portman, Mr. and Mrs. F. W. Preston, Lady Parke, Miss Parke, Miss Dorothy Parke, Mr. and Mrs. L. C. H. Palairet, Mr. R. C. N. Palairet, Misses E. M. K. and E. V. Palairet, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Pope, Mr. Alec. Pope (3rd Dorset Regiment), and Mr. E. Alex Pope, Mr. W. A. W. Parke, Mr. Lionel Fox Pitt, Mrs. Fitzpatrick Praed, Mr. Ralph Paget, Captain Arthur Platt, Mrs. Pocklington, Captain Harold Platt, Mrs. Parry, Miss Peach, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Radclyffe, Mr. Raymond Radclyffe, Miss Radclyffe, Misses Grace and Violet Radclyffe, Mr. Garner Richardson, Mr. and Mrs. Ashton Radclyffe, Mr. Percy Radclyffe, Mr. Ernest L. Radclyffe, Miss Radclyffe, Mr. Disney Roebuck, Captain Rudyerd, Mr. F. F. Read (Royal Berks Regiment), Colonel Slade, C.B., and Mrs. Slade, Mrs. and Miss Sheridan, the Bishop of Southwark, Rev. S. and Mrs. Spencer-Smith, Miss S. and Mr. D. Spencer-Smith, Mr. and Mrs. A. Critchly Salmondson, Mr. W. Critchly Salmondson, M. Henri B. de Satgé, Colonel and Mrs. Skene, Miss Skene, Miss Hilda Skene, Colonel Shakerley, Mr. and Mrs. S. Owen Swaffield, Lieutenant-Colonel O'Sullivan, Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Stilwell, Miss Stillwell, Miss G. Stillwell, Major and Mrs. C. S. Shephard, Captain Saunders, Mr. and Miss Haynes-Smith, Mr. F. Manners-Sutton, Miss Shrub, Miss Scott, Miss L. Shirley, Mr. Francis Stronge, Miss Mabel Silvertop, Mr. Scott, Miss Scott, Miss Sybil Scott, Mr. E. M. Sprot (85th K.L.I.), Miss A. C. Troyte-Bullock, Mrs. R. D. Thornton, Mr. R. W. Trevan, Colonel and Mrs. Tweedie, the Rev. H. Van, Mr. Harry Verney, Colonel and Mrs. Robert Williams, Miss Williams, the Hon. Mrs. Williams, Mr. Ashley Williams, Mr. Berkely Williams, Mr. Eustace S. Williams, Major and Miss Wynyard, Captain and Mrs. Wingfield, Mrs. H. D. Williams, Mr. H. Weld Blundel!, Captain Wrey, R.N., Mr. and Mrs. T. W. Gibson Watts, Mr. R. M. Waller, Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Walmesley, Miss Watson, Mr. R. Worthington, Mr. Beethom Whitehead, Mr. Weston, Mr. Wilkin D.S.O., R.A., Rev. H. J. and Mrs. Watkins, Lady Barbara Yeatman, and Miss Yeatman.<ref>"Hunt Ball at Dorchester." ''Western Gazette'' 18 January 1895 Friday: 7 [of 8], Cols. 4c–5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000407/18950118/104/0007.</ref></blockquote> ===22 January 1895, Tuesday=== The Webbs organize a dinner "aimed at enhancing cooperation between the two Socialist groups," the Fabians and the ILP. The Webbs were there, as were Shaw, MacDonald, Smith, Hardie, Mann, and Pease (Gibbs 119). ===24 January 1895, Thursday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was at the Eridge Hunt Ball:<blockquote>An unusually large company assembled at the Eridge Hunt Ball, which took place on Thursday evening in the Pump Room, Tunbridge Wells. Among those present were the Marquis of Abergavenny, Marquis Camden, the Marchioness of Blandford and the Ladies Spencer-Churchill, the Earl of Tyrone, the Earl of Norbury, Viscount and Viscountess Cantelupe, Lord and Lady de L’Isle and Dudley, Lady Leconfield and the Hon. Miss Wyndham, Lord and Lady Henry Nevill and Miss Joan Nevill, Lord and Lady Brassey. Lady Violet Dangan, Lady Rose Leigh, Lord Lovat, Lady Ross, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Lord Richard Nevill, the Hon. T. A. and Lady Idina Brassey, the Hon. Arthur and Lady Clementine Walsh, the Hon. A. Harbord, the Hon. J. Mansfield, Lady Mary Sackville, the Hon. Violet White, the Hon. Cecil Brownlow, the Hon. Mrs Egerton, Sir George and Miss Stirling, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs Arthur Wilson]] and Miss Muriel Wilson, and Miss D’Arcy. Music was supplied by the Band of the Royal Artillery, and the ball-room was appropriately decorated with hunting trophies, palms, and flowers.<ref>"The Eridge Hunt Ball." "West Kent Journal." ''Maidstone and Kentish Journal'' 27 January 1895, Thursday [Sunday?]: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001429/18950117/160/0006 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> ===31 January 1895, Thursday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was a bridesmaid in the wedding between Allwyn Dudley Smith and Theodocia Elizabeth Egginton [sp?] at Tranby Croft church:<blockquote>On Thursday afternoon the marriage of Mr Allwyn Dudley Smith, son of Mr Dudley Robert Smith of Messrs. Smith Bros., Bankers, Hull, and Miss Theodocia Elizabeth Eggington, of the Elms, Kirkella, was solemnised. The wedding took place from Tranby Croft, and the fashionable and large company assembled at the prettily decorated church included Mr and Mrs Arthur Wilson, Mr Clive Wilson, and the Misses Wilson. The first portion of the marriage service was performed by the Rev. J. Foord, M.A., Vicar of Kirkella, at the Chancel steps, and the concluding portion of the service was rendered by the Rev. E. E. Willes, Rector of Calverton, Bucks, and uncle of the bridegroom, at the altar steps. The bride was attired in a magnificent costume of rich ivory satin duchesse, the bodice being trimmed with old Honiton lace. The bridesmaids were Miss F. Egginton and Miss L. Egginton (sisters of the bride), Miss Dudley Smith, and Miss C. Dudley Smith (sisters of the bridegroom) and Miss Muriel Wilson, and they wore most becoming gowns of “cafe au lait” caracul crepon, with pale blue velvet bodices, trimmed with embroidery, and antique china buttons. They carried choice bouquets of yellow flowers. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs Arthur Wilson]] was attired in a very handsome dress green chene silk, embroidered with jet. Mr M. Glyn acted as best man to the bridegroom. Immediately after the ceremony a merry peal was rung upon the bells, and after the wedding breakfast at Tranby Croft the happy pair left Hessle by the five o’clock train en route for Nice, where they will spend their honeymoon.<ref>"Fashionable Wedding at Kirkella.” ''Beverly Echo'' 5 February 1895, Tuesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 5a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001561/18950205/039/0003 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> ==February 1895== ===1 February 1895, Friday=== A [[Social Victorians/1895 Bal Poudre Warwick Castle|bal poudré was held at Warwick Castle]], with [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess Warwick]] dressed as Marie Antoinette. Daisy, Countess Warwick dressed as Marie Antoinette for the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress]] ball as well. [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was part of the house party as well as attending the ball,<ref>"Court Circular." ''Times'', 2 Feb. 1895, p. 10. ''The Times Digital Archive'', http://tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/AHQju3. Accessed 20 June 2019.</ref><ref>“Grand Bal Poudre at Warwick Castle.” ''Midland Daily Telegraph'' [now in BNA: ''Coventry Evening Telegraph''] 1 February 1895, Friday: 3 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000337/18950201/021/0003 (accessed July 2019).</ref> as was "Mr [[Social Victorians/People/Craven|Caryl Craven]], to whom so many thanks are due for the able way in which he assisted his charming hostess in carrying out her scheme, Mr Craven being quite an authority on eighteenth century French art and dress."<ref>"The Warwick Bal Poudre." ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'' 09 February 1895 Saturday: 38 [of 80], Col. 2c [of 3] – 39, Col. 3c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18950209/233/0038.</ref> ===14 February 1895, Thursday=== Oscar Wilde's ''The Importance of Being Ernest'' opened at the St. James Theatre. === 23 February 1895, Saturday === A quick story about a fashionable wedding. The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]] attended, but where was Mrs. Bourke?<blockquote>FASHIONABLE MARRIAGE AT BURLEY. At the historic and picturesque church of the Holy Cross, Burley-on-the-Hill, near Oakham, on Saturday, the marriage took place of Mr. Laurence Currie, son Mr. Bertram Currie, of Minley Park, Hampshire, to Miss Edith Sibyl Mary Finch, daughter of Mr. George H. Finch, M.P. for Rutland. The Hon. Bernard Rollo acted as best man, and there were eleven bridesmaids, Master Hanbury (nephew of the bride) and Miss Verona Finch officiating as train-bearers. The bride was costumed in an elegant dress of white satin trimmed with lace, with train, and wore myrtle and orange blossoms with tulle veil, her ornaments being a pearl necklace, diamond comb, diamond pearl brooch, diamond and sapphire-brooch [sic], and diamond and pearl bracelet, all of them the gifts of the bridegroom. There was a large and fashionable congregation, including the Countess of Ancaster, the Ladies Willoughby, the Hon. P. Williams, Lord Burghley, M.P., and Lady Burghley, Lord and Lady Henry Bentinck, Viscountess Cantilupe, Lady Frances Cecil, Lady Louisa Cecil, Lady Mary Currie, the Countess of Lindsey, the Ladies Bertie, the Hon. Mildred Manners, Mr. and Lady Alice Packe, Lady Sibyl Tollemache, the Right Hon. Gerard J. Noel, Lord and Lady Calthorpe, the Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], and the Countess of Lonsdale.<ref>"Fashionable Marriage at Burley." ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 25 February 1895, Monday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18950225/053/0004. Print p. 4.</ref></blockquote> ==March 1895== ==April 1895== ===12 April 1895, Friday=== Good Friday ===14 April 1895, Sunday=== Easter Sunday ===19 April 1895, Friday=== "The anniversary, on April 19, of the death of Lord Beaconsfield, fourteen years ago, was celebrated by the display of primroses, the docoration of his statue at Westminster, and a meeting of the Westminster Conservative Association, at which Mr. Burdett-Courts was in the chair." (Home and Foreign News.Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 27, 1895; pg. 503; Issue 2923, Col. A) === 26 April 1895, Friday === <blockquote>THE GERMAN HOSPITAL. The 50th annual festival of the German Hospital, Dalston, was held last evening at the Hôtel Métropole.— His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge presided, and among those present were his [[Social Victorians/People/Christian of Schleswig-Holstein|Royal Highness Prince Christian]], the German Ambassador, the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador, Count Metternich, Count Koziebrodski, [[Social Victorians/People/Gourko|M. Gourko]], [[Social Victorians/People/Hadik|Count Hadik]], Baron von Schroder (Treasurer), Prince Stolberg-Wernigerode, Count H. Hatzfeldt, Karon von Deichmann, and nearly 200 other gentlemen.— After the usual loyal toasts the President proposed "The Foreign Sovereigns and Princes," and later on his Royal Highness gave the toast of the evening, "Prosperity to the German Hospital.<nowiki>''</nowiki> The Hospital, he said, was established in 1845. It might be asked what need was there for a hospital for a foreign nation in this country? But if such institutions were required at all they were needed as much for foreigners as for Englishmen. Indeed, if a foreigner fell sick in a foreign land he was especially in need of a hospital. The German Hospital was situated in a part of the Metropolis where such establishments were much wanted. It never shut its doors either to English or foreign sufferers, and he hoped therefore that Englishmen would feel as much called upon to help the German Hospital as any other. Their endowment fund unhappily was next to ''nil'', their funds coming chiefly from that larger section of Germans who were in good commercial positions in London. Originally they had only 36 beds, but the number was now increased to 120. The sanatorium also was a valuable addition to the hospital. They had a deficit of £1,3192, a sum that he hoped would be greatly exceeded by the subscriptions, which he anticipated would be enough to secure efficient working for next year and to leave a good margin. In conclusion, his Royal Highness expressed his strong disapproval of the introduction of religious controversies in the management of the hospital, and he was happy to find that they were all of the same opinion on this subject.— Other toasts followed, "The Health of the Chairman" being received with much enthusiasm. Subscriptions and donations were announced amounting to £6,300, including £200 annually from the Emperor of Germany, £50 from the Emperor of Austria, £20 from the Chairman, £1,000 from Baron von Schroder, the Treasurer, £500 from J. Wernher, Esq., and £52 10s. from [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Messrs. Rothschilds]].<ref>"The German Hospital." ''Morning Post'' 27 April 1895 Saturday: 5 [of 10], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18950427/051/0005.</ref></blockquote> ==May 1895== === '''8 May 1895, Wednesday''' === Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] and attended by [[Social Victorians/People/Brienen|Baroness de Breinen]] and two of her daughters as well as [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]], among many others, of course.<ref>"The Queen's Drawing Room." ''London Standard'' 9 May 1895, Thursday: 3 [of 10], Col. 5A. The ''British Newspaper Archive''. http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18950509/017/0003.</ref><ref>"The Queen's Drawing Room." ''Morning Post'' 09 May 1895 Thursday: 5 [of 10], Cols. 5a–7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18950509/044/0005.</ref> === 22 May 1895, Wednesday === The Marchioness of Londonderry's Dance<blockquote>THE MARCHIONESS OF LONDONDERRY'S DANCE. Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of York honoured the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry by their company at dinner at Londonderry House last night. Among the guests invited to meet their Royal Highnesses were the Marquis and Marchioness of Ormonde and Lady Beatrice Butler, the Marquis and Marchioness of Zetland and Lady Maud Dundas, the Marquis of Winchester, Viscount Crichton, Viscount Royston, Viscount Milton, Lord and Lady Edmund Talbot, Lord Alington, Lady Gwendolen Little and Miss Chaplin, Lord Balvaird, Lord Lurgan, the Right Hon. David Plunket, M.P., the Right Hon. James Lowther, M.P., Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild, and Mr. and Mrs. A. Sassoon. The Marchioness of Londonderry afterwards gave a small dance. Her Royal Highness Princess Mary Adelaide was among the guests who assembled after dinner. There were also present— The Austrian Ambassador and Countess Deym and Countess Bianca Deym, the United States Ambassador and Mrs. Bayard, the Brazilian Minister, the Danish Minister and Madame de Bille, the Duke of Marlborough, the Duchess of Leeds and Lady Alexander Osborne, the Duchess of Abercorn, the Duchess of Newcastle and Lady Rossmore, the Duchess of Marlborough and Lord William Beresford, the Marquis of Abergavenny, the Marchioness of Lansdowne and Lady Beatrice Fitzmaurice, the Marchioness of Blandford and Lady Norah Spencer Churchill, the Marquis of Tullibardine, the Marquesa de Santurce, Earl and Countess Annesley, the Earl of Tyrone, the Countess of Antrim and Lady Sybil M'Donnell and Lady Katherine Beauclerk, the Earl of Dunraven and Lady E. Wyndham Quin, the Earl of Chesterfield, the Countess of Listowel and Lady Margaret Hare, Victoria Countess of Yarborough, the Countess of Ancaster and Lady E. Willoughby, the Countess of Lonsdale, Countess Howe, and Lady E. Curzon, the Earl and Countess of Erroll, the Earl and Countess of Yarborough, the Countess of Powis, the Countess of Latham and Lady Bertha Wilbraham, the Countess of Jersey and Lady Margaret Villiers, the Countess of Sefton and Lady Rose Molyneux, Count Koziebrodski, [[Social Victorians/People/Hadik|Count Hadik]], Count Gleichen, Georgina Countess of Dudley, Count Hermann Hatzfeldt, Elizabeth Countess of Wilton and Mr. Pryor, Countess Cadogan and Lady Sophie Cadogan, the Earl and Countess of Arran, the Countess of Coventry and Lady Anne Coventry, the Earl and Countess of Ilchester and Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways, the Countess of Clanwilliam and Lady Beatrice Meade, the Countess of Derby and Lady Isabel Stanley, the Countess of Ravensworth and Miss Cresswell, Viscountess Newport and Hon. Helena Bridgeman, Viscount Falmouth, Viscount Milton, Viscount and Viscountess Curzon, Viscountess Emlyn and the Hon. Miss Campbell, Viscount and Viscountess Grimston and Miss Mackintosh, Lord and Lady Henry Nevill and Miss Nevill, Lord and Lady Alexander Paget, Lord and Lady Ashbourne and the Hon. Violet Gibson, Lady Anne Murray and Miss Murray, Lady Cicely Gathorne-Hardy and Miss Gathorne-Hardy, Lady Gerard, Lady de Trafford, Lord Richard Nevill, Lady Eva Greville, Lady Hastings, Lord Herbert Scott, Lady Edward Cecil, Lady Henry Bentinck, Lady Emily Van de Weyer, and Miss Van de Weyer, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Lord Ennismore, Lady Chesham and Lady Constance Grosvenor, Lord and Lady George Hamilton, Lord Willoughby, Lady Jeune, Miss Stanley and Miss Goschen, Lady Mary and Lady Evelyn Parker, Lady St. Oswald and Miss Forbes, Lady Clementine Walsh, the Hon. Lady Cotterell and Miss Cotterell, Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach and Miss Hicks-Beach, Lord and Lady Morris and Miss Morris, Lady Alington, Lord Brackley, Lady and Miss Bonham, Lady Hindlip and Miss Hackett, Lady Tweedmouth, Lord Lovat, the Hon. George Curzon, M.P., and Mrs. Curzon, the Hon. Arthur Coventry, the Hon. Humphry Sturt, M.P., the Hon, Martin Morris, the Hon. Arthur Meade, the Hon. Sidney Greville, the Hon. Henry Trefusis, the Hon. Mrs. Hill and Miss De Winton, the Hon. Mrs. Arthur Henniker, the Hon. Lionel Holland, the Hon. Derek Keppel, the Hon. Mrs. Oliphant, the Hon. Arthur Brodrick, the Hon. Kenneth Campbell, Captain the Hon. H. Lambton, the Hon. Cecil Brownlow, the Hon. Mrs. Bampfylde, the Hon. Mrs. Arthur Ellis and Miss Ellis, the Right Hon. Akers Douglas, M.P., and Mrs. and Miss Douglas, the Right Hon. Henry Chaplin, the Right Hon. Sir Matthew White Ridley, M.P., and the Hon. Lady and Miss Ridley, the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland and Lady and Miss O Brien, Captain and Lady Sarah Wilson, Mr. and Lady Dorothea Ruggles-Brise, Mr. and Lady Louisa Loder and Lady Sybil Beauclerk, Sir Algernon Borthwick, M.P., and Lady Borthwick, Sir William and Lady Eden and Miss Grey, Sir H. Calcraft, Sir William and Miss Walrond, Sir Frederick Milner, M.P., and Lady Milner, Sir Samuel Scott, Sir John Banks, Sir Horace Farquhar, Sir Henry Hamilton, Sir Arthur Edmundson, Colonel Howard Vincent, M.P., and Mrs. Vincent, Colonel Crichton and Miss Crichton, Colonel and Mrs. Gerald F. Talbot, Major Cosmo Little, Captain and Mrs. Fowler, Mr. Wrightson, M.P., Mr. Penrose Fitzgerald, M.P., and Mrs. Fitzgerald, Mr. Charteris [sic no comma] Colonel Edgcumbe, Mrs. Smith Barry, Colonel and Mrs. Henry Fludyer, General and Miss Thesiger, Mr. Williamson, Mr. Goschen, Mr. Coventry, Mr. and Mrs. Menzies, Mr. E. Trotter, Mr. G. Trotter, Mr. Herbert Praed, Mr. Hamilton Aidé, Captain E. Milner, Mrs. John Domvile, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur James, Mrs. Delacour, Mr. C. H. Pollen, Captain and Mrs. Fowler, Mr. S. Onslow, Mrs. Adair, Captain and Mrs. Gerard Leigh, Captain Maurice Burke, Mrs. W. H. Grenfell, Mr. and Mrs. Cavendish Bentinck, Mr. Erskine, Mr. Jarvis, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Oppenheim, Mr. and Mrs. R. Laurie, Mr. Algernon Peel, Mr. Victor Seymour Corkran, Mr. and Mrs. J. S. Sanders, Mr. Glynn, Mr. Hamilton, Mrs. Harry Burke, Mr. A. M'Donnel, Captain Pilkington, Mr. and Mrs. Middleton, Mr. Carson, M.P., and Mrs. Carson, Mr. C. Ramsden, Captain Arthur Bagot, Mr. George Phipps, Major-General Stracey, Mr. Longley, Mr. Frank Chaplin, Mr. and Mrs. Moberley Bell, Mr. Francis Fitzgerald, Mr. V. Hussey Walsh, Mr. and Mrs. Orde and Mrs. Hornsby, Captain Orr Ewing, Mr. Victor Cavendish, M.P., Captain and Lady Sarah Wilson, Mr. Marker, Mr. Cavendish, Captain Shute, Mr. W. C. Jamison, Mr. F. Gathorne-Hardy, Mr. Seymour Gore, Mr. Lister, Mr. Wombwell, and many others.<ref>"The Marchioness of Londonderry's Dance." ''Morning Post'' 23 May 1895 Thursday: 5 [of 10], Col. 7a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18950523/051/0005.</ref> </blockquote> ===29 May 1895, Wednesday=== Derby Day at Epsom Downs, so the [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Friederike Auguste Montagu]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Devonshire]] hosted a ball at Devonshire House that night? According to the ''Morning Post'', "Arrangements for This Day" included the following: <quote>The Prince of Wales's dinner to the Members of the Jockey Club, at Marlborough House. / Viscountess Halifax's dance. / Lady Tweedmouth's second reception at Brook House. / Baroness Henry de Worms's Derby Tea, 4.30 to 7. / Mrs. Barber-Starkey's evening party at the Grafton Gallery. / Mrs. Carlisle-Carr's musical reception at 44A, Maddox-street, 4. / Epsom Races — Derby Day.</quote> ("Arrangements for This Day." The Morning Post Wednesday, 29 May 1895: p. 7 [of 12], Col. 7A). ==June 1895== 1895 June, founding of the Trafalgar Bicycle Club: <blockquote>That cycling has for months past been advancing with giant strides in the affection of "the classes" has been very generally asserted, but if final confirmation of the fact were needed it is forthcoming in the establishment of a West End club formed solely for their benefit. We had the pleasure a week or two since of assisting at the inaugural ceremony, which by the daily press is thus reported: — "The opening of the Trafalgar Bicycle Club yesterday afternoon brought together a brilliant company in the pretty grounds of Catherine Lodge, Trafalgar Square, South Kensington. Among the company assembled were the Duchess of Marlborough and Lord William Beresford, Countess Howe and the Ladies Curzon, Lord and Lady Arthur Paget, Lord and Lady Curzon, Lord Rowton, Lord Hindlip, Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bonteim, Mrs. Leo de Rothschild, Lord and Lady Albert Kennedy, Lady Feo and the Hon. Humphrey Sturt, Mrs. Bischoffsheim, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mr. and Mrs. A. Wilson]], [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. Gerald Paget, Sir William and Lady Call, Georgina Countess of Dudley, Sir Henry Calcraft, Lord and Lady St. Oswald, Mrs. Adair, Mrs. Smith Barry, Mrs. Maxwell and Miss Heron, Lady Sarah Wilson, Madame Von Andre, Major Wynne Finch, Lady de Trafford, Mr. Montague Guest, Lady Eden, and many others. Races for special prizes were run in the open track in the square, but society preferred to foregather on the pretty lawn surrounding the covered velodrome. Tables were scattered about, and tea, coffee, and ices were dispensed. The ladies wore their brightest dresses, and the occasion was agreeably prophetic of a successful career for the club." We may add that all arrangements for the supply of machines are vested in the hands of Messrs. Humber and Co., Ltd., whose interests are safe in the keeping of Mr. Walter Creswick, their courteous representative. ("Society and the Wheel")</blockquote> === 1 June 1895, Saturday === C.S. Schreiber was present at the annual regimental dinner of the 1st Life Guards hosted by the Prince of Wales:<blockquote>His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales was present on Saturday evening at the annual regimental dinner of the 1st Life Guards, held in the Whitehall Rooms, Hôtel Métropole. The chair was taken by the Earl of Caledon, and during dinner the string band of the regiment played a selection of music in the vestibule. There were present General Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar (Colonel), the Duke of Beaufort, Lord de Ramsey, Lord de Ros, General Duncombe, Captain A. E. Duncombe, Captain Walter Duncombe, Captain the Hon. Cecil Duncombe, Captain Sir W. Fraser, Lord Greville, Viscount Grimston, Captain Holford, Surgeon-Colonel Hensman, Mr. H. V. Higgins, Captain T. J. Levett, Lord Magheramorne, Lord North, the Marquis of Ormonde, Lord Ormathwaite, Major J. Reid, Mr. Scott Murray, Major St. J.Taylor, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir S. Lockhart, Mr. Martin Mence, Mr. Lyon, Lord Templemore, Major C. N. Miles, Major T. C. P. Calley, Captain Gordon Carter, Captain the Hon. R. F. Greville, Captain J. R. G. Cotterell, Captain the Hon. C. E. Bingham, Captain G. Milner. Captain E. B. Cook, Lieutenant E. W. Clowes, Lieutenant H. C. Fraser, Lieutenant the Marquis of Hamilton, Lieutenant H. M. Walker, Lieutenant H. M. Grenfell, Lieutenant B. D. A. Corbet, Lieutenant the Hon. C. Wyndham, [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Lieutenant C. S. Schreiber]], Lieutenant P. B. Cookson, Lieutenant the Hon. J. Tufton, Riding-Master D. Hall, Quartermaster W. Wragg, Surgeon Lieutenant-Colonel Forrester, Surgeon Captain Cross, and Veterinary Captain Edwards.<ref>"Court Circular." ''Morning Post'' 03 June 1895, Monday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18950603/060/0005.</ref></blockquote> ===2 June 1895, Sunday=== Whit Sunday ===26 June 1895, Wednesday=== The Times reported the following: <blockquote>Under the auspices of the Society of Authors a complimentary dinner to Sir Walter Besant was given last night in the King's-hall of the Holborn Restaurant. Sir W. Martin Conway took the chair, and the guests, who numbered nearly 250, included Lady Besant, Major-General Sir F. Goldsmid, Sir W. T. Charley, Sir H. Gilzean [Gilzoan?] Reid, Mr. Hall Caine, Mrs. F. Hodgson Burnett, Mr. Austin Dobson, Sir Henry Bergne, "Annie S. Swan," Mr. Walter Wren, "Sarah Grand," Mr. H. Rider Haggard, Mr. E. M. Underdown, Q.C., Mr. J. M. Barrie, Mr. Henry Norman, Mr. A. W. à Beckett, Mrs. Humphrey Ward, "Helen Mathers," Mr. Moncure D. Conway, Mr. J. M. Lely, the Rev. T. G. Bonnney, the Rev. E. C. Hawkins, Miss May Crommelin, Mr. I. Zangwill, Mr. Jerome K. Jerome, Mrs. Alec Tweedie, Mr. Douglas Sladen, Mr. Anthony Hope Hawkins, Mr. W. Morris Colles, Mrs. Needell, Mr. J. Ashby Sterry, Mr. F. E. Beddard, Mr. Oswald Crawford, Mr. F. Frankfort Moore, Mr. A. W. Dubourg, Mr. W. H. Rideing, "Annabel Gray," Mr. G. Manville Fenn, Mr H. Cox, the Rev. C. H. Middleton Wake, Mr. C. Herbert Thring, the Rev. C. Voysey, and Mr. B. L. Farjeon. Mr. Hall Caine, in proposing the health of the guest of the evening, first read the following telegram from Mr. John Ruskin: -- "I am in true sympathy with you to-night. Convey my respectful greetings to all present, who are doing well-deserved honour to Sir Walter Besant, to whom please give my heartfelt congratulations." Proceeding, he said that in drinking the health of Sir Walter Besant they drank to a novelist of old and assured renown, of high aim and noble achievements, a novelist who had given the world of his best and never yet written a line which modesty or morality could wish him to blot. (Cheers.) They also drank to a reformer who had brought solace and cheer through so many years to so many thousands, who had kindled good impulses of benevolence and charity, thrift and self-help, and had been so happy as to see, while he was still in the meridian of life, a practical realization of one of his imaginary pictures in the People's Palace of London. (Cheers.) But there was a claim which came closer than those, and in drinking the health of Sir Walter Besant they drank to the father of the profession of literature in their time as a profession and to the first cause and founder of the Society of Authors. (Cheers.) In founding the Society of Authors and in directing the line of its conduct he had done a great service to literary people of every class and country by carrying forward the rights of literary property one long step towards just and equitable international law. (Cheers.) Sir Walter Besant, in responding, said the honour conferred upon him was an honour conferred upon their society. It was a recognition of the society. (Cheers.) To use Lord Rosebery's words, it was an honour offered for "services rendered to the dignity of literature." And those services would be futile -- a mere beating of the air -- were it not for their own organizaiton. They might be Radical or Tory, but let them remember that Lord Rosebery was the first Prime Minister who had ever given a thought to the dignity of literature and the first who had ever recognized that literature was a profession at all. (Cheers.) The first thing and the main thing for authors was to achieve the independence of authors. Three persons were concerned with the production of literature -- the author, the man in the middle, and the bookseller. The man in the middle -- the publisher -- had got the whole of the business in his own hands. He wrapped up the business in profound secrecy. How, then, could the independence of the author be achieved? First, and above all, by getting at a knowledge of the facts and by clearing their minds of prejudice and misinformation. They had to teach the public that a book was not an inexhaustible mine to begin with, nor was it, on the other hand, a dynamite shell charged with deadly risk. He urged that a pension fund for authors should be established. (Cheers.) It was his highest hope that on such a work as that and in everything else that belonged to the dignity, the honour, and the glory of literature was that he was with them a craftsman in letters, a brother in the craft, a member of the guild, a worker in the fraternity, might live to take a larger part in that cause and to do more work for that cause than in the past. (Cheers.) [new paragraph] The only other toast was that of "The Chairman," which was proposed by Mr. Henry Norman and responded to by Sir W. Martin Conway." ("Banquet to Sir Walter Besant." The Times, Thursday, 27 June 1895; pg. 10; Issue 34614; col G))</blockquote> There was apparently a regular celebration of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]]' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. Pemberton quotes a letter from Harte to Collins dated the 25th that says he couldn't make it: <quote>"My Dear Arthur, What do you mean by having a Jubilee at a time when I can't attend? For I am afraid it will not be possible for me to get away from here (where I am visiting with a friend) before Monday next, much as I should enjoy meeting you with your friends, and gladly as I would throw over [281/282] any social engagement for that purpose. But I am here on business, of which sometime I will tell you further. [skip one paragraph; new paragraph] "Why haven't I seen you? I sent over form the Club the other day to try and caputre you at 24 St. James' Street, that you might lunch with me, but the manager brought back word that you would not return before the afternoon. Do let me hear from you. I was so sorry I could not come to Hare's dinner, but I had accepted an invitation from the Chappells for the following Sunday to meet him...." </quote> (T. Edgar Pemberton, The Life of Bret Harte. London: C. Arthur Pearson: 1903. Page 282.) ===27 June 1895, Thursday=== Mr. Kenneth Wilson and Miss Hackett marry in London, very fashionable wedding <blockquote>London, Thursday. The handsome church of St. Peter's, Eaton-square, was tastefully decorated and thronged with a large and fashionable congregation this afternoon to witness the marriage of Mr. Kenneth Wilson, son of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mr. Arthur Wilson]], of Tranby Croft, to Miss Hackett, daughter of Mr. Hackett, of Moor Hall, Warwick, and niece of Lady Hindlip. The service was fully choral, and the ceremony was performed by the Hon. and Rev. Augustus Byron, uncle of the bride, assisted by the Rev. F. E Wallis, rector of Hindlip, and the Rev. John Storrs, vicar of St. Peter's. Lord Hindlip gave the bride away, while the bridegroom was supported by his brother, Mr. Clive Wilson, as best man. The bride wore a rich ivory duchesse satin gown, made with a plain skirt, the bodice being arranged with sashes of ribbon coming from high up under the arms, crossing the front, and falling in two long ends to the hem of the skirt, which was fringed with orange blossom. A small bouquet of orange blossom fastened the sash at the waist. The sleeves were loosely slashed, terminating in a point at the wrist, and the neck of the bodice was finished off with fine Alençon lace. Her bridal veil was of tulle, and surmounted a coronet of natural orange blossom. The seven bridesmaids were [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], sister of the bridegroom, Lady Anne Coventry, Lady Lilian Spencer-Churchill, Miss Evelyn Ellis, Mis. Sibell Bass, Miss Clara Palmer Morewood, and Miss Nancy Green They were attired alike in charming costumes of white muslin over white silk with large Marie Antoinette fichus, edged with Valenciennes lace and large puffed sleeves. The full skirts were edged with narrow flounces to match the fichus. They wore white chip hats, with chiffon drawn crowns and trimmed with blue, and carried bouquets of roses. The bridegroom's presents to them were diamond and ruby sword brooches. Among the invited guests were the Earl and Countess of Coventry, the Marquis Camden, Victoria Countess of Yarborough and Mr. Richardson, M. P., Sir John Dickson Poynder, the Hon. Cecil Brownlow, Lady William Nevill, Lady Settrington, Lady Edith Curzon, Mr. and Lady Clementina Walsh, Lady Norreys, Mr. and Lady Barbara Smith, Lord and Lady Lurgan, Mr. and Mrs. F. Pease, Sir Savile and Lady Crossley, Mr. Stephen Wombwell, Mr. and Mrs. F. Palmer, Mr. and Mrs. Alwyn-Smith, Captain and Mrs. FitzGeorge, Sir Charles and Lady Hartopp, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson [probably the son], Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Wilson and the Misses Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. Lycett Green, Mr. Berkeley Levett, the Hon. J. C. Maxwell Scott, Captain the Hon. Arthur and Mrs. Somerset, Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Farrer, Mr. Reginald Coventry, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Wilson, the Hon. Mrs. Keppel, Mr. R. Remington Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. H. Sykes, Mr. and Mrs. G. Duncombe, Sir W. and Lady Clarke, Mr. Frank Green, Mr. Rupert Beckett, Sir Henry and Lady Boynton, Mr. and Miss Warton, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Sykes, Sir Tatton and Lady Sykes, Mr. Arthur Lambert, Sir Charles and Lady Ross, Mr. and Mrs. R. Woodhouse, Mr. A. Newbald, Colonel and Mrs. Peppercorn, Lady Arthur Grosvenor, Mr. Arthur Portman, Mr Christopher Heseltine, the Earl of Yarborough, Mr. and Mrs. Travers, Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Bentley, Mrs. Arthur Paget, Lady Stratheden and Campbell, Mr. W. P. Hughes, Lady Dorothy Coventry, Mr. William James, Mr. Arnold Morley, Mrs. Hwfa Williams, Mrs. J. Hackett, Mrs. Bischoffshiem, Lady Lilian and Lady Norah Spencer Churchill, the Duke of Marlborough, Lord Athlumney, Mr. and Mrs. Carl Meyer, Captain Pilkington, Mr. Claude Cobham, Mr. Lancelot Smith, Miss Jenkins, Lord and Lady Churchill, Mr. Cecil Fane, Major Shuttleworth, Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Bentley, Mrs. Roundell, Mr. and Mrs. Palmer Morewood, Mr. Hungerford, the Hon. Alexander McDonnell, Mr. de Winton, Mr. Fitzroy Farquhar, the Hon. Charles Allsopp, Mrs. Chandos Leigh, Major Seymour Wynne Finch, Mr. Charles Hoare, the Hon. Mrs. Charles Bruree, Lady Sarah Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. William Champion, the Hon. George Allsopp, Mr. Harry Levett, Mr. and Mrs. Jack Cumming, Miss Elsie Robartes, Lady Kathleen Cole, the Earl and Countess of Essex, Lady Fairbairn, Lord H. Scott, Sir Phillip and Lady Grey Egerton, Sir George Chetwynd, Lady and Miss Blois, the Earl and Countess of Craven, Baron Hirsch, Miss Lena D'Arcy, Mr. and Mrs. Dudley Smith, &c. The ceremony concluded with the hymn "Thine for ever God of Love," and after signing the marriage registers, the bride and bridegroom left the church, amid the strains of Mendelssohn's time-honoured Wedding March. The bridal party then drove to the town house of Lord Hindlip, in Hill Street, Mayfair, where the wedding reception was held. Later in the afternoon the newly married couple left town for Bayham Abbey, Sussex, kindly placed at their disposal for the honeymoon by the Marquis Camden. The bride's going-away dress was of white alpaca with a pale blue silk body trimmed with open work of French muslin and cream Valenciennes lace, white alpaca coat with large revers of silk and silver buttons, large brown chip hat trimmed with blue satin ribbon, and black ostrich feather plumes fastened by a paste buckle. The presents included the following: — The bridegroom to bride, diamond ring, sapphire ring, diamond and blue enamel heart, diamond and pearl pin, turquoise and pearl chain and heart, diamond and pearl bar brooch; Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson, turquoise and diamond brooch, and turquoise and diamond hair comb; Miss Sophie Sheridan, heart and chain; Mrs. Roundell, pearl swallow brooch; Mr. J. W. Lloyd, old beaten silver tankard; Lady de L'lsle and Dudley, tortoise shell handled umbrella; the Hon. Mrs. Baillie, of Dochfour, fur rug; Lady Randolph Churchill, parasol; Mrs. Percy Laming, peacock fan; Mr. Charles Bruce, writing pad and table; Viscount Cantelupe, silver mirror in case; Mr. Palmer Morewood, cheque; Mr. and Mrs. Amos, silver tea spoons and sugar tongs in case; the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon, china tea set; the Misses Evelyn and Olive Ellis, clock letter weight; Mr. G. H. Moore-Brown, embroidered table cloth; Lady de Trafford, silver box; Mrs. Chaine, china pot-pourri jar; Captain and Mrs. Lyon, silver tea caddy; Mr. G. L. Hacket, silver waistband made of rupees; Mr. Davies, carriage rug; the Earl and Countess of Dudley, diamond turquoise ring; Mr. Hungerford and Miss Barker, silver powder box; Mrs. Hacket, cheque and Brussels lace; the Hon. Alexander McDonnell, silver and tortoise-shell inkstand; Mr. H. Spencer Clay, travelling bag; Mr. De Winton, silver cigarette lighter; Miss Naylor, silver bon-bon dish; the Misses Elise and Augusta Bruce, silver sugar sifter; the Hon. Mrs. Stirling, silk-covered box; Viscount Lycestre and Lady Violet Talbot, pearl and diamond brooch; the Earl and Countess of Shrewsbury, diamond and sapphire crescent; Mr. and Mrs. Graham Menzies, emerald and diamond pendant; the Earl and Countess of Home, large gilt photo frame; Lady Brougham and Vaux, large copper tray; Mrs. Fitzroy Farquhar, set of three frames; Sir Henry Calcraft, diamond and sapphire pin; the Earl and Countess of Coventry, chippendale card table; Lady Hindlip, diamond and sapphire bracelet; Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Hamar Bass, two silver bowls; the Hon. Charles Allsopp, old blue enamel and paste buttons; Lord Hindlip, cheque; Mr. and Mrs. Wrayham, silver and tortoiseshell box; Mr. Charles Hoare, pair of silver candlesticks; Miss Violet Chandos Leigh, green leather purse mounted with pearl initial "M"; Major Seymour Wynne Finch, silver tray; the Hon. Mrs. Charles Bruce, old chippendale tray; the Earl Beauchamp, clock; the Hon. and Rev. William Byron, pair of gold and bronze candlesticks; Lady Sarah Wilson, silver mounted salts bottle; Mr. and Mrs. William Champion, pair of silver bon-bon dishes; the Hon. George Allsopp, silver teapot; Mr. Clive Wilson, silver teapot; Lord Houghton, aquamarine enamel and diamond pendant; the Hon. George Allsopp, muff chain set with pearls and emeralds; Mr. S. and Miss Mabel Wombwell, scent burner with silver top; Miss Elsie Robartes, heart-shaped box; Mr. and Mrs. Jack Cumming, scent satchet; Mr Harry Levett, white ostrich feather fan; Lord Edward Somerset, pair of silver gilt-mounted scent bottles; Lady Chetwode, pair of old empire salt cellars; Mr. Ernest Cunard, old red enamel paste buttons; Mr. and Mrs. John Hackett, silk tapestry photo screen; Lady Kathleen Cole, silver heart-shaped box; Miss Binnie and Miss Beatie Smith, blue enamel snake pin; the Earl and Countess of Essex, French lamp shade; Lady and Miss Blois, silver pen tray; Lady Fairbairn, silver salts bottle; Lord H. Scott, silver spoon for making tea; Sir Geo. Chetwynd, two brooches of diamonds, emeralds, and rubies; the Rev. F. and Mrs. Wallis, pair of silver fruit spoons; Miss Edith Lewis, old silver box; Sir Philip and Lady Grey Egerton, silver card case; Lady Fitzhardinge, silver tea strainer; Miss E. Lake Benthnall, lace pocket handkerchief; Miss Ashcroft, silver and tortoiseshell paper knife; Sir Ralph Blois, silver-mounted cut-glass scent bottle; Miss Blois, old silver box; Miss Lena D'Arcy, black feather fan; Miss Sibell Bass, pair of silver bon bon dishes; the Earl and Countess of Craven, card case; the Hon. Walter and Mrs. Bagot, old silver sauce pan and ladle; Baron Hirsch de Gerenth, diamond and sapphire bracelet; the Hon. Mrs. Launcelot Lowther, gold pencil case set with rubies and diamonds; Mr. and Mrs. Dudley Smith, fan; Mr. Hugh C. Fraser, gold and red enamel heart-shaped box; Mrs. Forrest, volume of Browning's poems; Miss Dunn, case of scissors; Mrs. Betts, glass bottle mounted with gold bird's head; the Hon. William Coventry, fan; Miss M. A. Wright, pair of china vases; Mr. and Mrs. Beresford Melville, pair of silver candlesticks; the Hon. Percy Allsopp, diamond and sapphire fly brooch; the Countess of Wilton and Mr. A. Pryor, set of silver menu holders; Lady Kathleen Cuffe, gold snuffbox; the Hon. Humphrey Sturt, green leather blotting book with gold initials; Miss Mabel Wilkinson, emerald and diamond heart; the Earl of Onslow, Chinese silver buckle; Miss W. Brand, pottery bowl; Mr. Jack Robarts, silver and tortoiseshell paper cutter; Mr. Hubert Coulton, pair of opera glasses; Mr. R. L. Angus, silver pencil case; the Rev. J. S. and Miss Chesshire, pair of silver candlesticks; Mrs. and Miss Hamilton, silver butter dish and knife; Miss Blanch Cobham, pair of silver pin trays; Mr. John Cobham, long scent bottle with silver top; Mrs. Arthur Paget, old fan; Lady Stratheden and Campbell, green and gold book stand; Mr. and Mrs. R. Sneyd, safely pin with pearl and diamond heart; Mr. M. [? 'nest ?], gold glove button hook, set with ruby, diamonds, and sapphire; Mr. W. P. Hughes, old Worcester tea set; Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson, diamond and pearl tiara; Mr. Kenneth Wilson, three rows of pearls ; Lady Dorothy and Lady Anne Coventry, pair of old paste brooches; Miss E. M. Walker, black fan; Miss Moore, Prayer Book in ivory cover; the servants at Hindlip and in London, large old silver salver; Mr. William James, long silver button hook; Mrs. Grogan, screen for letters; Mr. Hwfa Williams, antique fan; Lord and Lady Churchill, pair of Dresden china candlesticks; Mrs. Napier, cherry wood stick with silver mount; Mr. and Mrs. Carl Meyer, pair of large cut glass, silver mounted; Mrs. Claude Cobham, lace pocket handkerchief; Mr. Launcelot H. Smith, silver salver; Mrs. J. Hacket, cheque; Mrs. McDonald, silver-mounted salts bottle; Miss Muriel Wilson, turquoise and diamond aigrette; Mr. Walter Calthorpe, tortoiseshell beziqre [?] box; Lady Winnington, letter weight; Capt. Pilkington, silver photo frame; Lady Mildred Ashley, silver taper stand; Mr. Arnold Morley, travelling clock; Mrs. Bischoffshiem, old scent bottle; the Earl of Chesterfield, old paste buttons; Mr. Arthur Coventry, tortoise-shell-mounted umbrella; Lady Lilian and Lady Norah Spencer Churchill, fan; the Duke of Marlborough, diamond marquise ring; Mrs. Williams, blue silk lined basket; Miss Jenkins, four glass vases; Mr. Cecil Fane, gold snake bangle with emerald head; Miss Bridget Bulkeley, old enamel box; Major Shuttleworth, four silver and crystal salt cellars; Lord Athumley, old silver box; Lady Helm-ley [sic Helmsley?], silver and glass vinaigrette; Mr. Arthur Portman, diamond pin; Miss Reynolds, silver dish; Lady Sheffield, china inkstand; Mr. and Mrs. Lycett Green, old Chippendale writing desk; Lady Arthur Grosvenor, pair of antique silver salt cellars; Mr. Christopher Heseltine, turquoise links; Mr. and Mrs. B. Haworth Booth, hunting crop; Mr. H. Rimington Wilson, pair of liqueur decanters; Mr. F. Constable, pair of silver candlesticks; Mr. A. E. Mitchell-Innes, silver matchbox; Mrs. Hacket, old Egyptian lamp; Sir Edward Green, silver spoons and forks; the Earl of Yarborough, walking stick; Mr. and Mrs. Travers, silver inkstand; Miss Wilkinson, silver dish; Mr. Brinsley Fitzgerald, luncheon bag; Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Bentley, barometer clock; Miss Naylor, walking stick; Miss Musgrave, two pearl pins; Mrs. Clarke, visitors' book; the Hon. Lady Filmer and Miss Filmer, coffee service; Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Wilson, pony cart; Miss Jane Thornwell, seal; M . J. Elwell, flower stand; Lord and Lady William Nevill, oyster forks; Mr. Clive Wilson, photo frame; Mr. and Mrs. Frank Lambert, pair of fruit dishes; Mr. Sidney Lane, cigarette box; the farmers of the Holderness Hunt, three silver entrée dishes; the captains of the Wilson Line, a Steinway grand piano; the clerks of the Wilson Line, silver tea and coffee service; the Hon. Mrs. Keppel, writing table books; Sir William Hosier, silver bowl; Mr. L. J. Pease, cream jug and sugar basin; the Hon. S. R. Beresford, sugar basin and spoon; Mr. and Mrs. Siltzer, old snuff box; Major Candy, coffee set; Mr. Frank Dugdale, lamp; Mr. and Mrs. R. Ringrose, clock; Mr. and Mrs. R Lawson, four silver vases; Mr. and Mrs. E. Wade, silver candelabra; Mr. and Mrs. H [?]. Sykes, photo frame; Mr. and Mrs. J. Simons Harrison, silver salt cellars; Mr. W. R. Chaine, pair of sauce boats; Miss Hinckman, picture; Mr. R. Remington Wilson, knife; Captain and Mrs. R Greville, pair of champagne decanters; Mr. C. H. Wilson, six large silver salt cellars; Mr. and Mrs. G. A. Duncombe, cigarette holder; Sir W. and Lady Clerke, barometer; Mr. Archibald Smith, ash tray; Mr. Frank Green, antique silver jug; Mr. and Mrs. Fullerton, biscuit box; the servants at Tranby Croft, silver salver; Commander Bethell, R.N., silver flask; Colonel and Mrs. Peppercorn, bronze writing set; Mr. Rupert Beckett, smoking-room table; Miss Henniker, pair of silver salt cellars; Mrs. Menzies, clock; Captain Samman, silver pepper and mustard pot; Sir Henry and Lady Boynton, glass bell for dining table; Lord and Lady Rossmore, small Chippendale table; Mrs. Turner, photo frame; Mr. and Miss Warton, pair of sporting pictures; Mr. Wilfred Harrison, travelling clock; Mr. and Mrs. Chas. Sykes, brocaded chair; Miss Sykes, miniature box; Sir Tatton and Lady Sykes, screen; Sir Percy and Lady Pile, chased silver blotting book; Mr. and Mrs. W. Menzies, letter box; Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Harrison, photo frame; Mr. and Mrs. P. Holden, four silver dishes; Mr. H. Oppenhiem, silver bowl; Mr. Arthur Lambert, pair of George III. silver bowls; Sir Charles and Lady Ross, silver ornament; Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Wilson, Louis XV. cabinet; Mr. and Mrs. Holden, pair of silver salt cellars and pepper pot; Mr. G. L. Davis, decanter; Mr. and Mrs. W. Ringrose Vosse [?], bread knife; Messrs. H. Phillipson and J. G. Walker, cigar cutter; Mrs. Hill, small mirror; the Misses Hill, needlework picture; Mr. A. Newbald, pair of silver pepper pots; Mr. and Mrs. R. Woodhouse, antique silver cup; the Hon. Cecil Brownlow, curb chain bracelet, with diamood and sapphire bracelet; the Hon. Geoffrey Brown Guthrie, antique fan; Lady Norreys, silver miniature frame; Lady William Nevill, silver tray; Lady Edith Curzon, gold and green photo frame; Mr. and Miss Blundell, silver heart-shaped box; Lady Settrington, long silver pencil case; M. and Madame Van Audre [or Andre?], gold-mounted scent bottle; Mrs. Harry Lawson, Sheraton show table; Mr. and Lady Clementina Walsh, green enamel heart; Mr. and Lady Barbara Smith, diamond and ruby aigrette; Mr. Reggie Coventry, diamond and turquoise brooch; Mr. Chandos Leigh, photo in frame; Lord and Lady Lurgan, umbrella; Miss Enid Wilson, antique miniature frame; Mr. Hakes, pair of opera glasses; Mr. and Mrs. Frasci, pair of silver dishes; Mr. and Mrs. J. Thompson, cigarette case; Mr. and Mrs. F. Pease, silver dish; Mr. William Maxwell, silver dish; Sir Savile and Lady Crossley, diamond foxhead pin; Mr. James Guthrie, silver cart for cigarettes; Mr. Stephen [Col. 6c/Col. 7a] Wombwell, silver ash tray; Miss Pereia, silver box; Mr. and Mrs. Twiss, Worcester china vase; Mr. and Mrs. Lambert, dessert service; Mr. Mrs. F. Palmer, pair of silver candlesticks; Mr. and Mrs. Alwyn Smith, breakfast service; Captain and Mrs. Alwyne Greville, pair of [? Links ?]; Captain and Mrs. FitzGeorge, silver matchbox; Lady de Trafford, walking stick; the Hon. J. C. Maxwell Scott, silver bowl; Mr. J. C. Brunton, bezique table; Mr. T. Wickham, silver cigarette lighter; Mr. K. Hill Dawe, silver card case; Mrs. Sanderson, set of tea spoons; Mr. and Mrs. W. Hodgson, silver bowl; Mr. F. Menzies, Louis Quinze settee; Mr. F. Menzies, Louis Seize banquette; Mr. H. Witty, silver-gilt sugar basin; Capiain Phillip Langdale, silver card case; Mr. and Mrs. J. G. Menzies, a buhl hall chiming clock; the servants at Etton Kennels, travelling clock; Miss Hackett, ruby and emerald links, sapphire pin, diamond pin, and gold and enamel links; Col. and Mrs. MacGeorge, green leather bezique box and two silver ash trays; Sir Charles and Lady Hartopp, Louis XV table; Mr. and Mrs. and the Misses Strickland Constable, silver sugar basin and cream jug; Lord Willoughby d'Eresby, gold pencil; Blanche Countess of Rosslyn, book slide; Capt. and the Hon. Mrs. Arthur Somerset, silver crumb scoop and ladles; the agents of the Wilson line, brougham and horse; the Marquis Camden, two brass candelabra; Capt. Daly, bezique table; Miss Browne, cigarette case; Sir Samuel Scott, pair of links; Mr. and Mrs. Veilst [? Veilat ?], cigarette holder in gold case; Mr. J. Hope Vere, glass decanter; Mr. and Mrs. K. Hodgson, embroidered photo frame; Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Farrer, drinking horns in case; Mrs. Bovill, hunting crop; Mr. A. H. Backworth, carved oak stool; Mr. George Keppel, Chippendale chair; Mr. James Harrison, silver snuff box; Victoria Lady Yarborough and Mr. Richardson, walking stick; Mr. and Mrs. Ellershaw, lamp; Mr. Cecil Brownlow, cigarette lighter; Sir John Dickson Poynder, large silver match box; Mr. R. Lestrange, decanter; Mr. F. Gregson, early breakfast set; Mr. Reginald Coventry, umbrella; Mr. Ernest Hatch, cigarette box; Mr. C. P. Colnaghi, old mustard pot; Mr. Berkeley Levett, four silver candlesticks. (1895-06-28 York Herald)</blockquote> === 29 June 1895, Saturday === Giacomo Meyerbeer's ''Les Huguenots'' was in regular performance in the 1890s at Covent Garden, but this performance attracted notice, apparently:<blockquote>ROYAL OPERA, COVENT-GARDEN On Saturday, June 29th, Meyerbeer's Opera "<small>LES HUGUENOTS</small>" Valentina . . . Madame A<small>LBANI</small> Urbano . . . Signorina G<small>UILIA</small> R<small>AVOGLI</small> Dama d'Onore . . . Mdlle. B<small>AUERMEISTER</small> Margherita di Valois . . . Madame M<small>ELBA</small> Marcello . . . Mons. P<small>LANCON</small> Conte di Nevers . . . Signor A<small>NCONA</small> Conte di St. Bris . . . Signor V. A<small>RIMONDI</small> Huguenot Soldier . . . Signor P<small>ELAGALLI</small>-R<small>OSSETTI</small> Tavannes . . . Signor I<small>GINIO</small> C<small>ORSI</small> Meru . . . Signor D<small>E</small> V<small>ASCHETTI</small> De Cosse . . . Signor P<small>ELAGALLI</small>-R<small>OSSETTI</small> Raoul de Nangis . . . Signor T<small>AMAGNO</small> It has been frequently remarked of late years that "Meyerbeer was played out," but this opera attracted last Saturday night one of the most crowded houses of the season. It was the second of Meyerbeer's brilliantly successful grand operas performed in Paris. ''Robert le Diable'' was produced in 1831, of which Mendelssohn said, "There are dances and the devil in it, so the Parisians are sure to like the opera." ''Les Huguenots'' came out in 1836, and speedily was produced in all the opera houses of Europe. It had the advantage last Saturday of a remarkable cast, the most successful artists being Madame Melba and Signor Tamagno. Probably the music of Margherita di Valois has never been rendered so exquisitely as by Madame Melba, whose reception was unusually enthusiastic. Her artistic skill In executing the chief passages given to Margherita di Valois excited both astonishment and admiration, and the delightfully sympathetic quality of her voice enhanced the effect caused by her graceful delivery of the music. There is not much scope for acting, but Madame Melba is always charming and always intelligent. Signor Tamagno was extremely powerlul as usual, and although there were instances when he has been surpassed vocally, his surprising energy and power, combined with very effective acting, never failed to awaken stormy enthusiasm. Admirable also was M. Plançon as the old Puritan soldier Marcello. M. Plançon played with much dignity of style, and sang the music with freedom and fine quality of tone. Signor Ancona was excellent as the Conte di Nevers, and Signor Arimondi was effective as the Conte di St. Brie. Among the lighter characters the page of Signorina Giulia Ravogli takes the first place. Her Urbano was a charming performance, as it has ever been; and her rendering of "Nobil Signor" produced its old effect. Last but not least Madame Albani was most warmly greeted as Valentina, a character in which she could hardly be surpassed. The breadth of her style, associated with pure tone and admirable acting, made her Valentina one of her most successful characters. To Madame Albani a large share of the favour with which the opera was received may be awarded. The smaller parts were adequately sustained, and the chorus generally deserved praise.<ref>"Royal Opera: Covent-Garden." ''The Era'' 06 July 1895: 9 [of 24], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000053/18950706/016/0009.</ref></blockquote> ==July 1895== === 3 July 1895 === <blockquote>GARDEN PARTY AT CLARENCE HOUSE. Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha gave a garden party in the grounds attached to Clarence House, and those adjoining St. James's Palace, yesterday afternoon. Near the entrance to the garden was erected a marquee reserved for the many Royal guests present, a covered way connecting it with the platform at which the illustrious visitors alighted. It was carpeted with blue kalmuck, lined with yellow Oriental fabrics, and was surrounded on three sides by a corridor fitted with reed curtains. From the centre was suspended a large basket of ivy geraniums, fuchsias, and pyrethrum. The tent was also banked on each side with palms, Harrissil lilies, etoile d'or marguerites, and edged with coleus and vinca. Refreshments were served here at small tables, the general company being supplied at a long buffet under a marquee attached to the house and facing the lawn. The buffet was adorned with handsome gold and silver plate. A number of canopies were placed along the south side of the grounds, and a smoking tent was also provided. At the St. James's Palace end the full band of the Grenadier Guards was stationed, and, under the ''báton'' of Lieutenant Dan Godfrey, performed a brilliant selection of music during the afternoon. The invitations were from half-past four to seven o'clock, and during that time a large body of police was actively engaged in regulating the continuous stream of carriages, which, after setting down company, were parked in the Mall. Among the Royal guests attending were....<ref>"Garden Party at Clarence House." ''Morning Post'' 04 July 1895 Thursday: 5 [of 10], Col. 7a [of 7] – 8, Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18950704/057/0006.</ref></blockquote> === 5 July 1895, Saturday === Mr. Schreiber and Miss Schreiber attended a ball at Lord and Lady Wimborne's house in Arlington Street. They were not invited to the dinner, which was small.<blockquote>LADY WIMBORNE'S BALL. Lord and Lady Wimborne entertained at dinner yesterday evening at Wimborne House, Arlington-street, the Earl and Countess of Derby and Lady Isobel Stanley, the Earl of Kenmare, Earl Beauchamp and Lady Mary Lygon, Count Hermann Hatzfeldt, Viscount and Viscountess Somerton, Viscount Curzon, Lord R. Nevill, Lady Margaret Ker, Lord Rothschild and the Hon. Evelina Rothschild, Lady de Ramsey, Lord and Lady de L'Isle and Dudley, Lord Lovat, Lord and Lady Burton, the Right Hon. Joseph and Mrs. Chamberlain, Mr. and Lady Florence Astley, the Hon. Owen Ponsonby, Ceneral the Hon. Charles and Miss Thesiger, and Lieutenant Hervey. Lady Wimborne afterwards gave a ball. Lady Wimborne received her guests in the conservatory at the entrance to the ball-room. Among the company present were : — The Lord Chancellor, Lady Halsbury and the Hon. Miss Giffard, the Duchess of Roxburghe, the Marchioness of Ormonde and Lady Beatrice Butler, the Marquis of Tullibardine and Lady Helen Stewart Murray, the Marchioness of Bute and Lady Margaret Crichton-Stuart, the Marquis and Marchioness of Zetland and Lady Maud Dundas, the Marchioness of Bristol and Lady Alice Hervey, Earl Cairns, Earl and Countess Amherst, the Countess of Ancaster, the Earl of Stradbroke, the Countess of Jersey and Lady Margaret Villiers, Countess Howe and Ladies Edith and Evelyn Curzon, the Countess of Lindsay and Lady Evelyn Bertie, the Countess of Kenmare, Countess Manvers and Lady Mary Pierrepont, the Countess of Enniskillen and Lady Kathleen Cole, the Countess of Mayo, Viscount and Viscountess Duncannon, Viscountess Boyne and Lady Florence Hamilton Russell, Viscount and Viscountess Castlerosse and the Hon. Susan Baring, Viscount Cole, Viscount and Viscountess Deerhurst. Viscountess Newport and the Hon. Miss Bridgeman, Lord and Lady Ampthill and the Hon. Constance Russell, Dowager Lady Ashburton and the Hon. Miss Baring, Lady Constance Grosvenor, Lady Aline Beaumont, Lady Penrhyn and the Hon. Miss Douglas Pennant, Lady Mary Willoughby and the Hon. Charles Willoughby, Lady Victoria Lambton and Miss Lambton, Lady Gerard, Lady de Trafford, Lord Garioch, Lady Louisa Egerton and Miss Egerton, Lord Henry Vane-Tempest, Lord Cecil Manners, Lady Audrey Buller and Miss Howard, Lord Lovat and Hon. Miss Fraser, Lord and Lady Edward Churchill and Miss Churchill, Lady Moreton, Lady Rose Molyneux, Lady Emily Van De Weyer and Miss Van De Weyer and Lady Anne Coventry, Lady Alexandra Osborne and Lord Albert Osborne, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Lady Morris and Miss Morris, Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach and Miss Hicks-Beach, the Hon. Lady Ridley and Miss Ridley, Captain and Lady Rose Leigh, Lord Molyneux, Lord Swansea, Lord and Lady Henniker and the Hon. Miss Hennniker, Lord Abinger, Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways and Miss Roche, Lady Alice Shaw Stewart and Miss Grosvenor, Lord and Lady Cremorne, the Hon. George Peel, the Hon. Mrs. Lumley, Miss Wilson Patten and Lady Beatrix Taylour, the Hon. E. J. Mills and the Hon. Miss Mills, the Hon. Mrs. Brougham, Captain the Hon. E. Dawson, the Hon. William Maxwell, the Hon. A. and Lady Dorothy FitzClarence, the Hon. K. Campbell, the Hon. Mrs. Eliot and Miss Eliot, Captain the Hon. E. Dawson [repetition sic], the Hon. E. Thesiger, the Hon. T. and Mrs. Dundas, the Hon. F. Dawnay, the Hon. Mrs. Hanbury Lennox and Lady Edith Montgomerie, the Hon. A. Saumarez, the Hon. Cecil Campbell, the Hon. J. Crichton, Colonel the Hon. Heneage Legge, the Hon. F. Browne Guthrie, the Hon. Lady Cotterell and Miss Cotterell, the Hon. Sydney Peel, the Hon. R. Hill Trevor, the Hon. Henry Littleton, Mr. and Lady Margaret Douglas, Captain and Lady S. Gilmour, Sir Hubert Miller, Sir Archibald Edmonstone, Sir E. Doyle, Lady Eden and Miss Grey, Lady Meysey-Thompson, Colonel and Mrs. Robert Williamson and the Misses Williamson, Captain Jenkins, Major Morris, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Maguire and the Hon. Ella Peel, M. de Falbe and Miss Keith Fraser, Mr. Evelyn Cecil, Mr. W. Goschen, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur James, [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Mr. Schreiber and Miss Schreiber]], Mrs. Du Cane and the Misses Du Cane, Mr. Forbes, Mrs. Gerard Leigh, Mr. E. Sebright[,] Mr. and Mrs. E. Sasaoon, Mr. Ridley, Mr. Guy Stevenson, M[r.?] Hamilton Aidé, Mrs. Adair, Mr. Lancelot Smith, Mrs. and Miss Lees, Mrs, and Miss Gartside, Mr. Walter Hervey, Mr. V. Smith, Mr. Arthur Meade, Mr. and Mrs. Adeane, Mrs. and Miss Hugh Smith, Mr. L. Smith, Mr. Cooper, Mr. Clarence Walker, Mr. Oppenheim, Mr. J. Decrais, Mr. Macdonaid, Mr. Somerset, Captain Majendie, Mrs. Graham Menzies, Mr. Wombwell, Mr. Curzon, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. Du Cane, Mr. Christopher Sykes, Mr. Charles Bruce, Mr. Lionel Earle, Mr. and Mrs. Hulse, Mr. Jocelyn Persse, Captain Milner, Mr. Biddulph, Mr. Arthur Guest, Mr. Wilbraham, Mr. Adrian Hope and Miss Hope, [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Mrs. Ronalds]], and many others.<ref>"Lady Wimborne's Ball." ''Morning Post'' 06 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18950706/062/0007.</ref> </blockquote> === 19 July 1895, Friday === Lord and Lady Cadogan hosted a dinner and dance:<blockquote>COUNTESS CADOGAN'S DANCE. Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of York honoured the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Countess Cadogan with their company at dinner on Friday evening at Chelsea House. There were present to meet their Royal Highnesses the Russian Ambassador, the Duchess of Devonshire, the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry and Lady Helen Stewart, the Earl of Shrewsbury, Viscount Chelsea, Lord Charles Montagu, Lord Stanley and Lady Alice Stanley, Lord Henry Vane Tempest, Lord and Lady Lurgan, Lord Houghton, Lord and Lady Wolverton, Lord and Lady Alington, Captain the Hon. Hedworth Lambton, the Hon. H. Stonor, the Hon. Sydney Greville, Lady Bulkeley and Miss Bulkeley, Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild, Mrs. Cooper, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon, and Captain the Hon. Derek Keppel and Lady Mary Lygon in attendance on the Duke and Duchess of York. Subsequently Lady Cadogan gave a dance, which was honoured by the presence of their Royal Highnesses the Princess of Wales and the Princesses Victoria and Maud, accompanied by the Crown Prince of Denmark, and attended by Major-General Ellis and Lady Suffield, and her Imperial Highness the Crown Princess Stephanie of Austria, with Counters Palffy and Baron Gudenus in waiting. Other guests included — The Austro-Hungarian Ambassador, Countess Deym and Countess Isobel Deym, the Italian Ambassador, the French Ambassador, the Brazilian Minister, the Duke of Marlborough, the Duchess of Portland, the Duchess of Abercorn, Lady Alexandra Hamilton and Lady Susan Beresford, the Duchess of St. Albans and Lady Moyra Beauclerk, the Duchess of Leeds and Lady Ada Osborne, Prince Esterhazy, the Marquis and Marchioness of Zetland and Lady Maud Dundas, the Marchioness of Hastings and Miss Lilian Chetwynd, the Marchioness of Bristol and the Ladies Hervey, the Marquis Maffei, the Earl and Countess of Craven, the Earl and Countess of Dunraven and Lady Aileen Wyndham Quin, Earl and Countess Howe, Earl Beauchamp, Countess Granville and Lady Victoria Leveson-Gower, the Countess of Coventry and Lady Dorothy Coventry, the Countess of Enniskillen and Lady Kathleen Cole, Count Gleichen, [[Social Victorians/People/Hadik|Count Hadik]], Count Salern, the Countess of Antrim and Lady Sybil M'Donnell, the Countess of Derby and Lady Isabel Stanley, Countess Grosvenor, and Lady Mary Willoughby, the Earl and Countess of Arran, Lady Edith Curzon, Elizabeth Countess of Wilton and Mr. Pryor, the Countess of Yarborough, the Countess of Rosslyn and Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine, the Countess of Warwick, Count Koziebrodski, the Countess of Ilchester and Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways, the Countess of Listowel and Lady Beatrice Hare, the Earl of Scarborough, Evelyn Countess Craven and Lady Helen Craven, the Countess of Powis, Viscountess Helmsley and the Hon. Miss Duncombe, Viscountess Newport and the Hon. Helena and the Hon. O. Bridgeman, Viscount and Viscountess Deerhurst, Viscount and Viscountess Curzon, Viscountess Downe, Viscount Crichton, Lord Hyde, Lord and Lady Skelmersdale, Lord Wimborne and the Hon. Elaine Guest, Lord Kenyon, Baron Eckhardstein, Lord H. Vane-Tempest, Lord Abinger, Lord and Lady Iveagh, Lady Tweedmouth, Lady Ashbourne and the Hon. Violet Gibson, Lord Richard Nevill, Lady Magdalen Bulkeley, Lady St. Oswald and the Hon. Maud Winn, the Hon. Lady and Miss Ridley, Lady Fitzgerald, Baron de Hirsch, Emily Lady Ampthill and the Hon. Miss Russell and Lady Edith Wilbraham, Lady Anne Coventry, Lady Margaret Maitland and Miss Maitland, Lady Gerard, Lady Barbara Smith, Mr. and Lady Emily Van de Weyer and Miss Van de Weyer, Lady Borthwick, Lady Halsbury and the Hon. Evelyn Giffard, Dowager Lady Ashburton and Miss Baring, Lady Lucy and Miss Hicks-Beach, the Right Hon. G. J. Goschen, the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Brett, the Hon. Mrs. Lowther, the [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster#Mr. C. Willoughby|Hon. C. Willoughby]], the Hon. Schomberg M'Donnell, the Hon. Cecil Cadogan, the Hon. Hugh Grosvenor, the Hon. Miss Harbord, the Hon. Mrs. Bagot and Miss Dyke, the Hon. Reginald Coventry, the Hon. Algernon Stanley, the Hon. Humphrey Sturt, the Hon. Francis Bertie, the Hon. G. Brown Guthrie, Sir Edward and Lady Colebrooke, Sir Edward Hamilton, Sir Algernon and Lady Borthwick, Sir Condie Stephen, Sir Frederick Verney, Sir Hubert Miller, Sir George Arthur, Sir Horace Farquhar, Colonel Oliphant, Colonel and Mrs. Seymour Corkran and Miss Corkran, Colonel Forester, Colonel Brabazon, Mr. Martin Kennard, Captain Ricardo, Mr. Ridley, Captain Doyle, Mr. and Mrs. Henry White, Mr. Dudley Smith, Mr. C. H. W. Wilson, Mr. Craven, Mr. Victor Seymour Corkran, Mr. Claude Yorke, Mr. Johnstone, Mr. Egerton, Mr. William Van de Weyer, Mr. Ponsonby, Mr. C. Kinloch Cooke, Mr. W. H. Fisher, Mr. C. Heseltine, Mr. Mansfield, Mrs. Stead, Mrs. Sandford, Mr. C. P. Little, Mr. H. Petre, Mrs. W. Lawson, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Wilson]], Mr. Charles Bruce, Mr. Robert Bruce, Mr. Mordaunt, Mrs. W. James and Miss Forbes, Mr. Quintin Dick, Mr. Macnamara, Mrs. Hartmann and Madlle. de Jaucourt, Mr. Alfred Oppenheim, Mr. William Jones, and others.<ref>"Countess Cadogan's Dance." ''Bury and Norwich Post and Suffolk Standard'' 23 July 1895 Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000156/18950723/019/0005.</ref></blockquote> === 20 July 1895, Saturday === [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Lady Eva Sarah Louise Greville]] and Frank Dugdale were married in a very fashionable and very large wedding. This article from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' focuses on the gifts they received, which were lavish and expensive; the gifts from the bride's mother must have been extremely expensive. Some offer interesting details, perhaps about these people. They got books from several people, which is unusual in these lists, a lot of clocks, and a number of things made of "old silver" — antiques, perhaps?<blockquote>MARRIAGE OF FRANK DUGDALE AND LADY EVA GREVILLE. BRILLIANT SCENE IN ST. MARGARET'S WESTMINSTER. [From our Special Correspondent.] [sic square brackets] The marriage of Mr Frank Dugdale, second son of the late Mr James Dugdale, J.P., and Deputy-Lieutenant for the county of Warwick, of Wroxall Abbey, Warwickshire, and Lady Eva Sarah Louisa Greville, Lady-in-waiting H.R H. the Duchess of York, only daughter of the late Earl of Warwick and the Dowager Countess of Warwick, and sister of the present Earl Warwick, was solemnised on Saturday at St. Margaret's, Westminster, in the Presence of the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud of Wales, the Duke and Duchess of York, the Duke and Duchess of Teck and the Prince Adolphus of Teck, and a large and distinguished assembly. Unfortunately, the weather was most unpropitious to the occasion. From early morning rain fell in a steady torrent, and though at noon rifts in the laden clouds gave hopes of a fine afternoon, the anticipation was not destined to be realised. Although, as the hour appointed for the wedding approached, the rain ceased fall, dark, threatening clouds swept across the sky and, for a summer's day, the prospect could hardly have been more drear. Within the church, however, the scene was one of great animation and exceeding brilliance, and in the dim, religious light of St. Margaret's, it mattered little that the elements were so unfavourable. Interested spectators, who had been fortunate enough obtain cards of admission began to arrive at the church soon after one o'clock, and were accommodated with seats in the side aisles, which were quickly filled. Meanwhile the relatives and friends of the bride and bridegroom, who entered by the north door, were conducted to places in the central aisle. Every seat in the sacred edifice, except those reserved for the Royal guests, were quickly occupied, and a pleasing combination of delicate colour was supplied by the beautiful tints of the gowns worn by the ladies present, most of whom appeared in summer attire. The floral decorations of the church were carried out admirable taste. Only white blooms, palms, and ferns were used. The approach to the north entrance was lined with tall palms, and white flowering plants were grouped round the front opposite the main entrance to the building. The chancel rails were hidden with lilies, hydrangia, spirea, Marguerites, and other white blossoms set in banks of delicate fernery. In the chancel itself four tall palms spread their graceful leaves o'erhead, with lilies and ferns at their base; white flowers were ranged along the foot of the choristers' stalls, and on the altar rails some beautiful white orchids were introduced among the other blooms and foliage. The altar vases contained white bouquets, and on the first step leading to the chancel there was a delicate tracery of tiny leaved foliage. The Hon. Alwyn Greville and the Hon. Sidney Greville, who arrived at the church at an early hour, personally superintended the arrangements for the ceremony and received the guests. While the latter were taking their places, the marriage bells rang out a merry peal, and when all was in readiness tor the arrival of the bride and bridegroom, Mr J. Baines (the organist) played selections from Haydn's "The Seasons." Mr Frank Dugdale, the bridegroom, arrived shortly after two o'clock, and proceeded at once to the vestry. He was accompanied Mr J. P. Arkwright (joint Master of the North Warwickshire Hounds), of Hatton House, Warwick, who supported him as "best man." Shortly afterwards their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of York entered the church by the chancel entrance, and were received by the Hon. Alwyn Greville and the Hon. Sidney Greville. They were at once conducted to the vestry. The Duchess of York was attired in a lovely gown of petunia silk, ornamented with beautiful cream lace, and wore a bonnet to match. Her Royal Highness was attended by Lady Lyon and Miss Tufnell, while the Hon. Derek Keppel was in attendance upon the Duke of York. The next of the Royal guests to arrive were the Duke and Duchess of Teck and the Princess Adolphus of Teck, who, together with the Duke and Duchess of York, were then conducted by the Hon. Alwyn Greville to their seats in the central aisle. Shortly afterwards the Prince and Princess of Wales, accompanied by the Princesses Victoria and Maud of Wales, and attended by General Ellis, Lady Suffield, and Miss Knollys, entered the church by the chancel entrance, where the Hon. Alwyn Greville and the Hon. Sydney Greville were in waiting to receive them. Their Royal Highnesses were at once conducted to seats in the front pew facing the altar. The Princess of Wales wore a simple gown of black and white silk, trimmed with chiffon, with jet to match, and a bonnet of pale mauve flowers. The Princesses Victoria and Maud were attired alike in pink glacé silk, with lace collars embroidered with jet, and wore toques of shaded pink roses. The officiating clergy — the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Ripon, the Very Rev. the Dean of Canterbury, the Rev. Thurston Rivington, M.A. (Vicar of St. Nicholas, Warwick), and the Rev. H. G. Willacy, M.A. (Chaplain of Wroxall Abbey) — had 'ere this taken their places in the chancel, and the choir were already installed in their seats. So admirably were the arrangements carried out that, as soon as the Royal guests had taken their seats, and punctually at a quarter past two o'clock, the bride, who — accompanied by her brother, the Earl of Warwick — had driven from Warwick House, St. James's Palace, entered the sacred building by the north door. She looked very charming in a wedding gown of white satin, with a full Court train, cut in one with the skirt. The bodice was arranged with soft folds of ''mousseline de soie'', caught in with trails of orange blossoms in foliage. Sprays of orange flowers were fastened in her hair with diamond pins, and a fine tulle veil enveloped her in soft and graceful folds. Her ornaments were a superb pearl necklace (the joint wedding gift of Sir Charles Cust, Sir Francis de Winton, the Hon. Derek Keppel, and Canon Dalton) and a diamond butterfly, and she carried a handsome bridal bouquet of rare exotics, with floral trails, and tied with streamers of white satin. At the entrance to the church she was met by her eight bridemaids — Miss Edith Dugdale and Miss Rosy Dugdale (sisters of the bridegroom), Miss Clare Susa Charteris (daughter of Lady Louisa Charteris, of Tree Chase, Hayward's Heath, Sussex), Lady Anne Savile (daughter of the Earl and Countess of Mexborough, of Metley Park, Leeds), Miss Evelyn Pelly (daughter of the late Sir Henry Castains Pelly and Mrs H. F. R. Yorke, of 22, Queen Anne's Gate, S.W.) and Lady Hilda Joanna Gwendolen Finch (daughter of the seventh Earl of Aylesford and Edith Countess of Aylesford, of Honeys Twyford, Berks) (cousins), Lady Marjorie Blanche Eva Greville (niece of the bride and daughter of the Earl and Countess Warwick, of Warwick Castle, Warwick), and Lady Angela Selina Bianca St. Ciair Erskine (daughter of the late and sister of the present Earl of Rosslyn, and half-sister to the Countess of Warwick, of Dysort House, Fife, N.B ) The bridesmaids were charmingly gowned in white Ottoman silk, with fichus of ''mouseeline de soie'', bordered with frills of Mechlin lace. They wore neck bands of pale blue satin, and satin sashes of the same hue tied in bows on the left side at the waist. They also wore white "Picture" hats of French crepe straw, trimmed with white ostrich plumes, three falling towards the front and three to the back. The crowns were encircled with two bands of blue satin, terminating in loops caught with paste brooches, and a cluster of Malmaison carnations nestled under the brim. The hats were fastened with gold sword hat pins, with diamond and turquoise hilts — the presents of the bridegroom — and they carried bouquets of Malmaison carnations, tied with pile blue ribbons, and a "nosegay" of the same bloom appearing on the bodice. Two nephews of the bride — Master George Gordon Francis Greville (son of the Hon. Mr and Mrs L. G. Greville, of 35, Berkeley-square), and Master Charles Henry Greville (son of the Hon. Mr and Mrs A. H. Fulke Greville, of 4, Upper Brook-street) acted as pages. They looked exceedingly pretty in picturesque costumes in blue satin of the Louis XVI. period. They each carried black wands, with bunches of carnations fastened with blue satin, and the bride's presents to them were diamond and turquoise pins. As the bride, supported by the Earl of Warwick, who was to give her away, and followed by her bridesmaids and little pages, passed down the central nave to the chancel, the choir sang "Lord, who hast made homelove to be," a hymn composed by the Lord Bishop of Durham, set to music by Mr Walter Parratt, organist of Sr. George's Chapel, Windsor, and dedicated her Majesty the Queen. The bridegroom had already taken up his position at the chancel steps, supported by Mr J. P. Arkwright, and as the last strains of the beautiful hymn died away, the Lord Bishop of Ripon, in solemn and earnest tones, began the impressive service. Music soft and sweet filled the sacred fane as the bride and bridegroom clasped each other's hand and repeated the marriage vows. Then the choir chanted "Blessed are all they that fear the Lord and walk in his ways," the bridal pair ascended into the chancel and knelt on the altar steps in prayer. The assembly afterwards joined in singing "O God, our help in ages past," and the ceremony concluded with the Benediction. Then as the organ pealed forth the strains of the National Anthem, the newly-married couple proceeded to the vestry to sign the register, and were quickly followed thither by the Royal party, who offered them their sincere congratulations. The gladsome strains of the Wedding March resounded through the church as Mr Fiank Dugdale and Lady Eva Dugdale re-entered the chancel and passed down the central nave to the north entrance, where, in spite of the inclement weather, a large crowd bad assembled to witness their departure. The Royal party soon afterwards left by the chancel entrance, and the other guests by the north door. [Col. 1c–2a] The Countess of Warwick afterwards held a reception Warwick House, which was very largely attended. Early in the afternoon, and amid the hearty congratulations of their relatives and friends, Mr Frank and Lady Eva Dugdale left ''en route'' for Paris, where their honeymoon will be spent. The bride's ''costume de voyage'' was of white alpaca, with blue bodice covered with cream applique embroidery, and a drapery of blue chiffon and blue satin ribbons. The "Marie Antoinette" hat was of light brown straw, trimmed with black and white Lisso frill, with tall aigrette at the side, ''choux'' of black and pale-blue velvet, and trails of pink and red roses falling over the hair at the back. Among those present at St. Margaret's and Warwick House were T.R.H. the Prince and Princess of Wales, attended by General Ellis and Lady Suffield, T.R.H. the Princesses Victoria and Maud of Wales, attended by Miss Knollys, T.R.H. the Duke and Duchess of York, attended by the Hon. Derek Keppel, Lady Mary Liggow, and Miss Tufnell, H.R.H. Princess Mary Duchess of Teck, H.H. the Duke of Teck, T.S.H. the Prince and Princess Adolphus of Teck, Prince Francis of Teck, the Dowager Countess of Warwick, the Countess of Warwick, Mr and Mrs Charles Dugdale, Miss Helen Maguire, Hon. Mrs Magure, Miss Gereldine Magure, Hon. Dudley and Mrs Leigh, Lady Sophie Macnamara, Hon. Louis and Mrs Greville, Misses Mostyn, Mrs Fane, Miss Jessie Scott, Lady Trevelyan, Mrs Thorold, Mr and Lady Margaret Douglas, Mrs Willacy, Mrs and Miss Mason, Lord Leigh, Hons. Miss A. and C. Leigh, Hon. Chandos and Mrs Leigh, the Sub-Dean of the Chapels Royal, Hon. Ethel Cadogan, Sir Edward and Lady Harland, Mrs G. H. Richardson Fox, Dowager Countees of Aylesford, Earl of Aylesford, Lady Hilda Finch, Miss Houghton, Miss B. Dugdale, Lady Louisa Charteris, Miss Charteris, Captain Armitage, Mr and Mrs Greaves, Major and Mrs Hunter, Rev. Vincent and Mrs Fortescue, Mrs Fosberry, Captain and Mrs Walter Clonmel, Lady Mary Cari Glyn, Lord and Lady Camoys, Mr J. Guthrie, Mr Low, Mr and Mrs Walter Maudsley, Miss Johnson, Mr and Mrs Herbert Arkwright, Mr Lort Phillips, Countess of Leven and Melville, Mr and Mrs Fred Walker, Lady Frances Legge, Captain the Hon. Alwyne and Mrs Greville, Lady Eden, Colonel and Mrs Ingo Jones, Captain and Mrs Brand, Mr Charteris, Mr Fuller, Viscountess Helmsley, Hon. Mrs Bingham, Countess Chetwynd, Mr and Lady Jane Repton, Mr Guy Repton, Miss Curzon, Misses Duff Gordon, Hon. Alexander Hood, Lord and Lady Crawshaw, Lady Margaret Jenkins, Mr A. D. Dugdale, Countess of Mexborough, the Ladies Savile, Countess Cairns, Mrs Arthur [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Wilson, of Tranby Croft]], Mr and Mrs [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Kenneth Wilson]], Dowager Lady Vernon, Lady Iveagh, Sir Francis de Winton, Lord and Lady Edward Somerset, Lady B. Taylor, Mr and Mrs Cecil B. Tennant, Viscountess Pollington, Mrs Radcliffe, Mrs Ricardo, Major and Mrs C. Molyneux, Lady de Trafford, Mrs [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|T. Menzies]], Mr and Mrs Charles Stewart, Lady Margaret Charteris, Captain Peel, Sir George Arthur, Blanche Countess of Rosslyn, Captain Hon. Walter and Mrs Forbes, Mr W. James Adams, Hon. Mrs Percy Mitford, Hon. Sybil Leigh, Mr and Mrs Miller '''Monday''', Hon. Mary Byng, Viscount and Viscountess Boyne, Miss Bromley Davenport, Lady Henry Somerset, Mrs Arkwright, Mr Woodhouse, Colonel Hon. George and Mrs Napier, Mrs Lucy and the Misses Lucy, Lady Norreys, Sir Francis and Lady Knollys, Hon. George and Mrs Keppel, Mr and Mrs Fletcher of Saltoun, Sir Philip and Lady Grey Egerton, Miss E. Browne, etc., etc. The presents, which numbered over 400, were exhibited in the drawing room at Warwick House. They included the following:— Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales, diamond and turquoise bracelet; their Royal Highnesses Princesses Victoria and Maud of Wales, gold jewelled bangle; their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of York, sapphire and diamond brooch and earrings, diamond half-sun shaped brooch and white feather fan with mother-of-pearl sticks; the Duke and Duchess of Teck, the Prince and Princess Adolphus of Teck, Prince Alexander of Teck, Prince Francis of Teck, pearl and diamond pendant; the Duchess of Albany, silver and glass bell; the Princess Louise (Marchioness of Lorne), glass and silver bowl; bride to bridegroom, gold and pearl watch chain, sapphire and diamond pin, pearl pin, diamond heart, Russian cigarette case set with diamonds; bridegroom to bride, diamond wing tiara, sapphire and diamond ring, diamond lettered bangle, diamond watch bangle, pearl watch bangle, sapphire and diamond horse-shoe pin, ruby and diamond horse-shoe pin, diamond and red enamel heart shaped brooch; Dowager Countess of Warwick to bride, turquoise and diamond tiara, turquoise and diamond necklace, turquoise and diamond pendant, sapphire and diamond bracelet, sapphire and diamond hoop bracelet, ruby and diamond ring, diamond ring, emerald and diamond ring; Dowager Countess of Warwick to bridegroom, ruby and diamond star pin; the Earl and Countess of Warwick, Captain the Hon. Alwyne and Mrs Greville, Hon. Louis and Mrs Greville, and Hon. Sydney Greville, pearl and diamond tiara; and Mrs Brinkman, four sliver spoons; Miss Tufnell, green leather bezique box; Mr and Mrs F. Fane, copper dish warmer; Mrs Adrian Hope, silver inkstand; Mr James Bibby, large silver tea tray; [[Social Victorians/People/Greville|Hon. Mrs Ronald Greville]], two silver candlesticks; Mrs Reginald West, tortoiseshell and silver box; Viscountess de Veacé [?], silver wool winder; Hon. Agnes Leigh, books; Hon. Mrs Grantham Scott, silver scissor case; Lady Margaret Levett, small photo frame; Viscountess Pollington, tortoiseshell clock and date case; Mrs Richards, small bookstand; Lady Wantage, photo frame; Lord and Lady Burton, clock and thermometer; Miss Pope, books; Hon. Theresa Digby, two enamel and pearl pins; Lady Katharine Coke, glass and silver bell; Ladies Scott, two silver candlesticks; Hon. Mr and Mrs Dudley Leigh, old painted fan; Lady Ponsonby Fane, glass and silver sugar basin; Sir Stafford and Lady Northcote, opera glasses; Miss Alice Duff Gordon, small barometer; Mr and Lady Louisa Loder, clock; Viscountess Chetwynd, tortoisesheil and gold box; Mr Ward Coke, ivory paper knife and pencil; Lady Sophia Macnamara, two silver dishes; Mrs Antrobus, small silver egg and toast rack; Lord Leigh, diamond pin; Lady Leigh, gold spoon; Colonel and Mrs Howard Vincent, 12 Mother of Pearl handled tea knives; Mr Gordon Cunard, silver card case; Misses May and Lizzie Dugdale, brown sardinieres; Mr Sidney and Mr Henry Dugdale, Japanese panel; Miss Ethel Ismay Dawpool, silver photo frame; Mr and Lady G. Petre, silver box; Miss Evelyn Moreton, two-leaved Chippendale and silk screen; Mrs B. Lucy, three little silver chairs; Count Hoxisbrodski, silver and glass bell; Sir S. and Lady Crossley, silver bowl; Major and Mrs O'Beirne, large champagne decanter; Mrs Banbury, tablecloth; Mr and Mrs Fenwick, two silver candlesticks; Mrs Davies, small silver box; Mr and Mrs Cecil Tennant, four old silver spoons; Countess Compton, violet and pearl pins; Viscountess Duncannon, small clock in tortoisesheli case; Eleonora Lady Trevelyan, silver tea caddy; Mr and Mrs H. Williams Wynn, tortoiseshell and silver box; Hon. Mary Thesiger, turquoise pin; Mr and Lady Beaumont, tortoisesheli and silver paper knife; Lord Grey de Wilton, gun metal and diamond watch; Hon. Sybil Leigh, "Thomas à Kempis;" Misses Thorniwell, two small silver pepper pots; Mrs Penn Curzon, silver box; Hon. Mrs Douglas Pennant, old silver matchbox; Mr and Mrs Frank Gaskell, driving whip; Mr and Mrs Ismay, silver inkstand; Misses and Rose Linton, 12 coffee cups and saucers; Hon. Mrs Tom Brand, books; Miss Mabel Landon, pearl scarf pin; Captain and Hon. Mrs H. C. Dugdale, silver George II. tea tray; Captain A. Milne, eight silver spoons; Mrs Turton, tortoiseshell and silver tray; Hon. David Curzon, gold and green box; Lady Henry Somerset, oriental necklace; Lady Margaret Ismay, silver looking-glass; Misses Linton, silver tea caddy; Adeline, Duchess of Bedford, diamond and sapphire brooch; Mrs Holford, two silver baskets; Lord Edward Somerset, silver-mounted liqueur bottles; Mr Oswald Petre, silver mounted blotter; Mr and Mrs Beach, buhl clock; Mr and Mrs Farquharson, gold sleeve links; Mrs Sandford, silver match box; Basil Hanbury, silver lamp; Mr J. F. Mason, bookcase; Dowager Countess of Morton, diamond and sapphire brooch; Major Shuttleworth, diamond and enamel watch; Lord and Lady Moreton, photo frame; Lady Jane Dundas, pearl necklace; Hon. Alex Wood, chain bracelet; Mr and Mrs Leopold de Rothschild, pansy brooch; Mrs Bamfylde, metal and pearl box; Captain and Hon. Mrs H. Grenfell, two silver baskets; Miss Low, two silver baskets; Mr and Mrs Mason, silver bowl; Lord and Lady Crawshaw, four silver baskets; Mr and Mrs Marshall Dugdale, three silver dishes; Hon. Mrs Bass, two silver sauce boats; Mr and Mrs Morton Lucas, two silver dishes; Mr and Mrs W. M. Low, two silver candelabra and six candlesticks; Colonel and Mrs Ralph Vivian, diamond and amethyst bonnet pin; Hon. Mrs P. Mitford, silver box; Mrs Dundas, two amethyst pins; Mr and Mrs Beauchamp Scott, six silver-handled tea knives; Mr and Mrs Colmore, two small Sevrés vases; Walter Cunliffe, silver tankard; Mr Davies, blue carriage rug; Rev. Edgar Sheppard, cut-glass bottle with gold top; Mrs Fletcher, embroldery; Misses Mostyn, silver photo frame; and Mrs Stratford Dugdale, four silver dishes; Mr and Mrs Fletcher, of Saltowl, small silver lamp; Hon. Mrs Sutton, Nelthorpe, glass vase; Mr and Mrs Hambro, silver inkstand; Rev. Vincent and Hon. Mrs Fortescue, silver cigarette case and match box; [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mr and Mrs Stanley Wilson]], blotter and paper case; Mrs Arthur Wilson, Dreyfus cabinet; Hon. Tom Kennard, silver cup; Mr and Mrs W. James, two silver bowls; Mr and Mrs E. Hambro, two silver candlesticks; Major and the Hon. Mrs Tennant, two china candlesticks; Hon. Mrs P. Crutchley, silver-mounted paper knife: Duke and Duchess Westminster, enamel brooch; Mrs Arkwright, diamond Mother-of-Pearl duck brooch; Mr Remmington Wilson, gold knife; Mr F. Lort Phillips, writing table; Earl and Countess [? no names in article], two silver candlesticks; Mr Wilmot Cave, match tray; Mrs Torre Morton, china box; Mr and Mrs Hay Newton, Portuguese oak chest; Mrs and Miss Magniac, cushion; Marquess and Marchioness of Hertford, silver candelabra; Hon. H. and Lady Flo Sturt, green writing case; Major and Mrs Fosbery, silver tea kettle; Colonel and Mrs Finch, diamond bow brooch; Mr and Mrs Percy Wormald, two silver salvers; Mr James Foster, clock; Lady Elizabeth Taylor, cushion; Mr Daniel Cooper, red enamel sleeve links; Mrs Bromley-Davenport, fan; Mrs lnigo Jones, old china tea and coffee set; Mr Frank Fitzherbert, silver-mounted claret jug; Mr and Mrs J. Lionel Dugdale, six silver coffee cups; Mr [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Kenneth Wilson]], claret jug; Mr and Mrs Stirling Stuart, silver sugar sifter; Col. and Mrs Alfred Bibby, walking stick; and Mrs Walter enamelled horn ornament; Duke and Duchess of Sutherland, diamond bow brooch with pearl drop; Mr and Mrs C. T. Dugdale, two silver candlesticks; Earl and Countess [?names missing], pearl bracelet; Lady Lindsay, silver bottle; Miss Mare Lindsay, silver match box; Mr and Mrs Guy Scott, silver ash tray; Vicar of Kensington and Lady Mary Glyn, screen; Mrs Cox, two silver mugs; Colonel the Hon. G. and Mrs Napier, walkingstick [sic]; Mr and Mrs T. Dugdale, silver sugar basin and spoon; the Misses Verney, silver buckle; Mr F. Arkwright, two plated dishes; Mr Arthur Dugdale, two silver flower pots; Major and Mrs Maxwell, silver-mounted jug and tumblers; Miss Pelly, books; Mrs and Miss Lucy six silver handled knives; Hon. Mrs R. Verney, barometer; Lady Abercrombey, silver cream jug; Miss Bibby, furniture; Rev. H. Torre Morton, china ornament; Mrs Lucy and Miss Lucy, old spoon; Mr B. Fitzgerald, clock; Hope Vere, decanter; Mrs Horace Walpole, silver and tortoisesheil bookmarker; Mr and Mrs H. Jefferson, old silver cup; Colonel and Mrs Paulet, three silver dishes; Earl of Chesterfield, silver-gilt box; Mr Matthews and Mrs Tait, two silver candlesticks; Mr and Mrs Fairfax-Lucy, two silver dishes; Lady Margaret Jenkins, Morocco bag for cards; Miss B. Johnson, silver toast rack; Mr and Mrs West, silver salts and spoons; Mr C. Majoribanks, old card table; Mrs Walter Forbes, walkingstick; Mrs Helen Megniac, seal; Mr J. Guthrie, clock; Earl and Countess Leven and Meville, gilt topped smelling bottle; Hon. W. and Mrs Brooks, silver mounted bowl; Lady Grey Egerton, Dresden china vase; Lady Anne Savlle, turquoise and diamond pin; Lord and Lady W. Cecil, photo frame; Lady Louisa Charteris, drawing; Earl and Countess of Jersey, ivory paper knife; Mr and Mrs Robert Benton, blue satin table centre; the Hon. Chandos and Mrs Leigh, bookstand; Mrs Theodore Brinkman, two silver [souffliers? illegible]; Mr and Lady Margaret Douglas, two sliver flower stands; Mrs Hall, brass tankard; Lady Louisa Wells, silver-gilt tea set and diamond bracelet; the Hon. A. Greville, silver cigarette, and match boxes; Mrs Arthur Paget, ormolu inkstand; Mrs Gordon Dugdale, tortoiseshell and sliver paper knife; Lady Auckland, old looking glass; Mr W. G. Middleton, two silver candlesticks; Mrs Radcliffe, silver salver; Captain P. Gerald Leigh, silver and glass cigarette box; Mrs R. Charteris, walkingstick; Mr James Alston, silver-mounted jug; Major and Mrs Hunter, brass clock; Mr and Mrs George Baird, books; Mrs Rodgett [?], silver inkstand; the Hon. G. and Mrs Adderley, writingcase; Mr and Mrs R. Greaves, four silver dishes; Mr and Mrs Bruce Ismay, silver fish slice; Captain and Mrs Arthur Chambers, visitors' book; Mrs Roger Cunliffe, two silver baskets; Sir Charles and Lady Hartopp, green enamelled buttons; Captain and Mrs Edward Baird, two silver-gilt spoons; Mr and Mrs Frederick Walker, silver dish; Mr and Mrs Arthur James, table; the Hon. Marshall Brooks, table; the 8th Troop of the Warwickshire Yeomanry, large silver salver and silver cigarette case; Sir F. and Lady Stapleton, rams-horn paper knife; Viscountess Helmsley, diamond and sapphire scarf pin; anonymous, blotting case; Mrs Charlotte Knollys, Russian cigarette case; Mr and Mrs Clamner, oak and silver inkstand; Mr Burroughs, silver match box; Mr and Mrs Hobbs, six silver coffee spoons; Mr, Mrs, and Miss Miller Munday, silver-mounted claret jug; Captain the Hon. Cecil and Mrs Bingham, silver sugar sifter; the Hon. Mark Bouverie, two old silver candlesticks; the Hon. F and Mrs Parker, two silver menu holders; Lady Iveagh, diamond and turquoise brooch; Major Davidson, two silver baskets; Blanche Countess of Rosslyn, green enamel and gold links; Marquis and Marchioness of Salisbury, tortoisesheil and silver paper knife; Dowager Countess, of Aylesford, asparagus tongs; Marquis and Marchioness of Tweeddaie, silver box; Master George Greville, silver cup; Mr R. Charteris, silver soup tureen; Earl and Countess of Dartmouth, six small Russian cups; Lady Margaret Charteris, enamel and diamond brooch; Hons. Maud and Constance Hamilton Russell, silver photo frame; Rev. T. Rivington, books; Countess Manvers, china plate; stablemen at Wroxall, driving whip; Sir Francis de Winton, Rev. Canon Dalton, Hon. Derek Keppel, and Sir Charles Cust, pearl necklace; Lady Lilian Yorke, tortoiseshell paper knife; servants of Hon. Captain A. Greville and Hon. L. Greville, two silver candlesticks on tray; Hon. A. and Lady C. Walsh, silver photo frame; Viscount and Viscountess Boyne, table; Lady Jane Repton, silver prayer book; Mr Herbert Arkwright, silver cream jug; Mr Philip Stanhope and Countess Tolstoi, gold and jewelled pencil; Lady Lilian Wemess [?], diamond framed miniature brooch; Mrs Stanley Clarke, books; Mr Leonard Brassey, old silver, sugar basin and spoon; Lord Rendlesham, two silver candlesticks; Mr and Mrs Lycett Green, large looking glass and candlesticks; Lady Hilda Finch, old silver wine cooler; Mr Robert Yerburgh, M.P., silver cigarette case; Mr Charles Rose, silver salver; Hon. L. Greville, two large china lamps; Sir Reginald Cathcart, travelling clock; Mr and Lady B. Taylor, inkstand (silver mounted) and blotting book; Lord and Lady Binning, silver cream jug; Major-General and Mrs Stanley Clarke, inlaid table; Mr and Hon. Mrs Freeman Thomas, bezique box; Countess of Aylesford, old silver cream jug; Mr J. T. Arkwright, silver bottles and glasses; Lord and Lady Camoys, silver inkstand; Lord and Lady Alexander Gordon Lennox, table; Lord and Lady William Neville, silver cream jug; Sir Guy and Lady Campbell, smelling bottle; Sir Francis and Lady Knollys, silver inkstand; Earl and Countess of Albermarle, visitors' book; Lady Francis Legge, silver clasps; Lord and Lady Saltoun, silver bell; Hon. Mrs Reginald Corbet, small inlaid case and smelling bottle; Ear! of Norbury, gold safety pin; Mr Repton, diamond bracelet; Duke of Norfolk, amethyst and diamond safety pin brooch; servants at York House, two silver salts and spoons; servants at Easton, silver salver and cruet; Countess Cairns, small table; Sir Francis Montifiore, silver pincushion; Earl of Aylesford, large silver looking glass; Sir Dighton and Lady Probyn, silver handled umbrella; Dowager Countess of Dartmouth, silver tea caddy; Lord and Lady Churchill, silver basket; Sir George Arthur, picture; Mr and Mrs Arthur Hay, two silver peppers; Mr Kenneth Howard, gilt salts bottle; [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs Grahame Menzies]], silver pencil case and seal; Mrs Rogers, silver dish; Mr E. Cassel and Miss A. Cassel, covers for dishes; Mr and Mrs Manley Sims, silver looking glass; Major and Mrs Chesshvre [sic?] Molyneux, small sliver bowl snd spoon; Mrs Weyland, flower glasses in silver stands; Captain Cotterell, gold-mounted stick; Captain Peel, two silver candlesticks; Mrs Battye, six silver-handled tea knives; Hon. George and Mrs Keppel, silver-mounted glass tureen for iceing fruits; Earl of Warwick, tortoisesheil and diamond sleeve links; Mrs E. Greaves, old silver jug; Captain Coote, silver pepper grinder; Mr and Mrs Walter Maudsley, silver and crystal paper knife; Lord Kenyon, set of silver drinking cups; Mr and Mrs J. B. Dugdale, silver-mounted dressing bag; Mr and Mrs Digby, four silver dishes; Mr Robert Woodhouse, four silver candlesticks; Dr and Mrs Bullock, small silver tray; Captain Arthur Doyle, gun metal cigarette case; Mr John Hargreaves, two silver candlesticks; Mrs Edward Dutton, matchbox; Mrs John Follett, silver-mounted engagements tablet; Misses Rose and Edith Dugdale, large silver tea kettle and teapot, coffeepot, and hot milk jug; Captain J. Orr Ewing, silver travelling clock; Mr and Mrs Silver, silver sugar tongs; Major Stamner, silver pencil case; Mrs Dudley Smith, large Dutch spoon; Mrs Wilfred Marshall, old French thermometer; Captain and Mrs Walter Campbell, work table; Colonel Cuthbert Larkin, clock; Miss Annie Murray, cushion; Mr Elms and Mr Whitehead, photo of Earl of Warwick in frame; Mr A. Lloyd, two china figures, &c., &c.<ref>"Marriage of Mr Frank Dugdale and Lady Eva Greville. Brilliant Scene in St. Margaret's Westminster. [From our Special Correspondent.] [sic]." ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 27 July 1895 Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–3b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950727/022/0006.</ref> </blockquote> ===22 July 1895, Monday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was a bridesmaid in the wedding of T. E. M. Swinnerton-Pilkingten and Lady Kathleen Cuffe: <quote>AtSt. Mark’s Church, North Andley-street, London, on Tuesday-afternoon, with choral service, the marriage took place of Capt. T. E. M. Swinnerton-Pilkingten, eldest son of Sir Lionel M. Swinnerton-Pilkington, of Chevet Park, Wakefield, and Lady Kathleen Cuffe, only daughter of the fourth Earl of Desart. The Rev. Burton, M.A., uncle of the bridegroom, officiated, assisted by the Rev. J. W. Ayre, Vicar of St, Mark’s. The Earl of Desart gave his daughter away. Mr. Aubrey Harcourt acted as groomsman. There were 10 bridesmaids — Misses Aimee and Veronica Milborne Swinnerton-Pilkington (sisters of the bridegroom), Miss Cuffe, Miss Sybil Cuffe, Hon. Cicely Henniker, Hon. Rachel Calthorpe (cousins of the bride), Miss Mildred Seymour, Miss Goldschmidt, Miss Elsa Stern, and Miss Muriel Wilson. They wore white muslin gowns, with cherry-coloured sashes, and white fichus, copied from. Romney’s portrait of Lady Edward Fitzgerald, and white straw Directoire hats with white feathers and cherry bows. The bridegroom’s presents were brooches with “K. and T.” threaded the stalks a white “York” rose, and a green shamrock and nosegay [?] of pink and white sweet pea. Miss Fitzgerald, only daughter of the Knight of Kerry and Lady Fitzgerald (cousin of the bride), acted as trainbearor in a child’s replica of the bridesmaids’ dresses. The bride selected a “wedding gown” of white satin, trimmed with old Brussels lace and fichu, her fine tulle veil being fastened by a comb of orange blossoms and diamond pins, the gift of the bridegroom’s father, and her bouquet was of white blooms in foliage. The reception at Bute House, South Audley-street, W., the residence of Mrs. Bischoffsheim, was very largely attended, and afterwards Captain and Lady Kathleen Swinnerton-Pilkington left for Nuneham Park for their honeymoon, kindly lent by Mr., Aubrey Harcourt.</quote> (1895-07-27 Barnsley Chronicle) [check year on this: it's 1895 but not 1897?] ===25 July 1895, Thursday=== <quote>In All Saints' Church, Ennismore-gardens, on Thursday, Mr Reginald Bernhard Loder, son the late Sir Robert Loder, Bart., was married to the Lady Margaret Hare, elder daughter of the Earl and Countess of Listowel. The bride was led to the altar by her father, and was followed by eight bridesmaids : The Lady Beatrice Hare, her sister, Miss Florence Heneage and the Hon. Catherine Beresford, her cousins, Miss Sybil Burrell, Miss Norman Loder, Miss Patience Loder, nieces of the bridegroom, Lady Kathleen Cole, and Miss Crichton. Lord Albert Godolphin Osborne acted as groomsman. Mr and Lady Margaret Loder subsequently left for High Firs, the residence of Mr Alfred Loder, brother the bridegroom, near Harpenden, Herts. Among the guests who assembled at the ceremony and At Home afterwards were the Duchess of Leeds and the Ladies Godolphin Osborne, the Earl and Countess of Yarborough, Victoria Countess of Yarborough and Mr Richardson, Lady Decies, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs Arthur Wilson]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], and Mrs Thynne.</quote> (1895-07-27 Yorkshire Gazette) ==August 1895== ===26 August 1895, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1895== ==October 1895== ===6 October 1895, Sunday=== Sir Henry Wood founded the London Promenade concerts. ===18 October 1895, Friday=== The [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince of Wales]] paid his usual annual visit to the [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Earl and Countess of Warwick]]; a number of people were there, also as usual, including Muriel Wilson. Almost everybody left by the 10 a.m. train on Monday morning. <quote>Besides the Prince of Wales and Captain Holford, the Earl and Countess entertained large house party at the Lodge from Friday to Monday, among the guests being the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn, Lord and Lady Rookwood, Lord de L'lsle, Lady A. St. Clair Erskine, Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, Lady L. Wemyss, Col. Lockwood, M.P., and Mrs. Lockwood, Mr. Beit, Mr. and Mrs. Woodhouse, Mrs. Sreyd, Mr. and Mrs. Menzies, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], and Col. Paget.</quote> (1895-10-18 Essex County Chronicle) ===31 October 1895, Thursday=== Halloween. ==November 1895== ===5 November 1895, Tuesday=== Guy Fawkes Day ===17 November 1895, Sunday=== According to Dr. Watson's opening of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s 1908 "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans, "In the third week of November, in the year 1895, a dense yellow fog settled down upon London. From the Monday to the Thursday I doubt whether it was ever possible from our windows in Baker Street to see the loom of the opposite houses. ... But when ... we saw the greasy, heavy brown swirl still drifting past us and condensing in oily drops upon the window-panes, my comrade's impatient and active nature could endure this drab existence no longer" (Baring-Gould II 432). ===30 November 1895, Saturday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was a bridesmaid in the wedding of Miss Ida Forbes to Sir Archibald Edmonstone, of Duntreath (1895-12-02 Times). Muriel Wilson was one of 8 bridesmaids; the others were Miss Gathorne Hardy, Miss Flo Farquharson, Miss Dudley Ward, Miss Graham Murray, Miss Lutzow, and Miss Millicent James. ==December 1895== Sir Henry Irving and Mr. Bram Stoker were amongst the guests who attended the marriage of Mr. Gilbert Parker to Miss Van Tine in New York early in December last. The engagement was announced some months back, but little attention seems to have been paid to the fulfilment." "Table Talk," The Literary World (3 January 1896), Vol. 53, p. 14, col. 2. (Accessed 9 October 2009 in Google Books.) ===17 December 1895, Tuesday=== <quote>THE PRINCE OF WALES at HIGHCLERE CASTLE. This week the Earl and Countess of Carnarvon have had the honour of entertaining the Prince of Wales at their picturesque seat, Highclere Castle, which has consequently been the scene of much life and festivity. His Royal Highness, who was attended by Captain the Hon. Seymour Fortescue, drove from Marlborough House on Tuesday afternoon to Paddington, and left by special train, which was in charge of Mr. Hart, the G.W.R. Superintendent for the London division. The train made a quick run via Reading and Newbury junctions to the Highclere station of the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway, where the Prince was met by the Earl of Carnarvon, and conveyed from there in a carriage and pair. Unfortunately the weather proved dull and damp, and somewhat foggy, but by a thoughtful arrangement a large number of red and green lamps had been fixed on either side of the winding drive through the park between the London Lodge and the Castle, which was reached at a few minutes after seven o'clock. The guests who had been invited to meet his Royal Highness, and who had arrived by special train earlier in the afternoon, included Lord and Lady Westmorland, Lord and Lady Burghclere, Lord and Lady Chelsea, Lord and Lady Howe, Lady Dorothy Neville, Lady De Trafford, Hon. Mrs. Lowther, Sir Edward and Lady Colebrook, the Russian Ambassador (M. de Staal), the Brazilian Minister (Chevalier de [[Social Victorians/People/Souza Correa|Souza Correa]]), M. [[Social Victorians/People/Boulatzell|Boulatzell]], Mr. Alfred Cooper, and Mr. James McCraw. Dinner was served eight o'clock, music being provided by Herr Gottlieb's Viennese orchestra. A short time since the necessary works for installing the electric light the Castle were commenced, but it was found impossible to complete them in time for the Royal visit. However, all the principal rooms and other portions of the interior were brilliantly illuminated with lamps. On Wednesday the weather showed little, if any, improvement, but the Prince, attended by one of his gamekeepers from Sandringham, and accompanied by his noble host and several of the distinguished visitors, spent several hours in shooting over Biggs' Beat and the Warrens, on the south side of the estate, with the result that notwithstanding the unfavourable day excellent sport was obtained. The Royal guest, who much enjoyed his stay at Highclere, terminated his visit on Thursday morning, when Lord Carnarvon drove the Prince to Highclere station, where a special train was in waiting, which conveyed his Royal Highness to town. The rest of the visitors also left by another special. The Russian Ambassador, who arrived with the rest of the visitors by special train on Tuesday afternoon, went to town on Wednesday morning, but returned to Highclere Castle in the evening in time to dine with Lord Carnarvon's party. After luncheon on Wednesday the party, including the Prince of Wales, were photographed by Mr. Righton, of Northbrook-street, Newbury. </quote> (Reading Mercury 1895-12-21). ===25 December 1895, Wednesday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1895, Thursday=== Boxing Day ==Works Cited== *[1895-02-05 Beverly Echo] *[1895-06-28 York Herald] "Marriage of Mr. Kenneth Wilson and Miss Hackett. (From our own Reporter.)" York Herald 28 June 1895, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000500/18950628/006/0003 (accessed July 2019). *[1895-07-27 Barnsley Chronicle] "A Yorkshire Wedding." Barnsley Chronicle 27 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001638/18950727/192/0007 (accessed July 2019). *[1895-07-27 Yorkshire Gazette] "Social and Personal." Yorkshire Gazette 27 July 1895, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 4c [of 6]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18950727/025/0004 (accessed June 2019). *[1895-10-18 Essex County Chronicle] "The Prince of Wales at Easton Lodge." Essex County Chronicle [Chelmsford Chronicle in BNA now] 18 October 1895, Friday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 8]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000322/18951018/049/0006 (accessed July 2019). *[1895-12-02 Times] "Court Circular." Times, 2 Dec. 1895, p. 9. The Times Digital Archive, http://tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/AHQsR4. Accessed 20 June 2019. *[Reading Mercury 1895-12-21] "The Prince of Wales at Highclere Castle." Reading Mercury, Oxford Gazette, Newbury Herald, and Berks County Paper 21 December 1895, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 2a. British Newspaper Archive (behind paywall: https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000369/18951221/018/0004) (accessed May 2019). *Gibbs, Anthony Matthew. A Bernard Shaw Chronology. Author Chronologies, Ed. Norman Page. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave, 2001. *"Society and the Wheel." The Monthly C. T. C. [Cyclists’ Touring Club] Gazette and Official Record June 1895 (Vol. XIII, No. 6): 159, Col. 2b. Google Books https://books.google.com/books?id=Ngg3AAAAYAAJ (accessed July 2019). *"Table Talk," The Literary World (3 January 1896), Vol. 53, p. 14, col. 2. (Accessed 9 October 2009 in Google Books.) == Footnotes == <references /> s4jtgo28ciaq1j7wgb2x5syzi2ftnfu 0 264286 2691266 2687578 2024-12-10T16:11:52Z Scogdill 1331941 /* May 1897 */ 2691266 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890 | 1890]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891 | 1891]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892 | 1892]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893 | 1893]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894 | 1894]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895 | 1895]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896 | 1896]] 1897 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898 | 1898]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899 | 1899]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==Sometime in 1897== The year 1897 was the year of Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. ==January 1897== ===1 January 1897, Friday, New Year's Day=== ===1 January 1897, Wednesday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]], along with [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Stanley Wilson]], attended the [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwickshire]] Hunt Ball.<ref>"Warwickshire Hunt Ball." ''Leamington Courier'' 16 January 1897, Saturday: 5 [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18970116/027/0005 (accessed July 2019).</ref> === 30 January 1897, Saturday === The ''Queen'' reports<blockquote>A successful B<small>AL</small> P<small>OUDRÉ</small> was given recently by M<small>RS</small>. J<small>OHN</small> L<small>ANE</small> S<small>HRUBB</small>, at B<small>OLDRE</small> G<small>RANGE</small>, Lymington, Hants. There were over 140 guests, and dancing was kept up with spirit until nearly 4 a.m. The flowers were lovely both in the house and conservatory, and the general effect of the ladies' ''poudré'' and the gentlemen in uniform and hunt coats was particularly pleasing, and added brilliancy to the scene. The band of the Royal Marine Light infantry played with their usual skill and perfection. The house party included Capt. and Mrs [[Social Victorians/People/Hughes-Onslow|Hughes Onslow]], Mr Philip Crossley, Mr Bontram, Mr Ross Johnson, Mr and Mrs Breverley Shrubb, Mr [[Social Victorians/People/Hughes-Onslow|Somerset Hughes Onslow]]. The hostess looked particularly well in dark green velvet and white satin, trimmed with Genoese guipure antique, and carried a bouquet of Solfetaire roses. Her two daughters were dressed alike, in white satin with jewelled lace, and carried bouquets of pink carnations.<ref>"Entertainments, Balls, &c." The ''Queen'' 30 January 1897 Saturday: 36 [of 84], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18970130/234/0036.</ref></blockquote> ==February 1897== 1897 February, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was part of a group who visited Dublin Castle to visit the Lord Lieutenant and Countess Cadogan:<blockquote>The following, among other guests, have arrived at Dublin Castle on a visit to the Lord Lieutenant and Countess Cadogan: — The Earl and Countess of Arran, the Countess of Dunraven and the Ladies Wyndham-Quin, the Earl of Portarlington, Viscount and Viscountess Duncannon, Lady Rossmore, Sir Richard and Lady Magdelen / William Bulkeley, Colonel the Hon. Charles and Miss Chrichton, Mrs. Menzies and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. Mildmay, M.P., and Miss Mildmay, the Hon. Thomas Egerton, and Mr. Portman. On Tuesday night their Excellencies gave a dinner, followed by a ball in St. Patrick’s Hall, and to-day there will be another dinner and ball. Lord and Lady Cadogan and their guests intended to be present at Lady Roberts’s ball at the royal Hospital last night.<ref>"Court and Personal." ''Public Opinion: A Weekly Review of Current Thought and Activity'' 5 February 1897: 177, Col. 1c–2a. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7JEAQAAMAAJ (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> ===7 February 1897, Sunday=== Probably the second week of February: "… in addition to his own concerts [Dolmetsch] took part in William Poel's ''Twelfth Night'' production at the Hall of the Middle Temple, where the play had been performed in 1601. A very distinguished audience were gathered together, among them [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]], sitting as a Bencher of the Inn, [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] and the Duke of Teck."<ref>Campbell, Margaret. ''Dolmetsch: The Man and His Work''. U of Washington Press, 1975: 112.</ref> ===10 February 1897, Wednesday=== The [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Duchess of Devonshire]]'s second reception for the season, at Devonshire House, Picadilly. ===End of February 1897=== <blockquote>The fun at the end of last week was at Melton where … and Lady Huntington was to entertain Mrs. Hwfa Williams, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Stanley Wilson]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Lord Stavordale, and Mr. Marjoribanks.<ref name=":2">"Society Gossip." ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'' 3 March 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18970303/038/0003 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote>Hard to tell if there was one or several parties, including at least one ball:<blockquote>… Lady Dudley stayed with lady Gerard for the Hunt Ball. Everyone said it was the smartest country ball they had seen for a long time. It was, indeed, quite like a very smart London one, only much cheerier and brighter-looking on account of al the men’s red coats. All the hunting world had parties for it, and all the women wore their best frocks and their diamonds too. … The two prettiest girls in the room were Miss Enid Wilson in white and Miss Muriel Wilson in white and silver with a soft blue sash.<ref name=":2" /></blockquote> ==March 1897== Sometime in March 1897, Wynn Westcott resigned from the [[Social Victorians/Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]]. Sometime in March 1897, Wynn Westcott of the [[Social Victorians/Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]] wrote Frederick Gardner, telling him to ask Florence Farr to "choose a gentleman adept friend" to act as intermediary -- but not W. A. Ayton.<ref>Howe 169.</ref> ==April 1897== ===16 April 1897, Friday=== Good Friday ===18 April 1897, Sunday=== Easter Sunday ==May 1897== Some William Rothenstein drawings made in May 1897 are now at Jesses, [[Social Victorians/Haslemere|Haslemere]].<ref>Campell 133.</ref> ===3 May 1897, Monday=== "Inaugural performance of the New Century Theatre, a rival to the independent, established by William Archer, Elizabeth Robins, H. W. Massingham, and Alfred Sutro, on order to promote experimental drama."<ref>Gibbs, Anthony Matthew. ''A Bernard Shaw Chronology''. ''Author Chronologies'', ed. Norman Page. Palgrave, 2001: 131.</ref> On '''Monday 3 or 10 May 1897''', a dance in London for 450 people to benefit the Italian Hospital. Benoist catered.<blockquote>Under the patronage of the King and Queen of Italy, the Prince and Princess of Naples, the Duke and Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the Marchioness of Lorne, the Duchess of Teck, the Duke and Duchess of Aosta, General Ferrero, and many others, a most successful dance was held on Monday, of last week, at the Institute of Painters in Water Colours, Piccadilly, in aid of the Italian Hospital, at Queen's-square. The guests, who were received by Mme. Ortelei, Lady Seymour, Mrs. Hoffnung-Goldsmith, and Mme. Allatini, included the Duke and Duchess San Germano di Calabrito, General Ferrero, Marchioness Caesar di Sain, Lady Carew, Lady Colin Campbell, Count di Casa Valencia, Lady Jessel, Count di Vaglio, Mr. S. Hoffnung-Goldsmith, Sir Joseph Sebag Montefiore, Count Herschell, Sir Halliday and Lady Macartney, Comm. John Ortelei, Signor and Signorina Bebigani, Signor Strazza, the Messrs. Simmons, Count Sielern, [[Social Victorians/People/Hadik|Count Hadik]], Mr. and Mrs. Silverston. Many handsome gowns were worn. Mme. Ortelei was most becomingly attired in grey, Lady Seymour in black, Lady Colin Campbell also in black, and Miss Hoffnung-Goldsmith in white, Mme. de Rinn was in pale blue, and Mme. Allatini in grey brocade. Benoist catered, as usual, perfectly, and some 450 guests supped at the myriad flower-decked little tables.<ref>"Under the Patronage." The ''Gentlewoman'' 15 May 1897 Saturday: 48 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970515/248/0048.</ref></blockquote> === 4 May 1897, Tuesday''', beginning at 4:20 p.m.''' === A disastrous fire in Paris broke out in a charity bazaar run and frequented by celebrities and aristocrats that killed and seriously injured many people. The fire had started in the cinematograph next door, whose ether supply for the light flame seems to have exploded, killing and injuring people in that as well. The ''Sheffield Independent'' published eye-witness accounts the next day.<ref>"The Paris Horror. Further Details. Searching for the Dead. Agonising Scenes. Traces of the Duchesse d'Alencon. Narrow Escape of an English Lady. Personal Narrative." ''Sheffield Independent'' 06 May 1897 Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a-8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18970506/110/0005.</ref> ===5 May 1897, Wednesday=== Florence Farr called a meeting of the [[Social Victorians/Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]] (or the Inner Order?), which was held at 62 Oakley Square.<ref>Howe 126.</ref> ===6 May 1897, Thursday=== About the [[Social Victorians/Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]]: H. C. Morris got Edward Berridge's "pamphlet" with the footnote about Annie Horniman and the handwritten "doggerrel."<ref>Howe 173-74.</ref> === 8 May 1897, Saturday === I believe the big funerals in Paris after the fire on Tuesday must have been held on Saturday 8 May, rather than on 15 May, when the story about them appeared in the ''Illustrated Police News''.<ref>"The Awful Catastrophe at a Charitable Bazaar in Paris. Over a Hundred Noble Ladies Burned to Death. The French Aristocracy Thrown into Mourning. Full Details of the Heart-Rending Calamity." ''Illustrated Police News'' 15 May 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 8], Cols. 1a–5c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000072/18970515/009/0003.</ref> ===9 May 1897, Sunday=== Annie Horniman was living at H. I. Montague Mansions, Portman Square, London.<ref>Horniman, Annie Elizabeth Fredericka. Typescript.</ref> ===15 May 1897, Saturday=== '''1897 May 15–17''', [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was at a weekend house party at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]]: "The most interesting Saturday-to-Monday house party this year was at Warwick Castle, where Mr Balfour was the fellow-guests with Lord Rosebery and Mr Asquith. [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]] and Mr Buckle, editor of ‘The Times’ have been among the guests."<ref>''Hull Daily Mail'' 17 May 1897, Monday: 4 [of 6], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' (accessed July 1897).</ref> Same house-party at Warwick Castle:<blockquote>The Countess of Warwick entertained the following distinguished house party at Warwick Castle at the end of last week: — The Portuguese Minister, the Earl of Rosebery, Earl of Crewe, Lady Randolph Churchill, Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox, the Right Hon. A. J. Balfour, the Right Hon. H. and Mrs. Asquith, the Hon. H. Lady Feodorowna Sturt, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Maguire, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Grenfell, Mr. and Mrs. J. Menzies, Miss Muriel Wilson, Lord Kenyon, Lady Gerard, Major-General Arthur Ellis, the Hon. John Baring, the Hon. Sidney Greville, Major Wynn Finch, Mr. Buckle (the “Times”), Mr. Cecil Grenfell, Mr. Warrender, and Mr. T. Byard. The distinguished guests arrived at the Castle on Saturday afternoon. The Earl of Rosebery reached Warwick at four o’clock, and was driven to the Castle by Lady Warwick in her carriage and pair. Mr. Arthur Balfour come down to Leamington by the Zulu express, and rode on this bicycle to the Castle. He looked bronzed and healthy, although he has only recently recovered from an illness. On Sunday morning a number of the guests attended Divine service at St. Mary’s Church. Lord Warwick was present with the Corporation, as Mayor of the borough; and Lady Warwick was accompanied by Lord Rosebery. Lord Crewe, Mrs. Asquith, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Rochefort Maguire, Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox, Miss Muriel Wilson, Lady Marjorie Greville, and Miss Hamilton. The Rev. A. C. Irvine, M.A., was the preacher. Lord Rosebery was at once recognized as he left the church with the Castle party. The appearance of the Countess of Warwick at the meeting of the Birmingham Lifeboat Saturday Committee, held at the Council House, Birmingham last week, caused a big flutter among the ladies present. Her ladyship was attired in a striking costume of navy blue serge, faced with military braid, with lappels of the bodice trimmed with yellow silk. The Countess had travelled from London to preside at the meeting, and had to rush away before the proceedings were over in order to get to Warwick, where she was to preside over another gathering. The pupils of Warwick School of Art have been invited by the Countess of Warwick to prepare designs for the cover of the handbook of the Education Section of the Victorian Era Exhibition, of which her ladyship is president. The Earl and Countess of Warwick will, as stated in last week’s “Courier” entertain all the day and Sunday School children at the Castle on the 1st of June. They number about two thousand five hundred. On the 3rd of June the leading burgesses of the town, to the number of about thousand are invited to a garden party. The Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress of London, the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress of Birmingham, the Mayors and Mayoresses of Coventry, Stratford, Leamington, and Sutton Coldfield, will be amongst the guests. The next day the farm tenantry on the estates of the Earl and Countess in Warwickshire, Staffordshire, Somersetshire, Northamptonshire, and Essex, will be entertained, being conveyed to and from Warwick by special trains. Among those who lunched with the Countess of Warwick at the Castle on Wednesday were the Bishop of Worcester, the Hon. T. A. Brassey the Rev. M. Hare, the Rev. Dr. Newman Hall, the Rev. W. J. and Mrs. Mathams, and the Directors of the British and Foreign Sailors' Society.<ref>"Distinguished Guests at Warwick Castle." ''Leamington'' Courier 22 May 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18970522/032/0007 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> ===25 May 1897, Tuesday=== Arthur Sullivan's ballet ''Victoria and Merrie England'' opened at the Alhambra Theatre, Leicester Square; Sullivan conducted at least the first performance.<ref name=":0" /> Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Oppenheim|Oppenheim]] hosted a "flower ball," which meant that women's costumes represented a flower:<blockquote>THE WORLD OF WOMEN. MRS. OPPENHEIM’S FLOWER BALL. NOW leafy June, the sweet month of roses, has set in right jubilantly in London, it is nice to dwell in imagination on the delicious Flower Ball Mrs. Henry Oppenheim gave on May 25 at her beautiful townhouse in Bruton Street. Is it not captivating to the fancy to learn that the balcony of the magnificent ball-room was arched with evergreens, studded with lovely flowers; that the handsome hostess looked radiant in a Poppy dress with bodice of basket-work in gold embroidery; that Lilian, Duchess of Marlborough, was appropriately attired in lily costume; and that roses garlanded the Duchess of Leeds’s superb brocade and tulle dress; while Mrs. Asquith, the wife of the ex-Home Secretary, also chose English roses? I am glad to know that the dear old Shamrock of Erin was not forgotten by an Irish beauty.<ref>"The World of Women. Mrs. Oppenheim's Flower Ball." ''Penny Illustrated Paper'' 05 June 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 2a, b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000693/18970605/088/0012.</ref></blockquote> ===27 May 1897, Thursday=== Thursday, 27 May 1897, 2:30 p.m. On Friday, 28 May 1897, in "Court Circular" the London ''Times'' reported on the funeral of [[Social Victorians/People/Augustus Wollaston Franks|Sir Wollaston Franks]]:<blockquote>The funeral of [[Social Victorians/People/Augustus Wollaston Franks|Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks]], F.R.S., president of the Society of Antiquaries, took place yesterday at Kensal-green Cemetery. The service was held at St. Andrew's Church, Ashley-place, the Rev. H. E. Hall, nephew of Sir Augustus Franks, officiating. The chief mourners were Miss Franks, a sister, Mrs. Nesbitt, a sister, the Misses Hall, nieces, Mr. Frederick Franks and Mr. Amyard Hall, nephews, Mr. T. L. Murray Browne, and Mr. C. H. Read, F.R.S. A large number of the members of the Society of Antiquaries and the Royal Society and others attended, among them being Sir E. J. Poynter, P.R.A., Sir Clements Markham (president of the Royal Geographical Society), Sir John Evans, the Bishop of Stepney, Sir Henry Howorth, M.P., Sir J. C. Robinson, Sir Frederic W. Burton, Sir E. Maunde Thompson (librarian, British Museum), the Earl of Crawford, Viscount Dillon, Professor R. K. Douglas, Mr. J. Luard Pattisson, C.B., Mr. B. V. Head, Mr. E. Freshfield, LL.D. (treasurer of the Society of Antiquaries), Mr. Stanley Leighton, M.P., Mr. J. Leighton, Mr. W. Foster (secretary, Hakluyt Society), Mr. E. A. Bond, C.B., Mr. F. G. Hilton Price (director of the Society of Antiquaries), Mr. F. A. Eason (secretary of the Royal Academy), Mr. Philip [Col. 1a/Col. 2b] Norman, Mr. Willis Bund, Mr. H. O. [?] Maxwell Lyte, C.B., Mr. H. B. Wheatley, Mr. C. Purdon Clarke, Mr. W. de G. Birch, and Dr. Hicks. Assembled at the graveside were also Major-General Sir John Donnelly, head of the Science and Art Department, South Kensington, Mr. Everard Green (Herald's College), Mr. Charles Welch (Guildhall library), and Mr. T. Armstrong (Science and Art Department).<ref>"Court Circular." ''Times'' [London, England] 28 May 1897: 12, Col. 1c–2a. ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 2 May 2013.)</ref></blockquote> On Friday, 28 May 1897, in "The Queen's Reign" the London ''Times'' reported the following "[[Social Victorians/19thC Freemasonry|masonic service]]":<blockquote>A masonic service was held yesterday, at evensong, in the Collegiate Church of St. Saviour, Southwark, to celebrate the record reign of her Majesty and to assist the restoration fund of the church. By special dispensation of the Grand Master the brethren were permitted to attend the service in full masonic attire, and a very impressive scene was thus witnessed by the congregation. Among those present were Lord Lathom (pro-Grand Master), Lord Llangattock, Lord Connemara, Lord Harlech, Mr. Justice Bruce, and also the following brethren:— Mr. W. L. Jackson, M.P., Sir Offley Wakeman, Mr. Causton, M.P., Mr. H. Bancroft, Mr. E. Terry, Mr. Lionel Brough, Colonel A. B. Cook, Mr. R. Eve, Mr. R. Loveland Loveland (president of the Board of General Purposes), the Rev. Dr. Currie, Mr. Letchworth (grand secretary), and Mr. W. Lake (assistant grand secretary). Before the service the following voluntaries were rendered by organ and orchestra:— "Largo" (Handel), "Idyll" (Battison Haynes), and "occasional" Overture (Handel). Immediately preceding the service a procession was formed, in which the grand officers walked from the Ladye Chapel down the north, to the west end, thence up the nave to the reserved seats under the tower and the east end of the nave. The provincial grand officers proceeded from the parochial offices, and occupied the reserved seats at the east end of the nave. Clerical brethren included in the foregoing procession retired to the vestry on the north side of the choir, and joined the procession of the choir, clergy, and chapter to the choir seats and stalls. Clerical brethren with robes — not grand officers or provincial grand officers — after entering the church proceeded to the north choir aisle, where they waited and joined in the last-mentioned procession. The service was intoned by Archdeacon Sinclair (P.G.C.) and Canon Thompson. The opening hymn was "O Jerusalem the blissful," and the proper psalms followed. The special lessons (Haggai ii., 4 to 10 and 1. Cor. iii., 9 to 18) were read by the Rev. Dr. Childe and the Archdeacon of Essex. The Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis were sung to music by Gadsby in C and the anthem was "Lift up your heads" (Handel). The sermon was preached by the Very Rev. Dr. Hole, Dean of Rochester, grand chaplain, from Acts viii., 26, "Sirs, ye are brethren." The financial results of the service were a contribution towards the £7,000 required of about £2,340, including £1,000 from Lord Llangattock, £600 from Mr. Alfred Bevan, over £400 subscribed by the committee, and £320 collected at the service.<ref>"The Queen's Reign." ''Times'' [London, England] 28 May 1897: 12. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 2 May 2013.</ref></blockquote> ==June 1897== ===1 June 1897, Tuesday=== The Dowager Duchess of Marlborough and Lady Sarah Wilson hosted a dinner party and dance:<blockquote>The Dowager Duchess of Marlborough and Lady Sarah Wilson entertained at dinner yesterday evening, at her Grace’s house in Grosvenor-square, the Duke and Duchess of Roxburghe, the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry and Lady Helen Stewart, the Earl and Countess of Derby and Lady Isabel Stanley, the Earl of Chesterfield, the Earl of Stradbroke, the Earl of Essex, Lady Georgiana Curzon, the Ladies Margaret and Victoria Innes-Ker, Lady Lilian S. Churchill, Viscount Chrichton, Lord and Lady Wolverton, Lady Gerard, Lord Trevor, Lord Elcho, Sir Samuel and Lady Sophie Scott, Sir Edward and Lady Colebrooke, Lady de Trafford, the Hon. Dudley Marjoribanks, the Hon. Charles Willoughby, the Hon. Claud Willoughby, the Hon. John Baring, the Hon. Seymour Fortescue, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Grenfell, Mr. and Mrs. J. Menzies, and Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]], Captain Ricardo, and Mr. Wilfred Wilson. There was a dance afterwards.<ref>"Court Circular." ''Times'', 2 June 1897, p. 12. ''The Times Digital Archive'', http://tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/AHQuW0. Accessed 20 June 2019.</ref></blockquote> ===2 June 1897, Wednesday=== Derby Day at Epsom Downs, so the [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Friederike Auguste Montagu]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Devonshire]], hosted a ball at Devonshire House that night? ===5 June 1897, Saturday=== 1897 June 5?, fancy-dress ball hosted by Mrs. Oppenheim, women came dressed as flowers:<blockquote>Of course you want to know all about Mrs. Oppenheim’s ball, which was undoubtedly very successful. It would very difficult to say who looked best, or who was the best-dressed person there. The hostess herself looked about twenty-five in a poppy gown with golden basket bodice, and Miss Oppenheim, as a harebell, looked very handsome. Lady De Grey, in red roses, looked magnificent, and Lady Kilmorey, as La France rose, was very artistic. Mrs. Walker, as a pansy, Lady Sarah Wilson, as tiger tulip, Lady Newtown-Butler, as an iris, all wore short dresses, and gave one the impression that they had left part of their costume behind. Miss Brassey’s gown was a heap of roses; Lady Lilian Churchill's was covered with forget-me-nots (and was very pretty); Lady Norah Churchill, with a little hat on her head and her short skirt, looked like a little Dresden Shepherdess. Lady Beatrice Butler, as a pimpernel, was lovely; Lady Vivian’s daughters, as violet and sweet peas, were very fresh and pretty. Miss Norah Bourke and Mrs. Lindsay both looked well. Lilian Duchess of Marlborough wore a white satin dress covered with large lilies, and Mrs. Jack Leslie's gown, with a tall flower growing out of a red velvet flower-pot, was very original. Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]], as a dandelion, wore, I think, the whole the most successful gown there, and she looked very handsome.<ref>"Society Gossip." ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'' 5 June 1897, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18970605/122/0009 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote>A week later, in the reporting of the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 fancy-dress ball, is a story that brings Mrs. Oppenheim's ball to show what Louisa Duchess of Devonshire did not do: <blockquote>Mrs. Oppenheim, wife of the well-known financier, gave a flower party, of which great things were expected, and fairly fulfilled. Every lady personated a flower, and got herself up so far as possible to resemble one, or so decked her dress, with [Col. 1C–2A] simulated blossoms as clearly indicate her preference. Society talked flowers for a fall which was a great extension of the proverbial nine days' wonder. When all was said and done the great world discarded flowers, and decided to have no more of them for personal adornment, and as few as possible for tables and reception rooms. So ungrateful can the pampered world become for nature's prodigality.<ref>Cheltenham Looker-On 1897-06-12.</ref></blockquote> ===6 June 1897, Sunday=== Whit Sunday ===11 June 1897, Friday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] attended a house party at Chatsworth House, the country house of the [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]] (details on 12 June 1897 and on the page reporting gossip about the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July fancy-dress ball]]). On Saturday, 12 June, the fact that people were talking about the Duchess of Devonshire's upcoming ball was part of the story in the newspaper. === 12 June 1897, Saturday === Two parties took place on this day; according to newspaper reports, costumes at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 fancy-dress ball]] were discussed. People at the house party at Chatsworth House, the country house of the [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]], were talking about the upcoming party:<blockquote>The house party at Chatsworth this week included the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie, Lord Charles Montagu, Lord and Lady Gosford, Lord Elcho, the Right Hon. Arthur James Balfour, M.P., Count Mensdorf, of the Austrian Embassy; Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] (Tranby Croft), and Mrs. Menzies. The Daily Mail says it is impossible not to talk about the Duchess of Devonshire's grand ball, for people will discuss scarcely anything else, and although each woman can keep the secret of her own intentions fairly well, she invariably betrays the confidences of her dearest friends; while the men, who are less hopeful of making a sensation, frankly discuss the difficulties in their way, and ask for advice or practical assistance from each of their lady friends. [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon|Lady de Grey]] is going as Zenobia, and is getting her dress from Doucet, I hear, while Worth also is making a great many costumes; but the greatest number are being made in England. The [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton|Duchess of Hamilton]], [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie|Lady Mar and Kellie]], and Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] are all going to the costumier in Soho-square, and Alias has also been summoned to Marlborough House for a consultation. As to what the different people will wear people seem to change their minds every day, but according to the present report the [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Duke of Marlborough]] will be dressed as Louis Seize, and the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish|Duke of Devonshire]] will probably represent a portrait of Charles V., while [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Lady Gosford]], who was to have been Minerva, has now half decided to be a lady of his Court. Mr. Caryl Craven, who is so clever in such matters, is helping the [[Social Victorians/People/Leeds|Duchess of Leeds]] with her dress; in fact, everyone seems pressed into the service, and the result will be one of the most brilliant sights that ever was seen. [[Social Victorians/People/Adderley|Father Adderley]] (the Hon and Rev J Adderley), who always brings his religion up to date, has already denounced the ball from his pulpit, in imitation of an American divine; but he is probably very far wrong in estimating the cost of any one dress at £2,000! It is certain, however, that the ball, what with one thing and another, will run into enormous sums of money, and some ladies are actually having their jewels altered and reset to suit the costume of a single night. There is a Venetian quadrille, a poudré quadrille, two Empire quadrilles, and last, not least, some of the beauties will be dancing an Oriental measure in Eastern dress with floating scarves, and this will be the prettiest and most picturesque feature of the night.<ref>Derbyshire Times and Chesterfield Herald 1897-06-12.</ref></blockquote>The ''Reading Mercury'' mentions talk at a ball hosted by Queen Victoria on the same day about what people intend to wear:<blockquote>The Marchioness of Londonderry and her sister-in-law Lady Aline Beaumont, intend to wear Polish costumes at the Duchess of Devonshire’s fancy ball. The Duke has almost decided to wear a dress copied from a Titian painting of Charles the Fifth. Lady Gosford, his step-daughter, will personate a lady of his court. The Princess of Wales has not yet chosen her dress. This ball is making a great sensation in aristocratic circles.<ref>“Our London Letter. Up and Down.” ''Reading Mercury'' 12 June 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 12], Col. 7c. ''British Newspaper'' ''Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000369/18970612/100/0008.</ref></blockquote> === 19 June 1897, Saturday === On Monday, 21 June 1897, the ''Pall Mall Gazette'' reported a dinner party at the Savoy Hotel hosted by Madame Melba:<blockquote>Mdme. Melba entertained a large party at dinner on Saturday evening at the Savoy Hotel. The tables were most equisitely [sic] decorated with the rarest flowers, and the menus bore the combined flags of England and Australia. The guests included Mr. and Mrs. Kenyon Mason, M. Bemberg, [[Social Victorians/People/Craven|Mr. Caryl Craven]], Mr. Theodore Byard, Miss Ada Crossley, Mr. J. M. Bruce (Melbourne), Mr. Leo Stern, the Misses Donaldson (Australia), and Mr. Landon Ronald. Following the dinner was music, in which the distinguished hostess took part, to the delight of her guests.<ref>"Pall Mall Gazette Office." ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 21 June 1897 Monday: 8 [of 10], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970621/020/0008.</ref></blockquote>The ''British Australasian'' has more detail:<blockquote>Madame Melba entertained a large party of friends at dinner on Saturday evening at the Savoy Hotel. The distinguished singer received the guests in her own salon, and from there the party passed to the grand dining hall, where tables were specially reserved and decorated for the party, which included several of her compatriots. An exquisite array of flowers lent particular beauty to a scene which was much enhanced by a novel and exceedingly pretty scheme of illumination. The menu cards were embellished with the flags of England and Australia, most effectively embossed in gold and colours, and each guest took away a card, which during the evening was made doubly interesting by the addition of the diva's autograph. The dinner was as follows:— Fantaisies Muscovite.<br />Poule au Pat.<br />Veloute à la Reine.<br />Truite à la d'Orleans.<br />Volaille à la Diva.<br />Baron d'Agneau de lait à la Broche.<br />Petits pots à la Francaise [sic].<br />Pommes noissettes.<br />Mousse d'Ecrevisses Rossini.<br />Cailles Rôties aux Feuilles de Vigne.<br />Salade Rachel.<br />Aubergines au Gratin.<br />Peches Glacées Vanille.<br />Friandises. Fruits.<br />Vins.<br />Hochheimer. Bollinger, 1889.<br />Cantenac Brown 1884.<br />Café Turc. Liqueurs. The guests included M. Bemberg, the composer, Baronet Von Zedlitz, Miss Ada Crossley, Mr. Theodore Byard, Miss Dora Mitchell (sister of the hostess), Mr. Landon Ronald, Mr. and Mrs. Kenyon Mason — the latter being a niece of Dr. O'Hara, of Melbourne — Miss Agnes Murphy, [[Social Victorians/People/Craven|Mr. Caryl Craven]], Mr. J. M. Bruce of Melbourne, Misses Donaldson, Madame Guy d'Hardelot (the composer), Mr. Charles Ellis (the diva's American manager), Mr. Leo Stern, and other well-known people. A feature of the dinner was an ice-boat of beautiful design, with the word "Melba" in frozen letters graduating from stem to stern. After the dinner the guests returned to Madame Melba's roems [sic], where the pleasure of the evening was crowned by the hostess herself singing with all the purity of tone and perfection of phrasing which have won her the distinction of "prima donna of the world." Miss Ada Crossley's lovely voice was also heard, and Mr. Theodore Byard contributed two songs, and Mr. Stern a 'cello solo. The game of American Post, with the gifted hostess as Postal Director, closed an evening of unique enjoyment.<ref>["Madame Melba..."]. ''British Australasian'' 24 June 1897 Thursday: 35 [of 68], Col. 1b–c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003365/18970624/150/0035.</ref></blockquote>"American Post" — or, in the U.S., "Post Office" — is still a kissing game played at parties, often among teenagers.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-03-01|title=Post office (game)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post_office_(game)&oldid=1074645964|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office_(game).</ref> ===20 June 1897, Sunday=== Accession Day: the official Jubilee Hymn, music by Arthur Sullivan and lyrics by William Waltham How, Bishop of Wakefield, was "used in all churches and chapels"; Sullivan's tune is called Bishopgarth and "was later offered in The Methodist Hymnal as an alternative for the Harvest hymn by William Chatterton Dix To Thee, O Lord, Our Hearts We Raise" (Richards 406). Queen Victoria "attended a Thanksgiving service at St George's Chapel, Windsor, at which ... Sullivan's ... hymn ... [was] performed."<ref>Richards 137.</ref> Later that day, perhaps, Alfred Austin (appointed Poet Laureate after [[Social Victorians/People/William Morris|William Morris]] had turned it down) presented his "Victoria," composed for the occasion, to Victoria. === 21 June 1897, Monday === The events of this day were in London. First the Queen, who was still at Windsor, took the train to Paddington Station. She "hosted a State Banquet at in the State Supper Room at Buckingham Palace"; Mr. J. Sommer, Bandmaster, conducted the Band of Royal Engineers.<ref name=":1">"The Queen's Diamond Jubilee — The Music in 1897." The Classical Reviewer 5 May 2012 <nowiki>http://theclassicalreviewer.blogspot.com/2012/05/queens-diamond-jubilee-music-in-1897.html</nowiki> (accessed August 2020).</ref> A reception followed in the Ballroom for guests who had been invited to the Diamond Jubilee celebration, most of them the usual crowd and heads of state from Europe and the Empire. ===22 June 1897, Tuesday=== Diamond Jubilee Day<ref>Mackenzie-Rogan, Lt. Colonel John. Fifty Years of Army Music. London: Methuen, 1926: 124.</ref>; a "thanksgiving service" was held in St. Paul's Cathedral in honor of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.<ref>Murphy, Sophia. ''The Duchess of Devonshire's Ball''. Sidgwick & Jackson, 1984: 12.</ref> Murphy describes the procession to St. Paul's:<blockquote>The procession which took place on 22 June was the culmination of the patriotic fervour that inspired the nation in that summer of 1897. The Queen, accompanied by 50,000 troops, was driven through the streets of London for the thanksgiving service outside St Paul's Cathedral, where she was greeted by her family, headed by the Prince and Princess of Wales. The crowds turned out in their thousands. Every window overlooking the six-mile route, every inch of space available on the streets, was filled with cheering, flag-waving subjects, the majority of whom had never known another sovereign.<ref>Murphy 15.</ref></blockquote>Mackenzie-Rogan describes the procession and service like this:<blockquote>The procession [from Buckingham Palace to St. Paul's] was led by the great imperial warrior Field Marshal Lord Roberts and included Canadian Mounties, Jamaica Artillery, Royal Nigerian Constabulary, the Cape Mounted Rifles, the New South Wales Lancers, Trinidad Light Horse, and New Zealand Mounted Troops, along with a variety of Indian troops. The service took place on the steps of St. Paul's, with the Queen remaining seated in her carriage. The choir contained many of the most famous musicians of the day joining in singing: [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sullivan|Sir Arthur Sullivan]], Sir Walter Parratt, Dr Hubert Parry, Dr Frederick Bridge, Alberto Randegger, Dr A. H. Mann, Barton McGuckin, John E. West, and Joseph Bennett. Sir / George Martin conducted his Jubilee Te Deum, and this was followed by the intoning of the Lord's Prayer, the singing of All People that On Earth Do Dwell to the familiar tune The Old Hundredth and then the first verse of the national anthem. Then the Archbishop of Canterbury on an impulse called for three cheers for the Queen. They could be heard in Trafalgar Square. The service was accompanied throughout by the military bands of the Royal Artillery and the Royal School of Military Music, Kneller Hall.<ref>Mackenzie-Rogan 137–138.</ref></blockquote>Sir George Martin was organist at St. Paul's and knighted in 1897.<ref name=":1" /> About 15,000 people were in the congregation, but Queen Victoria did not leave her carriage, so some ceremony took place on the steps, including a Te Deum written by Prince Albert before his death. The Queen's carriage then went to Mansion House for a ceremony with the Lord Mayor of the City of London. She was then driven around the city, taking her, essentially, to the people, so they could see her. She then was driven back to Windsor. According to the Classical Reviewer,<blockquote>In the evening, a torchlight procession of boys from Eton School sang for Queen Victoria in the Quadrangle of Windsor Castle and the boys created formations on the ground including the letters ‘V.R’. They were accompanied by the band and drums of the Coldstream Guards, performing a number of songs including ‘Auld Lang Syne” and “God Save The Queen”. Afterwards the boys gave Queen Victoria three cheers.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>Later that evening was called "Jubilee Night."<ref>Murphy 14.</ref> ===26 June 1897, Saturday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. === 28 June 1897, Monday === Queen Victoria hosted an enormous garden party at Buckingham Palace, with many royals and foreign dignitaries in attendance because they were in London for the Diamond Jubilee. Many of the dignitaries, especially from South Asia, seem likely to have been at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball |Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] on 2 July 1897. The ''Morning Post'' covered the garden party with a great deal of detail about the guests who were invited and who attended.<ref>“The Queen’s Garden Party.” ''Morning Post'' 29 June 1897, Tuesday: 4–5 [of 12], Cols. 1a–1c. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18970629/032/0004 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970629/032/0005.</ref> ===End of June 1897=== A few days before 2 July 1897:<blockquote>A few days before the Devonshire House Ball, Joseph Chamberlain had given a party at which the crush had been so great that Princess Louise, the fourth daughter of Queen Victoria who was married to the Marquis of Lorne, had been overcome and had nearly fallen underfoot. So dense was the crowd at this party that it had been impossible to clear a path for the Prince and Princess of Wales. The Prince was so angry that he left the party without even being received, much to the shame and embarrassment of his hostess.<ref>Murphy 39.</ref></blockquote> ==July 1897== ===2 July 1897, Friday=== The [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]]. Earlier in the day, the [[Social Victorians/Derby Day at Epsom Downs|derby at Epsom Downs]]. === 6 July 1897, Tuesday === Just 4 days after the 2 July fancy-dress ball, Louisa, Duchess of Devonshire and Spencer, Duke of Devonshire hosted a garden party at Devonshire House. No royals are reported as having been present; the list of people who attended is specific and arranged like other kinds of similar parties — including those hosted by Albert Edward, Prince of Wales and Alexandra, Princess of Wales — with the list generally organized by rank, with immediate families listed together, especially parents and a daughter, though adult children with their own titles are listed by them and their general rank. The list of South-Asian dignitaries is specific and useful to know who was in London from South Asia.<blockquote>DEVONSHIRE HOUSE. The Duchess of Devonshire gave a garden party yesterday afternoon at Devonshire House, when a distinguished company assembled. The band of the Scots Guards, under the ''bâton'' of Mr. Dunkerton, performed a spirited selection of music throughout the afternoon. The company arrived in quick succession from four till nearly seven o'clock by the two side entrances to the grounds, as well as the principal entrance in Piccadilly, and the presence of our Indian and Colonial visitors in their picturesque and varied uniforms testified to the far-reaching popularity of the Duke of Devonshire and the hostess. The Maharajah of Kapurthala, the Thakur Sahib of Gondal and the Maharanee, the Maharajah Sir Pertab Singh, Thakur Hari Singh, Kumar Dhopal Singh, Rajah Khetri Singh, Rajah Agit Singh, Raj Kuman Umaid of Shapura, Bijey Singh, Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy and Miss and the Messrs. Jejeebhoy, and the Maha Mudalayar of Kandy, besides the officers of the Imperial Service Troops and the Officers of the Native Cavalry Corps were present. Among those who attended were: Dona Solomon Dias Bandaranaike and Miss Amy Dias Bandaranaike, Senathi Rajah, Deir Senathi Rajah, Don and Donna F. de Zea Bermudez, Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar, the Princess Sophia Dhuleep Singh and Countess of Selkirk, the Austrian Ambassador and Countess Deym and Countess Isabella Deym, the French Ambassador and Baroness de Courcel and Mesdlles. de Courcel, the United States Ambassador, the Spanish Ambassador, Countess Casa Valencia and Madlle. and Madlle. Consuelo de Alcala Galiano, the Turkish Ambassador and Madame Anthopoulos, the Belgian Minister, the Chinese Minister, the Japanese Minister and Madame Kato, the Brazilian Minister, the Portuguese Minister, the Netherlands Minister and Baroness de Goltstein, Madame de Staal, Count Hermann Hatzfeldt, Count Albert Mensdorff, Count Costa (Secretary Netherlands Legation), M. Boulatzeel, M. and Madame Geoffray, Count Alexander Munster, the Duke of Hamilton and the Ladies Douglas-Hamilton, the Duchess of Buccleuch, the Duchess of Newcastle, the Duchess of Montrose and Lady Helen Graham, the Duchess of Portland, the Duke of Fife, the Duchess of Roxburghe and Ladies Margaret and Victoria Innes-Ker, the Duchess of Cleveland, the Duchess of Buckingham and Chandos and Lord Egerton of Tatton, the Duke of Grafton, Cardinal Vaughan, the Marchioness of Tweeddale, the Marchioness of Headfort, the Dowager Marchioness of Londonderry, Georgiana Marchioness of Downshire, the Earl of Clarendon and Lady Edith Viiliers, the Earl and Countess of Mayo, the Countess of Carnarvon, the Earl and Countess of St. Germans, the Countess of Belmore and Ladies Corry, the Countess of Lichfield and Lady Bertha Anson and Miss Mills, the Countess of Caledon, the Earl and Countess of Dunraven aud Lady A. Wyndham-Quin, Evelyn Countess Bathurst and Lady Evelyn Bathurst, Countess Cadogan, the Countess of Derby and Lady Isabel Stanley, the Earl and Countess of Coventry and Lady Anne Coventry, the Countess of Gosford, the Earl and Countess of Cork, Earl and Countess Annesley, the Countess of Kintore and Ladies Keith-Falconer, the Earl of Kenmare, the Countess of Strafford and Misses Egerton, the Countess of Yarborough, the Earl and Countess of Listowel and Lady Beatrice Hare, the Countess of Lathom and Ladies Wilbraham, the Countess of Ancaster and Ladies Willoughby, the Earl and Countess of Ellesmere and Ladies Mabel and Catherine Egerton, the Countess d'Hautpoul and Mrs. Iznaga, the Countess of Galloway and Miss Stewart, Victoria Countess of Yarborough and Mr. Richardson, the Dowager Countess of Mayo and Lady Florence Bourke, the Dowager Countess of Harewood and Lady Mary Lascelles, Countess Manvers and Lady Mary Pierrepont, the Countess of Enniskillen and Lady Florence Cole, the Earl of Leven and Melville, Viscount Gort, Viscountess Raincliffe and Lady Mildred Denison, Viscount and Viscountess Halifax, Viscountess Boyne and the Hon. Maud and the Hon. Florence Hamilton Russell, Viscountess Portman and the Hon. Mary Portman, Viscountess Helmsley, Viscount and Viscountess Cross and the Hon. Miss Cross, Viscount and Viscountess Knutsford, the Master of the Rolls and Lady Esher, Lord and Lady Morris and Miss Morris, Lady Helen Grimston and Miss Mackintosh, Lady Rossmore, Lady Reay, Lady Moreton, Emily Lady Ampthill and the Hon. Romola Russell, Lady Florence Duncombe, Lady Templemore and the Hon. Hilda Chichester, Lady and the Misses Walrond, Lady Mabel Howard, Lady Evelyn Macdonald, Lord and Lady Thring, Lord and Lady Alington, Lord and Lady Blythswood, Lord Dynevor, Lady Margaret Graham, Lord and Lady Hopetoun, Lady Harris and the Misses Maxwell, Lord Stanmore and Miss Gordon, Lady Ardilaun, Helen Lady Forbes and Miss Forbes, Lord and Lady Rothschild, Lady Mary Trefusis and Miss Adela Trefusis, Lady Sykes, Lord and Lady Muncaster, Lord Morpeth, Lord Lawrence, Lord Hencage, Chief Justice Way (South Australia), Mary Lady Vivian, Lord and Lady Inchiquin and the Hon. Miss O'Brien, Lady Stratheden and the Hon. Miss Campbell, Lady Belper and the Hon. Norah and the Hon. Lilian Strutt, Lady Lawrence and the Hon. Anna Lawrence and Miss Deichman, Lady Lilian Yorke and Miss Pelly, Lady Fanny Lambart and Miss Lambart, Lady Arthur Hill and Miss Hill, Lord Barnard and Lady Louisa Cecil, Lord and Lady Pirbright, Lady Lurgan, Lady Elizabeth Williamson and Mr. Williamson, Lady Calthorpe and Hon. Misses Calthorpe, Lady Muriel Boyle, Lady Constance Leslie, Lord and Lady Wantage, Lord and Lady Connemara, Lord and Lady John Cecil, Lady Cynthia Graham, Lady Heneage and Hon. Margaret Heneage, Lady Halsbury and Hon. Evelyn Giffard, Lord and Lady Roberts, Lord Shand, Lord and Lady Ashbourne and the Hon. Violet Gibson, Lord and Lady Saltoun, Lady Herschell, Lady Lysons, Lord James and Miss James, Lady Tweedmouth, Lady Castletown, Lady Eustace Cecil and Miss Cecil, Lady Burton, Lord and Lady Hillingdon and Hon. Miss Mills, Lady Ventry and the Hon. Miss de Moleyns, Lady Prinsep, Lady Victoria Russell, the Hon. Mrs. Eliot and Miss Evelyn Eliot, the Hon. Charles and Mrs. Ramsay, the Hon. FitzRoy and Mrs. Stewart, the Hon. F. Gavan and Miss Duffy, the Hon. D. K. Congden and Mrs.Congden (Western Australia), the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Elliot, the Hon. Mrs. Mallet, the Hon. Percy and Mrs. Wyndham and Miss Wyndham, the Hon. J. B. Whyte and Miss Whyte, the Hon. Mrs. R. Moreton and Miss E. Moreton, Captain the Hon. Arthur and Mrs. Somerset, the Hon. Mrs. Anstruther and the Hon. Miss Hanbury Tracy, the Hon. Mrs. and Miss Haig, Captain the Hon. A. Bagot, the Hon. Mrs. E. Talbot, the Hon. H. Littleton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. G. and Mrs. Keppel]], the Hon. Mrs. W. Farquhar, the Right Hon. R. W. Hanbury, M.P., and Mrs. Hanbury, the Right Hon. Sir William and Lady Marriott, the Right Hon. Ian Hamilton, the Right Hon. Sir John and Lady Lubbock, the Right Hon. Sir Mountstuart and Lady Grant-Duff and Miss Grant-Duff, the Right Hon. Sir Wilfrid and Lady Laurier, the Right Hon. Sir H. and Lady de Villiers, the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress and Miss Faudel-Phillips, the Right Hon. Lord Justice Lopes and the Misses Lopes, the Attorney-General and the Misses Webster, the Right Hon. Sir Richard Paget and Lady and the Misses Paget, Baron and Baroness d'Erlanger, Sir John and Lady Barron and Miss Barron, Sir Henry and Lady Meysey-Thompson, Sir Waiter Peace, Sir Wilfrid Lawson and Miss Josephine Lawson, Sir Thomas and Lady Sutherland, Sir James and the Hon. Lady Miller, Sir Reginald and Lady Anson, Sir John and Lady Bramston, Sir Gordon and Lady Sprigg, Sir Charles and Lady Jessel, Sir George and Lady Petre, Sir James and Lady Mackenzie and Miss Mackenzie, Sir George and Lady Allen, Sir William and Lady Whiteway and Miss Whiteway, Mr. and Lady Moyra Cavendish, Mr. and Lady Aline Beaumont, Mr. and Lady Angela Forbes, Sir Cecil Clementi and Lady Smith, Sir E. M. Nelson, Sir Edward and Lady Hertslet, Sir John Donnelly and Lady and the Misses Donnelly, Sir Frederick and Lady Wigan, Sir Henry Doulton, Sir W. J. Farrer, Sir C. and Lady Douglas Fox, Sir M. W. Collett, Sir George Hayter and Lady Chubb, Sir Richard and Miss Temple, Sir George Arthur, Sir Edward Birkbeck and Miss Jolliffe, Sir Edward and Lady Carbutt, Sir Bartle Frere, Sir William and Lady Quayle Jones, Sir Courtenay and Lady Ilbert and Miss Ilbert, Sir George Young, Sir Arthur Sullivan, Sir Weetman and Lady Pearson, Sir W. and Lady Percival, Sir Frederick and Miss Sanders, Sir Augustus and Lady Adderley, Sir David Gamble, Sir Lewis and Lady M'lver, Sir Frederick Young and Miss Young, Admiral and Lady Edith Adeane and Lady Ida Dalzell, Sir Oswald and the Misses Moseley, Sir Henry and Lady Meysey-Thompson, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Mr. L. de Rothschild, Mrs. C. Wilson and Miss Wilson, Madame von André, Mr. W. Ganz, Mr. Frederick Fitch, Mr. and Lady Evelyn Mason, Mr. Algernon Peel, Colonel and the Hon. Mrs. Herbert, Mr. and Mrs. Dunbar Buller, Mr. and Mrs. George Cawston, Mr. Buckle, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Daw, Mr. James Judd, Mr. Wootton Isaacson, M.P., and Mrs. Isaacson, General and Mrs. Pemberton, Mrs. Graham Murray, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur James, Mr. L. Harcourt, Mrs. Ashurst Morris, Mrs. John Delacour, Dr. and Mrs. Wrench, Mr. Sidney Buxton, M.P., Colonel and the Hon. Mrs. Neeld, M. and Madame Van Raalte, Mr. and Mrs. Albert Sandeman, Mr. Frederick Dutton, Mr. Blyth, Mrs. Buxton and Miss Buxton, Canon and Mrs. Wiiberforce and Miss Wiiberforce, Mr. Kimber, M.P., Mr. Rochfort Maguire, M.P., and Mrs. Maguire, Mr. F. Morgan Harvey, Mr. and Mrs. Scott Boys, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Stoneham, Mr. H. S. Ashbee, Mr. C. A. Prescott, Mrs. Baker, Mr. Hugh Leonard, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Homewood Crawford, Mr. and Mrs. Paddon, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Beebe, Mr. T. N. Christie, Mr. T. R. Dewar, Mr. H. M. Simons, Mr. J. Matthey, Mr. J. Mackrell, Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Briscoe, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Adler, Mr. and Mrs. James R. Bluff, Mr. N. L. Cohen, Mr. William Paterson, Mr. D. M. Fox, Mr. J. Gordon Smith, Mr. Alfred Huth, Miss Harris, Mr. M. P. Grace, Mr. T. W. Aldwinckle, Mr. M. G. Hale. Mr. T. G. Jackson, Mr. Cornelius Hanbury, Mr. A. M'Ilwraith, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Russell, Mrs. Arthur Wilson and Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]], Mr. Y. Nakai, Mr. A. d'A. Seneviratne (Colombo), Surgeon-General Ryerson (Canada), Mrs. Gurdon, Mrs. Molesworth, Mr. Bagot Molesworth, Dr. and Mrs. Broadbent, Mr. Christopher Sykes, Captain Harrison, Mrs. Mackenzie and Miss Maud Mackenzie, Mr. Rankin, M.P., and Mrs. Rankin, Mr. Seton Karr, M.P., and Mrs. Seton Karr, Mr. and Mrs. W. Bridgeman, Miss Quain, Mrs. and Miss Walter, Mr. Herbert Praed, Colonel Harris, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Gossett, Mr. and Miss Lowther, Mrs. Macdonald, Mr. and Mrs. Beck, Mr. Alfred Duncombe, Colonel and Mrs. Bevington, M. L. Albu, Mrs. Freeman Murray and Miss Newton, Mr. William Murray, Colonel and Mrs. lnnes, [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Mrs. Ronalds]], Mrs. and Miss Gully, Mr. Guy Pym, M.P., and Mrs. Pym, Mr. Hamilton Aïdé, Colonel and Mrs. Fludyer, Major Symon, Colonel Nisbet, Major Drummond, Mr. and Mrs. F. C. Dawson, Dr. and Mrs. Maclagan and Miss Maclagan, Mr. Moon, M.P., Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Grenfeli, Mr. and Mrs. North, Mr. and Mrs. W. W. Mitchell and Miss Mitchell (Ceylon), Mr. Cecil Anstruther, Colonel Swaine, Mr. and Mrs. Boulton, Mr. Fleetwood Wilson, Mr. A. F. Wallace, Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur, Captain Abney, Rev. Herbert Rowseil, Mr. Kenny, M.P., and Mrs. and Miss Kenny, Mr. and Mrs. A. H. P. Stoneham, Mr. Robert Duncan, Mr. T. S. Hull, M. and Madame Romero, Mr. J. T. Davis and Mrs. and Miss Davis, Dr. and Mrs. James, Mr. and Mrs. A. H. P. Stoneham [sic repetition], Mr. L. C. Russell Jones, M.P., Mr. G. Lawson Johnston, and many others.<ref>"Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' 07 July 1897 Wednesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 6a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970707/069/0007.</ref></blockquote> ===8 July 1897, Thursday=== From this day until the end of the run in December 1897, Sullivan's ballet ''Victoria and Merrie England'' at the Alhambra Theatre, Leicester Square, "included a cinematograph film of the Jubilee procession."<ref name=":0" /> === 13 July 1897, Tuesday === Mr. Schreiber attended a dance at Montagu House, hosted by the Duchess of Buccleuch. [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Mr. "Winstone" Churchill]] is listed immediately after Mr. Schreiber.<blockquote>THE DUCHESS OF BUCCLEUCH'S BALL. The Duchess of Buccleuch gave a dance last evening at Montagu House, Whitehall. The garden was festooned with fairy lamps and Chinese lanterns, and the approaches and paths were outlined with the former. Music was supplied by Herr Wurm's Viennese White Band, and dancing was kept up until an early hour. Among those present were: The Princess Mary Adelaide and the Duke of Teck and Prince Alexander of Teck, Prince and Princess Hohenlohe, Prince and Princess Pless, Princess Sophia Duleep Singh and the Countess of Selkirk, Mr. and Mrs. Whitelaw Reid, the United States Ambassador and Miss Hay, the Austrian Ambassador and Countess Deym and Countess Isabella Deym, the Spanish Ambassador and Countess Casa Valencia, the Portuguese Minister, Mr. Henry White, the Russian Ambassador, the Duchess of Montrose and Lady Helen Graham, the Duchess of Manchester, tbe Duchess of Roxburgh and Lady Victoria lnnes-Ker, the Duchess of Cleveland, the Marchioness of Tweeddale, the Marchioness of Zetland, the Marchioness of Lansdowne and Lady Beatrix Fitzmaurice, the Marchioness of Hastings and Miss Olive Chetwynd, the Dowager Marchioness of Downshire, the Countess of Lichfield and Lady Bertha Anson, Earl Beauchamp, the Countess of Dunmore and Lady Mildred Murray, the Countess of Powis, the Dowager Countess of Harewood, Lady Mary Lascelles and the Hon. Mary Portman, the Countess of Lathom and Lady Edith Wilbraham, the Countess of Jersey and Lady Mary Villiers, the Countess of Antrim and Miss Grenfell, the Countess of Enniskillen and Lady Florence Cole, the Countess of Ancaster and the Ladies Wiiloughby, the Countess of Erne and the Hon. Miss Crichton, the Earl of Granard, Earl and Countess Carrington and the Hon. Bridget Harbord, Countess Grey and Lady Victoria Grey, the Countess of Verulam and Miss Mackintosh, Earl Granville, Viscountess Newport and the Hon. Misses Bridgeman, Viscountess Milton, Viscount and Viscountess Emlyn and Miss Campbell, Viscount Doneraile, Viscountess Duncannon and the Hon. Irene Ponsonby, Viscount and Viscountess Halifax and the Hon. Miss Wood, Lady Mary Trefusis and Miss Adela Trefusis and Miss Carpenter Garnier, the Ladies Egerton, Lord Clinton and the Hon. Miss Trefusis, Lord and Lady George Hamilton, Lady Mabel Howard and Miss Howard, Lady Evelyn Macdonald, Mr. Victor and Lady Evelyn Cavendish, and Miss Egerton, Lord and Lady Stratheden and the Hon. Miss Campbell, Lady Evelyn Goschen and Miss Goschen, Lady Lilian Yorke and Miss Pelly, Lord and Lady Penrhyn and Miss Bromley-Davenport, Mr. and Lady Sybil Smith and Miss Baring, Lady Mary Lygon, Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach and Miss Hicks-Beach, Lady Leconfield and the Hon. Miss Wyndham, Lord Dunluce, Lord and Lady Inchiquin and the Hon. Miss O'Brien, Lord and Lady Burton, Lord Iveagh and the Hon. R. Guinness, Lord B. Blackwood, Lady Arthur Hill and Miss Hill, Lady Templemore and the Hon. Hilda Chichester and Lady Beatrice Meade, Lady Edward Cavendish, the Ladies Spencer Churchill, Lady Florence Astley, Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, Lady Cecil Scott Montagu and the Ladies Ker, Emily Lady Russell and the Misses Russell, Lord Ennismore, Lady E. Balfour, Lady Helen Stewart Murray, Lord George Stewart Murray, Lord and Lady Balfour of Burleigh, the Hon. Jean Bruce, the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress and Miss Faudel-Phillips, Lady Mary Fitzwilliam and Miss Elsie Fitzwilliam. Lord Aberdare, Lord Stanmore, Lord Frederick Hamilton, Count and Countess Gleichen, the Hon. Alec Yorke, the Hon. Kenneth Campbell, the Hon. Reginald Coventry and Lady Dorothy Coventry, the Hon. Bertha Lambert and Miss M. Cochrane, the Hon. J. Maxwell Scott and Miss Maxwell Scott, the Hon. Arthur Brodrick, the Hon. Benjamin Bathurst, the Hon. A. Anson, the Hon. N. Hill-Trevor, the Hon. G. Browne Guthrie, the Hon. William Maxwell, the Hon. Gertrude Walsh, the Hon. W. Walsh, the Hon. Mrs. Baillie of Dochfour, the Hon. Schomberg M'Donnell, Sir C. Dalrymple and Miss Dalrymple, Sir Edgar Sebright, Sir George and Miss Sterling, Sir Robert and Lady Frances Gresley, Mr. and Lady Mary Hope and Miss Hope, Captain Arthur Bagot, Mr. George Phipps, Mr. Francis Egerton, Mr. Wilfred Egerton, Mr. John Thynne and the Misses Thynne, Mrs. and Miss Stanley, Miss Mildmay, Miss Margaret and Miss Isabel Thynne, Mr., Mrs., and Miss Hope, Mrs. C. and Miss Ker, Mrs. Grahame Murray and Miss Murray, Captain and Mrs. Makin, Mr. Packe, Colonel and Mrs. Hegan Kennard, Miss Campbell, Miss Finch, Miss Cornwallis West, Mr. Scott Montagu, Mrs. Charles Wilson and Miss Enid Wilson, Mr. J. Cavendish. Mr. Lane-Fox, Mr. and Mrs. Cazalet, Mr. Guy Campbell, Mr. and Lady Moyra Cavendish, Mr. Arthur James, Mr. Donald Cameron, Mr. Milbanke, Mr. Ferguson, Mr. Erskine, Mr. Everard Doyle, Mr. Herbert Praed, Mr. Christopher Sykes, Mr. Leech, Mr. and Mrs. Cavendish Bentinck, Mr. Nigel Campbell, Mr. Vivian, Mr. and Mrs. Ogden Mills, Mr. Cecil Lowther, Mr. A. M. Southey, Mr. Walter Erskine, Mr. Victor Corkran, Mr. Gully, Mr., Mrs., and Miss Fletcher, Captain Doyle, Captain Holford, Mr. Ralli, Mr. Victor Russell, Mr. Frederick Russell, Captain Cook, [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Mr. Schreiber]], [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Mr. Winstone Churchill]], Mr. Bailey, Mr. Kemp, and many others.<ref>"The Duchess of Buccleuch's Ball." ''Morning Post'' 14 July 1897, Wednesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970714/067/0007.</ref></blockquote> === 16 July 1897, Friday === Dinner and ball at Londonderry House, hosted by the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry:<blockquote>LONDONDERRY HOUSE. Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princess Victoria honoured the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry by their presence at dinner last evening at Londonderry House. Subsequently a large ball, for which over 1,000 invitations had been issued, was given. Among those who had the honour to join the dinner circle were: The Portuguese Minister, the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, the Duke and Duchess of Abercorn, the Duke of Roxburghe and Lady Margaret Innes Ker, the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough and Lady Lilian Churchill, the Marchioness of Lansdowne and Lady Beatrix Fitzmaurice, the Earl and Countess of Enniskiilen and Lady Florence Cole, the Earl and Countess of Pembroke and Lady Beatrix Herbert, the Earl and Countess of Derby and Lady Isobel Stanley, the Earl and Countess of Ellesmere and Lady Katherine Egerton, the Earl of Crewe, Georgina Countess of Dudley, Viscount and Viscountess Coke, Viscount Crichton, Lady Moreton, Lord Annaly, Lord Charles Montagu, Lord and Lady Lurgan, Lady Randolph Churchill, Lord Henry Vane-Tempest, Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest. Lady Gerard, the Hon. Dudley Marjoribanks, the Hon. G. Hamilton Russell, the Hon. H. and Mrs. Bourke, Sir Francis and Lady Jeune, Sir Arthur Ellis, Sir Samuel and Lady Sophie Scott, Lady de Trafford, Captain and Lady Sarah Wilson, Major and Lady Guendolen Little, Mr. and Lady Aline Beaumont, Mr. and Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild, Captain Ricardo, Colonel and Mrs. Paget, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Beckett, Mr. K. Moncreiffe, Mr. and Mrs. Menzies, Mr. and Mrs. Oppenheim and Miss Oppenheim, Mr. Sykes, Miss Stanley, Miss Chaplin, and Lady Helen Stewart, Lord Castlereagh, and the [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster#Mr. C. Willoughby|Hon. C. Willoughby]]. Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of York arrived for the ball at eleven o'clock, attended by Lady Mary Lygon and the Hon. Derek Keppel, when dancing immediately commenced to Gottlieb's Viennese Orchestra. His Royal Highness Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, the Duke of Teck, Prince Francis and Prince Alexander of Teck, and the Duke of Cambridge, attended by Colonel FitzGeorge were also present. Among others attending were: Princess Henry of Pless and Miss Cornwallis West, the Russian Ambassador, the Austrian Ambassador, Countess Deym and Countess Isabella Deym, the French Ambassador and Baroness de Courcel, Mr. and Mrs. Whitelaw Reid, the United States Ambassador and Mrs. and Miss Hay, the Danish Minister and Madame de Bille, the Belgian Minister, the Brazilian Minister, Count Kinsky, the Lord Chancellor, Lady Halsbury and the Hon. Evelyn Giffard, the Duchess of Buccleuch, the Countess of Dalkeith and Lady Constance Scott, the Duke and Duchess of Portland, the Duke and Duchess of Sutherland, the Duchess of Montrose and Lady Helen Graham, the Duke and Duchess of Somerset, the Duchess of Newcastle, the Duchess of Cleveland, the Duchess of Manchester and Lady Alice Montagu, the Duchess of Roxburghe and Lady Victoria Innes-Ker, the Marquis and Marchioness of Zetland, Viscountess Milton, the Marchioness of Hastings, Miss Olive Chetwynd, Miss Mary Dyke and Miss de Winton, Marquis Camden, the Marchioness of Headfort and Lady Beatrix Taylour, the Dowager Marchioness of Londonderry, the Marchioness of Blandford and Lady Norah Spencer Churchill, the Earl and Countess of Lathom, Lady Edith Wilbraham and Lady Florence Cecil, Countess Spencer, the Countess of Warwick, the Earl of Cork[,] the Countess of Aberdeen, the Earl and Countess of Yarborough, the Earl of llchester and Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways, the Earl of Lonsdale, the Earl of Arran, the Countess of Powis and Miss Cotterell, Theresa Countess of Shrewsbury, Countess Stanhope and Lady Katherine Stanhope, the Countess of Verulam and Mackintosh, the Earl of Denbigh, the Countess of Suffolk and Lady Eleanor Howard, Earl and Countess Annesley, the Countess of Eglinton and Lady Edith Montgomery, Countess Howe, the Countess of Eldon and Lord Kilmarnock, the Countess of Coventry and Lady Barbara Smith, the Earl and Countess of Mayo, the Earl and Countess of Erne and Lady M. Crichton, the Countess of Kilmorey, the Earl of Listowel and Lady Beatrice Hare, the Earl of Granard, Countess Cadogan, the Countess of Jersey and Lady Margaret Villiers, Isabella Countess of Wilton, the Earl of Shrewsbury, Countess Carrington, the Earl and Countess of Carnarvon, the Earl of Erroll, the Earl and Countess of Dunraven and Lady Eileen Wyndham Quin, the Earl of Chesterfield, the Countess of Huntingdon, the Earl of Durham, the Countess of Ancaster and Lady Alice Willoughby, Viscount and Viscountess Falmouth, Viscount and Viscountess Templetown, Viscount and Viscountess Cranborne, Viscountess Boyne and the Hon. Florence Hamilton Russell, Viscountess Duncannon and the Hon. Irene Ponsonby, Viscountess Hood and the Hon. Dorothy Hood, Viscountess Barrington, Viscountess Newport and the Hon. Miss Bridgeman, Viscount and Viscountess Raincliffe and Lady Mildred Denison, Viscount Valentia, Viscount St. Cyres, the Marchesa Santurce, Lord and Lady Ashbourne, Lady Cardross, Miss Erskine, Miss Chaplin and Miss Baird, Lord and Lady Castletown and Lady Florence Bourke, Lord and Lady Glenesk, Lord and Lady de Ros, Lady Cynthia Graham and Lady Ulrica Duncombe, Lord and Lady Tweedmouth, Lord and Lady St. Oswald, Lord aud Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox, Lady Elcho, Lord and Lady Inchiquin and the Hon. Miss O'Brien, Lady O'Brien and Miss O'Brien, Lady Aiington, Lady Blythswood, Lady Violet Brassey, Lady Evelyn Cotterell, Lady O'Neill and the Hon. Henrietta O'Neill, Lord and Lady Clonbrock and the Hon. Miss Dillon, Lady Llangattock and the Hon. Miss Rolls, Lady Hillingdon and the Hon. Miss Mills, Lady de Ramsey, Lord Churchill, Lord Lovat, Lord and Lady Fitzgerald, Lord Hyde, Lord Alexander Thynne, Lady Hopetoun, Lord and Lady Edmund Talbot, Lord Villiers, Lady Alwyne Compton, Lady Penrhyn and the Hon. Violet Douglas-Pennant, Emily Lady Ampthill and the Hon. Romola Russell, Lady Lister Kaye, Lady Cicely Gathorne-Hardy and Miss Gathorne-Hardy, Lady Ardilaun, Lord and Lady Burton, Lady Constance Combe, Mr. and Lady Florence Astley, Lady Evelyn Ewart, Lord Harris, Lord Morris and Miss Morris, Lady Arthur Hill and Miss Hill and the Hon. Miss Hill Trevor, Lord Garioch, Lord Kenyon, Lady Hartopp, Lord Iveagh, Lord Rowton, Lord de L'Isle and Dudley, Lady Helen Munro-Ferguson and Lady Hermione Blackwood, Lady Brabourne, Lady Magheramorne, Lord and Lady Edward Cecil, Lady Audrey Buller and Miss Howard, Lady Emily Van de Weyer and Miss Van de Weyer, Lord and Lady Henry Bentinck, Lord and Lady Charles Beresford, Lord William Beresford, the Right Hon. Sir William Harcourt, M.P., and Lady Harcourt, the Right Hon. James and Mrs. Lowther, the Right Hon. Walter Long, M.P., and Lady Doreen Long, the Right Hon. Henry Chaplin, M.P., the Right Hon. Sir Michael Hicks-Beach, M.P., and Mr. and Miss Hicks-Beach, the Right Hon. G. J. Goschen M.P., and Mrs. and Miss Goschen, the Right Hon. Arnold Morley, M.P., the Right Hon. Sir Henry Drummond Wolff, the Hon. Henry Fitzwilliam and Miss Fitzwilliam, General the Hon. Charles and Miss Thesiger, the Hon. Schomberg M'Donnell, General and the Hon. Mrs. Hugh M'Calmont, the Hon. Mrs[.] Lowther, Colonel the Hon. Heneage Legge, the Hon. Mrs. Hill, the Hon. Mrs. Carpenter, Miss Talbot Carpenter, the Hon. Mrs. Oliphant, Mr. Francis and the Hon. Mrs. Fitzgerald, the Hon. Mrs. Benyon, the Hon. Benjamin Bathurst, the Hon. Mrs. Gerard, the Hon. Arthur Brodrick, the Hon. Mrs. Stirling, the Hon. Charles Harris, the Hon. Gerald Portman, the Hon. Claud Hay, the Hon. Mrs. Baillie of Dochfour, Major the Hon. C. Lambert, the Hon. S. Ormsby Gore, the Hon. A. Yorke, the Hon. Michael and Mrs. Herbert, the Hon. Walter Rice, Major the Hon. D. Lawless, Baron and Baroness Deichmann, Baron von Oppell, Baron Mirbach, Baron [[Social Victorians/People/Watson|Meyer Watson]], Count Hadik, Count Hermann Hatzfeldt, Sir Henry and Lady Meysey-Thompson, Sir Henry Edwardes, Sir Robert Hamilton, Sir Donald Wallace, Sir Robert and Lady Penrose.FitzGerald [sic dot], Sir George Stirling, Sir Archibald Edmonstone, Sir Charles Hartopp, Sir Edgar Sebright, Sir G. Arthur, Sir Condie Stephen, Sir Charles Hall, Sir George Wombwell, Mrs. Edward Barclay, Mrs. Hope, Captain Milner, Major Poulteney, Major Wickham, Mrs. Ronalds, Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson Clerk, Colonel and Mrs. Eminson, Mr. Moon, M.P., Mr. Beaumout, Mr. Edward Packe, Mr. and Miss Sanders, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Philips Roberts, Miss Thellusson, Mr. and Mrs. Jarvis, Mr. George Phipps, Captain Dundas, Captain and Mrs. Wilfrid Marshall, Captain Feilden [sic], Major Shuttleworth, Mr. Hugh Gaisford, Mr. and Mrs. Rupert Beckett, Mr. Monro Ferguson, Mr. Henry Petre, Mr. Somerset Onslow, Mr. W. Gillett, Mr. and Mrs. Hamar Bass, Mr. and Mrs. Rupert Beckett, Mr. Millbanke, Mrs. Hwfa Williams, Mr. Graham Vivian, Mr. Evelyn Cecil, Mr. Herbert Praed, Mr. Farquhar, Miss Cockrell, Major and Mrs. Coddrington, Mr. and Mrs. Fred Villiers and Miss Villiers, Mr. C. Webb, Major Jenkins, Captain and Mrs. Fitzgerald, Mr. Macgregor, Mr. Roberts, Mr. Winston Churchill, Mr. Colin Keppel[,] Mr. Lougley, Miss Herbert, Mrs. Loder, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur James, Mrs. Moberly Bell, Mr. Moberly Bell, Mr. Gregson, Mr. R. D. Norton, Captain Elsworthy, Captain Johnson, Colonel Paget Moseley, Mr. and Mrs. Ogden Mills, Mr. Vincent, Mr. Francis Whitmore, Mr. Ward Cook, Mr. Balmain, Dr., Mrs., and Miss Maclagan, Mrs. and Miss Chamberlain, and many others.<ref>"Court Circular." "Londonderry House." ''Morning Post'' 17 July 1897 Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970717/076/0007.</ref> </blockquote> ===17 July 1897, Saturday=== <blockquote>During his holiday, Mr. Wyndham has found a sub-tenant in Mr. Horniman, who produced a farce called "Four Little Girls," by Mr. Walter Stokes Craven, on July 17. It tells how two widowers of Wimbledon (Mr. Barnes and Mr. Blakeley) resolve to marry their housekeepers (Miss M. A. Victor and Miss Emily Miller) — four capital studies in old age — on condition that their sons marry the duaghters of the two ladies. The boys, with the connivance of their tutor, Mr. Nuggeridge (Mr. Welch), have already married (one of the brides being Miss Mabel Beardsley, the artist's sister), so that extravagant farce is the result. The piece was played in a lively key, Mr. Blakeley, Mr. Welch (masquerading as a Scot under such a very English name as Muggeridge), and Mr. Kenneth Douglas (as one of the young men) being specially amusing.<ref>"The Playhouses: 'Four Little Girls,' at the Criterion Theatre." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, July 24, 1897; Issue 3040, Col. A.</ref></blockquote> ===31 July 1897, Saturday=== The London ''Morning Post'': the wedding of Mabel Caroline Wombwell and Henry R. Hohler: <blockquote>Mr. Henry R. Hohler, eldest son of Mr. Henry Booth Hohler, of Fawkham Manor, Kent, was married to Mabel Caroline, second daughter of Sir George and Lady Julia Wombwell, in St. Paul's Church, Knightsbridge, on Saturday afternoon. His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge attended the ceremony, accompanied by Colonel FitzGeorge. The bride arrived shortly after half-past two o'clock, and was led to the chancel by her father, who gave her away. She was followed by two pages, Master Alastair Graham Menzies, son of Mr. and Mrs. Graham Menzies, and Master W. Rollo, son of the Hon. Eric and Mrs. Rollo, who were in Highland costume, with their respective tartans. Eight bridesmaids followed: Lady Mary Villiers and the Hon. Ella Peel, cousins of the bride; Miss Hohler, sister of the bridegroom; the Ladies Edith and Mary Dawson, nieces of the bride; Miss Amy Hohler and Miss Torfrida Rollo, nieces of the bridegroom; and the Hon. Theresa Fitzwilliam. The bride wore a white satin gown embroidered with pearls, diamonds, and silver sequins, and trimmed with accordion-pleated chiffon, trails of orange blossoms, and a chiffon sash. Her veil was of lovely old Brussels lace, and her jewels included a large diamond star in her hair, the gift of the Earl and Countess of Dartrey; a diamond heart locket, her mother's gift, and a diamond bracelet, Mr. Holder's present. The bridesmaids were attired in white French muslin over white satin, trimmed with Valenciennes lace insertion and runners of white baby ribbon; they wore fichus of white point d'esprit, and white straw hats trimmed with bows of point d'esprit and pink roses. Gold bangles with light blue enamel and diamond heart lockets and shower bouquets of pink carnations were the bridegroom's gifts. The Service was choral. The Bishop of Sodor and Man, the Rev. H. Montagu Villiers, vicar of St. Paul's, and the Rev. T. Blackall, rector of Fawkham, Kent, were the officiating clergy. Mr. Gerald Hohler acted as best man to his brother. After the ceremony Sir George and Lady Julia Wombwell welcomed the relations and friends of both families at the residence of the Earl and Countess of Dartrey, sister of the bride, in Eaton-square, lent for the occasion. Among those present were the Duke of Cambridge, the Marchioness of Blandford, Theresa Countess of Shrewsbury, the Earl and Countess of Jersey and the Ladies Villiers, the Earl and Countess of Dartrey, the Countess of St. Germans, the Countess of Carnarvon, Viscount Peel, Lady Penrhyn and the Hon. Miss Douglas-Pennant, Lady Constance Gore, Lord Villiers, the Bishop of Sodor and Man and Mrs. Straton, Lord Abinger, Lady Cynthia Graham, Captain the Hon. E. Dawson, the Hon. Mrs. Baillie of Dochfour and Miss Bruce, Lady Hartopp and Miss Enid Wilson, the Hon. Mrs. Wood, the Hon. Mabel Murray, the Hon. Helen Henniker, the Hon. Mrs. Maguire and the Hon. Ella Peel, the Hon. Reginald Villiers, the Hon. Eric and Mrs. Rollo, the Hon. Agnes Peel, Mrs. Hohler, Mrs. Frederick Hohler, Mrs. Wombwell, Mr. F. Wombwell, Captain and Mrs. Wombwell, Colonel Wombwell, Mr. and Mrs. C. Hohler, Mr. Hohler, Mr. Tremayne, Madame and Miss de Bunsen, Mrs. Harry Goschen, Mrs. Charles Van Raalte, Mrs. Gunston, Mrs. Wilfrid Marshall, Mr. Francis Gregson, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Mis. Ernest Villiers and Miss Villiers, Mr. Ward Cook, Mr. Frank Green, Mr. and Mrs. Fane, Mr. Robinson, Mr. and Mrs. Deacon, Miss Willoughby and Miss Gertrude Willoughby, Colonel and Mrs. Livesey Wardle, Mr. and Mrs. Graham Menzies, Miss Gordon, Mr. and Mrs. Du Plat Taylor, Miss Muriel Blundell, Mr. Edward Hare, Major Victor Farquharson, Mr. and Mrs. William Aston, Miss Julia Ponsonby, Mr. Launcelot Smith, Mrs. Richard Martin, Major Lawes, Rev. T. Blackall, Colonel and Mrs. Alan Gardner, Mr. and Mrs. Harris Saunders, &c. Mr. and Mrs. Henry R. Hohler subsequently left for Clumber, Notts, lent by the Duke and Duchess of Newcastle, for the honeymoon. Among the numerous presents to the bride were: From his Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, a gold antique tortoise inkstand, set with various stones; the Bridegroom, diamond tiara, turquoise and diamond bracelet, emerald and diamond clover-leaf bracelet, diamond and turquoise heart, diamond combs, several gem rings; Sir George Wombwell, large diamond cross set with a black pearl, diamond, a hack and hunter; Lady Julia Wombwell, large diamond heart and old lace; the Earl and Countess of Dartrey, large diamond star; Mr. Stephen Wombwell, diamond and sapphire chain bracelet; Mr. Hohler, diamond bracelet, horse and harness; Mrs. Hohler, diamond ring; Prince Frederick Dhuleep Singh, diamond and ruby brooch; Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Hohler, diamond sword; Miss Hohler, a very handsomely-fitted dressing bag and enamel pencil bracelet; Mrs. F. Wombwell, diamond crescent; Mr. and Mrs. Graham Menzies of Hallyburton, diamond tiara; the Earl of Jersey, hair ornament in emeralds and diamonds; the Countess of Jersey, necklet of amethysts and diamonds; the Earl and Countess of Ellesmere, gold and jewelled heart looking-glass; the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry, large diamond and sapphire crescent; Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, sapphire and diamond brooch; the Earl and Countess of Carnarvon, sapphire and diamond bracelet; Lady Alice Egerton and the Ladies Ada and Alexandra G. Osborne, amethyst and pearl locket; Lord Balvaird, Tay pearl bracelet; the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, old silver pen tray and tea caddy; the Marchioness of Blandford, large frame; Lady Helen Vincent, gold-handled umbrella; Mrs. Ernest Villiers, old silver wheelbarrow; the Ladies Edith and Mary Dawson, silver frame; the Countess of Lathom, brooch; the Ladies Maud, Bertha, and Edith Wil_____m, scarf pin; Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Maguire, diamond and sapphire brooch; Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson and Miss Muriel Wilson, turquoise and diamond hair ornament; the Marquis of Abergavenny, pair of silver candlesticks; Viscount Peel, large silver dish; Lord and Lady Dorchester, large silver scent bottles; Viscountess Milton, parasol with jewelled handle; Lady Cynthia Graham, enamel and diamond fox head pencil; the [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. George and Mrs. Keppel]], white enamel and turquoise sleeve links; Lord and Lady Deramore, tortoiseshell fan; Mr. and Mrs. Vyner, gold pencil studded with emeralds and diamonds; the [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham|Earl and Countess of Feversham]], silver-gilt inkstand and candlesticks; Viscountess Helmsley, gold-handled umbrella; Lord and Lady Burton, agate and gold-mounted paper knife; the Dowager Marchioness of Londonderry, standard lamp; Isabella Countess of Wilton, pair of silver candlesticks; Sir Henry Edwardes, old étui case; the Earl and Countess of Wharncliffe, a fan; the Countess of Ancaster, marqueterie table; the Dowager Countess of Craven, illuminated clock; the Hon. Cecil and Mrs. Bingham, silver dishes; the Hon. Reginald and Mrs. Parker, silver inkstand; the Earl and Countess of St. Germans, silver box; the Hon. Hugh W. Fitzwilliam, walking-stick with gold handle encrusted with jewels; Mr. and Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild, diamond and pearl clover-leaf brooch; the Earl and Countess of Yarborough, silver salver; the Earl and Countess of Harewood, silver and enamel smelling bottle; Miss E. Wombwell, silver hand glass and pair of silver-backed brushes; the Earl and Countess of Coventry, large silver tea pot; the Earl and Countess of Ilchester, a fan; Elizabeth Countess of Wilton and Mr. Pryor, large silver inkstand; Lady Rothschild, umbrella with gold handle set with jewels; Captain H. Wombwell, gold-mounted claret bottle; Lord Abinger, Louis XIV. clock; Mr. F. Wombwell, four silver bonbonniere dishes; the Hon. Hubert Duncombe, gold and onyx bangle; the Hon. R. Villiers, set of silver brushes, looking-glass, comb, and tray; the Hon. Mabel and Theresa W. Fitzwilliam, clock with electric light; Lady Skelmersdale, silver-mounted purse; Lady Mildred Denison, writing case; Mr. A. C. Wombwell, breakfast service; Mrs. Graham Menzies, large silver inkstand; General Wombwell, large silver scent bottle; the Countess of Selkirk, four silver bonbonniere dishes and spoons; Sir H. and Lady Evelyn Ewart, silver sugar basin; Sir A. and Lady Edmonstone. silver tea caddy; the Tenantry on the Newburgh and Wass Estates, large silver tea tray; the Tenantry on the Old Byland Estate, alabaster clock; the Indoor and Outdoor Servants of Newburgh, large silver coffee pot; the Indoor and Outdoor Servants of Hallyburton, marble clock and address; School Children of Old Byland, prayer and hymn books. Among the gifts received by the bridegroom were: From the Dowager Duchess of Newcastle, service of silver table plate, 308 pieces; the Duke of Newcastle, silver-mounted spirit table; the Duchess of Newcastle, gold, diamond, and enamel sleeve links; the Duke of Wellington, pair of silver candlesticks; Sir George Wombwell, two Queen Anne silver salvers; Mr. Gerald F. Hohler, cheque; Mr. Stephen Wombwell, old Sheffield and cut glass cruet; Mr. and Mrs. E. T. Hohler, Dresden dessert service and antique cut glass decanters; Mr. Thomas B. Hohler, Persian carpet; Sir Robert and Lady Affleck, pair of jewelled gold links; Mr. and Mrs. C. Hohler, silver soup tureen; the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Rolls, pair of silver baskets; Mr. and Mrs. F. S. Hohler, silver flower basket; Mr. H. B. Hohler. silver George 111. centre piece; the Hon. Algernon Mills, silver hot-water jug; Miss Hohler, pair of old silver sauce boats; Tenants on the Fawkham Estate, barometer; Servants at Fawkham Manor, large silver salver; Men on the Home Farm, Fawkham, silver-mounted walking stick; Major Lawes, dessert service; Mrs. Owen Williams, silver cigarette lighter; Mr. E. P. Hare, gold matchbox; Mrs. Hohler, writing table; Miss C. Gordon, gold-mounted amber cigarette-holder, in silver case; Captain A. Hicks-Beach, pair of silver photograph frames; Colonel and Mrs. Antrobus, gold and amethyst seal; Mr. and Mrs. Fletcher of Saltoun. pair of silver candlesticks; Mr. Arthur Capel Cure, large silver cigarette box; Mr. E. A. Franklin, tortoiseshell and gold cigar case; Mr. T. L. Hare, M.P., double reading lamp; Sir Basil Hall, crystal decanter in silver stand; Captain and Mrs. Torrens, double silver inkstand; Captain Hon. E. Hanbury, silver-mounted letter case; Mr. Frank Deacon, large silver bowl; Colonel and Mrs. Brownrigg, silver salver; Major the Hon. C. Lambton, standard lamp; Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Tremayne, antique silver candlesticks; Colonel and Mrs. Barrington [?] Campbell, settee; besides other presents.<ref>"Marriage of Mr. H. R. Hohler and Miss Wombwell." ''Morning Post'' 2 August 1897, Monday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970802/067/0006 (accessed June 2019).</ref></blockquote> ==August 1897== === 18 August 1897, Wednesday === The celebration of the birthday of Austro-Hungarian Emperor-King Francis Joseph:<blockquote>The Austro-Hungarian Colony. — Austro-Hungarians in London celebrated the birthday of the Emperor-King Francis Joseph by a dinner at the Trocadero Restaurant last night. Count Albert Mensdorff, Chargé d'Affaires for Austro Hungary, presided, and amongst the leading members present were [[Social Victorians/People/Hadik|Count Hadik]], Secretary of the Embassy, Captain Sztrany Asky, the Naval Attaché; Chevalier Princig De Harwaldt, Acting Consul-General; Mr. Leopold Pam, Chairman of the Austro-Hungarian Aid Society; Mr. Pillischer, Vice-Chairman of the Hungarian Association; Mr. Louis Felbermann, hon. secretary of the Hungarian Association; Mr. S. Bodascher, hon. secretary of the Austro-Hungarian Aid Society; Mr. Politzer, Almoner of the Austro-Hungarian Aid Society; Mr. M. Weiss, and Mr. J. Kaufmann, Almoner of the Hungarian Association; Colonel Hain, and many others. A telegram expressing the loyalty of the Austro-Hungarian Colony was despatched to his Majesty the Emperor-King.<ref>"The Austro-Hungarian Colony." ''Morning Post'' 19 August 1897 Thursday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970819/017/0003.</ref></blockquote> ===30 August 1897, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1897== Sometime in September 1897, the Inner Order of the Golden Dawn moved its headquarters from 62 Oakley Square, where they had been from March 1896, to 36 Blythe Road.<ref>Howe 126.</ref> Also during this month a subgroup in the Golden Dawn, including Annie Horniman and Frederick Gardner were meeting in Talgarth Road, West Kensington, London.<ref>Howe 197.</ref> === 16 September 1897 === [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/anthology#Production of The White Heather at the Drury Lane Theatre in London|''The White Heather'' opened at the Drury Lane Theatre]]. ''The White Heather'' is a melodrama by Cecil Raleigh and Henry Hamilton that opened at the Drury Lane Theatre on 16 September 1897, had another run in spring 1898 and was revived at the Princess in 1899; it ran on Broadway in New York beginning in November 1897.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-08-10|title=The White Heather (play)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_White_Heather_(play)&oldid=1169721008|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Heather_(play).</ref> The V&A has a collection of 31 photographs of some of the sets for the London production (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?page=1&page_size=15&q=%22White+Heather%22). One scene was a fancy-dress ball that used originals and copies of what was worn at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball on 2 July 1897; the newspaper reports and review articles assume that readers would recognize the reference to the July ball and be interested on that account. The play was produced by Arthur Collins (the theatre producer and director, not the courtier). A story in The ''Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail'' about reports that ''The White Heather'', by Cecil Raleigh and Henry Hamilton, performed at the Drury Lane theatre, included a scene that reproduced the Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball:<blockquote>"The White Heather" is strikingly realistic, the scenes including a reproduction of the recent famous Duchess of Devonshire's ball, a diving expedition, Battersea Bark (that beautiful resort), &c. With respect to the ball scene, the critic quoted above [describing the actress Mrs. John Wood] says: — "The mass of gorgeous colour and dazzling brilliancy in the ball scene was simply overpowering." The drama is of sufficient importance to warrant a little extra space being devoted to it. The following, taken from a contemporary, will be of interest to my lady readers particularly: — The ball scene offers almost a surfeit of brilliant colour to the spectators. The actual costumes worn by some two hundred of the guests at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball have been secured by the management, and are worn by the actors and actresses. Conspicuous among these is the purple velvet of the Earl of Leicester. An exact reproduction of the costume of Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, as worn by the Prince of Wales, is another striking dress. Mrs John Wood, as Queen Elizabeth, wears a costume consisting of a dress with long pointed bodice and farthingale in rich cream broché, the entire petticoat and sleeves in cream duchesse satin, handsomely embroidered in gold and jewels, stomacher and sides of overdress elaborately trimmed with the same ornaments, and the double wing collar and large cuffs in fine lace, thickly studded with jewels. Her mantle is of Venetian red and gold brocade, lined throughout with red and gold-shot gauze, while the headdress and crown are in fine paste emeralds set in gold. Miss Kate Rorke has a Marie Stuart costume in black silk velvet and duchesse satin, handsomely trimmed with gold passementerie and jewels, with large pearl girdle. Her large headdress and collar, combined with long mantle, are in fine white silk gauze-trimmed lace. The principal costumiers in the Metropolis, it should be added, have been employed in making gowns for the play.<ref>"The Stage." The ''Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail'' 25 September 1897: 6 [of 8], Col. 4A–B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000378/18970925/118/0006.</ref></blockquote>The Queen also ran a review:<blockquote>DRURY LANE THEATRE. REDECORATED, re-upholstered, under new management, and with a brand new melodrama, the "National Theatre," as its late lessee loved to have it called, has once more opened its doors to an eager public. Judging by the warmth of the reception given to Mr Arthur Collins, who has assumed the mantle of the late Sir Augustus Harris, and by the enthusiasm which prevailed throughout the presentation of "The White Heather," there is no manner of doubt as to the success of the new management and the new melodrama. The former has been inaugurated under the happiest possible circumstances, for Mr Collins has had the invaluable assistance of Messrs Cecil Raleigh and Henry Hamilton, than whom none better understand the tastes and requirements of a Drury Lane audience, while never, it can be safely said, has an autumn melodrama, even here, been more strongly cast or better acted than the present one. If there is a fault to be found with the new play, it is, perhaps, that the story is somewhat less powerful than those to which the audiences at this theatre have previously been accustomed. It certainly furnishes incidents thrilling and enthralling enough to satisfy the most captious critic, while it possesses the merit of providing that delightful actress, Mrs John Wood, with as good a part as she has had for years. But the plot is not precisely a strong one, and there is in truth a vast amount of magnificent spectacle and scenery and dresses and effects to a very small pennyworth of story. If, however, Mr Raleigh and Mr Hamilton Lave not much of a tale to tell, they tell it very well indeed, and the dialogue of the new play is wonderfully bright and amusing. It is on the old theme of a Scotch marriage that the authors have built the new drama. Lord Angus Cameron, a stock Exchange "plunger," and heir to a Dukedom, has, during a voyage north on his yacht "The White Heather," married pretty Marion Hume, daughter of a Stock Exchange jobber, according to Scottish law. In course of time he sees someone whom it would be much more convenient for him to make Lady Cameron in proper form, and as the yacht has conveniently sunk off the English coast with the evidences of the marriage with Marion, and only one of the two necessary witnesses survives, he promptly repudiates the poor girl, and brands their small boy as illegitimate. Her father, on learning her story, plunges heavily in South Africans, in order, as he hopes, to obtain money enough to fight Lord Angus at law, but the shock brought about by a disastrous decline in the South African market, and the worry in connection with his daughter, cause his sudden death, and Marion then finds her warmest friend in the kindly Lady Janet McLintock, [53, Col. 1c / 2a] Lord Angus's sister. All manner of troubles beset the heroine, of course, and her cause seems indeed lost when Lord Angus actually descends below the sea to the sunken White Heather, in order to destroy the evidences of his marriage with her. But the inventive genius of the authors does not stop here. They take the audience with them down, down among the fishes and the seaweed in company with a lowly champion of poor Marion, one Dick Beach. The two men fight for the precious document beneath the rolling wave. The villain fatally stabs poor Beach, but he contrives to cut the air apparatus attached to Lord Angus's diving dress, speedily causing his death, of course, and to live long enough to be hauled to the surface and leave the "marriage lines" in safe hands. After this it is easy enough to make matters smooth for the heroine, but this is not accomplished until the great ball scene, which everybody has been anticipating for weeks, and which all London will be anxious to see. A richer or more interesting spectacle than this has never been presented even on the Drury Lane stage. Many of the dresses were actually worn at the now famous ball given during the late season at Devonshire House, and the effect produced by the admirably managed crowds of guests in their fancy costumes is one of exceeding brilliance. The gowns worn in this scene are really magnificent, but the whole play is marvellously well dressed, and on this account is sure to find favour with lady playgoers, who will see here the very newest and prettiest conceits in walking, evening, boating, cycling, and shooting costumes. The same lavishness that marks the dressing of the play is shown in the scenic effects. There is something to interest everybody and excite their enthusiasm in "The White Heather," for, besides the original submarine scene already referred to, there is a most realistic presentment of "Boulter's Lock" on a Sunday afternoon; by a mechanical contrivance we see the lock emptied and the boats, filled with their gaily clad occupants, descend, a scene which provokes the wildest cheers from the audience. But the spectators are transported, too, to a realistic Scotch moor, where real heather is blooming, and where real dogs and gillies and guns and sportsmen are duly to the fore. Nor does this exhaust the wonderful scenic attractions of the new piece, for there is, besides, a lovely picture of Battersea Park with its crowds of fair cyclists in every kind of natty dress, from the tweed skirt and dainty blouse to unmistakable "rationals," and a thrilling Stock Exchange scene, which, in their way, will appeal no less forcibly to many playgoers. Little space is left to speak in detail of the splendid work done by Mrs John Wood, whose vivacity and resource seem to be limitless; by Mr Henry Neville, who astonishes his old admirers by appearing for once as an uncompromising villain; and by Miss Kate Rorke, who invests the heroine with all possible womanly charm, and wins for her the fullest sympathy of the audience. Conspicuous success is achieved by Mr R. Loraine as the faithful Dick Beach, Mr F. B. Gordon as the old Stockjobber, Hume, and by Mr Dawson Millward, the ''jeune premier'' of the piece, which, indeed, is thoroughly well acted all round, Miss Beatrice Lamb, Miss Pattie Browne, Mr H. de Lange, and Mr C. M. Lowne all contributing very well-finished character studies. "The White Heather" promises to bring abundant good luck to Drury Lane.<ref>"Drury Lane Theatre." "The Drama." The ''Queen'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 53 [of 80], Col. 1c–2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18970925/293/0053.</ref> </blockquote>"Mrs. Aria" has an article in the ''Queen'' about the women's dresses, gowns and cloaks in the play. Here is what she says about the fancy-dress ball scene:<blockquote>The fancy dresses in the ball scene — those which did not previously do their duty at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, and there are many of these amongst the number — were designed by that clever artist, Mr Cumelli [sic, s/b ''Comelli'']; and very gorgeous they are, all velvet and satin and gold embroidery and lace, a decorative note being struck on Miss Kate Rorke's dress, as Marie Antoinette, by long gauze draperies falling from her hair to the hem of the black gown.<ref>Mrs. Aria. "A Vista of Fashion." The ''Queen'' 2 October 1897, Saturday: 58 [of 134; print page # is 628], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18971002/171/0068.</ref></blockquote>This article by Mrs. Aria says sketches to accompany this story appear on p. 618 (this article is on p. 628 of the print newspaper). ==October 1897== ===3 October 1897, Sunday=== William Morris died, at Kelmscott House. At Morris's request Arnold Dolmetsch came to play The Earle of Salisbury's Pavin on the virginals.<ref>Campbell 103.</ref> ===5 October 1897, Tuesday=== The Princess Mary, Duchess of Teck, the Duke of Teck, and Alexander of Teck and retinue visited Henry James Tufton, 1st Baron Hothfield of Hothfield in Appleby. Muriel Wilson was in the houseparty to which the Tecks were travelling. Also in the party were "the Hon. John and Lady Ierne Tufton, Mr. and Mrs. William Portal, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mr. Arthur Wilson]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Sir George Arthur, Bart., Mr. and Mrs. Charles Van Raalte; the Hon. Rosamond Tufton, the Hon. Sackville Tufton, the Hon. Charles Tufton, Captain George Tufton, Lady Clementine Walsh, and Mr. Leo. Trevor." Hothfield hosted a garden party the next day but otherwise the visit was “of a strictly private character.”<ref>"Arrival of the Duke and Duchess of Teck. The House Party.” ''Penrith Observer'' 5 October 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002296/18971005/088/0005 (accessed July 2019).</ref> ===20 October 1897, Wednesday=== 1897 October 16?: the wedding of Lord Waterford and Lady Beatrix Fitzmaurice. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]]'s and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]]'s gifts to her were a “red leather writing pad”<ref>"Marriage of Lord Waterford and Lady Beatrix Fitzmaurice." ''The Waterford Standard'' 20 October 1897, Wednesday: 2 [of 3], Cols. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18971020/024/0002 accessed June 2019).</ref>; Muriel Wilson and Kenneth Wilson also are listed as having given a gift to him, “brocaded stationery case and blotting book.”<ref>"Marriage of Lord Waterford and Lady Beatrix Fitzmaurice." ''The Waterford Standard'' 20 October 1897, Wednesday: 2 [of 3], Cols. 6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18971020/024/0002 accessed June 2019).</ref> The [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Princess of Wales]] as well as many celebrities and familiar names attended and sent gifts. ===31 October 1897, Sunday=== Halloween. ==November 1897== ===1 November 1897, Monday=== The Holderness Hunt:<blockquote>The season of the Holderness pack commenced yesterday, when there was a large gathering at Rise. Before commencing operations the company were hospitably entertained by Mr and the Hon. Mrs Bethell. Amongst those present were the Master ([[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mr Arthur Wilson]]), Mr and Mrs Stanley Wilson, Mr and Mrs Kenneth Wilson, Mr Clive Wilson, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr Wellesley Wilson, J. Simons Harrison, Mr R. D. Richardson, Mr Robert Voase, Mr and Mrs Robinson, Miss Bethell, Commander Bethell, M.P., Mr and Mrs Hutchinson, Mr H. Richardson, Captain Samman, Mr W. England. Mr G. England, Mr T. Jackson. Mr Harry E. Bainton, Mr J. J. Ridley, Mr T. Dixon, Mr R. Dixon. Mr Heslop, Riby Wright, Mr W. Todd, Mr Wilfred Harrison, Mr William Robinson, Captain Short, Mr Fisher. Mr E. Harland, Mr J. Nutchey, and others. The staff from the kennels sported their new scarlet, and the whole turn out was excellent. Ash, who had the bitch pack out, first tried the woods, where plenty of foxes were to be found and after a bit of brushing about, two were killed in cover. At Farnton the hounds unkennelled a useful fox, which for nearly half an hour afforded good sport, taking a wide ring by way of Sigglesthorne and back to cover, where he was lost. Catwick Thorns were then successfully drawn. Reynard, on making for the open, shot away in the direction of Brandesburton. Scent being good, the hounds hunted him in grand style. Leaving Brandesburton to the left, he took the direction of Lord Mayor's Whin. Then he made for Newsome and round by Nunkeeling, almost as far Seaton. Swinging back to the left, he ran round Star Carr Hill and Brandesburton village. He then turned and sought his old retreat at Catwick Thorns, where saved his brush, after giving the followers a rattling gallop of nearly an hour. Several were out for the first time in pink yesterday.<ref>"Tally-Ho! The Hunting Season Begins." ''Hull Daily Mail'' 2 November 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 6], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/18971102/083/0005 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> ===2 November 1897, Tuesday=== <quote>Dolmetsch, writing to Horne on 2 November, mentions another visit to Florence which seems to be 'more certain than ever'. The performance of The Tempest at the Mansion House has been postponed until 5 November because of the death of the Duchess of Teck and in turn Dolmetsch's own concert date has been changed. 'But that will do no harm, rather some good, as I have obtained invitations to Mansion House for all my subscribers, and that has been paragraphed in the press (not The Times!). I have got 30 subscribers now. So that is not so bad."<quote><ref>Campbell, Margaret. ''Dolmetsch: The Man and His Work''. U of Washington Press, 1975: 119.</ref> [Was AEFH one of those subscribers? Who was?] ===5 November 1897, Friday=== Guy Fawkes Day ===17 November 1897, Wednesday=== Muriel Wilson took part in the meet of the Duke of Rutland’s hounds:<blockquote>The opening meet of these hounds, which should have taken place at Leadenham a fortnight ago, but was postponed owing to the hard condition of the ground, took place Wednesday at Croxton Park, where a large and fashionable gathering assembled, including several followers of the Quorn and Cottesmore packs. Amongst those present were Sir Gilbert Greenall, Miss Greenall, Mr. Cyril Greenall, Lord Robert Manners, Colonel Theobald, Major Longstaffe (Little Ponton), Colonel Hutchinson, Baron and Baroness Max de Tuyll, Mr. Algernon and Lady Henrietta Turner, the Hon. Lancelot and Mrs. Lowther, the Hon. Gavin Hamilton, Major Bradford Atkinson, Captain and Mrs. Lawson, Captain Timson, Sir Henry Rawlinson, Mr. and Miss Hodgson, the Hon. H. R. Scott, Colonel Ashton, Captain Boyce, Mr. and Mrs. Long, Mrs. Ellison, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. Otho Paget, the Misses Markham, Mr. Maxwell Angus, the Rev. J. P. Seabrooke (Waltham), Mr. Gerald Hansom, the Rev. R. Mirehouse (Colsterworth), and others. In Freeby Wood there was a good show of foxes, and the pack got on the line of one which made for Waltham Village, and then back through the Ashes. From this point Reynard crossed the Grantham road and entered covert known the “Brooms,” but he was lost shortly afterwards in the neighbourhood of Thorpe lngold. Another short spin was had from Brentingby Wood, but the fox, like his predecessor, made good his escape, as did also a third, which went away from Brentingby Spinney. Subsequently the pack was taken to a hen roost at Freeby, where a fox in search of poultry had been incarcerated. On quitting these quarters Reynard was quickly caught and killed. It was a poor scenting day, but in other respects the conditions were nearly perfect. The opening of the active season on the Lincolnshire side will commence to-day, the meet being at Syston Park — the seat of Sir Joint Thorold.<ref>"Hunting. The Duke of Rutland’s Hounds." ''Yorkshire Post'' 19 November 1897, Friday: 10 [of 10], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000687/18971119/183/0010.</ref></blockquote> ===20 November 1897, Saturday=== 1897 November 20, parties for the Derby (reported on Wednesday, 24 November 1897):<blockquote>Ten years ago (writes a correspondent to the Daily Mail) how few of the fashionable people went to Derby races: now all the smartest people go, and it is one of the most important meetings, rivalling Doncaster in popularity. The big houses which are in the neighbourbood, no doubt, have considerable influence in this matter, and since the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire had house-parties at Chatsworth, there has been a marked increase in tha attendance. Lord and Lady Burton, Mr. and Mrs. Miller Mundy, Mr. and Mrs. Hamar Bass, and others, are also bent on hospitalities, and consequently the latter end of last week London was quite empty. The Duchess of Devonshire's party included Lord and Lady Londonderry, Lady Wolverton, Lord and Lady Essex, Mrs. Chaine, Lord Marcus Beresford, and Lord Crewe, as well as Lord and Lady Cadogan, Lord and Lady Howe, Lord and Lady Lurgan, and Mrs. Leo Rothschild, whose names I have already mentioned as staying at the house. Then, at Rangemore there is a very gay party indeed, including Lady Angela and Mr. James Forbes, Lady Sarah Wilson, Lady de Traflord, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. and Mrs. Hwfa Williams, Lady Norreys, Mr. Cecil Howard, Mr. Greenfell, Mr. Wilson, and Mr. Ludwig Neumann. At Shipley are Sir Charles and Lady Hartopp, [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Mr. and Mrs. George Keppel]], Mrs. de Winton, Lord Athlumney, and Mr. Sturt, among others. At Foston Lord and Lady Magheromorne are staying, as well as Mrs. Farquharson; while Mrs. Hamar Bass seemed to have a large party, including the Maurice FitzGeralds. Very few people looked better than Lady Essex, in brown, with soft white ermine fur; she is a very pretty woman, with delicate features and complexion, and big, soft, dark eyes. Lady Sarah Wilson, in brown with black braid, and a hat of brown chenille, looked remarkably smart; as also did Mrs. Jack Cumming, who came with Mrs. Bass, and her dress was a tobacco-coloured cloth, with a delightful Russian coat of velvet to match, with a sable collar and small sable toque. Lady Angela Forbes, who dresses almost as well as Lady Algernon Lennox, wore a sort of greeny-blue homespun; and Miss Muriel also looked so well, in simplest tweeds. Lady Norreys, in spite of a cold, looked very pretty, and was warmly clad in an astrachan coat, and sable hat; Mrs. Hamar Bass looked very nice in dull green and chinchilla; Mrs. Farquharson was also at her best; Lady de Trafford was very quietly dressed, while Lady Hartopp wore a very quaint coat of white sheepskin. Among the very many other men were Mr. Montagu Guest, Mr. Hungerford, and Mr. Combe.<ref>"Hints for Ladies. Fashion at Derby Races." ''Derby Mercury'' 24 November 1897, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive <nowiki>https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000052/18971124/050/0006</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote> ==December 1897== === 4 December 1897, Saturday === The wedding of [[Social Victorians/People/Mount Stephen|Miss Gian Tufnell and George, Baron Mount-Stephen]], which took place shortly after the death of Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, Duchess of Teck, for whom Gian Tufness was a lady in waiting and attendant:<blockquote>MARRIAGES. LORD MOUNT-STEPHEN AND MISS TUFNELL. The marriage of Lord Mount-Stephen with Gian, daughter of the late Robert George Tufnell, Commander R.N., formerly of Cheney Court, Box, Wilts, and afterwards of Kensington, Bath, was celebrated on Saturday week in the Church of St. Margaret, Westminster. The ceremony was performed by the Bishop of Peterborough, assisted by the Rev. F. E. Coggin, vicar of Lemsford, Herts. The bride, who was given away by her uncle, Mr. Tufnell, was attended by four bridesmaids, all children, viz.: Miss Williams, niece of the bride; Miss Berkeley, Miss Corbet, and Miss Kirby. Major-General Sir John Carstairs M'Neil, K.C.B., V.C., Equerry to the Queen, accompanied Lord Mount-Stephen as best man. The wedding was attended by only the relations and most intimate friends of the bride and bridegroom. The bride wore a simply-made, slightly trained gown of ivory satin, a wreath of orange blossoms, and Brussels lace veil. Her ornaments were pearls. The little girls were in blue silk, veiled with lace, wore lace hats, trimmed with blue bows, and carried baskets of pink roses. Lord and Lady Mount-Stephen left London in the afternoon for Dover ''en route'' for Paris. Among the wedding presents were: From the Prince of Wales, trefoil moonstone and diamond brooch. The Duke and Duchess of Connanght, silver gilt cup. The Duchess of Albany, casket in wood, with ormolu mounts. The Duke and Duchess of York, diamond brooch. Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar, silver-gilt salts bottle with medallion in top. Princess Victor of Hobenlohe, silver cigar lighter. Duke of Teck, diamond and sapphire brooch. Field-Marshal Sir Donald and Lady Stewart, silver cigar box. Sir Stafford and Lady Northcote, gold and enamel whist box and markers. Colonel and Hon. Mrs. Egerton, silver gilt jewel box. Mr. L. Iveson, silver matchbox. Miss Willmott, cigarette case and matchbox in gun metal studded with gems. Countess of Selkirk, silver inkstand. Countess Somers, tortoiseshell and silver photograph case. Lord de Mauley, ivory paper knife. Colonel Rowland Egerton, tortoiseshell cigar box. Sir Stanley and Lady Clarke, Empire box. Mrs. Arkwright, a "Where is it?" silver mounted. Hon. Harriett Phipps, Diamond Jubilee coin. Colonel Bruce Fellows, tortoiseshell and gold mounted walking stick. Lord and Lady Clifford, similar gift. Sir John McNeill, gold mounted umbrella. Mr. Beverley McJones, silver framed almanack. Mr. Vander, tortoiseshell and silver photograph frame. Household and employés at Brocket Hall, silver bowl. Colonel and Mrs. R. B. Lane, travelling clock. Lord and Lady Eustace Cecil, Turkish inlaid table. Miss Flora MacLeod, silver whist markers. Lady Roberts, "Lord Roberts: Forty-one years in India," bound in green morocco. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Skinner, opera glasses in gun metal. Mr. Robert Berkeley, book for notes, ormolu mounted. Mr. Douglas, silver antique cigar ashtray. Hon. Alex. York, silver box. Lord and Lady William Seymour, tortoiseshell and silver paper knife. Mr. Frank Farrer, umbrella with cork handle. Mrs. Vyner, long chain, blue and red enamel. Hon. Mrs. Sartoris, silver pincushion. Hon. Mrs. Halford, silver gilt seal. Mrs. Jago, tortoiseshell and ormolu casket. Lady Mary Lloyd crystal seal. Mr. Alfred Sartoris, silver pencil. Lady Eva Dugdale, buckle. Viscountess Doneraile, china for plant. Miss G. Curtis, gold thimble set with stones. Mr. and Mrs. Charles Hopwood, gold, ruby and diamond links. Mr. and Hon. Mrs. West, silver box. Miss Still, silver paperknife. Sir Frederick and Lady Wigan, tortoiseshell and silver clock. Earl Beauchamp and Lady Mary Lygon, enamel and pearl clasp. Mrs. George Peacocke, parasol with violets. Dowager Lady Aylesford, china basket for flowers. Mary Lady Raglan, china bell. Miss Halford, enamel chain, four-leaved shamrock. Miss Willmott, gold hunter repeater watch. Hon. D. Keppel and Captain R. Peel, antique silver box. Mr. Thomas Baring, antique box with miniature. Hon Caroline Roche, silver taper holder. Hon. Mrs. Mitford, photograph frame. Hon. Helen Henniker, cherry silver mounted walking stick. Major Keppel and Mrs. Stephenson, writing pad in heliotrope morocco. Dowager Marchioness Conyngham, tooled leather box with print on lid. Mr. W. Ward Cook, old Sheffield canister. Hon. Mary Thesiger and Miss Wauchope, green morocco writing case. Hon. Mrs. Corbet, enamel charm in case. Mrs. Maxwell Williams, silver and red leather Prayer-book. Mrs. Charles Inge, china ornament. Mr. and Mrs. Reginald Cookson, gold pencil case with diamond monogram. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Berkeley, antique diamond heart bangle. Miss Eleanor Berkeley, mother-o'-pearl fan. Hon. Charles Ellis, sapphire and diamond ring. Mr. and Mrs. Cotton Curtis, silver box. Hon. Mrs. Dalrymple Hamilton, silver heart shaped frame. Miss M. Greathead, heart-shaped photo frame. Mr. Labalmondiere and Mrs. Hext, water colour by Rheam. Lady Maud Warrender, antique silver tray. Viscount and Viscountess Wolseley, stamped leather cabinet box with looking-glass top. Mr. and Mrs. V. F. Tufnell, tortoiseshell tray inlaid gold monogram. Mr. Maxwell Williams, large silver topped salts bottle. Mrs. H. C. Gunston, white leather cardcase with coronet in diamonds. Hon. Osbert Molyneux, tortoiseshell inlaid black lace fan with name. Mr. Gaspard Farrer, enamel and diamond topaz necklace. Mrs. Pratt Barlow, Hymn-book in silver case. Miss Hunter, silver hammered tray. Mrs. Basil Ellis, white silk cushion embroidered. Lady Harcourt, book — "Richard Conway," by G. Williamson. Mr. Laurence Currie, antique tortoiseshell and gold piqué box. Lady Katharine Coke, portrait of H.R.H. Princess Mary Adelaide Duchess of Teck in enamel and silver frame. Miss Addie Paget, piece of Turkish embroidery. Mrs. Gannon, heart-shaped silver box. From household 16, James's-street, S. Scun, L. Oldcum, L. Morgan, and A. Butler, silver panel photo frame with monogram. Mrs. Crutchley, white leather purse and cardcase. Mrs. Charles Harbord, silver and tortoiseshell tea canister. Hon. Mr. A. N. Hood, green enamel heartshaped sleeve links. Mr. and Mrs. Wyndham Portal, embossed leather book slide. Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Glyn, pair of antique Sheffield candlesticks. Mr. A. O. Kirby, enamel and gold perforated casket for potpourri. Countess of Sefton, Vienna inlaid leather despatch box, with name in gold. Mrs. [Col. 2c/3a] Adair Bruce, ivory carved cardcase. Miss Sybil Corbet, book bound in brown morocco, "The Child of the House." Mrs. Willmott, "Queen Victoria," by Holmes, bound in green crushed morocco, lined with watered silk. Sir Stafford and Lady Northcote, travelling bag with silver gilt fittings. Lady Margaret Levett, miniature frame in case. Arthur St. Leger Glyn, antique Empire ring stand. Miss Sand, tortoiseshell comb with pearl and diamond top. Lord and Lady Strathcona and Mount Royal, diamond brooch. Blanche Lady Rosslyn, ''Christian Year'' in white vellum binding. Miss Nimmo, red glass jar. Miss J. R. Nimmo, glass box with tray. Dowager Countess of Iddesleigh and Mr. Oliver Northcote, silver box with Turkish d'oyleys. Countess Helena Gleichen, antique ivory and gold fan. Rev. F. and Mrs. Colman, silver notebook. Sir Guy and Lady Campbell, white feather fan with tortoiseshell stick. Mr. William Gillett. silver repoussé hand mirror; Countess Vaida Gleichen, book, "Rubiat of Omar Khayyam," bound in Persian red morocco. Colonel Jago, dark blue despatch box with name. Mr. and Mrs. Philip Walker, silver photograph frame. Sir Whittaker and Lady Ellis, silver gilt sugar sifter and salver. Colonel and Mrs. Tufnell, antique silver box. Countess of Chesterfield, pair of cut glass and silver topped scent bottles. Mrs. Tighe, silver menu holder.<ref>"Marriages. Lord Mount-Stephen and Miss Tufnell." ''Clifton Society'' 09 December ''1897 Thursday: 14 [of 16], Cols. 2a–3a [of 3]. British'' Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18971209/071/0014.</ref></blockquote> ===25 December 1897, Saturday=== Christmas Day 25 December 1897 or so, Sullivan's ballet Victoria and Merrie England closed at the Alhambra Theatre, Leicester Square (Richards 31). According to Richards, "members of the royal family attended on nineteen occasions.<ref name=":0">Richards, Jeffrey. ''Imperialism and Music: Britain, 1876–1953''. Manchester University Press, 2001: 31.</ref> Since 8 July 1897, the program "included a cinematograph film of the Jubilee procession."<ref name=":0" /> ===26 December 1897, Sunday=== Boxing Day === 30 December 1897, Thursday === An entertainment at a party at Blenheim Palace in which some of the costumes from the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|July 1897 Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] were worn:<blockquote>Dramatic entertainment in aid of the restoration fund of Woodstock parish church were given yesterday afternoon and evening in the long library at Blenheim Palace. The first portion of the entertainment consisted of a series of tableaux in which those who look part included the Duchess of Marlborough, Lady Sarah Wilson, Lord Chesterfield, Lord Churchill, Lord and Lady Curzon, Lady Blandford, Ladies Lilian and Norah Spencer Churchill, the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, [[Social Victorians/People/Henry White|Mr. and Mrs. Henry White]], and Mr. H. Milner. Except in two cases the tableaux were of an historical character, and they were picturesquely portrayed. Many of the costumes were those worn at the Devonshire House fancy ball last June.<br /><br />The second part of the entertainment consisted of a new musical burlesque in two acts, entitled "œAn Idle Hour," written by Mr. lan Malcolm, M.P. The Countess of Clondyke was taken by the Duchess of Marlborough, and the Duke represented Septimus Sand in a typical get-up of Cousin Jonathan. Lady Randolph Churchill, in sprightly and amusing fashion, delineated an up-to-date lady journalist in the guise of Mrs. Jubilee Junius. Another character deserving of notice was that of Mrs. Oshant, which was entrusted to Lady Churchill. This was an obvious burlesque on Mrs. Ormiston Chant. The principal portion of the incidental music was furnished by Mr. C. W. Perkins, organist to the Birmingham Corporation.<ref>"Politics and Persons." ''St James's Gazette'' 31 December 1897 Friday: 13 [of 16], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0001485/18971231/069/0013?browse=true.</ref></blockquote> ==Footnotes== {{reflist}} rewwna3dgj914w04l97948rl5v0ckxw 0 264290 2691257 2691071 2024-12-10T15:26:13Z Scogdill 1331941 2691257 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] 1900s ==1900== 1900, early, [[Social Victorians/People/Mathers|MacGregor and Moina Mathers]] were living at 87 Rue Mozart, Paris (Howe 203). ===January 1900=== ====1 January 1900, Monday, New Year's Day==== ====13 January 1900, Tuesday==== <blockquote>THE HOUSEHOLD TROOPS. ENTERTAINMENT AT HER MAJESTY'S. The Prince and Princess of Wales, accompanied by Princess Victoria and Prince Charles of Denmark, attended the entertainment to aid the widows and orphans of her Majesty's Household Troops, organised by Mrs. Arthur Paget and presented under the direction of Mr. H. Beerbohm Tree at Her Majesty's Theatre last night. ... [The major part of this story is the program of the entertainment, in which [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]], among others, played an important part.] Among those present at the entertainment were: The Prince and Princess of Wales, Princess Victoria of Wales, and Prince Charles of Denmark, the French Ambassador, the Russian Ambassador, the Portuguese Minister, Count Mensdorff, the Austrian Embassy, Prince and Princess Demidoff, Prince and Princess Hatzfeldt, Prince and Princess Alexis Dolgorouki, Count and Countess Roman Potocki, Count and Countess Alexander Münister, the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, the Marquis of Downshire, the Earl and Countess of Cork, the Earl and Countess of Westmorland, the Earl and Countess of Gosford, the Earl of Lathom, the Countess of Ancaster, the Countess of Wilton, the Countess of Yarborough, the Countess of Huntingdon, Viscount Curzon, Lord and Lady Farquhar, Lord and Lady Savile, Lord Rowton, Lord Westbury, Baroness d'Erlanger, Count and Countess Seilern, Lord and Lady Ribblesdale, Lord and Lady Hothfield, Lord and Lady Raincliffe, Lord Wandsworth, Lord Charles Montagu, Lady Cunard, Sir Edgar and Lady Helen Vincent, Lady Kathleen and Mr. Pilkington, Lady Violet Brassey, Lady Grey Egerton, the Hon. Humphry and Lady Feodorowna Sturt, Lady Ripley, Lady Katherine Coke, Lady Agneta Montagu, Lady Tatton Sykes, Lady Templemore, Lady Florence Grant, Lady Garrick, Lady Pearson, Lady Constance Haddon, Sir F. Burdett, the Hon. M. Charteris, Sir A. de la Rue, Sir Frederick and Lady Milner, the Hon. E. Stonor, Sir Edward and Lady Sassoon, Mrs. Joseph Chamberlain, the Hon. Mrs. Lawrence, the Hon. Mrs. Napier, Sir Charles Forbes, Mrs. Bradley Martin, Mrs. Cornwallis West, Mr. Arnold Morley, Mr. L. Neumann, Madame Vagliano, Mr. Gillett, Mrs. Godfrey Samuelson, Mrs. Reginald Ward, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson, Mr. Menzies, Mr. Dreyfous [sic], Mrs. George Coats, Mr. Hartmann, Mrs. Rube, Mrs. Neumann, Mr. Lukach, Mrs. Candy, Mr. Bargrave Deane, Mr. L. V. Harcourt, Mrs. Oppenheim, Mrs. Lionel Phillips, Mr. King. Mr. James Finch, Mrs. Clayton Glyn, Miss Van Wart, Mr. Hall Walker, Mr. Drexell, Mrs. Van Raalte, Mr. Alfred Beit, Mr. Douglas Uzielli, Mrs. Alfred Harmsworth, Mr. Munday, Mrs. William James, Mrs. Newhouse, Mrs. Max Waechter, Mr. G. Prentis, Mrs. M'Calmont, Mr. Blacklock, Mrs. Ausell, Captain Holford (Equerry to the Prince of Wales), Mr. De Nino, Mrs. Keyser, Mrs. Fleming, Mrs. Breitmeyer, Mrs. Wernher, Mrs. Armour, Mr. Van Alan, Mrs. Ewart, Mrs. Carl Meyer, Mrs. Powell, Mr. Hambro, Colonel Charles Allen, Colonel Cunningham, Mrs.Hutchinson, Mrs. Schumacher, Colonel Kennard, Mrs. Fludyer, Mrs. Williamson, Mr. Thellusson, Mr. Sackville West, Captain M'Neil, Mrs. Dalrymple Hamilton, Mrs. Penn Curzon, Mrs. Hamar Bass, Mrs. Kuhliug, General Stracey, Mrs. Jeffcock, Colonel Thynne. (1900-02-14 Morning Post).</blockquote> ====17 January 1900, Saturday==== 1900 February 17, Lady Greville writes about the amateur theatricals Muriel Wilson is involved in: <blockquote>The most notable social event of the week was the amateur performance of tableaux at Her Majesty's Theatre. One is accustomed to the amateurs under every aspect, leaping in where angels fear to tread, essaying the most difficult parts, dabbling in the arts of music and literature, but so full and rich and interesting a performance has rarely been given before. To begin with, there was a masque, modelled on the Elizabethan lines, with song and dance, and special music composed for the occasion by Mr. Hamish McCunn, dresses statuesque and graceful, and a bevy of pretty women to carry out the idea. One original feature there was, too, which certainly did not present itself before our Virgin Queen, and that was the graceful fencing of Miss Lowther, who looked an ideal young champion in her russet suit and jaunty little cap. A very young debutante appeared in the person of Miss Viola Tree, who, dressed in the nest diaphanous garments, acted with a grace and lightness that promises well for her future career. Mrs. Crutchly, as "Glory," appeared amid a din of thunder and a rosy glare of limelight, and clashed her cymbals in truly determined fashion. An element of wildness suited to the character, distinguished her agreeable posturing, and her high spiked crown gave distinct individuality to the representation. Mrs. Martineau, Hebe-like in a white robe and a large crown of roses, as if she had just stepped out of a picture by Leighton, then danced and took the palm for poetry and suppleness of movement; Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]], meanwhile, having daringly shot up through a trap-door in scarlet robes with a flaming torch, announced herself as "War," and beckoned to Glory, Victory, and Prosperity, when they finished their performance, to sit beside her on her throne. "Rumour," alias Mr. Gervase Cary Elwes, sang an excellent topical song, attired in a quaint garb covered with interrogations, and carrying an electric telegraph-post in her hand. Lady Maud Warrender, as "Pity," advanced from a barge that had just arrived, and sang a doleful ditty which made one wish "Pity" might combine a sense of gaiety. But as Mrs. Willie James, in the part of "Mercy," dressed as a nurse, recited some bright lines anent Tommy, to the accompaniment of distant fifes and drums, the audience decided to take this as a satisfactory compensation. All being now harmoniously arranged, "War" performed a sleight-of-hand feat, divested herself of her red dress, her headgear of flaming serpents, and her glistening breastpiece, and appeared in virgin white, crowned with roses, as “Peace," surrounded by “Music" in a gorgeous gown of gold tissue, by “Painting," “Science," and “Literature." A pleasant finaleof gay music brought the Masque to a close, and left a decidedly agreeable and novel impression behind it. Tableaux then followed, all more or less well grouped by well-known artists, and represented by beautiful women of Society. Among the familiar faces were Lady St. Oswald, Lady Mary Sackville, Miss Agatha Thynne, Mrs. Fitz Ponsonby, Lady Maitland, Madame von André, &c., but neither Lady Helen Vincent, Lady De Grey, Lady Cynthia Graham, the Duchess of Portland, nor many other well-known and lovely ladies took part in the performance. Finally, came the Patriotic Tableau, which had evidently engaged all the energies of the organisers of the fête. On a high throne, with a most realistic lion, open-mouthed and fierce-looking, beside her, sat Lady Westmoreland as "Great Britain," a stately and dignified figure in white satin, draped in a red cloak and crowned with a large wreath of laurel. The stage on each side was lined by genuine stalwart Guardsmen, and to the sound of lively martial music, composed and conducted by Sir Arthur Sullivan, slowly advanced a procession of Great Britain's dependencies, figured by ladies magnificently costumed, their long jewelled trains borne by two little pages in cloth of gold brocade coats, with black silk legs. Very beautiful were the blendings of the colours in this tableau, artistically designed by Mr. Percy Anderson. Lady Claude Hamilton, as "British Columbia," moved with stately gait in a robe of palest green; Lady Feo Sturt glittered barbarically with jewels; her headdress and her bosom were covered with gems. As the typical representative of "India," she was dressed in apricot colour and bore branches of hibiscus in her hands. Mrs. Hwfa Williams, in blazing red, carried a parrot and some red flowers. The Hon. Barbara Lister looked lovely and picturesque in her violet robes under a massive wreath of wisteria blossoms; Lady Raincliffe, wearing a curious high head-dress, was dressed in white to represent "Canada." "Rhodesia" made one of the prettiest figures in her khaki gown and cloak, with the coquettish hat and feathers and the red trimming associated with the Colonial Volunteers. "Natal" appeared appropriately clad all in black, while little "Nigeria," for the nonce, wore spotless white robes. / Miss Muriel Wilson spoke an ode, and looked striking in apricot and white, with a high diamond crown and a long standing-up white feather. None of the ladies suffered from shyness; they showed thorough acquaintance with the stage, and moved easily thereon. In fact, costumes, arrangements, music, and the glorious feast of beauty left nothing to be desired. The final impression in one's mind was that the stage produces strange effects. It idealises some faces, hardens others, and alters many. The large wreaths, almost grotesque in size, proved eminently becoming, and the Grecian draperies carried away the palm for beauty. After them our modern dress seems stiff, angular, and inartistic. The whole performance was one to be commended, and will no doubt be as successful financially as it was from the aesthetic and spectacular point of view. Mrs. James Stuart Wortley, who died last week, will be regretted by every class of society. This lady, a beauty in her youth, devoted the latter part of her life entirely to works of charity. She founded the East London Nursing Society, to the tender and skilful ministrations of which many a poor woman owes her return to health, and in every philanthropic scheme, emigration, the befriending of young servants, and the education of youth, she took a lively interest. Her clear sense, her logical grasp of subjects and her immense activity were of infinite service in everything she undertook, and her memory will smell sweet in the hearts of the many who loved and depended on her. I really wonder at the patience of the British taxpayer. During the snow of this week Belgravia, Eaton, and other fashionable squares, remained a morass of slush, ice, and half-melted snow. The pavements as slippery as glass had not been cleansed, and only at the risk of one's life one made one's way from street to street. (Greville 7, Col. 1a-2a)</blockquote> '''25 January 1900, Thursday''' David Lindsay, [[Social Victorians/People/Crawford and Balcarres|Lord Balcarres]] and Constance Lilian Pelly married: <blockquote> MARRIAGE OF LORD BALCARRES. The marriage of Lord Balcarres, M.P. for North Lancashire, eldest son of the Earl of Crawford of Balcarres House, Fife, and Haigh Hall, Wigan, to Miss Pelly, daughter of the late Sir H. Peily, Bart., and granddaughter of the Earl of Wemyss, was solemnised yesterday (Thursday) at St Margaret's Church, Westminster, in the presence of a large gathering of friends. Among the invited guests were the Earl and Countess of Crawford, the Dowager Countess of Crawford, the Earl of Wemyss, Lord and Lady Elcho, the Hon. E. Lindsay, the Hon. Lionel Lindsay, the Hon. Ronald Lindsay, Lord and Lady Cowper, Mr. A. J. Balfour, the Hon. L. Greville, and many othsrs. The service was fully choral, and was conducted by the Bishop of Stepney, assisted by the the Rev. Canon Gore. Mr Yorke, the stepfather of the bride, gave her away. She wore a dress of white velvet, draped with old Brussels lace, the gift of the Dowager Countess of Crawford: chiffon veil and wreath of natural orange blossoms. Her only ornament was a Maltese cross of diamonds, also the gift of the Dowager Countess of Crawford. There were nine bridesmaids. Miss Pelly, sister of the bride) [sic], the Hon. Mary Vasey, the Hon. Cynthia Charteris, Miss Brodrick, Miss Sybil Brodrick, Miss Benita Pelly, the Hon. Aline Menjendie, Miss Daisy Benson, and Miss Madeline Bourke. They were attired alike in costumes of white de chine, with lace insertions, with blue chiffon hat, trimmed with plumes of white and blue ostrich feathers. They carried bouquets of violets, and wore red enamel brooches with diamond centres and pearl drops, the gifts of the bridegroom. The Hon E. Lindsay supported his brother as best man. At the conclusion of the ceremony the guests drove to the town residence of the bride's mother in Queen Anne's Gate, where the wedding reception was held. Later in the day the newly-married couple left town for Wrest Park, Ampthill, kindly lent them for the honeymoon by Earl and Countess Cowper. Princess Louise (the Marchioness of Lorne) sent the bride a handsome silver basket as a wedding present.<ref>"Marriage of Lord Balcarres." ''Dundee Courier'' 26 January 1900 Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000164/19000126/105/0004.</ref> </blockquote> ===February=== 1900, February, a brief account of the Matherses' Isis ceremony appeared in "the New York periodical the ''Humanist'', February 1900" (Howe 201). ==== 15 February 1900, Thursday ==== A number of familiar people took part in [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Enid Wilson]]'s wedding to the Earl of Chesterfield:<blockquote>This afternoon, at St. Mark's Church, North Audley-street, the [[Social Victorians/People/Chesterfield|Earl of Chesterfield]] is to be married to Miss Enid Wilson, second daughter of Mr. Charles Wilson, M.P., of Marter Priory, Yorkshire, and 41, Grosvenor-square. The bride, who will be given away by her father, will wear a dress of white crêpe de chine wrought with silver and trimmed with fine old lace and ermin. The bridesmaids will be Miss Gladys Wilson, sister of the bride, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], her cousin, Lady Aldra Acheson, daughter of the Earl [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|and Countess of Gosford]], Lady Mary Willoughby, daughter of the [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster|Earl and Countess of Ancastor]], Lady Marjorie Carrington, daughter of [[Social Victorians/People/Carrington|Earl and Countess Carrington]], Miss Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], [[Social Victorians/People/Balfour|Miss Balfour]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family|Miss Paget]]. Lace Empire dresses and long bright red cloth Directoire coats trimmed with sable and hats to match. They will carry sable muffs, the gifts to them of the bridegroom. Viscount Ednam, the [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Earl and Countess of Dudley]]'s only son, aged six, and Lord Wendover, the only son of Earl and Countess Carrington, aged something over four, will be the youthful trainbearers. After the wedding Mrs. Charles Wilson will hold a reception at 41, Grosvenor-square. The Prince of Wales has given Lord Chesterfield a remarkably handsome embossed silver cigarbox, lined with cedar, monogrammed and coroneted, accompanied by a letter written by his Royal Highness to the bridegroom, cordially wishing him every happiness. The Duke of Fife's gift is a cedar-lined plain silver cigarette-case.<ref>"London Day by Day." ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph & Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.</ref></blockquote>Another, more local report: <blockquote>There was very large and fashionable assembly at St. Mark’s Church, North Audley-street, London, on Thursday afternoon, to witness the very pretty wedding of the Right Hon. the Earl of Chesterfield, P.C., of Holme Lacey, Hereford, and Miss Enid Wilson, fourth daughter of Mr. Charles H. Wilson, M.P. for Hull, of Warter Priory, York, and 41, Grosvenor-square, London. The service was fully choral, and the church handsomely decorated. There were seven bridesmaids in attendance upon the bride. These young ladies were Miss Gladys Wilson (sister). Miss Muriel Wilson (cousin of the bride). Lady Mary Willoughby, Lady Alexandra Acheson, Lady Marjorie Carrington, Miss Dorothy Paget, and Miss Alice Balfour, who were in costumes of quaint, old-fashioned riding coats of red cloth, with white muslin skirts. The local guests included Sir James and Lady Reckitt, Sir James and Lady Woodhouse, Lord and Lady Herries, Mr. Philip Hodgson, Lord and Lady Raincliffe, Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. Strickland Constable. Presents wore also received from Commander Bethell (silver candlestick). Hr. and Mrs. George A. Duncombe, Beverley (Louis XV. sofa). Mr. and Mrs. Frank Lambert, Beverley (inlaid writing table), Colonel and Mrs. Goddard, Cottingham (silver mirror), Mr. Haslewood Taylor, Beverley (pair of prints). (1900-02-21 Beverley Echo)</blockquote> ==== 27 February, 1900, Tuesday ==== Mardi Gras ===April 1900=== ==== 8 April 1900, Sunday ==== Palm Sunday ====14 April 1900, Saturday==== Wynn Westcott assumed W. A. Ayton was on, as he wrote, "the Committee to investigate the G. D. which contains Yeats, Bullock and I suppose Ayton" (Howe 217). ====20 April 1900, Friday==== The R.R. et A.C. was code named Research and Archaeological Association (Howe 226) ====21 April 1900, Saturday==== The Inner Order of the Golden Dawn met at 116 Netherwood Road, West Kensington (Howe 227). ===May 1900=== ====26 May 1900, Saturday==== Arthur Sullivan is visited by "Sir George Martin, the organist at St. Paul's Cathedral, and Colonel Arthur Collins, one of the royal equerries" to get him to write a Te Deum thanking God for the end of the Boer War (Ainger, Michael. Gilbert and Sullivan: a Dual Biography. P. 381.). ====30 May 1900, Wednesday==== Derby Day. According to the Morning Post, <quote>The Derby Day. / The Archbishops of Canterbury and York hold a Reception of Colonial and Missionary Church Workers in the Great Hall of the Church House, 4.30 to 6.30. / ... May Fair and Bazaar, St. George's Drill Hall, Davies-street, Berkeley-square, opened by Lady Edward Spencer Churchill, 2.30.</quote> ("Arrangements for This Day." The Morning Post Wednesday, 30 May 1900: p. 7 [of 12], Col. 6C) ===June 1900=== Summer 1900: WBY summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). ==== 3 June 1900, Sunday ==== Whit Sunday (Pentecost) Whitsun party at Sandringham House, described by Lord Knutsford in his letters and summarized by Anita Leslie, whose parent's generation remembered some of these people Knutsford mentions as present: * The Prince and Princess of Wales * Princess Victoria * Other daughters of the Prince and Princess of Wales * Lord Knutsford * [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon|Lord and Lady Gladys de Grey]] * Luís De Soveral * Tosti * [[Social Victorians/People/Durham|Hon. George Lambton]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Lady Randolph Churchill]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Holford|Holford]] * Lady Musgrave Leslie's summary of Knutsford's letters:<blockquote>The Whitsun party that year included Lord and Lady de Grey, De Soveral, whose caustic wit always lightened Edward's humour, Tosti, the famous baritone-songwriter (Alexandra and her daughters were so musical — strumming away ''à quatre mains'' while Totti's voice made chandeliers vibrate in after-dinner songs), the Hon. George Lambton (racing trainer), and Lady Randolph Churchill, "just back from her hospital ship which had been a boon in South Africa, but fractiously insisting she is going to marry George Cornwallis-West." Lord Knutsford describes the chattering guests travelling in that special train coach from St. Pancras to Wolverton Station where the house party was met by royal carriages with officious flunkeys in red livery who dealt with the luggage — and ''such'' luggage! Big trunks had to be brought for a few days' stay so that the correct attire could be produced for every meal and outing. How exciting to drive through a forest of rhododendrons and to disembark in front of Sandringham House. The royal host and hostess stood in the hall to welcome their guests. After handshakes Queen Alexandra sat down to pour tea. Dinner was at 9 <small>P</small>.<small>M</small>. (at Sandringham all clocks were kept half an hour ahead of time). Footmen informed the gentlemen what waistcoats were to be worn. Ladies' maids scurried to the ironing rooms. At nine, having assembled in the drawing room, each man was told whom he must escort into dinner and where to sit. This saved hesitation and embarrassment. On this occasion Knutsford describes the Prince giving his arm to Lady de Grey, while Alexandra walked beside De Soveral and Lord de Grey escorted the unmarried Princess Victoria. There were, of course, no cocktails, but exquisite wines accompanied each course. The Prince never drank more than a glass or so of claret at dinner and a brandy after the last course. When the ladies left the dining room cigarettes and cigars were brought by footmen. Heavy drinking was never encouraged, and / after half an hour the gentlemen moved to the drawing room to chat with the ladies, until Alexandra rose and they retired to their bedrooms where the ladies' maids would be waiting to unlace them from their gorgeous satin and velvet gowns. Hard as the existence of a servant might be, they were perhaps consoled by the colossal meals offered in recompense for late hours. A five-course breakfast could be consumed by every scullery maid if she so desired, and many a working-class mother strove to "get her daughter's knees under a good table." When the ladies had disappeared upstairs the men went to the billiards room, where the Prince, who idolised his dogs, would roar with laughter when his black bulldog nipped the legs of players. No one could go to bed before Edward, but at twelve-thirty he would certainly retire. There was no thought of any hanky-panky after hours at Sandringham. That would have been considered bad taste and an insult to the royal hostess. On Sunday morning the breakfast gong sounded at 10 <small>A</small>.<small>M</small>. Then came church and a stroll in the garden until lunch at one-thirty. After a fairly heavy meal the ladies went upstairs to change into walking skirts and strong boots. The whole party then underwent a slow three-hour walk to the kennels and stables and farm. Talk was almost entirely about animals — dogs, pedigree cattle and, of course, race horses. Knutsford noticed Alexandra's "touching girl-like love" for every stone and corner of Sandrringham. She reminded him of "a bird escaped from a cage." Certainly the royal pair were never so happy as in this big Norfolk house, which they regarded as home, but guests grew weary of trying to do the right thing. Knutsford found dinner very wearing, with the conversation in mingled English and French: "they drop from one to another in the same sentence." Then came the local Whitsunday sports. Off drove the house party — Lady de Grey and Holford in the first carriage with Edward. Knutsford found himself in the second carriage with Princess Victoria and Lady Randolph Churchill and Lady Musgrave. The ladies wore coloured blouses and contrasting skirts and jackets over their blouses, white gloves and feather boas. A brisk wind nearly blew off their huge hats. Lady Musgrave in particular had difficulty with her concoction. "Send it to the bazaar!" cried Alexandra, and everyone roared with laughter. Sandringham parties were called "informal," but what a relief, nevertheless, when they all got back to the station in those regal carriages followed by the four horse-drawn vans of luggage. In this spring of 1900 the visitors departed to their homes full to / the brim of food and anecdote. Jennie, who had been argumentative all weekend, would almost immediately marry her young George. Gladys de Grey would get on her newly installed phone to admirer number one, the Hon. Reginald Listen, or if he was not available to admirer number two, Sir John Listen-Kaye. Ladies were now able to ring the men up and guardedly converse instead of sending dangerous notes. Servants might overhear but there would be nothing ''on paper''.<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973.</ref>{{rp|195–197}}</blockquote> ====26 June 1900, Tuesday==== There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==== 28 June 1900, Thursday ==== Lady Randolph Churchill and George Cornwallis-West married at St. Paul's, Knightsbridge.<ref>Martin, Ralph G. ''Lady Randolph Churchill : A Biography''. Cardinal, 1974. Internet Archive: https://archive.org/details/ladyrandolphchur0002mart_w8p2/.</ref>{{rp|220–223}} ===July 1900=== ====27 July 1900, Friday==== The [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince of Wales]] had dinner at the Arthur Wilsons’:<blockquote>[[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mr and Mrs Arthur Wilson]] were honoured with the presence of the Prince of Wales at dinner on Friday night. Amongst the guests were the Portuguese Minister, Count Mensdorff, Duke of Roxburghe, Lady Georgina Curzon, Captain and Lady Sarah Wilson (arrived that morning from South Africa), Lord and Lady Tweedmouth, Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, Viscount Villiers, Lady Norreys, Lady Gerard, [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon Mrs Keppel]], Sir Edward and Lady Colebrook, Mr and Mrs Grenfell, Lady Lister Kaye, Mrs Arthur Paget, Mr and Mrs Arthur Sassoon, Hon. W. Erskine, Mr and Mrs J. Menzies, General Oliphant, Miss Jane Thornewell, Mrs Kenneth Wilson, and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]]. (1900-07-30 Hull Daily Mail)</blockquote> ===October 1900=== ====31 October 1900, Wednesday==== Halloween. ===November 1900=== ====5 November 1900, Monday==== Guy Fawkes Day ====9 November 1900, Friday==== A debutante dance for Miss Helyar: <quote>In honour of the coming of age of Miss Helyar, a small dance was given by Lady Savile, at Rufford Abbey, last night. The number of invitations was not so large as it would have been but for the war. The house party included Mrs. and Miss Cavendish Bentinck, Lady Juliet Lowther, Lady Evelyn Ward, Lady Mabel Crichton, Mrs Kenneth Wilson, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Sir Berkeley Sheffield, Miss Sheffield, Lord Hyde, Lord Herbert, the Hon. B. Ward, the Hon. E. FitzGerald, the Hon. W. Erskine, Mr. Laycock, Captain Brinton, the Hon. George Peel, Mr. Harris, Captain Tharp, Captain Heneage, and the Hon. G. Portman.</quote> (1900-11-10 Yorkshire Post) ====27 November 1900, Tuesday==== Arthur Sullivan's funeral: <quote>At eleven o'clock on Tuesday, November 27th, the [366/367] funeral procession set forth from Victoria Street, Westminster, on its mournful way, first to the Chapel Royal, St. James's, where, by command of the Queen, part of the Burial Service was to take place, and thence to St. Paul's. Throughout the line of route flags drooped at half-mast, whilst beneath them people crowded in their thousands, bare-headed and in silence, waiting to pay their last tribute of respect and gratitude to the lamented master whose genius had done so much to brighten their lives for the past five-and-twenty years. [new paragraph] Into the Royal Chapel, where Arthur Sullivan had begun his career as a chorister, was borne the casket containing his remains. On either side stood men and women famous in society and the wider world of Art in all its branches. The Queen was represented by Sir Walter Parratt, Master of Music, who was the bearer of a wreath with the inscription: "A mark of sincere admiration for his musical talents from Queen Victoria." Sir Hubert Parry represented the Prince of Wales; the German Emperor was represented by Prince Lynar, Attache of the German Embassy; Prince and Princess Christian by Colonel the Hon. Charles Eliot, and the Duke of Cambridge by General Bateson. Among the congregation at the Chapel Royal were seen the United States Ambassador; the Earl and Countess of Strafford; Theresa, Countess of Shrewsbury; the Countess of Essex; Lord Glenesk; Lord Rowton; Lord Crofton; Lady Catherine Coke; the Dean of Westminster; Lady Bancroft; Lady [367/368] Barnby; Mr. Arthur Chappell; Mr. and Mrs. F. C. Burnand; Mr. Arthur W. Pinero; Mr. Haddon Chambers; Lieutenant Dan Godfrey; Signor Tosti; Mr. George Grossmith; Mr. Rutland Barrington; Miss Macintyre; Mrs. Ronalds; Canon Duckworth; Lady Lewis; Miss Ella Russell; Mr. Augustus Manns; Mr. Charles Wyndham; Captain Basil Hood; the Chairman and Secretary of Leeds Musical Festival; and Representatives of various British Musical Associations. The Pall-bearers were Sir Squire Bancroft, Mr. Francois Cellier, Colonel A. Collins (one of the Royal Equerries), Sir Frederick Bridge, Sir George Lewis, Sir Alexander Mackenzie, Sir George Martin, and Sir John Stainer. [new paragraph] he chief mourners were Mr. Herbert Sullivan (nephew), Mr. John Sullivan (uncle), Mrs. Holmes, and Miss Jane Sullivan (nieces), Mr. Wilfred Bendall (Sullivan's secretary), Mr. B. W. Findon, Mr. Edward Dicey, Mr. C. W. Mathews, Mrs. D'Oyly Carte, Dr. Buxton Browne, Mr. Arthur Wagg, Mr. Fred Walker, Mr. Dreseden and Sir Arthur's servants. [new paragraph] Much to their regret, neither Mr. Gilbert nor Mr. Carte was able to attend the funeral. The first was on the Continent for the benefit of his health, the second was laid up by serious illness. The present writer also, having been absent from London at the time, has not the advantage of an eye-witness to give a graphic description of the funeral obsequies of his old friend; and so, rather than attempt to paint the picture from imagination, he gladly avails himself [368/369] again of the courtesy of his brother-author who is so generous as to lend the aid of his experience. [new paragraph] In these sympathetic words, Mr. Findon describes the scenes and incidents in which, as a chief mourner, he took part at the Chapel Royal and St. Paul's Cathedral: <blockquote>". . . As the casket was borne into the Chapel, it was impossible to avoid thinking of those days when Sullivan himself had worn the gold and scarlet coat of a Chapel Royal Chorister, and his sweet young voice had rung through the sacred edifice. Then the world and its honours lay before him, but we doubt if even in the most sanguine moments of impulsive boyhood he imagined the greatness that one day would be his, or that his bier would pass within those honoured walls amid the silent demonstration of a mourning people. The anthem, 'Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death,' from his oratorio 'The Light of the World,' was beautifully sung, and the pathos of the music bathed many a face in tears, and touched a tender spot in more than one loving heart. Another of the dead master's exquisite thoughts, ' Wreaths for our graves the Lord has given,' brought the Service at the Chapel Royal to an end, and the procession passed on its way to St. Paul's Cathedral, which was crowded with sympathetic spectators. "Clerical etiquette and cathedral dignity compelled the beginning of the Burial Service anew, and when the coffin had been lowered into the crypt there came the most poignant moment of the long ceremonial. [new paragraph] "Close to the open vault sat the members of the Savoy Opera Company, including his life-long friend, Mr. Francois Cellier, who had been associated as chef d'orchestre with all his comic operas, and, after [369/370] the Benediction had been given, they sang in voices charged with emotion the touching chorus, 'Brother, thou art gone before us,' from ' The Martyr of Antioch.' The effect was quite remarkable, inasmuch as it was one of those incidents which come but rarely in a life-time."</blockquote>It was not in London alone that people mourned for Arthur Sullivan on that November day. Throughout Great Britain and Ireland, on the Continent of Europe, in America and farther across the seas, thousands of fond and grateful hearts ached with grief at the thought that England's dear master of melody had passed away into the silent land. From high-born personages and from people of low estate came floral emblems, wreaths, crosses, and lyres innumerable. Conspicuous among them was a beautiful harp of purple blossoms with strings — one broken — of white violets. To this offering was attached a card bearing the inscription:<blockquote>In Memoriam ARTHUR SEYMOUR SULLIVAN Born 13 May, 1842. Died 22 Nov., 1900 FROM MR. D'OYLY CARTE'S "ROSE OF PERSIA" TOURING COMPANY IN TOKEN OF THEIR AFFECTIONATE REGARD <poem>Dear Master, since thy magic harp is broken, Where shall we find new melodies^ to sing? The grief we feel may not in words be spoken; Our voices with thy songs now heav'nward wing. Whilst on thy tomb we lay this humble token Of love which to thy memory shall cling.</poem> BELFAST, 24th November, 1900.</blockquote> [370/371] These simple lines but half expressed the love and esteem in which Sir Arthur Sullivan was held by all whose privilege it was to have been associated with him, and to have served, however humbly, his proud and brilliant life-cause.</quote> (Cellier, François, and Cunningham Bridgeman. Gilbert and Sullivan and their operas: with recollections and anecdotes of D. Pp. 366-371. Google Books: http://books.google.com/books?id=Au05AAAAIAAJ.) ====30 November 1900, Friday==== The wedding between Lady Randolph Churchill and George Cornwallis West at St. Paul's, Knightsbridge, occurred about this time. [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] attended, as did much of Society (1900-07-30 Times). ===December 1900=== ===25 December 1900, Tuesday==== Christmas Day ====26 December 1900, Wednesday==== Boxing Day ===Works Cited=== *[1900-02-14 Morning Post] "The Household Troops. Entertainment at Her Majesty's." Morning Post 14 February 1900, Wednesday: 3 [of 10], Col. 1a–2b [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19000214/014/0003 (accessed February 2020). *[1900-07-30 Hull Daily Mail] "Social Record." Hull Daily Mail 30 July 1900, Monday: 2 [of 6], Col. 5a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19000730/007/0002 (accessed July 2019). *[1900-07-30 Times] "Court Circular." Times, 30 July 1900, p. 6. The Times Digital Archive, http://tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/AHR8r5. Accessed 20 June 2019. *[1900-11-10 Yorkshire Post] "Court and Personal." Yorkshire Post 10 November 1900, Saturday: 6 [of 14], Col. 4c [of 8]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000687/19001110/099/0006 (accessed July 2019). *Greville, Lady Violet. "Place aux Dames." The Graphic 17 February 1900, Saturday: 7 [of 40], Col.1a–2a, 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000057/19000217/008/0007 (accessed July 2019). [Col. 2c only for the last 2 paragraphs, not really relevant to Muriel Wilson] ==1901== ===January=== "There were no winter performances of opera at Covent Garden in those times: there was, in 1901, only a summer season" (Baring-Gould II 704, n. 14, quoting Rolfe Boswell). ====1 January 1901, Tuesday, New Year's Day==== ====16 January 1901, Wednesday==== Arnold Dolmetsch sent out notices that he was moving to 85 Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square (Campbell 137-38). ====22 January 1901, Tuesday==== Queen Victoria died at Osborne House, on the Isle of Wight. ====23 January 1901, Wednesday==== Edward VII formally proclaimed “King of Great Britain and Ireland and Emperor of India, Defender of the Faith” "at Temple Bar, on St. Paul's Cathedral steps and at the Royal Exchange." "The Privy Council met in St. James' Palace at 2 o'clock in the afternoon for the purpose of signing the accession proclamation of Edward VII. The attendance at the meeting of the Council was more than 200." (Merrill, Arthur Lawrence, and Henry Davenport Northrop. Life and Times of Queen Victoria: Containing a Full Account of the Most Illustrious Reign of Any Soveriegn in the History of the World, Including the Early Life of Victoria; Her Accession to the Throne and Coronation; Marriage to Prince Albert; Great Events During Her Brilliant Reign; Personal Traits and Characteristics That Endeared Her to Her People; Graphic Descriptions of Her Charming Home Life; Noble Qualities as Wife and Mother; Royal Castles; Public Receptions; Wonderful Growth of the British Empire, Etc. To Which is Added the Life of King Edward VII., and Sketches of the Members of the Royal Family. Philadelphia, PA: World Bible House, 1901. Page 437. Google Books: http://books.google.com/books?id=Kx48AQAAIAAJ) ====26 January 1901, Saturday==== Arnold Dolmetsch gave a performance at his new domicile at 85 Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square (Campbell 137-38). ===February 1901=== ====2 February 1901, Saturday==== Queen Victoria’s funeral at St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Chapel. Consuelo (Vanderbilt), Duchess of Marlborough was there: <blockquote>The service itself was magnificent. The stalls of the Knights of the Garter were occupied by the German Emperor and a dazzling array of kings, queens, ambassadors extraordinary, Indian princes, Colonial dignitaries, generals, admirals and courtiers. Consuelo wore the prescribed deep black mourning and crepe veil, which rather suited her, and it had the effect of extracting what she describes as a 'rare compliment' from her husband who remarked: 'If I die, I see you will not remain a widow long' — a conceit which suggests that he was more of his father's son than he cared to acknowledge. Consuelo later reflected that the funeral of Queen Victoria was a moment when it truly appeared that no other country in the world had an aristocrac so magnificent, nor a civil service so dedicated, which is precisely what was intended. The great doors were flung open as the royal cortege mounted the steps, a boom of distant guns and clanging swords the only sound other than the funeral march, until Margot Asquith broke the reverential silence with a quip. Consuelo thoroughly enjoyed herself at the reception in the Waterloo Chamber afterwards too. (Stuart, Amanda Mackenzie. Consuelo and Alva Vanderbilt: The Story of a Daughter and a Mother in the Gilded Age. New York and London: HarperCollins, 1005. Page 228. Google Books: http://books.google.com/books?id=44mhoIv12rEC)</blockquote> Also Henry James saw the funeral procession. ====3 February 1901, Sunday==== 1901 February 2–4?: Queen Victoria lay in state for 2 days between her funeral and her interment. ====4 February 1901, Monday==== Queen Victoria’s interment at Frogmore Mausoleum, Windsor Great Park. ====23 February 1901, Saturday==== The wedding of Hugh Richard Arthur, 2nd Duke of Westminster and Constance Edwina Cornwallis-West (1901-02-23 Cheshire Observer). ===March 1901=== Sometime in March 1901 Arthur Conan Doyle and Fletcher Robinson "were on a golfing holiday at the Royal Links Hotel at Cromer in Norfolk," where Robinson told Doyle a Dartmoor legend of "a spectral hound" (Baring-Gould II 113). Doyle's "The Hound of the Baskervilles" began publication in the ''Strand'' in January 1902. ===April 1901=== ====18-20 April 1901, Thursday-Saturday==== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] and Mrs. Beerbohm Tree took part in 3 performances of <quote>Masks and Faces. The matinées have been organized by [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]], of Tranby Croft, in aid of the local fund of the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Families Association. It was originally intended that the matinées should have been given in January last, but, owing to the death of Queen Victoria, they were postponed until Thursday, Friday, and Saturday last week. Additional interest was centered in the event, owing to the cast including no less a name than that of Mrs. Beerbohm Tree, while the fact that Miss Muriel Wilson was to appear as Peg Woffington aroused expectation.</quote> (1901-04-25 Stage) ===June 1901=== Summer 1901: William B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). ====17 June 1901, Monday==== <quote>The "Women Writers" held their dinner at the Criterion on Monday, the 17th. Now Mr. Stephen Gwynn, in his paper entitled "A Theory of Talk," roundly asserts that women are less amusing than men. He says that there is no reason in nature why they should be, but that their inferiority is obvious. He points out that "thirty or forty men will meet at seven o'clock, dine together, and pass the evening very agreeably till midnight. Imagine thirty or forty women called upon to do the same; would they be able to amuse themselves?" It seems almost a pity that the exclusiveness of the women writers would not allow Mr. Gwynn personally to observe whether they were amused or bored on Monday night. In number there were nearly two hundred, and there certainly did not appear to be any lack of enjoyment or of laughter, but then it is also a fundamental belief with men that women are early adepts at hiding their true feelings. / Lucas Malet occupied the chair, and her carefully prepared speech was read out by Miss Sydney Phelps. Standing at the base of the statue of one of the world's greatest authors, and that, we regret to say, not a woman but a "mere man," Miss Phelps, speaking for Lucas Malet, said there was good cause for women to congratulate themselves that, whereas there had been Thackeray, Dickens, the brothers Kingsley, and Wilkie Collins among authors, authoresses could boast of George Eliot, Mrs. Gaskell, [33 Col B / 34 Col A] Miss Yonge, &c, and she felt that in the future they might equal, she would not say rival, their "brother man." At this courageous vaunt our glance involuntarily strayed to the statue, anticipating that it would be moved to at least a wink; but overwhelmed, perhaps, by the presence of so many "sisterwomen," it gave no sign. The speech was long, lasting for over thirty minutes. It touched on the evils of lowering work to what might be a present commercial but fleeting value; it contained much that was excellent, and tendered some good sound advice; perhaps it dwelt a trifle too insistently upon the obvious, and it was serious even to solemnity. But then "women are so serious." / Mme. Sarah Grand's reply was couched in far lighter vein. It slipped into the anecdotal, and was altogether more in the masculine line of after-dinner speaking. It offered no advice save on the advisability of laughter; it lingered for a moment on the sorrows of misinterpretation and misunderstanding, and included some amusing examples. Mme. Sarah Grand possesses a sympathetic voice, and is very pleasant to listen to. / It is characteristic of the gravity with which even in play hours women regard their "work" that the majority of guests preferred the more serious matter of Lucas Malet to the light personal note of Mme. Grand. The dinner itself was very good, and it was noticeable that whilst at the Authors' dinner on May 1 but few women availed themselves of the permission to smoke, at the women's function scarcely one was without a cigarette. Coffee was served at the table, and afterwards the company broke up into groups. / The committee numbered among its members Miss Beatrice Harraden, Mrs. Steel, Mrs. Craigie, Miss Christabel Coleridge, Miss Violet Hunt, and many other favourite writers. In the company present there were Dr. Jex-Blake, Mrs. Ady, Dr. Margaret Todd, Miss Adeline Sergeant, Mrs. Mona Caird, Mrs. Burnett-Smith, Mme. Albanesi, Miss Nora Maris, Miss Kenealy, and others; and the following presided at the tables : Lucas Malet, Mme. Sarah Grand, Mrs. de la Pasture, Miss Montresor, the Lady Mayoress, Mrs. L. T. Meade, Mrs. Alec Tweedie, Mrs. Walford, Mrs. B. M. Croker, Miss Violet Hunt, Miss Beatrice Harraden, Mrs. Belloc Lowndes, Miss Violet Brooke-Hunt, Miss Thorneycroft Fowler.</quote> ("The Women Writers' Dinner." The Author. Vol. XII, No. 2. 1 July 1901. Pp. 33–34.) ====26 June 1901, Wednesday==== There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ====29 June 1901, Saturday==== "To-day sees the public inauguration of the Horniman Musem at Forest Hill. This collection of marvels from many lands, gathered together by a member of the Horniman family, has been generously presented to the public and housed in a handsome new building — set in the midst of fifteen acres, which are now dedicated to use as a public park. The entrance to the museum will be free." ("The Horniman Museum." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, June 29, 1901; pg. 928; Issue 3245, Col. B) ===July 1901=== ====19 July 1901, Friday==== [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]] hosted a concert at the Wilson house in Grosvenor-place in London: <quote>Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson lent their house in Grosvenor-place on Friday afternoon for Miss Gwendoline Brogden’s concert. Miss Brogden, who is only eleven years old, is quite a prodigy. She sings quite exquisitely, and great many people, including Lady de Grey and Mrs. Arthur Wilson, are much interested in her future, which promises to be a very brilliant one. Lady Maud Warrender, Miss Rosamond Tufton, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. Bernard Ralt, Signor Ancona, and Signor Tosti, all promised to assist at the concert, and the tickets were a guinea each.</quote> (1901-07-24 Beverley Echo) ==== 25 July 1901, Thursday, 2:30 p.m. ==== The wedding of William Dixon Mann Thomson — Captain Mann Thomson in the Life Guards — and Violet Hemsley Duncan. Captain Mann Thomson's father had died in 1899. (Guests' names with their gifts set as an unordered list here, to save space; it was typeset as a long list of paragraphs in the newspaper story.)<blockquote>MARRIAGE OF CAPTAIN MANN THOMSON AND MISS DUNCAN. The marriage of Captain Mann Thomson, Royal Horse Guards, and Miss Violet Duncan, eldest daughter of Mr. A. Lauderdale Duncan, Knossington Grange, Oakham, took place in St. Peter's Chnrch, Eaton-square, London, on Thursday, the inst., 2.30 p.m. The bride, who was given away her father, wore a dress of white satin, draped with white and old Brussels lace, wreath of orange blossoms, and tulle veil. Her ornaments were pearls. She was attended by seven bridesmaids, viz.: — Miss Adèle, Miss Marjory, and Miss Esmè Duncan, sisters; Miss Dorothy and Miss Sybil Thompson, cousins of the bride; Miss Villiers, cousin of the bridegroom; and Miss Joan Dawson. They wore dresses of the palest pink silk, covered with pink gauze, collars of white lace, and pale pink chiffon baby hats. The bride's train was carried by Miss Duncan, her youngest sister. The bridesmaids carried bouquets of pink carnations, and wore diamond brooches in the shape of a violet with sapphire centre, the gifts the bridegroom. A detachment of non-commissioned officers and men of the bridegroom's troop lined the aisle during the ceremony. The bridegroom was supported by the Earl Arran as best man. The officiating clergy were the Rev. Ravenscroft Stewart, Vicar of All Saints', Ennismore-gardens, the Rev. G. Tanner, Rector of St. Peter's, Knossington, Leicestershire, and the Rev. H. Trower. After the ceremony, a reception was held at 8, Rutland-gate, the residence of Mr. and Mrs. Lauderdale Duncan. Among those present were the Duke and Duchess of Westminster, Dowager Countess of Chesterfield, Sir William and Lady Houldsworth, the Hon. C. and Mrs. Stanhope, Miss Hay, Lord and Lady Eglinton, Lord and Lady Castlereagh, Lord Ernest St. Maur, Lord and Lady Pembroke, Mrs. Adair, Mrs. Mann Thomson, Miss Mann Thompson, Earl Arran, Lord Cecil Manners, Mrs. and Miss Wilton Phipps, and many others. Later, the bride and bridegroom left for Dover, ''en route'' for the Continent, where they will spend the honeymoon. The bride's travelling dress was of pale blue crepe-de-chine, and black hat. There were about five hundred gifts from relations and friends. The following is a list:— * Bridegroom to Bride — Large diamond spray * Mrs. Mann Thomson (mother of bridegroom) — Diamond ring, diamond and sapphire bangle, and cheque * Mr. Lauderdale (father of bride) — Diamond and sapphire necklace * Mrs. Duncan (mother of bride) — Silver-mounted travelling bag * Dowager Lady Hay (bride's aunt) — Silver tea service * Miss Mann Thomson (bridegroom's sister) — Brougham * Mr. and Mrs. Butler Duncan (uncle and aunt) — Gold-mounted claret jug * The Misses Jackson (bridegroom's aunts) — Silver plate * Mr. H. Mann Thomson (brother) — Silver-mounted portmanteau * Mr. Charles Hunt — Diamond and pearl brooch * Miss Adele Duncan — Gold match-box * The Earl Arran — Gold cigarette case * Mr. and Mrs. Lucas — Bracelet * Earl of Arran — Set of diamond and pearl studs * Capt. and Lady Riddell — Bracelet * Mrs. and Miss Wilton Phipps — Gold and ruby buckle * Hon. H. Stanhope, R.N. — Brilliant buckle * Mr. and Mrs. Pennington — Ruby necklace * Mr. A. Butler Duncan — Necklace (old design) * Mr. and Mrs. Gervase Beckett — Sleeve links * Duke and Duchess of Westminster—Pair of silver candlesticks * Duchess of Roxburgh—Dresden china coffee service * The Countess of Shaftesbury — Walking-stick * The Earl of Arran — Umbrella * Lady Napier Magdala — Snuff-box * Sir Richard Waldie Griffith — Fan * Officers of the Royal Horse Guards — Massive silver vase * Lady Houldsworth — Silver inkstand * Viscount Ingestre — Silver waiter * Miss Hay — Silver coffee pot * Lady Hay — Silver tea caddy * The Countess of Chesterfield — Silver and brilliant-mounted photo frame * Lord Manners — Set four silver candlesticks * Lord and Lady Eglinton — Silver cigarette box * Earl and Countess of Ancaster — Pair of silver peppers * Lady Augusta Noel — Book-slide * Mr. and Mrs. Bradley-Martin — Old china coffee service in case * Mr. and Lady Wilfred Renshaw — Leather-covered book, "Where It?" * Mrs. Duncan — Silver-mounted stationery case and blotter * Sir Arthur Fludyer — Hunting crop * Lady Katherine Cole — Walking-stick * Lord Hamilton — Oak card table * Sir John Kelk — Writing case * Capt. Hon. E. St. Aubyn — Set of silver spoons in case * Capt. and Mrs. Burns-Hartopp — Set of silver asparagus tongs in case * Capt. Trotter — Silver sealing-wax stand * Capt. E. W. Clowes — Silver tobacco box * Mr. and Mrs. Sands Clayton — Silver scent bottle * Mr. and Mrs. John Hunt Clayton — Thermometer in silver-mounted case * Mr. and Mrs. Evan Hanbury — Clock * Major Atherley — Cigarette box * Mr. and Mrs. Richard Tryon — Card case * Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton Stubber — Table mirror in silver frame * Mr. and Mrs. Gretton — Pair of silver candlesticks * Miss Adele Duncan — Silver tea service * Hon. G. Crichton — Silver-mounted paper-knife * Mrs. Norman Lampson — Parasol * Capt. Gregson — Photo, "Guards at Pretoria" * Mr. Alfred Keyser — Leather bag * Mr. and Mrs. Armytage — lvory paper knife * Mrs. Boyce — Leather tray with two painted china plaques * Mr. and Mrs. A. B. Norman — Silver-mounted paper knife * The Master of Elibank — Pair of silver ash trays * Mr. Adrian Rose — Pair of silver toast racks * Mr. Archibald Smith — Hunting crop * Major Bradford Atkinson — Walking-stick * Mr. and Mrs. Stanhope — Painted china tea service * Mr. G. A. Grant — Stationery case * Mrs. Charles Inge — Copper and brass jardiniere * Col. and Mrs. Makins — Hunting crop * Mr. G. F. Trotter — Walking stick * Mr. and Misses Cardwell — Fan * Mrs. Dana — Thermometer * Mrs. Nugent — Card case * Mr. and Mrs. Ovey — Tortoiseshell box * Mr. F. Peake — Writing table * Capt. Boyce — Embroidered table cover * Mrs. Duncan — Dressing bag case * Mr. F. C. Fardell and Miss Gilbert Day — Brocaded satin cushion * Mr. and Mrs. Niel Robson — Visiting book * Mrs. R. B. Hay — Silver salts in case * Mr. and Mrs. Harold Broadbent — Pair silver peppers in case * —— Set silver knives in case * Mr. and Mrs. Greville Clayton — Six silver vases in case * Mr. and Mrs. Reginald H. Lewis — Pair silver peppers * Lord Ernest St. Maur — Set four silver fruit spoons in case * Rev. Geo. and Mrs. Tanner — Pair of silver salts * Capt. Thomson's Valet and Groom — Pair of silver peppers * Mr. Alick Duncan — Silver jug * Mr. and Mrs. A. Brocklehurst — Silver timepiece in case * Lieut.-Col. and Mrs. Blackburn — Silver fruit spoon * Mr. and Lady Georgiana Mure — Silver-mounted ink [sic] * Mrs. Gerald Fitzgerald — Silver-mounted inkstand * Mrs. Ruthven — Set of silver knives in case * Mrs. Blair — Umbrella * Mrs. Willie Lawson — Hunting crop * —— Three driving whips * —— Tea tray * Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay — Umbrella * Mr. George Hunt — Silver flower bowl * Mr. and Mrs. Reginald Cookson — Silver biscuit box * Mr. Arthur and V. James — Silver two-handled cup and cover * Mr. Robbio Stubber — Pair of silver scent bottles * Mr. and Mrs. Geo. Baird — Silver bowl * Mr. and Mrs. Harrison Broadley — Pair of silver flower vases * Mrs. Grant—Silver flower-pot stand * Mrs. Villiers — Silver corkscrew * Capt. Spender Clay — Antique silver snuffbox * Mr. and Mrs. Weir — Silver bacon dish * Mr. Baird — Pair of silver candlesticks * Mr. Athol Hay — Silver sugar bowl * Capt. Ewing — Pair of silver fruit dishes * Mr. and Mrs. C. J. Phillips — Pair of silver baskets * Miss Esmé Duncan — Silver box * Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Paton — lvory paper knife * Dr. Freshfleld — Work case * Mrs. Arkwright — Silver-mounted blotter * Mr. and Mrs. Peake — Silver-mounted stationery case * Miss Goddard — Book * Mr. D. Baird — Silver inkstand * J. G. and Jane B. Hay — lnkpot, with silver watch top * Mr. and Mrs. Wadsworth Ritchie — Pair of silver dishes in case * Mr. and Mrs. Guy Fenwick — Set of twelve silver knives in case * Jane and Uncle Willie — Silver sugar basin in case * Mr. and Miss Millington Knowles — Set of four silver dessert spoons in ease * Herbert and Lady Beatrix Herbert — Silver flower dish * Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Thorneycroft — Four silver candlesticks * Mr. and Mrs. Russell? M [illegible, ink has spread] — Silver bowl [Col. 2c / Col. 3a] * Mr., Mrs., and the Misses Wm. Cooper — Fan * Miss Winearls — Silver-mounted scent bottle * Sir Ernest Cassel — Diamond and enamel brooch * Mr. John S. Cavendish — Gold pencil case * —— Diamond and sapphire bracelet * Miss Lottie Coats — Diamond and pearl brooch * Hon. T. Robarts — Diamond brooch * Mr. and Mrs. Chas. E. Hay — Enamel and pearl miniature holder * Evelyn Ward — Cornomandel [sic] box * Mr. and Mrs. Slade — China clock * Lieut.-Col. Jervoise — Fan * Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Fergusson—Set of four silver menu holders * Mr. Guy R. F. Dawson — Silver card case * Rev. E. V. and Mrs. Hodge — Silver dish * Mr. C. S. and Mrs. Newton — Silver waiter * Mrs. Metcalfe — Gold, turquoise, and ruby brooch * Lord and Lady Erne — Set of three gilt decorated liqueur decanters * Mr. and Mrs. Chas. Grant — Two silver-mounted spirit decanters * Mr. and Mrs. George Baird — Set of three cut-glass decanters * Mr. Peter Cookson—Pair of silver-mounted decanters * Mrs. Featherstonehaugh — China ornament * Aunt Mary — China coffee service in case * Mr. H. S. Sykes — Silver-mounted telegram form case * Capt. Meade — Pair of engraved claret jugs * Lord and Lady Binning — Silver-mounted claret jug * Mr. and Mrs. Baldock — Silver-mounted water jug, with inscription * Mrs. and the Misses Chaplin — Pair of gilt decorated vases * —— Silver-mounted claret jug * Kittie, Margie, Hestie, Walter, Phillip, and Millicent Tanner — Pair of silver peppers case * Mr. J. R. J. Logan — Silver-mounted claret jug * Miss Ethel Baird — Painted china box * Mrs. D. A. Neilson — Pair of female figures with Cupids * M. M. Phillips — Painted china miniature box * Lady Waldie Griffith — Stationery case * —— Painted two-fold screen * Miss Mabel Fitzgerald — Silver-mounted vase * Major Bouverie — Silver-mounted match holder * —— Enamelled inkstand and candlesticks to match * Mrs. Duncan — Stationery case and blotter * —— Silver-mounted stationery case * —— Tortoiseshell and silver-mounted paper-knife * Miss Mills — Dresden china vase, cover, and stand * —— Six Vols. of Ruskin's "Modern Painters" * Mrs. W. Baird — Leather bag * Miss Langridge — Four silver spoons * Miss Kirk and Miss Hemsley — Silver-mounted photo frame * Miss Nessie Hemsley — Silver-mounted photo frame * Captain and Mrs. St. Aubyn Loftus — Silver vase * Decima Walker Leigh — Pair of silver-mounted menu stands * Mrs. Charles Thomson — Mirror in silver frame * Miss Reese — Silver crumb scoop * —— Silver-mounted seal and case * Mary Abercorn Alexander and Gladys Hamilton — Silver inkstand * Mr. and Mrs. Cecil Chaplin — Silver pen, pencil, and knife in case * Miss Gwendoline Brassey — Silver-mounted ice pail * Mr. and Mrs. and Misses Clifford Chaplin — Pair of silver candlesticks * Mr. and Mrs. Magee — lvory paper knife * Misses Dorothy and Maude Pilcher — Scent bottle * Miss Ashton — Silver-mounted clock * Mrs. William Clarence and Miss Watson — Silver crumb scoop * Major and Mrs. Ed. Baird — Egg-boiler on silver stand * Mr. A. F. H. Fergusson — Pair of silver coffee pots * —— Table mirror * —— Pair of silver vases * Mrs. R. B. Mnir — Silver fox ornament * Mr. H. Brassey and Mr. H. R. Molynenx — Silver teapot * —— Pair of silver sauce boats * Mr. and Mrs. Heathcote — Silver cream jug * Misses Thompson — Silver photo frame * Mr. C. D. Rose — Pair of silver fruit dishes * Mr. T. Archibald Hope — Silver toast-rack * Mr. and Mrs. Robert Hunt — Pair of silver sauce boats * Major and Mrs. Candy — Pair of silver fruit baskets * Misses Trefusis — Silver-mounted owl mustard-pot * Mrs. Frank Chaplin — Silver photo frame * Major Vaughan Lee — Silver waiter * Major Byng — Pair of silver menu stands * Lady Wilton — Silver photo stand * Geoffrey and Sibyll Palmer — Scent bottle * Dr. Clement Godson — Silver salad cruet * Mr. Mackenzie — Silver cigar case * Mr. G. Colvin White — Set of four silver trays * Mr. Edgar Brassey — Silver pipe lighter * Miss Emily Dawson — Photo frame * Mrs. Gerald FitzGerald — Silver match-box holder * A. Barns — Silver waiter * Miss Palmer — Letter-clip and dish * Mr. and Mrs. Aubrey Coventry — Photo frame * —— Silver bowl three feet * Mr. and Mrs. Hornsby — Openwork silver basket * —— Antique silver box * Mr. and Mrs. H. R. Baird — Silver coffee-pot * —— Pair of silver salts * Mr. Hugh Wanemley — Silver-gilt match-box * Captain Gordon Wilson — Silver snuff-box * Mrs. Whitelaw — Silver mustard-pot * Mrs. Palmer — Silver spoon * Mr. Dudley Majoribanks — Silver bowl and cover * Mr. Wilfred F. Ricardo — Pair silver candlesticks * Indoor Servants at Knossington Grange and 8, Rutland Gate — Breakfast warmer and two silver entree dishes and covers * Outdoor Servants at Knossington Grange — Silver stationery case * Mr. Waterman (coachman) — Driving-whip * Mr. Alexander (coachman) and Mrs. Alexander — lnk-stand * Villagers of Knossington — Silver sugar bowl, sugar tongs, and cream ewer in case * Silver vase, with inscription — "Capt. Mann Thomson, Royal Horse Guards, from the Estate and Household at Dalkeith, on the occasion of his marriage, 25th July, 1901." * Miss Baldock — Pair of scent bottles * Captain Cook — Paper-knife * Sir A. Baird — Pair of silver muffineers * Rev. H. W. Trower — Pair of silver peppers * Mr. T. Vandeleur — Silver cigarette box * Lady Miller — Silver milk jug * Mr. Hedworth Barclay — Silver muffineer * Miss May A. Jackson — Photo frame * Mr. Geoffrey Heneage — Silver ash tray * Mr. and Mrs. R. B. Hay — Pair silver mustard-pots * Mrs. George Charteris — Silver-mounted calendar * Royal School of Art Needlework, Exhibition-road — Silvered copper heart-shaped box * Mr. A. C. Newbigging — Silver fox ornament * Mr. S. Schreiber — Silver match box * Mr. and Mrs. J. H. J. Phillips — Silver muffineers * Mr. and Mrs. Fyfe Jameson — Silver flask * Mrs. Beaumont Lubbock — Silver bon-bon dish * Lord Castlereagh — Salad bowl * Captain Hambro — Silver card case * Lord Longford — Silver bowl * Captain —— Silver waiter * Mrs. Forester — Silver frame * Mrs. Martin — Tea cloth * Mr. and Mrs. Cooper — Whip * Earl Lonsdale — Silver tray * Lady Augusta Fane — Red box * Mr. Paul Phipps — Clippers * Mr. E. Herlick — lnkstand<ref>"Marriage of Captain Mann Thomson and Miss Duncan." ''Grantham Journal'' 27 July 1901 Saturday: 2 [of 8], Cols. 2a–3b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000400/19010727/003/0002.</ref> </blockquote> ===August 1901=== ====30 August 1901, Friday==== [[Social Victorians/People/Horos|The Horoses]] (troublesome members of the Golden Dawn) were thrown out of 99 Gower Street and moved to Gloucester Crescent (King 89 91). ===October 1901=== ====31 October 1901, Thursday==== Halloween. ===November 1901=== ====5 November 1901, Tuesday==== Guy Fawkes Day ===December 1901=== ====25 December 1901, Wednesday==== Christmas Day ====26 December 1901, Thursday==== Boxing Day ===Works Cited=== *[1901-02-23 Cheshire Observer] "Duke of Westminster. Brilliant Function." Cheshire Observer 23 February 2901, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 1a–6c [of 8]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000157/19010223/114/0006 (accessed July 2019). *[1901-04-25 Stage] "Provinces." "Amateurs." The Stage 25 April 1901, Thursday: 11 [of 24], Col. 3c, 4b–c [of 5]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001179/19010425/028/0011 (accessed July 2019). *[1901-07-24 Beverley Echo] "Stray Notes." Beverley Echo 24 July 1901, Wednesday: 2 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001561/19010724/037/0002 (accessed July 2019). ==1902== Sometime in 1902, London publisher [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#George Newnes|George Newnes]] published an edition of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s first (1892) collection of Holmes stories. ===January 1902=== ====1 January 1902, Wednesday, New Year's Day==== ===February 1902=== ==== 13 February 1902, Thursday ==== King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra were present with some of their friends at Niagara, which must have been an ice-skating rink. Mr. and [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Mrs. George West]] are Lady Randolph Churchill and George Cornwallis-West.<blockquote>SOCIAL & PERSONAL Royalty at Niagara. Quite a record audience was present at Niagara yesterday, when the free skating and waltzing competitions were skated off to the sound of gay music in a brightly lighted, warm atmosphere. The royal box made a goodly show with its trappings of Oriental hangings and decorations of palms. The Royal Box. The King and Queen were accompanied by Princess Victoria and Prince and Princess Charles of Denmark, the Prince and Princess of Wales having previously arrived. Their Majesties were conducted to the spacious box by Mr. Hayes Fisher. All the royal ladies wore black, the Queen adding a bunch of yellow Lent lilies to her sombre attire. Her two daughters lightened their mourning with touches of white, and the Princess of Wales wore a bunch of violets in her toque, with a twist of white. In the adjoining box, among members of the suite were the Countess of Gosford, Earl Howe, Mr. Sidney Greville, Mr. H. J. Stonor, Lieut.-Colonel Davidson, Lieut.-Colonel Legge, and Viscount Crichton. In boxes on the other side of the royal box were Lady Alice Stanley, with the Ladies Acheson, the Countess of Derby, Countess De Grey and Lady Juliet Lowther, [Col. 3c/4b] Mr. and [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Mrs. George West]] [Lady Randolph Churchill and George Cornwallis-West], Sir Edgar and Lady Helen Vincent, the Duchess of Bedford and the Marquis of Tavistock, [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|M. de Soveral, the Portuguese Minister]], and Viscount and Viscountess Falmouth. Others to be picked out in the crowd were Consuelo Duchess of Manchester, Viscountess Coke and Mrs. Ellis, Lady Archibald Campbell and her son, Mrs. Grenander, Lord and Lady Lilford, Mr. and Mrs. Edward Stonor, Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], Mr. Algernon Grosvenor, and Mr. and Mrs. Hwfa Williams. The royal party took a great interest in the contests, and especially applauded the Swedish couple in their graceful evolutions. Their Majesties remained over an hour, the royal party taking their departure shortly after five.<ref>"Social & Personal." ''Daily Express'' 14 February 1902, Friday: 4 [of 8], Cols. 3c–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020214/088/0004. Print p. 4.</ref></blockquote> ===March 1902=== The last time Bret Harte and Arthur Collins saw each other: "They dined at the Royal Thames Yacht Club, and Collins found his 'poor old friend' 'saldly aged and broken, but genial and kind as ever.' They sat an hour at a music hall and Harte wrote afterwards to thank Collins for having 'forced him out.'" (Nissen, Axel. Bret Harte: Prince and Pauper. Jackson, MS: U P of Mississippi, 2000: 262) ===April 1902=== ====9 April 1902, Wednesday==== According to a letter to Lady Gregory, [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] dictated "2000 words in an hour and a half" "to a typewriter; he was working on his novel (Wade 370). At this point, a typewriter was a person who used the machine called typewriter to type. ====10 April 1902, Thursday==== [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] wrote to Lady Gregory from 18 Woburn Buildings about working on his novel "-- dictating to a typewriter" (Wade 370). ===May 1902=== ====5 May 1902, Monday==== Bret Harte died. Arthur Collins does not seem to have been there at his death; “his dear friend Madame Van de Velde and her attendants” were, though (Pemberton, T. Edgar. The Life of Bret Harte. Dodd, Meade, 1903. http://books.google.com/books?id=eZMOAAAAMAAJ). Not sure when the funeral occurred, but he is buried “in quiet Frimly churchyard,” (341) and <quote>In accordance with his well-known views on such subjects the funeral was a very simple one. Among the few who followed him to his ivy-lined grave were Mrs. Bret Harte, his son and daughter-in-law, Mr. and Mrs. Francis King Harte, his daughter, Miss Ethel Harte, Madame Van de Velde, Colonel Collins, Mr. A.S. Boyd, and a small cluster of grief-stricken friends.</quote> (Pemberton, T. Edgar. The Life of Bret Harte. Dodd, Meade, 1903. http://books.google.com/books?id=eZMOAAAAMAAJ (accessed November 2014). ====8 May 1902, Thursday==== <quote>On Thursday, May 8, 1902, in the squat, mid-Victorian church of St. Peter's in the Surrey village of Frimley, a group of about twenty people had come to show their final respects to Francis Bret Harte. Outside it was raining steadily . In the subdued light from the stained-glass windows, one cold discern a small group at the front of the church consisting of Anna Harte, her son Frank, her daughter-in-law Aline, and her daughter Ethel. Another small group was formed around Madame Van de Velde, including one of her unmarried daughters, Miss Norris (the sister of her son-in-law Richard Norris), and Mrs. Clavering Lyne. Of Harte's closest friend, only Arthur Collins and Alexander Stuart Boyd were present. Pemberton had written to Frank the day before that he wished to attend the funeral but that in his "deplorable state of health" it was impossible for him to travel. Beside the small group of family and old friends, the rest of the people who heard the service conducted by the rector of Frimley, Reverend W. Basset, were recent acquaintances from among the local gentry. As one newspaper noted: "The funeral was of the simplest possible character and the phrase 'this our brother' had a peculiar poignancy, for, though a group of villagers stood in the rain under the trees as the hearse arrived, there were few in the church, who had not the right to call Mr. Bret Harte friend." The simplicity of the service was in keeping with Bret Harte's wishes.</quote> (Nissen, Axel. Bret Harte: Prince and Pauper. Jackson, MS: U P of Mississippi, 2000: 263) ===June 1902=== Summer 1902: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until Yeats bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?) ====3 June 1902, Tuesday==== [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] wrote Arnold Dolmetsch, asking him to "chair ... a lecture he [was] soon to give": "You are the only one, I suppose, in the world now, who knows anything about the old music that was half speech, and I need hardly say that neither [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Farr|Miss Farr]] nor myself, could have done anything in this matter of speaking to notes without your help" (Campbell 142). ====7-9 June 1902, Saturday-Monday==== The [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Earl and Countess of Warwick]] hosted a house party: <quote>The Earl and Countess of Warwick entertained a distinguished house party from Saturday to yesterday, including the Grand Duke Michael of Russia and the Countess of Torby, the Earl and Countess of Craven, the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey, Earl Cairns, Lord and Lady Savile, Lord Chesham, Sir Frederick and Lady Milner, Colonel and Lady Gwendoline Colvin. Lady Margaret Orr-Ewing, Lady Eva Dugdale. Mrs. Kenneth Wilson, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Right Hon. H. Chaplin, M.P., Hon. H. Stonor, Mr. J. Pease, M.P., Captain Brinton, and Captain J. Forbes.</quote> (1902-06-10 Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser) ====10 June 1902, Tuesday==== [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Farr|Florence Farr]]'s first public performance in which she "recit[ed] to her own accompaniment on the psaltery was at the Hall of Clifford's Inn, Fleet Street, on 10 June 1902 (Campbell 144, n. 18). ==== 12 June 1902, Thursday==== 12 June 1902: <quote>Thursday, the 12th inst., being the grand day of Trinity term at Gray's-inn, the Treasurer (Mr. Herbert Reed, K.C.) and the Masters of the Bench entertained at dinner the following guests: The Right Hon. Lord Strathoona and Mount Royal, the Right Hon. Lord Avebury, the Right Hon. H. H. Asquith, K.C, M.P., the Right Hon. Sir Frank Lascelles, G.C.B. (British Minister at Berlin), General Sir Edward Brabant, K.C.B., the Right Hon. Sir Edward Carson (Solicitor-General), Sir Squire Bancroft, Colonel Alfred Egerton, C.B. (Equerry to H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught), Mr. Austen Chamberlain,M.P., Colonel Royds, M.P., and Mr. Frank Dicksee, R.A. The Benchers present in addition to the Treasurer were H.R H. the Duke of Connaught, Lord Ashbourne, Lord Shand, Mr. Henry Griffith, Sir Arthur Collins, K.C, Mr. Hugh Shield, K.C, His Honour Judge Bowen Rowlands, K.C, Mr. James Sheil, Mr. Arthur Beetham, Mr. John Rose, Mr. Paterson, Mr. Mulligan, K.C, Mr. Mattinson, K.C, Mr. Macaskie, K.C., Mr. C. A. Russell, K.C., Mr. Montague Lush, K.C., Mr. Dicey, C B., Mr. Barnard, Mr. H. C. Richards, K.C., M.P., Mr. Duke, K.C., M.P., Sir Julian Salomons, K.C., with the Preacher (the Rev. Canon C. J. Thompson, D.D.).</quote> (The Solicitor's Journal and Reporter. June 21, 1902. Volume XLVI. 1901-1902 [November 2, 1901, to October 25, 1902]: 588. Google Books: http://books.google.com/books?id=9T84AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA588). ====26 June 1902, Thursday==== Edward VII crowned King of England. 26 June 1902. There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in May 1902, so the celebration with Harte present did not take place this year. Did it take place at all? ===July 1902=== ====3 July 1902, Thursday==== [[Social Victorians/People/Mathers|MacGregor and Moina Mathers]] were living at 28 Rue Saint Vincent, Buttes Montmartre, Paris (Howe 244). ===September 1902=== ''Tristan and Isolde'' at the Covent Garden. ====25 September 1902, Thursday==== "There were no winter performances of opera at Covent Garden in those times .... In 1902 an autumnal series was added, and there were several Wagner nights, the last of which was on Thursday, 25 September, when Philip Brozel and Blanch Marchesi were starred in ''Tristan and Isolda'' with Marie Alexander as Brangane" (Baring-Gould II 704, n. 14, quoting Rolfe Boswell). ===October 1902=== ==== 24 October 1902, Friday ==== The ''Daily Express'' reported on the annual opening of the Prince's ice-skating rink, revealing who had an interest in skating:<blockquote>PRINCE’S RINK OPENS. The first ice of the season was skated upon yesterday. It was the carefully-prepared ice which Mr. H. W. Page and Mr. Nightingale offer to the members of Prince’s Skating Club, in Knightsbridge, and was in grand condition. The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]] opened the rink for the seventh season, and in the afternoon and evening the West End patronized the popular club to skate or to lounge to the pleasant strains of the Viennese band. [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] is again at the head of the ladies’ committee, with the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marchioness of Londonderry]] as co-members, and Lord Edward Cecil and many other well-known skaters are identified with the committee work. The skating hours are from 9.30 to 1 and 3 to 7, and on Sundays 3 to 7 only.<ref>"Prince's Rink Opens." ''Daily Express'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19021025/132/0005.</ref></blockquote> ====31 October 1902, Friday==== Halloween. ===November 1902=== ====5 November 1902, Wednesday==== Guy Fawkes Day ====29 November 1902, Saturday==== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]]’s cousin, Lady Hartopp, involved in a divorce case: <blockquote>Society Women in a Law Court Case. Mr. Justice Barnes’s Court is now crowded by society people. What is the strange fascination which brings elegantly dressed ladies, accustomed to luxurious surroundings and all the external refinements of life, to sit for hours in stuffy court, where the accommodation is all the plainest, and the surroundings are none too attractive. It would need some assurance to invite a Belgravian Countess, or the wife of Mayfair Millionaire to spend the morning under such conditions unless there were the attraction of a very strong piece of scandal. One could not presume to suggest she should attend Missionary meeting, or social reform movement, under any such conditions. At least I must confess that I never heard of one being packed with a West End crowd as the Court just now. Of course it cannot be mere idle curiosity. Our higher education for girls must have cured Mother Eve’s failing long ago. Cynics suggest that it is the survival in our highly-civilised modern conditions of that instinct of the wild creature which incites attack on the wounded or injured fellow. Wild birds will sometimes peck injured bird to death. Are these fair and soft-voiced ladies animated by the same spirit when they throng witness the ordeal through which a woman of their own class is passing? The Latest Divorce Case. Lady Hartopp, the heroine of the story which has been occupying the tongues and thoughts of the upper ten thousand for the last 48 hours, is a member of a well-known and wealthy family, and is herself remarkable for her beauty. Her two sisters are as famous for their charms as herself, and society has given them many flattering titles. The daughters of Mr. C. H. Wilson, the great shipowner, whose sails are on every sea, are as favoured by Fortune as Venus. Miss Muriel Wilson, the society beauty, is a cousin of Lady Hartopp, and Lady Chesterfield is her sister. It was at Tranby Croft, near Hull, the residence of Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson, that the famous baccarat case occurred some years ago. Lady Hartopp is the niece of Mr. Arthur Wilson, and no doubt recollects that incident, and all the consequent stir. It attracted all the more notice at the time, because the then Prince of Wales had taken part in the game; but the Prince, who had nothing to be ashamed of, with characteristic straightforwardness, asked to go into the box and state all he knew. (1902-11-29 Norwich Mercury)</blockquote> ===December 1902=== ====16 December 1902, Tuesday==== A poem satirizing Florence Farr and Arnold Dolmetsch was published in ''Punch''. ====25 December 1902, Thursday==== Christmas Day ====26 December 1902, Friday==== Boxing Day ===Works Cited=== *[1902-06-10 Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser] "Court and Personal." Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser 10 June 1902, Tuesday: 5 [of 10], Col. 3c [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/19020610/033/0006 (accessed July 2019). *[1902-11-29 Norwich Mercury] "Society Women in a Law Court Case." And "The Latest Divorce Case." Norwich Mercury 29 November 1902, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001669/19021129/072/0005 (accessed July 2019). ==1903== From sometime in 1891 to sometime in 1903 Eduoard de Reszke was "a leading bass" at the New York Metropolitan Opera (Baring-Gould II 112, n. 114). "[I]n England in 1903, gramophone distinctly meant the Berliner-Gramophon & Typewriter disc machine, while cyclinder machines were known as phonographs or graphophones " (Baring-Gould II 745, n. 15). Gerald Balfour was "largely responsible for getting the important Land Acts of 1903 under way" (O'Connor 163). ===January 1903=== ====1 January 1903, Thursday, New Year's Day==== ====3 January 1903, Saturday==== Madame Troncey was doing a portrait of [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] (Wade 392). ===June 1903=== Summer 1903: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). === August–September 1903 === ==== 20 and 25 August and 3 September 1903 ==== The 1903 America's Cup yacht race in New York Harbor with Nathaniel Herreshoff's ''Reliance'' for the US and Sir Thomas Lipton's ''Shamrock III'' for the UK,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-09-11|title=1903 America's Cup|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1903_America%27s_Cup&oldid=1109663279|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_America%27s_Cup.</ref> the 12th challenge for the cup and "the most expensive Cup challenge in history."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.americascup.com/history/26_LIPTONS-THIRD-CHALLENGE|title=LIPTON’S THIRD CHALLENGE|last=Cup|first=America's|website=37th America's Cup|language=en|access-date=2024-07-02}} https://www.americascup.com/history/26_LIPTONS-THIRD-CHALLENGE.</ref> The first race was run on 20 August 1903, the 2nd on 25 August and the 3rd on 3 September.<ref name=":0" /> Because the ''Reliance'' won the first 3 races, the best 3-out-of-5 race ended after the 3rd one. ===October 1903=== Sometime in October 1903, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s "The Adventure of the Empty House," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 331). ====31 October 1903, Saturday==== Halloween. ===November 1903=== Sometime in November 1903 Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Adventure of the Norwood Builder," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 415). ====5 November 1903, Thursday==== Guy Fawkes Day ===December 1903=== Sometime in December 1903 Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Adventure of the Dancing Men," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 529). ====16 December 1903, Wednesday==== "On 16 December, Punch satirised an activity in which Dolmetsch was concerned. [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Farr|Florence Farr]] was acting as secretary for a newly-formed fellowship known as 'The Dancers', a body whose aim was to 'fight the high and powerful devil, solemnity'. In a poem entitled L'Allegro up to date, the final stanza is devoted to Dolmetsch: <poem>:The old forgotten dancing-lore, :The steps we cannot understand, :DOLMETSCH agrees to take in hand, :These on the well-trod stage anon, :When next our learned sock is on, :We’ll show, while ARNOLD, Fancy’s child, :Tootles his native wood-wind wild.</poem> This verse is curiously prophetic for Dolmetsch had not yet introduced the recorder into his concerts, although he occasionally included a flute. Dolmetsch did know something of the steps of the old dances but it was his wife who later researched the subject most thoroughly and wrote two books on the subject." (Campbell 151–52) ===25 December 1903, Friday=== Christmas Day ====26 December 1903, Saturday==== Boxing Day ===Works Cited=== *Baring-Gould. *Campbell. ==1904== ===January 1904=== Sometime in January 1904 [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s "The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 399). ===March 1904=== Sometime in March 1904 Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Adventure of Black Peter," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 384). ===April 1904=== Sometime in April 1904, Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 558, n. 1, and 559). ===June 1904=== Sometime in June 1904 Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Adventure of the Three Students," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 370). Summer 1904: [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). ===July 1904=== Sometime in July 1904, Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Adventure of the Golden Pince-Nez," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 351). ===August 1904=== Sometime in August 1904, Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Adventure of the Missing Three-Quarter," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 476). ===September 1904=== Sometime in September 1904, Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Adventure of the Abbey Grange," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 491). ==1905== ===April 1905=== ====3 April 1905, Monday==== [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] wrote to Lady Gregory from Dublin, saying he had "dictated a rough draft of a new Grania second act to Moore's typewriter" (Wade 368). ===June 1905=== Summer 1905: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). ===July 1905=== ====10 July 1905, Monday==== 1905 July 10, the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador hosted a dinner party:<blockquote>The Austro-Hungarian Ambassador entertained the Duke and Duchess of Connaught and Princess Patricia of Connaught at dinner at the Embassy in Belgrave-square on Monday evening. There were also present the Spanish Ambassador and Mme. Bernabé, the United States Ambassador and Mrs. and Miss Whitelaw Reid, Princess Hohenlohe, Prince Francis of Teck, Princess Teano, the Earl of Essex, the Earl and Countess of Crewe, Viscount Villiers, Viscount Errington, Viscount Newry, Mrs. J. Leslie, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. R. Graham, Mrs. Astor, Lady Maud Warrender, Prince Furstenburg, Count Szenchenyi, Captain A. Meade, and Miss Pelly and Colonel Murray in attendance on the Duke and Duchess.<ref>"Court Circular." ''Times'', 12 July 1905, p. 7. ''The Times Digital Archive'', http://tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/AHRNq6. Accessed 20 June 2019.</ref></blockquote> ===October 1905=== ==== 1905 October 14, Saturday ==== A "send-off dinner" for Jerome K. Jerome before his trip to the U.S. occurred at the Garrick Club "the other evening" before October 14:<blockquote>Jerome K. Jerome has undertaken a six months lecturing tour in the United States. I believe that this tour will be a great success, particularly when the Americans come to realise that Mr. Jerome is not only a humorous writer but a brilliant, serious writer with very genuine pathos. His appeal on this side has not, perhaps, gone home to the English people as much as it should, but the quick-witted Americans will not be slow to recognise his talents of both kinds, nor will they fail to appreciate the significance of the fact that the other evening a send-off dinner was given to Mr. Jerome at the Garrick Club. The hosts of the evening were Mr. Pett Ridge and Mr. W. W. Jacobs, which shows that there is no such thing as literary jealousy among our best humorists. The presence of quite a galaxy of novelists to the dinner to Mr. Jerome, including Mr. Barrie, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Mr. Max Pemberton, Mr. H. G. Wells, Mr. G. B. Burgin, Mr. Arthur Morrison, and Mr. Israel Zangwill, serve to indicate the existence of a pleasant brotherhood among the writers of fiction. The readers of ''Three Men in a Boat'' may be interested to know that there were also present Mr. Jerome's companions in that famous journey — Mr. Carl Hentschel and Mr. C. Wingrove. When I have named further the presence of three artists in Mr. A. S. Boyd, Mr. John Hassall, and Mr. Will Owen, and two journalists in Dr. Robertson Nicoll and [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Mr. Clarence Rook]], I have given some record of an exceedingly pleasant dinner party. The essential point, however, of this enumeration of names is that many of them are among the most highly honoured of Englishmen in the United States, and that thus Mr. Jerome cannot fail to reap additional benefit from this dinner so thoughtfully given in his honour by Mr. Jacobs and Mr. Pett Ridge.<ref>S., C. K. "A Literary Letter." ''The Sphere'' 14 October 1905, Saturday: 16 [of 20], Col. 2a–c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001861/19051014/022/0016. Print p. 56.</ref></blockquote> ===November 1905=== Sometime in November 1905, "Arnold Dolmetsch was again asked to provide music for a Been Greet season in New York — an engagement that brought about his first meeting with two young actors on their first American tour, Sybil Thorndike, and her brother, Russell" (Campbell 169). Dolmetsch's return to the US; was [[Social Victorians/People/Horniman|Annie Horniman]] still with the Thorndikes? ==1906== ===March 1906=== ====5 March 1906==== "Mr. Frederick John Horniman, who died on March 5, in his seventy-first year, was the son of that well-known Quaker and tea-merchant, John Horniman, who made a magnificent fortune by retailing tea in air-tight packets, and, like his father, devoted both time and wealth to charitable objects. A great traveller, both for business and pleasure, Mr. Horniman gathered togther an admirable collection of curios, and this is housed at Forest Hill in the museum that bears his name. His private benefactions were also large. Mr. Horniman, who was a Liberal, sat in two Parliaments, representing Penrhyn and Falmouth Boroughs in one. He did not seek re-election in January last." ("The World's News." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 10, 1906; pg. 338; Issue 3490, Col. C) ===June 1906=== Summer 1906: [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). ==1907== ===April 1907=== April 1907, [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] went to Italy with Lady Gregory (Harper 80 28). ===June 1907=== Summer 1907: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). '''1907 June 22, Saturday''' The annual dinner of the Correctors of the Press was held at De Keyser's Royal Hotel:<blockquote>CORRECTORS OF THE PRESS. The London Association of Correctors of the Press held their annual dinner at De Keyser’s Royal Hotel on Saturday. The Chairman was the Lord Mayor, and among his supporters were Sir John Cockburn, Colonel David Bruce, Colonel Earl Church, Lieutenant-Colonel Alsager Pollock, Sheriff Dunn, Mr. J. W. Cleland, M.P., Mr. R. Donald, Mr. T. Seccombe, Mr. Francis H. Skrine, Major H. F. Trippel, Mr. Walter Haddon, Mr. W. Pett Ridge, Mr. W. H. Helm, Mr. R. Warwick Bond, Mr. F. W. Rudler, Major Vane Stow, [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Mr. Clarence Rook]], Mr. J. Randall (Chairman of the Association), Mr. Foxen, and Mr. Feldwick. Proposing the toast of "Literature,” Mr. W. H. Helm speculated as to what would follow the banning of "Mary Barton" by the Education Committee of the London County Council. In his opinion "The Swiss Family Robinson" was a more immoral book, because beyond any other work it had fostered the Micawber view of life. (Laughter.) The LORD MAYOR [init caps large, rest sm, throughout], submitting the toast of "The Readers' Pension Fund,” apologised for appearing in morning dress. The reason was that he had been to the King’s Garden Party at Windsor, and whlle he was returning to London by motor something burst. (Laughter.) Only that morning he had arrived from Berlin, where he learned some lessons useful to people who give dinners. When the Oberburgomeister of Berlin proposed the health of, say, the Lord Mayor of London, there was an end of the business. He did not push forward the Houses of Parliament, the Navy and Army, or even Literature. (Laughter.) Being a practical people the Germans when they met for a particular purpose applied themselves to no other, and the English would well to copy them. (Hear, hear.) Mr. J. RANDALL said that last year the Association helped five readers and one reader’s widow to pensions, and this year it had done the same for two readers and two widows. One of the men assisted last March had taught himself Greek, Arabic, and Sanscrit, and in leisure moments amused himself by making object glasses for microscopes and telescopes. At this very gathering there was a printer’s reader who was Hebrew scholar. (Hear, hear.) With regard to finance Mr. Randall was happy to say that this dinner would enable the Association to establish a fourth pension. (Cheers.) The Lord Mayor, [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Lord Glenesk]] (President of the Readers' Pensions Committee), the Clothworkers’ Company, and the Cutlers’ Company had contributed ten guineas each, and the total addition to the fund resulting from the dinner was £l90. During the evening excellent entertainment was provided by Miss Helena Foxen, Miss Kathleen Dwyer, Mr. T. C. Bell, Mr. P. E. Syrett, Mr. Prank Rhodes, and Mr. E. Croft-Williams, the last-named being the hon. musical director.<ref>"Correctors of the Press." ''Morning Post'' 24 June 1907, Monday: 4 [of 14], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19070624/074/0004. Print p. 4.</ref></blockquote> ===November 1907=== ====10 November 1907==== <quote>On 10 November, Dolmetsch, 'awfully tired and disquieted with overwork', writes to Horne, 'longing for Florence'. 7, Bayley Street<br />W.C.<br />My concert went very well last night. Melodie quite distinguished herself, and a sister of [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|Bernard Shaw]] Lucy Carr Shaw sang delightfully. …<br />But Symmons [sic] … did not go before 1 o'cl. and yet, by the first post this morning, I got a charming poem on Rameau. … He must have spent all night on it.</quote> (Campbell 120) ==1908== In 1908 Sidney Paget died in 1908 in some "untimely" fashion (Baring-Gould II 239). === April 1908 === ==== 1908 April 9, Thursday ==== The Provisional Committee for the Shakespeare Memorial demonstration at the Lyceum Theatre met at the Hôtel Métropole:<blockquote>SHAKESPEARE MEMORIAL. A meeting of the Provisional Committee for the forthcoming Shakespeare Memorial demonstration at the Lyceum Theatre was held yesterday at the Hôtel Métropole. Mr. T. P. O’Connor, M.P., presided, and there were present : The Earl of Lytton, Mr. Percy Alden, M.P., Mr. Henry Ainley, Mr. Percy Ames, Mr. Robert Barr, Mr. Arthur à Beckett, Mr. Austin Brereton, Mr. Acton Bond (General Director of the British Empire Shakespeare Society), Mr. Dion Boucicault, Mrs. Bateman-Crowe, Professor Boss, Mr. Norreys Connell, Mr. W. M. Crook, Mr. John Cutler, K.C., Mr. J. Comyns Carr, Mr. Ernest Carpenter, the Rev. P. H. Ditchfleld, Mr. Robert Donald, Mr. A. C. Forster Boulton, M.P., Mr. and Mrs. Laurence Gomme, Mr. A. A. Gardiner, Mr. C. T. Hunt (hon. secretary London Shakespeare League), Mr. Laurence Housman, Mr. J. A. Hobson. Mr. Ford Madox Hueffer, Mr. Selwyn Image, Mr. Henry Arthur Jones, Mr. Jerome K. Jerome, Mr. Frederick Kerr, Miss Gertrude Kingston, Professor Knight, Mr. Matheson Lang, the Hon. Mrs. Alfred Lyttelton, Miss Lillah McCarthy, Mr. Justin Huntly McCarthy, Colonel Henry Mapleson, Dr. Gilbert Murray, Mr. T. Fairman Ordish, Mr. A. W. Pinero, Mr. Ernest Rhys, [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Mr. Clarence Rook]], the Rev. J. Cartmel Robinson, Mr. George Radford, M.P., Mr. Clement Shorter, Mr. Otto Salimann (hon. secretary of the Elizabethan Society), [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|Mr. Bernard Shaw]], Mr. H. W. Smith, Mr. Herbert Trench, [[Social Victorians/People/Todhunter|Dr. Todhunter]], and Mr. James Welch. It was agreed that the Lyceum demonstration should take place in May, and a resolution should be moved in favour of the establishment of a National Theatre as a memorial to Shakespeare.<ref>"Shakespearea Memorial." ''Morning Post'' 10 April 1908, Friday: 7 [of 12], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19080410/126/0007. Print p. 7.</ref></blockquote> ===June 1908=== Summer 1908: [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). ==== 1908 June 21, Sunday ==== Very large demonstration for women's suffrage in Hyde Park coming from "seven points in London."<blockquote>WOMAN'S VOTE. SUFFRAGISTS' GREAT MARCH TO HYDE PARK TODAY. WHITE DEMONSTRATION. AMUSING ADDRESS TO M.P.'s. FROM RIVER LAUNCH. From seven points in London to-day seven big prossesions will march to Park, and there jointly demand the Parliamentary franchise for women. The whole town will be alive with demonstrating suffragists. The streets will resound with the cry of "Votes for Women." In Hyde Park eighty speakers will voice the demand from twenty platforms. London has been divided into districts for the purposes of the mighty demonstration, and each of theee has an assembling place, from which the processions will move off to Hyde Park, as given in the following official list: — A. — Euston-road. — Form up at 12 o'clock, east of Euston Station. Start at 1 p.m. March via Euston-road, Portland-place, Upper Regent-street, Oxford-street, to the Marble Arch. B. — Trafalgar-square. — Form up 12.30. Start 1.30. March via Pall Mall, Regent-street, Piccadilly, Berkeley-street, and Mount-street to the Grosvenor Gate. C. — Victoria Embankment. [sic] Form up 12.30. Start from Westminster Bridge 1.30. March via Victorla-street, Grosvenor-place, to Hyde Park Corner. D. — Chelsea Embankment. — Form up 12.30. Start 1.30. March via Oakley-street, King's-road, Sloane-square, Sloane-street to Albert Gate. E. — Kensington High-street. — Form up 1 o'clock. Start 1.30. March via Kensington into the Alexandra Gate of the Park. F. — Paddington Station. — Form up 1 p.m. Start 2 p.m. March via Victoria Gate into Hyde Park. G. — Marylebone-road. — Form up 12.30. Start 1.30. March via Seymour-place, Seymour-street, and Into the Park close to the Marble Arch. The demonstrators will come from all parts of the country, some seventy special trains being run from the big towns in the provinces. These will be met at the London stations by white-garbed "Captains" and "Stewards," and their occupants marshalled in proper divisions. Literature and the drama will be represented in several of the processions. Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Shaw will join in Trafalgar-square, and so will Mr. Pett Ridge. Starting from Euston-road will be a coach carrying Mrs. Parkhurst, Miss Beatrice Harraden, Mrs. Mona Caird, and Miss Elizabeth Robins. Mrs. Israel Zangwill will chaperon a party on a coach from the Thames Embankment, which will include Professor and Mrs. Ayrton, Madame Sarah Grand, Miss Lillah McCarthy (Mrs. Granville Barker), Miss Marian McCarthy, Mr. Lucien Wolf, Professor Perry, F.R.S. (scientist), Mrs. H. G. Wells, Mrs. Alice Meynell, and Suffragist leaders from Sweden, Finland, and Norway. In Finland women not only have the vote, but they sit in Parliament. Madame Stromberg, from that country, is now in London attending the Horse Show at Olympia, and will be present at to-day's demonstration. Mr. H. Nevinson and Mr. H. N. Brailsford will walk in the Embankment procession. On the Kensington four-in-hand coach will be:— [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Mrs. Clarence Rook]], Mrs. Jopling Rowe, Mlle. Stavance (Norwegian editor and authoress), Mrs. French Sheldon, F.R.G.S., and Miss Christine Silver. ... In addition to seven four-horse coaches — one for each procession — there will be more than sixty brakes, filled with country suffragists, and elaborately decorated. [Story continues.]<ref>"Women's Vote. Suffragists' Great March to Hyde Park To-day. White Demonstration. Amusing Address to M.P.'s from River Launch." ''Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper'' 21 June 1908, Sunday: 1 [of 28], Col. 1a–c [of 5], 2, Col. 5. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003216/19080621/002/0001. Print p. 1.</ref></blockquote> ===Works Cited=== *Baring-Gould ==1909== ===January 1909=== ====1 January 1909==== Rev. [[Social Victorians/People/Ayton|W. A. Ayton]] died (Howe 85 10-11). ===June 1909=== Summer 1909: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). == Bibliography == #"Calendar for the Year 1900." Jumk.de Webprojects. https://kalender-365.de/public-holidays.php?yy=1900. Accessed November 2023. #Howe == Footnotes == <references /> mxy9hpgzzie25i8z6ty1r70hg7pry5d 0 265021 2691324 2690637 2024-12-10T23:42:59Z Scogdill 1331941 2691324 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Also Known As== * Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.</ref> * See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Bourke page]] * Earl of Mayo (in the Peerage of Ireland) ** Richard Southwell Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo (12 August 1867 – 8 February 1872) ** Dermot Robert Wyndham Bourke, 7th Earl of Mayo (8 February 1872 – 31 December 1927) *Baron Connemara **Robert Bourke, 1st and last Baron Connemara (12 May 1887 – 3 September 1902)<ref name=":2">"Robert Bourke, 1st and last Baron Connemara." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p5752.htm#i57514|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p5752.htm#i57514.</ref> * The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Lady Florence Bourke]] ==Overview== ==Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies== ==Timeline== '''1863 November 21''', Robert Bourke and Lady Susan Georgiana Ramsay married.<ref name=":3">"Lady Susan Georgiana Ramsay." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p23213.htm#i232124|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p23213.htm#i232124.</ref> '''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a "convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.</ref> '''1872 November 20''', Hon. Edward Roden Bourke and Emma Mary Augusta Hatch married.<ref name=":5">"Emma Mary Augusta Hatch." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p5751.htm#i57507|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-27}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p5751.htm#i57507.</ref> '''1887 December 15''', [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]] and Guendoline Stanley married.<ref name=":1">"Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> '''1890 November 27''', Robert Bourke, 1st Baron Connemara and Lady Susan Georgiana Ramsay divorced in a sensational case in which she successfully sued for divorce on the grounds of adultery (with her maid Hannah Moore) and cruelty (infecting her with venereal disease).<ref>"Another Society Scandal. Connemara Divorce Suit. Shocking Disclosures." ''South Wales Echo'' 27 November 1890 Thursday: 3 [of 4], Cols. 2a–3a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000902/18901127/031/0003.</ref> This story is repeated essentially verbatum in a number of newspapers. '''1892 March 5, Saturday''', two generations of men of the Bourke family are mentioned in this article reporting on "the first reverse" in Capt. the Hon. Maurice Bourke's career. Notable is that the Bourkes were "one of the first aristocratic families of which the members took to the Stock Exchange."<blockquote>CAPTAIN. THE HON. MAURICE BOURKE. Capt. the Hon. Maurice Bourke, who has just been reprimanded in connection with the stranding of the Victoria, is the brother of the present Lord Mayo, and comes of an enterprising family. The Bourkes have pushed their way with remarkable energy in various professions, but are specially noticeable as one of the first aristocratic families of which the members took to the Stock Exchange. Before the Bourkes took it up the "house" was at a discount in Belgravia; it is now at a premium. Both Mr. Henry Bourke and Major Edward Bourke, uncles of Captain Bourke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], his brother, have reaped considerable incomes as the fruits of their enterprise. Captain Bourke has been singularly lucky In the navy in the matter of promotion, being one of those fortunate mariners who have served on the Queen's yacht. This is the first reverse in his career.<ref>"Captain. the Hon. Maurice Bourke." ''Carlow Nationalist'' 05 March 1892, Saturday: 9 [of 10], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004580/18920305/082/0009. Print title ''Supplement to the Nationalist and Leinster Times''; n. p.</ref></blockquote>'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', The Dermot, Earl and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo hosted the Kildare Hunt Ball:<blockquote>On Wednesday night the Kildare Hunt Ball took place, by the kind permission of the Earl of Mayo, at his beautiful residence, Palmerstown. The music was supplied by Mr. Liddell's Vice-regal Band, and the catering by Mr. B. H. Murphy, Dublin. Amongst those present were — Prince Alexander of Tack, the Earl of Mayo, Countess of Mayo, Earl of Portarlington, Lord de Vesci, Lady de Vesci, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke, Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke]], Captain Hon. Maurice Bourke, Hon. E. Grosvenor, Mrs. St. Leger Moore, Miss Moore, Miss Evelyn Moore, Miss Moore [sic 2x], the Countess of Listowel and Lady Beatrice Hare, Lady Annette La Touche. Miss Skeffington Smyth, Major R. Chaloner Knox, &c.<ref>"Kildare Hunt Ball." ''Kilkenny Moderator'' 03 February 1894, Saturday: 3 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002957/18940203/050/0003. Print title: ''Kilkenny Moderator and Leinster Advertiser'', n.p.</ref></blockquote>'''1894 October 10''', Lady Susan Georgiana Ramsay Bourke and Surgn.-Lt.-Col. William Hamilton Broun married.<ref name=":3" /> '''1894 October 22''', Robert Bourke, 1st Baron Connemara and Gertrude Lawrence Knight Walsh married.<ref name=":4">"Gertrude Lawrence Knight Walsh." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p23213.htm#i232125|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p23213.htm#i232125.</ref> '''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Norah Mary Madeline Bourke and Mr. Henry Lindsay married.<ref>"Mr. Henry E. A. Lindsay to Miss Norah M. M. Bourke." ''Gentlewoman'' 11 May 1895 Saturday: 97 [of 133], Col. 1c–2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950511/437/0097.</ref> '''1897 July 2''', [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]] and Guendoline Sloane-Stanley [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Bourke]] attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House. '''1908 August 5''', Emma Mary Augusta Hatch Bourke and Edward Hyde Villiers, 5th Earl of Clarendon married.<ref name=":5" /> == Demographics == * Nationality: Anglo-Irish<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> ===Residences=== * London: 20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. & C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.</ref> * Ireland: Palmerstown House (built in 1872 by the 7th Earl in honor of his father after his assassination), Palmerstown, County Galway<ref name=":6" /> * Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare<ref>Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.</ref> ==Family== * Robert Bourke, 5th Earl of Mayo (12 January 1797 – 12 August 1867)<ref>"Robert Bourke, 5th Earl of Mayo." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p4710.htm#i47094|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p4710.htm#i47094.</ref> * Anne Charlotte Jocelyn ( – 26 January 1867)<ref>"Anne Charlotte Jocelyn." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p4710.htm#i47095|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p4710.htm#i47095.</ref> *# '''Richard Southwell Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo''' (21 February 1822 – 8 February 1872) *# Lt.-Gen. John Jocelyn Bourke (5 October 1823 – 25 September 1904) *# '''Robert Bourke, 1st and last Baron Connemara''' (11 June 1827 – 3 September 1902) *# Rev. Hon. George Wingfield Bourke (16 February 1829 – 9 October 1903) *# Hon. Charles Fowler Bourke (5 September 1832 – 4 April 1899) *# '''Major Hon. Edward Roden Bourke''' (13 December 1835 – 7 June 1907) *# Hon. Henry Lorton Bourke (26 September 1840 – 30 January 1911) * Richard Southwell Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo (21 February 1822 – 8 February 1872)<ref>"Richard Southwell Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25748|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> * Hon. Blanche Julia Wyndham (21 November 1826 – 31 January 1918)<ref>"Hon. Blanche Julia Wyndham." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2963.htm#i29627|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> # Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke ( – 19 January 1940)<ref>"Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> # unknown daughter Bourke # Dermot Robert Wyndham Bourke, 7th Earl of Mayo (2 July 1851 – 31 December 1927) # Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke (22 December 1853 – 16 September 1900) # '''Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke''' (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922) # Lady Florence Blanche Bourke (16 August 1861 – 1953) # Hon. Terence Theobald Bourke (2 April 1865 – 13 May 1923) * Dermot Robert Wyndham Bourke, 7th Earl of Mayo (2 July 1851 – 31 December 1927)<ref>"Dermot Robert Wyndham Bourke, 7th Earl of Mayo." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. Person page 14031, Person 140310. https://www.thepeerage.com/p14031.htm#i140310.</ref> * Geraldine Sarah Ponsonby ( – 29 November 1944)<ref>"Geraldine Sarah Ponsonby." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. Person page, 14031, Person 140309. https://www.thepeerage.com/p14031.htm#i140309.</ref> * Robert Bourke, 1st and last Baron Connemara (11 June 1827 – 3 September 1902)<ref name=":2" /> * Lady Susan Georgiana Ramsay ( – 22 January 1898)<ref name=":3" /> [she remarried as well] * Gertrude Lawrence Knight Walsh (baptised 13 August 1833 – 23 November 1898)<ref name=":4" /> [he was her 2nd husband as well] * Emma Mary Augusta Hatch (1855 – 9 March 1935)<ref name=":5" /> * Major Hon. Edward Roden Bourke (13 December 1835 – 7 June 1907)<ref>"Major Hon. Edward Roden Bourke." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2096.htm#i20954|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-27}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2096.htm#i20954.</ref> *# Norah Mary Madeline Bourke ( – 20 June 1948) *# Madeline Emmie Louisa Bourke ( – 5 August 1961) *# Cecil Richard Donoughmore Bourke (29 Sep 1875 – 30 November 1884) *# Anne Kathleen Julia Bourke (c. 1878 – 16 March 1935) *# Lt.-Col. Nigel Edward Jocelyn Bourke (21 August 1886 – 27 September 1970) * Edward Hyde Villiers, [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|5th Earl of Clarendon]] * Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)<ref>"Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> * Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)<ref name=":1" /> # Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962) ==Biographical Materials== ==Questions and Notes== ==Footnotes== {{reflist}} asl1egyied3cabhwj9nk880b3lj2kvo 0 265149 2691265 2639671 2024-12-10T16:10:16Z Scogdill 1331941 2691265 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Also Known As== * Family name: Oppenheim * Henry Maurice William Oppenheim ==Demographics== * Nationality: he German, she British * Religion: he Jewish until he converted to Anglicism in 1868 when he married; she Church of England ===Residences=== * Chipstead, Kent, England<ref name=":0">"Henry Maurice William Oppenheim." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p8223.htm#i82227|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-08}}</ref> ==Family== * Henry Maurice William Oppenheim (1835 – 4 May 1912)<ref name=":0" /> # Rosalinda Oppenheim () * Isabel Georgina Butler (15 May 1843 – 24 March 1933)<ref name=":1">"Isabel Georgina Butler." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p8223.htm#i82228|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-08}}</ref> # Lt.-Col. Augustus Charles Oppenheim ( – 30 September 1967) ==Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies== ==Organizations== * Sal. Oppenheim, bank, partner *The London ''Daily News'' ==Timeline== '''1868 April 16''', Henry Oppenheim and Isabel Georgina Butler married,<ref name=":1" /> and he converted to Anglicanism. '''1876''', Oppenheim was partly responsible for Disraeli's government's purchase of the Suez Canal.<ref name=":2">"Henry Maurice William Oppenheim." ''The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History''. Ed., William D. Rubenstein, Michael Jolles, and Hilary L. Rubenstein. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011: 731.</ref> '''1880s''', Oppenheim was involved in the building of the London underground.<ref name=":2" /> '''1897 May 25''', Mrs. Oppenheim hosted a "flower ball," which meant that women's costumes represented a flower:<blockquote>THE WORLD OF WOMEN. MRS. OPPENHEIM’S FLOWER BALL. NOW leafy June, the sweet month of roses, has set in right jubilantly in London, it is nice to dwell in imagination on the delicious Flower Ball Mrs. Henry Oppenheim gave on May 25 at her beautiful townhouse in Bruton Street. Is it not captivating to the fancy to learn that the balcony of the magnificent ball-room was arched with evergreens, studded with lovely flowers; that the handsome hostess looked radiant in a Poppy dress with bodice of basket-work in gold embroidery; that Lilian, Duchess of Marlborough, was appropriately attired in lily costume; and that roses garlanded the Duchess of Leeds’s superb brocade and tulle dress; while Mrs. Asquith, the wife of the ex-Home Secretary, also chose English roses? I am glad to know that the dear old Shamrock of Erin was not forgotten by an Irish beauty.<ref>"The World of Women. Mrs. Oppenheim's Flower Ball." ''Penny Illustrated Paper'' 05 June 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 2a, b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000693/18970605/088/0012.</ref></blockquote>'''1897 July''', the proprietors of the ''Daily News'' in July 1897 appear to have been Henry Oppenheim and Arnold Morley, M.P., and the editor was Edward Tyas Cook. <ref>Brake, Laurel, and Marysa Demoor, eds. ''Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century Journalism''. Gent, Belgium: Academia Press; London, The British Library, 2009.</ref>{{rp|Brake 660a}} '''1897 July 2''', Henry Oppenheim, Isabella Oppenheim, and their daughter Rosalinda attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House. Henry Oppenheim is #397 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who attended]]; Isabella Oppenheim is #408; Miss Rosalinda Oppenheim is #230. '''1905 May 23''', Rosalinda Oppenheim and Hon. Kenneth Hallyburton Campbell married.<ref>"Rosalinda Oppenheim." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p19876.htm#i198755|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-08}}</ref> ==Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball== At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], Mr. Henry Oppenheim, Mrs. Isabel Oppenheim (misspelled Openheim) and Miss Oppenheim were present. Miss Rosalinda Oppenheim was among the Suite of Ladies in the Oriental procession.<ref>"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref><ref>"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> In one report her name is misspelled ''Openheim''. We know nothing about the costumes of any of the Oppenheims. ==Questions and Notes== # Isabel Georgina Butler was the 13th Lord Dunboyne’s granddaughter. # Oppenheim left £518,000. #The Suite of Ladies in the Oriental procession at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] included the following: a Miss West, Mary Goelet, Lady C. Grosvenor, and Miss Oppenheim. The identity of Miss West is even more uncertain than that of Lady C. Grosvenor or [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Hon. R. Grosvenor]]. [[Social Victorians/People/Goelet|Mary Goelet]] was 18 years old at the time of the ball; [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Lady Constance Grosvenor]] almost 22; Miss Rosalind Oppenheim's age is uncertain, but she cannot be younger than about 30 (her father remarried in 1868). #Lost a citation: Thomas 380 for the discussion of the proprietors of the London ''Daily News''. ==Footnotes== {{reflist}} 71r0secs37fnf9avrc6lntx8ojal8e2 2691270 2691265 2024-12-10T16:21:52Z Scogdill 1331941 2691270 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Also Known As== * Family name: Oppenheim * Henry Maurice William Oppenheim ==Demographics== * Nationality: he German, she British * Religion: he Jewish until he converted to Anglicism in 1868 when he married; she Church of England ===Residences=== * Chipstead, Kent, England<ref name=":0">"Henry Maurice William Oppenheim." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p8223.htm#i82227|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-08}}</ref> ==Family== * Henry Maurice William Oppenheim (1835 – 4 May 1912)<ref name=":0" /> # Rosalinda Oppenheim () * Isabel Georgina Butler (15 May 1843 – 24 March 1933)<ref name=":1">"Isabel Georgina Butler." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p8223.htm#i82228|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-08}}</ref> # Lt.-Col. Augustus Charles Oppenheim ( – 30 September 1967) ==Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies== ==Organizations== * Sal. Oppenheim, bank, partner *The London ''Daily News'' ==Timeline== '''1868 April 16''', Henry Oppenheim and Isabel Georgina Butler married,<ref name=":1" /> and he converted to Anglicanism. '''1876''', Oppenheim was partly responsible for Disraeli's government's purchase of the Suez Canal.<ref name=":2">"Henry Maurice William Oppenheim." ''The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History''. Ed., William D. Rubenstein, Michael Jolles, and Hilary L. Rubenstein. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011: 731.</ref> '''1880s''', Oppenheim was involved in the building of the London underground.<ref name=":2" /> '''1897 May 25''', [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#25 May 1897, Tuesday|Mrs. Oppenheim hosted a "flower ball,"]] which meant that women's costumes represented a flower:<blockquote>THE WORLD OF WOMEN. MRS. OPPENHEIM’S FLOWER BALL. NOW leafy June, the sweet month of roses, has set in right jubilantly in London, it is nice to dwell in imagination on the delicious Flower Ball Mrs. Henry Oppenheim gave on May 25 at her beautiful townhouse in Bruton Street. Is it not captivating to the fancy to learn that the balcony of the magnificent ball-room was arched with evergreens, studded with lovely flowers; that the handsome hostess looked radiant in a Poppy dress with bodice of basket-work in gold embroidery; that Lilian, Duchess of Marlborough, was appropriately attired in lily costume; and that roses garlanded the Duchess of Leeds’s superb brocade and tulle dress; while Mrs. Asquith, the wife of the ex-Home Secretary, also chose English roses? I am glad to know that the dear old Shamrock of Erin was not forgotten by an Irish beauty.<ref>"The World of Women. Mrs. Oppenheim's Flower Ball." ''Penny Illustrated Paper'' 05 June 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 2a, b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000693/18970605/088/0012.</ref></blockquote>'''1897 July''', the proprietors of the ''Daily News'' in July 1897 appear to have been Henry Oppenheim and Arnold Morley, M.P., and the editor was Edward Tyas Cook. <ref>Brake, Laurel, and Marysa Demoor, eds. ''Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century Journalism''. Gent, Belgium: Academia Press; London, The British Library, 2009.</ref>{{rp|Brake 660a}} '''1897 July 2''', Henry Oppenheim, Isabella Oppenheim, and their daughter Rosalinda attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House. Henry Oppenheim is #397 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who attended]]; Isabella Oppenheim is #408; Miss Rosalinda Oppenheim is #230. '''1905 May 23''', Rosalinda Oppenheim and Hon. Kenneth Hallyburton Campbell married.<ref>"Rosalinda Oppenheim." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p19876.htm#i198755|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-08}}</ref> ==Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball== At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], Mr. Henry Oppenheim, Mrs. Isabel Oppenheim (misspelled Openheim) and Miss Oppenheim were present. Miss Rosalinda Oppenheim was among the Suite of Ladies in the Oriental procession.<ref>"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref><ref>"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> In one report her name is misspelled ''Openheim''. We know nothing about the costumes of any of the Oppenheims. ==Questions and Notes== # Isabel Georgina Butler was the 13th Lord Dunboyne’s granddaughter. # Oppenheim left £518,000. #The Suite of Ladies in the Oriental procession at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] included the following: a Miss West, Mary Goelet, Lady C. Grosvenor, and Miss Oppenheim. The identity of Miss West is even more uncertain than that of Lady C. Grosvenor or [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Hon. R. Grosvenor]]. [[Social Victorians/People/Goelet|Mary Goelet]] was 18 years old at the time of the ball; [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Lady Constance Grosvenor]] almost 22; Miss Rosalind Oppenheim's age is uncertain, but she cannot be younger than about 30 (her father remarried in 1868). #Lost a citation: Thomas 380 for the discussion of the proprietors of the London ''Daily News''. ==Footnotes== {{reflist}} obwr0vuu65bam0t33r0lxphlep8i7ym 0 285380 2691237 2691037 2024-12-10T13:38:52Z Young1lim 21186 /* Applications */ 2691237 wikitext text/x-wiki === Introduction === * Overview ([[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.B.20170901.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.C.20170904.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Number System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.A.20171023.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Memory System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Memory.1.A.20170907.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.C.20170926.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling a Big Work === * Function Overview ([[Media:C03.Func1.Overview.1.A.20171030.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func1.Oerview.1.B.20161022.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Variables ([[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.A.20161222.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.B.20161222.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Pointers ([[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.A.20161122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.B.20161122.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Recursions ([[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.B.20161214.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Series of Data === ==== Background ==== * Background ([[Media:C04.Series0.Background.1.A.20180727.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Basics ==== * Pointers ([[Media:C04.S1.Pointer.1A.20240524.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Pointer.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Arrays ([[Media:C04.S2.Array.1A.20240514.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series1.Array.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.S3.ArrayPointer.1A.20240208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.A.20221130.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.B.1111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series4.ArrayAccess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Structures ([[Media:C04.Series3.Structure.1.A.20171204.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Structure.1.B.20161130.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Examples ==== * Spreadsheet Example Programs :: Example 1 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 2 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 3 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Bubble Sort ([[Media:C04.Series7.BubbleSort.1.A.20171211.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Applications ==== * Address-of and de-reference operators ([[Media:C04.SA0.PtrOperator.1A.20241210.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA1.AppPointer.1A.20241121.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Arrays ([[Media:C04.SA2.AppArray.1A.20240715.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA3.AppArrayPointer.1A.20240210.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4App.MultiDim.1.A.20210719.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series9.AppArrAcess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Structures ([[Media:C04.Series6.AppStruct.1.A.20190423.pdf |A.pdf]]) === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types ([[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Typecasts ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.B.20161216.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.A.20161219.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.B.20161216.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.A.20161124.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Low Level Operations === * Bitwise Operations ([[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Bit Field ([[Media:BitField.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitField.1.B.20161202.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Union ([[Media:Union.1.A.20161221.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Union.1.B.20161111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Accessing IO Registers ([[Media:IO.1.A.20141215.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:IO.1.B.20161217.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Declarations === * Type Specifiers and Qualifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec1.Type.1.A.20171004.pdf |pdf]]) * Storage Class Specifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec2.Storage.1.A.20171009.pdf |pdf]]) * Scope === Class Notes === * TOC ([[Media:TOC.20171007.pdf |TOC.pdf]]) * Day01 ([[Media:Day01.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.C.20171211.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (1) Standard Library * Day02 ([[Media:Day02.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (2) Basic Elements * Day03 ([[Media:Day03.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.B.20170908.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (3) Numbers * Day04 ([[Media:Day04.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (1) Flowcharts * Day05 ([[Media:Day05.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (2) Conditions and Loops * Day06 ([[Media:Day06.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.B.20170923.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Program Control * Day07 ([[Media:Day07.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.B.20170926.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (1) Definitions * Day08 ([[Media:Day08.A.20171028.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.B.20171016.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (2) Storage Class and Scope * Day09 ([[Media:Day09.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (3) Recursion * Day10 ([[Media:Day10.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (1) Definitions * Day11 ([[Media:Day11.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (2) Applications * Day12 ([[Media:Day12.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.B.20171020.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (1) Definitions * Day13 ([[Media:Day13.A.20171025.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.B.20171024.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (2) Applications * Day14 ([[Media:Day14.A.20171226.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.B.20171101.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (1) * Day15 ([[Media:Day15.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.B.20171124.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (2) * Day16 ([[Media:Day16.A.20171208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.B.20171114.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C Formatted IO * Day17 ([[Media:Day17.A.20171031.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.B.20171111.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (1) Definitions * Day18 ([[Media:Day18.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.B.20171128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (2) Applications * Day19 ([[Media:Day19.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.B.20171121.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Union, Bitwise Operators, Enum * Day20 ([[Media:Day20.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.B.20171201.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Linked List * Day21 ([[Media:Day21.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.B.20171208.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... File Processing * Day22 ([[Media:Day22.A.20171212.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.B.20171213.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Preprocessing <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> See also https://cprogramex.wordpress.com/ == '''Old Materials '''== until 201201 * Intro.Overview.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Overview.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Memory.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Memory.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Number.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Number.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Control.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Control.1.A.20120109.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Loop.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Loop.1.A.20120113.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Function.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Function.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Scope.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Scope.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Array.1.A ([[Media:Series.Array.1.A.20110718.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Series.Pointer.1.A.20110719.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Structure.1.A ([[Media:Series.Structure.1.A.20110805.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Type.1.A ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20130813.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.TypeCast.1.A ([[Media:Data.TypeCast.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Operators.1.A ([[Media:Data.Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) <br> until 201107 * Intro.1.A ([[Media:Intro.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Control.1.A ([[Media:Control.1.A.20110706.pdf |pdf]]) * Iteration.1.A ([[Media:Iteration.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Function.1.A ([[Media:Function.1.A.20110705.pdf |pdf]]) * Variable.1.A ([[Media:Variable.1.A.20110708.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators.1.A ([[Media:Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Pointer.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.2.A ([[Media:Pointer.2.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Array.1.A ([[Media:Array.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Type.1.A ([[Media:Type.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Structure.1.A ([[Media:Structure.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ] [[Category:C programming language]] </br> g1i49u8ffux54d9is2dt9li7ns1k74y 0 285384 2691328 2691091 2024-12-10T23:53:08Z Young1lim 21186 /* Linking Libraries */ 2691328 wikitext text/x-wiki === Workings of the GNU Compiler for IA-32 === ==== Overview ==== * Overview ([[Media:Overview.20200211.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Data Processing ==== * Access ([[Media:Access.20200409.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:Operator.20200427.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Control ==== * Conditions ([[Media:Condition.20230630.pdf |pdf]]) * Control ([[Media:Control.20220616.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Function calls ==== * Procedure ([[Media:Procedure.20220412.pdf |pdf]]) * Recursion ([[Media:Recursion.20210824-2.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Pointer and Aggregate Types ==== * Arrays ([[Media:Array.20211018.pdf |pdf]]) * Structures ([[Media:Structure.20220101.pdf |pdf]]) * Alignment ([[Media:Alignment.20201117.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointers ([[Media:Pointer.20201106.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Integer Arithmetic ==== * Overview ([[Media:gcc.1.Overview.20240813.pdf |pdf]]) * Carry Flag ([[Media:gcc.2.Carry.20241204.pdf |pdf]]) * Overflow Flag ([[Media:gcc.3.Overflow.20241205.pdf |pdf]]) * Examples ([[Media:gcc.4.Examples.20240724.pdf |pdf]]) * Borrow ([[Media:Borrow.20241209.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Floating point Arithmetic ==== </br> === Workings of the GNU Linker for IA-32 === ==== Linking Libraries ==== * Static Libraries ([[Media:LIB.1A.Static.20241128.pdf |pdf]]) * Shared Libraries ([[Media:LIB.2A.Shared.20241211.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Library Search Path ==== * Using -L and -l only ([[Media:Link.4A.LibSearch-withLl.20240807.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.4B.LibSearch-withLl.20240705.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Using RPATH ([[Media:Link.5A.LibSearch-RPATH.20241101.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.5B.LibSearch-RPATH.20240705.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Linking Process ==== * Object Files ([[Media:Link.3.A.Object.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.3.B.Object.20190405.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Symbols ([[Media:Link.4.A.Symbol.20190312.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.4.B.Symbol.20190312.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Relocation ([[Media:Link.5.A.Relocation.20190320.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.5.B.Relocation.20190322.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Loading ([[Media:Link.6.A.Loading.20190501.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.6.B.Loading.20190126.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Static Linking ([[Media:Link.7.A.StaticLink.20190122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.7.B.StaticLink.20190128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:LNK.5C.StaticLinking.20241128.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Dynamic Linking ([[Media:Link.8.A.DynamicLink.20190207.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.8.B.DynamicLink.20190209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:LNK.6C.DynamicLinking.20241128.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Position Independent Code ([[Media:Link.9.A.PIC.20190304.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.9.B.PIC.20190309.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Example I ==== * Vector addition ([[Media:Eg1.1A.Vector.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.1B.Vector.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Swapping array elements ([[Media:Eg1.2A.Swap.20190302.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.2B.Swap.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Nested functions ([[Media:Eg1.3A.Nest.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.3B.Nest.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Examples II ==== * analysis of static linking ([[Media:Ex1.A.StaticLinkEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Ex2.B.StaticLinkEx.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]]) * analysis of dynamic linking ([[Media:Ex2.A.DynamicLinkEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]]) * analysis of PIC ([[Media:Ex3.A.PICEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]]) </br> go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ] [[Category:C programming language]] 26t29mu3pdvot0ddbjxyy7o7gs4lmqj 2 289892 2691216 2689027 2024-12-10T12:25:34Z Dan Polansky 33469 /* Created pages */ +One man's look at epistemology 2691216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel: cs|en-3|de-2|sk-1|ru-1}} Dan Polansky is described in more detail at [[Meta:User:Dan Polansky]]. He is trained in computer science, earned money as a programmer and software engineer, and loves real philosophy and stubborn independent attempt to think clearly. He spent an inordinate time documenting mainly Czech vocabulary in the English Wiktionary, a job truly for a harmless drudge rather than a philosopher proper, but maybe it is like painting a hedge in The Karate Kid, an activity preparatory for philosophy in some sense. Dan Polansky is a curator (quasi-administrator capable of deleting pages) of the English Wikiversity. ==Why Wikiversity== Above all, Wikiversity allows original research, unlike Wikipedia (and probably unlike Wikibooks). Wikiversity does not require content to be encyclopedic, unlike Wikipedia. There is in general more freedom in how one ''gestalts'' (designs, shapes, makes up) the page/pages. Moreover: * If one wants to trace every single sentence to a source, one can. * If one prefers itemized bullet points (discouraged on Wikipedia, which favors paragraphs), one can. * If one has a paragraph of original deliberation not tracing to sources, one can have it. * If one wants to include more material than would be ''encyclopedic'', one can, including various interesting lists, nested lists, tables, etc. * If one dislikes having one's text mercilessly modified by anyone who comes along, whether anonymous IP editors and qualitatively unidentified editors (no education, job experience, age or other similar identification), one has the option of writing and editing one's own article. See also [[Is Wikiversity a project worth having?]]. ==Originality== The contributions of Dan Polansky are original in the sense of author law: they are original formulations, original sequences of words that form phrases, clauses and sentences. By contrast, the ideas expressed in the formulations are often unoriginal, stemming from one of the books that Dan Polansky has read and that are identified below, or from a YouTube video such as a debate. Some ideas stem from face-to-face interactions with people, including relatives, friends, colleagues and teachers. The original contribution of Dan Polansky as for ideas is for the historians to identify. ==Created pages== Selected created pages, whether articles or debates (see also [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/en.wikiversity.org/Dan%20Polansky xtools report]): * COVID-19 ** [[COVID-19/All-cause deaths]] -- amazing highly instructive graphs generated with the use of Python that hardly anyone views, given the page views ** [[COVID-19/Dan Polansky]] ** [[COVID-19 related censorship]] ** [[Review of Tomas Pueyo's articles on COVID-19 management]] * Technology, its ethics, threat, and limits ** [[Technology as a threat or promise for life and its forms]] ** [[The limits of technological potential]] ** [[The limits of progress]] ** [[History of cornucopian thought]] ** [[Technosphere]] ** [[Saving the Earth]] ** [[A look at the philosophy of Josef Šmajs]] * Philosophy, psychology, miscellaneous ** [[Hedonism (Polansky)]] ** [[A human as multiple persons]] ** [[The burden of history in the design of functional entities]] ** [[Mind Children]] and [[Hans Moravec]] ** [[Concept]] and [[Concept clarification]] ** [[Donald Cameron's The Purpose of Life]] ** [[Transgenderism (Polansky)]] ** [[Qualitative consensus]] ** [[Defamation law in Czechia]] ** [[One man's look at the debate format in Wikiversity]] ** [[All Life is Problem Solving]] ** [[An analysis of identity]] ** [[An analysis of truth]] ** [[An analysis of reality]] ** [[A pictorial guide to asset price history]] ** [[Discrete-time dynamical system orbit diagram]] ** [[Mandelbrot set along the real axis and the orbits]] ** [[Mandelbrot set as a model for the concept of approximation]] ** [[Variations of the Mandelbrot set]] ** [[Original research on Wikimedia projects]] ** [[One man's look at copyright law]] ** [[One man's look at The Hacker's Diet]] ** [[An application of computability theory to epistemology in Popperian spirit]] ** [[A purpose of life: The power of living things]] ** [[Crafting Your Life Program]] ** [[Czech national identity]] ** [[One man's manual calculation exercises]] ** [[An analysis of counting and countability]] ** [[An analysis of the word program and its concepts]] ** [[A human as a biological robot]] ** [[Life expectancy in schizophrenia]] ** [[Life expectancy in bipolar disorder]] ** [[Bipolar disorder and psychosis]] ** [[Survivalism]] ** [[An analysis of the concept of algorithm]] ** [[Deadly Psychiatry and Organised Denial]] ** [[One man's look at the categorical imperative]] ** [[An analysis of the concept of person]] ** [[Developing a Universal Religion, a review]] ** [[One man's look at the arrow of time]] ** [[What is ethics]] ** [[The acceptability of the use of the Church-Turing thesis in mathematical proofs]] ** [[One man's look at upper ontology]] ** [[An analysis of the concept of being]] ** [[A critical look at psychiatry]] ** [[One man's look at epistemology]] * Software and computing ** [[FreeMind]] ** [[Comparison of Python and Perl]] ** [[AMOS programming language]] ** [[One man's look at C and C++]] ** [[Atari BASIC programming]] ** [[Learning 6502 assembly]] ** [[ABAP programming]] ** [[One man's look at generative artificial intelligence]] * Linguistics, with possible philosophical component or aspect: ** [[Proper name]] ** [[Explication of modalities]] ** [[Elimination of dead metaphor from writing]] ** [[English as a hybrid Romance-Germanic language (Polansky)]] ** [[Compound (linguistics)]] ** [[Thesaurus (information retrieval)]] ** [[Thesaurus (lexicography)]] ** [[Slovak-Czech dissimilar terms]] ** [[Czech Wiktionary]] ** [[Czech diminutive]] ** [[Czech verb morphological productivity]] ** [[Czech dictionaries]] ** [[Word coinage during Czech National Revival]] ** [[One man's look at English]] ** [[One man's look at the design of dictionary definitions]] ** [[One man's look at Czech]] * Many [[Wikidebate]]s ** [[Are wikidebates a good thing?]] ** [[Should Mill's harm principle be accepted?]] ** [[Should cryptocurrencies be banned?]] ** [[Should we aim to reduce the Earth population?]] ** [[Is Wikipedia consensus process good?]] ** [[Is collapse of the global civilization before year 2100 likely?]] ** [[Can electric cars significantly help humanity get off fossil fuels?]] ** Etc.; see [[:Category:Wikidebates]] ** Also about Wikidebates: [[One man's look at the debate format in Wikiversity]] ==Books in library== Selected philosophical books in Dan Polansky's library, in physical form: * Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Pirsig * Lila by Pirsig * Guidebook to Guidebook to Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by DiSanto and Steele * Gödel, Escher, Bach by Hofstadter * Metamagical Themas by Hofstadter * Alles Leben ist Problemlösen by Popper (in German) * The Open Society and Its Enemies by Popper (volume 1: The Spell of Plato; volume 2: Hegel and Marx) * Conjectures and Refutations by Popper * Proofs and Refutations by Lakatos * The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Kuhn * Word and Object by Quine * Čtyři důvody pro zrušení televize by Mander, in Czech; original title: Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television * In the Absence of the Sacred by Mander * Meaning and Necessity by Kripke * Mind Children by Moravec (arguably a book with a strong philosophical component) * How the Mind Works by Pinker (although primarily a work of evolutionary psychology, there is a strong philosophical component) * Darwin's Dangerous Idea by Dennett * Cultural Software by Balkin * Out of Control by Kelly * Cybernetics by Wiener * What is Life by Schrödinger * Zen in the Art of Archery by Herrigel * A New Introduction to Modal Logic by Hughes and Cresswell * Moral Calculations by Mérö * Against Method by Feyerabend (largely nonsense) * The Conquest of Happiness by Russell * What Do You Say After You Say Hello by Berne (officially a work of psychology, but seems philosophical enough) * Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes by Gould * Dialogue Concerning the two Chief World Systems by Galilei * The Purpose of Life by Cameron * The Greeks by Kitto * The Value of Science by Poincaré * The Society of Mind by Minsky * A přesto říci životu ano by Frankl, in Czech (the English title: Man's Search for Meaning) * Sociology, 6th edition, by Calhoun et al. * Cybernetics by Wiener -- arguably philosophical * Introduction to Cybernetics by Ashby -- arguably philosophical * Saturnin by Jirotka -- a Czech comic novel that is arguably somewhat philosophical * Only the Paranoid Survive by Grove -- only read, but not in my personal library * Analytische Theorien der Metaphen[https://is.muni.cz/th/d6lfa/Analytische_Theorien_der_Metapher.pdf] by Mácha (Candidate English title: Analytical theories of metaphor. * Steps to an Ecology of Mind by Bateson * Selfish Gene by Dawkins * Snad ti nedělají starosti cizí názory by Feynmann, in Czech (the English title: "What Do You Care What Other People Think?") * To snad nemyslíte vážně, pane Feynmanne! by Feynmann, in Czech (the English title: Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!) * O povaze fyzikálních zákonů by Feynmann, in Czech (the English title: The Character of Physical Law) * Programátorské poklesky by Kopeček and Kučera, in Czech -- has many philosophically interesting quotations Philosophers who would appear to be properly classified as pseudo-philosophers: Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Jaspers, Heidegger, Foucault, etc. Kant is perhaps somewhat unfairly on the list, but someone who claims that lying is strictly prohibited in all circumstances and that the knowledge of Newton's laws is a priori (pre-empirical) thereby creates an unfavorable impression. As for Foucault, I have read {{W|The Order of Things}} in Czech (Slova a věci) and I could not tell what in the world he was talking about, like what problems he was trying to address and what solutions he offered; it was "not even wrong", as they say. Dictionaries: * Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary, with a beautiful middle section showing a picture dictionary * Penguin Thesaurus, a synonym dictionary * Czech Etymological Dictionary by Rejzek However, I use online dictionaries much more than those above. Self-help and other non-philosophical books: * The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People by Covey * Living the 7 Habits by Covey * How to Stop Worrying and Start Living by Carnegie -- some bad ideas, but also many good ideas * How to Win Friends and Influence People by Carnegie -- some bad ideas, but also many good ideas * Your Erroneous Zones by Dyer Tolkien, arguably somewhat philosophical: * The Hobbit, in Czech * The Lord of the Rings, in Czech (read in English long time ago when I was a teenager and at that point, it was a hard reading) * Silmarillion, in Czech ==Books read== Selected books read that have philosophical, scientific or similar impact, other than those in [[#Books in library|Books in library]] section: * Economics by Samuelson and Nordhaus * The C++ Programming Language, 3rd edition, by Stroustrup, showing Stroustrup to be a great thinker * Usability Engineering by Nielsen ==Online authoritative text resources== Online authoritative text resources that I used during my philosophical and other investigations: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (SEP), plato.stanford.edu * [https://iep.utm.edu/ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy], iep.utm.edu -- seems less excellent than SEP but still often worth having a look * [[Wikisource: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica]], especially [[Wikisource: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Classified List of Articles#Philosophy and Psychology]], a section for which I created many articles in Wikisource ==YouTube videos== Some ideas stem from YouTube debates viewed or other videos: * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZRcYaAYWg4 The Catholic Church is a Force for Good in the World] featuring Hitchens, Fry, Onaiyekan and Widdecombe * Etc; TBD. Debaters: * Christopher Hitchens, the ultimate debater * Richard Dawkins * Steven Pinker ==Films/movies== Films/movies rich in intellectual ideas and fun, from which possibly some ideas are being drawn: * {{W|12 Angry Men (1957 film)}} - shows the idea that a lone opposer stubbornly trying to think clearly and carefully examine the strength of the reasoning and evidence can turn the sides of supports and opposes around * [[Wikipedia:The Boss of it All|The Boss of it All]] (Direktøren for det hele, Danish), including the ultimate Gambini, with whom the film starts and ends, staring the spectacular [[W:Jens Albinus|Jens Albinus]], and in some frames also the amazing director Lars von Trier (although many of his films are a bit too drastic) * [[Wikipedia:District 9|District 9]], e.g. the funny name MNU: Multi-National United or the like, the ultimate evil über-corporate, and the incredibly funny main character Wikus van de Merwe, who is a cowardly and nasty little officer or something, an entity many of us have in our psyche * [[Wikipedia:Adam's Apples|Adam's Apples]] (Adams Æbler, Danish), e.g. the funny quasi-corporate manager doing an analog of performance goal setting and über-positive thinker (Christopher, go to the father's office) Ivan; Ivan is also an ultimate provocateur in his "is this a good looking man; is it your father", when referring to a picture of Hitler in Adam's (the nazi's) room; Ivan is played by the great [[W:Mads Mikkelsen|Mads Mikkelsen]], and other actors are also excellent * [[Wikipedia:Box of Moonlight|Box of Moonlight]], somewhat reminiscent of Pirsig's contrast between classic and romantic, featuring a very responsible engineer and family man Al Fountain and a hippie or worse Kid, featuring the great {{W|John Turturro}} and {{W|Sam Rockwell}} ==Frequently viewed pages== The following report shows most often viewed pages created by me: * [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/userviews/?project=en.wikiversity.org Userviews Analysis for Dan Polansky, en.wikiversity.org], pageviews.wmcloud.org ==Policies and guidelines== See [[:User:Dan Polansky/Policies and guidelines]] ==About Wikiversity== See [[:User:Dan Polansky/About Wikiversity]] ==Subpages== {{Subpages/List}} 1y6ui2pcx0ggexly1c1lmpu38qpinzm 0 290725 2691381 2677894 2024-12-11T11:30:11Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* See also */ 2691381 wikitext text/x-wiki == Definition: Topological Vector Space == A topological vector space <math display="inline">V</math> over <math>\mathbb{K}</math> is a vector space over the field <math>\mathbb{K}</math> that has a topology with which scalar multiplication and addition are continuous mappings. :<math> \begin{array}{rcl} \cdot : \mathbb{K} \times V &\longrightarrow & V \quad (\lambda,v) \longmapsto \lambda \cdot v \\ + : V \times V &\longrightarrow & V \quad (v,w) \longmapsto v+w \end{array} </math> In the following, for all topological vector spaces, we shall use the [[w:en:Hausdorff space|Hausdorff property]] be assumed. == Definition: Neighbourhood== Let <math>(X,\mathcal{T})</math> be a topological space with a topology <math>\mathcal{T}</math> as a system of open sets <math>\mathcal{T}\subset \wp(X)</math> and <math>a\in X</math>, then denote * <math>\mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) := \left\{ U \subseteq X \, : \, \exists_{U_o \in \mathcal{T}} :\, a \in U_o \subseteq U \right\}</math> the set of all neighbourhoods from the point <math>a</math>, * <math>\stackrel{o}{\mathfrak{U}}_{\mathcal{T}} (a):= \mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) \cap \mathcal{T}</math> the set of all open Neighbourhoods from the point <math>a</math>, * <math>\overline{\mathfrak{U}}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) := \left\{ \overline{U} \, : \, U \in \mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) \right\}</math> the set of all closed neighbourhoods of point <math>a</math>. === Remark: Indexing with topology === If no misunderstanding about the underlying topological space can occur, the index <math>\mathcal{T}</math> is not included as a designation of the topology used. === Remark: Analogy to the epsilon neighbourhood === In convergence statements in the real numbers one usually considers only <math>\varepsilon</math> neighbourhood. In doing so, one would actually have to consider in topological spaces for arbitrary neighbourhoods from <math>U \in \mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a)</math> find an index bound <math>i_U\in I</math> of a net <math>(x_i)_{i\in I}</math> above which all <math>x_i \in U</math> lie with <math>i \geq i_U</math>. However, since the <math>\varepsilon</math> neighbourhoods are an neighbourhood basis, by the convergence definition one only needs to show the property for all neighbourhoods with <math>\varepsilon > 0</math>. == Convergence in topological spaces == Let <math>(X,\mathcal{T})</math> be a topological space, <math>a\in X</math>, <math>I</math> an index set (partial order) and <math>(x_{i})_{i\in I}\in X^{I}</math> a mesh. The convergence of <math>(x_{i})_{i\in I}\in X^{I}</math> against <math>a\in X</math> is then defined as follows: :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle{\stackrel{\mathcal{T}}{\lim_{i\in I}} \, x_i = a } & :\longleftrightarrow & \forall_{U \in \mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a)} \exists_{i_U \in I} \forall_{i \geq i_U} : \, x_i \in U \\ \end{array} </math>. (where "<math>\leq</math>" for <math>I</math> is the partial order on the index set). == Definiton: Neighbourhood basis == Let <math>(X,\mathcal{T})</math> be a topological space, <math>a\in X</math> and <math>\mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) </math> the set of all neighbourhoods of <math>a\in X</math>. <math>\mathfrak{B}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) </math> is called the neighbourhood basis of <math>\mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) </math> if for every :<math>\mathfrak{B}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) \subseteq \mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) \wedge \forall_{U\in \mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a)} \exists_{B \in \mathfrak{B}_{\mathcal{T}} (a)}: \, B \subseteq U</math>. === Remark: Epsilon spheres in normalized spaces === Let <math>(V,\| \cdot \|)</math> be a [[norms, metrics, topology|normed space]], then the <math>\varepsilon</math> spheres form :<math>B_\varepsilon^{\| \cdot \|}(a) := \left\{v\in V\, ; \, \|v-a\| < \varepsilon \right\}</math> an ambient basis of <math>\mathfrak{B}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) </math> the set of all environments of <math>\mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) </math> of <math>a\in V</math>. === Learning Task 1 === Let <math>(X,\mathcal{T})</math> be a toplogic space with chaotic topology <math>\mathcal{T}:= \{\emptyset, X\}</math>. * Determine <math>\mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) </math> for any <math>a \in X</math>. * Show that any sequence <math>(x_{n})_{n\in \mathbb{N}}\in X^{\mathbb{N}}</math> converges in <math>(X,\mathcal{T})</math> against any limit <math>a \in X</math>. === Learning Task 2 === Let <math>(X,d)</math> be a metric space with the discrete topology given by the metric: :<math>d(x,y):= \left\{\begin{array}{lcl} 0 & \mbox{ for } & x = y \\ 1 & \mbox{ for } & x \not= y \\ \end{array}\right.</math>. * Determine <math>\mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) </math> for any <math>a \in X</math>. * How many sets make up <math>\mathfrak{B}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) </math> minimal for any <math>a \in X</math>? * Formally state all sequences <math>(x_{n})_{n\in \mathbb{N}}\in X^{\mathbb{N}}</math> in <math>(X,d)</math> that converge to a limit <math>a \in X</math>! == Definition: open sets == Let <math>(X,\mathcal{T})</math> be a [[norms, metrics, topology|topological space]] and <math>\mathcal{T}\subseteq \wp(X)</math> be the system of open sets, that is: :<math> U\subseteq X \mbox{ open } :\Longleftrightarrow U \in \mathcal{T}</math>. == Task == Let <math>(\mathbb{R},\mathcal{T})</math> be a [[norms, metrics, topology|topological space]] on the basic set of real numbers. However, the topology does not correspond to the Euclic topology over the set <math>|\cdot |</math>, but the open sets are defined as follows. :<math> U \in \mathcal{T} \mbox{ open } :\Longleftrightarrow U=\emptyset \mbox{ or } U\subseteq \mathbb{R} \, \mbox{ with } \, U^c \mbox{ countable}</math> * Show that <math>(\mathbb{R},\mathcal{T})</math> is a [[norms, metrics, topology|topological space]]. * Show that the sequence <math>\left( \frac{1}{n} \right)_{n\in\mathbb{N}}</math> does not converge to <math>0</math> in the topological space <math>(\mathbb{R},\mathcal{T})</math>. Here <math> U^c := \mathbb{R}\setminus U</math> is the complement of <math>U</math> in <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. == Remark: open - closed == By the system of open sets in a topology <math>\mathcal{T}\subseteq \wp(X)</math> the closed sets of the topology are also defined at the same time as their complements. == Definition: closed sets == Let <math>(X,\mathcal{T})</math> be a [[norms, metrics, topology|topological space]] and <math>\mathcal{T}\subseteq \wp (X)</math> be the system of open sets. :<math> M \subseteq X \mbox{ completed } :\Longleftrightarrow \exists_{U \in \mathcal{T}} : \, M = U^c := X\setminus U</math> == Definition: open kernel == Let <math>(V,\mathcal{T})</math> be a topological space and <math>M\subset V</math>, then the open kernel <math>\stackrel{\circ}{M}</math> of <math>M</math> is the union of all open subsets of <math>M</math>. :<math display="block"> \stackrel{\circ}{M} := \bigcup_{U \in \mathcal{T}, U\subseteq M} U </math>. == Definition: closed hull == Let <math>(X,\mathcal{T})</math> be a topological space. The closed hull <math>\overline{M}</math> of <math>M</math> is the intersection over all closed subsets of <math>W= U^c</math> containing <math>M</math> and <math>U</math> is open. :<math display="block"> \overline{M} := \bigcap_{U \in \mathcal{T}, U^c := X\setminus U \supseteq M} U^c </math> == Definition: edge of a set == The topological edge <math>\partial M</math> of <math>M</math> is defined as follows: : <math display="block">\partial M := \overline{M} \backslash \stackrel{\circ}{M}</math> == Remark: sequences and nets == In metric spaces, one can still work with the natural numbers as countable index sets. In arbitrary topological spaces one has to generalize the notion of sequences to the notion of nets. == Definition: nets == Let <math>T</math> be a topological space and <math>I</math> an index set (with partial order), then <math>T^I</math> denotes the set of all families indexed by <math>I</math> in <math>T</math>: :<math display="block"> T^I :=\{(t_i)_{i\in I}:t_i\in T \mbox{ for all }i\in I\} </math> == Definition: finite sequences == Let <math>V</math> be a vector space, then <math>c_{oo}(V)</math> denotes the set of all finite sequences with elements in <math>V</math>: :<math display="block"> c_{oo}(V):=\left\{ (v_n)_{n\in \mathbb{N}_0} \in V^{\mathbb{N}_0}: \exists_{\displaystyle N\in \mathbb{N}_0} \forall_{\displaystyle n\geq N} : \, v_n=0 \right\}. </math> == Definition: Algebra == An algebra <math>A</math> over the field <math>\mathbb{K}</math> is a vector space over <math>\mathbb{K}</math> in which a multiplication is an inner join :<math display="block"> \cdot : A \times A \longrightarrow A \quad (v,w) \longmapsto v\cdot w </math> is defined where for all <math>x,y,z\in A</math> and <math>\lambda \in \mathbb{K}</math> the following properties are satisfied: :<math> \begin{array}{rcl} x\cdot (y\cdot z) &=& (x\cdot y)\cdot z\\. x\cdot (y+z) &=& x\cdot y + x \cdot z \\ (x+y)\cdot z &=& x\cdot z + y\cdot z \\ \lambda \cdot (x\cdot y) &=& (\lambda \cdot x)\cdot y = x\cdot (\lambda \cdot y) \end{array} </math> == Definition: topological algebra == A topological algebra <math>(A,\mathcal{T}_A)</math> over the field <math>\mathbb{K}</math> is a topological vector space <math>(A,\mathcal{T}_A)</math> over <math>\mathbb{K}</math>, where also multiplication is :<math display="block"> \cdot : A \times A \longrightarrow A \quad (v,w) \longmapsto v\cdot w </math> is a continuous inner knotting. === Continuity of multiplication === Continuity of multiplication means here: :<math display="block"> \forall_{\displaystyle U\in \mathfrak{U}\, (0)} \exists_{\displaystyle V\in \mathfrak{U}\, (0)} : V\cdot V = V^2 \subset U </math> === Multiplicative topology - continuity === The topology is called multiplicative if holds: :<math display="block"> \forall_{\displaystyle U\in \mathfrak{U}\, (0)} \exists_{\displaystyle V\in \mathfrak{U}\, (0)} : V^2 \subset V \subset U </math> === Remark: Multiplicative topology - Gaugefunctionals === In describing topology, the [[Course:Topological_invertibility_criteria/topologization_lemma for algebras|Topologization Lemma for Algebras]] shows that the [[norms, metrics, topology|topology]] can also be described by a system of Gaugefunctionals === Unitary algebra === The algebra <math>A</math> is called unital if it has a neutral element <math>e</math> of multiplication. In particular, one defines <math>x^o:=e</math> for all <math>x\in A</math>. The set of all invertible (regular) elements is denoted by <math>{\mathcal{G}} (A)</math>. Non-invertible elements are called singular. === Task: matrix algebras === Consider the set <math>V</math> of square <math>2\times 2</math> matrices with matrix multiplication and the maxmum norm of the components of the matrix. Try to prove individual properties of an algebra (<math>V</math> is a non-commutative unitary algebra). For the proof that <math>V</math> with matrix multiplication is also a topological algebra, see [[Course:Topological Invertibility Criteria/Topologization Lemma for Algebras|Topologization Lemma for Algebras]]. == Definition: sets and links == Let <math>(A,\mathcal{T})</math> be a topological algebra over the field <math>\mathbb{K}</math>, <math>\Lambda\subset \mathbb{K}</math> and <math>M_1,M_2</math> be subsets of <math>A</math>, then define :<math> \begin{array}{rcl} M_1 \times M_2 &:=& \{ (m_1,m_2) \in A \times A \,:\, m_1\in M_1 \wedge m_2 \in M_2\} \\ M_1+ M_2 &:=& \{ m_1+m_2 \,:\, m_1\in M_1 \wedge m_2 \in M_2\} \\ M_1\cdot M_2 &:=& \{m_1\cdot m_2 \,:\, m_1\in M_1 \wedge m_2 \in M_2\}\\ \Lambda \cdot M_1 &.=& \{\lambda\cdot m_1 \,:\, m_1\in M_1 \wedge \lambda \in \Lambda\}. \\ \end{array} </math> === Learning Tasks === Draw the following set <math>M_k</math> of vectors as sets of points in the Cartesian coordinate system <math>\mathbb{R}^2</math> with <math>M_1 := \left\{ \begin{pmatrix} 1\ 2\end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix} 1\ 0 \end{pmatrix} \right\}</math> and <math>M_2 := \left\{ \begin{pmatrix} 3\ 2\end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix} 0\ 1 \end{pmatrix} \right\}</math> and the following intervals <math>[a,b] \in \mathbb{R}</math>: * <math>[1,4] \times [2,3]</math>. * <math> M_1+ M_2</math>. * <math> [1,2] \cdot M_1</math>. == See also == * [[Topological vector space]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra&author=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=topological%20algebra&coursetitle=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra&author=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=topological%20algebra&coursetitle=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/_Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras Inverse-producing extensions of Topological Algebras]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra&author=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=topological%20algebra&coursetitle=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] [[Category:Functional analysis]] <noinclude> [[de:Kurs:Topologische Invertierbarkeitskriterien/Topologische Algebra]] </noinclude> e7y0kb77al0kjzl8trun88ffki4ic49 0 292742 2691301 2522143 2024-12-10T20:49:01Z TMorata 860721 added tutorial links 2691301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Global Audiology/Header}} You can contribute to the online information about audiology services and practices worldwide by creating content on Global Audiology at Wikiversity. Share your knowledge and experiences to help others learn more about audiology. Your contributions to Wikiversity will help ensure that everyone has access to reliable information about audiology services and practices. Here is a guide for adding or editing content on audiology practices on Wikiversity. Whether you're a Wikimedia user or not, we have prepared steps for you. We also provide resources and tips to help you create and edit content (located in the Resources section). We hope this guide can help you get started on your contribution. We welcome all contributions, no matter how small. We are always open to feedback, so please let us know if you have any questions or suggestions. Thank you for your interest in contributing to Global Audiology at Wikiversity! {{HRow}} ===Suggested article structure=== The following is the suggested article structure for a country-specific page. Working on a small group preferably working closely with the local audiology society or a professional body (e.g., [https://isa-audiology.org/affiliates/overview ISA's Affiliated Societies]) is suggested to ensure the country specific page will include comprehensive information. Also, providing links to relevant websites as well as adding media (images, videos) is likely to enhance reading experience of the content. *Brief Country Information *History of Audiology and Aural Care *Incidence and Prevalence of Hearing Loss *Hearing Care Services **Professionals providing hearing care services **Audiological services **Services offered by Otolaryngologists, Otologists, and Otoneurologists **Role of primary health care providers and community health workers in hearing care **Laws related to hearing care services *Education and Professional Practice **Education of professionals working in hearing care services **Professional and Regulatory Bodies **Scope of Practice and Licensing *Audiology Research *Audiology Charities *Challenges and Opportunities *Acknowledgments *References *Author Information {{HRow}} ===Step-by-step=== ====For Wikimedia Users==== ===== Step 1: Create an account ===== Before creating content on Wikiversity, you need to create a Wikimedia account. If you already have an account, you can skip this step and move on to step 2. Go to the Wikimedia homepage click "Create account" in the upper right-hand corner, and follow the prompts to create your account (or directly to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Main+Page Create Account]. You must provide your username and email address and choose a password. ===== Step 2: Familiarize yourself with the community guidelines ===== Before contributing to Global Audiology at Wikiversity, take the time to review existing entries and read the community guidelines. This will help you understand what content is acceptable and what isn't and help you avoid mistakes that could result in your contributions being edited or deleted. For instance, the language is neutral, the content you develop is politically neutral, does not celebrate one individual, company, or institution, and instead presents a more balanced view of the structure and status of audiology in the country or region. ===== Step 3: Visit the Global Audiology Homepage ===== The Global Audiology Homepage provides a wealth of information about the project's mission and purpose, as well as resources and other materials related to hearing health and audiology. Check out the [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Global_Audiology homepage] and explore to learn more about our initiatives and how you can get involved. ===== Step 4: Conduct research ===== Find the Global Audiology content you want to add to or modify. Prepare your content by doing some research on your chosen topic. Use reliable sources, such as peer-reviewed academic journals or bona fide websites and/or news services. We suggest you include references to key statements. It is easy, Wikimedia formats it for you). However, it may be difficult to find references to all the content. ===== Step 5: Create your content ===== As soon as you have gathered your research, start creating content. Click on the "Edit" button at the page's top, and using the pencil icon, select “Visual editor”. The toolbar lets you format your text and add headings, links, and other formatting elements. You can edit or add new text, images, or multimedia and edit existing content. The article structure should be followed and your content should be neutral, well-organized, easy to read, accurate, relevant, and properly cited (more training resources are in the Resources section). ===== Step 6: Preview and save ===== Before you publish your changes, preview them to ensure they look as you intended. Click the "Apply changes" button and choose the "Show preview" option. You will be able to see how your changes will look before they are actually published. If you need to make further changes to the content, click on the "Edit" button again. To discuss your changes with other contributors or get feedback, click the "Discussion" tab. ===== Step 7: Publish ===== Once you are satisfied with your changes, click "Publish". Please describe succinctly what you have done (created content, added citation, added category, added hyperlink, etc.). Well done! You have successfully added or modified content for the Global Audiology Wikiversity! Continue to update and improve the content over time based on feedback and changes in the field of audiology. Also, consider joining the Discussion page to connect with other Global Audiology contributors. Volunteer subject matter editors and Global Audiology representatives will be alerted of your edit and review it. They might suggest edits or contact you if they have questions. ===== Step 8. More publishing ===== With style modifications, your contribution could become an article for a peer-reviewed journal, such as [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14992020701770843 Audiology in Brazil], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00206097409071699 Audiology in Greenland], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00381796809075452 Audiology in India], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14992020500485650 Audiology in South Africa], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14992020802203322 Audiology education and practice from an international perspective], and others. ====For Non-Wikimedia Users==== ===== Step 1: Visit the Global Audiology homepage ===== The Global Audiology Homepage provides a wealth of information about the project's mission and purpose, as well as resources and other materials related to hearing health and audiology. Check out the [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Global_Audiology homepage] and explore to learn more about our initiatives and how you can get involved. ===== Step 2: Familiarize yourself with the community guidelines ===== Before contributing to Global Audiology at Wikiversity, take the time to read the community guidelines. This will help you understand what content is acceptable and what isn't, and help you avoid mistakes that could result in your contributions being edited or deleted. For instance, the language is neutral, the content you develop is politically neutral, does not celebrate one individual, company, or institution, and instead presents a more balanced view of the status of audiology in the country or region. ===== Step 3: Conduct research ===== Find the Global Audiology content you want to add or modify. Prepare your content by doing some research on your chosen topic. Use reliable sources, such as peer-reviewed academic journals or reputable websites and/or news services. We suggest you include references to key statements and facts. It is easy, Wikimedia formats it for you. However, it may be difficult to find references to all the content. ===== Step 4: Create your content ===== As soon as you have gathered your research, start creating content. Your article can be formatted in Word or PDF. Article structure should be followed, and your content should be neutral, well-organized, easy to read, accurate, relevant, and properly cited. ===== Step 5: Submit your article ===== Please send your article to the Global Audiology team or ISA administrators, so we can publish it on Wikiversity for you. {{HRow}} ===Notes=== * For other Wikiversity training resources, check-out the [https://dashboard.wikiedu.org/training dashboard]. * If the country you wish to contribute to or write an article about is not yet available on Global Audiology at Wikiversity, please reach out to our Global Audiology team or ISA administrators. Let us know what country you would like to be added and we will create it for you. * If you teach audiology, you can ask your students to work on this project, as many others have done for audiology content. Students usually find this activity very motivating. Some examples specific to audiology include: ;Various universities outside the US and Canada: [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/campaigns/hearing_health__20222024/programs Hearing health campaign 2022-2024] ;University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa: [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/University_of_the_Witwatersrand/Pathology_of_the_ear_(2nd_Semester)/home Pathology of the ear] ;University of Montreal, Canada: [https://dashboard.wikiedu.org/courses/University_of_Montreal/Promotion_and_prevention_in_audiology-Promotion_et_pr%C3%A9vention_en_audiologie_(Winter-Spring) Promotion and prevention in audiology] ;University of Northern Colorado, USA: [https://dashboard.wikiedu.org/courses/University%20of%20Northern%20Colorado/Hearing%20Loss%20Prevention%20(Fall%20Semester) Hearing loss prevention] {{HRow}} ===Tutorials=== {{Page tabs | {{Clickable button 2|class=mw-ui-progressive|Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine/How to edit|WP:MEDHOW<br>How to edit}} | {{Clickable button 2|class=mw-ui-progressive|Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)|WP:MEDRS<br>Reliable Sources}} | {{Clickable button 2|class=mw-ui-progressive|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles|WP:MEDMOS<br> Manual of Style}} | {{Clickable button 2|class=mw-ui-progressive|Wikipedia:Conflicts of interest (medicine)|WP:MEDCOI<br>Conflict of Interest}} | {{Clickable button 2|class=mw-ui-progressive|Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight|WP:UNDUE (Neutral Point of View)}} | This = {{{This|1}}} }}<br> [[File:Editing Wikipedia.webm|Editing Wikipedia]] {{:Global Audiology/footer}} {{HRow}} ===Suggested themes=== Did not find the topic you are looking for? Please let us know: {{Clickable button 2|CONTACT US|url=mailto:contact@globalaudiology.org}} cc5n2n4tx35osfyg7421gctv0j051e2 2691303 2691301 2024-12-10T20:52:42Z TMorata 860721 added link to training resources 2691303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Global Audiology/Header}} You can contribute to the online information about audiology services and practices worldwide by creating content on Global Audiology at Wikiversity. Share your knowledge and experiences to help others learn more about audiology. Your contributions to Wikiversity will help ensure that everyone has access to reliable information about audiology services and practices. Here is a guide for adding or editing content on audiology practices on Wikiversity. Whether you're a Wikimedia user or not, we have prepared steps for you. We also provide resources and tips to help you create and edit content (located in the Resources section). We hope this guide can help you get started on your contribution. We welcome all contributions, no matter how small. We are always open to feedback, so please let us know if you have any questions or suggestions. Thank you for your interest in contributing to Global Audiology at Wikiversity! {{HRow}} ===Suggested article structure=== The following is the suggested article structure for a country-specific page. Working on a small group preferably working closely with the local audiology society or a professional body (e.g., [https://isa-audiology.org/affiliates/overview ISA's Affiliated Societies]) is suggested to ensure the country specific page will include comprehensive information. Also, providing links to relevant websites as well as adding media (images, videos) is likely to enhance reading experience of the content. *Brief Country Information *History of Audiology and Aural Care *Incidence and Prevalence of Hearing Loss *Hearing Care Services **Professionals providing hearing care services **Audiological services **Services offered by Otolaryngologists, Otologists, and Otoneurologists **Role of primary health care providers and community health workers in hearing care **Laws related to hearing care services *Education and Professional Practice **Education of professionals working in hearing care services **Professional and Regulatory Bodies **Scope of Practice and Licensing *Audiology Research *Audiology Charities *Challenges and Opportunities *Acknowledgments *References *Author Information {{HRow}} ===Step-by-step=== ====For Wikimedia Users==== ===== Step 1: Create an account ===== Before creating content on Wikiversity, you need to create a Wikimedia account. If you already have an account, you can skip this step and move on to step 2. Go to the Wikimedia homepage click "Create account" in the upper right-hand corner, and follow the prompts to create your account (or directly to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Main+Page Create Account]. You must provide your username and email address and choose a password. ===== Step 2: Familiarize yourself with the community guidelines ===== Before contributing to Global Audiology at Wikiversity, take the time to review existing entries and read the community guidelines. This will help you understand what content is acceptable and what isn't and help you avoid mistakes that could result in your contributions being edited or deleted. For instance, the language is neutral, the content you develop is politically neutral, does not celebrate one individual, company, or institution, and instead presents a more balanced view of the structure and status of audiology in the country or region. ===== Step 3: Visit the Global Audiology Homepage ===== The Global Audiology Homepage provides a wealth of information about the project's mission and purpose, as well as resources and other materials related to hearing health and audiology. Check out the [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Global_Audiology homepage] and explore to learn more about our initiatives and how you can get involved. ===== Step 4: Conduct research ===== Find the Global Audiology content you want to add to or modify. Prepare your content by doing some research on your chosen topic. Use reliable sources, such as peer-reviewed academic journals or bona fide websites and/or news services. We suggest you include references to key statements. It is easy, Wikimedia formats it for you). However, it may be difficult to find references to all the content. ===== Step 5: Create your content ===== As soon as you have gathered your research, start creating content. Click on the "Edit" button at the page's top, and using the pencil icon, select “Visual editor”. The toolbar lets you format your text and add headings, links, and other formatting elements. You can edit or add new text, images, or multimedia and edit existing content. The article structure should be followed and your content should be neutral, well-organized, easy to read, accurate, relevant, and properly cited (more training resources are in the Resources section). ===== Step 6: Preview and save ===== Before you publish your changes, preview them to ensure they look as you intended. Click the "Apply changes" button and choose the "Show preview" option. You will be able to see how your changes will look before they are actually published. If you need to make further changes to the content, click on the "Edit" button again. To discuss your changes with other contributors or get feedback, click the "Discussion" tab. ===== Step 7: Publish ===== Once you are satisfied with your changes, click "Publish". Please describe succinctly what you have done (created content, added citation, added category, added hyperlink, etc.). Well done! You have successfully added or modified content for the Global Audiology Wikiversity! Continue to update and improve the content over time based on feedback and changes in the field of audiology. Also, consider joining the Discussion page to connect with other Global Audiology contributors. Volunteer subject matter editors and Global Audiology representatives will be alerted of your edit and review it. They might suggest edits or contact you if they have questions. ===== Step 8. More publishing ===== With style modifications, your contribution could become an article for a peer-reviewed journal, such as [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14992020701770843 Audiology in Brazil], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00206097409071699 Audiology in Greenland], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00381796809075452 Audiology in India], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14992020500485650 Audiology in South Africa], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14992020802203322 Audiology education and practice from an international perspective], and others. ====For Non-Wikimedia Users==== ===== Step 1: Visit the Global Audiology homepage ===== The Global Audiology Homepage provides a wealth of information about the project's mission and purpose, as well as resources and other materials related to hearing health and audiology. Check out the [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Global_Audiology homepage] and explore to learn more about our initiatives and how you can get involved. ===== Step 2: Familiarize yourself with the community guidelines ===== Before contributing to Global Audiology at Wikiversity, take the time to read the community guidelines. This will help you understand what content is acceptable and what isn't, and help you avoid mistakes that could result in your contributions being edited or deleted. For instance, the language is neutral, the content you develop is politically neutral, does not celebrate one individual, company, or institution, and instead presents a more balanced view of the status of audiology in the country or region. ===== Step 3: Conduct research ===== Find the Global Audiology content you want to add or modify. Prepare your content by doing some research on your chosen topic. Use reliable sources, such as peer-reviewed academic journals or reputable websites and/or news services. We suggest you include references to key statements and facts. It is easy, Wikimedia formats it for you. However, it may be difficult to find references to all the content. ===== Step 4: Create your content ===== As soon as you have gathered your research, start creating content. Your article can be formatted in Word or PDF. Article structure should be followed, and your content should be neutral, well-organized, easy to read, accurate, relevant, and properly cited. ===== Step 5: Submit your article ===== Please send your article to the Global Audiology team or ISA administrators, so we can publish it on Wikiversity for you. {{HRow}} ===Notes=== * For other Wikiversity training resources, check-out the [https://dashboard.wikiedu.org/training dashboard]. * If the country you wish to contribute to or write an article about is not yet available on Global Audiology at Wikiversity, please reach out to our Global Audiology team or ISA administrators. Let us know what country you would like to be added and we will create it for you. * If you teach audiology, you can ask your students to work on this project, as many others have done for audiology content. Students usually find this activity very motivating. Some examples specific to audiology include: ;Various universities outside the US and Canada: [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/campaigns/hearing_health__20222024/programs Hearing health campaign 2022-2024] ;University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa: [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/University_of_the_Witwatersrand/Pathology_of_the_ear_(2nd_Semester)/home Pathology of the ear] ;University of Montreal, Canada: [https://dashboard.wikiedu.org/courses/University_of_Montreal/Promotion_and_prevention_in_audiology-Promotion_et_pr%C3%A9vention_en_audiologie_(Winter-Spring) Promotion and prevention in audiology] ;University of Northern Colorado, USA: [https://dashboard.wikiedu.org/courses/University%20of%20Northern%20Colorado/Hearing%20Loss%20Prevention%20(Fall%20Semester) Hearing loss prevention] {{HRow}} ===Tutorials=== Visit [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/training training library] for editing Wikipedia ===Training video=== [[File:Editing Wikipedia.webm|Editing Wikipedia]] {{:Global Audiology/footer}} {{HRow}} ===Suggested themes=== Did not find the topic you are looking for? Please let us know: {{Clickable button 2|CONTACT US|url=mailto:contact@globalaudiology.org}} ld2idkhn92t7ouy2qytoent4xjthts9 118 298255 2691291 2690972 2024-12-10T19:20:10Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning */ 2691291 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox book | | name = Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy | image = File:Aristotle for Everybody, first edition.jpg | caption = Cover of the first edition | author = [[Mortimer J. Adler]] | country = United States | language = English | subject = [[Aristotle]] | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | pub_date = 1978 | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]]) | pages = 206 (paperback edition) | isbn = 978-0684838236 }}--> An Introduction to Common Sense and [[w:Aristotelianism|Aristotelian philosophy]] on wikisource, arranged according to Aristotle's list of intellectual virtues in Book VI of the [[w:Nicomachean_Ethics|Nicomachean Ethics]]. * Productive reason * Practical reason * Theoretical reason Selected chapters compiled by {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} This is is his "Epilogue: for those who have read or wish to read to [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]", described as a "second table of contents" to his book, with a set of titles that "more precisely describes the Aristotelian doctrines being expounded in the five parts of [Adler's] book". Under the title of each of its twenty three chapters, there is are ''"brief statements, in Aristotelian language, of the doctrines being expounded in that chapter"'', ''which will printed in italics,'' with original research in plain font. The "list of references to appropriate portion's of Aristotle's works" were compiled by professor Adler.{{sfn|Adler|1978|loc=Epilogue, pp.192-193}} We accept his invitation to "check [his] exposition" using this reading companion "against the texts on which [he] has relied for the main tenets of Aristotle's thought"{{sfn|Adler|1978|loc=Epilogue, pp.192-193}}, and encourage other students to acquire and read Adler's book, and contribute to this project. For use as an undergraduate course on "Introduction to Philosophy" or "Introduction to Aristotle". == Part I: Man the Philosophical Animal == === 1. Aristotle's Fourfold Classification of Sensible, Material Substances: Inorganic Bodies, Plants, Animals, Men. [Philosophical Games] === ''The criteria by which Aristotle distinguished between living and non-living things; within the domain of living things, between plants and animals, and within the domain animal life, between brute animals and [[w:Rational_animal|rational animal]]<nowiki/>s, id est, human beings'' / [[w:Homo_sapiens|homo sapiens]]. Division by [[w:Dichotomies|dichotomies]] that are [[w:Jointly_exhaustive|jointly exhaustive]] and [[w:Mutually_exclusive|mutually exclusive]]. * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] [[s:Metaphysics (Ross, 1908)/Book 1|I.1]] * [[w:On the Soul|On the Soul]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 1|I.1]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 5|I.5]]; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 2/Chapter 1|II.1-3]],5,9; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 3/Chapter 1|III.3]],12 * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_X|X.1]] * [[w:Generation of Animals|Generation of Animals]] I.1-9 IV.4-6 * [[w:Parts of Animals|Parts of Animals]] I.4-5 ''Aristotle was aware of difficulties in applying this scheme of classification. The difficulties arise because of the existence of borderline cases that straddle the lines that divide the living from the nonliving, and plants from animals.'' * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_VIII|VIII.1]] ''The difference between [[w:Essence|essential]] and [[w:Accident_(philosophy)|accidental]] differences.'' * [[w:Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]] V * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] V.4,11; IX.8 === 2. The Range of Beings: The Ten Categories [The Great Divide] === ''The being of objects that do not exist in the way that sensible, material substances exist (e.g. mathematical objects, fictions, minds, ideas, [[immaterial substance]]<nowiki/>s, such as the disembodies intelligences that are the celestial motors, and God).'' [[w:Ousia|Ousia]] * Metaphysics III.5-6, XII.8, XIII.1-5 * On the Heavens, II.1, II.12 * On the Soul, III.4-6 ''The distinction between substance and accident, id est, between bodies and their attributes.'' * Categories 5-7 * Physics I.2 * Metaphysics VII.4-6 ''The foregoing distinction is related to the point that material substances are the subjects of change, and their accidents are the respects in which they change.'' * Physics I.6-7, II.3 ''Essence or specific nature in relation to substantial form.'' * Metaphysics, V.4, V.11, VII.16-, VIII1-6, IX.8 * On the Soul II.4 ''The hierarchy of specific natures or essences'' * Metaphysics VIII.3 * On the Soul, II.3 ''Aristotle's inventory of the various categories under which the accidental attributes of substance fall.'' * Categories 4 ''Among the accidents of substance, some are permanent or unchanging; these are the properties that are inseparable from the essential nature of each kind of material substance.'' * Topics V.1-3 ''Aristotle's policy with regard to the ambiguity of words.'' * On interpretation, 1 * Topics II.4 === 3. Productive, Practical, and Theoretic Reason or Mind [Man's Three Dimensions] === ''Aristotle's threefold division of intellectual activity or thought, into thought for the sake of making things, thought for the sake of moral and political action, and thought for the sake of acquiring knowledge as an end in itself.'' Aristotle's classification of three activities of a human being: making, doing, and knowing, corresponding to the three types of reason: productive, practical, and theoretical. Adler titles these sections "Man the Maker," "Man the Doer," and "Man the Knower," respectively. * Ethics VI.2-4 * On the Soul, III.7 == Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker] == {{expand section|date=April 2021}} In response to the errors and partial truths of: * [[w:Parmenides|Parmenides]] and his disciple [[w:Zeno of Elea|Zeno of Elea]] * [[w:Heraclitus|Heraclitus]] and his disciple [[w:Cratylus|Cratylus]] Aristotle developed his theory of change. It involves distinction between [[w:inertia|inertia]] (or rest) and movement. In local motion, there is a distinction between natural movement and violent or [[w:projectile motion|projectile motion]]. There is also change in quality, such as when a green tomato ripens and becomes red. This type of change can be either natural or artificial, for example a green chair can be painted red. There can be a change in quantity. There can also be [[w:generation and corruption|generation and corruption]] - coming to be and passing away. Aristotle takes note of what we now call [[w:conservation of matter|conservation of matter]]. === 4. Nature as artist and the human artist as imitator of nature === ''The difference between what happens by nature and what happens by art.'' * Physics I.7-8; II.1-3, II.8-9 * Poetics 1-4 ''The difference between what happens by art and what happens by chance.'' * Physics II.4-6 * Politics I.11 ''The difference between the changes brought about by nature and the changes brought about by art'' * Metaphysics VII.7-9 ''The difference between man's production of corporeal things and the generation or procreation of living things in nature.'' * Generation of Animals * Metaphysics VII.7 === 5. Three main modes of accidental change: change of place, change of quality, change of quantity === === 6. Aristotle's doctrine of the [[w:four causes|four causes]]: efficient, material, formal, and final. === Physics, [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82/2#%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_3 II.3-9] Metaphysics [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_1|I]].3-10, [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_5|V]].3, VI.2-3, VII.17, VIII.2-4, IX.8, XII.4-5 === 7. Further developments in the theory of [[w:Potentiality and actuality|Potentiality and Actuality]], and Matter and Form, especially with respect to [[w:substantial change|substantial change]], or Generation and Corruption. [To Be or Not to Be] === === 8. Aristotle's analysis of the intellectual factors in artistic production and his classification of the arts [Productive ideas and know-how] === [[w:Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian physics]] [[w:Theory of impetus|Theory of impetus]] == Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer] == === 9. The End as the First Principle in Practical thinking and the Use of Means as the Beginning of Action: The End as First in the Order of Intention and Last in the Order of Execution === ''The good as the desirable and the desirable as the good'' * Nicomachean Ethics I.1-2 ''The distinction between ends and means as good desirable for their own sake and goods desirable for the sake of something else.'' * Ethics I.5, I.7, 1.9 ''The ultimate end in practical thinking compared with axioms or self-evident truths in theoretical thinking.'' * Posterior Analytics I.2 === 10. Happiness Conceived as That Which Leaves Nothing to Be Desired and, as so Conceived, the Final or Ultimate End to Be Sought === ''The distinction between living and living well.'' * Politics I.1-2, I.9 ''The conception of happiness as a whole good life, together with various views held by individuals concerning what a good life consists in'' * Ethics I.4-5, I.7-10; X:2, X:6-8 === 11. Distinction Between Real and Apparent Goods, or Between Goods that Ought to Be Desired and Goods That are in Fact Desired, Together with Distinction between Natural and Acquired Desires === === 12. Real Goods === === 13. Moral Virtue and Good Fortune === === 14 Obligations of the Individual === === 15. Role of the State in Abetting or Facilitating the Individual's Pursuit of Happiness === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] == === 16. The Senses and the Intellect: Perception, Memory, Imagination, and Conceptual Thought === ''Language in relation to thought.'' * Categories I * On Interpretation, 1-2 ''Account of the external senses and of their distinction from the interior senses: the common sense, memory, and imagination.'' * On the Soul II.5-12, III.1-3 * Sense and the Sensible * History of Animals IV.8 ''Distinction between mere sensations and perceptual experience'' * Metaphysics I.1 ''Doctrine that sensations and ideas, taken by themselves or in isolation, are neither true nor false'' * Categories 4 * On Interpretation 1 * On the Soul II.6, III.3, III.6 * Metaphysics IV.5, V.29 === 17. [[w:Immediate_Inference|Immediate Inference]] and [[w:Syllogistic_Reasoning|Syllogistic Reasoning]] === ''The [[w:Law_of_contradiction|law of contradiction]] as an ontological principle and as a rule of thought.'' * On Interpretation 6 * Prior Analytics II.17 * Posterior Analytics I.11 * Metaphysics IV.3-8; IX.5-6 ''The [[w:Square_of_opposition|square of opposition]]: contradictories, contraries, and subcontraries''. Subalterns. * On Interpretation 6, 10 * Categories 10 * Prior Analytics I.2 A single [[w:Counter-example|counter-example]] falsifies generalization. [[w:Logical_disjunction|Strong disjunction]] (exclusive), weak disjunction. [[Eduction]] by immediate inference: allows [[w:Contrapositive|contrapositive]], but [[w:Illicit_conversion|conversion is illicit]]. Since/therefore asserts the truth of the premise, whereas if/then only asserts the correctness of the inference === 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth === === 19. Theory of Knowledge and Distinction between Knowledge and Right Opinion === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part V: Difficult Philosophical Questions == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Fair use of a Derivative and Copyrighted Work derived from Primary Sources in the Public Domain == Adler's epilogue is a derivative work of Aristotle's, which are in the public domain. His "Epilogue/second table of contents" is a "selection and arrangement" (and as such may be copyrighted). Reproducing it is necessary to the project to analyzing and evaluating the book, reproducing the TOC is likely to improve rather than hurt sales of the copyrighted book. Furthermore, the original being a derivative of public domain works, it is consistent with the spirit and intent of the author to create further derivative works, and furthermore he has specifically invited his readers and students to "check his exposition" against the originals. For all these reasons and more, I content that this companion course is "fair use" of Adler's "second table of contents" to his book. * [[User:Jaredscribe/WV:TOC is fair use|User:Jaredscribe/WV:Toc is fair use]] And if non-free, and if not allowed under fair use: [[w:Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text|Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text]] [[w:Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter|Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter]] To host this companion course on Wikiversity would honor this work in particular, would not harm but likely improve sales of his book, and would honor his lifework in general, by its harmony with the manifestos for democratic "public education" in the liberal arts, published by professor Adler and his colleagues in "The [[w:Paideia_Proposal|Paideia Proposal]]" and elsewhere. That there be no doubt, the editors request that Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Book make a [[w:Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries|Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries]]. This course is being migrated from the wikipedia article [[w:Aristotle_for_Everybody|Aristotle for Everybody]], as it is more appropriate to this project than that. ==Notes== {{reflist}} == Further Reading and Commentary suggested by Wikiversity Professors == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} * {{cite book|title=The Basic Works of Aristotle|author=Aristotle|date=1941|publisher=Random House|editor=Richard McKeon|editor-link=w:Richard McKeon|location=New York|author-link=Aristotle}} * {{Cite book|title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction|last=Barnes|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-285408-7|author-link=w:Jonathan Barnes}} {{refend}} === Classic and Scholastic Expositors === *[[s:Isagoge (Owen)|Isagoge]] (Introduction) to Aristotle's [[s:Organon_(Owen)/Categories|Categories]] by [[w:Porphyry]] ''not recommended'' but of significant influence in late antiquity through middle ages. *[[s:The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed_(1904)|Guide to the Perplexed]], by [[w:Maimonides|Maimonides]] ''recommended'': its latin translation initiated the [[w:Scholastic|Scholastic]] movement that created the medieval universities. 3xpasukys55ve92jzq33kpqqwibf64o 2691292 2691291 2024-12-10T19:26:34Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning */ It is self-evident: immediately obvious to common sense and undeniable. 2691292 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox book | | name = Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy | image = File:Aristotle for Everybody, first edition.jpg | caption = Cover of the first edition | author = [[Mortimer J. Adler]] | country = United States | language = English | subject = [[Aristotle]] | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | pub_date = 1978 | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]]) | pages = 206 (paperback edition) | isbn = 978-0684838236 }}--> An Introduction to Common Sense and [[w:Aristotelianism|Aristotelian philosophy]] on wikisource, arranged according to Aristotle's list of intellectual virtues in Book VI of the [[w:Nicomachean_Ethics|Nicomachean Ethics]]. * Productive reason * Practical reason * Theoretical reason Selected chapters compiled by {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} This is is his "Epilogue: for those who have read or wish to read to [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]", described as a "second table of contents" to his book, with a set of titles that "more precisely describes the Aristotelian doctrines being expounded in the five parts of [Adler's] book". Under the title of each of its twenty three chapters, there is are ''"brief statements, in Aristotelian language, of the doctrines being expounded in that chapter"'', ''which will printed in italics,'' with original research in plain font. The "list of references to appropriate portion's of Aristotle's works" were compiled by professor Adler.{{sfn|Adler|1978|loc=Epilogue, pp.192-193}} We accept his invitation to "check [his] exposition" using this reading companion "against the texts on which [he] has relied for the main tenets of Aristotle's thought"{{sfn|Adler|1978|loc=Epilogue, pp.192-193}}, and encourage other students to acquire and read Adler's book, and contribute to this project. For use as an undergraduate course on "Introduction to Philosophy" or "Introduction to Aristotle". == Part I: Man the Philosophical Animal == === 1. Aristotle's Fourfold Classification of Sensible, Material Substances: Inorganic Bodies, Plants, Animals, Men. [Philosophical Games] === ''The criteria by which Aristotle distinguished between living and non-living things; within the domain of living things, between plants and animals, and within the domain animal life, between brute animals and [[w:Rational_animal|rational animal]]<nowiki/>s, id est, human beings'' / [[w:Homo_sapiens|homo sapiens]]. Division by [[w:Dichotomies|dichotomies]] that are [[w:Jointly_exhaustive|jointly exhaustive]] and [[w:Mutually_exclusive|mutually exclusive]]. * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] [[s:Metaphysics (Ross, 1908)/Book 1|I.1]] * [[w:On the Soul|On the Soul]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 1|I.1]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 5|I.5]]; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 2/Chapter 1|II.1-3]],5,9; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 3/Chapter 1|III.3]],12 * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_X|X.1]] * [[w:Generation of Animals|Generation of Animals]] I.1-9 IV.4-6 * [[w:Parts of Animals|Parts of Animals]] I.4-5 ''Aristotle was aware of difficulties in applying this scheme of classification. The difficulties arise because of the existence of borderline cases that straddle the lines that divide the living from the nonliving, and plants from animals.'' * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_VIII|VIII.1]] ''The difference between [[w:Essence|essential]] and [[w:Accident_(philosophy)|accidental]] differences.'' * [[w:Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]] V * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] V.4,11; IX.8 === 2. The Range of Beings: The Ten Categories [The Great Divide] === ''The being of objects that do not exist in the way that sensible, material substances exist (e.g. mathematical objects, fictions, minds, ideas, [[immaterial substance]]<nowiki/>s, such as the disembodies intelligences that are the celestial motors, and God).'' [[w:Ousia|Ousia]] * Metaphysics III.5-6, XII.8, XIII.1-5 * On the Heavens, II.1, II.12 * On the Soul, III.4-6 ''The distinction between substance and accident, id est, between bodies and their attributes.'' * Categories 5-7 * Physics I.2 * Metaphysics VII.4-6 ''The foregoing distinction is related to the point that material substances are the subjects of change, and their accidents are the respects in which they change.'' * Physics I.6-7, II.3 ''Essence or specific nature in relation to substantial form.'' * Metaphysics, V.4, V.11, VII.16-, VIII1-6, IX.8 * On the Soul II.4 ''The hierarchy of specific natures or essences'' * Metaphysics VIII.3 * On the Soul, II.3 ''Aristotle's inventory of the various categories under which the accidental attributes of substance fall.'' * Categories 4 ''Among the accidents of substance, some are permanent or unchanging; these are the properties that are inseparable from the essential nature of each kind of material substance.'' * Topics V.1-3 ''Aristotle's policy with regard to the ambiguity of words.'' * On interpretation, 1 * Topics II.4 === 3. Productive, Practical, and Theoretic Reason or Mind [Man's Three Dimensions] === ''Aristotle's threefold division of intellectual activity or thought, into thought for the sake of making things, thought for the sake of moral and political action, and thought for the sake of acquiring knowledge as an end in itself.'' Aristotle's classification of three activities of a human being: making, doing, and knowing, corresponding to the three types of reason: productive, practical, and theoretical. Adler titles these sections "Man the Maker," "Man the Doer," and "Man the Knower," respectively. * Ethics VI.2-4 * On the Soul, III.7 == Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker] == {{expand section|date=April 2021}} In response to the errors and partial truths of: * [[w:Parmenides|Parmenides]] and his disciple [[w:Zeno of Elea|Zeno of Elea]] * [[w:Heraclitus|Heraclitus]] and his disciple [[w:Cratylus|Cratylus]] Aristotle developed his theory of change. It involves distinction between [[w:inertia|inertia]] (or rest) and movement. In local motion, there is a distinction between natural movement and violent or [[w:projectile motion|projectile motion]]. There is also change in quality, such as when a green tomato ripens and becomes red. This type of change can be either natural or artificial, for example a green chair can be painted red. There can be a change in quantity. There can also be [[w:generation and corruption|generation and corruption]] - coming to be and passing away. Aristotle takes note of what we now call [[w:conservation of matter|conservation of matter]]. === 4. Nature as artist and the human artist as imitator of nature === ''The difference between what happens by nature and what happens by art.'' * Physics I.7-8; II.1-3, II.8-9 * Poetics 1-4 ''The difference between what happens by art and what happens by chance.'' * Physics II.4-6 * Politics I.11 ''The difference between the changes brought about by nature and the changes brought about by art'' * Metaphysics VII.7-9 ''The difference between man's production of corporeal things and the generation or procreation of living things in nature.'' * Generation of Animals * Metaphysics VII.7 === 5. Three main modes of accidental change: change of place, change of quality, change of quantity === === 6. Aristotle's doctrine of the [[w:four causes|four causes]]: efficient, material, formal, and final. === Physics, [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82/2#%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_3 II.3-9] Metaphysics [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_1|I]].3-10, [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_5|V]].3, VI.2-3, VII.17, VIII.2-4, IX.8, XII.4-5 === 7. Further developments in the theory of [[w:Potentiality and actuality|Potentiality and Actuality]], and Matter and Form, especially with respect to [[w:substantial change|substantial change]], or Generation and Corruption. [To Be or Not to Be] === === 8. Aristotle's analysis of the intellectual factors in artistic production and his classification of the arts [Productive ideas and know-how] === [[w:Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian physics]] [[w:Theory of impetus|Theory of impetus]] == Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer] == === 9. The End as the First Principle in Practical thinking and the Use of Means as the Beginning of Action: The End as First in the Order of Intention and Last in the Order of Execution === ''The good as the desirable and the desirable as the good'' * Nicomachean Ethics I.1-2 ''The distinction between ends and means as good desirable for their own sake and goods desirable for the sake of something else.'' * Ethics I.5, I.7, 1.9 ''The ultimate end in practical thinking compared with axioms or self-evident truths in theoretical thinking.'' * Posterior Analytics I.2 === 10. Happiness Conceived as That Which Leaves Nothing to Be Desired and, as so Conceived, the Final or Ultimate End to Be Sought === ''The distinction between living and living well.'' * Politics I.1-2, I.9 ''The conception of happiness as a whole good life, together with various views held by individuals concerning what a good life consists in'' * Ethics I.4-5, I.7-10; X:2, X:6-8 === 11. Distinction Between Real and Apparent Goods, or Between Goods that Ought to Be Desired and Goods That are in Fact Desired, Together with Distinction between Natural and Acquired Desires === === 12. Real Goods === === 13. Moral Virtue and Good Fortune === === 14 Obligations of the Individual === === 15. Role of the State in Abetting or Facilitating the Individual's Pursuit of Happiness === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] == === 16. The Senses and the Intellect: Perception, Memory, Imagination, and Conceptual Thought === ''Language in relation to thought.'' * Categories I * On Interpretation, 1-2 ''Account of the external senses and of their distinction from the interior senses: the common sense, memory, and imagination.'' * On the Soul II.5-12, III.1-3 * Sense and the Sensible * History of Animals IV.8 ''Distinction between mere sensations and perceptual experience'' * Metaphysics I.1 ''Doctrine that sensations and ideas, taken by themselves or in isolation, are neither true nor false'' * Categories 4 * On Interpretation 1 * On the Soul II.6, III.3, III.6 * Metaphysics IV.5, V.29 === 17. [[w:Immediate_Inference|Immediate Inference]] and [[w:Syllogistic_Reasoning|Syllogistic Reasoning]] === ''The [[w:Law_of_contradiction|law of contradiction]] as an ontological principle and as a rule of thought.'' It is [[w:Self-evident|self-evident]]: immediately obvious to [[w:Common_sense#Aristotelian|common sense]] and undeniable. * On Interpretation 6 * Prior Analytics II.17 * Posterior Analytics I.11 * Metaphysics IV.3-8; IX.5-6 ''The [[w:Square_of_opposition|square of opposition]]: contradictories, contraries, and subcontraries''. Subalterns. * On Interpretation 6, 10 * Categories 10 * Prior Analytics I.2 A single [[w:Counter-example|counter-example]] falsifies generalization. [[w:Logical_disjunction|Strong disjunction]] (exclusive), weak disjunction. [[Eduction]] by immediate inference: allows [[w:Contrapositive|contrapositive]], but [[w:Illicit_conversion|conversion is illicit]]. Since/therefore asserts the truth of the premise, whereas if/then only asserts the correctness of the inference === 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth === === 19. Theory of Knowledge and Distinction between Knowledge and Right Opinion === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part V: Difficult Philosophical Questions == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Fair use of a Derivative and Copyrighted Work derived from Primary Sources in the Public Domain == Adler's epilogue is a derivative work of Aristotle's, which are in the public domain. His "Epilogue/second table of contents" is a "selection and arrangement" (and as such may be copyrighted). Reproducing it is necessary to the project to analyzing and evaluating the book, reproducing the TOC is likely to improve rather than hurt sales of the copyrighted book. Furthermore, the original being a derivative of public domain works, it is consistent with the spirit and intent of the author to create further derivative works, and furthermore he has specifically invited his readers and students to "check his exposition" against the originals. For all these reasons and more, I content that this companion course is "fair use" of Adler's "second table of contents" to his book. * [[User:Jaredscribe/WV:TOC is fair use|User:Jaredscribe/WV:Toc is fair use]] And if non-free, and if not allowed under fair use: [[w:Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text|Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text]] [[w:Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter|Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter]] To host this companion course on Wikiversity would honor this work in particular, would not harm but likely improve sales of his book, and would honor his lifework in general, by its harmony with the manifestos for democratic "public education" in the liberal arts, published by professor Adler and his colleagues in "The [[w:Paideia_Proposal|Paideia Proposal]]" and elsewhere. That there be no doubt, the editors request that Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Book make a [[w:Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries|Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries]]. This course is being migrated from the wikipedia article [[w:Aristotle_for_Everybody|Aristotle for Everybody]], as it is more appropriate to this project than that. ==Notes== {{reflist}} == Further Reading and Commentary suggested by Wikiversity Professors == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} * {{cite book|title=The Basic Works of Aristotle|author=Aristotle|date=1941|publisher=Random House|editor=Richard McKeon|editor-link=w:Richard McKeon|location=New York|author-link=Aristotle}} * {{Cite book|title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction|last=Barnes|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-285408-7|author-link=w:Jonathan Barnes}} {{refend}} === Classic and Scholastic Expositors === *[[s:Isagoge (Owen)|Isagoge]] (Introduction) to Aristotle's [[s:Organon_(Owen)/Categories|Categories]] by [[w:Porphyry]] ''not recommended'' but of significant influence in late antiquity through middle ages. *[[s:The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed_(1904)|Guide to the Perplexed]], by [[w:Maimonides|Maimonides]] ''recommended'': its latin translation initiated the [[w:Scholastic|Scholastic]] movement that created the medieval universities. qz2layccs6d12v2dnkigfgk293rjju6 2691293 2691292 2024-12-10T19:42:02Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning */ 2691293 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox book | | name = Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy | image = File:Aristotle for Everybody, first edition.jpg | caption = Cover of the first edition | author = [[Mortimer J. Adler]] | country = United States | language = English | subject = [[Aristotle]] | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | pub_date = 1978 | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]]) | pages = 206 (paperback edition) | isbn = 978-0684838236 }}--> An Introduction to Common Sense and [[w:Aristotelianism|Aristotelian philosophy]] on wikisource, arranged according to Aristotle's list of intellectual virtues in Book VI of the [[w:Nicomachean_Ethics|Nicomachean Ethics]]. * Productive reason * Practical reason * Theoretical reason Selected chapters compiled by {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} This is is his "Epilogue: for those who have read or wish to read to [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]", described as a "second table of contents" to his book, with a set of titles that "more precisely describes the Aristotelian doctrines being expounded in the five parts of [Adler's] book". Under the title of each of its twenty three chapters, there is are ''"brief statements, in Aristotelian language, of the doctrines being expounded in that chapter"'', ''which will printed in italics,'' with original research in plain font. The "list of references to appropriate portion's of Aristotle's works" were compiled by professor Adler.{{sfn|Adler|1978|loc=Epilogue, pp.192-193}} We accept his invitation to "check [his] exposition" using this reading companion "against the texts on which [he] has relied for the main tenets of Aristotle's thought"{{sfn|Adler|1978|loc=Epilogue, pp.192-193}}, and encourage other students to acquire and read Adler's book, and contribute to this project. For use as an undergraduate course on "Introduction to Philosophy" or "Introduction to Aristotle". == Part I: Man the Philosophical Animal == === 1. Aristotle's Fourfold Classification of Sensible, Material Substances: Inorganic Bodies, Plants, Animals, Men. [Philosophical Games] === ''The criteria by which Aristotle distinguished between living and non-living things; within the domain of living things, between plants and animals, and within the domain animal life, between brute animals and [[w:Rational_animal|rational animal]]<nowiki/>s, id est, human beings'' / [[w:Homo_sapiens|homo sapiens]]. Division by [[w:Dichotomies|dichotomies]] that are [[w:Jointly_exhaustive|jointly exhaustive]] and [[w:Mutually_exclusive|mutually exclusive]]. * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] [[s:Metaphysics (Ross, 1908)/Book 1|I.1]] * [[w:On the Soul|On the Soul]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 1|I.1]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 5|I.5]]; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 2/Chapter 1|II.1-3]],5,9; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 3/Chapter 1|III.3]],12 * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_X|X.1]] * [[w:Generation of Animals|Generation of Animals]] I.1-9 IV.4-6 * [[w:Parts of Animals|Parts of Animals]] I.4-5 ''Aristotle was aware of difficulties in applying this scheme of classification. The difficulties arise because of the existence of borderline cases that straddle the lines that divide the living from the nonliving, and plants from animals.'' * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_VIII|VIII.1]] ''The difference between [[w:Essence|essential]] and [[w:Accident_(philosophy)|accidental]] differences.'' * [[w:Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]] V * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] V.4,11; IX.8 === 2. The Range of Beings: The Ten Categories [The Great Divide] === ''The being of objects that do not exist in the way that sensible, material substances exist (e.g. mathematical objects, fictions, minds, ideas, [[immaterial substance]]<nowiki/>s, such as the disembodies intelligences that are the celestial motors, and God).'' [[w:Ousia|Ousia]] * Metaphysics III.5-6, XII.8, XIII.1-5 * On the Heavens, II.1, II.12 * On the Soul, III.4-6 ''The distinction between substance and accident, id est, between bodies and their attributes.'' * Categories 5-7 * Physics I.2 * Metaphysics VII.4-6 ''The foregoing distinction is related to the point that material substances are the subjects of change, and their accidents are the respects in which they change.'' * Physics I.6-7, II.3 ''Essence or specific nature in relation to substantial form.'' * Metaphysics, V.4, V.11, VII.16-, VIII1-6, IX.8 * On the Soul II.4 ''The hierarchy of specific natures or essences'' * Metaphysics VIII.3 * On the Soul, II.3 ''Aristotle's inventory of the various categories under which the accidental attributes of substance fall.'' * Categories 4 ''Among the accidents of substance, some are permanent or unchanging; these are the properties that are inseparable from the essential nature of each kind of material substance.'' * Topics V.1-3 ''Aristotle's policy with regard to the ambiguity of words.'' * On interpretation, 1 * Topics II.4 === 3. Productive, Practical, and Theoretic Reason or Mind [Man's Three Dimensions] === ''Aristotle's threefold division of intellectual activity or thought, into thought for the sake of making things, thought for the sake of moral and political action, and thought for the sake of acquiring knowledge as an end in itself.'' Aristotle's classification of three activities of a human being: making, doing, and knowing, corresponding to the three types of reason: productive, practical, and theoretical. Adler titles these sections "Man the Maker," "Man the Doer," and "Man the Knower," respectively. * Ethics VI.2-4 * On the Soul, III.7 == Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker] == {{expand section|date=April 2021}} In response to the errors and partial truths of: * [[w:Parmenides|Parmenides]] and his disciple [[w:Zeno of Elea|Zeno of Elea]] * [[w:Heraclitus|Heraclitus]] and his disciple [[w:Cratylus|Cratylus]] Aristotle developed his theory of change. It involves distinction between [[w:inertia|inertia]] (or rest) and movement. In local motion, there is a distinction between natural movement and violent or [[w:projectile motion|projectile motion]]. There is also change in quality, such as when a green tomato ripens and becomes red. This type of change can be either natural or artificial, for example a green chair can be painted red. There can be a change in quantity. There can also be [[w:generation and corruption|generation and corruption]] - coming to be and passing away. Aristotle takes note of what we now call [[w:conservation of matter|conservation of matter]]. === 4. Nature as artist and the human artist as imitator of nature === ''The difference between what happens by nature and what happens by art.'' * Physics I.7-8; II.1-3, II.8-9 * Poetics 1-4 ''The difference between what happens by art and what happens by chance.'' * Physics II.4-6 * Politics I.11 ''The difference between the changes brought about by nature and the changes brought about by art'' * Metaphysics VII.7-9 ''The difference between man's production of corporeal things and the generation or procreation of living things in nature.'' * Generation of Animals * Metaphysics VII.7 === 5. Three main modes of accidental change: change of place, change of quality, change of quantity === === 6. Aristotle's doctrine of the [[w:four causes|four causes]]: efficient, material, formal, and final. === Physics, [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82/2#%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_3 II.3-9] Metaphysics [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_1|I]].3-10, [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_5|V]].3, VI.2-3, VII.17, VIII.2-4, IX.8, XII.4-5 === 7. Further developments in the theory of [[w:Potentiality and actuality|Potentiality and Actuality]], and Matter and Form, especially with respect to [[w:substantial change|substantial change]], or Generation and Corruption. [To Be or Not to Be] === === 8. Aristotle's analysis of the intellectual factors in artistic production and his classification of the arts [Productive ideas and know-how] === [[w:Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian physics]] [[w:Theory of impetus|Theory of impetus]] == Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer] == === 9. The End as the First Principle in Practical thinking and the Use of Means as the Beginning of Action: The End as First in the Order of Intention and Last in the Order of Execution === ''The good as the desirable and the desirable as the good'' * Nicomachean Ethics I.1-2 ''The distinction between ends and means as good desirable for their own sake and goods desirable for the sake of something else.'' * Ethics I.5, I.7, 1.9 ''The ultimate end in practical thinking compared with axioms or self-evident truths in theoretical thinking.'' * Posterior Analytics I.2 === 10. Happiness Conceived as That Which Leaves Nothing to Be Desired and, as so Conceived, the Final or Ultimate End to Be Sought === ''The distinction between living and living well.'' * Politics I.1-2, I.9 ''The conception of happiness as a whole good life, together with various views held by individuals concerning what a good life consists in'' * Ethics I.4-5, I.7-10; X:2, X:6-8 === 11. Distinction Between Real and Apparent Goods, or Between Goods that Ought to Be Desired and Goods That are in Fact Desired, Together with Distinction between Natural and Acquired Desires === === 12. Real Goods === === 13. Moral Virtue and Good Fortune === === 14 Obligations of the Individual === === 15. Role of the State in Abetting or Facilitating the Individual's Pursuit of Happiness === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] == === 16. The Senses and the Intellect: Perception, Memory, Imagination, and Conceptual Thought === ''Language in relation to thought.'' * Categories I * On Interpretation, 1-2 ''Account of the external senses and of their distinction from the interior senses: the [[w:Common_sense#Aristotelian|common sense]], memory, and imagination.'' * On the Soul II.5-12, III.1-3 * Sense and the Sensible * History of Animals IV.8 ''Distinction between mere sensations and perceptual experience'' * Metaphysics I.1 ''Doctrine that sensations and ideas, taken by themselves or in isolation, are neither true nor false'' * Categories 4 * On Interpretation 1 * On the Soul II.6, III.3, III.6 * Metaphysics IV.5, V.29 === 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning === ''The [[w:Law_of_contradiction|law of contradiction]] as an ontological principle and as a rule of thought.'' It is [[w:Self-evident|self-evident]]: immediately obvious to [[w:Common_sense#Aristotelian|common sense]] and undeniable. * On Interpretation 6 * Prior Analytics II.17 * Posterior Analytics I.11 * Metaphysics IV.3-8; IX.5-6 ''The [[w:Square_of_opposition|square of opposition]]: contradictories, contraries, and subcontraries''. Subalterns. * On Interpretation 6, 10 * Categories 10 * Prior Analytics I.2 ''[[Immediate inference]] based on the square of opposition.'' [[Eduction]] by allows [[w:Contrapositive|contrapositive]], but [[w:Illicit_conversion|conversion is illicit]]. * On Interpretation 7-10 * Prior Analytics I.2-3; II.8-10, II.22 ''Rules of the [[w:Syllogism|syllogism]].'' Has a major premise and minor premise that share a middle term, therefore called "mediated inference". *Prior Analytics I *Posterior Analytics I.12 ''Distinction between [[w:Logical_validity|logical validity]] and factual truth.'' Since/therefore asserts the truth of the premise and the inference, whereas if/then is a hypothetical that only asserts the correctness of the inference. *Prior Analytics II.2-4 *Posterior Analytics I.12 The [[w:Enthymeme|enthymeme]] in rhetorical argument: a rhetorical syllogism that omits a premise or even the conclusion, to be filled in by the listener as obvious. *Prior Analytics II.27 *Rhetoric II.20-22 A single [[w:Counter-example|counter-example]] falsifies generalization. [[w:Logical_disjunction|Strong disjunction]] (exclusive), weak disjunction. === 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth === === 19. Theory of Knowledge and Distinction between Knowledge and Right Opinion === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part V: Difficult Philosophical Questions == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Fair use of a Derivative and Copyrighted Work derived from Primary Sources in the Public Domain == Adler's epilogue is a derivative work of Aristotle's, which are in the public domain. His "Epilogue/second table of contents" is a "selection and arrangement" (and as such may be copyrighted). Reproducing it is necessary to the project to analyzing and evaluating the book, reproducing the TOC is likely to improve rather than hurt sales of the copyrighted book. Furthermore, the original being a derivative of public domain works, it is consistent with the spirit and intent of the author to create further derivative works, and furthermore he has specifically invited his readers and students to "check his exposition" against the originals. For all these reasons and more, I content that this companion course is "fair use" of Adler's "second table of contents" to his book. * [[User:Jaredscribe/WV:TOC is fair use|User:Jaredscribe/WV:Toc is fair use]] And if non-free, and if not allowed under fair use: [[w:Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text|Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text]] [[w:Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter|Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter]] To host this companion course on Wikiversity would honor this work in particular, would not harm but likely improve sales of his book, and would honor his lifework in general, by its harmony with the manifestos for democratic "public education" in the liberal arts, published by professor Adler and his colleagues in "The [[w:Paideia_Proposal|Paideia Proposal]]" and elsewhere. That there be no doubt, the editors request that Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Book make a [[w:Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries|Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries]]. This course is being migrated from the wikipedia article [[w:Aristotle_for_Everybody|Aristotle for Everybody]], as it is more appropriate to this project than that. ==Notes== {{reflist}} == Further Reading and Commentary suggested by Wikiversity Professors == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} * {{cite book|title=The Basic Works of Aristotle|author=Aristotle|date=1941|publisher=Random House|editor=Richard McKeon|editor-link=w:Richard McKeon|location=New York|author-link=Aristotle}} * {{Cite book|title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction|last=Barnes|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-285408-7|author-link=w:Jonathan Barnes}} {{refend}} === Classic and Scholastic Expositors === *[[s:Isagoge (Owen)|Isagoge]] (Introduction) to Aristotle's [[s:Organon_(Owen)/Categories|Categories]] by [[w:Porphyry]] ''not recommended'' but of significant influence in late antiquity through middle ages. *[[s:The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed_(1904)|Guide to the Perplexed]], by [[w:Maimonides|Maimonides]] ''recommended'': its latin translation initiated the [[w:Scholastic|Scholastic]] movement that created the medieval universities. hzh5lvktdqs9h4rtugh7digc1g41x1m 2691319 2691293 2024-12-10T23:08:46Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth */ The definition of truth Metaphysics IV.7 Categories 5 The truth of axioms or first principles: self-evident truths. Posterior Analytics I.3, I.5, I.10, I,12 2691319 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox book | | name = Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy | image = File:Aristotle for Everybody, first edition.jpg | caption = Cover of the first edition | author = [[Mortimer J. Adler]] | country = United States | language = English | subject = [[Aristotle]] | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | pub_date = 1978 | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]]) | pages = 206 (paperback edition) | isbn = 978-0684838236 }}--> An Introduction to Common Sense and [[w:Aristotelianism|Aristotelian philosophy]] on wikisource, arranged according to Aristotle's list of intellectual virtues in Book VI of the [[w:Nicomachean_Ethics|Nicomachean Ethics]]. * Productive reason * Practical reason * Theoretical reason Selected chapters compiled by {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} This is is his "Epilogue: for those who have read or wish to read to [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]", described as a "second table of contents" to his book, with a set of titles that "more precisely describes the Aristotelian doctrines being expounded in the five parts of [Adler's] book". Under the title of each of its twenty three chapters, there is are ''"brief statements, in Aristotelian language, of the doctrines being expounded in that chapter"'', ''which will printed in italics,'' with original research in plain font. The "list of references to appropriate portion's of Aristotle's works" were compiled by professor Adler.{{sfn|Adler|1978|loc=Epilogue, pp.192-193}} We accept his invitation to "check [his] exposition" using this reading companion "against the texts on which [he] has relied for the main tenets of Aristotle's thought"{{sfn|Adler|1978|loc=Epilogue, pp.192-193}}, and encourage other students to acquire and read Adler's book, and contribute to this project. For use as an undergraduate course on "Introduction to Philosophy" or "Introduction to Aristotle". == Part I: Man the Philosophical Animal == === 1. Aristotle's Fourfold Classification of Sensible, Material Substances: Inorganic Bodies, Plants, Animals, Men. [Philosophical Games] === ''The criteria by which Aristotle distinguished between living and non-living things; within the domain of living things, between plants and animals, and within the domain animal life, between brute animals and [[w:Rational_animal|rational animal]]<nowiki/>s, id est, human beings'' / [[w:Homo_sapiens|homo sapiens]]. Division by [[w:Dichotomies|dichotomies]] that are [[w:Jointly_exhaustive|jointly exhaustive]] and [[w:Mutually_exclusive|mutually exclusive]]. * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] [[s:Metaphysics (Ross, 1908)/Book 1|I.1]] * [[w:On the Soul|On the Soul]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 1|I.1]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 5|I.5]]; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 2/Chapter 1|II.1-3]],5,9; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 3/Chapter 1|III.3]],12 * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_X|X.1]] * [[w:Generation of Animals|Generation of Animals]] I.1-9 IV.4-6 * [[w:Parts of Animals|Parts of Animals]] I.4-5 ''Aristotle was aware of difficulties in applying this scheme of classification. The difficulties arise because of the existence of borderline cases that straddle the lines that divide the living from the nonliving, and plants from animals.'' * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_VIII|VIII.1]] ''The difference between [[w:Essence|essential]] and [[w:Accident_(philosophy)|accidental]] differences.'' * [[w:Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]] V * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] V.4,11; IX.8 === 2. The Range of Beings: The Ten Categories [The Great Divide] === ''The being of objects that do not exist in the way that sensible, material substances exist (e.g. mathematical objects, fictions, minds, ideas, [[immaterial substance]]<nowiki/>s, such as the disembodies intelligences that are the celestial motors, and God).'' [[w:Ousia|Ousia]] * Metaphysics III.5-6, XII.8, XIII.1-5 * On the Heavens, II.1, II.12 * On the Soul, III.4-6 ''The distinction between substance and accident, id est, between bodies and their attributes.'' * Categories 5-7 * Physics I.2 * Metaphysics VII.4-6 ''The foregoing distinction is related to the point that material substances are the subjects of change, and their accidents are the respects in which they change.'' * Physics I.6-7, II.3 ''Essence or specific nature in relation to substantial form.'' * Metaphysics, V.4, V.11, VII.16-, VIII1-6, IX.8 * On the Soul II.4 ''The hierarchy of specific natures or essences'' * Metaphysics VIII.3 * On the Soul, II.3 ''Aristotle's inventory of the various categories under which the accidental attributes of substance fall.'' * Categories 4 ''Among the accidents of substance, some are permanent or unchanging; these are the properties that are inseparable from the essential nature of each kind of material substance.'' * Topics V.1-3 ''Aristotle's policy with regard to the ambiguity of words.'' * On interpretation, 1 * Topics II.4 === 3. Productive, Practical, and Theoretic Reason or Mind [Man's Three Dimensions] === ''Aristotle's threefold division of intellectual activity or thought, into thought for the sake of making things, thought for the sake of moral and political action, and thought for the sake of acquiring knowledge as an end in itself.'' Aristotle's classification of three activities of a human being: making, doing, and knowing, corresponding to the three types of reason: productive, practical, and theoretical. Adler titles these sections "Man the Maker," "Man the Doer," and "Man the Knower," respectively. * Ethics VI.2-4 * On the Soul, III.7 == Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker] == {{expand section|date=April 2021}} In response to the errors and partial truths of: * [[w:Parmenides|Parmenides]] and his disciple [[w:Zeno of Elea|Zeno of Elea]] * [[w:Heraclitus|Heraclitus]] and his disciple [[w:Cratylus|Cratylus]] Aristotle developed his theory of change. It involves distinction between [[w:inertia|inertia]] (or rest) and movement. In local motion, there is a distinction between natural movement and violent or [[w:projectile motion|projectile motion]]. There is also change in quality, such as when a green tomato ripens and becomes red. This type of change can be either natural or artificial, for example a green chair can be painted red. There can be a change in quantity. There can also be [[w:generation and corruption|generation and corruption]] - coming to be and passing away. Aristotle takes note of what we now call [[w:conservation of matter|conservation of matter]]. === 4. Nature as artist and the human artist as imitator of nature === ''The difference between what happens by nature and what happens by art.'' * Physics I.7-8; II.1-3, II.8-9 * Poetics 1-4 ''The difference between what happens by art and what happens by chance.'' * Physics II.4-6 * Politics I.11 ''The difference between the changes brought about by nature and the changes brought about by art'' * Metaphysics VII.7-9 ''The difference between man's production of corporeal things and the generation or procreation of living things in nature.'' * Generation of Animals * Metaphysics VII.7 === 5. Three main modes of accidental change: change of place, change of quality, change of quantity === === 6. Aristotle's doctrine of the [[w:four causes|four causes]]: efficient, material, formal, and final. === Physics, [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82/2#%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_3 II.3-9] Metaphysics [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_1|I]].3-10, [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_5|V]].3, VI.2-3, VII.17, VIII.2-4, IX.8, XII.4-5 === 7. Further developments in the theory of [[w:Potentiality and actuality|Potentiality and Actuality]], and Matter and Form, especially with respect to [[w:substantial change|substantial change]], or Generation and Corruption. [To Be or Not to Be] === === 8. Aristotle's analysis of the intellectual factors in artistic production and his classification of the arts [Productive ideas and know-how] === [[w:Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian physics]] [[w:Theory of impetus|Theory of impetus]] == Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer] == === 9. The End as the First Principle in Practical thinking and the Use of Means as the Beginning of Action: The End as First in the Order of Intention and Last in the Order of Execution === ''The good as the desirable and the desirable as the good'' * Nicomachean Ethics I.1-2 ''The distinction between ends and means as good desirable for their own sake and goods desirable for the sake of something else.'' * Ethics I.5, I.7, 1.9 ''The ultimate end in practical thinking compared with axioms or self-evident truths in theoretical thinking.'' * Posterior Analytics I.2 === 10. Happiness Conceived as That Which Leaves Nothing to Be Desired and, as so Conceived, the Final or Ultimate End to Be Sought === ''The distinction between living and living well.'' * Politics I.1-2, I.9 ''The conception of happiness as a whole good life, together with various views held by individuals concerning what a good life consists in'' * Ethics I.4-5, I.7-10; X:2, X:6-8 === 11. Distinction Between Real and Apparent Goods, or Between Goods that Ought to Be Desired and Goods That are in Fact Desired, Together with Distinction between Natural and Acquired Desires === === 12. Real Goods === === 13. Moral Virtue and Good Fortune === === 14 Obligations of the Individual === === 15. Role of the State in Abetting or Facilitating the Individual's Pursuit of Happiness === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] == === 16. The Senses and the Intellect: Perception, Memory, Imagination, and Conceptual Thought === ''Language in relation to thought.'' * Categories I * On Interpretation, 1-2 ''Account of the external senses and of their distinction from the interior senses: the [[w:Common_sense#Aristotelian|common sense]], memory, and imagination.'' * On the Soul II.5-12, III.1-3 * Sense and the Sensible * History of Animals IV.8 ''Distinction between mere sensations and perceptual experience'' * Metaphysics I.1 ''Doctrine that sensations and ideas, taken by themselves or in isolation, are neither true nor false'' * Categories 4 * On Interpretation 1 * On the Soul II.6, III.3, III.6 * Metaphysics IV.5, V.29 === 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning === ''The [[w:Law_of_contradiction|law of contradiction]] as an ontological principle and as a rule of thought.'' It is [[w:Self-evident|self-evident]]: immediately obvious to [[w:Common_sense#Aristotelian|common sense]] and undeniable. * On Interpretation 6 * Prior Analytics II.17 * Posterior Analytics I.11 * Metaphysics IV.3-8; IX.5-6 ''The [[w:Square_of_opposition|square of opposition]]: contradictories, contraries, and subcontraries''. Subalterns. * On Interpretation 6, 10 * Categories 10 * Prior Analytics I.2 ''[[Immediate inference]] based on the square of opposition.'' [[Eduction]] by allows [[w:Contrapositive|contrapositive]], but [[w:Illicit_conversion|conversion is illicit]]. * On Interpretation 7-10 * Prior Analytics I.2-3; II.8-10, II.22 ''Rules of the [[w:Syllogism|syllogism]].'' Has a major premise and minor premise that share a middle term, therefore called "mediated inference". *Prior Analytics I *Posterior Analytics I.12 ''Distinction between [[w:Logical_validity|logical validity]] and factual truth.'' Since/therefore asserts the truth of the premise and the inference, whereas if/then is a hypothetical that only asserts the correctness of the inference. *Prior Analytics II.2-4 *Posterior Analytics I.12 The [[w:Enthymeme|enthymeme]] in rhetorical argument: a rhetorical syllogism that omits a premise or even the conclusion, to be filled in by the listener as obvious. *Prior Analytics II.27 *Rhetoric II.20-22 A single [[w:Counter-example|counter-example]] falsifies generalization. [[w:Logical_disjunction|Strong disjunction]] (exclusive), weak disjunction. === 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth === The [[w:Truth#Ancient_Greek_philosophy|definition of truth]] * Metaphysics IV.7 * Categories 5 The truth of [[w:Axioms|axioms]] or [[w:First_principle|first principle]]<nowiki/>s: self-evident truths. * Posterior Analytics I.3, I.5, I.10, I,12 === 19. Theory of Knowledge and Distinction between Knowledge and Right Opinion === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part V: Difficult Philosophical Questions == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Fair use of a Derivative and Copyrighted Work derived from Primary Sources in the Public Domain == Adler's epilogue is a derivative work of Aristotle's, which are in the public domain. His "Epilogue/second table of contents" is a "selection and arrangement" (and as such may be copyrighted). Reproducing it is necessary to the project to analyzing and evaluating the book, reproducing the TOC is likely to improve rather than hurt sales of the copyrighted book. Furthermore, the original being a derivative of public domain works, it is consistent with the spirit and intent of the author to create further derivative works, and furthermore he has specifically invited his readers and students to "check his exposition" against the originals. For all these reasons and more, I content that this companion course is "fair use" of Adler's "second table of contents" to his book. * [[User:Jaredscribe/WV:TOC is fair use|User:Jaredscribe/WV:Toc is fair use]] And if non-free, and if not allowed under fair use: [[w:Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text|Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text]] [[w:Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter|Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter]] To host this companion course on Wikiversity would honor this work in particular, would not harm but likely improve sales of his book, and would honor his lifework in general, by its harmony with the manifestos for democratic "public education" in the liberal arts, published by professor Adler and his colleagues in "The [[w:Paideia_Proposal|Paideia Proposal]]" and elsewhere. That there be no doubt, the editors request that Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Book make a [[w:Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries|Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries]]. This course is being migrated from the wikipedia article [[w:Aristotle_for_Everybody|Aristotle for Everybody]], as it is more appropriate to this project than that. ==Notes== {{reflist}} == Further Reading and Commentary suggested by Wikiversity Professors == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} * {{cite book|title=The Basic Works of Aristotle|author=Aristotle|date=1941|publisher=Random House|editor=Richard McKeon|editor-link=w:Richard McKeon|location=New York|author-link=Aristotle}} * {{Cite book|title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction|last=Barnes|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-285408-7|author-link=w:Jonathan Barnes}} {{refend}} === Classic and Scholastic Expositors === *[[s:Isagoge (Owen)|Isagoge]] (Introduction) to Aristotle's [[s:Organon_(Owen)/Categories|Categories]] by [[w:Porphyry]] ''not recommended'' but of significant influence in late antiquity through middle ages. *[[s:The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed_(1904)|Guide to the Perplexed]], by [[w:Maimonides|Maimonides]] ''recommended'': its latin translation initiated the [[w:Scholastic|Scholastic]] movement that created the medieval universities. qfnty1b4ug4vocfkbv0pjos3vnhukgz 2691320 2691319 2024-12-10T23:13:04Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth */ Aristotle's theory of the difference between the truth of factual and of normative statements: "is-statements" and "ought-statements". Anticipating Hume's objection in the fictious "Is–ought_problem" Ethics IV.2 2691320 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox book | | name = Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy | image = File:Aristotle for Everybody, first edition.jpg | caption = Cover of the first edition | author = [[Mortimer J. Adler]] | country = United States | language = English | subject = [[Aristotle]] | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | pub_date = 1978 | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]]) | pages = 206 (paperback edition) | isbn = 978-0684838236 }}--> An Introduction to Common Sense and [[w:Aristotelianism|Aristotelian philosophy]] on wikisource, arranged according to Aristotle's list of intellectual virtues in Book VI of the [[w:Nicomachean_Ethics|Nicomachean Ethics]]. * Productive reason * Practical reason * Theoretical reason Selected chapters compiled by {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} This is is his "Epilogue: for those who have read or wish to read to [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]", described as a "second table of contents" to his book, with a set of titles that "more precisely describes the Aristotelian doctrines being expounded in the five parts of [Adler's] book". Under the title of each of its twenty three chapters, there is are ''"brief statements, in Aristotelian language, of the doctrines being expounded in that chapter"'', ''which will printed in italics,'' with original research in plain font. The "list of references to appropriate portion's of Aristotle's works" were compiled by professor Adler.{{sfn|Adler|1978|loc=Epilogue, pp.192-193}} We accept his invitation to "check [his] exposition" using this reading companion "against the texts on which [he] has relied for the main tenets of Aristotle's thought"{{sfn|Adler|1978|loc=Epilogue, pp.192-193}}, and encourage other students to acquire and read Adler's book, and contribute to this project. For use as an undergraduate course on "Introduction to Philosophy" or "Introduction to Aristotle". == Part I: Man the Philosophical Animal == === 1. Aristotle's Fourfold Classification of Sensible, Material Substances: Inorganic Bodies, Plants, Animals, Men. [Philosophical Games] === ''The criteria by which Aristotle distinguished between living and non-living things; within the domain of living things, between plants and animals, and within the domain animal life, between brute animals and [[w:Rational_animal|rational animal]]<nowiki/>s, id est, human beings'' / [[w:Homo_sapiens|homo sapiens]]. Division by [[w:Dichotomies|dichotomies]] that are [[w:Jointly_exhaustive|jointly exhaustive]] and [[w:Mutually_exclusive|mutually exclusive]]. * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] [[s:Metaphysics (Ross, 1908)/Book 1|I.1]] * [[w:On the Soul|On the Soul]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 1|I.1]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 5|I.5]]; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 2/Chapter 1|II.1-3]],5,9; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 3/Chapter 1|III.3]],12 * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_X|X.1]] * [[w:Generation of Animals|Generation of Animals]] I.1-9 IV.4-6 * [[w:Parts of Animals|Parts of Animals]] I.4-5 ''Aristotle was aware of difficulties in applying this scheme of classification. The difficulties arise because of the existence of borderline cases that straddle the lines that divide the living from the nonliving, and plants from animals.'' * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_VIII|VIII.1]] ''The difference between [[w:Essence|essential]] and [[w:Accident_(philosophy)|accidental]] differences.'' * [[w:Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]] V * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] V.4,11; IX.8 === 2. The Range of Beings: The Ten Categories [The Great Divide] === ''The being of objects that do not exist in the way that sensible, material substances exist (e.g. mathematical objects, fictions, minds, ideas, [[immaterial substance]]<nowiki/>s, such as the disembodies intelligences that are the celestial motors, and God).'' [[w:Ousia|Ousia]] * Metaphysics III.5-6, XII.8, XIII.1-5 * On the Heavens, II.1, II.12 * On the Soul, III.4-6 ''The distinction between substance and accident, id est, between bodies and their attributes.'' * Categories 5-7 * Physics I.2 * Metaphysics VII.4-6 ''The foregoing distinction is related to the point that material substances are the subjects of change, and their accidents are the respects in which they change.'' * Physics I.6-7, II.3 ''Essence or specific nature in relation to substantial form.'' * Metaphysics, V.4, V.11, VII.16-, VIII1-6, IX.8 * On the Soul II.4 ''The hierarchy of specific natures or essences'' * Metaphysics VIII.3 * On the Soul, II.3 ''Aristotle's inventory of the various categories under which the accidental attributes of substance fall.'' * Categories 4 ''Among the accidents of substance, some are permanent or unchanging; these are the properties that are inseparable from the essential nature of each kind of material substance.'' * Topics V.1-3 ''Aristotle's policy with regard to the ambiguity of words.'' * On interpretation, 1 * Topics II.4 === 3. Productive, Practical, and Theoretic Reason or Mind [Man's Three Dimensions] === ''Aristotle's threefold division of intellectual activity or thought, into thought for the sake of making things, thought for the sake of moral and political action, and thought for the sake of acquiring knowledge as an end in itself.'' Aristotle's classification of three activities of a human being: making, doing, and knowing, corresponding to the three types of reason: productive, practical, and theoretical. Adler titles these sections "Man the Maker," "Man the Doer," and "Man the Knower," respectively. * Ethics VI.2-4 * On the Soul, III.7 == Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker] == {{expand section|date=April 2021}} In response to the errors and partial truths of: * [[w:Parmenides|Parmenides]] and his disciple [[w:Zeno of Elea|Zeno of Elea]] * [[w:Heraclitus|Heraclitus]] and his disciple [[w:Cratylus|Cratylus]] Aristotle developed his theory of change. It involves distinction between [[w:inertia|inertia]] (or rest) and movement. In local motion, there is a distinction between natural movement and violent or [[w:projectile motion|projectile motion]]. There is also change in quality, such as when a green tomato ripens and becomes red. This type of change can be either natural or artificial, for example a green chair can be painted red. There can be a change in quantity. There can also be [[w:generation and corruption|generation and corruption]] - coming to be and passing away. Aristotle takes note of what we now call [[w:conservation of matter|conservation of matter]]. === 4. Nature as artist and the human artist as imitator of nature === ''The difference between what happens by nature and what happens by art.'' * Physics I.7-8; II.1-3, II.8-9 * Poetics 1-4 ''The difference between what happens by art and what happens by chance.'' * Physics II.4-6 * Politics I.11 ''The difference between the changes brought about by nature and the changes brought about by art'' * Metaphysics VII.7-9 ''The difference between man's production of corporeal things and the generation or procreation of living things in nature.'' * Generation of Animals * Metaphysics VII.7 === 5. Three main modes of accidental change: change of place, change of quality, change of quantity === === 6. Aristotle's doctrine of the [[w:four causes|four causes]]: efficient, material, formal, and final. === Physics, [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82/2#%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_3 II.3-9] Metaphysics [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_1|I]].3-10, [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_5|V]].3, VI.2-3, VII.17, VIII.2-4, IX.8, XII.4-5 === 7. Further developments in the theory of [[w:Potentiality and actuality|Potentiality and Actuality]], and Matter and Form, especially with respect to [[w:substantial change|substantial change]], or Generation and Corruption. [To Be or Not to Be] === === 8. Aristotle's analysis of the intellectual factors in artistic production and his classification of the arts [Productive ideas and know-how] === [[w:Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian physics]] [[w:Theory of impetus|Theory of impetus]] == Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer] == === 9. The End as the First Principle in Practical thinking and the Use of Means as the Beginning of Action: The End as First in the Order of Intention and Last in the Order of Execution === ''The good as the desirable and the desirable as the good'' * Nicomachean Ethics I.1-2 ''The distinction between ends and means as good desirable for their own sake and goods desirable for the sake of something else.'' * Ethics I.5, I.7, 1.9 ''The ultimate end in practical thinking compared with axioms or self-evident truths in theoretical thinking.'' * Posterior Analytics I.2 === 10. Happiness Conceived as That Which Leaves Nothing to Be Desired and, as so Conceived, the Final or Ultimate End to Be Sought === ''The distinction between living and living well.'' * Politics I.1-2, I.9 ''The conception of happiness as a whole good life, together with various views held by individuals concerning what a good life consists in'' * Ethics I.4-5, I.7-10; X:2, X:6-8 === 11. Distinction Between Real and Apparent Goods, or Between Goods that Ought to Be Desired and Goods That are in Fact Desired, Together with Distinction between Natural and Acquired Desires === === 12. Real Goods === === 13. Moral Virtue and Good Fortune === === 14 Obligations of the Individual === === 15. Role of the State in Abetting or Facilitating the Individual's Pursuit of Happiness === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] == === 16. The Senses and the Intellect: Perception, Memory, Imagination, and Conceptual Thought === ''Language in relation to thought.'' * Categories I * On Interpretation, 1-2 ''Account of the external senses and of their distinction from the interior senses: the [[w:Common_sense#Aristotelian|common sense]], memory, and imagination.'' * On the Soul II.5-12, III.1-3 * Sense and the Sensible * History of Animals IV.8 ''Distinction between mere sensations and perceptual experience'' * Metaphysics I.1 ''Doctrine that sensations and ideas, taken by themselves or in isolation, are neither true nor false'' * Categories 4 * On Interpretation 1 * On the Soul II.6, III.3, III.6 * Metaphysics IV.5, V.29 === 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning === ''The [[w:Law_of_contradiction|law of contradiction]] as an ontological principle and as a rule of thought.'' It is [[w:Self-evident|self-evident]]: immediately obvious to [[w:Common_sense#Aristotelian|common sense]] and undeniable. * On Interpretation 6 * Prior Analytics II.17 * Posterior Analytics I.11 * Metaphysics IV.3-8; IX.5-6 ''The [[w:Square_of_opposition|square of opposition]]: contradictories, contraries, and subcontraries''. Subalterns. * On Interpretation 6, 10 * Categories 10 * Prior Analytics I.2 ''[[Immediate inference]] based on the square of opposition.'' [[Eduction]] by allows [[w:Contrapositive|contrapositive]], but [[w:Illicit_conversion|conversion is illicit]]. * On Interpretation 7-10 * Prior Analytics I.2-3; II.8-10, II.22 ''Rules of the [[w:Syllogism|syllogism]].'' Has a major premise and minor premise that share a middle term, therefore called "mediated inference". *Prior Analytics I *Posterior Analytics I.12 ''Distinction between [[w:Logical_validity|logical validity]] and factual truth.'' Since/therefore asserts the truth of the premise and the inference, whereas if/then is a hypothetical that only asserts the correctness of the inference. *Prior Analytics II.2-4 *Posterior Analytics I.12 The [[w:Enthymeme|enthymeme]] in rhetorical argument: a rhetorical syllogism that omits a premise or even the conclusion, to be filled in by the listener as obvious. *Prior Analytics II.27 *Rhetoric II.20-22 A single [[w:Counter-example|counter-example]] falsifies generalization. [[w:Logical_disjunction|Strong disjunction]] (exclusive), weak disjunction. === 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth === ''The [[w:Truth#Ancient_Greek_philosophy|definition of truth]]'' * Metaphysics IV.7 * Categories 5 ''The truth of [[w:Axioms|axioms]] or [[w:First_principle|first principle]]<nowiki/>s: self-evident truths.'' * Posterior Analytics I.3, I.5, I.10, I,12 ''Sentences that are neither true nor false'' * On Interpretation 2 ''Aristotle's theory of the difference between the truth of factual and of normative statements: "is-statements" and "ought-statements".'' Anticipating Hume's objection in the fictious "[[w:Is–ought_problem|Is–ought_problem]]" * Ethics IV.2 === 19. Theory of Knowledge and Distinction between Knowledge and Right Opinion === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part V: Difficult Philosophical Questions == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Fair use of a Derivative and Copyrighted Work derived from Primary Sources in the Public Domain == Adler's epilogue is a derivative work of Aristotle's, which are in the public domain. His "Epilogue/second table of contents" is a "selection and arrangement" (and as such may be copyrighted). Reproducing it is necessary to the project to analyzing and evaluating the book, reproducing the TOC is likely to improve rather than hurt sales of the copyrighted book. Furthermore, the original being a derivative of public domain works, it is consistent with the spirit and intent of the author to create further derivative works, and furthermore he has specifically invited his readers and students to "check his exposition" against the originals. For all these reasons and more, I content that this companion course is "fair use" of Adler's "second table of contents" to his book. * [[User:Jaredscribe/WV:TOC is fair use|User:Jaredscribe/WV:Toc is fair use]] And if non-free, and if not allowed under fair use: [[w:Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text|Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text]] [[w:Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter|Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter]] To host this companion course on Wikiversity would honor this work in particular, would not harm but likely improve sales of his book, and would honor his lifework in general, by its harmony with the manifestos for democratic "public education" in the liberal arts, published by professor Adler and his colleagues in "The [[w:Paideia_Proposal|Paideia Proposal]]" and elsewhere. That there be no doubt, the editors request that Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Book make a [[w:Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries|Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries]]. This course is being migrated from the wikipedia article [[w:Aristotle_for_Everybody|Aristotle for Everybody]], as it is more appropriate to this project than that. ==Notes== {{reflist}} == Further Reading and Commentary suggested by Wikiversity Professors == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} * {{cite book|title=The Basic Works of Aristotle|author=Aristotle|date=1941|publisher=Random House|editor=Richard McKeon|editor-link=w:Richard McKeon|location=New York|author-link=Aristotle}} * {{Cite book|title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction|last=Barnes|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-285408-7|author-link=w:Jonathan Barnes}} {{refend}} === Classic and Scholastic Expositors === *[[s:Isagoge (Owen)|Isagoge]] (Introduction) to Aristotle's [[s:Organon_(Owen)/Categories|Categories]] by [[w:Porphyry]] ''not recommended'' but of significant influence in late antiquity through middle ages. *[[s:The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed_(1904)|Guide to the Perplexed]], by [[w:Maimonides|Maimonides]] ''recommended'': its latin translation initiated the [[w:Scholastic|Scholastic]] movement that created the medieval universities. mpxqu80pr6rvblzbklzxn2n2ewfqfdc 2691321 2691320 2024-12-10T23:15:52Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth */ 2691321 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox book | | name = Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy | image = File:Aristotle for Everybody, first edition.jpg | caption = Cover of the first edition | author = [[Mortimer J. Adler]] | country = United States | language = English | subject = [[Aristotle]] | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | pub_date = 1978 | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]]) | pages = 206 (paperback edition) | isbn = 978-0684838236 }}--> An Introduction to Common Sense and [[w:Aristotelianism|Aristotelian philosophy]] on wikisource, arranged according to Aristotle's list of intellectual virtues in Book VI of the [[w:Nicomachean_Ethics|Nicomachean Ethics]]. * Productive reason * Practical reason * Theoretical reason Selected chapters compiled by {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} This is is his "Epilogue: for those who have read or wish to read to [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]", described as a "second table of contents" to his book, with a set of titles that "more precisely describes the Aristotelian doctrines being expounded in the five parts of [Adler's] book". Under the title of each of its twenty three chapters, there is are ''"brief statements, in Aristotelian language, of the doctrines being expounded in that chapter"'', ''which will printed in italics,'' with original research in plain font. The "list of references to appropriate portion's of Aristotle's works" were compiled by professor Adler.{{sfn|Adler|1978|loc=Epilogue, pp.192-193}} We accept his invitation to "check [his] exposition" using this reading companion "against the texts on which [he] has relied for the main tenets of Aristotle's thought"{{sfn|Adler|1978|loc=Epilogue, pp.192-193}}, and encourage other students to acquire and read Adler's book, and contribute to this project. For use as an undergraduate course on "Introduction to Philosophy" or "Introduction to Aristotle". == Part I: Man the Philosophical Animal == === 1. Aristotle's Fourfold Classification of Sensible, Material Substances: Inorganic Bodies, Plants, Animals, Men. [Philosophical Games] === ''The criteria by which Aristotle distinguished between living and non-living things; within the domain of living things, between plants and animals, and within the domain animal life, between brute animals and [[w:Rational_animal|rational animal]]<nowiki/>s, id est, human beings'' / [[w:Homo_sapiens|homo sapiens]]. Division by [[w:Dichotomies|dichotomies]] that are [[w:Jointly_exhaustive|jointly exhaustive]] and [[w:Mutually_exclusive|mutually exclusive]]. * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] [[s:Metaphysics (Ross, 1908)/Book 1|I.1]] * [[w:On the Soul|On the Soul]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 1|I.1]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 5|I.5]]; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 2/Chapter 1|II.1-3]],5,9; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 3/Chapter 1|III.3]],12 * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_X|X.1]] * [[w:Generation of Animals|Generation of Animals]] I.1-9 IV.4-6 * [[w:Parts of Animals|Parts of Animals]] I.4-5 ''Aristotle was aware of difficulties in applying this scheme of classification. The difficulties arise because of the existence of borderline cases that straddle the lines that divide the living from the nonliving, and plants from animals.'' * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_VIII|VIII.1]] ''The difference between [[w:Essence|essential]] and [[w:Accident_(philosophy)|accidental]] differences.'' * [[w:Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]] V * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] V.4,11; IX.8 === 2. The Range of Beings: The Ten Categories [The Great Divide] === ''The being of objects that do not exist in the way that sensible, material substances exist (e.g. mathematical objects, fictions, minds, ideas, [[immaterial substance]]<nowiki/>s, such as the disembodies intelligences that are the celestial motors, and God).'' [[w:Ousia|Ousia]] * Metaphysics III.5-6, XII.8, XIII.1-5 * On the Heavens, II.1, II.12 * On the Soul, III.4-6 ''The distinction between substance and accident, id est, between bodies and their attributes.'' * Categories 5-7 * Physics I.2 * Metaphysics VII.4-6 ''The foregoing distinction is related to the point that material substances are the subjects of change, and their accidents are the respects in which they change.'' * Physics I.6-7, II.3 ''Essence or specific nature in relation to substantial form.'' * Metaphysics, V.4, V.11, VII.16-, VIII1-6, IX.8 * On the Soul II.4 ''The hierarchy of specific natures or essences'' * Metaphysics VIII.3 * On the Soul, II.3 ''Aristotle's inventory of the various categories under which the accidental attributes of substance fall.'' * Categories 4 ''Among the accidents of substance, some are permanent or unchanging; these are the properties that are inseparable from the essential nature of each kind of material substance.'' * Topics V.1-3 ''Aristotle's policy with regard to the ambiguity of words.'' * On interpretation, 1 * Topics II.4 === 3. Productive, Practical, and Theoretic Reason or Mind [Man's Three Dimensions] === ''Aristotle's threefold division of intellectual activity or thought, into thought for the sake of making things, thought for the sake of moral and political action, and thought for the sake of acquiring knowledge as an end in itself.'' Aristotle's classification of three activities of a human being: making, doing, and knowing, corresponding to the three types of reason: productive, practical, and theoretical. Adler titles these sections "Man the Maker," "Man the Doer," and "Man the Knower," respectively. * Ethics VI.2-4 * On the Soul, III.7 == Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker] == {{expand section|date=April 2021}} In response to the errors and partial truths of: * [[w:Parmenides|Parmenides]] and his disciple [[w:Zeno of Elea|Zeno of Elea]] * [[w:Heraclitus|Heraclitus]] and his disciple [[w:Cratylus|Cratylus]] Aristotle developed his theory of change. It involves distinction between [[w:inertia|inertia]] (or rest) and movement. In local motion, there is a distinction between natural movement and violent or [[w:projectile motion|projectile motion]]. There is also change in quality, such as when a green tomato ripens and becomes red. This type of change can be either natural or artificial, for example a green chair can be painted red. There can be a change in quantity. There can also be [[w:generation and corruption|generation and corruption]] - coming to be and passing away. Aristotle takes note of what we now call [[w:conservation of matter|conservation of matter]]. === 4. Nature as artist and the human artist as imitator of nature === ''The difference between what happens by nature and what happens by art.'' * Physics I.7-8; II.1-3, II.8-9 * Poetics 1-4 ''The difference between what happens by art and what happens by chance.'' * Physics II.4-6 * Politics I.11 ''The difference between the changes brought about by nature and the changes brought about by art'' * Metaphysics VII.7-9 ''The difference between man's production of corporeal things and the generation or procreation of living things in nature.'' * Generation of Animals * Metaphysics VII.7 === 5. Three main modes of accidental change: change of place, change of quality, change of quantity === === 6. Aristotle's doctrine of the [[w:four causes|four causes]]: efficient, material, formal, and final. === Physics, [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82/2#%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_3 II.3-9] Metaphysics [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_1|I]].3-10, [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_5|V]].3, VI.2-3, VII.17, VIII.2-4, IX.8, XII.4-5 === 7. Further developments in the theory of [[w:Potentiality and actuality|Potentiality and Actuality]], and Matter and Form, especially with respect to [[w:substantial change|substantial change]], or Generation and Corruption. [To Be or Not to Be] === === 8. Aristotle's analysis of the intellectual factors in artistic production and his classification of the arts [Productive ideas and know-how] === [[w:Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian physics]] [[w:Theory of impetus|Theory of impetus]] == Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer] == === 9. The End as the First Principle in Practical thinking and the Use of Means as the Beginning of Action: The End as First in the Order of Intention and Last in the Order of Execution === ''The good as the desirable and the desirable as the good'' * Nicomachean Ethics I.1-2 ''The distinction between ends and means as good desirable for their own sake and goods desirable for the sake of something else.'' * Ethics I.5, I.7, 1.9 ''The ultimate end in practical thinking compared with axioms or self-evident truths in theoretical thinking.'' * Posterior Analytics I.2 === 10. Happiness Conceived as That Which Leaves Nothing to Be Desired and, as so Conceived, the Final or Ultimate End to Be Sought === ''The distinction between living and living well.'' * Politics I.1-2, I.9 ''The conception of happiness as a whole good life, together with various views held by individuals concerning what a good life consists in'' * Ethics I.4-5, I.7-10; X:2, X:6-8 === 11. Distinction Between Real and Apparent Goods, or Between Goods that Ought to Be Desired and Goods That are in Fact Desired, Together with Distinction between Natural and Acquired Desires === === 12. Real Goods === === 13. Moral Virtue and Good Fortune === === 14 Obligations of the Individual === === 15. Role of the State in Abetting or Facilitating the Individual's Pursuit of Happiness === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] == === 16. The Senses and the Intellect: Perception, Memory, Imagination, and Conceptual Thought === ''Language in relation to thought.'' * Categories I * On Interpretation, 1-2 ''Account of the external senses and of their distinction from the interior senses: the [[w:Common_sense#Aristotelian|common sense]], memory, and imagination.'' * On the Soul II.5-12, III.1-3 * Sense and the Sensible * History of Animals IV.8 ''Distinction between mere sensations and perceptual experience'' * Metaphysics I.1 ''Doctrine that sensations and ideas, taken by themselves or in isolation, are neither true nor false'' * Categories 4 * On Interpretation 1 * On the Soul II.6, III.3, III.6 * Metaphysics IV.5, V.29 === 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning === ''The [[w:Law_of_contradiction|law of contradiction]] as an ontological principle and as a rule of thought.'' It is [[w:Self-evident|self-evident]]: immediately obvious to [[w:Common_sense#Aristotelian|common sense]] and undeniable. * On Interpretation 6 * Prior Analytics II.17 * Posterior Analytics I.11 * Metaphysics IV.3-8; IX.5-6 ''The [[w:Square_of_opposition|square of opposition]]: contradictories, contraries, and subcontraries''. Subalterns. * On Interpretation 6, 10 * Categories 10 * Prior Analytics I.2 ''[[Immediate inference]] based on the square of opposition.'' [[Eduction]] by allows [[w:Contrapositive|contrapositive]], but [[w:Illicit_conversion|conversion is illicit]]. * On Interpretation 7-10 * Prior Analytics I.2-3; II.8-10, II.22 ''Rules of the [[w:Syllogism|syllogism]].'' Has a major premise and minor premise that share a middle term, therefore called "mediated inference". *Prior Analytics I *Posterior Analytics I.12 ''Distinction between [[w:Logical_validity|logical validity]] and factual truth.'' Since/therefore asserts the truth of the premise and the inference, whereas if/then is a hypothetical that only asserts the correctness of the inference. *Prior Analytics II.2-4 *Posterior Analytics I.12 The [[w:Enthymeme|enthymeme]] in rhetorical argument: a rhetorical syllogism that omits a premise or even the conclusion, to be filled in by the listener as obvious. *Prior Analytics II.27 *Rhetoric II.20-22 A single [[w:Counter-example|counter-example]] falsifies generalization. [[w:Logical_disjunction|Strong disjunction]] (exclusive), weak disjunction. === 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth === ''The [[w:Truth#Ancient_Greek_philosophy|definition of truth]]'' * Metaphysics IV.7 * Categories 5 ''The truth of [[w:Axioms|axioms]] or [[w:First_principle|first principle]]<nowiki/>s: self-evident truths.'' * Posterior Analytics I.3, I.5, I.10, I,12 ''Sentences that are neither true nor false'' * On Interpretation 2 ''Aristotle's theory of the difference between the truth of factual and of normative statements: "is-statements" and "ought-statements".'' Anticipating Hume's objection in the fictious "[[w:Is–ought_problem|Is–ought_problem]]" * Ethics IV.2 ''The certitude or probability with which propositions are affirmed or denied.'' * On Interpretation 9 * Prior Analytics I.13; II.25 * Posterior Analytics I.2; I.6; I.8; I.30; I.33 * Metaphysics IV.4-6; VI.1; IX.6-7 === 19. Theory of Knowledge and Distinction between Knowledge and Right Opinion === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part V: Difficult Philosophical Questions == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Fair use of a Derivative and Copyrighted Work derived from Primary Sources in the Public Domain == Adler's epilogue is a derivative work of Aristotle's, which are in the public domain. His "Epilogue/second table of contents" is a "selection and arrangement" (and as such may be copyrighted). Reproducing it is necessary to the project to analyzing and evaluating the book, reproducing the TOC is likely to improve rather than hurt sales of the copyrighted book. Furthermore, the original being a derivative of public domain works, it is consistent with the spirit and intent of the author to create further derivative works, and furthermore he has specifically invited his readers and students to "check his exposition" against the originals. For all these reasons and more, I content that this companion course is "fair use" of Adler's "second table of contents" to his book. * [[User:Jaredscribe/WV:TOC is fair use|User:Jaredscribe/WV:Toc is fair use]] And if non-free, and if not allowed under fair use: [[w:Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text|Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text]] [[w:Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter|Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter]] To host this companion course on Wikiversity would honor this work in particular, would not harm but likely improve sales of his book, and would honor his lifework in general, by its harmony with the manifestos for democratic "public education" in the liberal arts, published by professor Adler and his colleagues in "The [[w:Paideia_Proposal|Paideia Proposal]]" and elsewhere. That there be no doubt, the editors request that Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Book make a [[w:Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries|Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries]]. This course is being migrated from the wikipedia article [[w:Aristotle_for_Everybody|Aristotle for Everybody]], as it is more appropriate to this project than that. ==Notes== {{reflist}} == Further Reading and Commentary suggested by Wikiversity Professors == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} * {{cite book|title=The Basic Works of Aristotle|author=Aristotle|date=1941|publisher=Random House|editor=Richard McKeon|editor-link=w:Richard McKeon|location=New York|author-link=Aristotle}} * {{Cite book|title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction|last=Barnes|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-285408-7|author-link=w:Jonathan Barnes}} {{refend}} === Classic and Scholastic Expositors === *[[s:Isagoge (Owen)|Isagoge]] (Introduction) to Aristotle's [[s:Organon_(Owen)/Categories|Categories]] by [[w:Porphyry]] ''not recommended'' but of significant influence in late antiquity through middle ages. *[[s:The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed_(1904)|Guide to the Perplexed]], by [[w:Maimonides|Maimonides]] ''recommended'': its latin translation initiated the [[w:Scholastic|Scholastic]] movement that created the medieval universities. hdiabmje17e2tq6c6z6fjuzxz2nmq7q 2691322 2691321 2024-12-10T23:21:36Z Jaredscribe 2906761 2691322 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox book | | name = Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy | image = File:Aristotle for Everybody, first edition.jpg | caption = Cover of the first edition | author = [[Mortimer J. Adler]] | country = United States | language = English | subject = [[Aristotle]] | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | pub_date = 1978 | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]]) | pages = 206 (paperback edition) | isbn = 978-0684838236 }}--> An Introduction to Common Sense and [[w:Aristotelianism|Aristotelian philosophy]] on wikisource, arranged according to Aristotle's list of intellectual virtues in Book VI of the [[w:Nicomachean_Ethics|Nicomachean Ethics]]. * Productive reason: [[#Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker]]] * Practical reason: [[#Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer]]] * Theoretical reason: [[#Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower]]] Selected chapters compiled by {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} This is is his "Epilogue: for those who have read or wish to read to [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]", described as a "second table of contents" to his book, with a set of titles that "more precisely describes the Aristotelian doctrines being expounded in the five parts of [Adler's] book". Under the title of each of its twenty three chapters, there is are ''"brief statements, in Aristotelian language, of the doctrines being expounded in that chapter"'', ''which will printed in italics,'' with original research in plain font. The "list of references to appropriate portion's of Aristotle's works" were compiled by professor Adler.{{sfn|Adler|1978|loc=Epilogue, pp.192-193}} We accept his invitation to "check [his] exposition" using this reading companion "against the texts on which [he] has relied for the main tenets of Aristotle's thought"{{sfn|Adler|1978|loc=Epilogue, pp.192-193}}, and encourage other students to acquire and read Adler's book, and contribute to this project. For use as an undergraduate course on "Introduction to Philosophy" or "Introduction to Aristotle". == Part I: Man the Philosophical Animal == === 1. Aristotle's Fourfold Classification of Sensible, Material Substances: Inorganic Bodies, Plants, Animals, Men. [Philosophical Games] === ''The criteria by which Aristotle distinguished between living and non-living things; within the domain of living things, between plants and animals, and within the domain animal life, between brute animals and [[w:Rational_animal|rational animal]]<nowiki/>s, id est, human beings'' / [[w:Homo_sapiens|homo sapiens]]. Division by [[w:Dichotomies|dichotomies]] that are [[w:Jointly_exhaustive|jointly exhaustive]] and [[w:Mutually_exclusive|mutually exclusive]]. * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] [[s:Metaphysics (Ross, 1908)/Book 1|I.1]] * [[w:On the Soul|On the Soul]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 1|I.1]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 5|I.5]]; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 2/Chapter 1|II.1-3]],5,9; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 3/Chapter 1|III.3]],12 * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_X|X.1]] * [[w:Generation of Animals|Generation of Animals]] I.1-9 IV.4-6 * [[w:Parts of Animals|Parts of Animals]] I.4-5 ''Aristotle was aware of difficulties in applying this scheme of classification. The difficulties arise because of the existence of borderline cases that straddle the lines that divide the living from the nonliving, and plants from animals.'' * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_VIII|VIII.1]] ''The difference between [[w:Essence|essential]] and [[w:Accident_(philosophy)|accidental]] differences.'' * [[w:Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]] V * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] V.4,11; IX.8 === 2. The Range of Beings: The Ten Categories [The Great Divide] === ''The being of objects that do not exist in the way that sensible, material substances exist (e.g. mathematical objects, fictions, minds, ideas, [[immaterial substance]]<nowiki/>s, such as the disembodies intelligences that are the celestial motors, and God).'' [[w:Ousia|Ousia]] * Metaphysics III.5-6, XII.8, XIII.1-5 * On the Heavens, II.1, II.12 * On the Soul, III.4-6 ''The distinction between substance and accident, id est, between bodies and their attributes.'' * Categories 5-7 * Physics I.2 * Metaphysics VII.4-6 ''The foregoing distinction is related to the point that material substances are the subjects of change, and their accidents are the respects in which they change.'' * Physics I.6-7, II.3 ''Essence or specific nature in relation to substantial form.'' * Metaphysics, V.4, V.11, VII.16-, VIII1-6, IX.8 * On the Soul II.4 ''The hierarchy of specific natures or essences'' * Metaphysics VIII.3 * On the Soul, II.3 ''Aristotle's inventory of the various categories under which the accidental attributes of substance fall.'' * Categories 4 ''Among the accidents of substance, some are permanent or unchanging; these are the properties that are inseparable from the essential nature of each kind of material substance.'' * Topics V.1-3 ''Aristotle's policy with regard to the ambiguity of words.'' * On interpretation, 1 * Topics II.4 === 3. Productive, Practical, and Theoretic Reason or Mind [Man's Three Dimensions] === ''Aristotle's threefold division of intellectual activity or thought, into thought for the sake of making things, thought for the sake of moral and political action, and thought for the sake of acquiring knowledge as an end in itself.'' Aristotle's classification of three activities of a human being: making, doing, and knowing, corresponding to the three types of reason: productive, practical, and theoretical. Adler titles these sections "Man the Maker," "Man the Doer," and "Man the Knower," respectively. * Ethics VI.2-4 * On the Soul, III.7 == Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker] == {{expand section|date=April 2021}} In response to the errors and partial truths of: * [[w:Parmenides|Parmenides]] and his disciple [[w:Zeno of Elea|Zeno of Elea]] * [[w:Heraclitus|Heraclitus]] and his disciple [[w:Cratylus|Cratylus]] Aristotle developed his theory of change. It involves distinction between [[w:inertia|inertia]] (or rest) and movement. In local motion, there is a distinction between natural movement and violent or [[w:projectile motion|projectile motion]]. There is also change in quality, such as when a green tomato ripens and becomes red. This type of change can be either natural or artificial, for example a green chair can be painted red. There can be a change in quantity. There can also be [[w:generation and corruption|generation and corruption]] - coming to be and passing away. Aristotle takes note of what we now call [[w:conservation of matter|conservation of matter]]. === 4. Nature as artist and the human artist as imitator of nature === ''The difference between what happens by nature and what happens by art.'' * Physics I.7-8; II.1-3, II.8-9 * Poetics 1-4 ''The difference between what happens by art and what happens by chance.'' * Physics II.4-6 * Politics I.11 ''The difference between the changes brought about by nature and the changes brought about by art'' * Metaphysics VII.7-9 ''The difference between man's production of corporeal things and the generation or procreation of living things in nature.'' * Generation of Animals * Metaphysics VII.7 === 5. Three main modes of accidental change: change of place, change of quality, change of quantity === === 6. Aristotle's doctrine of the [[w:four causes|four causes]]: efficient, material, formal, and final. === Physics, [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82/2#%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_3 II.3-9] Metaphysics [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_1|I]].3-10, [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_5|V]].3, VI.2-3, VII.17, VIII.2-4, IX.8, XII.4-5 === 7. Further developments in the theory of [[w:Potentiality and actuality|Potentiality and Actuality]], and Matter and Form, especially with respect to [[w:substantial change|substantial change]], or Generation and Corruption. [To Be or Not to Be] === === 8. Aristotle's analysis of the intellectual factors in artistic production and his classification of the arts [Productive ideas and know-how] === [[w:Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian physics]] [[w:Theory of impetus|Theory of impetus]] == Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer] == === 9. The End as the First Principle in Practical thinking and the Use of Means as the Beginning of Action: The End as First in the Order of Intention and Last in the Order of Execution === ''The good as the desirable and the desirable as the good'' * Nicomachean Ethics I.1-2 ''The distinction between ends and means as good desirable for their own sake and goods desirable for the sake of something else.'' * Ethics I.5, I.7, 1.9 ''The ultimate end in practical thinking compared with axioms or self-evident truths in theoretical thinking.'' * Posterior Analytics I.2 === 10. Happiness Conceived as That Which Leaves Nothing to Be Desired and, as so Conceived, the Final or Ultimate End to Be Sought === ''The distinction between living and living well.'' * Politics I.1-2, I.9 ''The conception of happiness as a whole good life, together with various views held by individuals concerning what a good life consists in'' * Ethics I.4-5, I.7-10; X:2, X:6-8 === 11. Distinction Between Real and Apparent Goods, or Between Goods that Ought to Be Desired and Goods That are in Fact Desired, Together with Distinction between Natural and Acquired Desires === === 12. Real Goods === === 13. Moral Virtue and Good Fortune === === 14 Obligations of the Individual === === 15. Role of the State in Abetting or Facilitating the Individual's Pursuit of Happiness === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] == === 16. The Senses and the Intellect: Perception, Memory, Imagination, and Conceptual Thought === ''Language in relation to thought.'' * Categories I * On Interpretation, 1-2 ''Account of the external senses and of their distinction from the interior senses: the [[w:Common_sense#Aristotelian|common sense]], memory, and imagination.'' * On the Soul II.5-12, III.1-3 * Sense and the Sensible * History of Animals IV.8 ''Distinction between mere sensations and perceptual experience'' * Metaphysics I.1 ''Doctrine that sensations and ideas, taken by themselves or in isolation, are neither true nor false'' * Categories 4 * On Interpretation 1 * On the Soul II.6, III.3, III.6 * Metaphysics IV.5, V.29 === 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning === ''The [[w:Law_of_contradiction|law of contradiction]] as an ontological principle and as a rule of thought.'' It is [[w:Self-evident|self-evident]]: immediately obvious to [[w:Common_sense#Aristotelian|common sense]] and undeniable. * On Interpretation 6 * Prior Analytics II.17 * Posterior Analytics I.11 * Metaphysics IV.3-8; IX.5-6 ''The [[w:Square_of_opposition|square of opposition]]: contradictories, contraries, and subcontraries''. Subalterns. * On Interpretation 6, 10 * Categories 10 * Prior Analytics I.2 ''[[Immediate inference]] based on the square of opposition.'' [[Eduction]] by allows [[w:Contrapositive|contrapositive]], but [[w:Illicit_conversion|conversion is illicit]]. * On Interpretation 7-10 * Prior Analytics I.2-3; II.8-10, II.22 ''Rules of the [[w:Syllogism|syllogism]].'' Has a major premise and minor premise that share a middle term, therefore called "mediated inference". *Prior Analytics I *Posterior Analytics I.12 ''Distinction between [[w:Logical_validity|logical validity]] and factual truth.'' Since/therefore asserts the truth of the premise and the inference, whereas if/then is a hypothetical that only asserts the correctness of the inference. *Prior Analytics II.2-4 *Posterior Analytics I.12 The [[w:Enthymeme|enthymeme]] in rhetorical argument: a rhetorical syllogism that omits a premise or even the conclusion, to be filled in by the listener as obvious. *Prior Analytics II.27 *Rhetoric II.20-22 A single [[w:Counter-example|counter-example]] falsifies generalization. [[w:Logical_disjunction|Strong disjunction]] (exclusive), weak disjunction. === 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth === ''The [[w:Truth#Ancient_Greek_philosophy|definition of truth]]'' * Metaphysics IV.7 * Categories 5 ''The truth of [[w:Axioms|axioms]] or [[w:First_principle|first principle]]<nowiki/>s: self-evident truths.'' * Posterior Analytics I.3, I.5, I.10, I,12 ''Sentences that are neither true nor false'' * On Interpretation 2 ''Aristotle's theory of the difference between the truth of factual and of normative statements: "is-statements" and "ought-statements".'' Anticipating Hume's objection in the fictious "[[w:Is–ought_problem|Is–ought_problem]]" * Ethics IV.2 ''The certitude or probability with which propositions are affirmed or denied.'' * On Interpretation 9 * Prior Analytics I.13; II.25 * Posterior Analytics I.2; I.6; I.8; I.30; I.33 * Metaphysics IV.4-6; VI.1; IX.6-7 === 19. Theory of Knowledge and Distinction between Knowledge and Right Opinion === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part V: Difficult Philosophical Questions == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Fair use of a Derivative and Copyrighted Work derived from Primary Sources in the Public Domain == Adler's epilogue is a derivative work of Aristotle's, which are in the public domain. His "Epilogue/second table of contents" is a "selection and arrangement" (and as such may be copyrighted). Reproducing it is necessary to the project to analyzing and evaluating the book, reproducing the TOC is likely to improve rather than hurt sales of the copyrighted book. Furthermore, the original being a derivative of public domain works, it is consistent with the spirit and intent of the author to create further derivative works, and furthermore he has specifically invited his readers and students to "check his exposition" against the originals. For all these reasons and more, I content that this companion course is "fair use" of Adler's "second table of contents" to his book. * [[User:Jaredscribe/WV:TOC is fair use|User:Jaredscribe/WV:Toc is fair use]] And if non-free, and if not allowed under fair use: [[w:Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text|Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text]] [[w:Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter|Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter]] To host this companion course on Wikiversity would honor this work in particular, would not harm but likely improve sales of his book, and would honor his lifework in general, by its harmony with the manifestos for democratic "public education" in the liberal arts, published by professor Adler and his colleagues in "The [[w:Paideia_Proposal|Paideia Proposal]]" and elsewhere. That there be no doubt, the editors request that Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Book make a [[w:Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries|Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries]]. This course is being migrated from the wikipedia article [[w:Aristotle_for_Everybody|Aristotle for Everybody]], as it is more appropriate to this project than that. ==Notes== {{reflist}} == Further Reading and Commentary suggested by Wikiversity Professors == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} * {{cite book|title=The Basic Works of Aristotle|author=Aristotle|date=1941|publisher=Random House|editor=Richard McKeon|editor-link=w:Richard McKeon|location=New York|author-link=Aristotle}} * {{Cite book|title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction|last=Barnes|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-285408-7|author-link=w:Jonathan Barnes}} {{refend}} === Classic and Scholastic Expositors === *[[s:Isagoge (Owen)|Isagoge]] (Introduction) to Aristotle's [[s:Organon_(Owen)/Categories|Categories]] by [[w:Porphyry]] ''not recommended'' but of significant influence in late antiquity through middle ages. *[[s:The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed_(1904)|Guide to the Perplexed]], by [[w:Maimonides|Maimonides]] ''recommended'': its latin translation initiated the [[w:Scholastic|Scholastic]] movement that created the medieval universities. c75nvyzwsrpbmrk84snqmlctgslkke7 2691323 2691322 2024-12-10T23:23:12Z Jaredscribe 2906761 2691323 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox book | | name = Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy | image = File:Aristotle for Everybody, first edition.jpg | caption = Cover of the first edition | author = [[Mortimer J. Adler]] | country = United States | language = English | subject = [[Aristotle]] | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | pub_date = 1978 | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]]) | pages = 206 (paperback edition) | isbn = 978-0684838236 }}--> An Introduction to Common Sense and [[w:Aristotelianism|Aristotelian philosophy]] on wikisource, arranged according to Aristotle's list of intellectual virtues in Book VI of the [[w:Nicomachean_Ethics|Nicomachean Ethics]]. * Productive reason: [[#Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. Man the Maker]] * Practical reason: [[#Part III: Ethics and Politics. Man the Doer]] * Theoretical reason: [[#Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge. Man the Knower]] Selected chapters compiled by {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} This is is his "Epilogue: for those who have read or wish to read to [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]", described as a "second table of contents" to his book, with a set of titles that "more precisely describes the Aristotelian doctrines being expounded in the five parts of [Adler's] book". Under the title of each of its twenty three chapters, there is are ''"brief statements, in Aristotelian language, of the doctrines being expounded in that chapter"'', ''which will printed in italics,'' with original research in plain font. The "list of references to appropriate portion's of Aristotle's works" were compiled by professor Adler.{{sfn|Adler|1978|loc=Epilogue, pp.192-193}} We accept his invitation to "check [his] exposition" using this reading companion "against the texts on which [he] has relied for the main tenets of Aristotle's thought"{{sfn|Adler|1978|loc=Epilogue, pp.192-193}}, and encourage other students to acquire and read Adler's book, and contribute to this project. For use as an undergraduate course on "Introduction to Philosophy" or "Introduction to Aristotle". == Part I: Man the Philosophical Animal == === 1. Aristotle's Fourfold Classification of Sensible, Material Substances: Inorganic Bodies, Plants, Animals, Men. [Philosophical Games] === ''The criteria by which Aristotle distinguished between living and non-living things; within the domain of living things, between plants and animals, and within the domain animal life, between brute animals and [[w:Rational_animal|rational animal]]<nowiki/>s, id est, human beings'' / [[w:Homo_sapiens|homo sapiens]]. Division by [[w:Dichotomies|dichotomies]] that are [[w:Jointly_exhaustive|jointly exhaustive]] and [[w:Mutually_exclusive|mutually exclusive]]. * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] [[s:Metaphysics (Ross, 1908)/Book 1|I.1]] * [[w:On the Soul|On the Soul]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 1|I.1]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 5|I.5]]; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 2/Chapter 1|II.1-3]],5,9; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 3/Chapter 1|III.3]],12 * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_X|X.1]] * [[w:Generation of Animals|Generation of Animals]] I.1-9 IV.4-6 * [[w:Parts of Animals|Parts of Animals]] I.4-5 ''Aristotle was aware of difficulties in applying this scheme of classification. The difficulties arise because of the existence of borderline cases that straddle the lines that divide the living from the nonliving, and plants from animals.'' * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_VIII|VIII.1]] ''The difference between [[w:Essence|essential]] and [[w:Accident_(philosophy)|accidental]] differences.'' * [[w:Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]] V * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] V.4,11; IX.8 === 2. The Range of Beings: The Ten Categories [The Great Divide] === ''The being of objects that do not exist in the way that sensible, material substances exist (e.g. mathematical objects, fictions, minds, ideas, [[immaterial substance]]<nowiki/>s, such as the disembodies intelligences that are the celestial motors, and God).'' [[w:Ousia|Ousia]] * Metaphysics III.5-6, XII.8, XIII.1-5 * On the Heavens, II.1, II.12 * On the Soul, III.4-6 ''The distinction between substance and accident, id est, between bodies and their attributes.'' * Categories 5-7 * Physics I.2 * Metaphysics VII.4-6 ''The foregoing distinction is related to the point that material substances are the subjects of change, and their accidents are the respects in which they change.'' * Physics I.6-7, II.3 ''Essence or specific nature in relation to substantial form.'' * Metaphysics, V.4, V.11, VII.16-, VIII1-6, IX.8 * On the Soul II.4 ''The hierarchy of specific natures or essences'' * Metaphysics VIII.3 * On the Soul, II.3 ''Aristotle's inventory of the various categories under which the accidental attributes of substance fall.'' * Categories 4 ''Among the accidents of substance, some are permanent or unchanging; these are the properties that are inseparable from the essential nature of each kind of material substance.'' * Topics V.1-3 ''Aristotle's policy with regard to the ambiguity of words.'' * On interpretation, 1 * Topics II.4 === 3. Productive, Practical, and Theoretic Reason or Mind [Man's Three Dimensions] === ''Aristotle's threefold division of intellectual activity or thought, into thought for the sake of making things, thought for the sake of moral and political action, and thought for the sake of acquiring knowledge as an end in itself.'' Aristotle's classification of three activities of a human being: making, doing, and knowing, corresponding to the three types of reason: productive, practical, and theoretical. Adler titles these sections "Man the Maker," "Man the Doer," and "Man the Knower," respectively. * Ethics VI.2-4 * On the Soul, III.7 == Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker] == {{expand section|date=April 2021}} In response to the errors and partial truths of: * [[w:Parmenides|Parmenides]] and his disciple [[w:Zeno of Elea|Zeno of Elea]] * [[w:Heraclitus|Heraclitus]] and his disciple [[w:Cratylus|Cratylus]] Aristotle developed his theory of change. It involves distinction between [[w:inertia|inertia]] (or rest) and movement. In local motion, there is a distinction between natural movement and violent or [[w:projectile motion|projectile motion]]. There is also change in quality, such as when a green tomato ripens and becomes red. This type of change can be either natural or artificial, for example a green chair can be painted red. There can be a change in quantity. There can also be [[w:generation and corruption|generation and corruption]] - coming to be and passing away. Aristotle takes note of what we now call [[w:conservation of matter|conservation of matter]]. === 4. Nature as artist and the human artist as imitator of nature === ''The difference between what happens by nature and what happens by art.'' * Physics I.7-8; II.1-3, II.8-9 * Poetics 1-4 ''The difference between what happens by art and what happens by chance.'' * Physics II.4-6 * Politics I.11 ''The difference between the changes brought about by nature and the changes brought about by art'' * Metaphysics VII.7-9 ''The difference between man's production of corporeal things and the generation or procreation of living things in nature.'' * Generation of Animals * Metaphysics VII.7 === 5. Three main modes of accidental change: change of place, change of quality, change of quantity === === 6. Aristotle's doctrine of the [[w:four causes|four causes]]: efficient, material, formal, and final. === Physics, [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82/2#%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_3 II.3-9] Metaphysics [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_1|I]].3-10, [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_5|V]].3, VI.2-3, VII.17, VIII.2-4, IX.8, XII.4-5 === 7. Further developments in the theory of [[w:Potentiality and actuality|Potentiality and Actuality]], and Matter and Form, especially with respect to [[w:substantial change|substantial change]], or Generation and Corruption. [To Be or Not to Be] === === 8. Aristotle's analysis of the intellectual factors in artistic production and his classification of the arts [Productive ideas and know-how] === [[w:Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian physics]] [[w:Theory of impetus|Theory of impetus]] == Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer] == === 9. The End as the First Principle in Practical thinking and the Use of Means as the Beginning of Action: The End as First in the Order of Intention and Last in the Order of Execution === ''The good as the desirable and the desirable as the good'' * Nicomachean Ethics I.1-2 ''The distinction between ends and means as good desirable for their own sake and goods desirable for the sake of something else.'' * Ethics I.5, I.7, 1.9 ''The ultimate end in practical thinking compared with axioms or self-evident truths in theoretical thinking.'' * Posterior Analytics I.2 === 10. Happiness Conceived as That Which Leaves Nothing to Be Desired and, as so Conceived, the Final or Ultimate End to Be Sought === ''The distinction between living and living well.'' * Politics I.1-2, I.9 ''The conception of happiness as a whole good life, together with various views held by individuals concerning what a good life consists in'' * Ethics I.4-5, I.7-10; X:2, X:6-8 === 11. Distinction Between Real and Apparent Goods, or Between Goods that Ought to Be Desired and Goods That are in Fact Desired, Together with Distinction between Natural and Acquired Desires === === 12. Real Goods === === 13. Moral Virtue and Good Fortune === === 14 Obligations of the Individual === === 15. Role of the State in Abetting or Facilitating the Individual's Pursuit of Happiness === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] == === 16. The Senses and the Intellect: Perception, Memory, Imagination, and Conceptual Thought === ''Language in relation to thought.'' * Categories I * On Interpretation, 1-2 ''Account of the external senses and of their distinction from the interior senses: the [[w:Common_sense#Aristotelian|common sense]], memory, and imagination.'' * On the Soul II.5-12, III.1-3 * Sense and the Sensible * History of Animals IV.8 ''Distinction between mere sensations and perceptual experience'' * Metaphysics I.1 ''Doctrine that sensations and ideas, taken by themselves or in isolation, are neither true nor false'' * Categories 4 * On Interpretation 1 * On the Soul II.6, III.3, III.6 * Metaphysics IV.5, V.29 === 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning === ''The [[w:Law_of_contradiction|law of contradiction]] as an ontological principle and as a rule of thought.'' It is [[w:Self-evident|self-evident]]: immediately obvious to [[w:Common_sense#Aristotelian|common sense]] and undeniable. * On Interpretation 6 * Prior Analytics II.17 * Posterior Analytics I.11 * Metaphysics IV.3-8; IX.5-6 ''The [[w:Square_of_opposition|square of opposition]]: contradictories, contraries, and subcontraries''. Subalterns. * On Interpretation 6, 10 * Categories 10 * Prior Analytics I.2 ''[[Immediate inference]] based on the square of opposition.'' [[Eduction]] by allows [[w:Contrapositive|contrapositive]], but [[w:Illicit_conversion|conversion is illicit]]. * On Interpretation 7-10 * Prior Analytics I.2-3; II.8-10, II.22 ''Rules of the [[w:Syllogism|syllogism]].'' Has a major premise and minor premise that share a middle term, therefore called "mediated inference". *Prior Analytics I *Posterior Analytics I.12 ''Distinction between [[w:Logical_validity|logical validity]] and factual truth.'' Since/therefore asserts the truth of the premise and the inference, whereas if/then is a hypothetical that only asserts the correctness of the inference. *Prior Analytics II.2-4 *Posterior Analytics I.12 The [[w:Enthymeme|enthymeme]] in rhetorical argument: a rhetorical syllogism that omits a premise or even the conclusion, to be filled in by the listener as obvious. *Prior Analytics II.27 *Rhetoric II.20-22 A single [[w:Counter-example|counter-example]] falsifies generalization. [[w:Logical_disjunction|Strong disjunction]] (exclusive), weak disjunction. === 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth === ''The [[w:Truth#Ancient_Greek_philosophy|definition of truth]]'' * Metaphysics IV.7 * Categories 5 ''The truth of [[w:Axioms|axioms]] or [[w:First_principle|first principle]]<nowiki/>s: self-evident truths.'' * Posterior Analytics I.3, I.5, I.10, I,12 ''Sentences that are neither true nor false'' * On Interpretation 2 ''Aristotle's theory of the difference between the truth of factual and of normative statements: "is-statements" and "ought-statements".'' Anticipating Hume's objection in the fictious "[[w:Is–ought_problem|Is–ought_problem]]" * Ethics IV.2 ''The certitude or probability with which propositions are affirmed or denied.'' * On Interpretation 9 * Prior Analytics I.13; II.25 * Posterior Analytics I.2; I.6; I.8; I.30; I.33 * Metaphysics IV.4-6; VI.1; IX.6-7 === 19. Theory of Knowledge and Distinction between Knowledge and Right Opinion === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part V: Difficult Philosophical Questions == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Fair use of a Derivative and Copyrighted Work derived from Primary Sources in the Public Domain == Adler's epilogue is a derivative work of Aristotle's, which are in the public domain. His "Epilogue/second table of contents" is a "selection and arrangement" (and as such may be copyrighted). Reproducing it is necessary to the project to analyzing and evaluating the book, reproducing the TOC is likely to improve rather than hurt sales of the copyrighted book. Furthermore, the original being a derivative of public domain works, it is consistent with the spirit and intent of the author to create further derivative works, and furthermore he has specifically invited his readers and students to "check his exposition" against the originals. For all these reasons and more, I content that this companion course is "fair use" of Adler's "second table of contents" to his book. * [[User:Jaredscribe/WV:TOC is fair use|User:Jaredscribe/WV:Toc is fair use]] And if non-free, and if not allowed under fair use: [[w:Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text|Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text]] [[w:Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter|Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter]] To host this companion course on Wikiversity would honor this work in particular, would not harm but likely improve sales of his book, and would honor his lifework in general, by its harmony with the manifestos for democratic "public education" in the liberal arts, published by professor Adler and his colleagues in "The [[w:Paideia_Proposal|Paideia Proposal]]" and elsewhere. That there be no doubt, the editors request that Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Book make a [[w:Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries|Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries]]. This course is being migrated from the wikipedia article [[w:Aristotle_for_Everybody|Aristotle for Everybody]], as it is more appropriate to this project than that. ==Notes== {{reflist}} == Further Reading and Commentary suggested by Wikiversity Professors == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} * {{cite book|title=The Basic Works of Aristotle|author=Aristotle|date=1941|publisher=Random House|editor=Richard McKeon|editor-link=w:Richard McKeon|location=New York|author-link=Aristotle}} * {{Cite book|title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction|last=Barnes|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-285408-7|author-link=w:Jonathan Barnes}} {{refend}} === Classic and Scholastic Expositors === *[[s:Isagoge (Owen)|Isagoge]] (Introduction) to Aristotle's [[s:Organon_(Owen)/Categories|Categories]] by [[w:Porphyry]] ''not recommended'' but of significant influence in late antiquity through middle ages. *[[s:The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed_(1904)|Guide to the Perplexed]], by [[w:Maimonides|Maimonides]] ''recommended'': its latin translation initiated the [[w:Scholastic|Scholastic]] movement that created the medieval universities. f2hv2569l5sy5g9tpgktq5epuac4zl7 0 299370 2691366 2690676 2024-12-11T10:58:08Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* External links */ 2691366 wikitext text/x-wiki All readers are welcome to contribute to this resource. Try to follow the notation of [[Wikipedia:Surreal number]], but don't forget that on on Wikiversity, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qo6lPifGnGA '''anything goes!'''] To create an essay or article start with a title that not already on the list below. It is very easy to change a title.. If you need help, leave a message at [[User talk:Guy vandegrift]]. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}}<inputbox> type=create width=110 buttonlabel=Create subpage break=no prefix={{FULLPAGENAME}}/ placeholder=Title of subpage </inputbox>{{RoundBoxBottom}} {{Special:Prefixindex/{{FULLPAGENAME}}/|hideredirects=0|stripprefix=1}} [[Category:Open essay collections]] ==Subpage abstracts== Each "abstract" begins with a and a link to a subpage. The abstract is just a [[w:transclusion|transclusion]] of the first few lines. ===Abstracts for beginners=== {{/The dyadics}}<br> {{/Root 2}}<br> {{/Counting}}<br>[[file:Pinocchio paradox Large Print.svg|thumb|right|140px|]] ■ '''[[Russell's paradox]]''' resembles [[w:Pinocchio paradox|Pinocchio paradox]] in that it involves self-referencing. {{:Russell's paradox}} ===Advanced abstracts=== {{/Why isn't half-omega the (left) child of omega?}} ----- {{/Simplicity}} [[Category:Open essay collections]] ---- ==Essential reading for advanced students== So far, the subpages to this resource are target the absolute beginner. I hope that changes, but for now people already familiar with the basics might want to look at the following websites: ===Meet the surreal numbers (Jim Simons)=== [https://www.m-a.org.uk/resources/downloads/4H-Jim-Simons-Meet-the-surreal-numbers.pdf '''Meet the surreal numbers'''] (by Jim Simons) is 39 pages long. The internet is full of introductions to surreal numbers. Many contain the same essential insight can be found on Wikipedia's '''[[w:Surreal number|Surreal number]]'''. But Jim Simon's article contains useful insights that most authors neglect to adequately cover. His discussion of [[w:Ordinal number|ordinal numbers]] begins with this introduction: :''Just as we don’t need much set theory, we don’t need to know much about ordinals, but it is helpful to know a little. Ordinals extend the idea of counting into the infinite in the simplest way imaginable: just keep on counting. So we start with the natural numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . ., but we don’t stop there, we keep on with a new number called ω, then ω + 1, ω + 2, ω + 3 and so on. After all those we come to ω + ω = ω·2. Carrying on we come to ω·3, ω·4 etc and so on to ω² . Carrying on past things like ω ²·7 + ω·42 + 1, we’ll come to ω³ , ω⁴ and so on to ω^ω , and this is just the beginning. To see a bit more clearly where this is heading, we’ll look at von Neumann’s construction of the ordinals.'' ====Simplicity theorem==== :'''''The Simplicity Theorem. (If) x is a number, and z is a number with the earliest possible birthday that lies strictly between the left and right options of x, then x = z''''' I find this easier to understand than the what appears in [[Wikipedia:Surreal number]]. ===A Short Guide to Hackenbush (Padraic Bartlett)=== [https://www.math.uchicago.edu/~may/VIGRE/VIGRE2006/PAPERS/Bartlett.pdf '''A Short Guide to Hackenbush'''] is 25 pages long. It will give insight as to what inspired the invention of surreal numbers. It turns out that the surreal numbers are inspired by an effort to attach a value to a game, not unlike [[w:Go (game)|go]] or [[w:Chess|chess]], but some peculiarities that make it easy to attach a rational number that predicts how the game will end if both sides play flawlessly. Non-negative values correspond to games where the person who moves first will lose, and the magnitude (absolute value) tells us something about the margin or victory. A value of zero corresponds to a position where the loser is the person whose turn it is to move (ties are impossible in red-blue [[w:Hackenbush|hackenbush]].) For those who love math as a beautiful tool for solving real-life problems, this application to game theory is the most likely way to make surreal numbers seem "useful". [[File:Surreal number tree.svg|thumb|500px|Tree diagram shown at [[Wikipedia:Surreal number]]]] ===Beyond ω (with Andi Fugard)=== '''[https://andifugard.info/surreal-numbers/ numbers – Andi Fugard]''' presents a slightly different picture of &omega;/2. The image to the right is from the Wikipedia article, and I am confused by the tree diagram starting at &omega;. Compare the image to the right with [https://andifugard.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/surreal_birthdays.png this image]. All the dyadic (real) numbers are placed on a tree formation where each parent has two children. They display two types of infinite series: #The positive and negative integers are exterior elements and grow as <br>{{spaces|3}}{1, 2, 3,...}. #Interior dyadics cut as fractions that get smaller, for example as <br>{{spaces|3}}{ &frac12;, &frac14;, &frac18;, ...}. Look at the tree that begins at ω: Both sides match the tree that begins with 0, i.e., by adding or subtracting 1 from each previous element. To the left we get smaller with {ω, ω-1, ω-2,..., ω/2}. See also [https://andifugard.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/surreal_birthdays.png this image] and [https://andifugard.info/surreal-numbers/ this article]. I am quite confused by the fact that the left side of this tree doesn't continue with {ω, ω-1, ω-2,..., 0}.<ref>Here, 0 might not be a member of the set, but merely a point to which the series converges.</ref> It is true that the square root of ω is smaller than every element in the series {ω, ω-1, ω-2,..., 0}. But how do we know that 2ω has the same birthday as ω/2? '''Answer:''' Quoting page 30 of [https://www.m-a.org.uk/resources/downloads/4H-Jim-Simons-Meet-the-surreal-numbers.pdf '''Meet the surreal numbers''']: x = {ℕ | ω − ℕ} can hardly be ω − ω because that is equal to 0.<ref>Here, ℕ refers to <math>\mathbb{N}</math>, or the [[wikipedia:natural numbers|natural numbers]].</ref> So what it it? x = {ℕ | ω − ℕ}, and x + x = {x + ℕ | x + ω − ℕ}. Now x < ω − n for any n ∈ ℕ, so x + n < ω, ie so all the left option of x + x are less than ω, but are infinite. Similarly, x > n, so x + ω − n > ω, ie all the right options of x + x are bigger than ω. Therefore x + x = ω, and x = ω/2. === Surreal Numbers – An Introduction (Claus Tøndering) === [https://www.tondering.dk/download/sur.pdf '''Surreal Numbers – An Introduction'''] is 51 pages of careful rigor. It employs the notation of logic and set theory. Each surreal number can be expressed in a variety of "forms" (each consisting of a pair of sets.) On page 25 Tøndering proves that if x is the oldest surreal number between a and b, then {a | b} = x. ===Math576 Combinatorial Game Theory=== [https://people.math.sc.edu/lu/teaching/2020fall_576/note1.pdf Lecture note for Math576 Combinatorial Game Theory.pdf ] is an 84 page document that thoroughly connects surreal numbers to hackenbush. ===Surreal Numbers and Transseries=== [https://www.fields.utoronto.ca/talk-media/1/50/58/slides.pdf www.fields.utoronto.ca/talk-media/1/50/58/slides] concisely presents 12 pages of insight into how both real numbers, as well as von Neumann's ordinal numbers, embedded in the surreals. ===Video=== [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYj4NkeGPdM HACKENBUSH: a window to a new world of math] is an hour-long video that begins with a solid introduction to hackenbush, but also goes far beyond. === Other useful (but informal) discussions === * Mathematical Musings https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaK81xaIb-U * https://www.quora.com/What%E2%80%99s-the-difference-between-surreal-and-hyperreal-numbers-in-layman%E2%80%99s-terms ===Wikiversity/Wikipedia/Wikibooks=== [[File:Conway names, the simplicity hierarchy and the surreal number tree.pdf|thumb|Conway names, the simplicity hierarchy and the surreal number tree (PHILIP EHRLICH)]] {{colbegin}} *[[w:Surreal numbers]] *[[w:Ordinal arithmetic]] *[[w:Infinity#Real_analysis]] *[[w:Transfinite number#Examples]] *[[w:Hyperreal number]] *[[w:Von Neumann universe]] *[[Surreal_number/Simple_hackenbush#References]] *[[Introduction to Category Theory/Products and Coproducts of Sets]] *[[Introduction to Category Theory/Sets and Functions]] *[[Set theory]] *[[b:Surreal_Numbers_and_Games]] {{colend}} ===External links=== *[https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/123644/1/1608.03413v2.pdf SURREAL NUMBERS WITH DERIVATION, HARDY FIELDS AND TRANSSERIES: A SURVEY, (MANTOVA & MATUSINSKI)] This '''might''' show a simple way to represent surreal numbers as a series expansion. * [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1210.5675 <small>arxiv.org/pdf/1210.5675</small> CONVERGENCE ON SURREALS <small>(ISTVAN MEZO)</small>]: Points out that the limits used with real numbers do not apply to surreal numbers. For example, despite that <math>\tfrac 1 2 \omega</math> is obtained by subtracting <math>1</math> form <math>\omega</math> and infinite number of times, it is '''not true''' that <math display="inline">\sum_{n\to\infty} 1=\tfrac 1 2 \omega.</math> See also [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.09289 <small>arxiv.org/pdf/1603.09289</small> SURREAL LIMITS <small>(PAOLO LIPPARINI AND ISTVAN MEZO)</small>] Also helpful is https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1237974/decoding-the-sign-expansion-of-surreal-numbers&nbsp;. *'''[https://hiaatcnd.github.io/2019/11/09/Hackenbush/ Chitanda'a Blog]''' is a must read! I don't know why Google never found it. I found it using Explorer (images). Shows an amazing connection between hackenbush and the tree of surreal numbers. *I haven't digested '''[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/816540/proof-of-conways-simplicity-rule-for-surreal-numbers math.stackexchange question 816540]''' on the proof of the simplicity rule. But it seems sufficiently well written to be worth reading ([[W:Surreal numbers|Wikipedia]] states the rule without proof, or even a claim that it can be proven.) *[https://www.whitman.edu/documents/Academics/Mathematics/Grimm.pdf whitman.edu (Grimm.pdf)] 30 pages. Excellent resource with proofs and connection to hackenbush. A curious feature of this resource is that he claims that all red-blue hackenbush games are numbers. His argument that any non-zero hackenbush position can be used to create a zero position by subtracting a number that has been created by a collection of simple trees. Since every number can be represented by a simple hackenbush game, then every position can be "zeroed" by a simple game. Unfortunately, Grimm doesn't explain how omega can be represented by a hackenbush position. *[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1iVqRJJ4D0prkPboquCmGEVzOC0cdS5j-/view Steven Charlton - An Very Brief Introduction to Surreal Numbers] [https://guests.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/spc/talks/7_gandalf_surrealnumbers_notes.pdf (alternate link)] 6 pages. *[https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.10373 Surreal Birthdays and Their Arithmetic (Matthew Roughan)] 13 pages. Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG); 2*3 & 3/4 + 3/4/ (a bit complicated). *[https://medium.com/badiou-and-science/badiou-and-science-1-4-1-the-surreal-numbers-part-1-95dadcf4c554 badiou-and-science part-1] Nice graphs. 8 minute read. Seems identical to article at [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/surreal-numbers-are-a-real-thing-heres-how-to-make-them/ scietificamerican.com], except the former has links to more game theory articles by same author. *[https://web.mit.edu/sp.268/www/surreal.pdf what is a game? (mit)] 13 pages.* *[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/816540/proof-of-conways-simplicity-rule-for-surreal-numbers stackexchange definition of all dyadics] *[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/926581/in-the-surreal-numbers-is-it-fair-to-say-0-9-repeating-is-not-equal-to-1 stackexchange on .9999] *See also [[Draft:Surreal_number#Collection_of_online_resources_saved_on_disk]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150429210249/http://euclid.colorado.edu/~monkd/m8714.html course notes on set theory] =====proof of conways simplicity rule===== https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/816540/proof-of-conways-simplicity-rule-for-surreal-numbers <math>0=\{|\}</math> <math>n+1=\{n|\}</math> <math>-n-1=\{|-n\}</math> <math>\tfrac{2p+1}{2^{q+1}}=\left\{ \tfrac{p}{2q} | \tfrac{p+1}{2q} \right\}</math> ====Limits and analysis==== Infinity is easy to imagine, but difficult to incorporate into rigorous mathematics. The following "logic" certainly violates the rules of mathematics and is therefore nonsensical: :<math>\lim_{\epsilon\to 0} \frac 1 \epsilon =\infty\;</math> and <math>\;\lim_{\epsilon\to 0} \frac 2 \epsilon =\infty\;</math> implies <math>\;\frac\infty\infty =2.</math> This is why expressions like <math>\infty/\infty</math> and <math>0/0</math> of often called [[wikt:indeterminant|indeterminant]]. Most of the time, mistakes like this can be avoided by utilizing concepts taught in a course on [[w:Mathematical analysis|mathematical analysis]]. ==Images== {{wide image|Positive surreals to seventh birthday.svg|2000px}} [[File:Números hiperreales.png|400px|thumb|Infinitesimals (ε) and infinities (ω) on the hyperreal number line (1/ε = ω/1). This image appears in the Wikipedia articles [[w:Hyperreal number]], [[w:Infinitesimal]], and [[w:Infinity]].]] {{clear}} ===Using Latex {matrix}=== With Latex, it is easier to use dots instead of arrows to highlight how parents give rise to children. The following two trees (starting from 1 and 0, respectively) are written as latex matrices: <math display="block"> a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad </math> <math display="block">\begin{matrix} &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 1 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& \\ &&&&&&& \tfrac 1 2&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&2 &&&&&&& \\ &&& \tfrac 1 4 &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& \tfrac 3 4 &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& 3 &&& \\ &\tfrac 1 8 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 3 8 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 5 8 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 7 8 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 4 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 1\tfrac 3 4 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 2\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 4 & \\ \tfrac{1}{16} &\cdot& \tfrac{3}{16} &\cdot& \tfrac{5}{16} &\cdot& \tfrac{7}{16} &\cdot&\tfrac{9}{16} &\cdot& \tfrac{11}{16} &\cdot& \tfrac{13}{16} &\cdot& \tfrac{15}{16} &\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 8 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 3 8 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 5 8 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 7 8 &\cdot& 2\tfrac 1 4 &\cdot& 2\tfrac 3 4 &\cdot& 3\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot& 5 & \end{matrix}</math> ===Starting from zero=== <small><math>\begin{matrix} &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 0 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& \\ &&&&&&&{\color{Red}\overline{1}}&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& 1 &&&&&&&\\ &&&{\color{Red}\overline{2}}&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&{\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 1 2}}&\cdot&\cdot &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot & 2 &&&\\ &{\color{Red}\overline{3}} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{1\tfrac 1 2}} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 3 4}} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 1 4}} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 1 4 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 3 4 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 3 &\\ {\color{Red}\overline{4}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{2\tfrac 1 2}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{1\tfrac 3 4}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{1\tfrac 1 4}} &\cdot&{\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 7 8}} &\cdot&{\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 5 8}} &\cdot&{\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 3 8}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 1 8}} &\cdot& \tfrac 1 8 &\cdot& \tfrac 3 8 &\cdot& \tfrac 5 8 &\cdot& \tfrac 7 8 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 4 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 3 4 &\cdot& 2\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot& 4 \end{matrix}</math></small> ====With sets==== {{cot|under construction}} <math> {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \overline{L} | \overline{R} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-}a\tfrac b c\end{matrix}} </math> ----- <small><math display=block>\begin{matrix} &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 0 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& \\ &&&&&&& \begin{matrix} {\color{red}\{ \; | }0 {\color{red}\}} \\[-.5 ex] {\color{red}\text{-}1 } \end{matrix} &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& 1 &&&&&&&\\ &&& {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \; | \overline{1} \} \\[-.5 ex] \text{-}2\end{matrix}} &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& \begin{matrix} {\color{red}\{ \overline 1 | }0 {\color{red}\}} \\[-.5 ex] {\color{red}\text{-}\tfrac 1 2 } \end{matrix} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& \tfrac 1 2 &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot & 2 &&&\\&{\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{\;|\overline{2}\}\\[-.5 ex] \text{-}3 \end{matrix}}&\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& {\color{Red} \begin{matrix} \{ \overline 2 | \overline 1 \} \\[-.5 ex] \text{-1}\tfrac 1 2 \end{matrix}} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \overline{1} | \overline{\tfrac 1 2} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-}\tfrac 3 4 \end{matrix}} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \begin{matrix} {\color{red}\{ \overline{\tfrac 1 2} | }0 {\color{red}\}} \\[-.5 ex] {\color{red}\text{-}\tfrac 1 4 } \end{matrix} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 1 4 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 3 4 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 3 &\\ {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \; | \overline{3} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-4} \end{matrix}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \overline 3 | \overline{2} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-}2\tfrac 1 2\end{matrix}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{\overline{2} |\overline{1\tfrac 1 2} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-}1\tfrac 3 4\end{matrix}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \overline{1\frac 1 2} | \overline{1} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-}1\tfrac 1 4\end{matrix}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \overline 1 | \overline{\tfrac 3 4} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-}\tfrac 7 8\end{matrix}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 5 8}} &\cdot&{ \color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 3 8}} &\cdot& \begin{matrix} {\color{red}\{ \overline{\tfrac 1 4} | }0 {\color{red}\}} \\[-.5 ex] {\color{red}\text{-}\tfrac 1 8 } \end{matrix} &\cdot& \tfrac 1 8 &\cdot& \tfrac 3 8 &\cdot& \tfrac 5 8 &\cdot& \tfrac 7 8 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 4 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 3 4 &\cdot& 2 \tfrac 1 2 &\cdot& 4 \end{matrix}</math></small> {{cob}} ==Categories== [[Draft:Surreal number]] {{center|[[special:prefixindex/{{FULLPAGENAME}}/|<small>''Link to any subpages this page might have''</small>]]}} [[Category:Numbers]] genzv6eculo6i3gb5y6h5pnwych1rye 2691376 2691366 2024-12-11T11:14:37Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* External links */ 2691376 wikitext text/x-wiki All readers are welcome to contribute to this resource. Try to follow the notation of [[Wikipedia:Surreal number]], but don't forget that on on Wikiversity, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qo6lPifGnGA '''anything goes!'''] To create an essay or article start with a title that not already on the list below. It is very easy to change a title.. If you need help, leave a message at [[User talk:Guy vandegrift]]. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}}<inputbox> type=create width=110 buttonlabel=Create subpage break=no prefix={{FULLPAGENAME}}/ placeholder=Title of subpage </inputbox>{{RoundBoxBottom}} {{Special:Prefixindex/{{FULLPAGENAME}}/|hideredirects=0|stripprefix=1}} [[Category:Open essay collections]] ==Subpage abstracts== Each "abstract" begins with a and a link to a subpage. The abstract is just a [[w:transclusion|transclusion]] of the first few lines. ===Abstracts for beginners=== {{/The dyadics}}<br> {{/Root 2}}<br> {{/Counting}}<br>[[file:Pinocchio paradox Large Print.svg|thumb|right|140px|]] ■ '''[[Russell's paradox]]''' resembles [[w:Pinocchio paradox|Pinocchio paradox]] in that it involves self-referencing. {{:Russell's paradox}} ===Advanced abstracts=== {{/Why isn't half-omega the (left) child of omega?}} ----- {{/Simplicity}} [[Category:Open essay collections]] ---- ==Essential reading for advanced students== So far, the subpages to this resource are target the absolute beginner. I hope that changes, but for now people already familiar with the basics might want to look at the following websites: ===Meet the surreal numbers (Jim Simons)=== [https://www.m-a.org.uk/resources/downloads/4H-Jim-Simons-Meet-the-surreal-numbers.pdf '''Meet the surreal numbers'''] (by Jim Simons) is 39 pages long. The internet is full of introductions to surreal numbers. Many contain the same essential insight can be found on Wikipedia's '''[[w:Surreal number|Surreal number]]'''. But Jim Simon's article contains useful insights that most authors neglect to adequately cover. His discussion of [[w:Ordinal number|ordinal numbers]] begins with this introduction: :''Just as we don’t need much set theory, we don’t need to know much about ordinals, but it is helpful to know a little. Ordinals extend the idea of counting into the infinite in the simplest way imaginable: just keep on counting. So we start with the natural numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . ., but we don’t stop there, we keep on with a new number called ω, then ω + 1, ω + 2, ω + 3 and so on. After all those we come to ω + ω = ω·2. Carrying on we come to ω·3, ω·4 etc and so on to ω² . Carrying on past things like ω ²·7 + ω·42 + 1, we’ll come to ω³ , ω⁴ and so on to ω^ω , and this is just the beginning. To see a bit more clearly where this is heading, we’ll look at von Neumann’s construction of the ordinals.'' ====Simplicity theorem==== :'''''The Simplicity Theorem. (If) x is a number, and z is a number with the earliest possible birthday that lies strictly between the left and right options of x, then x = z''''' I find this easier to understand than the what appears in [[Wikipedia:Surreal number]]. ===A Short Guide to Hackenbush (Padraic Bartlett)=== [https://www.math.uchicago.edu/~may/VIGRE/VIGRE2006/PAPERS/Bartlett.pdf '''A Short Guide to Hackenbush'''] is 25 pages long. It will give insight as to what inspired the invention of surreal numbers. It turns out that the surreal numbers are inspired by an effort to attach a value to a game, not unlike [[w:Go (game)|go]] or [[w:Chess|chess]], but some peculiarities that make it easy to attach a rational number that predicts how the game will end if both sides play flawlessly. Non-negative values correspond to games where the person who moves first will lose, and the magnitude (absolute value) tells us something about the margin or victory. A value of zero corresponds to a position where the loser is the person whose turn it is to move (ties are impossible in red-blue [[w:Hackenbush|hackenbush]].) For those who love math as a beautiful tool for solving real-life problems, this application to game theory is the most likely way to make surreal numbers seem "useful". [[File:Surreal number tree.svg|thumb|500px|Tree diagram shown at [[Wikipedia:Surreal number]]]] ===Beyond ω (with Andi Fugard)=== '''[https://andifugard.info/surreal-numbers/ numbers – Andi Fugard]''' presents a slightly different picture of &omega;/2. The image to the right is from the Wikipedia article, and I am confused by the tree diagram starting at &omega;. Compare the image to the right with [https://andifugard.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/surreal_birthdays.png this image]. All the dyadic (real) numbers are placed on a tree formation where each parent has two children. They display two types of infinite series: #The positive and negative integers are exterior elements and grow as <br>{{spaces|3}}{1, 2, 3,...}. #Interior dyadics cut as fractions that get smaller, for example as <br>{{spaces|3}}{ &frac12;, &frac14;, &frac18;, ...}. Look at the tree that begins at ω: Both sides match the tree that begins with 0, i.e., by adding or subtracting 1 from each previous element. To the left we get smaller with {ω, ω-1, ω-2,..., ω/2}. See also [https://andifugard.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/surreal_birthdays.png this image] and [https://andifugard.info/surreal-numbers/ this article]. I am quite confused by the fact that the left side of this tree doesn't continue with {ω, ω-1, ω-2,..., 0}.<ref>Here, 0 might not be a member of the set, but merely a point to which the series converges.</ref> It is true that the square root of ω is smaller than every element in the series {ω, ω-1, ω-2,..., 0}. But how do we know that 2ω has the same birthday as ω/2? '''Answer:''' Quoting page 30 of [https://www.m-a.org.uk/resources/downloads/4H-Jim-Simons-Meet-the-surreal-numbers.pdf '''Meet the surreal numbers''']: x = {ℕ | ω − ℕ} can hardly be ω − ω because that is equal to 0.<ref>Here, ℕ refers to <math>\mathbb{N}</math>, or the [[wikipedia:natural numbers|natural numbers]].</ref> So what it it? x = {ℕ | ω − ℕ}, and x + x = {x + ℕ | x + ω − ℕ}. Now x < ω − n for any n ∈ ℕ, so x + n < ω, ie so all the left option of x + x are less than ω, but are infinite. Similarly, x > n, so x + ω − n > ω, ie all the right options of x + x are bigger than ω. Therefore x + x = ω, and x = ω/2. === Surreal Numbers – An Introduction (Claus Tøndering) === [https://www.tondering.dk/download/sur.pdf '''Surreal Numbers – An Introduction'''] is 51 pages of careful rigor. It employs the notation of logic and set theory. Each surreal number can be expressed in a variety of "forms" (each consisting of a pair of sets.) On page 25 Tøndering proves that if x is the oldest surreal number between a and b, then {a | b} = x. ===Math576 Combinatorial Game Theory=== [https://people.math.sc.edu/lu/teaching/2020fall_576/note1.pdf Lecture note for Math576 Combinatorial Game Theory.pdf ] is an 84 page document that thoroughly connects surreal numbers to hackenbush. ===Surreal Numbers and Transseries=== [https://www.fields.utoronto.ca/talk-media/1/50/58/slides.pdf www.fields.utoronto.ca/talk-media/1/50/58/slides] concisely presents 12 pages of insight into how both real numbers, as well as von Neumann's ordinal numbers, embedded in the surreals. ===Video=== [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYj4NkeGPdM HACKENBUSH: a window to a new world of math] is an hour-long video that begins with a solid introduction to hackenbush, but also goes far beyond. === Other useful (but informal) discussions === * Mathematical Musings https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaK81xaIb-U * https://www.quora.com/What%E2%80%99s-the-difference-between-surreal-and-hyperreal-numbers-in-layman%E2%80%99s-terms ===Wikiversity/Wikipedia/Wikibooks=== [[File:Conway names, the simplicity hierarchy and the surreal number tree.pdf|thumb|Conway names, the simplicity hierarchy and the surreal number tree (PHILIP EHRLICH)]] {{colbegin}} *[[w:Surreal numbers]] *[[w:Ordinal arithmetic]] *[[w:Infinity#Real_analysis]] *[[w:Transfinite number#Examples]] *[[w:Hyperreal number]] *[[w:Von Neumann universe]] *[[Surreal_number/Simple_hackenbush#References]] *[[Introduction to Category Theory/Products and Coproducts of Sets]] *[[Introduction to Category Theory/Sets and Functions]] *[[Set theory]] *[[b:Surreal_Numbers_and_Games]] {{colend}} ===External links=== *[https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/123644/1/1608.03413v2.pdf SURREAL NUMBERS WITH DERIVATION, HARDY FIELDS AND TRANSSERIES: A SURVEY, (MANTOVA & MATUSINSKI)] ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.03413 alternative link)This '''might''' show a simple way to represent surreal numbers as a series expansion. * [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1210.5675 <small>arxiv.org/pdf/1210.5675</small> CONVERGENCE ON SURREALS <small>(ISTVAN MEZO)</small>]: Points out that the limits used with real numbers do not apply to surreal numbers. For example, despite that <math>\tfrac 1 2 \omega</math> is obtained by subtracting <math>1</math> form <math>\omega</math> and infinite number of times, it is '''not true''' that <math display="inline">\sum_{n\to\infty} 1=\tfrac 1 2 \omega.</math> See also [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.09289 <small>arxiv.org/pdf/1603.09289</small> SURREAL LIMITS <small>(PAOLO LIPPARINI AND ISTVAN MEZO)</small>] Also helpful is https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1237974/decoding-the-sign-expansion-of-surreal-numbers&nbsp;. *'''[https://hiaatcnd.github.io/2019/11/09/Hackenbush/ Chitanda'a Blog]''' is a must read! I don't know why Google never found it. I found it using Explorer (images). Shows an amazing connection between hackenbush and the tree of surreal numbers. *I haven't digested '''[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/816540/proof-of-conways-simplicity-rule-for-surreal-numbers math.stackexchange question 816540]''' on the proof of the simplicity rule. But it seems sufficiently well written to be worth reading ([[W:Surreal numbers|Wikipedia]] states the rule without proof, or even a claim that it can be proven.) *[https://www.whitman.edu/documents/Academics/Mathematics/Grimm.pdf whitman.edu (Grimm.pdf)] 30 pages. Excellent resource with proofs and connection to hackenbush. A curious feature of this resource is that he claims that all red-blue hackenbush games are numbers. His argument that any non-zero hackenbush position can be used to create a zero position by subtracting a number that has been created by a collection of simple trees. Since every number can be represented by a simple hackenbush game, then every position can be "zeroed" by a simple game. Unfortunately, Grimm doesn't explain how omega can be represented by a hackenbush position. *[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1iVqRJJ4D0prkPboquCmGEVzOC0cdS5j-/view Steven Charlton - An Very Brief Introduction to Surreal Numbers] [https://guests.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/spc/talks/7_gandalf_surrealnumbers_notes.pdf (alternate link)] 6 pages. *[https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.10373 Surreal Birthdays and Their Arithmetic (Matthew Roughan)] 13 pages. Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG); 2*3 & 3/4 + 3/4/ (a bit complicated). *[https://medium.com/badiou-and-science/badiou-and-science-1-4-1-the-surreal-numbers-part-1-95dadcf4c554 badiou-and-science part-1] Nice graphs. 8 minute read. Seems identical to article at [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/surreal-numbers-are-a-real-thing-heres-how-to-make-them/ scietificamerican.com], except the former has links to more game theory articles by same author. *[https://web.mit.edu/sp.268/www/surreal.pdf what is a game? (mit)] 13 pages.* *[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/816540/proof-of-conways-simplicity-rule-for-surreal-numbers stackexchange definition of all dyadics] *[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/926581/in-the-surreal-numbers-is-it-fair-to-say-0-9-repeating-is-not-equal-to-1 stackexchange on .9999] *See also [[Draft:Surreal_number#Collection_of_online_resources_saved_on_disk]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150429210249/http://euclid.colorado.edu/~monkd/m8714.html course notes on set theory] =====proof of conways simplicity rule===== https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/816540/proof-of-conways-simplicity-rule-for-surreal-numbers <math>0=\{|\}</math> <math>n+1=\{n|\}</math> <math>-n-1=\{|-n\}</math> <math>\tfrac{2p+1}{2^{q+1}}=\left\{ \tfrac{p}{2q} | \tfrac{p+1}{2q} \right\}</math> ====Limits and analysis==== Infinity is easy to imagine, but difficult to incorporate into rigorous mathematics. The following "logic" certainly violates the rules of mathematics and is therefore nonsensical: :<math>\lim_{\epsilon\to 0} \frac 1 \epsilon =\infty\;</math> and <math>\;\lim_{\epsilon\to 0} \frac 2 \epsilon =\infty\;</math> implies <math>\;\frac\infty\infty =2.</math> This is why expressions like <math>\infty/\infty</math> and <math>0/0</math> of often called [[wikt:indeterminant|indeterminant]]. Most of the time, mistakes like this can be avoided by utilizing concepts taught in a course on [[w:Mathematical analysis|mathematical analysis]]. ==Images== {{wide image|Positive surreals to seventh birthday.svg|2000px}} [[File:Números hiperreales.png|400px|thumb|Infinitesimals (ε) and infinities (ω) on the hyperreal number line (1/ε = ω/1). This image appears in the Wikipedia articles [[w:Hyperreal number]], [[w:Infinitesimal]], and [[w:Infinity]].]] {{clear}} ===Using Latex {matrix}=== With Latex, it is easier to use dots instead of arrows to highlight how parents give rise to children. The following two trees (starting from 1 and 0, respectively) are written as latex matrices: <math display="block"> a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad </math> <math display="block">\begin{matrix} &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 1 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& \\ &&&&&&& \tfrac 1 2&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&2 &&&&&&& \\ &&& \tfrac 1 4 &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& \tfrac 3 4 &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& 3 &&& \\ &\tfrac 1 8 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 3 8 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 5 8 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 7 8 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 4 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 1\tfrac 3 4 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 2\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 4 & \\ \tfrac{1}{16} &\cdot& \tfrac{3}{16} &\cdot& \tfrac{5}{16} &\cdot& \tfrac{7}{16} &\cdot&\tfrac{9}{16} &\cdot& \tfrac{11}{16} &\cdot& \tfrac{13}{16} &\cdot& \tfrac{15}{16} &\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 8 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 3 8 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 5 8 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 7 8 &\cdot& 2\tfrac 1 4 &\cdot& 2\tfrac 3 4 &\cdot& 3\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot& 5 & \end{matrix}</math> ===Starting from zero=== <small><math>\begin{matrix} &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 0 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& \\ &&&&&&&{\color{Red}\overline{1}}&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& 1 &&&&&&&\\ &&&{\color{Red}\overline{2}}&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&{\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 1 2}}&\cdot&\cdot &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot & 2 &&&\\ &{\color{Red}\overline{3}} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{1\tfrac 1 2}} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 3 4}} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 1 4}} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 1 4 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 3 4 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 3 &\\ {\color{Red}\overline{4}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{2\tfrac 1 2}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{1\tfrac 3 4}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{1\tfrac 1 4}} &\cdot&{\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 7 8}} &\cdot&{\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 5 8}} &\cdot&{\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 3 8}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 1 8}} &\cdot& \tfrac 1 8 &\cdot& \tfrac 3 8 &\cdot& \tfrac 5 8 &\cdot& \tfrac 7 8 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 4 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 3 4 &\cdot& 2\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot& 4 \end{matrix}</math></small> ====With sets==== {{cot|under construction}} <math> {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \overline{L} | \overline{R} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-}a\tfrac b c\end{matrix}} </math> ----- <small><math display=block>\begin{matrix} &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 0 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& \\ &&&&&&& \begin{matrix} {\color{red}\{ \; | }0 {\color{red}\}} \\[-.5 ex] {\color{red}\text{-}1 } \end{matrix} &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& 1 &&&&&&&\\ &&& {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \; | \overline{1} \} \\[-.5 ex] \text{-}2\end{matrix}} &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& \begin{matrix} {\color{red}\{ \overline 1 | }0 {\color{red}\}} \\[-.5 ex] {\color{red}\text{-}\tfrac 1 2 } \end{matrix} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& \tfrac 1 2 &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot & 2 &&&\\&{\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{\;|\overline{2}\}\\[-.5 ex] \text{-}3 \end{matrix}}&\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& {\color{Red} \begin{matrix} \{ \overline 2 | \overline 1 \} \\[-.5 ex] \text{-1}\tfrac 1 2 \end{matrix}} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \overline{1} | \overline{\tfrac 1 2} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-}\tfrac 3 4 \end{matrix}} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \begin{matrix} {\color{red}\{ \overline{\tfrac 1 2} | }0 {\color{red}\}} \\[-.5 ex] {\color{red}\text{-}\tfrac 1 4 } \end{matrix} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 1 4 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 3 4 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 3 &\\ {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \; | \overline{3} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-4} \end{matrix}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \overline 3 | \overline{2} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-}2\tfrac 1 2\end{matrix}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{\overline{2} |\overline{1\tfrac 1 2} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-}1\tfrac 3 4\end{matrix}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \overline{1\frac 1 2} | \overline{1} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-}1\tfrac 1 4\end{matrix}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \overline 1 | \overline{\tfrac 3 4} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-}\tfrac 7 8\end{matrix}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 5 8}} &\cdot&{ \color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 3 8}} &\cdot& \begin{matrix} {\color{red}\{ \overline{\tfrac 1 4} | }0 {\color{red}\}} \\[-.5 ex] {\color{red}\text{-}\tfrac 1 8 } \end{matrix} &\cdot& \tfrac 1 8 &\cdot& \tfrac 3 8 &\cdot& \tfrac 5 8 &\cdot& \tfrac 7 8 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 4 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 3 4 &\cdot& 2 \tfrac 1 2 &\cdot& 4 \end{matrix}</math></small> {{cob}} ==Categories== [[Draft:Surreal number]] {{center|[[special:prefixindex/{{FULLPAGENAME}}/|<small>''Link to any subpages this page might have''</small>]]}} [[Category:Numbers]] mcah2uldxspjx9oswh0nc3sml0kn4ox 2691377 2691376 2024-12-11T11:14:58Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* External links */ 2691377 wikitext text/x-wiki All readers are welcome to contribute to this resource. Try to follow the notation of [[Wikipedia:Surreal number]], but don't forget that on on Wikiversity, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qo6lPifGnGA '''anything goes!'''] To create an essay or article start with a title that not already on the list below. It is very easy to change a title.. If you need help, leave a message at [[User talk:Guy vandegrift]]. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}}<inputbox> type=create width=110 buttonlabel=Create subpage break=no prefix={{FULLPAGENAME}}/ placeholder=Title of subpage </inputbox>{{RoundBoxBottom}} {{Special:Prefixindex/{{FULLPAGENAME}}/|hideredirects=0|stripprefix=1}} [[Category:Open essay collections]] ==Subpage abstracts== Each "abstract" begins with a and a link to a subpage. The abstract is just a [[w:transclusion|transclusion]] of the first few lines. ===Abstracts for beginners=== {{/The dyadics}}<br> {{/Root 2}}<br> {{/Counting}}<br>[[file:Pinocchio paradox Large Print.svg|thumb|right|140px|]] ■ '''[[Russell's paradox]]''' resembles [[w:Pinocchio paradox|Pinocchio paradox]] in that it involves self-referencing. {{:Russell's paradox}} ===Advanced abstracts=== {{/Why isn't half-omega the (left) child of omega?}} ----- {{/Simplicity}} [[Category:Open essay collections]] ---- ==Essential reading for advanced students== So far, the subpages to this resource are target the absolute beginner. I hope that changes, but for now people already familiar with the basics might want to look at the following websites: ===Meet the surreal numbers (Jim Simons)=== [https://www.m-a.org.uk/resources/downloads/4H-Jim-Simons-Meet-the-surreal-numbers.pdf '''Meet the surreal numbers'''] (by Jim Simons) is 39 pages long. The internet is full of introductions to surreal numbers. Many contain the same essential insight can be found on Wikipedia's '''[[w:Surreal number|Surreal number]]'''. But Jim Simon's article contains useful insights that most authors neglect to adequately cover. His discussion of [[w:Ordinal number|ordinal numbers]] begins with this introduction: :''Just as we don’t need much set theory, we don’t need to know much about ordinals, but it is helpful to know a little. Ordinals extend the idea of counting into the infinite in the simplest way imaginable: just keep on counting. So we start with the natural numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . ., but we don’t stop there, we keep on with a new number called ω, then ω + 1, ω + 2, ω + 3 and so on. After all those we come to ω + ω = ω·2. Carrying on we come to ω·3, ω·4 etc and so on to ω² . Carrying on past things like ω ²·7 + ω·42 + 1, we’ll come to ω³ , ω⁴ and so on to ω^ω , and this is just the beginning. To see a bit more clearly where this is heading, we’ll look at von Neumann’s construction of the ordinals.'' ====Simplicity theorem==== :'''''The Simplicity Theorem. (If) x is a number, and z is a number with the earliest possible birthday that lies strictly between the left and right options of x, then x = z''''' I find this easier to understand than the what appears in [[Wikipedia:Surreal number]]. ===A Short Guide to Hackenbush (Padraic Bartlett)=== [https://www.math.uchicago.edu/~may/VIGRE/VIGRE2006/PAPERS/Bartlett.pdf '''A Short Guide to Hackenbush'''] is 25 pages long. It will give insight as to what inspired the invention of surreal numbers. It turns out that the surreal numbers are inspired by an effort to attach a value to a game, not unlike [[w:Go (game)|go]] or [[w:Chess|chess]], but some peculiarities that make it easy to attach a rational number that predicts how the game will end if both sides play flawlessly. Non-negative values correspond to games where the person who moves first will lose, and the magnitude (absolute value) tells us something about the margin or victory. A value of zero corresponds to a position where the loser is the person whose turn it is to move (ties are impossible in red-blue [[w:Hackenbush|hackenbush]].) For those who love math as a beautiful tool for solving real-life problems, this application to game theory is the most likely way to make surreal numbers seem "useful". [[File:Surreal number tree.svg|thumb|500px|Tree diagram shown at [[Wikipedia:Surreal number]]]] ===Beyond ω (with Andi Fugard)=== '''[https://andifugard.info/surreal-numbers/ numbers – Andi Fugard]''' presents a slightly different picture of &omega;/2. The image to the right is from the Wikipedia article, and I am confused by the tree diagram starting at &omega;. Compare the image to the right with [https://andifugard.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/surreal_birthdays.png this image]. All the dyadic (real) numbers are placed on a tree formation where each parent has two children. They display two types of infinite series: #The positive and negative integers are exterior elements and grow as <br>{{spaces|3}}{1, 2, 3,...}. #Interior dyadics cut as fractions that get smaller, for example as <br>{{spaces|3}}{ &frac12;, &frac14;, &frac18;, ...}. Look at the tree that begins at ω: Both sides match the tree that begins with 0, i.e., by adding or subtracting 1 from each previous element. To the left we get smaller with {ω, ω-1, ω-2,..., ω/2}. See also [https://andifugard.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/surreal_birthdays.png this image] and [https://andifugard.info/surreal-numbers/ this article]. I am quite confused by the fact that the left side of this tree doesn't continue with {ω, ω-1, ω-2,..., 0}.<ref>Here, 0 might not be a member of the set, but merely a point to which the series converges.</ref> It is true that the square root of ω is smaller than every element in the series {ω, ω-1, ω-2,..., 0}. But how do we know that 2ω has the same birthday as ω/2? '''Answer:''' Quoting page 30 of [https://www.m-a.org.uk/resources/downloads/4H-Jim-Simons-Meet-the-surreal-numbers.pdf '''Meet the surreal numbers''']: x = {ℕ | ω − ℕ} can hardly be ω − ω because that is equal to 0.<ref>Here, ℕ refers to <math>\mathbb{N}</math>, or the [[wikipedia:natural numbers|natural numbers]].</ref> So what it it? x = {ℕ | ω − ℕ}, and x + x = {x + ℕ | x + ω − ℕ}. Now x < ω − n for any n ∈ ℕ, so x + n < ω, ie so all the left option of x + x are less than ω, but are infinite. Similarly, x > n, so x + ω − n > ω, ie all the right options of x + x are bigger than ω. Therefore x + x = ω, and x = ω/2. === Surreal Numbers – An Introduction (Claus Tøndering) === [https://www.tondering.dk/download/sur.pdf '''Surreal Numbers – An Introduction'''] is 51 pages of careful rigor. It employs the notation of logic and set theory. Each surreal number can be expressed in a variety of "forms" (each consisting of a pair of sets.) On page 25 Tøndering proves that if x is the oldest surreal number between a and b, then {a | b} = x. ===Math576 Combinatorial Game Theory=== [https://people.math.sc.edu/lu/teaching/2020fall_576/note1.pdf Lecture note for Math576 Combinatorial Game Theory.pdf ] is an 84 page document that thoroughly connects surreal numbers to hackenbush. ===Surreal Numbers and Transseries=== [https://www.fields.utoronto.ca/talk-media/1/50/58/slides.pdf www.fields.utoronto.ca/talk-media/1/50/58/slides] concisely presents 12 pages of insight into how both real numbers, as well as von Neumann's ordinal numbers, embedded in the surreals. ===Video=== [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYj4NkeGPdM HACKENBUSH: a window to a new world of math] is an hour-long video that begins with a solid introduction to hackenbush, but also goes far beyond. === Other useful (but informal) discussions === * Mathematical Musings https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaK81xaIb-U * https://www.quora.com/What%E2%80%99s-the-difference-between-surreal-and-hyperreal-numbers-in-layman%E2%80%99s-terms ===Wikiversity/Wikipedia/Wikibooks=== [[File:Conway names, the simplicity hierarchy and the surreal number tree.pdf|thumb|Conway names, the simplicity hierarchy and the surreal number tree (PHILIP EHRLICH)]] {{colbegin}} *[[w:Surreal numbers]] *[[w:Ordinal arithmetic]] *[[w:Infinity#Real_analysis]] *[[w:Transfinite number#Examples]] *[[w:Hyperreal number]] *[[w:Von Neumann universe]] *[[Surreal_number/Simple_hackenbush#References]] *[[Introduction to Category Theory/Products and Coproducts of Sets]] *[[Introduction to Category Theory/Sets and Functions]] *[[Set theory]] *[[b:Surreal_Numbers_and_Games]] {{colend}} ===External links=== *[https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/123644/1/1608.03413v2.pdf SURREAL NUMBERS WITH DERIVATION, HARDY FIELDS AND TRANSSERIES: A SURVEY, (MANTOVA & MATUSINSKI)] ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.03413 alternative link])This '''might''' show a simple way to represent surreal numbers as a series expansion. * [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1210.5675 <small>arxiv.org/pdf/1210.5675</small> CONVERGENCE ON SURREALS <small>(ISTVAN MEZO)</small>]: Points out that the limits used with real numbers do not apply to surreal numbers. For example, despite that <math>\tfrac 1 2 \omega</math> is obtained by subtracting <math>1</math> form <math>\omega</math> and infinite number of times, it is '''not true''' that <math display="inline">\sum_{n\to\infty} 1=\tfrac 1 2 \omega.</math> See also [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.09289 <small>arxiv.org/pdf/1603.09289</small> SURREAL LIMITS <small>(PAOLO LIPPARINI AND ISTVAN MEZO)</small>] Also helpful is https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1237974/decoding-the-sign-expansion-of-surreal-numbers&nbsp;. *'''[https://hiaatcnd.github.io/2019/11/09/Hackenbush/ Chitanda'a Blog]''' is a must read! I don't know why Google never found it. I found it using Explorer (images). Shows an amazing connection between hackenbush and the tree of surreal numbers. *I haven't digested '''[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/816540/proof-of-conways-simplicity-rule-for-surreal-numbers math.stackexchange question 816540]''' on the proof of the simplicity rule. But it seems sufficiently well written to be worth reading ([[W:Surreal numbers|Wikipedia]] states the rule without proof, or even a claim that it can be proven.) *[https://www.whitman.edu/documents/Academics/Mathematics/Grimm.pdf whitman.edu (Grimm.pdf)] 30 pages. Excellent resource with proofs and connection to hackenbush. A curious feature of this resource is that he claims that all red-blue hackenbush games are numbers. His argument that any non-zero hackenbush position can be used to create a zero position by subtracting a number that has been created by a collection of simple trees. Since every number can be represented by a simple hackenbush game, then every position can be "zeroed" by a simple game. Unfortunately, Grimm doesn't explain how omega can be represented by a hackenbush position. *[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1iVqRJJ4D0prkPboquCmGEVzOC0cdS5j-/view Steven Charlton - An Very Brief Introduction to Surreal Numbers] [https://guests.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/spc/talks/7_gandalf_surrealnumbers_notes.pdf (alternate link)] 6 pages. *[https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.10373 Surreal Birthdays and Their Arithmetic (Matthew Roughan)] 13 pages. Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG); 2*3 & 3/4 + 3/4/ (a bit complicated). *[https://medium.com/badiou-and-science/badiou-and-science-1-4-1-the-surreal-numbers-part-1-95dadcf4c554 badiou-and-science part-1] Nice graphs. 8 minute read. Seems identical to article at [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/surreal-numbers-are-a-real-thing-heres-how-to-make-them/ scietificamerican.com], except the former has links to more game theory articles by same author. *[https://web.mit.edu/sp.268/www/surreal.pdf what is a game? (mit)] 13 pages.* *[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/816540/proof-of-conways-simplicity-rule-for-surreal-numbers stackexchange definition of all dyadics] *[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/926581/in-the-surreal-numbers-is-it-fair-to-say-0-9-repeating-is-not-equal-to-1 stackexchange on .9999] *See also [[Draft:Surreal_number#Collection_of_online_resources_saved_on_disk]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150429210249/http://euclid.colorado.edu/~monkd/m8714.html course notes on set theory] =====proof of conways simplicity rule===== https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/816540/proof-of-conways-simplicity-rule-for-surreal-numbers <math>0=\{|\}</math> <math>n+1=\{n|\}</math> <math>-n-1=\{|-n\}</math> <math>\tfrac{2p+1}{2^{q+1}}=\left\{ \tfrac{p}{2q} | \tfrac{p+1}{2q} \right\}</math> ====Limits and analysis==== Infinity is easy to imagine, but difficult to incorporate into rigorous mathematics. The following "logic" certainly violates the rules of mathematics and is therefore nonsensical: :<math>\lim_{\epsilon\to 0} \frac 1 \epsilon =\infty\;</math> and <math>\;\lim_{\epsilon\to 0} \frac 2 \epsilon =\infty\;</math> implies <math>\;\frac\infty\infty =2.</math> This is why expressions like <math>\infty/\infty</math> and <math>0/0</math> of often called [[wikt:indeterminant|indeterminant]]. Most of the time, mistakes like this can be avoided by utilizing concepts taught in a course on [[w:Mathematical analysis|mathematical analysis]]. ==Images== {{wide image|Positive surreals to seventh birthday.svg|2000px}} [[File:Números hiperreales.png|400px|thumb|Infinitesimals (ε) and infinities (ω) on the hyperreal number line (1/ε = ω/1). This image appears in the Wikipedia articles [[w:Hyperreal number]], [[w:Infinitesimal]], and [[w:Infinity]].]] {{clear}} ===Using Latex {matrix}=== With Latex, it is easier to use dots instead of arrows to highlight how parents give rise to children. The following two trees (starting from 1 and 0, respectively) are written as latex matrices: <math display="block"> a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad a\quad </math> <math display="block">\begin{matrix} &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 1 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& \\ &&&&&&& \tfrac 1 2&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&2 &&&&&&& \\ &&& \tfrac 1 4 &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& \tfrac 3 4 &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& 3 &&& \\ &\tfrac 1 8 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 3 8 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 5 8 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 7 8 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 4 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 1\tfrac 3 4 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 2\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 4 & \\ \tfrac{1}{16} &\cdot& \tfrac{3}{16} &\cdot& \tfrac{5}{16} &\cdot& \tfrac{7}{16} &\cdot&\tfrac{9}{16} &\cdot& \tfrac{11}{16} &\cdot& \tfrac{13}{16} &\cdot& \tfrac{15}{16} &\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 8 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 3 8 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 5 8 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 7 8 &\cdot& 2\tfrac 1 4 &\cdot& 2\tfrac 3 4 &\cdot& 3\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot& 5 & \end{matrix}</math> ===Starting from zero=== <small><math>\begin{matrix} &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 0 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& \\ &&&&&&&{\color{Red}\overline{1}}&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& 1 &&&&&&&\\ &&&{\color{Red}\overline{2}}&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&{\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 1 2}}&\cdot&\cdot &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot & 2 &&&\\ &{\color{Red}\overline{3}} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{1\tfrac 1 2}} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 3 4}} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 1 4}} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 1 4 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 3 4 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 3 &\\ {\color{Red}\overline{4}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{2\tfrac 1 2}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{1\tfrac 3 4}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{1\tfrac 1 4}} &\cdot&{\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 7 8}} &\cdot&{\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 5 8}} &\cdot&{\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 3 8}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 1 8}} &\cdot& \tfrac 1 8 &\cdot& \tfrac 3 8 &\cdot& \tfrac 5 8 &\cdot& \tfrac 7 8 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 4 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 3 4 &\cdot& 2\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot& 4 \end{matrix}</math></small> ====With sets==== {{cot|under construction}} <math> {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \overline{L} | \overline{R} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-}a\tfrac b c\end{matrix}} </math> ----- <small><math display=block>\begin{matrix} &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 0 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& \\ &&&&&&& \begin{matrix} {\color{red}\{ \; | }0 {\color{red}\}} \\[-.5 ex] {\color{red}\text{-}1 } \end{matrix} &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& 1 &&&&&&&\\ &&& {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \; | \overline{1} \} \\[-.5 ex] \text{-}2\end{matrix}} &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& \begin{matrix} {\color{red}\{ \overline 1 | }0 {\color{red}\}} \\[-.5 ex] {\color{red}\text{-}\tfrac 1 2 } \end{matrix} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot& \tfrac 1 2 &\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot&\cdot & 2 &&&\\&{\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{\;|\overline{2}\}\\[-.5 ex] \text{-}3 \end{matrix}}&\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& {\color{Red} \begin{matrix} \{ \overline 2 | \overline 1 \} \\[-.5 ex] \text{-1}\tfrac 1 2 \end{matrix}} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \overline{1} | \overline{\tfrac 1 2} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-}\tfrac 3 4 \end{matrix}} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \begin{matrix} {\color{red}\{ \overline{\tfrac 1 2} | }0 {\color{red}\}} \\[-.5 ex] {\color{red}\text{-}\tfrac 1 4 } \end{matrix} &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 1 4 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& \tfrac 3 4 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 2 &\cdot&\cdot &\cdot& 3 &\\ {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \; | \overline{3} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-4} \end{matrix}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \overline 3 | \overline{2} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-}2\tfrac 1 2\end{matrix}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{\overline{2} |\overline{1\tfrac 1 2} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-}1\tfrac 3 4\end{matrix}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \overline{1\frac 1 2} | \overline{1} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-}1\tfrac 1 4\end{matrix}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\begin{matrix}\{ \overline 1 | \overline{\tfrac 3 4} \} \\[-.5 ex]\text{-}\tfrac 7 8\end{matrix}} &\cdot& {\color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 5 8}} &\cdot&{ \color{Red}\overline{\tfrac 3 8}} &\cdot& \begin{matrix} {\color{red}\{ \overline{\tfrac 1 4} | }0 {\color{red}\}} \\[-.5 ex] {\color{red}\text{-}\tfrac 1 8 } \end{matrix} &\cdot& \tfrac 1 8 &\cdot& \tfrac 3 8 &\cdot& \tfrac 5 8 &\cdot& \tfrac 7 8 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 1 4 &\cdot& 1\tfrac 3 4 &\cdot& 2 \tfrac 1 2 &\cdot& 4 \end{matrix}</math></small> {{cob}} ==Categories== [[Draft:Surreal number]] {{center|[[special:prefixindex/{{FULLPAGENAME}}/|<small>''Link to any subpages this page might have''</small>]]}} [[Category:Numbers]] tj0lgl51fsnqr95oihrniwwfeuk2q6n 2 301781 2691362 2673935 2024-12-11T10:25:02Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691362 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Requests for comments== Wikipedia has requests for comments. Wiktionary has votes, codified for closure based on numerical consensus. Wikiversity's analogue seems to be this: * [[Wikiversity:Community Review]] This is governed by a policy: * [[Wikiversity:Community Review Policy]] ==Policies and guideliness== Here: [[User:Dan Polansky/Policies and guidelines]] ==Administrators== These are named "curators" and "custodians", the former denoting something like quasi-admins who can still delete pages but not block users and not undelete pages. Example vote: * [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/Koavf 2]] Recently active administrators using their deletion tools: [[User:koavf]], [[User:MathXplore]]. See also [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=delete&user=&page=&wpdate=&tagfilter=&wpfilters%5B%5D=newusers&wpFormIdentifier=logeventslist recent deletions log]. Other relevant links: * [[Wikiversity:Curators]] (quasi-adminship) -- delete, rollback, import from other wikis, and protect pages * [[Wikiversity:Custodianship]] (adminship) -- as above, plus block and undelete * [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action]] -- often request for block * [[Special:ListUsers/curator]] * [[Special:ListUsers/sysop]] ("custodian") ==Deletion== Links: * [[User:Dan Polansky/Policies and guidelines#Deletion]] * [[WV:Deletion]] (a guideline) *: Speedy deletion *:: "Speedy delete <nowiki>({{delete}})</nowiki> for pages you authored, as well as for pages that ''clearly'' don't belong in mainspace." (italics mine) *:: "A ''non-exhaustive'' list of possible reasons custodians may speedy delete resources include [...]" (italics mine) *: Proposed deletion *:: "Proposed deletions <nowiki>({{subst:prod}})</nowiki> for pages that perhaps should be deleted (or moved to draft or user space) unless they are improved." *:: "Resources may be eligible for proposed deletion when education objectives and learning outcomes are scarce, and objections to deletion are unlikely." *::: I don't fully understand the sentence and it raises doubts. Where should I look to observe "learning outcomes" to see whether they are scarce (in supply not meeting the demand?) How should I know whether objections to deletion are unlikely? * [[:Template:Delete]] * [[:Template:Proposed deletion]] * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=delete&user=&page=&wpdate=&tagfilter=&wpfilters%5B%5D=newusers&wpFormIdentifier=logeventslist recent deletions log] Alternatives to deletion: * Move to user space if there is only one major contributor. * Move to Draft space, possibly into the Archive subspace. Advantages of moving instead of deletion: * Seems more friendly/kind to the creator. * For the move to Draft space, make auditing of quasi-deleted (since moved) pages possible for anyone and not just admins. This makes it possible for almost anyone to question quasi-deletion based on reviewing quasi-deleted content. Related discussions: * [[Wikiversity:Colloquium/archives/February 2024#Expanding WV:Deletions with provision for moving to user space]] ==WikiJournals== There are "WikiJournals" as something of a separate project within Wikiversity ([[:Category:WikiJournal]]): * [[WikiJournal of Medicine]]: established in 2014; [[:Category:Articles included in WikiJournal of Medicine]] * [[WikiJournal of Science]]: established in 2018; [[:Category:Articles included in WikiJournal of Science]] * [[WikiJournal of Humanities]]: established in 2018; [[:Category:Articles included in WikiJournal of Humanities]] * [[WikiJournal of PPB]] (Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences): established in 2023 A vote running from 2016, with votes still coming in as of December 2023: * [[Meta:Proposal: WikiJournal as a sister project]] Requirements on reviewers: * [[WikiJournal of Medicine/Peer reviewers]] * [[WikiJournal of Science/Peer reviewers]] * [[WikiJournal of Humanities/Peer reviewers]] Journal editors: * [[WikiJournal of Medicine/Editors]] * [[WikiJournal of Science/Editors]] * [[WikiJournal of Humanities/Editors]] An example of a wikijournal article: * [[WikiJournal of Humanities/Rosetta Stone]]. * Features: ** The article has an author. ** The text seems to be under control of the author? ** Reviewers posted their comments on the article talk page. ** The article looks pretty much like an encyclopedia article. ** Before the article was accepted, it was a preprint located here: [[WikiJournal Preprints/Rosetta Stone]] ==Navel gazing== There is a concern that Wikiversity becomes a place where people will make pages about Wikipedia and other wiki projects. It is not clear to what extent this has become a problem or will become a problem. If Wikiversity gets dominated by such quasi-introspective content, it may look like a failed project. The term "navel gazing" was used disparagingly in [[Meta: Requests for comment/Shut down Wikiversity]]. It is possible that the user name Omphalographer is a reference to this possible problem of navel gazing. ==The value of Wikiversity== See [[Is Wikiversity a project worth having?]]. ==Draft space== Regulated via [[Wikiversity:Drafts]]. Editors voted to delete pages from there after 180 days (about 6 months), as per [[Wikiversity talk:Drafts#Draft namespace resource retention]], April 2019. The draft deletion policy was approved by Dave Braunschweig, mikeu, Guy vandegrift, Bert Niehaus and Marshallsumter. ==Tolerance of junk== There are conflicting signals in the English Wiktiversity concerning tolerance of "junk": nearly worthless material. On one hand, there has historically been a lot of junk in the mainspace that did not face deletion. Often, when new junk is added, some admin sees it, adds a category or the like, and leaves it alone. On the other hand, if there really were a desire to tolerate junk indefinitely, there was no need to institute deletion of junk from the Draft space ''after 180 days'' (ca. 6 months) as per [[#Draft space]] above, which took place ''unanimously'' via votes of Dave Braunschweig, mikeu, Guy vandegrift, Bert Niehaus and Marshallsumter. This 2019 vote signaled a desire to delete junk. Another sign of intolerance of junk is the moving of many pages created by Marshallsumter to his userspace: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=Marshallsumter%2F&namespace=2, e.g. [[User:Marshallsumter/Radiation astronomy/Absorptions]]. The trigger for this move seems to have been the nomination [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion/Archives/17#Radiation astronomy/Lensings]] (opened on 8 December, closed on 9 December), which was followed up with [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion/Archives/18#Radiation astronomy -> User%3AMarshallsumter/Radiation astronomy]]. ==Statement of authorship in articles== I practice statement of authorship on my articles. Since, I find the reader has the right to know who the author is, given the authority of the statements made in the article generally does not derive from reliable sources, unlike in Wikipedia. Moreover, articles I write should be protected from arbitrary intervention of other parties; disagreements about article design and content in Wikiversity generally cannot be resolved by reference to requirements of encyclopedicity, neutral point of view, summarizing reliable sources and only them, etc. Some interventions should be possible, though, such as into content considered unethical or otherwise highly problematic. An example of an article from someone else that states the author is [[Functional Logic : Inquiry and Analogy]] by Jon Awbrey, created in 2017‎. Articles published in Wikijournals typically (or always?) state the author, such as [[WikiJournal Preprints/COVID-19 pandemic]] by Ozzie Anis, created in 2022. ==Page ownership and editorial control== In Wikipedia, there is no article ownership. In Wikiversity, at least some pages seem to support the concept of ownership or at least partial ownership: * Wikijournal articles seem to state the author. This suggests the author has editorial control. * Some subpages contain the author name, e.g. [[COVID-19/Dan Polansky]] (for myself) but also [[COVID-19/Guy vandegrift]]. It is hard to see how editorial control does not apply in this case. * There are pages named like "X in plain view", e.g. [[C language in plain view]], whose material consists in uploaded pdfs. An example pdf is [[:File:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.A.20170925.pdf]], where the author is stated as Young Won Lim (probable user name: [[User:Young1lim]]). Since there seems to be no direct way to edit the pdfs, the author de facto has editorial control. Other names used by the author are like "Necessities in X". * I assume I have considerable editorial control over articles I create, e.g. [[Technology as a threat or promise for life and its forms]], but I need to figure out to what extent this is based in policy and common practice. When I used the name of the form "One man's look at X", the editorial control is implied in the name: it is one man's look, not a collective look. * [[:Category:Blogs]] contain blogs, e.g. [[User:JWSchmidt/Blog/15 January 2007]], and it is hard to imagine how the author of the blog could possibly fully cease editorial control. On the other hand, the example is in user space, not mainspace. ==Cranks and trolls== Jimbo Wales has some interesting things to say about cranks and trolls, as per this: * [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Wikimedia Ethics:Ethical Breaching Experiments/Sue Gardner]] Some quotations from Jimbo: * "You care about this project - you don't want it to become known as a haven for cranks and trolls. You won't want it to be hijacked by people who - trust me - will waste as many hours of your time in pointless argumentation about nonsense as you are willing to give them." * "And think about the impact on serious learners if they show up to find the site dominated by cranks and trolls making up completely weird and useless things, and apparently serious contributors dealing with them all the time." * 'I think we would all rather people come away from Wikiversity after each visit saying "Wow, that's an amazing place, there's such high quality stuff there. I was having such a hard time in my statistics class until I read Exploratory factor analysis/Data analysis tutorial/PASW at Wikiversity." This in contrast to saying "Wow, I really trusted that site but then I found out that they have such a wide-open policy of never getting rid of crackpots that their so-called physics articles were completely full of bizarre theories that no one has ever heard of and that don't really make sense."' An example of something characterized by some as "crackpottery" in a RFD discussion (which resulted in a move to userspace): * [[User:TyEvSkyo/Particle Sphere Theory]] ==Article names== I am struggling to find a good strategy/design for names of articles that I am creating. I created [[Hedonism (Polansky)]], but that is now [[One man's look at hedonism]]. The idea was that I cannot occupy "Hedonism" since other people could want to occupy it, so I use "(Polansky)" for disambiguation. There was some opposition to that so I went for "One man's look at X". But of course, "One man's look at" could refer to any editor, not just myself, so it is hardly optimal. It is a temporary solution until someone complains or proposes something better. An alternative in use is [[COVID-19/Dan Polansky]]. Thus, there could be [[Hedonism/Dan Polansky]]. What I dislike about this option is that it looks like a chapter of a "Hedonism" book or project, but it is not: it is my take on hedonism and not part of any project. And it is ambiguous: what if we had "Ethics/Immanuel Kant"? It would not be a page written by Immanuel Kant but rather an article on ethics of Immanuel Kant. An article name like [[Technology as a threat or promise for life and its forms]] is so unique that I probably have a right to occupy the title. I occupy [[Proper name]], which should perhaps be [[One man's look at proper name]]. On the other hand, as long as no one else wants to create their own write-up on proper names, this seems okay as a temporary solution. Apart from "One man's look at X", I sometimes use "An analysis of X", e.g. [[An analysis of truth]]. The indefinite article suggests that it is not ''the'' Wikiversity analysis of truth but rather one of muliple possible analyses. == Article for others to read vs. exercise == I am trying to write my articles in such a way that they could be useful or interesting for others, worthy of someone's reading time. However, even if that fails, writing these articles can be thought of as an exercise. In general, the purpose of an exercise is not original contribution; it is practice. To write a philosophical article without careful consultation of sources is an exercise in doing philosophy, even if possibly bad philosophy. For example, I can image a teacher of a philosophy class assigning students to write their own analysis of the concept of knowledge, without use of literature. Since everyone has an idea of what they mean by knowledge, they should be able to make some initial/pre-theoretic statements about it. It is one way of learning how to think using sentences of natural language and to get acquainted with one's limitations. Since, if one writes something and then compares it to, say, an SEP article (SEP is remarkable), one can see how much did one miss. The heuristic of first figuring out what one thinks and then going to literature is inspired by Pirsig's ''Lila'', where is talks of philosophy vs. philosophology. One can ask why should an exercise be published in a public wiki rather than being saved on a local harddrive. For one thing, the wiki tools are just beautiful, although one can install MediaWiki locally. Moreover, the risk that someone will read the text and think the author is stupid/incompetent/naive seems to be motivating for doing a better or more thorough job of it than one would do in private. Furthermore, one can get some defect statements on the article talk page and address the defects/comments, although that does not usually seem to be happening (but it could). The character of a possible exercise is supported by author-specific page titles such as "One man's look at X" that I am using (see also section above). qz9683ao394brt3nja9myoka0duer04 2691363 2691362 2024-12-11T10:31:21Z Dan Polansky 33469 /* Article for others to read vs. exercise */ 2691363 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Requests for comments== Wikipedia has requests for comments. Wiktionary has votes, codified for closure based on numerical consensus. Wikiversity's analogue seems to be this: * [[Wikiversity:Community Review]] This is governed by a policy: * [[Wikiversity:Community Review Policy]] ==Policies and guideliness== Here: [[User:Dan Polansky/Policies and guidelines]] ==Administrators== These are named "curators" and "custodians", the former denoting something like quasi-admins who can still delete pages but not block users and not undelete pages. Example vote: * [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/Koavf 2]] Recently active administrators using their deletion tools: [[User:koavf]], [[User:MathXplore]]. See also [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=delete&user=&page=&wpdate=&tagfilter=&wpfilters%5B%5D=newusers&wpFormIdentifier=logeventslist recent deletions log]. Other relevant links: * [[Wikiversity:Curators]] (quasi-adminship) -- delete, rollback, import from other wikis, and protect pages * [[Wikiversity:Custodianship]] (adminship) -- as above, plus block and undelete * [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action]] -- often request for block * [[Special:ListUsers/curator]] * [[Special:ListUsers/sysop]] ("custodian") ==Deletion== Links: * [[User:Dan Polansky/Policies and guidelines#Deletion]] * [[WV:Deletion]] (a guideline) *: Speedy deletion *:: "Speedy delete <nowiki>({{delete}})</nowiki> for pages you authored, as well as for pages that ''clearly'' don't belong in mainspace." (italics mine) *:: "A ''non-exhaustive'' list of possible reasons custodians may speedy delete resources include [...]" (italics mine) *: Proposed deletion *:: "Proposed deletions <nowiki>({{subst:prod}})</nowiki> for pages that perhaps should be deleted (or moved to draft or user space) unless they are improved." *:: "Resources may be eligible for proposed deletion when education objectives and learning outcomes are scarce, and objections to deletion are unlikely." *::: I don't fully understand the sentence and it raises doubts. Where should I look to observe "learning outcomes" to see whether they are scarce (in supply not meeting the demand?) How should I know whether objections to deletion are unlikely? * [[:Template:Delete]] * [[:Template:Proposed deletion]] * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=delete&user=&page=&wpdate=&tagfilter=&wpfilters%5B%5D=newusers&wpFormIdentifier=logeventslist recent deletions log] Alternatives to deletion: * Move to user space if there is only one major contributor. * Move to Draft space, possibly into the Archive subspace. Advantages of moving instead of deletion: * Seems more friendly/kind to the creator. * For the move to Draft space, make auditing of quasi-deleted (since moved) pages possible for anyone and not just admins. This makes it possible for almost anyone to question quasi-deletion based on reviewing quasi-deleted content. Related discussions: * [[Wikiversity:Colloquium/archives/February 2024#Expanding WV:Deletions with provision for moving to user space]] ==WikiJournals== There are "WikiJournals" as something of a separate project within Wikiversity ([[:Category:WikiJournal]]): * [[WikiJournal of Medicine]]: established in 2014; [[:Category:Articles included in WikiJournal of Medicine]] * [[WikiJournal of Science]]: established in 2018; [[:Category:Articles included in WikiJournal of Science]] * [[WikiJournal of Humanities]]: established in 2018; [[:Category:Articles included in WikiJournal of Humanities]] * [[WikiJournal of PPB]] (Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences): established in 2023 A vote running from 2016, with votes still coming in as of December 2023: * [[Meta:Proposal: WikiJournal as a sister project]] Requirements on reviewers: * [[WikiJournal of Medicine/Peer reviewers]] * [[WikiJournal of Science/Peer reviewers]] * [[WikiJournal of Humanities/Peer reviewers]] Journal editors: * [[WikiJournal of Medicine/Editors]] * [[WikiJournal of Science/Editors]] * [[WikiJournal of Humanities/Editors]] An example of a wikijournal article: * [[WikiJournal of Humanities/Rosetta Stone]]. * Features: ** The article has an author. ** The text seems to be under control of the author? ** Reviewers posted their comments on the article talk page. ** The article looks pretty much like an encyclopedia article. ** Before the article was accepted, it was a preprint located here: [[WikiJournal Preprints/Rosetta Stone]] ==Navel gazing== There is a concern that Wikiversity becomes a place where people will make pages about Wikipedia and other wiki projects. It is not clear to what extent this has become a problem or will become a problem. If Wikiversity gets dominated by such quasi-introspective content, it may look like a failed project. The term "navel gazing" was used disparagingly in [[Meta: Requests for comment/Shut down Wikiversity]]. It is possible that the user name Omphalographer is a reference to this possible problem of navel gazing. ==The value of Wikiversity== See [[Is Wikiversity a project worth having?]]. ==Draft space== Regulated via [[Wikiversity:Drafts]]. Editors voted to delete pages from there after 180 days (about 6 months), as per [[Wikiversity talk:Drafts#Draft namespace resource retention]], April 2019. The draft deletion policy was approved by Dave Braunschweig, mikeu, Guy vandegrift, Bert Niehaus and Marshallsumter. ==Tolerance of junk== There are conflicting signals in the English Wiktiversity concerning tolerance of "junk": nearly worthless material. On one hand, there has historically been a lot of junk in the mainspace that did not face deletion. Often, when new junk is added, some admin sees it, adds a category or the like, and leaves it alone. On the other hand, if there really were a desire to tolerate junk indefinitely, there was no need to institute deletion of junk from the Draft space ''after 180 days'' (ca. 6 months) as per [[#Draft space]] above, which took place ''unanimously'' via votes of Dave Braunschweig, mikeu, Guy vandegrift, Bert Niehaus and Marshallsumter. This 2019 vote signaled a desire to delete junk. Another sign of intolerance of junk is the moving of many pages created by Marshallsumter to his userspace: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=Marshallsumter%2F&namespace=2, e.g. [[User:Marshallsumter/Radiation astronomy/Absorptions]]. The trigger for this move seems to have been the nomination [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion/Archives/17#Radiation astronomy/Lensings]] (opened on 8 December, closed on 9 December), which was followed up with [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion/Archives/18#Radiation astronomy -> User%3AMarshallsumter/Radiation astronomy]]. ==Statement of authorship in articles== I practice statement of authorship on my articles. Since, I find the reader has the right to know who the author is, given the authority of the statements made in the article generally does not derive from reliable sources, unlike in Wikipedia. Moreover, articles I write should be protected from arbitrary intervention of other parties; disagreements about article design and content in Wikiversity generally cannot be resolved by reference to requirements of encyclopedicity, neutral point of view, summarizing reliable sources and only them, etc. Some interventions should be possible, though, such as into content considered unethical or otherwise highly problematic. An example of an article from someone else that states the author is [[Functional Logic : Inquiry and Analogy]] by Jon Awbrey, created in 2017‎. Articles published in Wikijournals typically (or always?) state the author, such as [[WikiJournal Preprints/COVID-19 pandemic]] by Ozzie Anis, created in 2022. ==Page ownership and editorial control== In Wikipedia, there is no article ownership. In Wikiversity, at least some pages seem to support the concept of ownership or at least partial ownership: * Wikijournal articles seem to state the author. This suggests the author has editorial control. * Some subpages contain the author name, e.g. [[COVID-19/Dan Polansky]] (for myself) but also [[COVID-19/Guy vandegrift]]. It is hard to see how editorial control does not apply in this case. * There are pages named like "X in plain view", e.g. [[C language in plain view]], whose material consists in uploaded pdfs. An example pdf is [[:File:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.A.20170925.pdf]], where the author is stated as Young Won Lim (probable user name: [[User:Young1lim]]). Since there seems to be no direct way to edit the pdfs, the author de facto has editorial control. Other names used by the author are like "Necessities in X". * I assume I have considerable editorial control over articles I create, e.g. [[Technology as a threat or promise for life and its forms]], but I need to figure out to what extent this is based in policy and common practice. When I used the name of the form "One man's look at X", the editorial control is implied in the name: it is one man's look, not a collective look. * [[:Category:Blogs]] contain blogs, e.g. [[User:JWSchmidt/Blog/15 January 2007]], and it is hard to imagine how the author of the blog could possibly fully cease editorial control. On the other hand, the example is in user space, not mainspace. ==Cranks and trolls== Jimbo Wales has some interesting things to say about cranks and trolls, as per this: * [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Wikimedia Ethics:Ethical Breaching Experiments/Sue Gardner]] Some quotations from Jimbo: * "You care about this project - you don't want it to become known as a haven for cranks and trolls. You won't want it to be hijacked by people who - trust me - will waste as many hours of your time in pointless argumentation about nonsense as you are willing to give them." * "And think about the impact on serious learners if they show up to find the site dominated by cranks and trolls making up completely weird and useless things, and apparently serious contributors dealing with them all the time." * 'I think we would all rather people come away from Wikiversity after each visit saying "Wow, that's an amazing place, there's such high quality stuff there. I was having such a hard time in my statistics class until I read Exploratory factor analysis/Data analysis tutorial/PASW at Wikiversity." This in contrast to saying "Wow, I really trusted that site but then I found out that they have such a wide-open policy of never getting rid of crackpots that their so-called physics articles were completely full of bizarre theories that no one has ever heard of and that don't really make sense."' An example of something characterized by some as "crackpottery" in a RFD discussion (which resulted in a move to userspace): * [[User:TyEvSkyo/Particle Sphere Theory]] ==Article names== I am struggling to find a good strategy/design for names of articles that I am creating. I created [[Hedonism (Polansky)]], but that is now [[One man's look at hedonism]]. The idea was that I cannot occupy "Hedonism" since other people could want to occupy it, so I use "(Polansky)" for disambiguation. There was some opposition to that so I went for "One man's look at X". But of course, "One man's look at" could refer to any editor, not just myself, so it is hardly optimal. It is a temporary solution until someone complains or proposes something better. An alternative in use is [[COVID-19/Dan Polansky]]. Thus, there could be [[Hedonism/Dan Polansky]]. What I dislike about this option is that it looks like a chapter of a "Hedonism" book or project, but it is not: it is my take on hedonism and not part of any project. And it is ambiguous: what if we had "Ethics/Immanuel Kant"? It would not be a page written by Immanuel Kant but rather an article on ethics of Immanuel Kant. An article name like [[Technology as a threat or promise for life and its forms]] is so unique that I probably have a right to occupy the title. I occupy [[Proper name]], which should perhaps be [[One man's look at proper name]]. On the other hand, as long as no one else wants to create their own write-up on proper names, this seems okay as a temporary solution. Apart from "One man's look at X", I sometimes use "An analysis of X", e.g. [[An analysis of truth]]. The indefinite article suggests that it is not ''the'' Wikiversity analysis of truth but rather one of muliple possible analyses. == Article for others to read vs. exercise == I am trying to write my articles in such a way that they could be useful or interesting for others, worthy of someone's reading time. However, even if that fails, writing these articles can be thought of as an exercise. In general, the purpose of an exercise is not original contribution; it is practice. To write a philosophical article without careful consultation of sources is an exercise in doing philosophy, even if possibly bad philosophy. For example, I can imagine a teacher of a philosophy class assigning students to write their own analysis of the concept of knowledge, without use of literature. Since everyone has an idea of what they mean by knowledge, they should be able to make some initial/pre-theoretic statements about it. It is one way of learning how to think using sentences of natural language and to get acquainted with one's limitations. Since, if one writes something and then compares it to, say, an SEP article (SEP is remarkable), one can see how much did one miss. The heuristic of first figuring out what one thinks and then going to literature is inspired by Pirsig's ''Lila'', where he talks of philosophy vs. philosophology. One can ask why should an exercise be published in a public wiki rather than being saved on a local harddrive. For one thing, the wiki tools are just beautiful, although one can install MediaWiki locally. Moreover, the risk that someone will read the text and think the author is stupid/incompetent/naive seems to be motivating for doing a better or more thorough job of it than one would do in private. Furthermore, one can get some defect statements on the article talk page and address the defects/comments, although that does not usually seem to be happening (but it could). The character of a possible exercise is supported by author-specific page titles such as "One man's look at X" that I am using (see also section above). 77h7el3r8hzid3wpfev39cjja8nlr4k 0 304964 2691309 2690175 2024-12-10T21:44:38Z Watchduck 137431 2691309 wikitext text/x-wiki These articles about Boolean functions use a similar style and terminology. &nbsp; <small style="opacity: .7;">They are created by [[User:Watchduck|Watchduck]] a.k.a. Tilman Piesk.</small> * '''[[Studies of Boolean functions/terminology]]''' * '''[[Studies of Boolean functions/examples]]''' * '''[[Discrete helpers/boolf]]''' * [[hard properties of Boolean functions|hard]] and [[soft properties of Boolean functions|soft]] [[properties of Boolean functions]] * [[Integer sequences related to Boolean functions]] * [[Linear Boolean functions]] * [[Gender of Boolean functions]] * [[Mentors of Boolean functions]] * [[Principalities and dominions of Boolean functions]] * <small>[[Tesseract and 16-cell faces]]</small> ==[[Studies of Euler diagrams]]== <gallery> File:EuDi; potula (shapes).svg File:EuDi; gilera.svg File:EuDi; nisuke.svg File:EuDi; kimuri.svg File:EuDi; levana flat.svg File:EuDi; medusa.png File:EuDi; batch 5; 5.svg </gallery> ==Zhegalkin indices== [[File:ANF to 1000 1001.svg|thumb|150px|left|ANF to truth table]] [[File:Zhegalkin 256.svg|thumb|717px|right|Zhegalkin matrix]] * [[Algebraic normal form]] * [[Zhegalkin matrix]], [[Zhegalkin twins]] * [[Noble Boolean functions]] * [[Gentle sets of Boolean functions]] * [[Linear and noble Boolean functions]] * [[Smallest Zhegalkin index]] {{clear}} ==Commons== Some topics exist mainly in the form of categories on Commons. Articles here should follow. {| style="text-align: center; background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1" |style="padding-right: 20px;"| [[commons:Category:3-ary Zhegalkin indices in octeract matrix; great principalities; with entries on diagonal|3-ary]] <span style="font-size: 70%; opacity: .6;">(4)</span> |style="padding-right: 20px;"| [[commons:Category:4-ary Zhegalkin indices in 16-cube matrix; great principalities; with entries on diagonal|4-ary]] <span style="font-size: 70%; opacity: .6;">(20)</span> |rowspan="2" style="text-align: right; padding-right: 10px;"| great principalities <small>with entries</small> |style="text-align: left; padding-right: 0 20px;"| on diagonal &nbsp; <span style="font-size: 70%; opacity: .6;">(related to patron dominions)</span> |- |style="padding-right: 20px;"| [[commons:Category:3-ary Zhegalkin indices in octeract matrix; great principalities; with entries in top row|3-ary]] <span style="font-size: 70%; opacity: .6;">(4)</span> |style="padding-right: 20px;"| [[commons:Category:4-ary Zhegalkin indices in 16-cube matrix; great principalities; with entries in top row|4-ary]] <span style="font-size: 70%; opacity: .6;">(22)</span> |style="text-align: left; padding-right: 0 20px;"| in top row &nbsp; <span style="font-size: 70%; opacity: .6;">(related to patron principalities)</span> |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 800px; text-align: center;" | [[commons:Category:2-ary Boolean functions in tesseract matrix; great prefects|2-ary]] {{spaces|3}} [[commons:Category:3-ary Boolean functions in octeract matrix; great prefects|3-ary]] {{spaces|3}} [[commons:Category:4-ary Boolean functions in 16-cube matrix; great prefects|4-ary]] {{spaces|7}} great prefects in hypercube matrix |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 800px; text-align: center;" | [[commons:Category:2-ary Boolean functions in tesseract matrix; principalities and dominions|2-ary]] {{spaces|3}} [[commons:Category:3-ary Boolean functions in octeract matrix; principalities and dominions|3-ary]] {{spaces|3}} [[commons:Category:4-ary Boolean functions in 16-cube matrix; principalities and dominions|4-ary]] {{spaces|7}} principalities and dominions in hypercube matrix |} * {{Commons catlink|Quadrant colors in hypercube matrices (image set)}} * {{Commons catlink|3-ary Boolean functions in octeract matrix; faction clusters}} * {{Commons catlink|3-ary Boolean functions; graphs of faction clusters}} * {{Commons catlink|Walsh spectra of 3-ary Boolean functions; families}} ==old== These old pages require some updates. * [[3-ary Boolean functions]] * [[4-ary Boolean functions]] * [[Seal (discrete mathematics)]] (subgroups of nimber addition)) [[Category:Studies of Boolean functions]] 28579rtooi9rkysrlhala0o4wk9ot6n 0 305362 2691302 2691111 2024-12-10T20:51:32Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 /* References */ Goucher 2020, Subsumptions of regular polytopes 2691302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Regular object in four dimensional geometry}} {{Polyscheme|radius=an '''expanded version''' of|active=is the focus of active research}} {{Infobox 4-polytope | Name=24-cell | Image_File=Schlegel wireframe 24-cell.png | Image_Caption=[[W:Schlegel diagram|Schlegel diagram]]<br>(vertices and edges) | Type=[[W:Convex regular 4-polytope|Convex regular 4-polytope]] | Last=[[W:Omnitruncated tesseract|21]] | Index=22 | Next=[[W:Rectified 24-cell|23]] | Schläfli={3,4,3}<br>r{3,3,4} = <math>\left\{\begin{array}{l}3\\3,4\end{array}\right\}</math><br>{3^1,1,1} = <math>\left\{\begin{array}{l}3\\3\\3\end{array}\right\}</math> | CD={{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|4|node|3|node}}<br>{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|3|node_1|3|node|4|node}} or {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|split1|nodes|4a|nodea}}<br>{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|3|node_1|split1|nodes}} or {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|splitsplit1|branch3|node}} | Cell_List=24 [[W:Octahedron|{3,4}]] [[File:Octahedron.png|20px]] | Face_List=96 [[W:Triangle|{3}]] | Edge_Count=96 | Vertex_Count= 24 | Petrie_Polygon=[[W:Dodecagon|{12}]] | Coxeter_Group=[[W:F4 (mathematics)|F₄]], [3,4,3], order 1152<br>B₄, [4,3,3], order 384<br>D₄, [3^1,1,1], order 192 | Vertex_Figure=[[W:Cube|cube]] | Dual=[[W:Polytope#Self-dual polytopes|self-dual]] | Property_List=[[W:Convex polytope|convex]], [[W:Isogonal figure|isogonal]], [[W:Isotoxal figure|isotoxal]], [[W:Isohedral figure|isohedral]] }} [[File:24-cell net.png|thumb|right|[[W:Net (polyhedron)|Net]]]] In [[W:four-dimensional space|four-dimensional geometry]], the '''24-cell''' is the convex [[W:Regular 4-polytope|regular 4-polytope]]{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=118|loc=Chapter VII: Ordinary Polytopes in Higher Space}} (four-dimensional analogue of a [[W:Platonic solid|Platonic solid]]]) with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,4,3}. It is also called '''C₂₄''', or the '''icositetrachoron''',{{Sfn|Johnson|2018|p=249|loc=11.5}} '''octaplex''' (short for "octahedral complex"), '''icosatetrahedroid''',{{sfn|Ghyka|1977|p=68}} '''[[W:Octacube (sculpture)|octacube]]''', '''hyper-diamond''' or '''polyoctahedron''', being constructed of [[W:Octahedron|octahedral]] [[W:Cell (geometry)|cells]]. The boundary of the 24-cell is composed of 24 [[W:Octahedron|octahedral]] cells with six meeting at each vertex, and three at each edge. Together they have 96 triangular faces, 96 edges, and 24 vertices. The [[W:Vertex figure|vertex figure]] is a [[W:Cube|cube]]. The 24-cell is [[W:Self-dual polyhedron|self-dual]].{{Efn|The 24-cell is one of only three self-dual regular Euclidean polytopes which are neither a [[W:Polygon|polygon]] nor a [[W:Simplex|simplex]]. The other two are also 4-polytopes, but not convex: the [[W:Grand stellated 120-cell|grand stellated 120-cell]] and the [[W:Great 120-cell|great 120-cell]]. The 24-cell is nearly unique among self-dual regular convex polytopes in that it and the even polygons are the only such polytopes where a face is not opposite an edge.|name=|group=}} The 24-cell and the [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] are the only convex regular 4-polytopes in which the edge length equals the radius.{{Efn||name=radially equilateral|group=}} The 24-cell does not have a regular analogue in [[W:Three dimensions|three dimensions]] or any other number of dimensions, either below or above.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=289|loc=Epilogue|ps=; "Another peculiarity of four-dimensional space is the occurrence of the 24-cell {3,4,3}, which stands quite alone, having no analogue above or below."}} It is the only one of the six convex regular 4-polytopes which is not the analogue of one of the five Platonic solids. However, it can be seen as the analogue of a pair of irregular solids: the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] and its dual the [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedron]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1995|loc=(Paper 3) ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions''|p=25}} Translated copies of the 24-cell can [[W:Tesselate|tesselate]] four-dimensional space face-to-face, forming the [[W:24-cell honeycomb|24-cell honeycomb]]. As a polytope that can tile by translation, the 24-cell is an example of a [[W:Parallelohedron|parallelotope]], the simplest one that is not also a [[W:Zonotope|zonotope]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1968|p=70|loc=§4.12 The Classification of Zonohedra}} ==Geometry== The 24-cell incorporates the geometries of every convex regular polytope in the first four dimensions, except the 5-cell, those with a 5 in their Schlӓfli symbol,{{Efn|The convex regular polytopes in the first four dimensions with a 5 in their Schlӓfli symbol are the [[W:Pentagon|pentagon]] {5}, the [[W:Icosahedron|icosahedron]] {3, 5}, the [[W:Dodecahedron|dodecahedron]] {5, 3}, the [[600-cell]] {3,3,5} and the [[120-cell]] {5,3,3}. The [[5-cell]] {3, 3, 3} is also pentagonal in the sense that its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]] is the pentagon.|name=pentagonal polytopes|group=}} and the regular polygons with 7 or more sides. In other words, the 24-cell contains ''all'' of the regular polytopes made of triangles and squares that exist in four dimensions except the regular 5-cell, but ''none'' of the pentagonal polytopes. It is especially useful to explore the 24-cell, because one can see the geometric relationships among all of these regular polytopes in a single 24-cell or [[W:24-cell honeycomb|its honeycomb]]. The 24-cell is the fourth in the sequence of six [[W:Convex regular 4-polytope|convex regular 4-polytope]]s (in order of size and complexity).{{Efn|name=4-polytopes ordered by size and complexity}}{{Sfn|Goucher|2020|loc=Subsumptions of regular polytopes}} It can be deconstructed into 3 overlapping instances of its predecessor the [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] (8-cell), as the 8-cell can be deconstructed into 2 instances of its predecessor the [[16-cell]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=302|pp=|loc=Table VI (ii): 𝐈𝐈 = {3,4,3}|ps=: see Result column}} The reverse procedure to construct each of these from an instance of its predecessor preserves the radius of the predecessor, but generally produces a successor with a smaller edge length.{{Efn|name=edge length of successor}} === Coordinates === The 24-cell has two natural systems of Cartesian coordinates, which reveal distinct structure. ==== Great squares ==== The 24-cell is the [[W:Convex hull|convex hull]] of its vertices which can be described as the 24 coordinate [[W:Permutation|permutation]]s of: <math display="block">(\pm1, \pm 1, 0, 0) \in \mathbb{R}^4 .</math> Those coordinates{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=156|loc=§8.7. Cartesian Coordinates}} can be constructed as {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|3|node_1|3|node|4|node}}, [[W:Rectification (geometry)|rectifying]] the [[16-cell]] {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|4|node}} with 8 vertices permutations of (±2,0,0,0). The vertex figure of a 16-cell is the [[W:Octahedron|octahedron]]; thus, cutting the vertices of the 16-cell at the midpoint of its incident edges produces 8 octahedral cells. This process{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=|pp=145-146|loc=§8.1 The simple truncations of the general regular polytope}} also rectifies the tetrahedral cells of the 16-cell which become 16 octahedra, giving the 24-cell 24 octahedral cells. In this frame of reference the 24-cell has edges of length {{sqrt|2}} and is inscribed in a [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] of radius {{sqrt|2}}. Remarkably, the edge length equals the circumradius, as in the [[W:Hexagon|hexagon]], or the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. Such polytopes are ''radially equilateral''.{{Efn|The long radius (center to vertex) of the 24-cell is equal to its edge length; thus its long diameter (vertex to opposite vertex) is 2 edge lengths. Only a few uniform polytopes have this property, including the four-dimensional 24-cell and [[W:Tesseract#Radial equilateral symmetry|tesseract]], the three-dimensional [[W:Cuboctahedron#Radial equilateral symmetry|cuboctahedron]], and the two-dimensional [[W:Hexagon#Regular hexagon|hexagon]]. (The cuboctahedron is the equatorial cross section of the 24-cell, and the hexagon is the equatorial cross section of the cuboctahedron.) '''Radially equilateral''' polytopes are those which can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge.|name=radially equilateral|group=}} {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|radius={{radic|2}}}} The 24 vertices form 18 great squares{{Efn|The edges of six of the squares are aligned with the grid lines of the ''{{radic|2}} radius coordinate system''. For example: {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}0, −1, −1,{{spaces|2}}0){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1, −1,{{spaces|2}}0)<br> is the square in the ''xy'' plane. The edges of the squares are not 24-cell edges, they are interior chords joining two vertices 90^o distant from each other; so the squares are merely invisible configurations of four of the 24-cell's vertices, not visible 24-cell features.|name=|group=}} (3 sets of 6 orthogonal{{Efn|Up to 6 planes can be mutually orthogonal in 4 dimensions. 3 dimensional space accommodates only 3 perpendicular axes and 3 perpendicular planes through a single point. In 4 dimensional space we may have 4 perpendicular axes and 6 perpendicular planes through a point (for the same reason that the tetrahedron has 6 edges, not 4): there are 6 ways to take 4 dimensions 2 at a time.{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Three such perpendicular planes (pairs of axes) meet at each vertex of the 24-cell (for the same reason that three edges meet at each vertex of the tetrahedron). Each of the 6 planes is [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to just one of the other planes: the only one with which it does not share a line (for the same reason that each edge of the tetrahedron is orthogonal to just one of the other edges: the only one with which it does not share a point). Two completely orthogonal planes are perpendicular and opposite each other, as two edges of the tetrahedron are perpendicular and opposite.|name=six orthogonal planes tetrahedral symmetry}} central squares), 3 of which intersect at each vertex. By viewing just one square at each vertex, the 24-cell can be seen as the vertices of 3 pairs of [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] great squares which intersect{{Efn|Two planes in 4-dimensional space can have four possible reciprocal positions: (1) they can coincide (be exactly the same plane); (2) they can be parallel (the only way they can fail to intersect at all); (3) they can intersect in a single line, as two non-parallel planes do in 3-dimensional space; or (4) '''they can intersect in a single point'''{{Efn|To visualize how two planes can intersect in a single point in a four dimensional space, consider the Euclidean space (w, x, y, z) and imagine that the w dimension represents time rather than a spatial dimension. The xy central plane (where w{{=}}0, z{{=}}0) shares no axis with the wz central plane (where x{{=}}0, y{{=}}0). The xy plane exists at only a single instant in time (w{{=}}0); the wz plane (and in particular the w axis) exists all the time. Thus their only moment and place of intersection is at the origin point (0,0,0,0).|name=how planes intersect at a single point}} if they are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].|name=how planes intersect}} at no vertices.{{Efn|name=three square fibrations}} ==== Great hexagons ==== The 24-cell is [[W:Self-dual|self-dual]], having the same number of vertices (24) as cells and the same number of edges (96) as faces. If the dual of the above 24-cell of edge length {{sqrt|2}} is taken by reciprocating it about its ''inscribed'' sphere, another 24-cell is found which has edge length and circumradius 1, and its coordinates reveal more structure. In this frame of reference the 24-cell lies vertex-up, and its vertices can be given as follows: 8 vertices obtained by permuting the ''integer'' coordinates: <math display="block">\left( \pm 1, 0, 0, 0 \right)</math> and 16 vertices with ''half-integer'' coordinates of the form: <math display="block">\left( \pm \tfrac{1}{2}, \pm \tfrac{1}{2}, \pm \tfrac{1}{2}, \pm \tfrac{1}{2} \right)</math> all 24 of which lie at distance 1 from the origin. [[#Quaternionic interpretation|Viewed as quaternions]],{{Efn|name=quaternions}} these are the unit [[W:Hurwitz quaternions|Hurwitz quaternions]]. The 24-cell has unit radius and unit edge length{{Efn||name=radially equilateral}} in this coordinate system. We refer to the system as ''unit radius coordinates'' to distinguish it from others, such as the {{sqrt|2}} radius coordinates used [[#Great squares|above]].{{Efn|The edges of the orthogonal great squares are ''not'' aligned with the grid lines of the ''unit radius coordinate system''. Six of the squares do lie in the 6 orthogonal planes of this coordinate system, but their edges are the {{sqrt|2}} ''diagonals'' of unit edge length squares of the coordinate lattice. For example: {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}0)<br> is the square in the ''xy'' plane. Notice that the 8 ''integer'' coordinates comprise the vertices of the 6 orthogonal squares.|name=orthogonal squares|group=}} {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|radius=1}} The 24 vertices and 96 edges form 16 non-orthogonal great hexagons,{{Efn|The hexagons are inclined (tilted) at 60 degrees with respect to the unit radius coordinate system's orthogonal planes. Each hexagonal plane contains only ''one'' of the 4 coordinate system axes.{{Efn|Each great hexagon of the 24-cell contains one axis (one pair of antipodal vertices) belonging to each of the three inscribed 16-cells. The 24-cell contains three disjoint inscribed 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other (so their corresponding vertices are 120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} apart). A [[16-cell#Coordinates|16-cell is an orthonormal ''basis'']] for a 4-dimensional coordinate system, because its 8 vertices define the four orthogonal axes. In any choice of a vertex-up coordinate system (such as the unit radius coordinates used in this article), one of the three inscribed 16-cells is the basis for the coordinate system, and each hexagon has only ''one'' axis which is a coordinate system axis.|name=three basis 16-cells}} The hexagon consists of 3 pairs of opposite vertices (three 24-cell diameters): one opposite pair of ''integer'' coordinate vertices (one of the four coordinate axes), and two opposite pairs of ''half-integer'' coordinate vertices (not coordinate axes). For example: {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>) {{indent|5}}(−<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>){{spaces|3}}(−<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>) {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}0)<br> is a hexagon on the ''y'' axis. Unlike the {{sqrt|2}} squares, the hexagons are actually made of 24-cell edges, so they are visible features of the 24-cell.|name=non-orthogonal hexagons|group=}} four of which intersect{{Efn||name=how planes intersect}} at each vertex.{{Efn|It is not difficult to visualize four hexagonal planes intersecting at 60 degrees to each other, even in three dimensions. Four hexagonal central planes intersect at 60 degrees in the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. Four of the 24-cell's 16 hexagonal central planes (lying in the same 3-dimensional hyperplane) intersect at each of the 24-cell's vertices exactly the way they do at the center of a cuboctahedron. But the ''edges'' around the vertex do not meet as the radii do at the center of a cuboctahedron; the 24-cell has 8 edges around each vertex, not 12, so its vertex figure is the cube, not the cuboctahedron. The 8 edges meet exactly the way 8 edges do at the apex of a canonical [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]].{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}}|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} By viewing just one hexagon at each vertex, the 24-cell can be seen as the 24 vertices of 4 non-intersecting hexagonal great circles which are [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] to each other.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} The 12 axes and 16 hexagons of the 24-cell constitute a [[W:Reye configuration|Reye configuration]], which in the language of [[W:Configuration (geometry)|configurations]] is written as 12₄16₃ to indicate that each axis belongs to 4 hexagons, and each hexagon contains 3 axes.{{Sfn|Waegell|Aravind|2009|loc=§3.4 The 24-cell: points, lines and Reye's configuration|pp=4-5|ps=; In the 24-cell Reye's "points" and "lines" are axes and hexagons, respectively.}} ==== Triangles ==== The 24 vertices form 32 equilateral great triangles, of edge length {{radic|3}} in the unit-radius 24-cell,{{Efn|These triangles' edges of length {{sqrt|3}} are the diagonals{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} of cubical cells of unit edge length found within the 24-cell, but those cubical (tesseract){{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} cells are not cells of the unit radius coordinate lattice.|name=cube diagonals}} inscribed in the 16 great hexagons.{{Efn|These triangles lie in the same planes containing the hexagons;{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} two triangles of edge length {{sqrt|3}} are inscribed in each hexagon. For example, in unit radius coordinates: {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>) {{indent|5}}(−<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>){{spaces|3}}(−<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>) {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}0)<br> are two opposing central triangles on the ''y'' axis, with each triangle formed by the vertices in alternating rows. Unlike the hexagons, the {{sqrt|3}} triangles are not made of actual 24-cell edges, so they are invisible features of the 24-cell, like the {{sqrt|2}} squares.|name=central triangles|group=}} Each great triangle is a ring linking three completely disjoint{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} great squares.{{Efn|The 18 great squares of the 24-cell occur as three sets of 6 orthogonal great squares,{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} each forming a [[16-cell]].{{Efn|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} The three 16-cells are completely disjoint (and [[#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel]]): each has its own 8 vertices (on 4 orthogonal axes) and its own 24 edges (of length {{radic|2}}). The 18 square great circles are crossed by 16 hexagonal great circles; each hexagon has one axis (2 vertices) in each 16-cell.{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The two great triangles inscribed in each great hexagon (occupying its alternate vertices, and with edges that are its {{radic|3}} chords) have one vertex in each 16-cell. Thus ''each great triangle is a ring linking the three completely disjoint 16-cells''. There are four different ways (four different ''fibrations'' of the 24-cell) in which the 8 vertices of the 16-cells correspond by being triangles of vertices {{radic|3}} apart: there are 32 distinct linking triangles. Each ''pair'' of 16-cells forms a tesseract (8-cell).{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Each great triangle has one {{radic|3}} edge in each tesseract, so it is also a ring linking the three tesseracts.|name=great linking triangles}} ==== Hypercubic chords ==== [[File:24-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Vertex geometry of the radially equilateral{{Efn||name=radially equilateral|group=}} 24-cell, showing the 3 great circle polygons and the 4 vertex-to-vertex chord lengths.|alt=]] The 24 vertices of the 24-cell are distributed{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=298|loc=Table V: The Distribution of Vertices of Four-Dimensional Polytopes in Parallel Solid Sections (§13.1); (i) Sections of {3,4,3} (edge 2) beginning with a vertex; see column ''a''|5=}} at four different [[W:Chord (geometry)|chord]] lengths from each other: {{sqrt|1}}, {{sqrt|2}}, {{sqrt|3}} and {{sqrt|4}}. The {{sqrt|1}} chords (the 24-cell edges) are the edges of central hexagons, and the {{sqrt|3}} chords are the diagonals of central hexagons. The {{sqrt|2}} chords are the edges of central squares, and the {{sqrt|4}} chords are the diagonals of central squares. Each vertex is joined to 8 others{{Efn|The 8 nearest neighbor vertices surround the vertex (in the curved 3-dimensional space of the 24-cell's boundary surface) the way a cube's 8 corners surround its center. (The [[W:Vertex figure|vertex figure]] of the 24-cell is a cube.)|name=8 nearest vertices}} by an edge of length 1, spanning 60° = <small>{{sfrac|{{pi}}|3}}</small> of arc. Next nearest are 6 vertices{{Efn|The 6 second-nearest neighbor vertices surround the vertex in curved 3-dimensional space the way an octahedron's 6 corners surround its center.|name=6 second-nearest vertices}} located 90° = <small>{{sfrac|{{pi}}|2}}</small> away, along an interior chord of length {{sqrt|2}}. Another 8 vertices lie 120° = <small>{{sfrac|2{{pi}}|3}}</small> away, along an interior chord of length {{sqrt|3}}.{{Efn|name=nearest isoclinic vertices are {{radic|3}} away in third surrounding shell}} The opposite vertex is 180° = <small>{{pi}}</small> away along a diameter of length 2. Finally, as the 24-cell is radially equilateral, its center is 1 edge length away from all vertices. To visualize how the interior polytopes of the 24-cell fit together (as described [[#Constructions|below]]), keep in mind that the four chord lengths ({{sqrt|1}}, {{sqrt|2}}, {{sqrt|3}}, {{sqrt|4}}) are the long diameters of the [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]]s of dimensions 1 through 4: the long diameter of the square is {{sqrt|2}}; the long diameter of the cube is {{sqrt|3}}; and the long diameter of the tesseract is {{sqrt|4}}.{{Efn|Thus ({{sqrt|1}}, {{sqrt|2}}, {{sqrt|3}}, {{sqrt|4}}) are the vertex chord lengths of the tesseract as well as of the 24-cell. They are also the diameters of the tesseract (from short to long), though not of the 24-cell.}} Moreover, the long diameter of the octahedron is {{sqrt|2}} like the square; and the long diameter of the 24-cell itself is {{sqrt|4}} like the tesseract. ==== Geodesics ==== [[Image:stereographic polytope 24cell faces.png|thumb|[[W:Stereographic projection|Stereographic projection]] of the 24-cell's 16 central hexagons onto their great circles. Each great circle is divided into 6 arc-edges at the intersections where 4 great circles cross.]] The vertex chords of the 24-cell are arranged in [[W:Geodesic|geodesic]] [[W:great circle|great circle]] polygons.{{Efn|A geodesic great circle lies in a 2-dimensional plane which passes through the center of the polytope. Notice that in 4 dimensions this central plane does ''not'' bisect the polytope into two equal-sized parts, as it would in 3 dimensions, just as a diameter (a central line) bisects a circle but does not bisect a sphere. Another difference is that in 4 dimensions not all pairs of great circles intersect at two points, as they do in 3 dimensions; some pairs do, but some pairs of great circles are non-intersecting Clifford parallels.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}}}} The [[W:Geodesic distance|geodesic distance]] between two 24-cell vertices along a path of {{sqrt|1}} edges is always 1, 2, or 3, and it is 3 only for opposite vertices.{{Efn|If the [[W:Euclidean distance|Pythagorean distance]] between any two vertices is {{sqrt|1}}, their geodesic distance is 1; they may be two adjacent vertices (in the curved 3-space of the surface), or a vertex and the center (in 4-space). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|2}}, their geodesic distance is 2 (whether via 3-space or 4-space, because the path along the edges is the same straight line with one 90^o bend in it as the path through the center). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|3}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 (whether on a hexagonal great circle past one 60^o bend, or as a straight line with one 60^o bend in it through the center). Finally, if their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|4}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 in 4-space (straight through the center), but it reaches 3 in 3-space (by going halfway around a hexagonal great circle).|name=Geodesic distance}} The {{sqrt|1}} edges occur in 16 [[#Great hexagons|hexagonal great circles]] (in planes inclined at 60 degrees to each other), 4 of which cross{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} at each vertex.{{Efn|Eight {{sqrt|1}} edges converge in curved 3-dimensional space from the corners of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|The [[W:Vertex figure|vertex figure]] is the facet which is made by truncating a vertex; canonically, at the mid-edges incident to the vertex. But one can make similar vertex figures of different radii by truncating at any point along those edges, up to and including truncating at the adjacent vertices to make a ''full size'' vertex figure. Stillwell defines the vertex figure as "the convex hull of the neighbouring vertices of a given vertex".{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=17}} That is what serves the illustrative purpose here.|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 4 straight lines which cross there. The 8 vertices of the cube are the eight nearest other vertices of the 24-cell. The straight lines are geodesics: two {{sqrt|1}}-length segments of an apparently straight line (in the 3-space of the 24-cell's curved surface) that is bent in the 4th dimension into a great circle hexagon (in 4-space). Imagined from inside this curved 3-space, the bends in the hexagons are invisible. From outside (if we could view the 24-cell in 4-space), the straight lines would be seen to bend in the 4th dimension at the cube centers, because the center is displaced outward in the 4th dimension, out of the hyperplane defined by the cube's vertices. Thus the vertex cube is actually a [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]. Unlike a cube, it seems to be radially equilateral (like the tesseract and the 24-cell itself): its "radius" equals its edge length.{{Efn|The cube is not radially equilateral in Euclidean 3-space <math>\mathbb{R}^3</math>, but a cubic pyramid is radially equilateral in the curved 3-space of the 24-cell's surface, the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>. In 4-space the 8 edges radiating from its apex are not actually its radii: the apex of the [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]] is not actually its center, just one of its vertices. But in curved 3-space the edges radiating symmetrically from the apex ''are'' radii, so the cube is radially equilateral ''in that curved 3-space'' <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>. In Euclidean 4-space <math>\mathbb{R}^4</math> 24 edges radiating symmetrically from a central point make the radially equilateral 24-cell,{{Efn|name=radially equilateral}} and a symmetrical subset of 16 of those edges make the [[W:Tesseract#Radial equilateral symmetry|radially equilateral tesseract]].}}|name=24-cell vertex figure}} The 96 distinct {{sqrt|1}} edges divide the surface into 96 triangular faces and 24 octahedral cells: a 24-cell. The 16 hexagonal great circles can be divided into 4 sets of 4 non-intersecting [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] geodesics, such that only one hexagonal great circle in each set passes through each vertex, and the 4 hexagons in each set reach all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ [[W:Orthographic projection|Orthogonal projection]]s of the 24-cell |- style="text-align:center;" ![[W:Coxeter plane|Coxeter plane]] !colspan=2|F₄ |- style="text-align:center;" !Graph |colspan=2|[[File:24-cell t0_F4.svg|100px]] |- style="text-align:center;" ![[W:Dihedral symmetry|Dihedral symmetry]] |colspan=2|[12] |- style="text-align:center;" !Coxeter plane !B₃ / A₂ (a) !B₃ / A₂ (b) |- style="text-align:center;" !Graph |[[File:24-cell t0_B3.svg|100px]] |[[File:24-cell t3_B3.svg|100px]] |- style="text-align:center;" !Dihedral symmetry |[6] |[6] |- style="text-align:center;" !Coxeter plane !B₄ !B₂ / A₃ |- style="text-align:center;" !Graph |[[File:24-cell t0_B4.svg|100px]] |[[File:24-cell t0_B2.svg|100px]] |- style="text-align:center;" !Dihedral symmetry |[8] |[4] |} The {{sqrt|2}} chords occur in 18 [[#Great squares|square great circles]] (3 sets of 6 orthogonal planes{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}), 3 of which cross at each vertex.{{Efn|Six {{sqrt|2}} chords converge in 3-space from the face centers of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 3 straight lines which cross there perpendicularly. The 8 vertices of the cube are the eight nearest other vertices of the 24-cell, and eight {{sqrt|1}} edges converge from there, but let us ignore them now, since 7 straight lines crossing at the center is confusing to visualize all at once. Each of the six {{sqrt|2}} chords runs from this cube's center (the vertex) through a face center to the center of an adjacent (face-bonded) cube, which is another vertex of the 24-cell: not a nearest vertex (at the cube corners), but one located 90° away in a second concentric shell of six {{sqrt|2}}-distant vertices that surrounds the first shell of eight {{sqrt|1}}-distant vertices. The face-center through which the {{sqrt|2}} chord passes is the mid-point of the {{sqrt|2}} chord, so it lies inside the 24-cell.|name=|group=}} The 72 distinct {{sqrt|2}} chords do not run in the same planes as the hexagonal great circles; they do not follow the 24-cell's edges, they pass through its octagonal cell centers.{{Efn|One can cut the 24-cell through 6 vertices (in any hexagonal great circle plane), or through 4 vertices (in any square great circle plane). One can see this in the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] (the central [[W:hyperplane|hyperplane]] of the 24-cell), where there are four hexagonal great circles (along the edges) and six square great circles (across the square faces diagonally).}} The 72 {{sqrt|2}} chords are the 3 orthogonal axes of the 24 octahedral cells, joining vertices which are 2 {{radic|1}} edges apart. The 18 square great circles can be divided into 3 sets of 6 non-intersecting Clifford parallel geodesics,{{Efn|[[File:Hopf band wikipedia.png|thumb|Two [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] [[W:Great circle|great circle]]s on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] spanned by a twisted [[W:Annulus (mathematics)|annulus]]. They have a common center point in [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|4-dimensional Euclidean space]], and could lie in [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] rotation planes.]][[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]s are non-intersecting curved lines that are parallel in the sense that the perpendicular (shortest) distance between them is the same at each point.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=§3. Clifford's original definition of parallelism|pp=5-6}} A double helix is an example of Clifford parallelism in ordinary 3-dimensional Euclidean space. In 4-space Clifford parallels occur as geodesic great circles on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]].{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=8-10|loc=Relations to Clifford Parallelism}} Whereas in 3-dimensional space, any two geodesic great circles on the 2-sphere will always intersect at two antipodal points, in 4-dimensional space not all great circles intersect; various sets of Clifford parallel non-intersecting geodesic great circles can be found on the 3-sphere. Perhaps the simplest example is that six mutually orthogonal great circles can be drawn on the 3-sphere, as three pairs of completely orthogonal great circles.{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Each completely orthogonal pair is Clifford parallel. The two circles cannot intersect at all, because they lie in planes which intersect at only one point: the center of the 3-sphere.{{Efn|Each square plane is isoclinic (Clifford parallel) to five other square planes but [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to only one of them.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Every pair of completely orthogonal planes has Clifford parallel great circles, but not all Clifford parallel great circles are orthogonal (e.g., none of the hexagonal geodesics in the 24-cell are mutually orthogonal).|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}} Because they are perpendicular and share a common center,{{Efn|In 4-space, two great circles can be perpendicular and share a common center ''which is their only point of intersection'', because there is more than one great [[W:2-sphere|2-sphere]] on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]. The dimensionally analogous structure to a [[W:Great circle|great circle]] (a great 1-sphere) is a great 2-sphere,{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=24}} which is an ordinary sphere that constitutes an ''equator'' boundary dividing the 3-sphere into two equal halves, just as a great circle divides the 2-sphere. Although two Clifford parallel great circles{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} occupy the same 3-sphere, they lie on different great 2-spheres. The great 2-spheres are [[#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel 3-dimensional objects]], displaced relative to each other by a fixed distance ''d'' in the fourth dimension. Their corresponding points (on their two surfaces) are ''d'' apart. The 2-spheres (by which we mean their surfaces) do not intersect at all, although they have a common center point in 4-space. The displacement ''d'' between a pair of their corresponding points is the [[#Geodesics|chord of a great circle]] which intersects both 2-spheres, so ''d'' can be represented equivalently as a linear chordal distance, or as an angular distance.|name=great 2-spheres}} the two circles are obviously not parallel and separate in the usual way of parallel circles in 3 dimensions; rather they are connected like adjacent links in a chain, each passing through the other without intersecting at any points, forming a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]].|name=Clifford parallels}} such that only one square great circle in each set passes through each vertex, and the 6 squares in each set reach all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=square fibrations}} The {{sqrt|3}} chords occur in 32 [[#Triangles|triangular great circles]] in 16 planes, 4 of which cross at each vertex.{{Efn|Eight {{sqrt|3}} chords converge from the corners of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 4 straight lines which cross there. Each of the eight {{sqrt|3}} chords runs from this cube's center to the center of a diagonally adjacent (vertex-bonded) cube,{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} which is another vertex of the 24-cell: one located 120° away in a third concentric shell of eight {{sqrt|3}}-distant vertices surrounding the second shell of six {{sqrt|2}}-distant vertices that surrounds the first shell of eight {{sqrt|1}}-distant vertices.|name=nearest isoclinic vertices are {{radic|3}} away in third surrounding shell}} The 96 distinct {{sqrt|3}} chords{{Efn|name=cube diagonals}} run vertex-to-every-other-vertex in the same planes as the hexagonal great circles.{{Efn|name=central triangles}} They are the 3 edges of the 32 great triangles inscribed in the 16 great hexagons, joining vertices which are 2 {{sqrt|1}} edges apart on a great circle.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The {{sqrt|4}} chords occur as 12 vertex-to-vertex diameters (3 sets of 4 orthogonal axes), the 24 radii around the 25th central vertex. The sum of the squared lengths{{Efn|The sum of 1・96 + 2・72 + 3・96 + 4・12 is 576.}} of all these distinct chords of the 24-cell is 576 = 24².{{Efn|The sum of the squared lengths of all the distinct chords of any regular convex n-polytope of unit radius is the square of the number of vertices.{{Sfn|Copher|2019|loc=§3.2 Theorem 3.4|p=6}}}} These are all the central polygons through vertices, but in 4-space there are geodesics on the 3-sphere which do not lie in central planes at all. There are geodesic shortest paths between two 24-cell vertices that are helical rather than simply circular; they correspond to diagonal [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotations]] rather than [[#Simple rotations|simple rotations]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} The {{sqrt|1}} edges occur in 48 parallel pairs, {{sqrt|3}} apart. The {{sqrt|2}} chords occur in 36 parallel pairs, {{sqrt|2}} apart. The {{sqrt|3}} chords occur in 48 parallel pairs, {{sqrt|1}} apart.{{Efn|Each pair of parallel {{sqrt|1}} edges joins a pair of parallel {{sqrt|3}} chords to form one of 48 rectangles (inscribed in the 16 central hexagons), and each pair of parallel {{sqrt|2}} chords joins another pair of parallel {{sqrt|2}} chords to form one of the 18 central squares.|name=|group=}} The central planes of the 24-cell can be divided into 4 orthogonal central hyperplanes (3-spaces) each forming a [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. The great hexagons are 60 degrees apart; the great squares are 90 degrees or 60 degrees apart; a great square and a great hexagon are 90 degrees ''and'' 60 degrees apart.{{Efn|Two angles are required to fix the relative positions of two planes in 4-space.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=7|loc=§6 Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|ps=; "In four (and higher) dimensions, we need two angles to fix the relative position between two planes. (More generally, ''k'' angles are defined between ''k''-dimensional subspaces.)".}} Since all planes in the same hyperplane{{Efn|name=hyperplanes}} are 0 degrees apart in one of the two angles, only one angle is required in 3-space. Great hexagons in different hyperplanes are 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles. Great squares in different hyperplanes are 90 degrees apart in ''both'' angles ([[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]]) or 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles.{{Efn||name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Planes which are separated by two equal angles are called ''isoclinic''. Planes which are isoclinic have [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] great circles.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} A great square and a great hexagon in different hyperplanes ''may'' be isoclinic, but often they are separated by a 90 degree angle ''and'' a 60 degree angle.|name=two angles between central planes}} Each set of similar central polygons (squares or hexagons) can be divided into 4 sets of non-intersecting Clifford parallel polygons (of 6 squares or 4 hexagons).{{Efn|Each pair of Clifford parallel polygons lies in two different hyperplanes (cuboctahedrons). The 4 Clifford parallel hexagons lie in 4 different cuboctahedrons.}} Each set of Clifford parallel great circles is a parallel [[W:Hopf fibration|fiber bundle]] which visits all 24 vertices just once. Each great circle intersects{{Efn|name=how planes intersect}} with the other great circles to which it is not Clifford parallel at one {{sqrt|4}} diameter of the 24-cell.{{Efn|Two intersecting great squares or great hexagons share two opposing vertices, but squares or hexagons on Clifford parallel great circles share no vertices. Two intersecting great triangles share only one vertex, since they lack opposing vertices.|name=how great circle planes intersect|group=}} Great circles which are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] or otherwise Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} do not intersect at all: they pass through disjoint sets of vertices.{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} === Constructions === Triangles and squares come together uniquely in the 24-cell to generate, as interior features,{{Efn|Interior features are not considered elements of the polytope. For example, the center of a 24-cell is a noteworthy feature (as are its long radii), but these interior features do not count as elements in [[#As a configuration|its configuration matrix]], which counts only elementary features (which are not interior to any other feature including the polytope itself). Interior features are not rendered in most of the diagrams and illustrations in this article (they are normally invisible). In illustrations showing interior features, we always draw interior edges as dashed lines, to distinguish them from elementary edges.|name=interior features|group=}} all of the triangle-faced and square-faced regular convex polytopes in the first four dimensions (with caveats for the [[5-cell]] and the [[600-cell]]).{{Efn|The 600-cell is larger than the 24-cell, and contains the 24-cell as an interior feature.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=153|loc=8.5. Gosset's construction for {3,3,5}|ps=: "In fact, the vertices of {3,3,5}, each taken 5 times, are the vertices of 25 {3,4,3}'s."}} The regular 5-cell is not found in the interior of any convex regular 4-polytope except the [[120-cell]],{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=304|loc=Table VI(iv) II={5,3,3}|ps=: Faceting {5,3,3}[120𝛼₄]{3,3,5} of the 120-cell reveals 120 regular 5-cells.}} though every convex 4-polytope can be [[#Characteristic orthoscheme|deconstructed into irregular 5-cells.]]|name=|group=}} Consequently, there are numerous ways to construct or deconstruct the 24-cell. ==== Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell ==== The 8 integer vertices (±1, 0, 0, 0) are the vertices of a regular [[16-cell]], and the 16 half-integer vertices (±{{sfrac|1|2}}, ±{{sfrac|1|2}}, ±{{sfrac|1|2}}, ±{{sfrac|1|2}}) are the vertices of its dual, the [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] (8-cell).{{Sfn|Egan|2021|loc=animation of a rotating 24-cell|ps=: {{color|red}} half-integer vertices (tesseract), {{Font color|fg=yellow|bg=black|text=yellow}} and {{color|black}} integer vertices (16-cell).}} The tesseract gives Gosset's construction{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=150|loc=Gosset}} of the 24-cell, equivalent to cutting a tesseract into 8 [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]s, and then attaching them to the facets of a second tesseract. The analogous construction in 3-space gives the [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedron]] which, however, is not regular.{{Efn|[[File:R1-cube.gif|thumb|150px|Construction of a [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedron]] from a cube.]]This animation shows the construction of a [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedron]] from a cube, by inverting the center-to-face pyramids of a cube. Gosset's construction of a 24-cell from a tesseract is the 4-dimensional analogue of this process, inverting the center-to-cell pyramids of an 8-cell (tesseract).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=150|loc=Gosset}}|name=rhombic dodecahedron from a cube}} The 16-cell gives the reciprocal construction of the 24-cell, Cesaro's construction,{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=148|loc=§8.2. Cesaro's construction for {3, 4, 3}.}} equivalent to rectifying a 16-cell (truncating its corners at the mid-edges, as described [[#Great squares|above]]). The analogous construction in 3-space gives the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] (dual of the rhombic dodecahedron) which, however, is not regular. The tesseract and the 16-cell are the only regular 4-polytopes in the 24-cell.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=302|loc=Table VI(ii) II={3,4,3}, Result column}} We can further divide the 16 half-integer vertices into two groups: those whose coordinates contain an even number of minus (−) signs and those with an odd number. Each of these groups of 8 vertices also define a regular 16-cell. This shows that the vertices of the 24-cell can be grouped into three disjoint sets of eight with each set defining a regular 16-cell, and with the complement defining the dual tesseract.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=149-150|loc=§8.22. see illustrations Fig. 8.2<small>A</small> and Fig 8.2<small>B</small>|p=|ps=}} This also shows that the symmetries of the 16-cell form a subgroup of index 3 of the symmetry group of the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} ==== Diminishings ==== We can [[W:Faceting|facet]] the 24-cell by cutting{{Efn|We can cut a vertex off a polygon with a 0-dimensional cutting instrument (like the point of a knife, or the head of a zipper) by sweeping it along a 1-dimensional line, exposing a new edge. We can cut a vertex off a polyhedron with a 1-dimensional cutting edge (like a knife) by sweeping it through a 2-dimensional face plane, exposing a new face. We can cut a vertex off a polychoron (a 4-polytope) with a 2-dimensional cutting plane (like a snowplow), by sweeping it through a 3-dimensional cell volume, exposing a new cell. Notice that as within the new edge length of the polygon or the new face area of the polyhedron, every point within the new cell volume is now exposed on the surface of the polychoron.}} through interior cells bounded by vertex chords to remove vertices, exposing the [[W:Facet (geometry)|facets]] of interior 4-polytopes [[W:Inscribed figure|inscribed]] in the 24-cell. One can cut a 24-cell through any planar hexagon of 6 vertices, any planar rectangle of 4 vertices, or any triangle of 3 vertices. The great circle central planes ([[#Geodesics|above]]) are only some of those planes. Here we shall expose some of the others: the face planes{{Efn|Each cell face plane intersects with the other face planes of its kind to which it is not completely orthogonal or parallel at their characteristic vertex chord edge. Adjacent face planes of orthogonally-faced cells (such as cubes) intersect at an edge since they are not completely orthogonal.{{Efn|name=how planes intersect}} Although their dihedral angle is 90 degrees in the boundary 3-space, they lie in the same hyperplane{{Efn|name=hyperplanes}} (they are coincident rather than perpendicular in the fourth dimension); thus they intersect in a line, as non-parallel planes do in any 3-space.|name=how face planes intersect}} of interior polytopes.{{Efn|The only planes through exactly 6 vertices of the 24-cell (not counting the central vertex) are the '''16 hexagonal great circles'''. There are no planes through exactly 5 vertices. There are several kinds of planes through exactly 4 vertices: the 18 {{sqrt|2}} square great circles, the '''72 {{sqrt|1}} square (tesseract) faces''', and 144 {{sqrt|1}} by {{sqrt|2}} rectangles. The planes through exactly 3 vertices are the 96 {{sqrt|2}} equilateral triangle (16-cell) faces, and the '''96 {{sqrt|1}} equilateral triangle (24-cell) faces'''. There are an infinite number of central planes through exactly two vertices (great circle [[W:Digon|digon]]s); 16 are distinguished, as each is [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to one of the 16 hexagonal great circles. '''Only the polygons composed of 24-cell {{radic|1}} edges are visible''' in the projections and rotating animations illustrating this article; the others contain invisible interior chords.{{Efn|name=interior features}}|name=planes through vertices|group=}} ===== 8-cell ===== Starting with a complete 24-cell, remove 8 orthogonal vertices (4 opposite pairs on 4 perpendicular axes), and the 8 edges which radiate from each, by cutting through 8 cubic cells bounded by {{sqrt|1}} edges to remove 8 [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]s whose [[W:Apex (geometry)|apexes]] are the vertices to be removed. This removes 4 edges from each hexagonal great circle (retaining just one opposite pair of edges), so no continuous hexagonal great circles remain. Now 3 perpendicular edges meet and form the corner of a cube at each of the 16 remaining vertices,{{Efn|The 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|name=full size vertex figure}} has been truncated to a tetrahedral vertex figure (see [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|Kepler's drawing]]). The vertex cube has vanished, and now there are only 4 corners of the vertex figure where before there were 8. Four tesseract edges converge from the tetrahedron vertices and meet at its center, where they do not cross (since the tetrahedron does not have opposing vertices).|name=|group=}} and the 32 remaining edges divide the surface into 24 square faces and 8 cubic cells: a [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]]. There are three ways you can do this (choose a set of 8 orthogonal vertices out of 24), so there are three such tesseracts inscribed in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} They overlap with each other, but most of their element sets are disjoint: they share some vertex count, but no edge length, face area, or cell volume.{{Efn|name=vertex-bonded octahedra}} They do share 4-content, their common core.{{Efn||name=common core|group=}} ===== 16-cell ===== Starting with a complete 24-cell, remove the 16 vertices of a tesseract (retaining the 8 vertices you removed above), by cutting through 16 tetrahedral cells bounded by {{sqrt|2}} chords to remove 16 [[W:Tetrahedral pyramid|tetrahedral pyramid]]s whose apexes are the vertices to be removed. This removes 12 great squares (retaining just one orthogonal set) and all the {{sqrt|1}} edges, exposing {{sqrt|2}} chords as the new edges. Now the remaining 6 great squares cross perpendicularly, 3 at each of 8 remaining vertices,{{Efn|The 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|name=full size vertex figure}} has been truncated to an octahedral vertex figure. The vertex cube has vanished, and now there are only 6 corners of the vertex figure where before there were 8. The 6 {{sqrt|2}} chords which formerly converged from cube face centers now converge from octahedron vertices; but just as before, they meet at the center where 3 straight lines cross perpendicularly. The octahedron vertices are located 90° away outside the vanished cube, at the new nearest vertices; before truncation those were 24-cell vertices in the second shell of surrounding vertices.|name=|group=}} and their 24 edges divide the surface into 32 triangular faces and 16 tetrahedral cells: a [[16-cell]]. There are three ways you can do this (remove 1 of 3 sets of tesseract vertices), so there are three such 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} They overlap with each other, but all of their element sets are disjoint:{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} they do not share any vertex count, edge length,{{Efn|name=root 2 chords}} or face area, but they do share cell volume. They also share 4-content, their common core.{{Efn||name=common core|group=}} ==== Tetrahedral constructions ==== The 24-cell can be constructed radially from 96 equilateral triangles of edge length {{sqrt|1}} which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge.{{Efn|name=radially equilateral|group=}} They form 96 {{sqrt|1}} tetrahedra (each contributing one 24-cell face), all sharing the 25th central apex vertex. These form 24 octahedral pyramids (half-16-cells) with their apexes at the center. The 24-cell can be constructed from 96 equilateral triangles of edge length {{sqrt|2}}, where the three vertices of each triangle are located 90° = <small>{{sfrac|{{pi}}|2}}</small> away from each other on the 3-sphere. They form 48 {{sqrt|2}}-edge tetrahedra (the cells of the [[#16-cell|three 16-cells]]), centered at the 24 mid-edge-radii of the 24-cell.{{Efn|Each of the 72 {{sqrt|2}} chords in the 24-cell is a face diagonal in two distinct cubical cells (of different 8-cells) and an edge of four tetrahedral cells (in just one 16-cell).|name=root 2 chords}} The 24-cell can be constructed directly from its [[#Characteristic orthoscheme|characteristic simplex]] {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|3|node|4|node|3|node}}, the [[5-cell#Irregular 5-cells|irregular 5-cell]] which is the [[W:Fundamental region|fundamental region]] of its [[W:Coxeter group|symmetry group]] [[W:F4 polytope|F₄]], by reflection of that 4-[[W:Orthoscheme|orthoscheme]] in its own cells (which are 3-orthoschemes).{{Efn|An [[W:Orthoscheme|orthoscheme]] is a [[W:chiral|chiral]] irregular [[W:Simplex|simplex]] with [[W:Right triangle|right triangle]] faces that is characteristic of some polytope if it will exactly fill that polytope with the reflections of itself in its own [[W:Facet (geometry)|facet]]s (its ''mirror walls''). Every regular polytope can be dissected radially into instances of its [[W:Orthoscheme#Characteristic simplex of the general regular polytope|characteristic orthoscheme]] surrounding its center. The characteristic orthoscheme has the shape described by the same [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram|Coxeter-Dynkin diagram]] as the regular polytope without the ''generating point'' ring.|name=characteristic orthoscheme}} ==== Cubic constructions ==== The 24-cell is not only the 24-octahedral-cell, it is also the 24-cubical-cell, although the cubes are cells of the three 8-cells, not cells of the 24-cell, in which they are not volumetrically disjoint. The 24-cell can be constructed from 24 cubes of its own edge length (three 8-cells).{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} Each of the cubes is shared by 2 8-cells, each of the cubes' square faces is shared by 4 cubes (in 2 8-cells), each of the 96 edges is shared by 8 square faces (in 4 cubes in 2 8-cells), and each of the 96 vertices is shared by 16 edges (in 8 square faces in 4 cubes in 2 8-cells). ==== Relationships among interior polytopes ==== The 24-cell, three tesseracts, and three 16-cells are deeply entwined around their common center, and intersect in a common core.{{Efn|The common core of the 24-cell and its inscribed 8-cells and 16-cells is the unit-radius 24-cell's insphere-inscribed dual 24-cell of edge length and radius 1/2.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1995|p=29|loc=(Paper 3) ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions''|ps=; "The common content of the 4-cube and the 16-cell is a smaller {3,4,3} whose vertices are the permutations of [(±{{sfrac|1|2}}, ±{{sfrac|1|2}}, 0, 0)]".}} Rectifying any of the three 16-cells reveals this smaller 24-cell, which has a 4-content of only 1/8 (1/16 that of the unit-radius 24-cell). Its vertices lie at the centers of the 24-cell's octahedral cells, which are also the centers of the tesseracts' square faces, and are also the centers of the 16-cells' edges.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=147|loc=§8.1 The simple truncations of the general regular polytope|ps=; "At a point of contact, [elements of a regular polytope and elements of its dual in which it is inscribed in some manner] lie in [[W:completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] subspaces of the tangent hyperplane to the sphere [of reciprocation], so their only common point is the point of contact itself....{{Efn|name=how planes intersect}} In fact, the [various] radii ₀𝑹, ₁𝑹, ₂𝑹, ... determine the polytopes ... whose vertices are the centers of elements 𝐈𝐈₀, 𝐈𝐈₁, 𝐈𝐈₂, ... of the original polytope."}}|name=common core|group=}} The tesseracts and the 16-cells are rotated 60° isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other. This means that the corresponding vertices of two tesseracts or two 16-cells are {{radic|3}} (120°) apart.{{Efn|The 24-cell contains 3 distinct 8-cells (tesseracts), rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. The corresponding vertices of two 8-cells are {{radic|3}} (120°) apart. Each 8-cell contains 8 cubical cells, and each cube contains four {{radic|3}} chords (its long diameters). The 8-cells are not completely disjoint (they share vertices),{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} but each {{radic|3}} chord occurs as a cube long diameter in just one 8-cell. The {{radic|3}} chords joining the corresponding vertices of two 8-cells belong to the third 8-cell as cube diameters.{{Efn|name=nearest isoclinic vertices are {{radic|3}} away in third surrounding shell}}|name=three 8-cells}} The tesseracts are inscribed in the 24-cell{{Efn|The 24 vertices of the 24-cell, each used twice, are the vertices of three 16-vertex tesseracts.|name=|group=}} such that their vertices and edges are exterior elements of the 24-cell, but their square faces and cubical cells lie inside the 24-cell (they are not elements of the 24-cell). The 16-cells are inscribed in the 24-cell{{Efn|The 24 vertices of the 24-cell, each used once, are the vertices of three 8-vertex 16-cells.{{Efn|name=three basis 16-cells}}|name=|group=}} such that only their vertices are exterior elements of the 24-cell: their edges, triangular faces, and tetrahedral cells lie inside the 24-cell. The interior{{Efn|The edges of the 16-cells are not shown in any of the renderings in this article; if we wanted to show interior edges, they could be drawn as dashed lines. The edges of the inscribed tesseracts are always visible, because they are also edges of the 24-cell.}} 16-cell edges have length {{sqrt|2}}.{{Efn|name=great linking triangles}}[[File:Kepler's tetrahedron in cube.png|thumb|Kepler's drawing of tetrahedra in the cube.{{Sfn|Kepler|1619|p=181}}]] The 16-cells are also inscribed in the tesseracts: their {{sqrt|2}} edges are the face diagonals of the tesseract, and their 8 vertices occupy every other vertex of the tesseract. Each tesseract has two 16-cells inscribed in it (occupying the opposite vertices and face diagonals), so each 16-cell is inscribed in two of the three 8-cells.{{Sfn|van Ittersum|2020|loc=§4.2|pp=73-79}}{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} This is reminiscent of the way, in 3 dimensions, two opposing regular tetrahedra can be inscribed in a cube, as discovered by Kepler.{{Sfn|Kepler|1619|p=181}} In fact it is the exact dimensional analogy (the [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercube]]s), and the 48 tetrahedral cells are inscribed in the 24 cubical cells in just that way.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=269|loc=§14.32|ps=. "For instance, in the case of <math>\gamma_4[2\beta_4]</math>...."}}{{Efn|name=root 2 chords}} The 24-cell encloses the three tesseracts within its envelope of octahedral facets, leaving 4-dimensional space in some places between its envelope and each tesseract's envelope of cubes. Each tesseract encloses two of the three 16-cells, leaving 4-dimensional space in some places between its envelope and each 16-cell's envelope of tetrahedra. Thus there are measurable{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii): The sixteen regular polytopes {''p,q,r''} in four dimensions|ps=; An invaluable table providing all 20 metrics of each 4-polytope in edge length units. They must be algebraically converted to compare polytopes of unit radius.}} 4-dimensional interstices{{Efn|The 4-dimensional content of the unit edge length tesseract is 1 (by definition). The content of the unit edge length 24-cell is 2, so half its content is inside each tesseract, and half is between their envelopes. Each 16-cell (edge length {{sqrt|2}}) encloses a content of 2/3, leaving 1/3 of an enclosing tesseract between their envelopes.|name=|group=}} between the 24-cell, 8-cell and 16-cell envelopes. The shapes filling these gaps are [[W:Hyperpyramid|4-pyramids]], alluded to above.{{Efn|Between the 24-cell envelope and the 8-cell envelope, we have the 8 cubic pyramids of Gosset's construction. Between the 8-cell envelope and the 16-cell envelope, we have 16 right [[5-cell#Irregular 5-cell|tetrahedral pyramids]], with their apexes filling the corners of the tesseract.}} ==== Boundary cells ==== Despite the 4-dimensional interstices between 24-cell, 8-cell and 16-cell envelopes, their 3-dimensional volumes overlap. The different envelopes are separated in some places, and in contact in other places (where no 4-pyramid lies between them). Where they are in contact, they merge and share cell volume: they are the same 3-membrane in those places, not two separate but adjacent 3-dimensional layers.{{Efn|Because there are three overlapping tesseracts inscribed in the 24-cell,{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} each octahedral cell lies ''on'' a cubic cell of one tesseract (in the cubic pyramid based on the cube, but not in the cube's volume), and ''in'' two cubic cells of each of the other two tesseracts (cubic cells which it spans, sharing their volume).{{Efn|name=octahedral diameters}}|name=octahedra both on and in cubes}} Because there are a total of 7 envelopes, there are places where several envelopes come together and merge volume, and also places where envelopes interpenetrate (cross from inside to outside each other). Some interior features lie within the 3-space of the (outer) boundary envelope of the 24-cell itself: each octahedral cell is bisected by three perpendicular squares (one from each of the tesseracts), and the diagonals of those squares (which cross each other perpendicularly at the center of the octahedron) are 16-cell edges (one from each 16-cell). Each square bisects an octahedron into two square pyramids, and also bonds two adjacent cubic cells of a tesseract together as their common face.{{Efn|Consider the three perpendicular {{sqrt|2}} long diameters of the octahedral cell.{{Sfn|van Ittersum|2020|p=79}} Each of them is an edge of a different 16-cell. Two of them are the face diagonals of the square face between two cubes; each is a {{sqrt|2}} chord that connects two vertices of those 8-cell cubes across a square face, connects two vertices of two 16-cell tetrahedra (inscribed in the cubes), and connects two opposite vertices of a 24-cell octahedron (diagonally across two of the three orthogonal square central sections).{{Efn|name=root 2 chords}} The third perpendicular long diameter of the octahedron does exactly the same (by symmetry); so it also connects two vertices of a pair of cubes across their common square face: but a different pair of cubes, from one of the other tesseracts in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=vertex-bonded octahedra}}|name=octahedral diameters}} As we saw [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|above]], 16-cell {{sqrt|2}} tetrahedral cells are inscribed in tesseract {{sqrt|1}} cubic cells, sharing the same volume. 24-cell {{sqrt|1}} octahedral cells overlap their volume with {{sqrt|1}} cubic cells: they are bisected by a square face into two square pyramids,{{sfn|Coxeter|1973|page=150|postscript=: "Thus the 24 cells of the {3, 4, 3} are dipyramids based on the 24 squares of the <math>\gamma_4</math>. (Their centres are the mid-points of the 24 edges of the <math>\beta_4</math>.)"}} the apexes of which also lie at a vertex of a cube.{{Efn|This might appear at first to be angularly impossible, and indeed it would be in a flat space of only three dimensions. If two cubes rest face-to-face in an ordinary 3-dimensional space (e.g. on the surface of a table in an ordinary 3-dimensional room), an octahedron will fit inside them such that four of its six vertices are at the four corners of the square face between the two cubes; but then the other two octahedral vertices will not lie at a cube corner (they will fall within the volume of the two cubes, but not at a cube vertex). In four dimensions, this is no less true! The other two octahedral vertices do ''not'' lie at a corner of the adjacent face-bonded cube in the same tesseract. However, in the 24-cell there is not just one inscribed tesseract (of 8 cubes), there are three overlapping tesseracts (of 8 cubes each). The other two octahedral vertices ''do'' lie at the corner of a cube: but a cube in another (overlapping) tesseract.{{Efn|name=octahedra both on and in cubes}}}} The octahedra share volume not only with the cubes, but with the tetrahedra inscribed in them; thus the 24-cell, tesseracts, and 16-cells all share some boundary volume.{{Efn|name=octahedra both on and in cubes}} === As a configuration === This [[W:Regular 4-polytope#As configurations|configuration matrix]]{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=12|loc=§1.8. Configurations}} represents the 24-cell. The rows and columns correspond to vertices, edges, faces, and cells. The diagonal numbers say how many of each element occur in the whole 24-cell. The non-diagonal numbers say how many of the column's element occur in or at the row's element. <math display="block">\begin{bmatrix}\begin{matrix}24 & 8 & 12 & 6 \\ 2 & 96 & 3 & 3 \\ 3 & 3 & 96 & 2 \\ 6 & 12 & 8 & 24 \end{matrix}\end{bmatrix}</math> Since the 24-cell is self-dual, its matrix is identical to its 180 degree rotation. ==Symmetries, root systems, and tessellations== [[File:F4 roots by 24-cell duals.svg|thumb|upright|The compound of the 24 vertices of the 24-cell (red nodes), and its unscaled dual (yellow nodes), represent the 48 root vectors of the [[W:F4 (mathematics)|F₄]] group, as shown in this F₄ Coxeter plane projection]] The 24 root vectors of the [[W:D4 (root system)|D₄ root system]] of the [[W:Simple Lie group|simple Lie group]] [[W:SO(8)|SO(8)]] form the vertices of a 24-cell. The vertices can be seen in 3 [[W:Hyperplane|hyperplane]]s,{{Efn|One way to visualize the ''n''-dimensional [[W:Hyperplane|hyperplane]]s is as the ''n''-spaces which can be defined by ''n + 1'' points. A point is the 0-space which is defined by 1 point. A line is the 1-space which is defined by 2 points which are not coincident. A plane is the 2-space which is defined by 3 points which are not colinear (any triangle). In 4-space, a 3-dimensional hyperplane is the 3-space which is defined by 4 points which are not coplanar (any tetrahedron). In 5-space, a 4-dimensional hyperplane is the 4-space which is defined by 5 points which are not cocellular (any 5-cell). These [[W:Simplex|simplex]] figures divide the hyperplane into two parts (inside and outside the figure), but in addition they divide the enclosing space into two parts (above and below the hyperplane). The ''n'' points ''bound'' a finite simplex figure (from the outside), and they ''define'' an infinite hyperplane (from the inside).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7.2.|p=120|ps=: "... any ''n''+1 points which do not lie in an (''n''-1)-space are the vertices of an ''n''-dimensional ''simplex''.... Thus the general simplex may alternatively be defined as a finite region of ''n''-space enclosed by ''n''+1 ''hyperplanes'' or (''n''-1)-spaces."}} These two divisions are orthogonal, so the defining simplex divides space into six regions: inside the simplex and in the hyperplane, inside the simplex but above or below the hyperplane, outside the simplex but in the hyperplane, and outside the simplex above or below the hyperplane.|name=hyperplanes|group=}} with the 6 vertices of an [[W:Octahedron|octahedron]] cell on each of the outer hyperplanes and 12 vertices of a [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] on a central hyperplane. These vertices, combined with the 8 vertices of the [[16-cell]], represent the 32 root vectors of the B₄ and C₄ simple Lie groups. The 48 vertices (or strictly speaking their radius vectors) of the union of the 24-cell and its dual form the [[W:Root system|root system]] of type [[W:F4 (mathematics)|F₄]].{{Sfn|van Ittersum|2020|loc=§4.2.5|p=78}} The 24 vertices of the original 24-cell form a root system of type D₄; its size has the ratio {{sqrt|2}}:1. This is likewise true for the 24 vertices of its dual. The full [[W:Symmetry group|symmetry group]] of the 24-cell is the [[W:Weyl group|Weyl group]] of F₄, which is generated by [[W:Reflection (mathematics)|reflections]] through the hyperplanes orthogonal to the F₄ roots. This is a [[W:Solvable group|solvable group]] of order 1152. The rotational symmetry group of the 24-cell is of order 576. ===Quaternionic interpretation=== [[File:Binary tetrahedral group elements.png|thumb|The 24 quaternion{{Efn|name=quaternions}} elements of the [[W:Binary tetrahedral group|binary tetrahedral group]] match the vertices of the 24-cell. Seen in 4-fold symmetry projection: * 1 order-1: 1 * 1 order-2: -1 * 6 order-4: ±i, ±j, ±k * 8 order-6: (+1±i±j±k)/2 * 8 order-3: (-1±i±j±k)/2.]]When interpreted as the [[W:Quaternion|quaternion]]s,{{Efn|In [[W:Euclidean geometry#Higher dimensions|four-dimensional Euclidean geometry]], a [[W:Quaternion|quaternion]] is simply a (w, x, y, z) Cartesian coordinate. [[W:William Rowan Hamilton|Hamilton]] did not see them as such when he [[W:History of quaternions|discovered the quaternions]]. [[W:Ludwig Schläfli|Schläfli]] would be the first to consider [[W:4-dimensional space|four-dimensional Euclidean space]], publishing his discovery of the regular [[W:Polyscheme|polyscheme]]s in 1852, but Hamilton would never be influenced by that work, which remained obscure into the 20th century. Hamilton found the quaternions when he realized that a fourth dimension, in some sense, would be necessary in order to model rotations in three-dimensional space.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=18-21}} Although he described a quaternion as an ''ordered four-element multiple of real numbers'', the quaternions were for him an extension of the complex numbers, not a Euclidean space of four dimensions.|name=quaternions}} the F₄ [[W:root lattice|root lattice]] (which is the integral span of the vertices of the 24-cell) is closed under multiplication and is therefore a [[W:ring (mathematics)|ring]]. This is the ring of [[W:Hurwitz integral quaternion|Hurwitz integral quaternion]]s. The vertices of the 24-cell form the [[W:Group of units|group of units]] (i.e. the group of invertible elements) in the Hurwitz quaternion ring (this group is also known as the [[W:Binary tetrahedral group|binary tetrahedral group]]). The vertices of the 24-cell are precisely the 24 Hurwitz quaternions with norm squared 1, and the vertices of the dual 24-cell are those with norm squared 2. The D₄ root lattice is the [[W:Dual lattice|dual]] of the F₄ and is given by the subring of Hurwitz quaternions with even norm squared.{{Sfn|Egan|2021|ps=; quaternions, the binary tetrahedral group and the binary octahedral group, with rotating illustrations.}} Viewed as the 24 unit [[W:Hurwitz quaternion|Hurwitz quaternion]]s, the [[#Great hexagons|unit radius coordinates]] of the 24-cell represent (in antipodal pairs) the 12 rotations of a regular tetrahedron.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=22}} Vertices of other [[W:Convex regular 4-polytope|convex regular 4-polytope]]s also form multiplicative groups of quaternions, but few of them generate a root lattice.{{Sfn|Koca|Al-Ajmi|Koc|2007}} ===Voronoi cells=== The [[W:Voronoi cell|Voronoi cell]]s of the [[W:D4 (root system)|D₄]] root lattice are regular 24-cells. The corresponding Voronoi tessellation gives the [[W:Tessellation|tessellation]] of 4-dimensional [[W:Euclidean space|Euclidean space]] by regular 24-cells, the [[W:24-cell honeycomb|24-cell honeycomb]]. The 24-cells are centered at the D₄ lattice points (Hurwitz quaternions with even norm squared) while the vertices are at the F₄ lattice points with odd norm squared. Each 24-cell of this tessellation has 24 neighbors. With each of these it shares an octahedron. It also has 24 other neighbors with which it shares only a single vertex. Eight 24-cells meet at any given vertex in this tessellation. The [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] for this tessellation is {3,4,3,3}. It is one of only three regular tessellations of '''R'''⁴. The unit [[W:Ball (mathematics)|balls]] inscribed in the 24-cells of this tessellation give rise to the densest known [[W:lattice packing|lattice packing]] of [[W:Hypersphere|hypersphere]]s in 4 dimensions. The vertex configuration of the 24-cell has also been shown to give the [[W:24-cell honeycomb#Kissing number|highest possible kissing number in 4 dimensions]]. ===Radially equilateral honeycomb=== The dual tessellation of the [[W:24-cell honeycomb|24-cell honeycomb {3,4,3,3}]] is the [[W:16-cell honeycomb|16-cell honeycomb {3,3,4,3}]]. The third regular tessellation of four dimensional space is the [[W:Tesseractic honeycomb|tesseractic honeycomb {4,3,3,4}]], whose vertices can be described by 4-integer Cartesian coordinates.{{Efn|name=quaternions}} The congruent relationships among these three tessellations can be helpful in visualizing the 24-cell, in particular the radial equilateral symmetry which it shares with the tesseract.{{Efn||name=radially equilateral}} A honeycomb of unit edge length 24-cells may be overlaid on a honeycomb of unit edge length tesseracts such that every vertex of a tesseract (every 4-integer coordinate) is also the vertex of a 24-cell (and tesseract edges are also 24-cell edges), and every center of a 24-cell is also the center of a tesseract.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=163|ps=: Coxeter notes that [[W:Thorold Gosset|Thorold Gosset]] was apparently the first to see that the cells of the 24-cell honeycomb {3,4,3,3} are concentric with alternate cells of the tesseractic honeycomb {4,3,3,4}, and that this observation enabled Gosset's method of construction of the complete set of regular polytopes and honeycombs.}} The 24-cells are twice as large as the tesseracts by 4-dimensional content (hypervolume), so overall there are two tesseracts for every 24-cell, only half of which are inscribed in a 24-cell. If those tesseracts are colored black, and their adjacent tesseracts (with which they share a cubical facet) are colored red, a 4-dimensional checkerboard results.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=156|loc=|ps=: "...the chess-board has an n-dimensional analogue."}} Of the 24 center-to-vertex radii{{Efn|It is important to visualize the radii only as invisible interior features of the 24-cell (dashed lines), since they are not edges of the honeycomb. Similarly, the center of the 24-cell is empty (not a vertex of the honeycomb).}} of each 24-cell, 16 are also the radii of a black tesseract inscribed in the 24-cell. The other 8 radii extend outside the black tesseract (through the centers of its cubical facets) to the centers of the 8 adjacent red tesseracts. Thus the 24-cell honeycomb and the tesseractic honeycomb coincide in a special way: 8 of the 24 vertices of each 24-cell do not occur at a vertex of a tesseract (they occur at the center of a tesseract instead). Each black tesseract is cut from a 24-cell by truncating it at these 8 vertices, slicing off 8 cubic pyramids (as in reversing Gosset's construction,{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=150|loc=Gosset}} but instead of being removed the pyramids are simply colored red and left in place). Eight 24-cells meet at the center of each red tesseract: each one meets its opposite at that shared vertex, and the six others at a shared octahedral cell. <!-- illustration needed: the red/black checkerboard of the combined 24-cell honeycomb and tesseractic honeycomb; use a vertex-first projection of the 24-cells, and outline the edges of the rhombic dodecahedra as blue lines --> The red tesseracts are filled cells (they contain a central vertex and radii); the black tesseracts are empty cells. The vertex set of this union of two honeycombs includes the vertices of all the 24-cells and tesseracts, plus the centers of the red tesseracts. Adding the 24-cell centers (which are also the black tesseract centers) to this honeycomb yields a 16-cell honeycomb, the vertex set of which includes all the vertices and centers of all the 24-cells and tesseracts. The formerly empty centers of adjacent 24-cells become the opposite vertices of a unit edge length 16-cell. 24 half-16-cells (octahedral pyramids) meet at each formerly empty center to fill each 24-cell, and their octahedral bases are the 6-vertex octahedral facets of the 24-cell (shared with an adjacent 24-cell).{{Efn|Unlike the 24-cell and the tesseract, the 16-cell is not radially equilateral; therefore 16-cells of two different sizes (unit edge length versus unit radius) occur in the unit edge length honeycomb. The twenty-four 16-cells that meet at the center of each 24-cell have unit edge length, and radius {{sfrac|{{radic|2}}|2}}. The three 16-cells inscribed in each 24-cell have edge length {{radic|2}}, and unit radius.}} Notice the complete absence of pentagons anywhere in this union of three honeycombs. Like the 24-cell, 4-dimensional Euclidean space itself is entirely filled by a complex of all the polytopes that can be built out of regular triangles and squares (except the 5-cell), but that complex does not require (or permit) any of the pentagonal polytopes.{{Efn|name=pentagonal polytopes}} == Rotations == The [[#Geometry|regular convex 4-polytopes]] are an [[W:Group action|expression]] of their underlying [[W:Symmetry (geometry)|symmetry]] which is known as [[W:SO(4)|SO(4)]], the [[W:Orthogonal group|group]] of rotations{{Sfn|Mamone|Pileio|Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes|pp=1438-1439|ps=; the 24-cell has 1152 symmetry operations (rotations and reflections) as enumerated in Table 2, symmetry group 𝐹₄.}} about a fixed point in 4-dimensional Euclidean space.{{Efn|[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] may occur around a plane, as when adjacent cells are folded around their plane of intersection (by analogy to the way adjacent faces are folded around their line of intersection).{{Efn|Three dimensional [[W:Rotation (mathematics)#In Euclidean geometry|rotations]] occur around an axis line. [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Four dimensional rotations]] may occur around a plane. So in three dimensions we may fold planes around a common line (as when folding a flat net of 6 squares up into a cube), and in four dimensions we may fold cells around a common plane (as when [[W:Tesseract#Geometry|folding a flat net of 8 cubes up into a tesseract]]). Folding around a square face is just folding around ''two'' of its orthogonal edges ''at the same time''; there is not enough space in three dimensions to do this, just as there is not enough space in two dimensions to fold around a line (only enough to fold around a point).|name=simple rotations|group=}} But in four dimensions there is yet another way in which rotations can occur, called a '''[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Geometry of 4D rotations|double rotation]]'''. Double rotations are an emergent phenomenon in the fourth dimension and have no analogy in three dimensions: folding up square faces and folding up cubical cells are both examples of '''simple rotations''', the only kind that occur in fewer than four dimensions. In 3-dimensional rotations, the points in a line remain fixed during the rotation, while every other point moves. In 4-dimensional simple rotations, the points in a plane remain fixed during the rotation, while every other point moves. ''In 4-dimensional double rotations, a point remains fixed during rotation, and every other point moves'' (as in a 2-dimensional rotation!).{{Efn|There are (at least) two kinds of correct [[W:Four-dimensional space#Dimensional analogy|dimensional analogies]]: the usual kind between dimension ''n'' and dimension ''n'' + 1, and the much rarer and less obvious kind between dimension ''n'' and dimension ''n'' + 2. An example of the latter is that rotations in 4-space may take place around a single point, as do rotations in 2-space. Another is the [[W:n-sphere#Other relations|''n''-sphere rule]] that the ''surface area'' of the sphere embedded in ''n''+2 dimensions is exactly 2''π r'' times the ''volume'' enclosed by the sphere embedded in ''n'' dimensions, the most well-known examples being that the circumference of a circle is 2''π r'' times 1, and the surface area of the ordinary sphere is 2''π r'' times 2''r''. Coxeter cites{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=119|loc=§7.1. Dimensional Analogy|ps=: "For instance, seeing that the circumference of a circle is 2''π r'', while the surface of a sphere is 4''π r ''², ... it is unlikely that the use of analogy, unaided by computation, would ever lead us to the correct expression [for the hyper-surface of a hyper-sphere], 2''π'' ²''r'' ³."}} this as an instance in which dimensional analogy can fail us as a method, but it is really our failure to recognize whether a one- or two-dimensional analogy is the appropriate method.|name=two-dimensional analogy}}|name=double rotations}} === The 3 Cartesian bases of the 24-cell === There are three distinct orientations of the tesseractic honeycomb which could be made to coincide with the 24-cell [[#Radially equilateral honeycomb|honeycomb]], depending on which of the 24-cell's three disjoint sets of 8 orthogonal vertices (which set of 4 perpendicular axes, or equivalently, which inscribed basis 16-cell){{Efn|name=three basis 16-cells}} was chosen to align it, just as three tesseracts can be inscribed in the 24-cell, rotated with respect to each other.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The distance from one of these orientations to another is an [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] through 60 degrees (a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|double rotation]] of 60 degrees in each pair of orthogonal invariant planes, around a single fixed point).{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} This rotation can be seen most clearly in the hexagonal central planes, where every hexagon rotates to change which of its three diameters is aligned with a coordinate system axis.{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons|group=}} === Planes of rotation === [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=6|loc=§5. Four-Dimensional Rotations}} Thus the general rotation in 4-space is a ''double rotation''.{{Sfn|Perez-Gracia|Thomas|2017|loc=§7. Conclusions|ps=; "Rotations in three dimensions are determined by a rotation axis and the rotation angle about it, where the rotation axis is perpendicular to the plane in which points are being rotated. The situation in four dimensions is more complicated. In this case, rotations are determined by two orthogonal planes and two angles, one for each plane. Cayley proved that a general 4D rotation can always be decomposed into two 4D rotations, each of them being determined by two equal rotation angles up to a sign change."}} There are two important special cases, called a ''simple rotation'' and an ''isoclinic rotation''.{{Efn|A [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|rotation in 4-space]] is completely characterized by choosing an invariant plane and an angle and direction (left or right) through which it rotates, and another angle and direction through which its one completely orthogonal invariant plane rotates. Two rotational displacements are identical if they have the same pair of invariant planes of rotation, through the same angles in the same directions (and hence also the same chiral pairing of directions). Thus the general rotation in 4-space is a '''double rotation''', characterized by ''two'' angles. A '''simple rotation''' is a special case in which one rotational angle is 0.{{Efn|Any double rotation (including an isoclinic rotation) can be seen as the composition of two simple rotations ''a'' and ''b'': the ''left'' double rotation as ''a'' then ''b'', and the ''right'' double rotation as ''b'' then ''a''. Simple rotations are not commutative; left and right rotations (in general) reach different destinations. The difference between a double rotation and its two composing simple rotations is that the double rotation is 4-dimensionally diagonal: each moving vertex reaches its destination ''directly'' without passing through the intermediate point touched by ''a'' then ''b'', or the other intermediate point touched by ''b'' then ''a'', by rotating on a single helical geodesic (so it is the shortest path).{{Efn|name=helical geodesic}} Conversely, any simple rotation can be seen as the composition of two ''equal-angled'' double rotations (a left isoclinic rotation and a right isoclinic rotation),{{Efn|name=one true circle}} as discovered by [[W:Arthur Cayley|Cayley]]; perhaps surprisingly, this composition ''is'' commutative, and is possible for any double rotation as well.{{Sfn|Perez-Gracia|Thomas|2017}}|name=double rotation}} An '''isoclinic rotation''' is a different special case,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} similar but not identical to two simple rotations through the ''same'' angle.{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}}|name=identical rotations}} ==== Simple rotations ==== [[Image:24-cell.gif|thumb|A 3D projection of a 24-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Efn|name=planes through vertices}}]]In 3 dimensions a spinning polyhedron has a single invariant central ''plane of rotation''. The plane is an [[W:Invariant set|invariant set]] because each point in the plane moves in a circle but stays within the plane. Only ''one'' of a polyhedron's central planes can be invariant during a particular rotation; the choice of invariant central plane, and the angular distance and direction it is rotated, completely specifies the rotation. Points outside the invariant plane also move in circles (unless they are on the fixed ''axis of rotation'' perpendicular to the invariant plane), but the circles do not lie within a [[#Geodesics|''central'' plane]]. When a 4-polytope is rotating with only one invariant central plane, the same kind of [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] is happening that occurs in 3 dimensions. One difference is that instead of a fixed axis of rotation, there is an entire fixed central plane in which the points do not move. The fixed plane is the one central plane that is [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to the invariant plane of rotation. In the 24-cell, there is a simple rotation which will take any vertex ''directly'' to any other vertex, also moving most of the other vertices but leaving at least 2 and at most 6 other vertices fixed (the vertices that the fixed central plane intersects). The vertex moves along a great circle in the invariant plane of rotation between adjacent vertices of a great hexagon, a great square or a great [[W:Digon|digon]], and the completely orthogonal fixed plane is a digon, a square or a hexagon, respectively. {{Efn|In the 24-cell each great square plane is [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to another great square plane, and each great hexagon plane is completely orthogonal to a plane which intersects only two antipodal vertices: a great [[W:Digon|digon]] plane.|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} ==== Double rotations ==== [[Image:24-cell-orig.gif|thumb|A 3D projection of a 24-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|double rotation]].]]The points in the completely orthogonal central plane are not ''constrained'' to be fixed. It is also possible for them to be rotating in circles, as a second invariant plane, at a rate independent of the first invariant plane's rotation: a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|double rotation]] in two perpendicular non-intersecting planes{{Efn|name=how planes intersect at a single point}} of rotation at once.{{Efn|name=double rotation}} In a double rotation there is no fixed plane or axis: every point moves except the center point. The angular distance rotated may be different in the two completely orthogonal central planes, but they are always both invariant: their circularly moving points remain within the plane ''as the whole plane tilts sideways'' in the completely orthogonal rotation. A rotation in 4-space always has (at least) ''two'' completely orthogonal invariant planes of rotation, although in a simple rotation the angle of rotation in one of them is 0. Double rotations come in two [[W:Chiral|chiral]] forms: ''left'' and ''right'' rotations.{{Efn|The adjectives ''left'' and ''right'' are commonly used in two different senses, to distinguish two distinct kinds of pairing. They can refer to alternate directions: the hand on the left side of the body, versus the hand on the right side. Or they can refer to a [[W:Chiral|chiral]] pair of enantiomorphous objects: a left hand is the mirror image of a right hand (like an inside-out glove). In the case of hands the sense intended is rarely ambiguous, because of course the hand on your left side ''is'' the mirror image of the hand on your right side: a hand is either left ''or'' right in both senses. But in the case of double-rotating 4-dimensional objects, only one sense of left versus right properly applies: the enantiomorphous sense, in which the left and right rotation are inside-out mirror images of each other. There ''are'' two directions, which we may call positive and negative, in which moving vertices may be circling on their isoclines, but it would be ambiguous to label those circular directions "right" and "left", since a rotation's direction and its chirality are independent properties: a right (or left) rotation may be circling in either the positive or negative direction. The left rotation is not rotating "to the left", the right rotation is not rotating "to the right", and unlike your left and right hands, double rotations do not lie on the left or right side of the 4-polytope. If double rotations must be analogized to left and right hands, they are better thought of as a pair of clasped hands, centered on the body, because of course they have a common center.|name=clasped hands}} In a double rotation each vertex moves in a spiral along two orthogonal great circles at once.{{Efn|In a double rotation each vertex can be said to move along two completely orthogonal great circles at the same time, but it does not stay within the central plane of either of those original great circles; rather, it moves along a helical geodesic that traverses diagonally between great circles. The two completely orthogonal planes of rotation are said to be ''invariant'' because the points in each stay in their places in the plane ''as the plane moves'', rotating ''and'' tilting sideways by the angle that the ''other'' plane rotates.|name=helical geodesic}} Either the path is right-hand [[W:Screw thread#Handedness|threaded]] (like most screws and bolts), moving along the circles in the "same" directions, or it is left-hand threaded (like a reverse-threaded bolt), moving along the circles in what we conventionally say are "opposite" directions (according to the [[W:Right hand rule|right hand rule]] by which we conventionally say which way is "up" on each of the 4 coordinate axes).{{Sfn|Perez-Gracia|Thomas|2017|loc=§5. A useful mapping|pp=12−13}} In double rotations of the 24-cell that take vertices to vertices, one invariant plane of rotation contains either a great hexagon, a great square, or only an axis (two vertices, a great digon). The completely orthogonal invariant plane of rotation will necessarily contain a great digon, a great square, or a great hexagon, respectively. The selection of an invariant plane of rotation, a rotational direction and angle through which to rotate it, and a rotational direction and angle through which to rotate its completely orthogonal plane, completely determines the nature of the rotational displacement. In the 24-cell there are several noteworthy kinds of double rotation permitted by these parameters.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1995|loc=(Paper 3) ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions''|pp=30-32|ps=; §3. The Dodecagonal Aspect;{{Efn|name=Petrie dodecagram and Clifford hexagram}} Coxeter considers the 150°/30° double rotation of period 12 which locates 12 of the 225 distinct 24-cells inscribed in the [[120-cell]], a regular 4-polytope with 120 dodecahedral cells that is the convex hull of the compound of 25 disjoint 24-cells.}} ==== Isoclinic rotations ==== When the angles of rotation in the two invariant planes are exactly the same, a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Special property of SO(4) among rotation groups in general|remarkably symmetric]] [[W:Geometric transformation|transformation]] occurs:{{Sfn|Perez-Gracia|Thomas|2017|loc=§2. Isoclinic rotations|pp=2−3}} all the great circle planes Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} to the invariant planes become invariant planes of rotation themselves, through that same angle, and the 4-polytope rotates [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinically]] in many directions at once.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|loc=§6. Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|pp=7-10}} Each vertex moves an equal distance in four orthogonal directions at the same time.{{Efn|In an [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], each point anywhere in the 4-polytope moves an equal distance in four orthogonal directions at once, on a [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensional diagonal]]. The point is displaced a total [[W:Pythagorean distance|Pythagorean distance]] equal to the square root of four times the square of that distance. All vertices are displaced to a vertex at least two edge lengths away.{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} For example, when the unit-radius 24-cell rotates isoclinically 60° in a hexagon invariant plane and 60° in its completely orthogonal invariant plane,{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} each vertex is displaced to another vertex {{radic|3}} (120°) away, moving {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 (half the {{radic|3}} chord length) in four orthogonal directions.{{Efn|{{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 is the long radius of the {{radic|2}}-edge regular tetrahedron (the unit-radius 16-cell's cell). Those four tetrahedron radii are not orthogonal, and they radiate symmetrically compressed into 3 dimensions (not 4). The four orthogonal {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 displacements summing to a 120° degree displacement in the 24-cell's characteristic isoclinic rotation{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} are not as easy to visualize as radii, but they can be imagined as successive orthogonal steps in a path extending in all 4 dimensions, along the orthogonal edges of a [[5-cell#Orthoschemes|4-orthoscheme]]. In an actual left (or right) isoclinic rotation the four orthogonal {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 steps of each 120° displacement are concurrent, not successive, so they ''are'' actually symmetrical radii in 4 dimensions. In fact they are four orthogonal [[#Characteristic orthoscheme|mid-edge radii of a unit-radius 24-cell]] centered at the rotating vertex. Finally, in 2 dimensional units, {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 is the area of the equilateral triangle face of the unit-edge, unit-radius 24-cell. The area of the radial equilateral triangles in a unit-radius radially equilateral polytope{{Efn|name=radially equilateral}} is {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866.|name=root 3/4}}|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} In the 24-cell any isoclinic rotation through 60 degrees in a hexagonal plane takes each vertex to a vertex two edge lengths away, rotates ''all 16'' hexagons by 60 degrees, and takes ''every'' great circle polygon (square,{{Efn|In the [[16-cell#Rotations|16-cell]] the 6 orthogonal great squares form 3 pairs of completely orthogonal great circles; each pair is Clifford parallel. In the 24-cell, the 3 inscribed 16-cells lie rotated 60 degrees isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other; consequently their corresponding vertices are 120 degrees apart on a hexagonal great circle. Pairing their vertices which are 90 degrees apart reveals corresponding square great circles which are Clifford parallel. Each of the 18 square great circles is Clifford parallel not only to one other square great circle in the same 16-cell (the completely orthogonal one), but also to two square great circles (which are completely orthogonal to each other) in each of the other two 16-cells. (Completely orthogonal great circles are Clifford parallel, but not all Clifford parallels are orthogonal.{{Efn|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}}) A 60 degree isoclinic rotation of the 24-cell in hexagonal invariant planes takes each square great circle to a Clifford parallel (but non-orthogonal) square great circle in a different 16-cell.|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} hexagon or triangle) to a Clifford parallel great circle polygon of the same kind 120 degrees away. An isoclinic rotation is also called a ''Clifford displacement'', after its [[W:William Kingdon Clifford|discoverer]].{{Efn|In a ''[[W:William Kingdon Clifford|Clifford]] displacement'', also known as an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], all the Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} invariant planes are displaced in four orthogonal directions at once: they are rotated by the same angle, and at the same time they are tilted ''sideways'' by that same angle in the completely orthogonal rotation.{{Efn|name=one true circle}} A [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|Clifford displacement]] is [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensionally diagonal]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} Every plane that is Clifford parallel to one of the completely orthogonal planes (including in this case an entire Clifford parallel bundle of 4 hexagons, but not all 16 hexagons) is invariant under the isoclinic rotation: all the points in the plane rotate in circles but remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways.{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}} All 16 hexagons rotate by the same angle (though only 4 of them do so invariantly). All 16 hexagons are rotated by 60 degrees, and also displaced sideways by 60 degrees to a Clifford parallel hexagon. All of the other central polygons (e.g. squares) are also displaced to a Clifford parallel polygon 60 degrees away.|name=Clifford displacement}} The 24-cell in the ''double'' rotation animation appears to turn itself inside out.{{Efn|That a double rotation can turn a 4-polytope inside out is even more noticeable in the [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|tesseract double rotation]].}} It appears to, because it actually does, reversing the [[W:Chirality|chirality]] of the whole 4-polytope just the way your bathroom mirror reverses the chirality of your image by a 180 degree reflection. Each 360 degree isoclinic rotation is as if the 24-cell surface had been stripped off like a glove and turned inside out, making a right-hand glove into a left-hand glove (or vice versa).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=141|loc=§7.x. Historical remarks|ps=; "[[W:August Ferdinand Möbius|Möbius]] realized, as early as 1827, that a four-dimensional rotation would be required to bring two enantiomorphous solids into coincidence. This idea was neatly deployed by [[W:H. G. Wells|H. G. Wells]] in ''The Plattner Story''."}} In a simple rotation of the 24-cell in a hexagonal plane, each vertex in the plane rotates first along an edge to an adjacent vertex 60 degrees away. But in an isoclinic rotation in ''two'' completely orthogonal planes one of which is a great hexagon,{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} each vertex rotates first to a vertex ''two'' edge lengths away ({{radic|3}} and 120° distant). The double 60-degree rotation's helical geodesics pass through every other vertex, missing the vertices in between.{{Efn|In an isoclinic rotation vertices move diagonally, like the [[W:bishop (chess)|bishop]]s in [[W:Chess|chess]]. Vertices in an isoclinic rotation ''cannot'' reach their orthogonally nearest neighbor vertices{{Efn|name=8 nearest vertices}} by double-rotating directly toward them (and also orthogonally to that direction), because that double rotation takes them diagonally between their nearest vertices, missing them, to a vertex farther away in a larger-radius surrounding shell of vertices,{{Efn|name=nearest isoclinic vertices are {{radic|3}} away in third surrounding shell}} the way bishops are confined to the white or black squares of the [[W:Chessboard|chessboard]] and cannot reach squares of the opposite color, even those immediately adjacent.{{Efn|Isoclinic rotations{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} partition the 24 cells (and the 24 vertices) of the 24-cell into two disjoint subsets of 12 cells (and 12 vertices), even and odd (or black and white), which shift places among themselves, in a manner dimensionally analogous to the way the [[W:Bishop (chess)|bishops]]' diagonal moves{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} restrict them to the black or white squares of the [[W:Chessboard|chessboard]].{{Efn|Left and right isoclinic rotations partition the 24 cells (and 24 vertices) into black and white in the same way.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=156|loc=|ps=: "...the chess-board has an n-dimensional analogue."}} The rotations of all fibrations of the same kind of great polygon use the same chessboard, which is a convention of the coordinate system based on even and odd coordinates. ''Left and right are not colors:'' in either a left (or right) rotation half the moving vertices are black, running along black isoclines through black vertices, and the other half are white vertices, also rotating among themselves.{{Efn|Chirality and even/odd parity are distinct flavors. Things which have even/odd coordinate parity are '''''black or white:''''' the squares of the [[W:Chessboard|chessboard]],{{Efn|Since it is difficult to color points and lines white, we sometimes use black and red instead of black and white. In particular, isocline chords are sometimes shown as black or red ''dashed'' lines.{{Efn|name=interior features}}|name=black and red}} '''cells''', '''vertices''' and the '''isoclines''' which connect them by isoclinic rotation.{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} Everything else is '''''black and white:''''' e.g. adjacent '''face-bonded cell pairs''', or '''edges''' and '''chords''' which are black at one end and white at the other. Things which have [[W:Chirality|chirality]] come in '''''right or left''''' enantiomorphous forms: '''[[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotations]]''' and '''chiral objects''' which include '''[[#Characteristic orthoscheme|characteristic orthoscheme]]s''', '''[[#Chiral symmetry operations|sets of Clifford parallel great polygon planes]]''',{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal Clifford parallels are special}} '''[[W:Fiber bundle|fiber bundle]]s''' of Clifford parallel circles (whether or not the circles themselves are chiral), and the chiral cell rings of tetrahedra found in the [[16-cell#Helical construction|16-cell]] and [[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|600-cell]]. Things which have '''''neither''''' an even/odd parity nor a chirality include all '''edges''' and '''faces''' (shared by black and white cells), '''[[#Geodesics|great circle polygons]]''' and their '''[[W:Hopf fibration|fibration]]s''', and non-chiral cell rings such as the 24-cell's [[#Cell rings|cell rings of octahedra]]. Some things are associated with '''''both''''' an even/odd parity and a chirality: '''isoclines''' are black or white because they connect vertices which are all of the same color, and they ''act'' as left or right chiral objects when they are vertex paths in a left or right rotation, although they have no inherent chirality themselves. Each left (or right) rotation traverses an equal number of black and white isoclines.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}|name=left-right versus black-white}}|name=isoclinic chessboard}}|name=black and white}} Things moving diagonally move farther than 1 unit of distance in each movement step ({{radic|2}} on the chessboard, {{radic|3}} in the 24-cell), but at the cost of ''missing'' half the destinations.{{Efn|name=one true circle}} However, in an isoclinic rotation of a rigid body all the vertices rotate at once, so every destination ''will'' be reached by some vertex. Moreover, there is another isoclinic rotation in hexagon invariant planes which does take each vertex to an adjacent (nearest) vertex. A 24-cell can displace each vertex to a vertex 60° away (a nearest vertex) by rotating isoclinically by 30° in two completely orthogonal invariant planes (one of them a hexagon), ''not'' by double-rotating directly toward the nearest vertex (and also orthogonally to that direction), but instead by double-rotating directly toward a more distant vertex (and also orthogonally to that direction). This helical 30° isoclinic rotation takes the vertex 60° to its nearest-neighbor vertex by a ''different path'' than a simple 60° rotation would. The path along the helical isocline and the path along the simple great circle have the same 60° arc-length, but they consist of disjoint sets of points (except for their endpoints, the two vertices). They are both geodesic (shortest) arcs, but on two alternate kinds of geodesic circle. One is doubly curved (through all four dimensions), and one is simply curved (lying in a two-dimensional plane).|name=missing the nearest vertices}} Each {{radic|3}} chord of the helical geodesic{{Efn|Although adjacent vertices on the isoclinic geodesic are a {{radic|3}} chord apart, a point on a rigid body under rotation does not travel along a chord: it moves along an arc between the two endpoints of the chord (a longer distance). In a ''simple'' rotation between two vertices {{radic|3}} apart, the vertex moves along the arc of a hexagonal great circle to a vertex two great hexagon edges away, and passes through the intervening hexagon vertex midway. But in an ''isoclinic'' rotation between two vertices {{radic|3}} apart the vertex moves along a helical arc called an isocline (not a planar great circle),{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} which does ''not'' pass through an intervening vertex: it misses the vertex nearest to its midpoint.{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}}|name=isocline misses vertex}} crosses between two Clifford parallel hexagon central planes, and lies in another hexagon central plane that intersects them both.{{Efn|Departing from any vertex V₀ in the original great hexagon plane of isoclinic rotation P₀, the first vertex reached V₁ is 120 degrees away along a {{radic|3}} chord lying in a different hexagonal plane P₁. P₁ is inclined to P₀ at a 60° angle.{{Efn|P₀ and P₁ lie in the same hyperplane (the same central cuboctahedron) so their other angle of separation is 0.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}}}} The second vertex reached V₂ is 120 degrees beyond V₁ along a second {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P₂ that is Clifford parallel to P₀.{{Efn|P₀ and P₂ are 60° apart in ''both'' angles of separation.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} Clifford parallel planes are isoclinic (which means they are separated by two equal angles), and their corresponding vertices are all the same distance apart. Although V₀ and V₂ are ''two'' {{radic|3}} chords apart,{{Efn|V₀ and V₂ are two {{radic|3}} chords apart on the geodesic path of this rotational isocline, but that is not the shortest geodesic path between them. In the 24-cell, it is impossible for two vertices to be more distant than ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord, unless they are antipodal vertices {{radic|4}} apart.{{Efn|name=Geodesic distance}} V₀ and V₂ are ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord apart on some other isocline, and just {{radic|1}} apart on some great hexagon. Between V₀ and V₂, the isoclinic rotation has gone the long way around the 24-cell over two {{radic|3}} chords to reach a vertex that was only {{radic|1}} away. More generally, isoclines are geodesics because the distance between their successive vertices is the shortest distance between those two vertices in some rotation connecting them, but on the 3-sphere there may be another rotation which is shorter. A path between two vertices along a geodesic is not always the shortest distance between them (even on ordinary great circle geodesics).}} P₀ and P₂ are just one {{radic|1}} edge apart (at every pair of ''nearest'' vertices).}} (Notice that V₁ lies in both intersecting planes P₁ and P₂, as V₀ lies in both P₀ and P₁. But P₀ and P₂ have ''no'' vertices in common; they do not intersect.) The third vertex reached V₃ is 120 degrees beyond V₂ along a third {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P₃ that is Clifford parallel to P₁. V₀ and V₃ are adjacent vertices, {{radic|1}} apart.{{Efn|name=skew hexagram}} The three {{radic|3}} chords lie in different 8-cells.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} V₀ to V₃ is a 360° isoclinic rotation, and one half of the 24-cell's double-loop hexagram₂ Clifford polygon.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} The {{radic|3}} chords meet at a 60° angle, but since they lie in different planes they form a [[W:Helix|helix]] not a [[#Triangles|triangle]]. Three {{radic|3}} chords and 360° of rotation takes the vertex to an adjacent vertex, not back to itself. The helix of {{radic|3}} chords closes into a loop only after six {{radic|3}} chords: a 720° rotation twice around the 24-cell{{Efn|An isoclinic rotation by 60° is two simple rotations by 60° at the same time.{{Efn|The composition of two simple 60° rotations in a pair of completely orthogonal invariant planes is a 60° isoclinic rotation in ''four'' pairs of completely orthogonal invariant planes.{{Efn|name=double rotation}} Thus the isoclinic rotation is the compound of four simple rotations, and all 24 vertices rotate in invariant hexagon planes, versus just 6 vertices in a simple rotation.}} It moves all the vertices 120° at the same time, in various different directions. Six successive diagonal rotational increments, of 60°x60° each, move each vertex through 720° on a Möbius double loop called an ''isocline'', ''twice'' around the 24-cell and back to its point of origin, in the ''same time'' (six rotational units) that it would take a simple rotation to take the vertex ''once'' around the 24-cell on an ordinary great circle.{{Efn|name=double threaded}} The helical double loop 4𝝅 isocline is just another kind of ''single'' full circle, of the same time interval and period (6 chords) as the simple great circle. The isocline is ''one'' true circle,{{Efn|name=4-dimensional great circles}} as perfectly round and geodesic as the simple great circle, even through its chords are {{radic|3}} longer, its circumference is 4𝝅 instead of 2𝝅,{{Efn|All 3-sphere isoclines of the same circumference are directly congruent circles.{{Efn|name=not all isoclines are circles}} An ordinary great circle is an isocline of circumference <math>2\pi r</math>; simple rotations of unit-radius polytopes take place on 2𝝅 isoclines. Double rotations may have isoclines of other than <math>2\pi r</math> circumference. The ''characteristic rotation'' of a regular 4-polytope is the isoclinic rotation in which the central planes containing its edges are invariant planes of rotation. The 16-cell and 24-cell edge-rotate on isoclines of 4𝝅 circumference. The 600-cell edge-rotates on isoclines of 5𝝅 circumference.|name=isocline circumference}} it circles through four dimensions instead of two,{{Efn|name=Villarceau circles}} and it acts in two chiral forms (left and right) even though all such circles of the same circumference are directly congruent.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} Nevertheless, to avoid confusion we always refer to it as an ''isocline'' and reserve the term ''great circle'' for an ordinary great circle in the plane.{{Efn|name=isocline}}|name=one true circle}} on a [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|skew]] [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]] with {{radic|3}} edges.{{Efn|name=skew hexagram}} Even though all 24 vertices and all the hexagons rotate at once, a 360 degree isoclinic rotation moves each vertex only halfway around its circuit. After 360 degrees each helix has departed from 3 vertices and reached a fourth vertex adjacent to the original vertex, but has ''not'' arrived back exactly at the vertex it departed from. Each central plane (every hexagon or square in the 24-cell) has rotated 360 degrees ''and'' been tilted sideways all the way around 360 degrees back to its original position (like a coin flipping twice), but the 24-cell's [[W:Orientation entanglement|orientation]] in the 4-space in which it is embedded is now different.{{Sfn|Mebius|2015|loc=Motivation|pp=2-3|ps=; "This research originated from ... the desire to construct a computer implementation of a specific motion of the human arm, known among folk dance experts as the ''Philippine wine dance'' or ''Binasuan'' and performed by physicist [[W:Richard P. Feynman|Richard P. Feynman]] during his [[W:Dirac|Dirac]] memorial lecture 1986{{Sfn|Feynman|Weinberg|1987|loc=The reason for antiparticles}} to show that a single rotation (2𝝅) is not equivalent in all respects to no rotation at all, whereas a double rotation (4𝝅) is."}} Because the 24-cell is now inside-out, if the isoclinic rotation is continued in the ''same'' direction through another 360 degrees, the 24 moving vertices will pass through the other half of the vertices that were missed on the first revolution (the 12 antipodal vertices of the 12 that were hit the first time around), and each isoclinic geodesic ''will'' arrive back at the vertex it departed from, forming a closed six-chord helical loop. It takes a 720 degree isoclinic rotation for each [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|hexagram₂ geodesic]] to complete a circuit through every ''second'' vertex of its six vertices by [[W:Winding number|winding]] around the 24-cell twice, returning the 24-cell to its original chiral orientation.{{Efn|In a 720° isoclinic rotation of a ''rigid'' 24-cell the 24 vertices rotate along four separate Clifford parallel hexagram₂ geodesic loops (six vertices circling in each loop) and return to their original positions.{{Efn|name=Villarceau circles}}}} The hexagonal winding path that each vertex takes as it loops twice around the 24-cell forms a double helix bent into a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius ring]], so that the two strands of the double helix form a continuous single strand in a closed loop.{{Efn|Because the 24-cell's helical hexagram₂ geodesic is bent into a twisted ring in the fourth dimension like a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius strip]], its [[W:Screw thread|screw thread]] doubles back across itself in each revolution, reversing its chirality{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} but without ever changing its even/odd parity of rotation (black or white).{{Efn|name=black and white}} The 6-vertex isoclinic path forms a Möbius double loop, like a 3-dimensional double helix with the ends of its two parallel 3-vertex helices cross-connected to each other. This 60° isocline{{Efn|A strip of paper can form a [[W:Möbius strip#Polyhedral surfaces and flat foldings|flattened Möbius strip]] in the plane by folding it at <math>60^\circ</math> angles so that its center line lies along an equilateral triangle, and attaching the ends. The shortest strip for which this is possible consists of three equilateral paper triangles, folded at the edges where two triangles meet. Since the loop traverses both sides of each paper triangle, it is a hexagonal loop over six equilateral triangles. Its [[W:Aspect ratio|aspect ratio]]{{snd}}the ratio of the strip's length{{efn|The length of a strip can be measured at its centerline, or by cutting the resulting Möbius strip perpendicularly to its boundary so that it forms a rectangle.}} to its width{{snd}}is {{nowrap|<math>\sqrt 3\approx 1.73</math>.}}}} is a [[W:Skew polygon|skewed]] instance of the [[W:Polygram (geometry)#Regular compound polygons|regular compound polygon]] denoted {6/2}{{=}}2{3} or hexagram₂.{{Efn|name=skew hexagram}} Successive {{radic|3}} edges belong to different [[#8-cell|8-cells]], as the 720° isoclinic rotation takes each hexagon through all six hexagons in the [[#6-cell rings|6-cell ring]], and each 8-cell through all three 8-cells twice.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}}|name=double threaded}} In the first revolution the vertex traverses one 3-chord strand of the double helix; in the second revolution it traverses the second 3-chord strand, moving in the same rotational direction with the same handedness (bending either left or right) throughout. Although this isoclinic Möbius [[#6-cell rings|ring]] is a circular spiral through all 4 dimensions, not a 2-dimensional circle, like a great circle it is a geodesic because it is the shortest path from vertex to vertex.{{Efn|A point under isoclinic rotation traverses the diagonal{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} straight line of a single '''isoclinic geodesic''', reaching its destination directly, instead of the bent line of two successive '''simple geodesics'''.{{Efn||name=double rotation}} A '''[[W:Geodesic|geodesic]]''' is the ''shortest path'' through a space (intuitively, a string pulled taught between two points). Simple geodesics are great circles lying in a central plane (the only kind of geodesics that occur in 3-space on the 2-sphere). Isoclinic geodesics are different: they do ''not'' lie in a single plane; they are 4-dimensional [[W:Helix|spirals]] rather than simple 2-dimensional circles.{{Efn|name=helical geodesic}} But they are not like 3-dimensional [[W:Screw threads|screw threads]] either, because they form a closed loop like any circle.{{Efn|name=double threaded}} Isoclinic geodesics are ''4-dimensional great circles'', and they are just as circular as 2-dimensional circles: in fact, twice as circular, because they curve in ''two'' orthogonal great circles at once.{{Efn|Isoclinic geodesics or ''isoclines'' are 4-dimensional great circles in the sense that they are 1-dimensional geodesic ''lines'' that curve in 4-space in two orthogonal great circles at once.{{Efn|name=not all isoclines are circles}} They should not be confused with ''great 2-spheres'',{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=24}} which are the 4-dimensional analogues of great circles (great 1-spheres).{{Efn|name=great 2-spheres}} Discrete isoclines are polygons;{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} discrete great 2-spheres are polyhedra.|name=4-dimensional great circles}} They are true circles,{{Efn|name=one true circle}} and even form [[W:Hopf fibration|fibrations]] like ordinary 2-dimensional great circles.{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}}{{Efn|name=square fibrations}} These '''isoclines''' are geodesic 1-dimensional lines embedded in a 4-dimensional space. On the 3-sphere{{Efn|All isoclines are [[W:Geodesics|geodesics]], and isoclines on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] are circles (curving equally in each dimension), but not all isoclines on 3-manifolds in 4-space are circles.|name=not all isoclines are circles}} they always occur in pairs{{Efn|Isoclines on the 3-sphere occur in non-intersecting pairs of even/odd coordinate parity.{{Efn|name=black and white}} A single black or white isocline forms a [[W:Möbius loop|Möbius loop]] called the {1,1} torus knot or Villarceau circle{{Sfn|Dorst|2019|loc=§1. Villarceau Circles|p=44|ps=; "In mathematics, the path that the (1, 1) knot on the torus traces is also known as a [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]. Villarceau circles are usually introduced as two intersecting circles that are the cross-section of a torus by a well-chosen plane cutting it. Picking one such circle and rotating it around the torus axis, the resulting family of circles can be used to rule the torus. By nesting tori smartly, the collection of all such circles then form a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]].... we prefer to consider the Villarceau circle as the (1, 1) torus knot rather than as a planar cut."}} in which each of two "circles" linked in a Möbius "figure eight" loop traverses through all four dimensions.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} The double loop is a true circle in four dimensions.{{Efn|name=one true circle}} Even and odd isoclines are also linked, not in a Möbius loop but as a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]] of two non-intersecting circles,{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} as are all the Clifford parallel isoclines of a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fiber bundle]].|name=Villarceau circles}} as [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]s on the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]], the geodesic paths traversed by vertices in an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. They are [[W:Helix|helices]] bent into a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] in the fourth dimension, taking a diagonal [[W:Winding number|winding route]] around the 3-sphere through the non-adjacent vertices{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} of a 4-polytope's [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|skew]] '''Clifford polygon'''.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}|name=isoclinic geodesic}} === Clifford parallel polytopes === Two planes are also called ''isoclinic'' if an isoclinic rotation will bring them together.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} The isoclinic planes are precisely those central planes with Clifford parallel geodesic great circles.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|loc=Relations to Clifford parallelism|pp=8-9}} Clifford parallel great circles do not intersect,{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} so isoclinic great circle polygons have disjoint vertices. In the 24-cell every hexagonal central plane is isoclinic to three others, and every square central plane is isoclinic to five others. We can pick out 4 mutually isoclinic (Clifford parallel) great hexagons (four different ways) covering all 24 vertices of the 24-cell just once (a hexagonal fibration).{{Efn|The 24-cell has four sets of 4 non-intersecting [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} great circles each passing through 6 vertices (a great hexagon), with only one great hexagon in each set passing through each vertex, and the 4 hexagons in each set reaching all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} Each set constitutes a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] of non-intersecting linked great circles. The 24-cell can also be divided (eight different ways) into 4 disjoint subsets of 6 vertices (hexagrams) that do ''not'' lie in a hexagonal central plane, each skew [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|hexagram forming an isoclinic geodesic or ''isocline'']] that is the rotational circle traversed by those 6 vertices in one particular left or right [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. Each of these sets of four Clifford parallel isoclines belongs to one of the four discrete Hopf fibrations of hexagonal great circles.{{Efn|Each set of [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] [[#Geodesics|great circle]] polygons is a different bundle of fibers than the corresponding set of Clifford parallel isocline{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} polygrams, but the two [[W:Fiber bundles|fiber bundles]] together constitute the ''same'' discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]], because they enumerate the 24 vertices together by their intersection in the same distinct (left or right) isoclinic rotation. They are the [[W:Warp and woof|warp and woof]] of the same woven fabric that is the fibration.|name=great circles and isoclines are same fibration}}|name=hexagonal fibrations}} We can pick out 6 mutually isoclinic (Clifford parallel) great squares{{Efn|Each great square plane is isoclinic (Clifford parallel) to five other square planes but [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to only one of them.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Every pair of completely orthogonal planes has Clifford parallel great circles, but not all Clifford parallel great circles are orthogonal (e.g., none of the hexagonal geodesics in the 24-cell are mutually orthogonal). There is also another way in which completely orthogonal planes are in a distinguished category of Clifford parallel planes: they are not [[W:Chiral|chiral]], or strictly speaking they possess both chiralities. A pair of isoclinic (Clifford parallel) planes is either a ''left pair'' or a ''right pair'', unless they are separated by two angles of 90° (completely orthogonal planes) or 0° (coincident planes).{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=8|loc=Left and Right Pairs of Isoclinic Planes}} Most isoclinic planes are brought together only by a left isoclinic rotation or a right isoclinic rotation, respectively. Completely orthogonal planes are special: the pair of planes is both a left and a right pair, so either a left or a right isoclinic rotation will bring them together. This occurs because isoclinic square planes are 180° apart at all vertex pairs: not just Clifford parallel but completely orthogonal. The isoclines (chiral vertex paths){{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} of 90° isoclinic rotations are special for the same reason. Left and right isoclines loop through the same set of antipodal vertices (hitting both ends of each [[16-cell#Helical construction|16-cell axis]]), instead of looping through disjoint left and right subsets of black or white antipodal vertices (hitting just one end of each axis), as the left and right isoclines of all other fibrations do.|name=completely orthogonal Clifford parallels are special}} (three different ways) covering all 24 vertices of the 24-cell just once (a square fibration).{{Efn|The 24-cell has three sets of 6 non-intersecting Clifford parallel great circles each passing through 4 vertices (a great square), with only one great square in each set passing through each vertex, and the 6 squares in each set reaching all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=three square fibrations}} Each set constitutes a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] of 6 non-intersecting linked great squares, which is simply the compound of the three inscribed 16-cell's discrete Hopf fibrations of 2 great squares. The 24-cell can also be divided (six different ways) into 3 disjoint subsets of 8 vertices (octagrams) that do ''not'' lie in a square central plane, but comprise a 16-cell and lie on a skew [[#Helical octagrams and thei isoclines|octagram₃ forming an isoclinic geodesic or ''isocline'']] that is the rotational cirle traversed by those 8 vertices in one particular left or right [[16-cell#Rotations|isoclinic rotation]] as they rotate positions within the 16-cell.|name=square fibrations}} Every isoclinic rotation taking vertices to vertices corresponds to a discrete fibration.{{Efn|name=fibrations are distinguished only by rotations}} Two dimensional great circle polygons are not the only polytopes in the 24-cell which are parallel in the Clifford sense.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|pp=1-9|loc=§1. Introduction}} Congruent polytopes of 2, 3 or 4 dimensions can be said to be Clifford parallel in 4 dimensions if their corresponding vertices are all the same distance apart. The three 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell are Clifford parallels. Clifford parallel polytopes are ''completely disjoint'' polytopes.{{Efn|Polytopes are '''completely disjoint''' if all their ''element sets'' are disjoint: they do not share any vertices, edges, faces or cells. They may still overlap in space, sharing 4-content, volume, area, or lineage.|name=completely disjoint}} A 60 degree isoclinic rotation in hexagonal planes takes each 16-cell to a disjoint 16-cell. Like all [[#Double rotations|double rotations]], isoclinic rotations come in two [[W:Chiral|chiral]] forms: there is a disjoint 16-cell to the ''left'' of each 16-cell, and another to its ''right''.{{Efn|Visualize the three [[16-cell]]s inscribed in the 24-cell (left, right, and middle), and the rotation which takes them to each other. [[#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|The vertices of the middle 16-cell lie on the (w, x, y, z) coordinate axes]];{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} the other two are rotated 60° [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinically]] to its left and its right. The 24-vertex 24-cell is a compound of three 16-cells, whose three sets of 8 vertices are distributed around the 24-cell symmetrically; each vertex is surrounded by 8 others (in the 3-dimensional space of the 4-dimensional 24-cell's ''surface''), the way the vertices of a cube surround its center.{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}} The 8 surrounding vertices (the cube corners) lie in other 16-cells: 4 in the other 16-cell to the left, and 4 in the other 16-cell to the right. They are the vertices of two tetrahedra inscribed in the cube, one belonging (as a cell) to each 16-cell. If the 16-cell edges are {{radic|2}}, each vertex of the compound of three 16-cells is {{radic|1}} away from its 8 surrounding vertices in other 16-cells. Now visualize those {{radic|1}} distances as the edges of the 24-cell (while continuing to visualize the disjoint 16-cells). The {{radic|1}} edges form great hexagons of 6 vertices which run around the 24-cell in a central plane. ''Four'' hexagons cross at each vertex (and its antipodal vertex), inclined at 60° to each other.{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} The [[#Great hexagons|hexagons]] are not perpendicular to each other, or to the 16-cells' perpendicular [[#Great squares|square central planes]].{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The left and right 16-cells form a tesseract.{{Efn|Each pair of the three 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell forms a 4-dimensional [[W:Tesseract|hypercube (a tesseract or 8-cell)]], in [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|dimensional analogy]] to the way two tetrahedra form a cube: the two 8-vertex 16-cells are inscribed in the 16-vertex tesseract, occupying its alternate vertices. The third 16-cell does not lie within the tesseract; its 8 vertices protrude from the sides of the tesseract, forming a cubic pyramid on each of the tesseract's cubic cells (as in [[#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|Gosset's construction of the 24-cell]]). The three pairs of 16-cells form three tesseracts.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The tesseracts share vertices, but the 16-cells are completely disjoint.{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}}|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Two 16-cells have vertex-pairs which are one {{radic|1}} edge (one hexagon edge) apart. But a [[#Simple rotations|''simple'' rotation]] of 60° will not take one whole 16-cell to another 16-cell, because their vertices are 60° apart in different directions, and a simple rotation has only one hexagonal plane of rotation. One 16-cell ''can'' be taken to another 16-cell by a 60° [[#Isoclinic rotations|''isoclinic'' rotation]], because an isoclinic rotation is [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] symmetric: four [[#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel hexagonal planes]] rotate together, but in four different rotational directions,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} taking each 16-cell to another 16-cell. But since an isoclinic 60° rotation is a ''diagonal'' rotation by 60° in ''two'' orthogonal great circles at once,{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} the corresponding vertices of the 16-cell and the 16-cell it is taken to are 120° apart: ''two'' {{radic|1}} hexagon edges (or one {{radic|3}} hexagon chord) apart, not one {{radic|1}} edge (60°) apart.{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} By the [[W:Chiral|chiral]] diagonal nature of isoclinic rotations, the 16-cell ''cannot'' reach the adjacent 16-cell (whose vertices are one {{radic|1}} edge away) by rotating toward it;{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} it can only reach the 16-cell ''beyond'' it (120° away). But of course, the 16-cell beyond the 16-cell to its right is the 16-cell to its left. So a 60° isoclinic rotation ''will'' take every 16-cell to another 16-cell: a 60° ''right'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we may have originally visualized as the ''left'' 16-cell, and a 60° ''left'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we visualized as the ''right'' 16-cell. (If so, that was our error in visualization; the 16-cell to the "left" is in fact the one reached by the left isoclinic rotation, as that is the only [[#Double rotations|sense in which the two 16-cells are left or right]] of each other.){{Efn|name=clasped hands}}|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} All Clifford parallel 4-polytopes are related by an isoclinic rotation,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} but not all isoclinic polytopes are Clifford parallels (completely disjoint).{{Efn|All isoclinic ''planes'' are Clifford parallels (completely disjoint).{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} Three and four dimensional cocentric objects may intersect (sharing elements) but still be related by an isoclinic rotation. Polyhedra and 4-polytopes may be isoclinic and ''not'' disjoint, if all of their corresponding planes are either Clifford parallel, or cocellular (in the same hyperplane) or coincident (the same plane).}} The three 8-cells in the 24-cell are isoclinic but not Clifford parallel. Like the 16-cells, they are rotated 60 degrees isoclinically with respect to each other, but their vertices are not all disjoint (and therefore not all equidistant). Each vertex occurs in two of the three 8-cells (as each 16-cell occurs in two of the three 8-cells).{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} Isoclinic rotations relate the convex regular 4-polytopes to each other. An isoclinic rotation of a single 16-cell will generate{{Efn|By ''generate'' we mean simply that some vertex of the first polytope will visit each vertex of the generated polytope in the course of the rotation.}} a 24-cell. A simple rotation of a single 16-cell will not, because its vertices will not reach either of the other two 16-cells' vertices in the course of the rotation. An isoclinic rotation of the 24-cell will generate the 600-cell, and an isoclinic rotation of the 600-cell will generate the 120-cell. (Or they can all be generated directly by an isoclinic rotation of the 16-cell, generating isoclinic copies of itself.) The different convex regular 4-polytopes nest inside each other, and multiple instances of the same 4-polytope hide next to each other in the Clifford parallel spaces that comprise the 3-sphere.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=Clifford Parallel Spaces and Clifford Reguli|pp=20-33}} For an object of more than one dimension, the only way to reach these parallel subspaces directly is by isoclinic rotation. Like a key operating a four-dimensional lock, an object must twist in two completely perpendicular tumbler cylinders at once in order to move the short distance between Clifford parallel subspaces. === Rings === In the 24-cell there are sets of rings of six different kinds, described separately in detail in other sections of this article. This section describes how the different kinds of rings are [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|intertwined]]. The 24-cell contains four kinds of [[#Geodesics|geodesic fibers]] (polygonal rings running through vertices): [[#Great squares|great circle squares]] and their [[16-cell#Helical construction|isoclinic helix octagrams]],{{Efn|name=square fibrations}} and [[#Great hexagons|great circle hexagons]] and their [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic helix hexagrams]].{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} It also contains two kinds of [[#Cell rings|cell rings]] (chains of octahedra bent into a ring in the fourth dimension): four octahedra connected vertex-to-vertex and bent into a square, and six octahedra connected face-to-face and bent into a hexagon. ==== 4-cell rings ==== Four unit-edge-length octahedra can be connected vertex-to-vertex along a common axis of length 4{{radic|2}}. The axis can then be bent into a square of edge length {{radic|2}}. Although it is possible to do this in a space of only three dimensions, that is not how it occurs in the 24-cell. Although the {{radic|2}} axes of the four octahedra occupy the same plane, forming one of the 18 {{radic|2}} great squares of the 24-cell, each octahedron occupies a different 3-dimensional hyperplane,{{Efn|Just as each face of a [[W:Polyhedron|polyhedron]] occupies a different (2-dimensional) face plane, each cell of a [[W:Polychoron|polychoron]] occupies a different (3-dimensional) cell [[W:Hyperplane|hyperplane]].{{Efn|name=hyperplanes}}}} and all four dimensions are utilized. The 24-cell can be partitioned into 6 such 4-cell rings (three different ways), mutually interlinked like adjacent links in a chain (but these [[W:Link (knot theory)|links]] all have a common center). An [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] in the great square plane by a multiple of 90° takes each octahedron in the ring to an octahedron in the ring. ==== 6-cell rings ==== [[File:Six face-bonded octahedra.jpg|thumb|400px|A 4-dimensional ring of 6 face-bonded octahedra, bounded by two intersecting sets of three Clifford parallel great hexagons of different colors, cut and laid out flat in 3 dimensional space.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring}}]]Six regular octahedra can be connected face-to-face along a common axis that passes through their centers of volume, forming a stack or column with only triangular faces. In a space of four dimensions, the axis can then be bent 60° in the fourth dimension at each of the six octahedron centers, in a plane orthogonal to all three orthogonal central planes of each octahedron, such that the top and bottom triangular faces of the column become coincident. The column becomes a ring around a hexagonal axis. The 24-cell can be partitioned into 4 such rings (four different ways), mutually interlinked. Because the hexagonal axis joins cell centers (not vertices), it is not a great hexagon of the 24-cell.{{Efn|The axial hexagon of the 6-octahedron ring does not intersect any vertices or edges of the 24-cell, but it does hit faces. In a unit-edge-length 24-cell, it has edges of length 1/2.{{Efn|When unit-edge octahedra are placed face-to-face the distance between their centers of volume is {{radic|2/3}} ≈ 0.816.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(i): Octahedron}} When 24 face-bonded octahedra are bent into a 24-cell lying on the 3-sphere, the centers of the octahedra are closer together in 4-space. Within the curved 3-dimensional surface space filled by the 24 cells, the cell centers are still {{radic|2/3}} apart along the curved geodesics that join them. But on the straight chords that join them, which dip inside the 3-sphere, they are only 1/2 edge length apart.}} Because it joins six cell centers, the axial hexagon is a great hexagon of the smaller dual 24-cell that is formed by joining the 24 cell centers.{{Efn|name=common core}}}} However, six great hexagons can be found in the ring of six octahedra, running along the edges of the octahedra. In the column of six octahedra (before it is bent into a ring) there are six spiral paths along edges running up the column: three parallel helices spiraling clockwise, and three parallel helices spiraling counterclockwise. Each clockwise helix intersects each counterclockwise helix at two vertices three edge lengths apart. Bending the column into a ring changes these helices into great circle hexagons.{{Efn|There is a choice of planes in which to fold the column into a ring, but they are equivalent in that they produce congruent rings. Whichever folding planes are chosen, each of the six helices joins its own two ends and forms a simple great circle hexagon. These hexagons are ''not'' helices: they lie on ordinary flat great circles. Three of them are Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} and belong to one [[#Great hexagons|hexagonal]] fibration. They intersect the other three, which belong to another hexagonal fibration. The three parallel great circles of each fibration spiral around each other in the sense that they form a [[W:Link (knot theory)|link]] of three ordinary circles, but they are not twisted: the 6-cell ring has no [[W:Torsion of a curve|torsion]], either clockwise or counterclockwise.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}}|name=6-cell ring}} The ring has two sets of three great hexagons, each on three Clifford parallel great circles.{{Efn|The three great hexagons are Clifford parallel, which is different than ordinary parallelism.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} Clifford parallel great hexagons pass through each other like adjacent links of a chain, forming a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]]. Unlike links in a 3-dimensional chain, they share the same center point. In the 24-cell, Clifford parallel great hexagons occur in sets of four, not three. The fourth parallel hexagon lies completely outside the 6-cell ring; its 6 vertices are completely disjoint from the ring's 18 vertices.}} The great hexagons in each parallel set of three do not intersect, but each intersects the other three great hexagons (to which it is not Clifford parallel) at two antipodal vertices. A [[#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] in any of the great hexagon planes by a multiple of 60° rotates only that hexagon invariantly, taking each vertex in that hexagon to a vertex in the same hexagon. An [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] by 60° in any of the six great hexagon planes rotates all three Clifford parallel great hexagons invariantly, and takes each octahedron in the ring to a ''non-adjacent'' octahedron in the ring.{{Efn|An isoclinic rotation by a multiple of 60° takes even-numbered octahedra in the ring to even-numbered octahedra, and odd-numbered octahedra to odd-numbered octahedra.{{Efn|In the column of 6 octahedral cells, we number the cells 0-5 going up the column. We also label each vertex with an integer 0-5 based on how many edge lengths it is up the column.}} It is impossible for an even-numbered octahedron to reach an odd-numbered octahedron, or vice versa, by a left or a right isoclinic rotation alone.{{Efn|name=black and white}}|name=black and white octahedra}} Each isoclinically displaced octahedron is also rotated itself. After a 360° isoclinic rotation each octahedron is back in the same position, but in a different orientation. In a 720° isoclinic rotation, its vertices are returned to their original [[W:Orientation entanglement|orientation]]. Four Clifford parallel great hexagons comprise a discrete fiber bundle covering all 24 vertices in a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]]. The 24-cell has four such [[#Great hexagons|discrete hexagonal fibrations]] <math>F_a, F_b, F_c, F_d</math>. Each great hexagon belongs to just one fibration, and the four fibrations are defined by disjoint sets of four great hexagons each.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|loc=§8.3 Properties of the Hopf Fibration|pp=14-16|ps=; Corollary 9. Every great circle belongs to a unique right [(and left)] Hopf bundle.}} Each fibration is the domain (container) of a unique left-right pair of isoclinic rotations (left and right Hopf fiber bundles).{{Efn|The choice of a partitioning of a regular 4-polytope into cell rings (a fibration) is arbitrary, because all of its cells are identical. No particular fibration is distinguished, ''unless'' the 4-polytope is rotating. Each fibration corresponds to a left-right pair of isoclinic rotations in a particular set of Clifford parallel invariant central planes of rotation. In the 24-cell, distinguishing a hexagonal fibration{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} means choosing a cell-disjoint set of four 6-cell rings that is the unique container of a left-right pair of isoclinic rotations in four Clifford parallel hexagonal invariant planes. The left and right rotations take place in chiral subspaces of that container,{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=12|loc=§8 The Construction of Hopf Fibrations; 3}} but the fibration and the octahedral cell rings themselves are not chiral objects.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}}|name=fibrations are distinguished only by rotations}} Four cell-disjoint 6-cell rings also comprise each discrete fibration defined by four Clifford parallel great hexagons. Each 6-cell ring contains only 18 of the 24 vertices, and only 6 of the 16 great hexagons, which we see illustrated above running along the cell ring's edges: 3 spiraling clockwise and 3 counterclockwise. Those 6 hexagons running along the cell ring's edges are not among the set of four parallel hexagons which define the fibration. For example, one of the four 6-cell rings in fibration <math>F_a</math> contains 3 parallel hexagons running clockwise along the cell ring's edges from fibration <math>F_b</math>, and 3 parallel hexagons running counterclockwise along the cell ring's edges from fibration <math>F_c</math>, but that cell ring contains no great hexagons from fibration <math>F_a</math> or fibration <math>F_d</math>. The 24-cell contains 16 great hexagons, divided into four disjoint sets of four hexagons, each disjoint set uniquely defining a fibration. Each fibration is also a distinct set of four cell-disjoint 6-cell rings. The 24-cell has exactly 16 distinct 6-cell rings. Each 6-cell ring belongs to just one of the four fibrations.{{Efn|The dual polytope of the 24-cell is another 24-cell. It can be constructed by placing vertices at the 24 cell centers. Each 6-cell ring corresponds to a great hexagon in the dual 24-cell, so there are 16 distinct 6-cell rings, as there are 16 distinct great hexagons, each belonging to just one fibration.}} ==== Helical hexagrams and their isoclines ==== Another kind of geodesic fiber, the [[#Isoclinic rotations|helical hexagram isoclines]], can be found within a 6-cell ring of octahedra. Each of these geodesics runs through every ''second'' vertex of a skew [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]]₂, which in the unit-radius, unit-edge-length 24-cell has six {{radic|3}} edges. The hexagram does not lie in a single central plane, but is composed of six linked {{radic|3}} chords from the six different hexagon great circles in the 6-cell ring. The isocline geodesic fiber is the path of an isoclinic rotation,{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} a helical rather than simply circular path around the 24-cell which links vertices two edge lengths apart and consequently must wrap twice around the 24-cell before completing its six-vertex loop.{{Efn|The chord-path of an isocline (the geodesic along which a vertex moves under isoclinic rotation) may be called the 4-polytope's '''Clifford polygon''', as it is the skew polygonal shape of the rotational circles traversed by the 4-polytope's vertices in its characteristic [[W:Clifford displacement|Clifford displacement]].{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=Linear Systems of Clifford Parallels|pp=34-57}} The isocline is a helical Möbius double loop which reverses its chirality twice in the course of a full double circuit. The double loop is entirely contained within a single [[#Cell rings|cell ring]], where it follows chords connecting even (odd) vertices: typically opposite vertices of adjacent cells, two edge lengths apart.{{Efn|name=black and white}} Both "halves" of the double loop pass through each cell in the cell ring, but intersect only two even (odd) vertices in each even (odd) cell. Each pair of intersected vertices in an even (odd) cell lie opposite each other on the [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius strip]], exactly one edge length apart. Thus each cell has both helices passing through it, which are Clifford parallels{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} of opposite chirality at each pair of parallel points. Globally these two helices are a single connected circle of ''both'' chiralities, with no net [[W:Torsion of a curve|torsion]]. An isocline acts as a left (or right) isocline when traversed by a left (or right) rotation (of different fibrations).{{Efn|name=one true circle}}|name=Clifford polygon}} Rather than a flat hexagon, it forms a [[W:Skew polygon|skew]] hexagram out of two three-sided 360 degree half-loops: open triangles joined end-to-end to each other in a six-sided Möbius loop.{{Efn|name=double threaded}} Each 6-cell ring contains six such hexagram isoclines, three black and three white, that connect even and odd vertices respectively.{{Efn|Only one kind of 6-cell ring exists, not two different chiral kinds (right-handed and left-handed), because octahedra have opposing faces and form untwisted cell rings. In addition to two sets of three Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} [[#Great hexagons|great hexagons]], three black and three white [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic hexagram geodesics]] run through the [[#6-cell rings|6-cell ring]].{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} Each of these chiral skew [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]]s lies on a different kind of circle called an ''isocline'',{{Efn|name=not all isoclines are circles}} a helical circle [[W:Winding number|winding]] through all four dimensions instead of lying in a single plane.{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} These helical great circles occur in Clifford parallel [[W:Hopf fibration|fiber bundles]] just as ordinary planar great circles do. In the 6-cell ring, black and white hexagrams pass through even and odd vertices respectively, and miss the vertices in between, so the isoclines are disjoint.{{Efn|name=black and white}}|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}} Each of the three black-white pairs of isoclines belongs to one of the three fibrations in which the 6-cell ring occurs. Each fibration's right (or left) rotation traverses two black isoclines and two white isoclines in parallel, rotating all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} Beginning at any vertex at one end of the column of six octahedra, we can follow an isoclinic path of {{radic|3}} chords of an isocline from octahedron to octahedron. In the 24-cell the {{radic|1}} edges are [[#Great hexagons|great hexagon]] edges (and octahedron edges); in the column of six octahedra we see six great hexagons running along the octahedra's edges. The {{radic|3}} chords are great hexagon diagonals, joining great hexagon vertices two {{radic|1}} edges apart. We find them in the ring of six octahedra running from a vertex in one octahedron to a vertex in the next octahedron, passing through the face shared by the two octahedra (but not touching any of the face's 3 vertices). Each {{radic|3}} chord is a chord of just one great hexagon (an edge of a [[#Triangles|great triangle]] inscribed in that great hexagon), but successive {{radic|3}} chords belong to different great hexagons.{{Efn|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} At each vertex the isoclinic path of {{radic|3}} chords bends 60 degrees in two central planes{{Efn|Two central planes in which the path bends 60° at the vertex are (a) the great hexagon plane that the chord ''before'' the vertex belongs to, and (b) the great hexagon plane that the chord ''after'' the vertex belongs to. Plane (b) contains the 120° isocline chord joining the original vertex to a vertex in great hexagon plane (c), Clifford parallel to (a); the vertex moves over this chord to this next vertex. The angle of inclination between the Clifford parallel (isoclinic) great hexagon planes (a) and (c) is also 60°. In this 60° interval of the isoclinic rotation, great hexagon plane (a) rotates 60° within itself ''and'' tilts 60° in an orthogonal plane (not plane (b)) to become great hexagon plane (c). The three great hexagon planes (a), (b) and (c) are not orthogonal (they are inclined at 60° to each other), but (a) and (b) are two central hexagons in the same cuboctahedron, and (b) and (c) likewise in an orthogonal cuboctahedron.{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}}}} at once: 60 degrees around the great hexagon that the chord before the vertex belongs to, and 60 degrees into the plane of a different great hexagon entirely, that the chord after the vertex belongs to.{{Efn|At each vertex there is only one adjacent great hexagon plane that the isocline can bend 60 degrees into: the isoclinic path is ''deterministic'' in the sense that it is linear, not branching, because each vertex in the cell ring is a place where just two of the six great hexagons contained in the cell ring cross. If each great hexagon is given edges and chords of a particular color (as in the 6-cell ring illustration), we can name each great hexagon by its color, and each kind of vertex by a hyphenated two-color name. The cell ring contains 18 vertices named by the 9 unique two-color combinations; each vertex and its antipodal vertex have the same two colors in their name, since when two great hexagons intersect they do so at antipodal vertices. Each isoclinic skew hexagram{{Efn|Each half of a skew hexagram is an open triangle of three {{radic|3}} chords, the two open ends of which are one {{radic|1}} edge length apart. The two halves, like the whole isocline, have no inherent chirality but the same parity-color (black or white). The halves are the two opposite "edges" of a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius strip]] that is {{radic|1}} wide; it actually has only one edge, which is a single continuous circle with 6 chords.|name=skew hexagram}} contains one {{radic|3}} chord of each color, and visits 6 of the 9 different color-pairs of vertex.{{Efn|Each vertex of the 6-cell ring is intersected by two skew hexagrams of the same parity (black or white) belonging to different fibrations.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}}|name=hexagrams hitting vertex of 6-cell ring}} Each 6-cell ring contains six such isoclinic skew hexagrams, three black and three white.{{Efn|name=hexagrams missing vertex of 6-cell ring}}|name=Möbius double loop hexagram}} Thus the path follows one great hexagon from each octahedron to the next, but switches to another of the six great hexagons in the next link of the hexagram₂ path. Followed along the column of six octahedra (and "around the end" where the column is bent into a ring) the path may at first appear to be zig-zagging between three adjacent parallel hexagonal central planes (like a [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]), but it is not: any isoclinic path we can pick out always zig-zags between ''two sets'' of three adjacent parallel hexagonal central planes, intersecting only every even (or odd) vertex and never changing its inherent even/odd parity, as it visits all six of the great hexagons in the 6-cell ring in rotation.{{Efn|The 24-cell's [[W:Petrie polygon#The Petrie polygon of regular polychora (4-polytopes)|Petrie polygon]] is a skew [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|dodecagon]] {12} and also (orthogonally) a skew [[W:Dodecagram|dodecagram]] {12/5} which zig-zags 90° left and right like the edges dividing the black and white squares on the [[W:Chessboard|chessboard]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); 24-cell ''h₁ is {12}, h₂ is {12/5}''}} In contrast, the skew hexagram₂ isocline does not zig-zag, and stays on one side or the other of the dividing line between black and white, like the [[W:Bishop (chess)|bishop]]s' paths along the diagonals of either the black or white squares of the chessboard.{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} The Petrie dodecagon is a circular helix of {{radic|1}} edges that zig-zag 90° left and right along 12 edges of 6 different octahedra (with 3 consecutive edges in each octahedron) in a 360° rotation. In contrast, the isoclinic hexagram₂ has {{radic|3}} edges which all bend either left or right at every ''second'' vertex along a geodesic spiral of ''both'' chiralities (left and right){{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} but only one color (black or white),{{Efn|name=black and white}} visiting one vertex of each of those same 6 octahedra in a 720° rotation.|name=Petrie dodecagram and Clifford hexagram}} When it has traversed one chord from each of the six great hexagons, after 720 degrees of isoclinic rotation (either left or right), it closes its skew hexagram and begins to repeat itself, circling again through the black (or white) vertices and cells. At each vertex, there are four great hexagons{{Efn|Each pair of adjacent edges of a great hexagon has just one isocline curving alongside it,{{Efn|Each vertex of a 6-cell ring is missed by the two halves of the same Möbius double loop hexagram,{{Efn|name=Möbius double loop hexagram}} which curve past it on either side.|name=hexagrams missing vertex of 6-cell ring}} missing the vertex between the two edges (but not the way the {{radic|3}} edge of the great triangle inscribed in the great hexagon misses the vertex,{{Efn|The {{radic|3}} chord passes through the mid-edge of one of the 24-cell's {{radic|1}} radii. Since the 24-cell can be constructed, with its long radii, from {{radic|1}} triangles which meet at its center,{{Efn|name=radially equilateral}} this is a mid-edge of one of the six {{radic|1}} triangles in a great hexagon, as seen in the [[#Hypercubic chords|chord diagram]].|name=root 3 chord hits a mid-radius}} because the isocline is an arc on the surface not a chord). If we number the vertices around the hexagon 0-5, the hexagon has three pairs of adjacent edges connecting even vertices (one inscribed great triangle), and three pairs connecting odd vertices (the other inscribed great triangle). Even and odd pairs of edges have the arc of a black and a white isocline respectively curving alongside.{{Efn|name=black and white}} The three black and three white isoclines belong to the same 6-cell ring of the same fibration.{{Efn|name=Möbius double loop hexagram}}|name=isoclines at hexagons}} and four hexagram isoclines (all black or all white) that cross at the vertex.{{Efn|Each hexagram isocline hits only one end of an axis, unlike a great circle which hits both ends. Clifford parallel pairs of black and white isoclines from the same left-right pair of isoclinic rotations (the same fibration) do not intersect, but they hit opposite (antipodal) vertices of ''one'' of the 24-cell's 12 axes.|name=hexagram isoclines at an axis}} Four hexagram isoclines (two black and two white) comprise a unique (left or right) fiber bundle of isoclines covering all 24 vertices in each distinct (left or right) isoclinic rotation. Each fibration has a unique left and right isoclinic rotation, and corresponding unique left and right fiber bundles of isoclines.{{Efn|The isoclines themselves are not left or right, only the bundles are. Each isocline is left ''and'' right.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}}} There are 16 distinct hexagram isoclines in the 24-cell (8 black and 8 white).{{Efn|The 12 black-white pairs of hexagram isoclines in each fibration{{Efn|name=hexagram isoclines at an axis}} and the 16 distinct hexagram isoclines in the 24-cell form a [[W:Reye configuration|Reye configuration]] 12₄16₃, just the way the 24-cell's 12 axes and [[#Great hexagons|16 hexagons]] do. Each of the 12 black-white pairs occurs in one cell ring of each fibration of 4 hexagram isoclines, and each cell ring contains 3 black-white pairs of the 16 hexagram isoclines.|name=a right (left) isoclinic rotation is a Reye configuration}} Each isocline is a skew ''Clifford polygon'' of no inherent chirality, but acts as a left (or right) isocline when traversed by a left (or right) rotation in different fibrations.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} ==== Helical octagrams and their isoclines ==== The 24-cell contains 18 helical [[W:Octagram|octagram]] isoclines (9 black and 9 white). Three pairs of octagram edge-helices are found in each of the three inscribed 16-cells, described elsewhere as the [[16-cell#Helical construction|helical construction of the 16-cell]]. In summary, each 16-cell can be decomposed (three different ways) into a left-right pair of 8-cell rings of {{radic|2}}-edged tetrahedral cells. Each 8-cell ring twists either left or right around an axial octagram helix of eight chords. In each 16-cell there are exactly 6 distinct helices, identical octagrams which each circle through all eight vertices. Each acts as either a left helix or a right helix or a Petrie polygon in each of the six distinct isoclinic rotations (three left and three right), and has no inherent chirality except in respect to a particular rotation. Adjacent vertices on the octagram isoclines are {{radic|2}} = 90° apart, so the circumference of the isocline is 4𝝅. An ''isoclinic'' rotation by 90° in great square invariant planes takes each vertex to its antipodal vertex, four vertices away in either direction along the isocline, and {{radic|4}} = 180° distant across the diameter of the isocline. Each of the 3 fibrations of the 24-cell's 18 great squares corresponds to a distinct left (and right) isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes. Each 60° step of the rotation takes 6 disjoint great squares (2 from each 16-cell) to great squares in a neighboring 16-cell, on [[16-cell#Helical construction|8-chord helical isoclines characteristic of the 16-cell]].{{Efn|As [[16-cell#Helical construction|in the 16-cell, the isocline is an octagram]] which intersects only 8 vertices, even though the 24-cell has more vertices closer together than the 16-cell. The isocline curve misses the additional vertices in between. As in the 16-cell, the first vertex it intersects is {{radic|2}} away. The 24-cell employs more octagram isoclines (3 in parallel in each rotation) than the 16-cell does (1 in each rotation). The 3 helical isoclines are Clifford parallel;{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} they spiral around each other in a triple helix, with the disjoint helices' corresponding vertex pairs joined by {{radic|1}} {{=}} 60° chords. The triple helix of 3 isoclines contains 24 disjoint {{radic|2}} edges (6 disjoint great squares) and 24 vertices, and constitutes a discrete fibration of the 24-cell, just as the 4-cell ring does.|name=octagram isoclines}} In the 24-cell, these 18 helical octagram isoclines can be found within the six orthogonal [[#4-cell rings|4-cell rings]] of octahedra. Each 4-cell ring has cells bonded vertex-to-vertex around a great square axis, and we find antipodal vertices at opposite vertices of the great square. A {{radic|4}} chord (the diameter of the great square and of the isocline) connects them. [[#Boundary cells|Boundary cells]] describes how the {{radic|2}} axes of the 24-cell's octahedral cells are the edges of the 16-cell's tetrahedral cells, each tetrahedron is inscribed in a (tesseract) cube, and each octahedron is inscribed in a pair of cubes (from different tesseracts), bridging them.{{Efn|name=octahedral diameters}} The vertex-bonded octahedra of the 4-cell ring also lie in different tesseracts.{{Efn|Two tesseracts share only vertices, not any edges, faces, cubes (with inscribed tetrahedra), or octahedra (whose central square planes are square faces of cubes). An octahedron that touches another octahedron at a vertex (but not at an edge or a face) is touching an octahedron in another tesseract, and a pair of adjacent cubes in the other tesseract whose common square face the octahedron spans, and a tetrahedron inscribed in each of those cubes.|name=vertex-bonded octahedra}} The isocline's four {{radic|4}} diameter chords form an [[W:Octagram#Star polygon compounds|octagram_8{4}=4{2}]] with {{radic|4}} edges that each run from the vertex of one cube and octahedron and tetrahedron, to the vertex of another cube and octahedron and tetrahedron (in a different tesseract), straight through the center of the 24-cell on one of the 12 {{radic|4}} axes. The octahedra in the 4-cell rings are vertex-bonded to more than two other octahedra, because three 4-cell rings (and their three axial great squares, which belong to different 16-cells) cross at 90° at each bonding vertex. At that vertex the octagram makes two right-angled turns at once: 90° around the great square, and 90° orthogonally into a different 4-cell ring entirely. The 180° four-edge arc joining two ends of each {{radic|4}} diameter chord of the octagram runs through the volumes and opposite vertices of two face-bonded {{radic|2}} tetrahedra (in the same 16-cell), which are also the opposite vertices of two vertex-bonded octahedra in different 4-cell rings (and different tesseracts). The [[W:Octagram|720° octagram]] isocline runs through 8 vertices of the four-cell ring and through the volumes of 16 tetrahedra. At each vertex, there are three great squares and six octagram isoclines (three black-white pairs) that cross at the vertex.{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal Clifford parallels are special}} This is the characteristic rotation of the 16-cell, ''not'' the 24-cell's characteristic rotation, and it does not take whole 16-cells ''of the 24-cell'' to each other the way the [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|24-cell's rotation in great hexagon planes]] does.{{Efn|The [[600-cell#Squares and 4𝝅 octagrams|600-cell's isoclinic rotation in great square planes]] takes whole 16-cells to other 16-cells in different 24-cells.}} {| class="wikitable" width=610 !colspan=5|Five ways of looking at a [[W:Skew polygon|skew]] [[W:24-gon#Related polygons|24-gram]] |- ![[16-cell#Rotations|Edge path]] ![[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]s ![[600-cell#Squares and 4𝝅 octagrams|In a 600-cell]] ![[#Great squares|Discrete fibration]] ![[16-cell#Helical construction|Diameter chords]] |- ![[16-cell#Helical construction|16-cells]]_3{3/8} ![[W:Petrie polygon#The Petrie polygon of regular polychora (4-polytopes)|Dodecagons]]_2{12} ![[W:24-gon#Related polygons|24-gram]]_{24/5} ![[#Great squares|Squares]]_6{4} ![[W:24-gon#Related polygons|_{{24/12}={12/2}}]] |- |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(8,3).svg|120px]] |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(12,1).svg|120px]] |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_polygon_24-5.svg|120px]] |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|120px]] |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|120px]] |- |The 24-cell's three inscribed Clifford parallel 16-cells revealed as disjoint 8-point 4-polytopes with {{radic|2}} edges.{{Efn|name=octagram isoclines}} |2 [[W:Skew polygon|skew polygon]]s of 12 {{radic|1}} edges each. The 24-cell can be decomposed into 2 disjoint zig-zag [[W:Dodecagon|dodecagon]]s (4 different ways).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); 24-cell Petrie polygon ''h₁'' is {12} }} |In [[600-cell#Hexagons|compounds of 5 24-cells]], isoclines with [[600-cell#Golden chords|golden chords]] of length <big>φ</big> {{=}} {{radic|2.𝚽}} connect all 24-cells in [[600-cell#Squares and 4𝝅 octagrams|24-chord circuits]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); 24-cell Petrie polygon orthogonal ''h₂'' is [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/5}]], half of [[W:24-gon#Related polygons|{24/5}]] as each Petrie polygon is half the 24-cell}} |Their isoclinic rotation takes 6 Clifford parallel (disjoint) great squares with {{radic|2}} edges to each other. |Two vertices four {{radic|2}} chords apart on the circular isocline are antipodal vertices joined by a {{radic|4}} axis. |} ===Characteristic orthoscheme=== {| class="wikitable floatright" !colspan=6|Characteristics of the 24-cell{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); "24-cell"}} |- !align=right| !align=center|edge{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=139|loc=§7.9 The characteristic simplex}} !colspan=2 align=center|arc !colspan=2 align=center|dihedral{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=290|loc=Table I(ii); "dihedral angles"}} |- !align=right|𝒍 |align=center|<small><math>1</math></small> |align=center|<small>60°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{3}</math></small> |align=center|<small>120°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{2\pi}{3}</math></small> |- | | | | | |- !align=right|𝟀 |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}} \approx 0.577</math></small> |align=center|<small>45°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{4}</math></small> |align=center|<small>45°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{4}</math></small> |- !align=right|𝝉{{Efn|{{Harv|Coxeter|1973}} uses the greek letter 𝝓 (phi) to represent one of the three ''characteristic angles'' 𝟀, 𝝓, 𝟁 of a regular polytope. Because 𝝓 is commonly used to represent the [[W:Golden ratio|golden ratio]] constant ≈ 1.618, for which Coxeter uses 𝝉 (tau), we reverse Coxeter's conventions, and use 𝝉 to represent the characteristic angle.|name=reversed greek symbols}} |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5</math></small> |align=center|<small>30°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math></small> |align=center|<small>60°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{3}</math></small> |- !align=right|𝟁 |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{12}} \approx 0.289</math></small> |align=center|<small>30°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math></small> |align=center|<small>60°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{3}</math></small> |- | | | | | |- !align=right|<small><math>_0R^3/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small> |align=center|<small>45°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{4}</math></small> |align=center|<small>90°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{2}</math></small> |- !align=right|<small><math>_1R^3/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5</math></small> |align=center|<small>30°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math></small> |align=center|<small>90°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{2}</math></small> |- !align=right|<small><math>_2R^3/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{6}} \approx 0.408</math></small> |align=center|<small>30°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math></small> |align=center|<small>90°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{2}</math></small> |- | | | | | |- !align=right|<small><math>_0R^4/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>1</math></small> |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |- !align=right|<small><math>_1R^4/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866</math></small>{{Efn|name=root 3/4}} |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |- !align=right|<small><math>_2R^4/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}} \approx 0.816</math></small> |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |- !align=right|<small><math>_3R^4/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small> |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |} Every regular 4-polytope has its [[W:Orthoscheme#Characteristic simplex of the general regular polytope|characteristic 4-orthoscheme]], an [[5-cell#Irregular 5-cells|irregular 5-cell]].{{Efn|name=characteristic orthoscheme}} The '''characteristic 5-cell of the regular 24-cell''' is represented by the [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram|Coxeter-Dynkin diagram]] {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|3|node|4|node|3|node}}, which can be read as a list of the dihedral angles between its mirror facets.{{Efn|For a regular ''k''-polytope, the [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram|Coxeter-Dynkin diagram]] of the characteristic ''k-''orthoscheme is the ''k''-polytope's diagram without the [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram#Application with uniform polytopes|generating point ring]]. The regular ''k-''polytope is subdivided by its symmetry (''k''-1)-elements into ''g'' instances of its characteristic ''k''-orthoscheme that surround its center, where ''g'' is the ''order'' of the ''k''-polytope's [[W:Coxeter group|symmetry group]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=130-133|loc=§7.6 The symmetry group of the general regular polytope}}}} It is an irregular [[W:Hyperpyramid|tetrahedral pyramid]] based on the [[W:Octahedron#Characteristic orthoscheme|characteristic tetrahedron of the regular octahedron]]. The regular 24-cell is subdivided by its symmetry hyperplanes into 1152 instances of its characteristic 5-cell that all meet at its center.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=17-20|loc=§10 The Coxeter Classification of Four-Dimensional Point Groups}} The characteristic 5-cell (4-orthoscheme) has four more edges than its base characteristic tetrahedron (3-orthoscheme), joining the four vertices of the base to its apex (the fifth vertex of the 4-orthoscheme, at the center of the regular 24-cell).{{Efn|The four edges of each 4-orthoscheme which meet at the center of the regular 4-polytope are of unequal length, because they are the four characteristic radii of the regular 4-polytope: a vertex radius, an edge center radius, a face center radius, and a cell center radius. The five vertices of the 4-orthoscheme always include one regular 4-polytope vertex, one regular 4-polytope edge center, one regular 4-polytope face center, one regular 4-polytope cell center, and the regular 4-polytope center. Those five vertices (in that order) comprise a path along four mutually perpendicular edges (that makes three right angle turns), the characteristic feature of a 4-orthoscheme. The 4-orthoscheme has five dissimilar 3-orthoscheme facets.|name=characteristic radii}} If the regular 24-cell has radius and edge length 𝒍 = 1, its characteristic 5-cell's ten edges have lengths <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{12}}</math></small> around its exterior right-triangle face (the edges opposite the ''characteristic angles'' 𝟀, 𝝉, 𝟁),{{Efn|name=reversed greek symbols}} plus <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{6}}</math></small> (the other three edges of the exterior 3-orthoscheme facet the characteristic tetrahedron, which are the ''characteristic radii'' of the octahedron), plus <small><math>1</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}}</math></small> (edges which are the characteristic radii of the 24-cell). The 4-edge path along orthogonal edges of the orthoscheme is <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{12}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{6}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}}</math></small>, first from a 24-cell vertex to a 24-cell edge center, then turning 90° to a 24-cell face center, then turning 90° to a 24-cell octahedral cell center, then turning 90° to the 24-cell center. === Reflections === The 24-cell can be [[#Tetrahedral constructions|constructed by the reflections of its characteristic 5-cell]] in its own facets (its tetrahedral mirror walls).{{Efn|The reflecting surface of a (3-dimensional) polyhedron consists of 2-dimensional faces; the reflecting surface of a (4-dimensional) [[W:Polychoron|polychoron]] consists of 3-dimensional cells.}} Reflections and rotations are related: a reflection in an ''even'' number of ''intersecting'' mirrors is a rotation.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=33-38|loc=§3.1 Congruent transformations}} Consequently, regular polytopes can be generated by reflections or by rotations. For example, any [[#Isoclinic rotations|720° isoclinic rotation]] of the 24-cell in a hexagonal invariant plane takes ''each'' of the 24 vertices to and through 5 other vertices and back to itself, on a skew [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|hexagram₂ geodesic isocline]] that winds twice around the 3-sphere on every ''second'' vertex of the hexagram. Any set of [[#The 3 Cartesian bases of the 24-cell|four orthogonal pairs of antipodal vertices]] (the 8 vertices of one of the [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|three inscribed 16-cells]]) performing ''half'' such an orbit visits 3 * 8 = 24 distinct vertices and [[#Clifford parallel polytopes|generates the 24-cell]] sequentially in 3 steps of a single 360° isoclinic rotation, just as any single characteristic 5-cell reflecting itself in its own mirror walls generates the 24 vertices simultaneously by reflection. Tracing the orbit of ''one'' such 16-cell vertex during the 360° isoclinic rotation reveals more about the relationship between reflections and rotations as generative operations.{{Efn|Let Q denote a rotation, R a reflection, T a translation, and let Q^''q'' R^''r'' T denote a product of several such transformations, all commutative with one another. Then RT is a glide-reflection (in two or three dimensions), QR is a rotary-reflection, QT is a screw-displacement, and Q² is a double rotation (in four dimensions). Every orthogonal transformation is expressible as {{indent|12}}Q^''q'' R^''r''<br> where 2''q'' + ''r'' ≤ ''n'', the number of dimensions. Transformations involving a translation are expressible as {{indent|12}}Q^''q'' R^''r'' T<br> where 2''q'' + ''r'' + 1 ≤ ''n''.<br> For ''n'' {{=}} 4 in particular, every displacement is either a double rotation Q², or a screw-displacement QT (where the rotation component Q is a simple rotation). Every enantiomorphous transformation in 4-space (reversing chirality) is a QRT.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=217-218|loc=§12.2 Congruent transformations}}|name=transformations}} The vertex follows an [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|isocline]] (a doubly curved geodesic circle) rather than an ordinary great circle.{{Efn|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} The isocline connects vertices two edge lengths apart, but curves away from the great circle path over the two edges connecting those vertices, missing the vertex in between.{{Efn|name=isocline misses vertex}} Although the isocline does not follow any one great circle, it is contained within a ring of another kind: in the 24-cell it stays within a [[#6-cell rings|6-cell ring]] of spherical{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=138|ps=; "We allow the Schläfli symbol {p,..., v} to have three different meanings: a Euclidean polytope, a spherical polytope, and a spherical honeycomb. This need not cause any confusion, so long as the situation is frankly recognized. The differences are clearly seen in the concept of dihedral angle."}} octahedral cells, intersecting one vertex in each cell, and passing through the volume of two adjacent cells near the missed vertex. === Chiral symmetry operations === A [[W:Symmetry operation|symmetry operation]] is a rotation or reflection which leaves the object indistinguishable from itself before the transformation. The 24-cell has 1152 distinct symmetry operations (576 rotations and 576 reflections). Each rotation is equivalent to two [[#Reflections|reflections]], in a distinct pair of non-parallel mirror planes.{{Efn|name=transformations}} Pictured are sets of disjoint [[#Geodesics|great circle polygons]], each in a distinct central plane of the 24-cell. For example, {24/4}=4{6} is an orthogonal projection of the 24-cell picturing 4 of its [16] great hexagon planes.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} The 4 planes lie Clifford parallel to the projection plane and to each other, and their great polygons collectively constitute a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration]] of 4 non-intersecting great circles which visit all 24 vertices just once. Each row of the table describes a class of distinct rotations. Each '''rotation class''' takes the '''left planes''' pictured to the corresponding '''right planes''' pictured.{{Efn|The left planes are Clifford parallel, and the right planes are Clifford parallel; each set of planes is a fibration. Each left plane is Clifford parallel to its corresponding right plane in an isoclinic rotation,{{Efn|In an ''isoclinic'' rotation each invariant plane is Clifford parallel to the plane it moves to, and they do not intersect at any time (except at the central point). In a ''simple'' rotation the invariant plane intersects the plane it moves to in a line, and moves to it by rotating around that line.|name=plane movement in rotations}} but the two sets of planes are not all mutually Clifford parallel; they are different fibrations, except in table rows where the left and right planes are the same set.}} The vertices of the moving planes move in parallel along the polygonal '''isocline''' paths pictured. For example, the <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> rotation class consists of [32] distinct rotational displacements by an arc-distance of {{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} = 120° between 16 great hexagon planes represented by quaternion group <math>q7</math> and a corresponding set of 16 great hexagon planes represented by quaternion group <math>q8</math>.{{Efn|A quaternion group <math>\pm{q_n}</math> corresponds to a distinct set of Clifford parallel great circle polygons, e.g. <math>q7</math> corresponds to a set of four disjoint great hexagons.{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|thumb|200px|The 24-cell as a compound of four non-intersecting great hexagons {24/4}=4{6}.]]There are 4 sets of 4 disjoint great hexagons in the 24-cell (of a total of [16] distinct great hexagons), designated <math>q7</math>, <math>-q7</math>, <math>q8</math> and <math>-q8</math>.{{Efn|name=union of q7 and q8}} Each named set of 4 Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} hexagons comprises a [[#Chiral symmetry operations|discrete fibration]] covering all 24 vertices.|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} Note that <math>q_n</math> and <math>-{q_n}</math> generally are distinct sets. The corresponding vertices of the <math>q_n</math> planes and the <math>-{q_n}</math> planes are 180° apart.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}}|name=quaternion group}} One of the [32] distinct rotations of this class moves the representative [[#Great hexagons|vertex coordinate]] <math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> to the vertex coordinate <math>(\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2})</math>.{{Efn|A quaternion Cartesian coordinate designates a vertex joined to a ''top vertex'' by one instance of a [[#Hypercubic chords|distinct chord]]. The conventional top vertex of a [[#Great hexagons|unit radius 4-polytope]] in standard (vertex-up) orientation is <math>(0,0,1,0)</math>, the Cartesian "north pole". Thus e.g. <math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> designates a {{radic|1}} chord of 60° arc-length. Each such distinct chord is an edge of a distinct [[#Geodesics|great circle polygon]], in this example a [[#Great hexagons|great hexagon]], intersecting the north and south poles. Great circle polygons occur in sets of Clifford parallel central planes, each set of disjoint great circles comprising a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] that intersects every vertex just once. One great circle polygon in each set intersects the north and south poles. This quaternion coordinate <math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> is thus representative of the 4 disjoint great hexagons pictured, a quaternion group{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} which comprise one distinct fibration of the [16] great hexagons (four fibrations of great hexagons) that occur in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}}|name=north pole relative coordinate}} {| class=wikitable style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" !colspan=15|Proper [[W:SO(4)|rotations]] of the 24-cell [[W:F4 (mathematics)|symmetry group ''F₄'']] {{Sfn|Mamone|Pileio|Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes, Table 2, Symmetry operations|pp=1438-1439}} |- !Isocline{{Efn|An ''isocline'' is the circular geodesic path taken by a vertex that lies in an invariant plane of rotation, during a complete revolution. In an [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] every vertex lies in an invariant plane of rotation, and the isocline it rotates on is a helical geodesic circle that winds through all four dimensions, not a simple geodesic great circle in the plane. In a [[#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] there is only one invariant plane of rotation, and each vertex that lies in it rotates on a simple geodesic great circle in the plane. Both the helical geodesic isocline of an isoclinic rotation and the simple geodesic isocline of a simple rotation are great circles, but to avoid confusion between them we generally reserve the term ''isocline'' for the former, and reserve the term ''great circle'' for the latter, an ordinary great circle in the plane. Strictly, however, the latter is an isocline of circumference <math>2\pi r</math>, and the former is an isocline of circumference greater than <math>2\pi r</math>.{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}}|name=isocline}} !colspan=4|Rotation class{{Efn|Each class of rotational displacements (each table row) corresponds to a distinct rigid left (and right) [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] in multiple invariant planes concurrently.{{Efn|name=invariant planes of an isoclinic rotation}} The '''Isocline''' is the path followed by a vertex,{{Efn|name=isocline}} which is a helical geodesic circle that does not lie in any one central plane. Each rotational displacement takes one invariant '''Left plane''' to the corresponding invariant '''Right plane''', with all the left (or right) displacements taking place concurrently.{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}} Each left plane is separated from the corresponding right plane by two equal angles,{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} each equal to one half of the arc-angle by which each vertex is displaced (the angle and distance that appears in the '''Rotation class''' column).|name=isoclinic rotation}} !colspan=5|Left planes <math>ql</math>{{Efn|In an [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], all the '''Left planes''' move together, remain Clifford parallel while moving, and carry all their points with them to the '''Right planes''' as they move: they are invariant planes.{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}} Because the left (and right) set of central polygons are a fibration covering all the vertices, every vertex is a point carried along in an invariant plane.|name=invariant planes of an isoclinic rotation}} !colspan=5|Right planes <math>qr</math> |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/8}=4{6/2}]]{{Efn|In this orthogonal projection of the 24-point 24-cell to a [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/4}=4{3} dodecagram]], each point represents two vertices, and each line represents multiple {{radic|3}} chords. Each disjoint triangle can be seen as a skew {6/2} [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]] with {{radic|3}} edges: two open skew triangles with their opposite ends connected in a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] with a circumference of 4𝝅. The hexagram projects to a single triangle in two dimensions because it skews through all four dimensions. Those 4 disjoint skew [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|hexagram isoclines]] are the Clifford parallel circular vertex paths of the fibration's characteristic left (and right) [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} The 4 Clifford parallel great hexagons of the fibration{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} are invariant planes of this rotation. The great hexagons rotate in incremental displacements of 60° like wheels ''and'' 60° orthogonally like coins flipping, displacing each vertex by 120°, as their vertices move along parallel helical isocline paths through successive Clifford parallel hexagon planes.{{Efn|Each hexagon rides on only three skew hexagram isoclines, not six, because opposite vertices of each hexagon ride on opposing rails of the same Clifford hexagram, in the same (not opposite) rotational direction.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}}} Alternatively, the 4 triangles can be seen as 8 disjoint triangles: 4 pairs of Clifford parallel [[#Triangles|great triangles]], where two opposing great triangles lie in the same [[#Great hexagons|great hexagon central plane]], so a fibration of 4 Clifford parallel great hexagon planes is represented.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} This illustrates that the 4 hexagram isoclines also correspond to a distinct fibration, in fact the ''same'' fibration as 4 great hexagons.|name=hexagram}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(3,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,q8}</math><br>[16] 4𝝅 {6/2} |colspan=4|<math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex two vertices away (120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 60° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 60° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane. Repeated 6 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,q8}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math>{{Efn|name=north pole relative coordinate}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/8}=4{6/2}]]{{Efn|In this orthogonal projection of the 24-point 24-cell to a [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/4}=4{3} dodecagram]], each point represents two vertices, and each line represents multiple {{radic|3}} chords. The 4 triangles can be seen as 8 disjoint triangles: 4 pairs of Clifford parallel [[#Triangles|great triangles]], where two opposing great triangles lie in the same [[#Great hexagons|great hexagon central plane]], so a fibration of 4 Clifford parallel great hexagon planes is represented, as in the 4 left planes of this rotation class (table row).{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}}|name=great triangles}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(3,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q8}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |{{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/2}=2{12}]]{{Efn|In this orthogonal projection of the 24-point 24-cell to a [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/2}=2{6} dodecagram]], each point represents two vertices, and each line represents multiple 24-cell edges. Each disjoint hexagon can be seen as a skew {12} [[W:Dodecagon|dodecagon]], a Petrie polygon of the 24-cell, by viewing it as two open skew hexagons with their opposite ends connected in a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] with a circumference of 4𝝅. The dodecagon projects to a single hexagon in two dimensions because it skews through all four dimensions. Those 2 disjoint skew dodecagons are the Clifford parallel circular vertex paths of the fibration's characteristic left (and right) [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} The 4 Clifford parallel great hexagons of the fibration{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} are invariant planes of this rotation. The great hexagons rotate in incremental displacements of 30° like wheels ''and'' 30° orthogonally like coins flipping, displacing each vertex by 60°, as their vertices move along parallel helical isocline paths through successive Clifford parallel hexagon planes.{{Efn|Each hexagon rides on only two parallel dodecagon isoclines, not six, because only alternate vertices of each hexagon ride on different dodecagon rails; the three vertices of each great triangle inscribed in the great hexagon occupy the same dodecagon Petrie polygon, four vertices apart, and they circulate on that isocline.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}}} Alternatively, the 2 hexagons can be seen as 4 disjoint hexagons: 2 pairs of Clifford parallel great hexagons, so a fibration of 4 Clifford parallel great hexagon planes is represented.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} This illustrates that the 2 dodecagon isoclines also correspond to a distinct fibration, in fact the ''same'' fibration as 4 great hexagons.|name=dodecagon}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,-q8}</math><br>[16] 4𝝅 {12} |colspan=4|<math>[32]R_{q7,-q8}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[32]R_{q7,-q8}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex one vertex away (60° {{=}} {{radic|1}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices.{{Efn|At the mid-point of the isocline arc (30° away) it passes directly over the mid-point of a 24-cell edge.}} Each left hexagon rotates 30° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 30° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane. Repeated 12 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,-q8}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q8}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(-\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/1}={24}]]<br>[[File:Regular_polygon_24.svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,q7}</math><br>[16] 4𝝅 {1} |colspan=4|<math>[32]R_{q7,q7}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[32]R_{q7,q7}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex through a 360° rotation and back to itself (360° {{=}} {{radic|0}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 180° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 180° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane. Repeated 2 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,q7}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |2𝝅 |360° |{{radic|0}} |0 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,-q7}</math><br>[16] 4𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[32]R_{q7,-q7}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[32]R_{q7,-q7}</math> isoclinic rotation in hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex three vertices away (180° {{=}} {{radic|4}} away),{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 90° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 90° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane. Repeated 4 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,-q7}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/8}=4{6/2}]]{{Efn|name=great triangles}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(3,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/2}=2{12}]]{{Efn|name=dodecagon}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,q1}</math><br>[8] 4𝝅 {12} |colspan=4|<math>[16]R_{q7,q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[16]R_{q7,q1}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex one vertex away (60° {{=}} {{radic|1}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 30° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 30° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane.{{Efn|This ''hybrid isoclinic rotation'' carries the two kinds of [[#Geodesics|central planes]] to each other: great square planes [[16-cell#Coordinates|characteristic of the 16-cell]] and great hexagon (great triangle) planes [[#Great hexagons|characteristic of the 24-cell]].{{Efn|The edges and 4𝝅 characteristic [[16-cell#Rotations|rotations of the 16-cell]] lie in the great square central planes. Rotations of this type are an expression of the [[W:Hyperoctahedral group|<math>B_4</math> symmetry group]]. The edges and 4𝝅 characteristic [[#Rotations|rotations of the 24-cell]] lie in the great hexagon (great triangle) central planes. Rotations of this type are an expression of the [[W:F4 (mathematics)|<math>F_4</math> symmetry group]].|name=edge rotation planes}} This is possible because some great hexagon planes lie Clifford parallel to some great square planes.{{Efn|Two great circle polygons either intersect in a common axis, or they are Clifford parallel (isoclinic) and share no vertices.{{Efn||name=two angles between central planes}} Three great squares and four great hexagons intersect at each 24-cell vertex. Each great hexagon intersects 9 distinct great squares, 3 in each of its 3 axes, and lies Clifford parallel to the other 9 great squares. Each great square intersects 8 distinct great hexagons, 4 in each of its 2 axes, and lies Clifford parallel to the other 8 great hexagons.|name=hybrid isoclinic planes}}|name=hybrid isoclinic rotation}} Repeated 12 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[8] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|thumb|200px|The 24-cell as a compound of six non-intersecting great squares {24/6}=6{4}.]]There are 3 sets of 6 disjoint great squares in the 24-cell (of a total of [18] distinct great squares),{{Efn|The 24-cell has 18 great squares, in 3 disjoint sets of 6 mutually orthogonal great squares comprising a 16-cell.{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Within each 16-cell are 3 sets of 2 completely orthogonal great squares, so each great square is disjoint not only from all the great squares in the other two 16-cells, but also from one other great square in the same 16-cell. Each great square is disjoint from 13 others, and shares two vertices (an axis) with 4 others (in the same 16-cell).|name=unions of q1 q2 q3}} designated <math>\pm q1</math>, <math>\pm q2</math>, and <math>\pm q3</math>. Each named set{{Efn|Because in the 24-cell each great square is completely orthogonal to another great square, the quaternion groups <math>q1</math> and <math>-{q1}</math> (for example) correspond to the same set of great square planes. That distinct set of 6 disjoint great squares <math>\pm q1</math> has two names, used in the left (or right) rotational context, because it constitutes both a left and a right fibration of great squares.|name=two quaternion group names for square fibrations}} of 6 Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} squares comprises a [[#Chiral symmetry operations|discrete fibration]] covering all 24 vertices.|name=three square fibrations}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[8] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/8}=4{6/2}]]{{Efn|name=hexagram}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(3,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,-q1}</math><br>[8] 4𝝅 {6/2} |colspan=4|<math>[16]R_{q7,-q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[16]R_{q7,-q1}</math> isoclinic rotation in hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex two vertices away (120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 60° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 60° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane.{{Efn|name=hybrid isoclinic rotation}} Repeated 6 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,-q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[8] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q1}</math><br>[8] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(-1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |{{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/1}={24}]]<br>[[File:Regular_polygon_24.svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6,q6}</math><br>[18] 4𝝅 {1} |colspan=4|<math>[36]R_{q6,q6}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[36]R_{q6,q6}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex through a 360° rotation and back to itself (360° {{=}} {{radic|0}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 180° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 180° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane. Repeated 2 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq6,q6}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6}</math><br>[18] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math>{{Efn|The representative coordinate <math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> is not a vertex of the unit-radius 24-cell in standard (vertex-up) orientation, it is the center of an octahedral cell. Some of the 24-cell's lines of symmetry (Coxeter's "reflecting circles") run through cell centers rather than through vertices, and quaternion group <math>q6</math> corresponds to a set of those. However, <math>q6</math> also corresponds to the set of great squares pictured, which lie orthogonal to those cells (completely disjoint from the cell).{{Efn|A quaternion Cartesian coordinate designates a vertex joined to a ''top vertex'' by one instance of a [[#Hypercubic chords|distinct chord]]. The conventional top vertex of a [[#Great hexagons|unit radius 4-polytope]] in ''cell-first'' orientation is <math>(0,0,\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})</math>. Thus e.g. <math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> designates a {{radic|2}} chord of 90° arc-length. Each such distinct chord is an edge of a distinct [[#Geodesics|great circle polygon]], in this example a [[#Great squares|great square]], intersecting the top vertex. Great circle polygons occur in sets of Clifford parallel central planes, each set of disjoint great circles comprising a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] that intersects every vertex just once. One great circle polygon in each set intersects the top vertex. This quaternion coordinate <math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> is thus representative of the 6 disjoint great squares pictured, a quaternion group{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} which comprise one distinct fibration of the [18] great squares (three fibrations of great squares) that occur in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=three square fibrations}}|name=north cell relative coordinate}}|name=lines of symmetry}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6}</math><br>[18] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |2𝝅 |360° |{{radic|0}} |0 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6,-q6}</math><br>[18] 4𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[36]R_{q6,-q6}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[36]R_{q6,-q6}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 180° {{=}} {{radic|4}} away,{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 90° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 90° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square, ''which in this rotation is the completely orthogonal plane''. Repeated 4 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq6,-q6}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6}</math><br>[18] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q6}</math><br>[18] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(-\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},-\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/9}=3{8/3}]]{{Efn|In this orthogonal projection of the 24-point 24-cell to a [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/3}{{=}}3{4} dodecagram]], each point represents two vertices, and each line represents multiple {{radic|2}} chords. Each disjoint square can be seen as a skew {8/3} [[W:Octagram|octagram]] with {{radic|2}} edges: two open skew squares with their opposite ends connected in a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] with a circumference of 4𝝅, visible in the {24/9}{{=}}3{8/3} orthogonal projection.{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(8,3).svg|thumb|200px|Icositetragon {24/9}{{=}}3{8/3} is a compound of three octagrams {8/3}, as the 24-cell is a compound of three 16-cells.]]This orthogonal projection of a 24-cell to a 24-gram {24/9}{{=}}3{8/3} exhibits 3 disjoint [[16-cell#Helical construction|octagram {8/3} isoclines of a 16-cell]], each of which is a circular isocline path through the 8 vertices of one of the 3 disjoint 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell.}} The octagram projects to a single square in two dimensions because it skews through all four dimensions. Those 3 disjoint [[16-cell#Helical construction|skew octagram isoclines]] are the circular vertex paths characteristic of an [[#Helical octagrams and their isoclines|isoclinic rotation in great square planes]], in which the 6 Clifford parallel great squares are invariant rotation planes. The great squares rotate 90° like wheels ''and'' 90° orthogonally like coins flipping, displacing each vertex by 180°, so each vertex exchanges places with its antipodal vertex. Each octagram isocline circles through the 8 vertices of a disjoint 16-cell. Alternatively, the 3 squares can be seen as a fibration of 6 Clifford parallel squares.{{Efn|name=three square fibrations}} This illustrates that the 3 octagram isoclines also correspond to a distinct fibration, in fact the ''same'' fibration as 6 squares.|name=octagram}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6,-q4}</math><br>[72] 4𝝅 {8/3} |colspan=4|<math>[144]R_{q6,-q4}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[144]R_{q6,-q4}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 90° {{=}} {{radic|2}} away, without passing through any intervening vertices.{{Efn|At the mid-point of the isocline arc (45° away) it passes directly over the mid-point of a 24-cell edge.}} Each left square rotates 45° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 45° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane. Repeated 8 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq6,-q4}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6}</math><br>[72] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q4}</math><br>[72] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,-\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},-\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/1}={24}]]<br>[[File:Regular_polygon_24.svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q4,q4}</math><br>[36] 4𝝅 {1} |colspan=4|<math>[72]R_{q4,q4}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[72]R_{q4,q4}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex through a 360° rotation and back to itself (360° {{=}} {{radic|0}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 180° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 180° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane. Repeated 2 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq4,q4}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q4}</math><br>[36] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q4}</math><br>[36] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |2𝝅 |360° |{{radic|0}} |0 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/2}=2{12}]]{{Efn|name=dodecagon}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2,q7}</math><br>[48] 4𝝅 {12} |colspan=4|<math>[96]R_{q2,q7}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[96]R_{q2,q7}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex one vertex away (60° {{=}} {{radic|1}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 30° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 30° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane.{{Efn|name=hybrid isoclinic rotation}} Repeated 12 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq2,q7}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2}</math><br>[48] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,0,1)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[48] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2,-q2}</math><br>[9] 4𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[18]R_{q2,-q2}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[18]R_{q2,-q2}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 180° {{=}} {{radic|4}} away,{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 90° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 90° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane, ''which in this rotation is the completely orthogonal plane''. Repeated 4 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq2,-q2}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2}</math><br>[9] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,0,1)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q2}</math><br>[9] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,0,-1)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2,q1}</math><br>[12] 4𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[12]R_{q2,q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[12]R_{q2,q1}</math> isoclinic rotation in great digon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 90° {{=}} {{radic|2}} away, without passing through any intervening vertices.{{Efn|At the mid-point of the isocline arc (45° away) it passes directly over the mid-point of a 24-cell edge.}} Each left digon rotates 45° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 45° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right digon plane. Repeated 8 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq2,q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,0,1)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/1}={24}]]<br>[[File:Regular_polygon_24.svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1,q1}</math><br>[0] 0𝝅 {1} |colspan=4|<math>[1]R_{q1,q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[1]R_{q1,q1}</math> rotation is the ''identity operation'' of the 24-cell, in which no points move.|name=Rq1,q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[0] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[0] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |0 |0° |{{radic|0}} |0 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1,-q1}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[1]R_{q1,-q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[1]R_{q1,-q1}</math> rotation is the ''central inversion'' of the 24-cell. This isoclinic rotation in great digon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 180° {{=}} {{radic|4}} away,{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left digon rotates 90° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 90° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right digon plane, ''which in this rotation is the completely orthogonal plane''. Repeated 4 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq1,-q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q1}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(-1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |} In a rotation class <math>[d]{R_{ql,qr}}</math> each quaternion group <math>\pm{q_n}</math> may be representative not only of its own fibration of Clifford parallel planes{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} but also of the other congruent fibrations.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} For example, rotation class <math>[4]R_{q7,q8}</math> takes the 4 hexagon planes of <math>q7</math> to the 4 hexagon planes of <math>q8</math> which are 120° away, in an isoclinic rotation. But in a rigid rotation of this kind,{{Efn|name=invariant planes of an isoclinic rotation}} all [16] hexagon planes move in congruent rotational displacements, so this rotation class also includes <math>[4]R_{-q7,-q8}</math>, <math>[4]R_{q8,q7}</math> and <math>[4]R_{-q8,-q7}</math>. The name <math>[16]R_{q7,q8}</math> is the conventional representation for all [16] congruent plane displacements. These rotation classes are all subclasses of <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> which has [32] distinct rotational displacements rather than [16] because there are two [[W:Chiral|chiral]] ways to perform any class of rotations, designated its ''left rotations'' and its ''right rotations''. The [16] left displacements of this class are not congruent with the [16] right displacements, but enantiomorphous like a pair of shoes.{{Efn|A ''right rotation'' is performed by rotating the left and right planes in the "same" direction, and a ''left rotation'' is performed by rotating left and right planes in "opposite" directions, according to the [[W:Right hand rule|right hand rule]] by which we conventionally say which way is "up" on each of the 4 coordinate axes. Left and right rotations are [[chiral]] enantiomorphous ''shapes'' (like a pair of shoes), not opposite rotational ''directions''. Both left and right rotations can be performed in either the positive or negative rotational direction (from left planes to right planes, or right planes to left planes), but that is an additional distinction.{{Efn|name=clasped hands}}|name=chirality versus direction}} Each left (or right) isoclinic rotation takes [16] left planes to [16] right planes, but the left and right planes correspond differently in the left and right rotations. The left and right rotational displacements of the same left plane take it to different right planes. Each rotation class (table row) describes a distinct left (and right) [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. The left (or right) rotations carry the left planes to the right planes simultaneously,{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}} through a characteristic rotation angle.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} For example, the <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> rotation moves all [16] hexagonal planes at once by {{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} = 120° each. Repeated 6 times, this left (or right) isoclinic rotation moves each plane 720° and back to itself in the same [[W:Orientation entanglement|orientation]], passing through all 4 planes of the <math>q7</math> left set and all 4 planes of the <math>q8</math> right set once each.{{Efn|The <math>\pm q7</math> and <math>\pm q8</math> sets of planes are not disjoint; the union of any two of these four sets is a set of 6 planes. The left (versus right) isoclinic rotation of each of these rotation classes (table rows) visits a distinct left (versus right) circular sequence of the same set of 6 Clifford parallel planes.|name=union of q7 and q8}} The picture in the isocline column represents this union of the left and right plane sets. In the <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> example it can be seen as a set of 4 Clifford parallel skew [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]]s, each having one edge in each great hexagon plane, and skewing to the left (or right) at each vertex throughout the left (or right) isoclinic rotation.{{Efn|name=clasped hands}} == Visualization == [[File:OctacCrop.jpg|thumb|[[W:Octacube (sculpture)|Octacube steel sculpture]] at Pennsylvania State University]] === Cell rings === The 24-cell is bounded by 24 [[W:Octahedron|octahedral]] [[W:Cell (geometry)|cells]]. For visualization purposes, it is convenient that the octahedron has opposing parallel [[W:Face (geometry)|faces]] (a trait it shares with the cells of the [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] and the [[120-cell]]). One can stack octahedrons face to face in a straight line bent in the 4th direction into a [[W:Great circle|great circle]] with a [[W:Circumference|circumference]] of 6 cells.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1970|loc=§8. The simplex, cube, cross-polytope and 24-cell|p=18|ps=; Coxeter studied cell rings in the general case of their geometry and [[W:Group theory|group theory]], identifying each cell ring as a [[W:Polytope|polytope]] in its own right which fills a three-dimensional manifold (such as the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]) with its corresponding [[W:Honeycomb (geometry)|honeycomb]]. He found that cell rings follow [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]s{{Efn|name=Petrie dodecagram and Clifford hexagram}} and some (but not all) cell rings and their honeycombs are ''twisted'', occurring in left- and right-handed [[chiral]] forms. Specifically, he found that since the 24-cell's octahedral cells have opposing faces, the cell rings in the 24-cell are of the non-chiral (directly congruent) kind.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}} Each of the 24-cell's cell rings has its corresponding honeycomb in Euclidean (rather than hyperbolic) space, so the 24-cell tiles 4-dimensional Euclidean space by translation to form the [[W:24-cell honeycomb|24-cell honeycomb]].}}{{Sfn|Banchoff|2013|ps=, studied the decomposition of regular 4-polytopes into honeycombs of tori tiling the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]], showed how the honeycombs correspond to [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]]s, and made a particular study of the [[#6-cell rings|24-cell's 4 rings of 6 octahedral cells]] with illustrations.}} The cell locations lend themselves to a [[W:3-sphere|hyperspherical]] description. Pick an arbitrary cell and label it the "[[W:North Pole|North Pole]]". Eight great circle meridians (two cells long) radiate out in 3 dimensions, converging at the 3rd "[[W:South Pole|South Pole]]" cell. This skeleton accounts for 18 of the 24 cells (2&nbsp;+&nbsp;{{gaps|8|×|2}}). See the table below. There is another related [[#Geodesics|great circle]] in the 24-cell, the dual of the one above. A path that traverses 6 vertices solely along edges resides in the dual of this polytope, which is itself since it is self dual. These are the [[#Great hexagons|hexagonal]] geodesics [[#Geodesics|described above]].{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} One can easily follow this path in a rendering of the equatorial [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] cross-section. Starting at the North Pole, we can build up the 24-cell in 5 latitudinal layers. With the exception of the poles, each layer represents a separate 2-sphere, with the equator being a great 2-sphere.{{Efn|name=great 2-spheres}} The cells labeled equatorial in the following table are interstitial to the meridian great circle cells. The interstitial "equatorial" cells touch the meridian cells at their faces. They touch each other, and the pole cells at their vertices. This latter subset of eight non-meridian and pole cells has the same relative position to each other as the cells in a [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] (8-cell), although they touch at their vertices instead of their faces. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Layer # ! Number of Cells ! Description ! Colatitude ! Region |- | style="text-align: center" | 1 | style="text-align: center" | 1 cell | North Pole | style="text-align: center" | 0° | rowspan="2" | Northern Hemisphere |- | style="text-align: center" | 2 | style="text-align: center" | 8 cells | First layer of meridian cells | style="text-align: center" | 60° |- | style="text-align: center" | 3 | style="text-align: center" | 6 cells | Non-meridian / interstitial | style="text-align: center" | 90° | style="text-align: center" |Equator |- | style="text-align: center" | 4 | style="text-align: center" | 8 cells | Second layer of meridian cells | style="text-align: center" | 120° | rowspan="2" | Southern Hemisphere |- | style="text-align: center" | 5 | style="text-align: center" | 1 cell | South Pole | style="text-align: center" | 180° |- ! Total ! 24 cells ! colspan="3" | |} [[File:24-cell-6 ring edge center perspective.png|thumb|An edge-center perspective projection, showing one of four rings of 6 octahedra around the equator]] The 24-cell can be partitioned into cell-disjoint sets of four of these 6-cell great circle rings, forming a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] of four non-intersecting linked rings.{{Efn|name=fibrations are distinguished only by rotations}} One ring is "vertical", encompassing the pole cells and four meridian cells. The other three rings each encompass two equatorial cells and four meridian cells, two from the northern hemisphere and two from the southern.{{sfn|Banchoff|2013|p=|pp=265-266|loc=}} Note this hexagon great circle path implies the interior/dihedral angle between adjacent cells is 180 - 360/6 = 120 degrees. This suggests you can adjacently stack exactly three 24-cells in a plane and form a 4-D honeycomb of 24-cells as described previously. One can also follow a [[#Geodesics|great circle]] route, through the octahedrons' opposing vertices, that is four cells long. These are the [[#Great squares|square]] geodesics along four {{sqrt|2}} chords [[#Geodesics|described above]]. This path corresponds to traversing diagonally through the squares in the cuboctahedron cross-section. The 24-cell is the only regular polytope in more than two dimensions where you can traverse a great circle purely through opposing vertices (and the interior) of each cell. This great circle is self dual. This path was touched on above regarding the set of 8 non-meridian (equatorial) and pole cells. The 24-cell can be equipartitioned into three 8-cell subsets, each having the organization of a tesseract. Each of these subsets can be further equipartitioned into two non-intersecting linked great circle chains, four cells long. Collectively these three subsets now produce another, six ring, discrete Hopf fibration. === Parallel projections === [[Image:Orthogonal projection envelopes 24-cell.png|thumb|Projection envelopes of the 24-cell. (Each cell is drawn with different colored faces, inverted cells are undrawn)]] The ''vertex-first'' parallel projection of the 24-cell into 3-dimensional space has a [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedral]] [[W:Projection envelope|envelope]]. Twelve of the 24 octahedral cells project in pairs onto six square dipyramids that meet at the center of the rhombic dodecahedron. The remaining 12 octahedral cells project onto the 12 rhombic faces of the rhombic dodecahedron. The ''cell-first'' parallel projection of the 24-cell into 3-dimensional space has a [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedral]] envelope. Two of the octahedral cells, the nearest and farther from the viewer along the ''w''-axis, project onto an octahedron whose vertices lie at the center of the cuboctahedron's square faces. Surrounding this central octahedron lie the projections of 16 other cells, having 8 pairs that each project to one of the 8 volumes lying between a triangular face of the central octahedron and the closest triangular face of the cuboctahedron. The remaining 6 cells project onto the square faces of the cuboctahedron. This corresponds with the decomposition of the cuboctahedron into a regular octahedron and 8 irregular but equal octahedra, each of which is in the shape of the convex hull of a cube with two opposite vertices removed. The ''edge-first'' parallel projection has an [[W:Elongated hexagonal dipyramidelongated hexagonal dipyramid]]al envelope, and the ''face-first'' parallel projection has a nonuniform hexagonal bi-[[W:Hexagonal antiprism|antiprismic]] envelope. === Perspective projections === The ''vertex-first'' [[W:Perspective projection|perspective projection]] of the 24-cell into 3-dimensional space has a [[W:Tetrakis hexahedron|tetrakis hexahedral]] envelope. The layout of cells in this image is similar to the image under parallel projection. The following sequence of images shows the structure of the cell-first perspective projection of the 24-cell into 3 dimensions. The 4D viewpoint is placed at a distance of five times the vertex-center radius of the 24-cell. {|class="wikitable" width=660 !colspan=3|Cell-first perspective projection |- valign=top |[[Image:24cell-perspective-cell-first-01.png|220px]]<BR>In this image, the nearest cell is rendered in red, and the remaining cells are in edge-outline. For clarity, cells facing away from the 4D viewpoint have been culled. |[[Image:24cell-perspective-cell-first-02.png|220px]]<BR>In this image, four of the 8 cells surrounding the nearest cell are shown in green. The fourth cell is behind the central cell in this viewpoint (slightly discernible since the red cell is semi-transparent). |[[Image:24cell-perspective-cell-first-03.png|220px]]<BR>Finally, all 8 cells surrounding the nearest cell are shown, with the last four rendered in magenta. |- |colspan=3|Note that these images do not include cells which are facing away from the 4D viewpoint. Hence, only 9 cells are shown here. On the far side of the 24-cell are another 9 cells in an identical arrangement. The remaining 6 cells lie on the "equator" of the 24-cell, and bridge the two sets of cells. |} {| class="wikitable" width=440 |[[Image:24cell section anim.gif|220px]]<br>Animated cross-section of 24-cell |- |colspan=2 valign=top|[[Image:3D stereoscopic projection icositetrachoron.PNG|450px]]<br>A [[W:Stereoscopy|stereoscopic]] 3D projection of an icositetrachoron (24-cell). |- |colspan=3|[[File:Cell24Construction.ogv|450px]]<br>Isometric Orthogonal Projection of: 8 Cell(Tesseract) + 16 Cell = 24 Cell |} == Related polytopes == === Three Coxeter group constructions === There are two lower symmetry forms of the 24-cell, derived as a [[W:Rectification (geometry)|rectified]] 16-cell, with B₄ or [3,3,4] symmetry drawn bicolored with 8 and 16 [[W:Octahedron|octahedral]] cells. Lastly it can be constructed from D₄ or [3^1,1,1] symmetry, and drawn tricolored with 8 octahedra each.<!-- it would be nice to illustrate another of these lower-symmetry decompositions of the 24-cell, into 4 different-colored helixes of 6 face-bonded octahedral cells, as those are the cell rings of its fibration described in /* Visualization */ --> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" !colspan=12| Three [[W:Net (polytope)|nets]] of the ''24-cell'' with cells colored by D₄, B₄, and F₄ symmetry |- ![[W:Rectified demitesseract|Rectified demitesseract]] ![[W:Rectified demitesseract|Rectified 16-cell]] !Regular 24-cell |- !D₄, [3^1,1,1], order 192 !B₄, [3,3,4], order 384 !F₄, [3,4,3], order 1152 |- |colspan=3 align=center|[[Image:24-cell net 3-symmetries.png|659px]] |- valign=top |width=213|Three sets of 8 [[W:Rectified tetrahedron|rectified tetrahedral]] cells |width=213|One set of 16 [[W:Rectified tetrahedron|rectified tetrahedral]] cells and one set of 8 [[W:Octahedron|octahedral]] cells. |width=213|One set of 24 [[W:Octahedron|octahedral]] cells |- |colspan=3 align=center|'''[[W:Vertex figure|Vertex figure]]'''<br>(Each edge corresponds to one triangular face, colored by symmetry arrangement) |- align=center |[[Image:Rectified demitesseract verf.png|120px]] |[[Image:Rectified 16-cell verf.png|120px]] |[[Image:24 cell verf.svg|120px]] |} === Related complex polygons === The [[W:Regular complex polygon|regular complex polygon]] ₄{3}₄, {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|4node_1|3|4node}} or {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_h|6|4node}} contains the 24 vertices of the 24-cell, and 24 4-edges that correspond to central squares of 24 of 48 octahedral cells. Its symmetry is ₄[3]₄, order 96.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1991|p=}} The regular complex polytope ₃{4}₃, {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|3node_1|4|3node}} or {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_h|8|3node}}, in <math>\mathbb{C}^2</math> has a real representation as a 24-cell in 4-dimensional space. ₃{4}₃ has 24 vertices, and 24 3-edges. Its symmetry is ₃[4]₃, order 72. {| class=wikitable width=600 |+ Related figures in orthogonal projections |- !Name !{3,4,3}, {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|4|node|3|node}} !₄{3}₄, {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|4node_1|3|4node}} !₃{4}₃, {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|3node_1|4|3node}} |- !Symmetry ![3,4,3], {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|3|node|4|node|3|node}}, order 1152 !₄[3]₄, {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|4node|3|4node}}, order 96 !₃[4]₃, {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|3node|4|3node}}, order 72 |- align=center !Vertices |24||24||24 |- align=center !Edges |96 2-edges||24 4-edge||24 3-edges |- valign=top !valign=center|Image |[[File:24-cell t0 F4.svg|200px]]<BR>24-cell in F4 Coxeter plane, with 24 vertices in two rings of 12, and 96 edges. |[[File:Complex polygon 4-3-4.png|200px]]<BR>₄{3}₄, {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|4node_1|3|4node}} has 24 vertices and 32 4-edges, shown here with 8 red, green, blue, and yellow square 4-edges. |[[File:Complex polygon 3-4-3-fill1.png|200px]]<BR>₃{4}₃ or {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|3node_1|4|3node}} has 24 vertices and 24 3-edges, shown here with 8 red, 8 green, and 8 blue square 3-edges, with blue edges filled. |} === Related 4-polytopes === Several [[W:Uniform 4-polytope|uniform 4-polytope]]s can be derived from the 24-cell via [[W:Truncation (geometry)|truncation]]: * truncating at 1/3 of the edge length yields the [[W:Truncated 24-cell|truncated 24-cell]]; * truncating at 1/2 of the edge length yields the [[W:Rectified 24-cell|rectified 24-cell]]; * and truncating at half the depth to the dual 24-cell yields the [[W:Bitruncated 24-cell|bitruncated 24-cell]], which is [[W:Cell-transitive|cell-transitive]]. The 96 edges of the 24-cell can be partitioned into the [[W:Golden ratio|golden ratio]] to produce the 96 vertices of the [[W:Snub 24-cell|snub 24-cell]]. This is done by first placing vectors along the 24-cell's edges such that each two-dimensional face is bounded by a cycle, then similarly partitioning each edge into the golden ratio along the direction of its vector. An analogous modification to an [[W:Octahedron|octahedron]] produces an [[W:Regular icosahedron|icosahedron]], or "[[W:Regular icosahedron#Uniform colorings and subsymmetries|snub octahedron]]." The 24-cell is the unique convex self-dual regular Euclidean polytope that is neither a [[W:Polygon|polygon]] nor a [[W:simplex (geometry)|simplex]]. Relaxing the condition of convexity admits two further figures: the [[W:Great 120-cell|great 120-cell]] and [[W:Grand stellated 120-cell|grand stellated 120-cell]]. With itself, it can form a [[W:Polytope compound|polytope compound]]: the [[#Symmetries, root systems, and tessellations|compound of two 24-cells]]. === Related uniform polytopes === {{Demitesseract family}} {{24-cell_family}} The 24-cell can also be derived as a rectified 16-cell: {{Tesseract family}} {{Symmetric_tessellations}} ==See also== *[[W:Octacube (sculpture)|Octacube (sculpture)]] *[[W:Uniform 4-polytope#The F4 family|Uniform 4-polytope § The F4 family]] == Notes == {{Regular convex 4-polytopes Notelist}} == Citations == {{Reflist}} == References == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book | last=Kepler | first=Johannes | author-link=W:Johannes Kepler | title=Harmonices Mundi (The Harmony of the World) | title-link=W:Harmonices Mundi | publisher=Johann Planck | year=1619}} * {{Cite book | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1973 | orig-year=1948 | title=Regular Polytopes | publisher=Dover | place=New York | edition=3rd | title-link=W:Regular Polytopes (book) }} * {{Citation | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1991 | title=Regular Complex Polytopes | place=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | edition=2nd }} * {{Citation | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1995 | title=Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter | publisher=Wiley-Interscience Publication | edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-471-01003-6 | url=https://archive.org/details/kaleidoscopessel0000coxe | editor1-last=Sherk | editor1-first=F. Arthur | editor2-last=McMullen | editor2-first=Peter | editor3-last=Thompson | editor3-first=Anthony C. | editor4-last=Weiss | editor4-first=Asia Ivic | url-access=registration }} ** (Paper 3) H.S.M. Coxeter, ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions'' ** (Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, ''Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I'', [Math. Zeit. 46 (1940) 380–407, MR 2,10] ** (Paper 23) H.S.M. Coxeter, ''Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II'', [Math. Zeit. 188 (1985) 559-591] ** (Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, ''Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III'', [Math. Zeit. 200 (1988) 3-45] * {{Cite book | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1968 | title=The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays | publisher=Dover | place=New York | edition=2nd }} * {{Cite journal | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1989 | title=Trisecting an Orthoscheme | journal=Computers Math. Applic. | volume=17 | issue=1–3 | pages=59–71 | doi=10.1016/0898-1221(89)90148-X | doi-access=free }} * {{Citation | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1970 | title=Twisted Honeycombs | place=Providence, Rhode Island | journal=Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences Regional Conference Series in Mathematics | publisher=American Mathematical Society | volume=4 }} * {{Cite journal|last=Stillwell|first=John|date=January 2001|title=The Story of the 120-Cell|url=https://www.ams.org/notices/200101/fea-stillwell.pdf|journal=Notices of the AMS|volume=48|issue=1|pages=17–25}} *{{Citation | last=Goucher | first=A.P. | title=Subsumptions of regular polytopes | date=1 October 2020 | journal=Complex Projective 4-Space | url=https://cp4space.hatsya.com/2020/10/01/subsumptions-of-regular-polytopes }} *{{Citation | last=Johnson | first=Norman | author-link=W:Norman Johnson (mathematician) | title=Geometries and Transformations | year=2018 | place=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-1-107-10340-5 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/geometries-and-transformations/94D1016D7AC64037B39440729CE815AB}} * {{Citation | last=Johnson | first=Norman | author-link=W:Norman Johnson (mathematician) | year=1991 | title=Uniform Polytopes | edition=Manuscript }} * {{Citation | last=Johnson | first=Norman | author-link=W:Norman Johnson (mathematician) | year=1966 | title=The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs | edition=Ph.D. }} * {{cite book|last=Ghyka|first=Matila|title=The Geometry of Art and Life|date=1977|place=New York|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=978-0-486-23542-4}} * {{cite book|last=Banchoff|first=Thomas F.|chapter=Torus Decompostions of Regular Polytopes in 4-space|date=2013|title=Shaping Space|url=https://archive.org/details/shapingspaceexpl00sene|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/shapingspaceexpl00sene/page/n249 257]–266|editor-last=Senechal|editor-first=Marjorie|publisher=Springer New York|doi=10.1007/978-0-387-92714-5_20|isbn=978-0-387-92713-8}} * {{Cite arXiv | eprint=1903.06971 | last=Copher | first=Jessica | year=2019 | title=Sums and Products of Regular Polytopes' Squared Chord Lengths | class=math.MG }} * {{Cite thesis|url= http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:dcffce5a-0b47-404e-8a67-9a3845774d89 |title=Symmetry groups of regular polytopes in three and four dimensions|last=van Ittersum |first=Clara|year=2020|publisher=[[W:Delft University of Technology|Delft University of Technology]]}} * {{cite arXiv|last1=Kim|first1=Heuna|last2=Rote|first2=G.|date=2016|title=Congruence Testing of Point Sets in 4 Dimensions|class=cs.CG|eprint=1603.07269}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Perez-Gracia|first1=Alba|last2=Thomas|first2=Federico|date=2017|title=On Cayley's Factorization of 4D Rotations and Applications|url=https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2117/113067/1749-ON-CAYLEYS-FACTORIZATION-OF-4D-ROTATIONS-AND-APPLICATIONS.pdf|journal=Adv. Appl. Clifford Algebras|volume=27|pages=523–538|doi=10.1007/s00006-016-0683-9|hdl=2117/113067|s2cid=12350382|hdl-access=free}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Waegell|first1=Mordecai|last2=Aravind|first2=P. K.|date=2009-11-12|title=Critical noncolorings of the 600-cell proving the Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem|journal=Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical|volume=43|issue=10|page=105304|language=en|doi=10.1088/1751-8113/43/10/105304|arxiv=0911.2289|s2cid=118501180}} * {{Cite book|title=Generalized Clifford parallelism|last1=Tyrrell|first1=J. A.|last2=Semple|first2=J.G.|year=1971|publisher=[[W:Cambridge University Press|Cambridge University Press]]|url=https://archive.org/details/generalizedcliff0000tyrr|isbn=0-521-08042-8}} * {{Cite web|last=Egan|first=Greg|date=23 December 2021|title=Symmetries and the 24-cell|url=https://www.gregegan.net/SCIENCE/24-cell/24-cell.html|author-link=W:Greg Egan|website=gregegan.net|access-date=10 October 2022}} * {{Cite journal | last1=Mamone|first1=Salvatore | last2=Pileio|first2=Giuseppe | last3=Levitt|first3=Malcolm H. | year=2010 | title=Orientational Sampling Schemes Based on Four Dimensional Polytopes | journal=Symmetry | volume=2 |issue=3 | pages=1423–1449 | doi=10.3390/sym2031423 |bibcode=2010Symm....2.1423M |doi-access=free }} * {{Cite thesis|title=Applications of Quaternions to Dynamical Simulation, Computer Graphics and Biomechanics|last=Mebius|first=Johan|date=July 2015|publisher=[[W:Delft University of Technology|Delft University of Technology]]|orig-date=11 Jan 1994|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3310.3205}} * {{Cite book|title=Elementary particles and the laws of physics|last1=Feynman|first1=Richard|last2=Weinberg|first2=Steven|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1987}} * {{Cite journal|last=Dorst|first=Leo|title=Conformal Villarceau Rotors|year=2019|journal=Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras|volume=29|issue=44|doi=10.1007/s00006-019-0960-5 |s2cid=253592159 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Koca|first1=Mehmet|last2=Al-Ajmi|first2=Mudhahir|last3=Koc|first3=Ramazan|date=November 2007|title=Polyhedra obtained from Coxeter groups and quaternions|journal=Journal of Mathematical Physics|volume=48|issue=11|pages=113514|doi=10.1063/1.2809467|bibcode=2007JMP....48k3514K |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234907424}} {{Refend}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051118135108/http://valdostamuseum.org/hamsmith/24anime.html 24-cell animations] * [http://members.home.nl/fg.marcelis/24-cell.htm 24-cell in stereographic projections] * [http://eusebeia.dyndns.org/4d/24-cell.html 24-cell description and diagrams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715053230/http://eusebeia.dyndns.org/4d/24-cell.html |date=2007-07-15 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071204034724/http://www.xs4all.nl/~jemebius/Ab4help.htm Petrie dodecagons in the 24-cell: mathematics and animation software] [[Category:Geometry]] 19u8h3rj8fdm10aoxf4u4pc4f8qqydi 0 308351 2691351 2666895 2024-12-11T08:44:02Z Bocardodarapti 289675 2691351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Linear algebra (Osnabrück 2024-2025)/Part I/Lecture design|14| {{Subtitle|Linear forms}} {{:Linear form/Introduction/Section|extra1= {{ Examplelink ||Name of page= Purchase and price tuple/Duality/Motivation/Example |Nr= |pm= }} |extra2=We have encountered many linear forma already, for example, the price function for a purchase of several products, or the content of vitamin of fruit salads of various fruits. With respect to a basis {{mathl|term=v_1 {{commadots|}} v_n |pm=}} of {{mat|term=V|pm=}} and a basis {{mat|term=w|pm=}} of {{mat|term=K|pm=}} {{ Extra/Bracket |text=where {{mat|term=w|pm=}} is just an element from {{mat|term=K|pm=}} different from {{mat|term=0|pm=}}| |Ipm=|Epm=, }} the describing matrix of a linear form is simply a row with {{mat|term=n|pm=}} entries. |extra3= {{ inputremark |Linear form/Vector/Composition/Remark|| }} }} {{ inputfactproofexercise |Hyperplane/Kernel of a linear form/Fact|Lemma|| }} {{ inputfactproof |Vector/Linear form/Zero test/Fact|Lemma|| }} {{ inputfactproofexercise |Linear independence/Test with linear forms/Fact|Lemma|| }} {{Subtitle|The dual space}} {{:Dual space/Introduction/Section|extra1=Footnote|extra2=&nbsp;If we consider, for the basis {{mathl|term= v_1 {{commadots|}} v_n |pm=,}} the direct sum decomposition {{ Relationchain/display |V || Kv_1 {{oplusdots}} Kv_n || || || |pm= }} and the corresponding {{mat|term=i|pm=-}}th projection {{ Mapping/display |name=p_i |V|Kv_i || |pm=, }} then we have the direct relationship between {{mat|term=v_i^*|pm=}} and {{mat|term=p_i|pm=}} {{ Relationchain |p_i || v_i^* \cdot v_i || || || |pm=, }} where the second expression has to be interpreted in the sense of {{ Remarklink |Remarkname= Linear form/Vector/Total mapping/Remark |Nr= |pm=. }} }} {{ inputexample |R^2/(2,1),(-1,3)/Dual basis/Standard dual basis/Example|| }} {{Subtitle|The trace}} {{:Trace/Matrix/Linear mapping/Introduction/Section}} {{List of footnotes}} }} hdn6v0xsaj144ufxqfknx5b5a9u68ac 2691353 2691351 2024-12-11T08:45:13Z Bocardodarapti 289675 2691353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Linear algebra (Osnabrück 2024-2025)/Part I/Lecture design|14| {{Subtitle|Linear forms}} {{:Linear form/Introduction/Section|extra1= {{ inputexample |Purchase and price tuple/Duality/Motivation/Example|| }} |extra2=We have encountered many linear forma already, for example, the price function for a purchase of several products, or the content of vitamin of fruit salads of various fruits. With respect to a basis {{mathl|term=v_1 {{commadots|}} v_n |pm=}} of {{mat|term=V|pm=}} and a basis {{mat|term=w|pm=}} of {{mat|term=K|pm=}} {{ Extra/Bracket |text=where {{mat|term=w|pm=}} is just an element from {{mat|term=K|pm=}} different from {{mat|term=0|pm=}}| |Ipm=|Epm=, }} the describing matrix of a linear form is simply a row with {{mat|term=n|pm=}} entries. |extra3= {{ inputremark |Linear form/Vector/Composition/Remark|| }} }} {{ inputfactproofexercise |Hyperplane/Kernel of a linear form/Fact|Lemma|| }} {{ inputfactproof |Vector/Linear form/Zero test/Fact|Lemma|| }} {{ inputfactproofexercise |Linear independence/Test with linear forms/Fact|Lemma|| }} {{Subtitle|The dual space}} {{:Dual space/Introduction/Section|extra1=Footnote|extra2=&nbsp;If we consider, for the basis {{mathl|term= v_1 {{commadots|}} v_n |pm=,}} the direct sum decomposition {{ Relationchain/display |V || Kv_1 {{oplusdots}} Kv_n || || || |pm= }} and the corresponding {{mat|term=i|pm=-}}th projection {{ Mapping/display |name=p_i |V|Kv_i || |pm=, }} then we have the direct relationship between {{mat|term=v_i^*|pm=}} and {{mat|term=p_i|pm=}} {{ Relationchain |p_i || v_i^* \cdot v_i || || || |pm=, }} where the second expression has to be interpreted in the sense of {{ Remarklink |Remarkname= Linear form/Vector/Total mapping/Remark |Nr= |pm=. }} }} {{ inputexample |R^2/(2,1),(-1,3)/Dual basis/Standard dual basis/Example|| }} {{Subtitle|The trace}} {{:Trace/Matrix/Linear mapping/Introduction/Section}} {{List of footnotes}} }} mgo6ls10nlvtmsx30tjbf2zeti3zoe5 0 309931 2691352 2663026 2024-12-11T08:44:42Z Bocardodarapti 289675 2691352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical section{{{opt|}}} |Content= {{{extra1|}}} {{ inputdefinition |Linear mapping/Linear form/Definition|| }} {{ inputexample |K^n/Linear form/Example|| }} {{{extra2|}}} {{ inputexample |Linear form/Analysis/Example|| }} {{{extra3|}}} The kernel of the zero form is the total space; for any other linear form {{ Relationchain | f |\in| {{op:Homomorphisms|V|K}} || || || |pm= }} with {{ Relationchain |f |\neq|0 || || || |pm=, }} the dimension is {{mathl|term= {{op:Dimension vector space|V|}} -1 |pm=.}} This follows from {{ Factlink |Preword=the|dimension formula|Factname= Linear mapping/Dimension formula/Fact |Nr= |pm=. }} With the exception of the zero form, a linear form is always surjective. |Textform=Section |Category= |}} mdfsqpejsg97qmejz8tbsnve93gbhvv 0 312676 2691244 2673820 2024-12-10T14:38:35Z Bocardodarapti 289675 2691244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical text/Exercise{{{opt|}}} |Text= Let {{mat|term= K|pm=}} be a {{ Definitionlink |field| |Context=| |pm= }} and {{ Relationchain | a,b,c |\in| K || || || |pm=. }} {{ Enumeration4/a |Show that the vectors {{ Relationchain/display | {{op:Column vector|b|-a|0}} , \, {{op:Column vector|0|c|-b}} , \, {{op:Column vector|c|0|-a}} |\in| K^3 || || || |pm= }} are solutions of the linear equation {{ Relationchain/display | ax+by+cz || 0 || || || |pm=. }} |Show that these three vectors are {{ Definitionlink |linearly independent| |Context=| |pm=. }} |Under what conditions generate these vectors the solution space of the equation? |Under what conditions generate the first two vectors the solution space of the equation? }} |Textform=Exercise |Category= |Marks=6 |m1=1 |m2=1 |m3=2 |m4=2 }} 3aunm106lloj31ant0m0je7ht9sx8ld 0 313254 2691354 2675604 2024-12-11T08:45:38Z Bocardodarapti 289675 2691354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Number in course{{{opt|}}}|Lemma|14|6|}} a5ju95k8m8t5v88wchsgs93x09cuq0p 0 313256 2691355 2675607 2024-12-11T08:45:53Z Bocardodarapti 289675 2691355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Number in course{{{opt|}}}|Lemma|14|13|}} nreyv8sgomdg0dmxaa913zq8z2gvdd6 0 313557 2691306 2691113 2024-12-10T21:00:05Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 /* References */ Goucher 2020, Subsumptions of regular polytopes 2691306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info |journal=Wikijournal Preprints |last=Christie |first=David Brooks |abstract=The 24-cell is one of only a few uniform polytopes in which the edge length equals the radius. It is the only one of the six convex regular 4-polytopes which is not the analogue of one of the five Platonic solids. It contains all the convex regular polytopes of four or fewer dimensions made of triangles or squares except the 4-simplex, but it contains no pentagons. It has just four distinct chord lengths, which are the diameters of the hypercubes of dimensions 1 through 4. The 24-cell is the unique construction of these four hypercubic chords and all the regular polytopes that can be built from them. Isoclinic rotations relate the convex regular 4-polytopes to each other, and determine the way they nest inside one another. The 24-cell's characteristic isoclinic rotation takes place in four Clifford parallel great hexagon central planes. It also inherits an isoclinic rotation in six Clifford parallel great square central planes that is characteristic of its three constituent 16-cells. We explore the internal geometry of the 24-cell in detail, as an expression of its rotational symmetries. |w1=24-cell }} == The unique 24-point 24-cell polytope == The [[24-cell]] does not have a regular analogue in three dimensions or any other number of dimensions.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=289|loc=Epilogue|ps=; "Another peculiarity of four-dimensional space is the occurrence of the 24-cell {3,4,3}, which stands quite alone, having no analogue above or below."}} It is the only one of the six convex regular 4-polytopes which is not the analogue of one of the five Platonic solids. However, it can be seen as the analogue of a pair of irregular solids: the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] and its dual the [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedron]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1995|loc=(Paper 3) ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions''|p=25}} The 24-cell and the [[W:Tesseract|8-cell (tesseract)]] are the only convex regular 4-polytopes in which the edge length equals the radius. The long radius (center to vertex) of each is equal to its edge length; thus its long diameter (vertex to opposite vertex) is 2 edge lengths. Only a few uniform polytopes have this property, including these two four-dimensional polytopes, the three-dimensional [[W:Cuboctahedron#Radial equilateral symmetry|cuboctahedron]], and the two-dimensional [[W:Hexagon#Regular hexagon|hexagon]]. The cuboctahedron is the equatorial cross section of the 24-cell, and the hexagon is the equatorial cross section of the cuboctahedron. These '''radially equilateral polytopes''' are those which can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge. == The 24-cell in the proper sequence of 4-polytopes == The 24-cell incorporates the geometries of every convex regular polytope in the first four dimensions, except the 5-cell (4-simplex), those with a 5 in their Schlӓfli symbol,{{Efn|The convex regular polytopes in the first four dimensions with a 5 in their Schlӓfli symbol are the [[W:Pentagon|pentagon]] {5}, the [[W:Icosahedron|icosahedron]] {3, 5}, the [[W:Dodecahedron|dodecahedron]] {5, 3}, the [[600-cell]] {3,3,5} and the [[120-cell]] {5,3,3}. The [[5-cell]] {3, 3, 3} is also pentagonal in the sense that its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]] is the pentagon.|name=pentagonal polytopes|group=}} and the regular polygons with 7 or more sides. In other words, the 24-cell contains ''all'' of the regular polytopes made of triangles and squares that exist in four dimensions except the regular 5-cell, but ''none'' of the pentagonal polytopes. It is especially useful to explore the 24-cell, because one can see the geometric relationships among all of these regular polytopes in a single 24-cell or [[W:24-cell honeycomb|its honeycomb]]. The 24-cell is the fourth in the sequence of six [[W:Convex regular 4-polytope|convex regular 4-polytope]]s in order of size and complexity. These can be ordered by size as a measure of 4-dimensional content (hypervolume) for the same radius. This is their proper order of enumeration: the order in which they nest inside each other as compounds.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7.8 The enumeration of possible regular figures|p=136}}{{Sfn|Goucher|2020|loc=Subsumptions of regular polytopes}} Each greater polytope in the sequence is ''rounder'' than its predecessor, enclosing more content{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii): The sixteen regular polytopes {''p,q,r''} in four dimensions|ps=; An invaluable table providing all 20 metrics of each 4-polytope in edge length units. They must be algebraically converted to compare polytopes of unit radius.}} within the same radius. The 5-cell (4-simplex) is the limit smallest case, and the 120-cell is the largest. Complexity (as measured by comparing [[24-cell#As a configuration|configuration matrices]] or simply the number of vertices) follows the same ordering. This provides an alternative numerical naming scheme for regular polytopes in which the 24-cell is the 24-point 4-polytope: fourth in the ascending sequence that runs from 5-point (5-cell) 4-polytope to 600-point (120-cell) 4-polytope. {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|radius=1}} The 24-cell can be deconstructed into 3 overlapping instances of its predecessor the [[W:Tesseract|8-cell (tesseract)]], as the 8-cell can be deconstructed into 2 instances of its predecessor the [[16-cell]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=302|pp=|loc=Table VI (ii): 𝐈𝐈 = {3,4,3}|ps=: see Result column}} The reverse procedure to construct each of these from an instance of its predecessor preserves the radius of the predecessor, but generally produces a successor with a smaller edge length. The edge length will always be different unless predecessor and successor are ''both'' radially equilateral, i.e. their edge length is the same as their radius (so both are preserved). Since radially equilateral polytopes are rare, it seems that the only such construction (in any dimension) is from the 8-cell to the 24-cell, making the 24-cell the unique regular polytope (in any dimension) which has the same edge length as its predecessor of the same radius. == Coordinates == The 24-cell has two natural systems of Cartesian coordinates, which reveal distinct structure. === Great squares === The 24-cell is the [[W:Convex hull|convex hull]] of its vertices which can be described as the 24 coordinate [[W:Permutation|permutation]]s of: <math display="block">(\pm1, \pm 1, 0, 0) \in \mathbb{R}^4 .</math> Those coordinates{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=156|loc=§8.7. Cartesian Coordinates}} can be constructed as {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|3|node_1|3|node|4|node}}, [[W:Rectification (geometry)|rectifying]] the [[16-cell]] {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|4|node}} with 8 vertices permutations of (±2,0,0,0). The vertex figure of a 16-cell is the [[W:Octahedron|octahedron]]; thus, cutting the vertices of the 16-cell at the midpoint of its incident edges produces 8 octahedral cells. This process{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=|pp=145-146|loc=§8.1 The simple truncations of the general regular polytope}} also rectifies the tetrahedral cells of the 16-cell which become 16 octahedra, giving the 24-cell 24 octahedral cells. In this frame of reference the 24-cell has edges of length {{sqrt|2}} and is inscribed in a [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] of radius {{sqrt|2}}. Remarkably, the edge length equals the circumradius, as in the [[W:Hexagon|hexagon]], or the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. The 24 vertices form 18 great squares{{Efn|The edges of six of the squares are aligned with the grid lines of the ''{{radic|2}} radius coordinate system''. For example: {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}0, −1, −1,{{spaces|2}}0){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1, −1,{{spaces|2}}0)<br> is the square in the ''xy'' plane. The edges of the squares are not 24-cell edges, they are interior chords joining two vertices 90^o distant from each other; so the squares are merely invisible configurations of four of the 24-cell's vertices, not visible 24-cell features.|name=|group=}} (3 sets of 6 orthogonal{{Efn|Up to 6 planes can be mutually orthogonal in 4 dimensions. 3 dimensional space accommodates only 3 perpendicular axes and 3 perpendicular planes through a single point. In 4 dimensional space we may have 4 perpendicular axes and 6 perpendicular planes through a point (for the same reason that the tetrahedron has 6 edges, not 4): there are 6 ways to take 4 dimensions 2 at a time.{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Three such perpendicular planes (pairs of axes) meet at each vertex of the 24-cell (for the same reason that three edges meet at each vertex of the tetrahedron). Each of the 6 planes is [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to just one of the other planes: the only one with which it does not share a line (for the same reason that each edge of the tetrahedron is orthogonal to just one of the other edges: the only one with which it does not share a point). Two completely orthogonal planes are perpendicular and opposite each other, as two edges of the tetrahedron are perpendicular and opposite.|name=six orthogonal planes tetrahedral symmetry}} central squares), 3 of which intersect at each vertex. By viewing just one square at each vertex, the 24-cell can be seen as the vertices of 3 pairs of [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]]{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} great squares which intersect{{Efn|Two planes in 4-dimensional space can have four possible reciprocal positions: (1) they can coincide (be exactly the same plane); (2) they can be parallel (the only way they can fail to intersect at all); (3) they can intersect in a single line, as two non-parallel planes do in 3-dimensional space; or (4) '''they can intersect in a single point'''{{Efn|To visualize how two planes can intersect in a single point in a four dimensional space, consider the Euclidean space (w, x, y, z) and imagine that the w dimension represents time rather than a spatial dimension. The xy central plane (where w{{=}}0, z{{=}}0) shares no axis with the wz central plane (where x{{=}}0, y{{=}}0). The xy plane exists at only a single instant in time (w{{=}}0); the wz plane (and in particular the w axis) exists all the time. Thus their only moment and place of intersection is at the origin point (0,0,0,0).|name=how planes intersect at a single point}} if they are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].|name=how planes intersect}} at no vertices.{{Efn|name=three square fibrations}} === Great hexagons === The 24-cell is [[W:Self-dual|self-dual]], having the same number of vertices (24) as cells and the same number of edges (96) as faces. If the dual of the above 24-cell of edge length {{sqrt|2}} is taken by reciprocating it about its ''inscribed'' sphere, another 24-cell is found which has edge length and circumradius 1, and its coordinates reveal more structure. In this frame of reference the 24-cell lies vertex-up, and its vertices can be given as follows: 8 vertices obtained by permuting the ''integer'' coordinates: <math display="block">\left( \pm 1, 0, 0, 0 \right)</math> and 16 vertices with ''half-integer'' coordinates of the form: <math display="block">\left( \pm \tfrac{1}{2}, \pm \tfrac{1}{2}, \pm \tfrac{1}{2}, \pm \tfrac{1}{2} \right)</math> all 24 of which lie at distance 1 from the origin. [[24-cell#Quaternionic interpretation|Viewed as quaternions]],{{Efn|In [[W:Euclidean geometry#Higher dimensions|four-dimensional Euclidean geometry]], a [[W:Quaternion|quaternion]] is simply a (w, x, y, z) Cartesian coordinate. [[W:William Rowan Hamilton|Hamilton]] did not see them as such when he [[W:History of quaternions|discovered the quaternions]]. [[W:Ludwig Schläfli|Schläfli]] would be the first to consider [[W:4-dimensional space|four-dimensional Euclidean space]], publishing his discovery of the regular [[W:Polyscheme|polyscheme]]s in 1852, but Hamilton would never be influenced by that work, which remained obscure into the 20th century. Hamilton found the quaternions when he realized that a fourth dimension, in some sense, would be necessary in order to model rotations in three-dimensional space.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=18-21}} Although he described a quaternion as an ''ordered four-element multiple of real numbers'', the quaternions were for him an extension of the complex numbers, not a Euclidean space of four dimensions.|name=quaternions}} these are the unit [[W:Hurwitz quaternions|Hurwitz quaternions]]. These 24 quaternions represent (in antipodal pairs) the 12 rotations of a regular tetrahedron.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=22}} The 24-cell has unit radius and unit edge length in this coordinate system. We refer to the system as ''unit radius coordinates'' to distinguish it from others, such as the {{sqrt|2}} radius coordinates used to reveal the great [[#Great squares|squares]] above.{{Efn|The edges of the orthogonal great squares are ''not'' aligned with the grid lines of the ''unit radius coordinate system''. Six of the squares do lie in the 6 orthogonal planes of this coordinate system, but their edges are the {{sqrt|2}} ''diagonals'' of unit edge length squares of the coordinate lattice. For example: {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}0)<br> is the square in the ''xy'' plane. Notice that the 8 ''integer'' coordinates comprise the vertices of the 6 orthogonal squares.|name=orthogonal squares|group=}} The 24 vertices and 96 edges form 16 non-orthogonal great hexagons,{{Efn|The hexagons are inclined (tilted) at 60 degrees with respect to the unit radius coordinate system's orthogonal planes. Each hexagonal plane contains only ''one'' of the 4 coordinate system axes.{{Efn|Each great hexagon of the 24-cell contains one axis (one pair of antipodal vertices) belonging to each of the three inscribed 16-cells. The 24-cell contains three disjoint inscribed 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other (so their corresponding vertices are 120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} apart). A [[16-cell#Coordinates|16-cell is an orthonormal ''basis'']] for a 4-dimensional coordinate system, because its 8 vertices define the four orthogonal axes. In any choice of a vertex-up coordinate system (such as the unit radius coordinates used in this article), one of the three inscribed 16-cells is the basis for the coordinate system, and each hexagon has only ''one'' axis which is a coordinate system axis.|name=three basis 16-cells}} The hexagon consists of 3 pairs of opposite vertices (three 24-cell diameters): one opposite pair of ''integer'' coordinate vertices (one of the four coordinate axes), and two opposite pairs of ''half-integer'' coordinate vertices (not coordinate axes). For example: {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>) {{indent|5}}(−<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>){{spaces|3}}(−<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>) {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}0)<br> is a hexagon on the ''y'' axis. Unlike the {{sqrt|2}} squares, the hexagons are actually made of 24-cell edges, so they are visible features of the 24-cell.|name=non-orthogonal hexagons|group=}} four of which intersect{{Efn||name=how planes intersect}} at each vertex.{{Efn|It is not difficult to visualize four hexagonal planes intersecting at 60 degrees to each other, even in three dimensions. Four hexagonal central planes intersect at 60 degrees in the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. Four of the 24-cell's 16 hexagonal central planes (lying in the same 3-dimensional hyperplane) intersect at each of the 24-cell's vertices exactly the way they do at the center of a cuboctahedron. But the ''edges'' around the vertex do not meet as the radii do at the center of a cuboctahedron; the 24-cell has 8 edges around each vertex, not 12, so its vertex figure is the cube, not the cuboctahedron. The 8 edges meet exactly the way 8 edges do at the apex of a canonical [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]].{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}}|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} By viewing just one hexagon at each vertex, the 24-cell can be seen as the 24 vertices of 4 non-intersecting hexagonal great circles which are [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] to each other.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} The 12 axes and 16 hexagons of the 24-cell constitute a [[W:Reye configuration|Reye configuration]], which in the language of [[W:Configuration (geometry)|configurations]] is written as 12₄16₃ to indicate that each axis belongs to 4 hexagons, and each hexagon contains 3 axes.{{Sfn|Waegell|Aravind|2009|loc=§3.4 The 24-cell: points, lines and Reye's configuration|pp=4-5|ps=; In the 24-cell Reye's "points" and "lines" are axes and hexagons, respectively.}} === Great triangles === The 24 vertices form 32 equilateral great triangles, of edge length {{radic|3}} in the unit-radius 24-cell,{{Efn|These triangles' edges of length {{sqrt|3}} are the diagonals{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} of cubical cells of unit edge length found within the 24-cell, but those cubical (tesseract){{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} cells are not cells of the unit radius coordinate lattice.|name=cube diagonals}} inscribed in the 16 great hexagons.{{Efn|These triangles lie in the same planes containing the hexagons;{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} two triangles of edge length {{sqrt|3}} are inscribed in each hexagon. For example, in unit radius coordinates: {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>) {{indent|5}}(−<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>){{spaces|3}}(−<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>) {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}0)<br> are two opposing central triangles on the ''y'' axis, with each triangle formed by the vertices in alternating rows. Unlike the hexagons, the {{sqrt|3}} triangles are not made of actual 24-cell edges, so they are invisible features of the 24-cell, like the {{sqrt|2}} squares.|name=central triangles|group=}} Each great triangle is a ring linking three completely disjoint{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} great squares. The 18 great squares of the 24-cell occur as three sets of 6 orthogonal great squares,{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} each forming a [[16-cell]].{{Efn|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} The three 16-cells are completely disjoint (and [[#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel]]): each has its own 8 vertices (on 4 orthogonal axes) and its own 24 edges (of length {{radic|2}}). The 18 square great circles are crossed by 16 hexagonal great circles; each hexagon has one axis (2 vertices) in each 16-cell.{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The two great triangles inscribed in each great hexagon (occupying its alternate vertices, and with edges that are its {{radic|3}} chords) have one vertex in each 16-cell. Thus ''each great triangle is a ring linking the three completely disjoint 16-cells''. There are four different ways (four different ''fibrations'' of the 24-cell) in which the 8 vertices of the 16-cells correspond by being triangles of vertices {{radic|3}} apart: there are 32 distinct linking triangles. Each ''pair'' of 16-cells forms an 8-cell (tesseract).{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Each great triangle has one {{radic|3}} edge in each tesseract, so it is also a ring linking the three tesseracts. == Hypercubic chords == [[File:24-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Vertex geometry of the radially equilateral 24-cell, showing the 3 great circle polygons and the 4 vertex-to-vertex chord lengths.|alt=]] The 24 vertices of the 24-cell are distributed{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=298|loc=Table V: The Distribution of Vertices of Four-Dimensional Polytopes in Parallel Solid Sections (§13.1); (i) Sections of {3,4,3} (edge 2) beginning with a vertex; see column ''a''|5=}} at four different [[W:Chord (geometry)|chord]] lengths from each other: {{sqrt|1}}, {{sqrt|2}}, {{sqrt|3}} and {{sqrt|4}}. The {{sqrt|1}} chords (the 24-cell edges) are the edges of central hexagons, and the {{sqrt|3}} chords are the diagonals of central hexagons. The {{sqrt|2}} chords are the edges of central squares, and the {{sqrt|4}} chords are the diagonals of central squares. Each vertex is joined to 8 others{{Efn|The 8 nearest neighbor vertices surround the vertex (in the curved 3-dimensional space of the 24-cell's boundary surface) the way a cube's 8 corners surround its center. (The [[W:Vertex figure|vertex figure]] of the 24-cell is a cube.)|name=8 nearest vertices}} by an edge of length 1, spanning 60° = <small>{{sfrac|{{pi}}|3}}</small> of arc. Next nearest are 6 vertices{{Efn|The 6 second-nearest neighbor vertices surround the vertex in curved 3-dimensional space the way an octahedron's 6 corners surround its center.|name=6 second-nearest vertices}} located 90° = <small>{{sfrac|{{pi}}|2}}</small> away, along an interior chord of length {{sqrt|2}}. Another 8 vertices lie 120° = <small>{{sfrac|2{{pi}}|3}}</small> away, along an interior chord of length {{sqrt|3}}.{{Efn|name=nearest isoclinic vertices are {{radic|3}} away in third surrounding shell}} The opposite vertex is 180° = <small>{{pi}}</small> away along a diameter of length 2. Finally, as the 24-cell is radially equilateral, its center is 1 edge length away from all vertices. To visualize how the interior polytopes of the 24-cell fit together (as described [[#Constructions|below]]), keep in mind that the four chord lengths ({{sqrt|1}}, {{sqrt|2}}, {{sqrt|3}}, {{sqrt|4}}) are the long diameters of the [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]]s of dimensions 1 through 4: the long diameter of the square is {{sqrt|2}}; the long diameter of the cube is {{sqrt|3}}; and the long diameter of the tesseract is {{sqrt|4}}.{{Efn|Thus ({{sqrt|1}}, {{sqrt|2}}, {{sqrt|3}}, {{sqrt|4}}) are the vertex chord lengths of the tesseract as well as of the 24-cell. They are also the diameters of the tesseract (from short to long), though not of the 24-cell.}} Moreover, the long diameter of the octahedron is {{sqrt|2}} like the square; and the long diameter of the 24-cell itself is {{sqrt|4}} like the tesseract. == Geodesics == The vertex chords of the 24-cell are arranged in [[W:Geodesic|geodesic]] [[W:great circle|great circle]] polygons.{{Efn|A geodesic great circle lies in a 2-dimensional plane which passes through the center of the polytope. Notice that in 4 dimensions this central plane does ''not'' bisect the polytope into two equal-sized parts, as it would in 3 dimensions, just as a diameter (a central line) bisects a circle but does not bisect a sphere. Another difference is that in 4 dimensions not all pairs of great circles intersect at two points, as they do in 3 dimensions; some pairs do, but some pairs of great circles are non-intersecting Clifford parallels.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}}}} The [[W:Geodesic distance|geodesic distance]] between two 24-cell vertices along a path of {{sqrt|1}} edges is always 1, 2, or 3, and it is 3 only for opposite vertices.{{Efn|If the [[W:Euclidean distance|Pythagorean distance]] between any two vertices is {{sqrt|1}}, their geodesic distance is 1; they may be two adjacent vertices (in the curved 3-space of the surface), or a vertex and the center (in 4-space). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|2}}, their geodesic distance is 2 (whether via 3-space or 4-space, because the path along the edges is the same straight line with one 90^o bend in it as the path through the center). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|3}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 (whether on a hexagonal great circle past one 60^o bend, or as a straight line with one 60^o bend in it through the center). Finally, if their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|4}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 in 4-space (straight through the center), but it reaches 3 in 3-space (by going halfway around a hexagonal great circle).|name=Geodesic distance}} The {{sqrt|1}} edges occur in 16 [[#Great hexagons|hexagonal great circles]] (in planes inclined at 60 degrees to each other), 4 of which cross{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} at each vertex.{{Efn|Eight {{sqrt|1}} edges converge in curved 3-dimensional space from the corners of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|The [[W:Vertex figure|vertex figure]] is the facet which is made by truncating a vertex; canonically, at the mid-edges incident to the vertex. But one can make similar vertex figures of different radii by truncating at any point along those edges, up to and including truncating at the adjacent vertices to make a ''full size'' vertex figure. Stillwell defines the vertex figure as "the convex hull of the neighbouring vertices of a given vertex".{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=17}} That is what serves the illustrative purpose here.|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 4 straight lines which cross there. The 8 vertices of the cube are the eight nearest other vertices of the 24-cell. The straight lines are geodesics: two {{sqrt|1}}-length segments of an apparently straight line (in the 3-space of the 24-cell's curved surface) that is bent in the 4th dimension into a great circle hexagon (in 4-space). Imagined from inside this curved 3-space, the bends in the hexagons are invisible. From outside (if we could view the 24-cell in 4-space), the straight lines would be seen to bend in the 4th dimension at the cube centers, because the center is displaced outward in the 4th dimension, out of the hyperplane defined by the cube's vertices. Thus the vertex cube is actually a [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]. Unlike a cube, it seems to be radially equilateral (like the tesseract and the 24-cell itself): its "radius" equals its edge length.{{Efn|The cube is not radially equilateral in Euclidean 3-space <math>\mathbb{R}^3</math>, but a cubic pyramid is radially equilateral in the curved 3-space of the 24-cell's surface, the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>. In 4-space the 8 edges radiating from its apex are not actually its radii: the apex of the [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]] is not actually its center, just one of its vertices. But in curved 3-space the edges radiating symmetrically from the apex ''are'' radii, so the cube is radially equilateral ''in that curved 3-space'' <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>. In Euclidean 4-space <math>\mathbb{R}^4</math> 24 edges radiating symmetrically from a central point make the radially equilateral 24-cell, and a symmetrical subset of 16 of those edges make the [[W:Tesseract#Radial equilateral symmetry|radially equilateral tesseract]].}}|name=24-cell vertex figure}} The 96 distinct {{sqrt|1}} edges divide the surface into 96 triangular faces and 24 octahedral cells: a 24-cell. The 16 hexagonal great circles can be divided into 4 sets of 4 non-intersecting [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] geodesics, such that only one hexagonal great circle in each set passes through each vertex, and the 4 hexagons in each set reach all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} The {{sqrt|2}} chords occur in 18 [[#Great squares|square great circles]] (3 sets of 6 orthogonal planes{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}), 3 of which cross at each vertex.{{Efn|Six {{sqrt|2}} chords converge in 3-space from the face centers of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 3 straight lines which cross there perpendicularly. The 8 vertices of the cube are the eight nearest other vertices of the 24-cell, and eight {{sqrt|1}} edges converge from there, but let us ignore them now, since 7 straight lines crossing at the center is confusing to visualize all at once. Each of the six {{sqrt|2}} chords runs from this cube's center (the vertex) through a face center to the center of an adjacent (face-bonded) cube, which is another vertex of the 24-cell: not a nearest vertex (at the cube corners), but one located 90° away in a second concentric shell of six {{sqrt|2}}-distant vertices that surrounds the first shell of eight {{sqrt|1}}-distant vertices. The face-center through which the {{sqrt|2}} chord passes is the mid-point of the {{sqrt|2}} chord, so it lies inside the 24-cell.|name=|group=}} The 72 distinct {{sqrt|2}} chords do not run in the same planes as the hexagonal great circles; they do not follow the 24-cell's edges, they pass through its octagonal cell centers.{{Efn|One can cut the 24-cell through 6 vertices (in any hexagonal great circle plane), or through 4 vertices (in any square great circle plane). One can see this in the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] (the central [[W:hyperplane|hyperplane]] of the 24-cell), where there are four hexagonal great circles (along the edges) and six square great circles (across the square faces diagonally).}} The 72 {{sqrt|2}} chords are the 3 orthogonal axes of the 24 octahedral cells, joining vertices which are 2 {{radic|1}} edges apart. The 18 square great circles can be divided into 3 sets of 6 non-intersecting Clifford parallel geodesics,{{Efn|[[File:Hopf band wikipedia.png|thumb|Two [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] [[W:Great circle|great circle]]s on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] spanned by a twisted [[W:Annulus (mathematics)|annulus]]. They have a common center point in [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|4-dimensional Euclidean space]], and could lie in [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] rotation planes.]][[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]s are non-intersecting curved lines that are parallel in the sense that the perpendicular (shortest) distance between them is the same at each point.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=§3. Clifford's original definition of parallelism|pp=5-6}} A double helix is an example of Clifford parallelism in ordinary 3-dimensional Euclidean space. In 4-space Clifford parallels occur as geodesic great circles on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]].{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=8-10|loc=Relations to Clifford Parallelism}} Whereas in 3-dimensional space, any two geodesic great circles on the 2-sphere will always intersect at two antipodal points, in 4-dimensional space not all great circles intersect; various sets of Clifford parallel non-intersecting geodesic great circles can be found on the 3-sphere. Perhaps the simplest example is that six mutually orthogonal great circles can be drawn on the 3-sphere, as three pairs of completely orthogonal great circles.{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Each completely orthogonal pair is Clifford parallel. The two circles cannot intersect at all, because they lie in planes which intersect at only one point: the center of the 3-sphere.{{Efn|Each square plane is isoclinic (Clifford parallel) to five other square planes but [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to only one of them.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Every pair of completely orthogonal planes has Clifford parallel great circles, but not all Clifford parallel great circles are orthogonal (e.g., none of the hexagonal geodesics in the 24-cell are mutually orthogonal).|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}} Because they are perpendicular and share a common center,{{Efn|In 4-space, two great circles can be perpendicular and share a common center ''which is their only point of intersection'', because there is more than one great [[W:2-sphere|2-sphere]] on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]. The dimensionally analogous structure to a [[W:Great circle|great circle]] (a great 1-sphere) is a great 2-sphere,{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=24}} which is an ordinary sphere that constitutes an ''equator'' boundary dividing the 3-sphere into two equal halves, just as a great circle divides the 2-sphere. Although two Clifford parallel great circles{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} occupy the same 3-sphere, they lie on different great 2-spheres. The great 2-spheres are [[#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel 3-dimensional objects]], displaced relative to each other by a fixed distance ''d'' in the fourth dimension. Their corresponding points (on their two surfaces) are ''d'' apart. The 2-spheres (by which we mean their surfaces) do not intersect at all, although they have a common center point in 4-space. The displacement ''d'' between a pair of their corresponding points is the [[#Geodesics|chord of a great circle]] which intersects both 2-spheres, so ''d'' can be represented equivalently as a linear chordal distance, or as an angular distance.|name=great 2-spheres}} the two circles are obviously not parallel and separate in the usual way of parallel circles in 3 dimensions; rather they are connected like adjacent links in a chain, each passing through the other without intersecting at any points, forming a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]].|name=Clifford parallels}} such that only one square great circle in each set passes through each vertex, and the 6 squares in each set reach all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=square fibrations}} The {{sqrt|3}} chords occur in 32 [[#Great triangles|triangular great circles]] in 16 planes, 4 of which cross at each vertex.{{Efn|Eight {{sqrt|3}} chords converge from the corners of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 4 straight lines which cross there. Each of the eight {{sqrt|3}} chords runs from this cube's center to the center of a diagonally adjacent (vertex-bonded) cube,{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} which is another vertex of the 24-cell: one located 120° away in a third concentric shell of eight {{sqrt|3}}-distant vertices surrounding the second shell of six {{sqrt|2}}-distant vertices that surrounds the first shell of eight {{sqrt|1}}-distant vertices.|name=nearest isoclinic vertices are {{radic|3}} away in third surrounding shell}} The 96 distinct {{sqrt|3}} chords{{Efn|name=cube diagonals}} run vertex-to-every-other-vertex in the same planes as the hexagonal great circles.{{Efn|name=central triangles}} They are the 3 edges of the 32 great triangles inscribed in the 16 great hexagons, joining vertices which are 2 {{sqrt|1}} edges apart on a great circle.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The {{sqrt|4}} chords occur as 12 vertex-to-vertex diameters (3 sets of 4 orthogonal axes), the 24 radii around the 25th central vertex. The sum of the squared lengths{{Efn|The sum of 1・96 + 2・72 + 3・96 + 4・12 is 576.}} of all these distinct chords of the 24-cell is 576 = 24².{{Efn|The sum of the squared lengths of all the distinct chords of any regular convex n-polytope of unit radius is the square of the number of vertices.{{Sfn|Copher|2019|loc=§3.2 Theorem 3.4|p=6}}}} These are all the central polygons through vertices, but in 4-space there are geodesics on the 3-sphere which do not lie in central planes at all. There are geodesic shortest paths between two 24-cell vertices that are helical rather than simply circular; they correspond to diagonal [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotations]] rather than [[#Simple rotations|simple rotations]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} The {{sqrt|1}} edges occur in 48 parallel pairs, {{sqrt|3}} apart. The {{sqrt|2}} chords occur in 36 parallel pairs, {{sqrt|2}} apart. The {{sqrt|3}} chords occur in 48 parallel pairs, {{sqrt|1}} apart.{{Efn|Each pair of parallel {{sqrt|1}} edges joins a pair of parallel {{sqrt|3}} chords to form one of 48 rectangles (inscribed in the 16 central hexagons), and each pair of parallel {{sqrt|2}} chords joins another pair of parallel {{sqrt|2}} chords to form one of the 18 central squares.|name=|group=}} The central planes of the 24-cell can be divided into 4 orthogonal central hyperplanes (3-spaces) each forming a [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. The great hexagons are 60 degrees apart; the great squares are 90 degrees or 60 degrees apart; a great square and a great hexagon are 90 degrees ''and'' 60 degrees apart.{{Efn|Two angles are required to fix the relative positions of two planes in 4-space.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=7|loc=§6 Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|ps=; "In four (and higher) dimensions, we need two angles to fix the relative position between two planes. (More generally, ''k'' angles are defined between ''k''-dimensional subspaces.)".}} Since all planes in the same hyperplane{{Efn|One way to visualize the ''n''-dimensional [[W:Hyperplane|hyperplane]]s is as the ''n''-spaces which can be defined by ''n + 1'' points. A point is the 0-space which is defined by 1 point. A line is the 1-space which is defined by 2 points which are not coincident. A plane is the 2-space which is defined by 3 points which are not colinear (any triangle). In 4-space, a 3-dimensional hyperplane is the 3-space which is defined by 4 points which are not coplanar (any tetrahedron). In 5-space, a 4-dimensional hyperplane is the 4-space which is defined by 5 points which are not cocellular (any 5-cell). These [[W:Simplex|simplex]] figures divide the hyperplane into two parts (inside and outside the figure), but in addition they divide the enclosing space into two parts (above and below the hyperplane). The ''n'' points ''bound'' a finite simplex figure (from the outside), and they ''define'' an infinite hyperplane (from the inside).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7.2.|p=120|ps=: "... any ''n''+1 points which do not lie in an (''n''-1)-space are the vertices of an ''n''-dimensional ''simplex''.... Thus the general simplex may alternatively be defined as a finite region of ''n''-space enclosed by ''n''+1 ''hyperplanes'' or (''n''-1)-spaces."}} These two divisions are orthogonal, so the defining simplex divides space into six regions: inside the simplex and in the hyperplane, inside the simplex but above or below the hyperplane, outside the simplex but in the hyperplane, and outside the simplex above or below the hyperplane.|name=hyperplanes|group=}} are 0 degrees apart in one of the two angles, only one angle is required in 3-space. Great hexagons in different hyperplanes are 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles. Great squares in different hyperplanes are 90 degrees apart in ''both'' angles ([[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]]) or 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles.{{Efn||name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Planes which are separated by two equal angles are called ''isoclinic''. Planes which are isoclinic have [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] great circles.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} A great square and a great hexagon in different hyperplanes ''may'' be isoclinic, but often they are separated by a 90 degree angle ''and'' a 60 degree angle.|name=two angles between central planes}} Each set of similar central polygons (squares or hexagons) can be divided into 4 sets of non-intersecting Clifford parallel polygons (of 6 squares or 4 hexagons).{{Efn|Each pair of Clifford parallel polygons lies in two different hyperplanes (cuboctahedrons). The 4 Clifford parallel hexagons lie in 4 different cuboctahedrons.}} Each set of Clifford parallel great circles is a parallel [[W:Hopf fibration|fiber bundle]] which visits all 24 vertices just once. Each great circle intersects{{Efn|name=how planes intersect}} with the other great circles to which it is not Clifford parallel at one {{sqrt|4}} diameter of the 24-cell.{{Efn|Two intersecting great squares or great hexagons share two opposing vertices, but squares or hexagons on Clifford parallel great circles share no vertices. Two intersecting great triangles share only one vertex, since they lack opposing vertices.|name=how great circle planes intersect|group=}} Great circles which are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] or otherwise Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} do not intersect at all: they pass through disjoint sets of vertices.{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} == Constructions == Triangles and squares come together uniquely in the 24-cell to generate, as interior features,{{Efn|Interior features are not considered elements of the polytope. For example, the center of a 24-cell is a noteworthy feature (as are its long radii), but these interior features do not count as elements in [[#Configuration|its configuration matrix]], which counts only elementary features (which are not interior to any other feature including the polytope itself). Interior features are not rendered in most of the diagrams and illustrations in this article (they are normally invisible). In illustrations showing interior features, we always draw interior edges as dashed lines, to distinguish them from elementary edges.|name=interior features|group=}} all of the triangle-faced and square-faced regular convex polytopes in the first four dimensions (with caveats for the [[5-cell]] and the [[600-cell]]).{{Efn|The [[600-cell]] is larger than the 24-cell, and contains the 24-cell as an interior feature.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=153|loc=8.5. Gosset's construction for {3,3,5}|ps=: "In fact, the vertices of {3,3,5}, each taken 5 times, are the vertices of 25 {3,4,3}'s."}} The regular [[5-cell]] is not found in the interior of any convex regular 4-polytope except the [[120-cell]],{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=304|loc=Table VI(iv) II={5,3,3}|ps=: Faceting {5,3,3}[120𝛼₄]{3,3,5} of the 120-cell reveals 120 regular 5-cells.}} though every convex 4-polytope can be [[#Characteristic orthoscheme|deconstructed into irregular 5-cells.]]|name=|group=}} Consequently, there are numerous ways to construct or deconstruct the 24-cell. ==== Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell ==== The 8 integer vertices (±1, 0, 0, 0) are the vertices of a regular [[16-cell]], and the 16 half-integer vertices (±{{sfrac|1|2}}, ±{{sfrac|1|2}}, ±{{sfrac|1|2}}, ±{{sfrac|1|2}}) are the vertices of its dual, the [[W:Tesseract|8-cell (tesseract)]].{{Sfn|Egan|2021|loc=animation of a rotating 24-cell|ps=: {{color|red}} half-integer vertices (tesseract), {{Font color|fg=yellow|bg=black|text=yellow}} and {{color|black}} integer vertices (16-cell).}} The tesseract gives Gosset's construction{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=150|loc=Gosset}} of the 24-cell, equivalent to cutting a tesseract into 8 [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]s, and then attaching them to the facets of a second tesseract. The analogous construction in 3-space gives the [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedron]] which, however, is not regular.{{Efn|[[File:R1-cube.gif|thumb|150px|Construction of a [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedron]] from a cube.]]This animation shows the construction of a [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedron]] from a cube, by inverting the center-to-face pyramids of a cube. Gosset's construction of a 24-cell from a tesseract is the 4-dimensional analogue of this process, inverting the center-to-cell pyramids of an 8-cell (tesseract).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=150|loc=Gosset}}|name=rhombic dodecahedron from a cube}} The 16-cell gives the reciprocal construction of the 24-cell, Cesaro's construction,{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=148|loc=§8.2. Cesaro's construction for {3, 4, 3}.}} equivalent to rectifying a 16-cell (truncating its corners at the mid-edges, as described [[#Great squares|above]]). The analogous construction in 3-space gives the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] (dual of the rhombic dodecahedron) which, however, is not regular. The tesseract and the 16-cell are the only regular 4-polytopes in the 24-cell.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=302|loc=Table VI(ii) II={3,4,3}, Result column}} We can further divide the 16 half-integer vertices into two groups: those whose coordinates contain an even number of minus (−) signs and those with an odd number. Each of these groups of 8 vertices also define a regular 16-cell. This shows that the vertices of the 24-cell can be grouped into three disjoint sets of eight with each set defining a regular 16-cell, and with the complement defining the dual tesseract.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=149-150|loc=§8.22. see illustrations Fig. 8.2<small>A</small> and Fig 8.2<small>B</small>|p=|ps=}} This also shows that the symmetries of the 16-cell form a subgroup of index 3 of the symmetry group of the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} ==== Diminishings ==== We can [[W:Faceting|facet]] the 24-cell by cutting{{Efn|We can cut a vertex off a polygon with a 0-dimensional cutting instrument (like the point of a knife, or the head of a zipper) by sweeping it along a 1-dimensional line, exposing a new edge. We can cut a vertex off a polyhedron with a 1-dimensional cutting edge (like a knife) by sweeping it through a 2-dimensional face plane, exposing a new face. We can cut a vertex off a polychoron (a 4-polytope) with a 2-dimensional cutting plane (like a snowplow), by sweeping it through a 3-dimensional cell volume, exposing a new cell. Notice that as within the new edge length of the polygon or the new face area of the polyhedron, every point within the new cell volume is now exposed on the surface of the polychoron.}} through interior cells bounded by vertex chords to remove vertices, exposing the [[W:Facet (geometry)|facets]] of interior 4-polytopes [[W:Inscribed figure|inscribed]] in the 24-cell. One can cut a 24-cell through any planar hexagon of 6 vertices, any planar rectangle of 4 vertices, or any triangle of 3 vertices. The great circle central planes ([[#Geodesics|above]]) are only some of those planes. Here we shall expose some of the others: the face planes{{Efn|Each cell face plane intersects with the other face planes of its kind to which it is not completely orthogonal or parallel at their characteristic vertex chord edge. Adjacent face planes of orthogonally-faced cells (such as cubes) intersect at an edge since they are not completely orthogonal.{{Efn|name=how planes intersect}} Although their dihedral angle is 90 degrees in the boundary 3-space, they lie in the same hyperplane{{Efn|name=hyperplanes}} (they are coincident rather than perpendicular in the fourth dimension); thus they intersect in a line, as non-parallel planes do in any 3-space.|name=how face planes intersect}} of interior polytopes.{{Efn|The only planes through exactly 6 vertices of the 24-cell (not counting the central vertex) are the '''16 hexagonal great circles'''. There are no planes through exactly 5 vertices. There are several kinds of planes through exactly 4 vertices: the 18 {{sqrt|2}} square great circles, the '''72 {{sqrt|1}} square (tesseract) faces''', and 144 {{sqrt|1}} by {{sqrt|2}} rectangles. The planes through exactly 3 vertices are the 96 {{sqrt|2}} equilateral triangle (16-cell) faces, and the '''96 {{sqrt|1}} equilateral triangle (24-cell) faces'''. There are an infinite number of central planes through exactly two vertices (great circle [[W:Digon|digon]]s); 16 are distinguished, as each is [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to one of the 16 hexagonal great circles. '''Only the polygons composed of 24-cell {{radic|1}} edges are visible''' in the projections and rotating animations illustrating this article; the others contain invisible interior chords.{{Efn|name=interior features}}|name=planes through vertices|group=}} ===== 8-cell ===== Starting with a complete 24-cell, remove 8 orthogonal vertices (4 opposite pairs on 4 perpendicular axes), and the 8 edges which radiate from each, by cutting through 8 cubic cells bounded by {{sqrt|1}} edges to remove 8 [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]s whose [[W:Apex (geometry)|apexes]] are the vertices to be removed. This removes 4 edges from each hexagonal great circle (retaining just one opposite pair of edges), so no continuous hexagonal great circles remain. Now 3 perpendicular edges meet and form the corner of a cube at each of the 16 remaining vertices,{{Efn|The 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|name=full size vertex figure}} has been truncated to a tetrahedral vertex figure (see [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|Kepler's drawing]]). The vertex cube has vanished, and now there are only 4 corners of the vertex figure where before there were 8. Four tesseract edges converge from the tetrahedron vertices and meet at its center, where they do not cross (since the tetrahedron does not have opposing vertices).|name=|group=}} and the 32 remaining edges divide the surface into 24 square faces and 8 cubic cells: a [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]]. There are three ways you can do this (choose a set of 8 orthogonal vertices out of 24), so there are three such tesseracts inscribed in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} They overlap with each other, but most of their element sets are disjoint: they share some vertex count, but no edge length, face area, or cell volume.{{Efn|name=vertex-bonded octahedra}} They do share 4-content, their common core.{{Efn||name=common core|group=}} ===== 16-cell ===== Starting with a complete 24-cell, remove the 16 vertices of a tesseract (retaining the 8 vertices you removed above), by cutting through 16 tetrahedral cells bounded by {{sqrt|2}} chords to remove 16 [[W:Tetrahedral pyramid|tetrahedral pyramid]]s whose apexes are the vertices to be removed. This removes 12 great squares (retaining just one orthogonal set) and all the {{sqrt|1}} edges, exposing {{sqrt|2}} chords as the new edges. Now the remaining 6 great squares cross perpendicularly, 3 at each of 8 remaining vertices,{{Efn|The 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|name=full size vertex figure}} has been truncated to an octahedral vertex figure. The vertex cube has vanished, and now there are only 6 corners of the vertex figure where before there were 8. The 6 {{sqrt|2}} chords which formerly converged from cube face centers now converge from octahedron vertices; but just as before, they meet at the center where 3 straight lines cross perpendicularly. The octahedron vertices are located 90° away outside the vanished cube, at the new nearest vertices; before truncation those were 24-cell vertices in the second shell of surrounding vertices.|name=|group=}} and their 24 edges divide the surface into 32 triangular faces and 16 tetrahedral cells: a [[16-cell]]. There are three ways you can do this (remove 1 of 3 sets of tesseract vertices), so there are three such 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} They overlap with each other, but all of their element sets are disjoint:{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} they do not share any vertex count, edge length,{{Efn|name=root 2 chords}} or face area, but they do share cell volume. They also share 4-content, their common core.{{Efn||name=common core|group=}} ==== Tetrahedral constructions ==== The 24-cell can be constructed radially from 96 equilateral triangles of edge length {{sqrt|1}} which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge. They form 96 {{sqrt|1}} tetrahedra (each contributing one 24-cell face), all sharing the 25th central apex vertex. These form 24 octahedral pyramids (half-16-cells) with their apexes at the center. The 24-cell can be constructed from 96 equilateral triangles of edge length {{sqrt|2}}, where the three vertices of each triangle are located 90° = <small>{{sfrac|{{pi}}|2}}</small> away from each other on the 3-sphere. They form 48 {{sqrt|2}}-edge tetrahedra (the cells of the [[#16-cell|three 16-cells]]), centered at the 24 mid-edge-radii of the 24-cell.{{Efn|Each of the 72 {{sqrt|2}} chords in the 24-cell is a face diagonal in two distinct cubical cells (of different 8-cells) and an edge of four tetrahedral cells (in just one 16-cell).|name=root 2 chords}} The 24-cell can be constructed directly from its [[#Characteristic orthoscheme|characteristic simplex]] {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|3|node|4|node|3|node}}, the [[5-cell#Irregular 5-cells|irregular 5-cell]] which is the [[W:Fundamental region|fundamental region]] of its [[W:Coxeter group|symmetry group]] [[W:F4 polytope|F₄]], by reflection of that 4-[[W:Orthoscheme|orthoscheme]] in its own cells (which are 3-orthoschemes).{{Efn|An [[W:Orthoscheme|orthoscheme]] is a [[W:chiral|chiral]] irregular [[W:Simplex|simplex]] with [[W:Right triangle|right triangle]] faces that is characteristic of some polytope if it will exactly fill that polytope with the reflections of itself in its own [[W:Facet (geometry)|facet]]s (its ''mirror walls''). Every regular polytope can be dissected radially into instances of its [[W:Orthoscheme#Characteristic simplex of the general regular polytope|characteristic orthoscheme]] surrounding its center. The characteristic orthoscheme has the shape described by the same [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram|Coxeter-Dynkin diagram]] as the regular polytope without the ''generating point'' ring.|name=characteristic orthoscheme}} ==== Cubic constructions ==== The 24-cell is not only the 24-octahedral-cell, it is also the 24-cubical-cell, although the cubes are cells of the three 8-cells, not cells of the 24-cell, in which they are not volumetrically disjoint. The 24-cell can be constructed from 24 cubes of its own edge length (three 8-cells).{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} Each of the cubes is shared by 2 8-cells, each of the cubes' square faces is shared by 4 cubes (in 2 8-cells), each of the 96 edges is shared by 8 square faces (in 4 cubes in 2 8-cells), and each of the 96 vertices is shared by 16 edges (in 8 square faces in 4 cubes in 2 8-cells). == Relationships among interior polytopes == The 24-cell, three tesseracts, and three 16-cells are deeply entwined around their common center, and intersect in a common core.{{Efn|The common core of the 24-cell and its inscribed 8-cells and 16-cells is the unit-radius 24-cell's insphere-inscribed dual 24-cell of edge length and radius 1/2.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1995|p=29|loc=(Paper 3) ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions''|ps=; "The common content of the 4-cube and the 16-cell is a smaller {3,4,3} whose vertices are the permutations of [(±{{sfrac|1|2}}, ±{{sfrac|1|2}}, 0, 0)]".}} Rectifying any of the three 16-cells reveals this smaller 24-cell, which has a 4-content of only 1/8 (1/16 that of the unit-radius 24-cell). Its vertices lie at the centers of the 24-cell's octahedral cells, which are also the centers of the tesseracts' square faces, and are also the centers of the 16-cells' edges.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=147|loc=§8.1 The simple truncations of the general regular polytope|ps=; "At a point of contact, [elements of a regular polytope and elements of its dual in which it is inscribed in some manner] lie in [[W:completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] subspaces of the tangent hyperplane to the sphere [of reciprocation], so their only common point is the point of contact itself....{{Efn|name=how planes intersect}} In fact, the [various] radii ₀𝑹, ₁𝑹, ₂𝑹, ... determine the polytopes ... whose vertices are the centers of elements 𝐈𝐈₀, 𝐈𝐈₁, 𝐈𝐈₂, ... of the original polytope."}}|name=common core|group=}} The tesseracts and the 16-cells are rotated 60° isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other. This means that the corresponding vertices of two tesseracts or two 16-cells are {{radic|3}} (120°) apart.{{Efn|The 24-cell contains 3 distinct 8-cells (tesseracts), rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. The corresponding vertices of two 8-cells are {{radic|3}} (120°) apart. Each 8-cell contains 8 cubical cells, and each cube contains four {{radic|3}} chords (its long diameters). The 8-cells are not completely disjoint (they share vertices),{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} but each {{radic|3}} chord occurs as a cube long diameter in just one 8-cell. The {{radic|3}} chords joining the corresponding vertices of two 8-cells belong to the third 8-cell as cube diameters.{{Efn|name=nearest isoclinic vertices are {{radic|3}} away in third surrounding shell}}|name=three 8-cells}} The tesseracts are inscribed in the 24-cell{{Efn|The 24 vertices of the 24-cell, each used twice, are the vertices of three 16-vertex tesseracts.|name=|group=}} such that their vertices and edges are exterior elements of the 24-cell, but their square faces and cubical cells lie inside the 24-cell (they are not elements of the 24-cell). The 16-cells are inscribed in the 24-cell{{Efn|The 24 vertices of the 24-cell, each used once, are the vertices of three 8-vertex 16-cells.{{Efn|name=three basis 16-cells}}|name=|group=}} such that only their vertices are exterior elements of the 24-cell: their edges, triangular faces, and tetrahedral cells lie inside the 24-cell. The interior{{Efn|The edges of the 16-cells are not shown in any of the renderings in this article; if we wanted to show interior edges, they could be drawn as dashed lines. The edges of the inscribed tesseracts are always visible, because they are also edges of the 24-cell.}} 16-cell edges have length {{sqrt|2}}.[[File:Kepler's tetrahedron in cube.png|thumb|Kepler's drawing of tetrahedra in the cube.{{Sfn|Kepler|1619|p=181}}]] The 16-cells are also inscribed in the tesseracts: their {{sqrt|2}} edges are the face diagonals of the tesseract, and their 8 vertices occupy every other vertex of the tesseract. Each tesseract has two 16-cells inscribed in it (occupying the opposite vertices and face diagonals), so each 16-cell is inscribed in two of the three 8-cells.{{Sfn|van Ittersum|2020|loc=§4.2|pp=73-79}}{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} This is reminiscent of the way, in 3 dimensions, two opposing regular tetrahedra can be inscribed in a cube, as discovered by Kepler.{{Sfn|Kepler|1619|p=181}} In fact it is the exact dimensional analogy (the [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercube]]s), and the 48 tetrahedral cells are inscribed in the 24 cubical cells in just that way.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=269|loc=§14.32|ps=. "For instance, in the case of <math>\gamma_4[2\beta_4]</math>...."}}{{Efn|name=root 2 chords}} The 24-cell encloses the three tesseracts within its envelope of octahedral facets, leaving 4-dimensional space in some places between its envelope and each tesseract's envelope of cubes. Each tesseract encloses two of the three 16-cells, leaving 4-dimensional space in some places between its envelope and each 16-cell's envelope of tetrahedra. Thus there are measurable{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii): The sixteen regular polytopes {''p,q,r''} in four dimensions|ps=; An invaluable table providing all 20 metrics of each 4-polytope in edge length units. They must be algebraically converted to compare polytopes of unit radius.}} 4-dimensional interstices{{Efn|The 4-dimensional content of the unit edge length tesseract is 1 (by definition). The content of the unit edge length 24-cell is 2, so half its content is inside each tesseract, and half is between their envelopes. Each 16-cell (edge length {{sqrt|2}}) encloses a content of 2/3, leaving 1/3 of an enclosing tesseract between their envelopes.|name=|group=}} between the 24-cell, 8-cell and 16-cell envelopes. The shapes filling these gaps are [[W:Hyperpyramid|4-pyramids]], alluded to above.{{Efn|Between the 24-cell envelope and the 8-cell envelope, we have the 8 cubic pyramids of Gosset's construction. Between the 8-cell envelope and the 16-cell envelope, we have 16 right [[5-cell#Irregular 5-cell|tetrahedral pyramids]], with their apexes filling the corners of the tesseract.}} == Boundary cells == Despite the 4-dimensional interstices between 24-cell, 8-cell and 16-cell envelopes, their 3-dimensional volumes overlap. The different envelopes are separated in some places, and in contact in other places (where no 4-pyramid lies between them). Where they are in contact, they merge and share cell volume: they are the same 3-membrane in those places, not two separate but adjacent 3-dimensional layers.{{Efn|Because there are three overlapping tesseracts inscribed in the 24-cell,{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} each octahedral cell lies ''on'' a cubic cell of one tesseract (in the cubic pyramid based on the cube, but not in the cube's volume), and ''in'' two cubic cells of each of the other two tesseracts (cubic cells which it spans, sharing their volume).{{Efn|name=octahedral diameters}}|name=octahedra both on and in cubes}} Because there are a total of 7 envelopes, there are places where several envelopes come together and merge volume, and also places where envelopes interpenetrate (cross from inside to outside each other). Some interior features lie within the 3-space of the (outer) boundary envelope of the 24-cell itself: each octahedral cell is bisected by three perpendicular squares (one from each of the tesseracts), and the diagonals of those squares (which cross each other perpendicularly at the center of the octahedron) are 16-cell edges (one from each 16-cell). Each square bisects an octahedron into two square pyramids, and also bonds two adjacent cubic cells of a tesseract together as their common face.{{Efn|Consider the three perpendicular {{sqrt|2}} long diameters of the octahedral cell.{{Sfn|van Ittersum|2020|p=79}} Each of them is an edge of a different 16-cell. Two of them are the face diagonals of the square face between two cubes; each is a {{sqrt|2}} chord that connects two vertices of those 8-cell cubes across a square face, connects two vertices of two 16-cell tetrahedra (inscribed in the cubes), and connects two opposite vertices of a 24-cell octahedron (diagonally across two of the three orthogonal square central sections).{{Efn|name=root 2 chords}} The third perpendicular long diameter of the octahedron does exactly the same (by symmetry); so it also connects two vertices of a pair of cubes across their common square face: but a different pair of cubes, from one of the other tesseracts in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=vertex-bonded octahedra}}|name=octahedral diameters}} As we saw [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|above]], 16-cell {{sqrt|2}} tetrahedral cells are inscribed in tesseract {{sqrt|1}} cubic cells, sharing the same volume. 24-cell {{sqrt|1}} octahedral cells overlap their volume with {{sqrt|1}} cubic cells: they are bisected by a square face into two square pyramids,{{sfn|Coxeter|1973|page=150|postscript=: "Thus the 24 cells of the {3, 4, 3} are dipyramids based on the 24 squares of the <math>\gamma_4</math>. (Their centres are the mid-points of the 24 edges of the <math>\beta_4</math>.)"}} the apexes of which also lie at a vertex of a cube.{{Efn|This might appear at first to be angularly impossible, and indeed it would be in a flat space of only three dimensions. If two cubes rest face-to-face in an ordinary 3-dimensional space (e.g. on the surface of a table in an ordinary 3-dimensional room), an octahedron will fit inside them such that four of its six vertices are at the four corners of the square face between the two cubes; but then the other two octahedral vertices will not lie at a cube corner (they will fall within the volume of the two cubes, but not at a cube vertex). In four dimensions, this is no less true! The other two octahedral vertices do ''not'' lie at a corner of the adjacent face-bonded cube in the same tesseract. However, in the 24-cell there is not just one inscribed tesseract (of 8 cubes), there are three overlapping tesseracts (of 8 cubes each). The other two octahedral vertices ''do'' lie at the corner of a cube: but a cube in another (overlapping) tesseract.{{Efn|name=octahedra both on and in cubes}}}} The octahedra share volume not only with the cubes, but with the tetrahedra inscribed in them; thus the 24-cell, tesseracts, and 16-cells all share some boundary volume.{{Efn|name=octahedra both on and in cubes}} == Radially equilateral honeycomb == The dual tessellation of the [[W:24-cell honeycomb|24-cell honeycomb {3,4,3,3}]] is the [[W:16-cell honeycomb|16-cell honeycomb {3,3,4,3}]]. The third regular tessellation of four dimensional space is the [[W:Tesseractic honeycomb|tesseractic honeycomb {4,3,3,4}]], whose vertices can be described by 4-integer Cartesian coordinates.{{Efn|name=quaternions}} The congruent relationships among these three tessellations can be helpful in visualizing the 24-cell, in particular the radial equilateral symmetry which it shares with the tesseract. A honeycomb of unit edge length 24-cells may be overlaid on a honeycomb of unit edge length tesseracts such that every vertex of a tesseract (every 4-integer coordinate) is also the vertex of a 24-cell (and tesseract edges are also 24-cell edges), and every center of a 24-cell is also the center of a tesseract.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=163|ps=: Coxeter notes that [[W:Thorold Gosset|Thorold Gosset]] was apparently the first to see that the cells of the 24-cell honeycomb {3,4,3,3} are concentric with alternate cells of the tesseractic honeycomb {4,3,3,4}, and that this observation enabled Gosset's method of construction of the complete set of regular polytopes and honeycombs.}} The 24-cells are twice as large as the tesseracts by 4-dimensional content (hypervolume), so overall there are two tesseracts for every 24-cell, only half of which are inscribed in a 24-cell. If those tesseracts are colored black, and their adjacent tesseracts (with which they share a cubical facet) are colored red, a 4-dimensional checkerboard results.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=156|loc=|ps=: "...the chess-board has an n-dimensional analogue."}} Of the 24 center-to-vertex radii{{Efn|It is important to visualize the radii only as invisible interior features of the 24-cell (dashed lines), since they are not edges of the honeycomb. Similarly, the center of the 24-cell is empty (not a vertex of the honeycomb).}} of each 24-cell, 16 are also the radii of a black tesseract inscribed in the 24-cell. The other 8 radii extend outside the black tesseract (through the centers of its cubical facets) to the centers of the 8 adjacent red tesseracts. Thus the 24-cell honeycomb and the tesseractic honeycomb coincide in a special way: 8 of the 24 vertices of each 24-cell do not occur at a vertex of a tesseract (they occur at the center of a tesseract instead). Each black tesseract is cut from a 24-cell by truncating it at these 8 vertices, slicing off 8 cubic pyramids (as in reversing Gosset's construction,{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=150|loc=Gosset}} but instead of being removed the pyramids are simply colored red and left in place). Eight 24-cells meet at the center of each red tesseract: each one meets its opposite at that shared vertex, and the six others at a shared octahedral cell. <!-- illustration needed: the red/black checkerboard of the combined 24-cell honeycomb and tesseractic honeycomb; use a vertex-first projection of the 24-cells, and outline the edges of the rhombic dodecahedra as blue lines --> The red tesseracts are filled cells (they contain a central vertex and radii); the black tesseracts are empty cells. The vertex set of this union of two honeycombs includes the vertices of all the 24-cells and tesseracts, plus the centers of the red tesseracts. Adding the 24-cell centers (which are also the black tesseract centers) to this honeycomb yields a 16-cell honeycomb, the vertex set of which includes all the vertices and centers of all the 24-cells and tesseracts. The formerly empty centers of adjacent 24-cells become the opposite vertices of a unit edge length 16-cell. 24 half-16-cells (octahedral pyramids) meet at each formerly empty center to fill each 24-cell, and their octahedral bases are the 6-vertex octahedral facets of the 24-cell (shared with an adjacent 24-cell).{{Efn|Unlike the 24-cell and the tesseract, the 16-cell is not radially equilateral; therefore 16-cells of two different sizes (unit edge length versus unit radius) occur in the unit edge length honeycomb. The twenty-four 16-cells that meet at the center of each 24-cell have unit edge length, and radius {{sfrac|{{radic|2}}|2}}. The three 16-cells inscribed in each 24-cell have edge length {{radic|2}}, and unit radius.}} Notice the complete absence of pentagons anywhere in this union of three honeycombs. Like the 24-cell, 4-dimensional Euclidean space itself is entirely filled by a complex of all the polytopes that can be built out of regular triangles and squares (except the 5-cell), but that complex does not require (or permit) any of the pentagonal polytopes.{{Efn|name=pentagonal polytopes}} == Rotations == The [[#The 24-cell in the proper sequence of 4-polytopes|regular convex 4-polytopes]] are an [[W:Group action|expression]] of their underlying [[W:Symmetry (geometry)|symmetry]] which is known as [[W:SO(4)|SO(4)]], the [[W:Orthogonal group|group]] of rotations{{Sfn|Mamone|Pileio|Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes|pp=1438-1439|ps=; the 24-cell has 1152 symmetry operations (rotations and reflections) as enumerated in Table 2, symmetry group 𝐹₄.}} about a fixed point in 4-dimensional Euclidean space.{{Efn|[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] may occur around a plane, as when adjacent cells are folded around their plane of intersection (by analogy to the way adjacent faces are folded around their line of intersection).{{Efn|Three dimensional [[W:Rotation (mathematics)#In Euclidean geometry|rotations]] occur around an axis line. [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Four dimensional rotations]] may occur around a plane. So in three dimensions we may fold planes around a common line (as when folding a flat net of 6 squares up into a cube), and in four dimensions we may fold cells around a common plane (as when [[W:Tesseract#Geometry|folding a flat net of 8 cubes up into a tesseract]]). Folding around a square face is just folding around ''two'' of its orthogonal edges ''at the same time''; there is not enough space in three dimensions to do this, just as there is not enough space in two dimensions to fold around a line (only enough to fold around a point).|name=simple rotations|group=}} But in four dimensions there is yet another way in which rotations can occur, called a '''[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Geometry of 4D rotations|double rotation]]'''. Double rotations are an emergent phenomenon in the fourth dimension and have no analogy in three dimensions: folding up square faces and folding up cubical cells are both examples of '''simple rotations''', the only kind that occur in fewer than four dimensions. In 3-dimensional rotations, the points in a line remain fixed during the rotation, while every other point moves. In 4-dimensional simple rotations, the points in a plane remain fixed during the rotation, while every other point moves. ''In 4-dimensional double rotations, a point remains fixed during rotation, and every other point moves'' (as in a 2-dimensional rotation!).{{Efn|There are (at least) two kinds of correct [[W:Four-dimensional space#Dimensional analogy|dimensional analogies]]: the usual kind between dimension ''n'' and dimension ''n'' + 1, and the much rarer and less obvious kind between dimension ''n'' and dimension ''n'' + 2. An example of the latter is that rotations in 4-space may take place around a single point, as do rotations in 2-space. Another is the [[W:n-sphere#Other relations|''n''-sphere rule]] that the ''surface area'' of the sphere embedded in ''n''+2 dimensions is exactly 2''π r'' times the ''volume'' enclosed by the sphere embedded in ''n'' dimensions, the most well-known examples being that the circumference of a circle is 2''π r'' times 1, and the surface area of the ordinary sphere is 2''π r'' times 2''r''. Coxeter cites{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=119|loc=§7.1. Dimensional Analogy|ps=: "For instance, seeing that the circumference of a circle is 2''π r'', while the surface of a sphere is 4''π r ''², ... it is unlikely that the use of analogy, unaided by computation, would ever lead us to the correct expression [for the hyper-surface of a hyper-sphere], 2''π'' ²''r'' ³."}} this as an instance in which dimensional analogy can fail us as a method, but it is really our failure to recognize whether a one- or two-dimensional analogy is the appropriate method.|name=two-dimensional analogy}}|name=double rotations}} === The 3 Cartesian bases of the 24-cell === There are three distinct orientations of the tesseractic honeycomb which could be made to coincide with the 24-cell [[#Radially equilateral honeycomb|honeycomb]], depending on which of the 24-cell's three disjoint sets of 8 orthogonal vertices (which set of 4 perpendicular axes, or equivalently, which inscribed basis 16-cell){{Efn|name=three basis 16-cells}} was chosen to align it, just as three tesseracts can be inscribed in the 24-cell, rotated with respect to each other.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The distance from one of these orientations to another is an [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] through 60 degrees (a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|double rotation]] of 60 degrees in each pair of orthogonal invariant planes, around a single fixed point).{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} This rotation can be seen most clearly in the hexagonal central planes, where every hexagon rotates to change which of its three diameters is aligned with a coordinate system axis.{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons|group=}} === Planes of rotation === [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=6|loc=§5. Four-Dimensional Rotations}} Thus the general rotation in 4-space is a ''double rotation''.{{Sfn|Perez-Gracia|Thomas|2017|loc=§7. Conclusions|ps=; "Rotations in three dimensions are determined by a rotation axis and the rotation angle about it, where the rotation axis is perpendicular to the plane in which points are being rotated. The situation in four dimensions is more complicated. In this case, rotations are determined by two orthogonal planes and two angles, one for each plane. Cayley proved that a general 4D rotation can always be decomposed into two 4D rotations, each of them being determined by two equal rotation angles up to a sign change."}} There are two important special cases, called a ''simple rotation'' and an ''isoclinic rotation''.{{Efn|A [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|rotation in 4-space]] is completely characterized by choosing an invariant plane and an angle and direction (left or right) through which it rotates, and another angle and direction through which its one completely orthogonal invariant plane rotates. Two rotational displacements are identical if they have the same pair of invariant planes of rotation, through the same angles in the same directions (and hence also the same chiral pairing of directions). Thus the general rotation in 4-space is a '''double rotation''', characterized by ''two'' angles. A '''simple rotation''' is a special case in which one rotational angle is 0.{{Efn|Any double rotation (including an isoclinic rotation) can be seen as the composition of two simple rotations ''a'' and ''b'': the ''left'' double rotation as ''a'' then ''b'', and the ''right'' double rotation as ''b'' then ''a''. Simple rotations are not commutative; left and right rotations (in general) reach different destinations. The difference between a double rotation and its two composing simple rotations is that the double rotation is 4-dimensionally diagonal: each moving vertex reaches its destination ''directly'' without passing through the intermediate point touched by ''a'' then ''b'', or the other intermediate point touched by ''b'' then ''a'', by rotating on a single helical geodesic (so it is the shortest path).{{Efn|name=helical geodesic}} Conversely, any simple rotation can be seen as the composition of two ''equal-angled'' double rotations (a left isoclinic rotation and a right isoclinic rotation),{{Efn|name=one true circle}} as discovered by [[W:Arthur Cayley|Cayley]]; perhaps surprisingly, this composition ''is'' commutative, and is possible for any double rotation as well.{{Sfn|Perez-Gracia|Thomas|2017}}|name=double rotation}} An '''isoclinic rotation''' is a different special case,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} similar but not identical to two simple rotations through the ''same'' angle.{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}}|name=identical rotations}} ==== Simple rotations ==== [[Image:24-cell.gif|thumb|A 3D projection of a 24-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|ps=; Illustration created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks.}}]]In 3 dimensions a spinning polyhedron has a single invariant central ''plane of rotation''. The plane is an [[W:Invariant set|invariant set]] because each point in the plane moves in a circle but stays within the plane. Only ''one'' of a polyhedron's central planes can be invariant during a particular rotation; the choice of invariant central plane, and the angular distance and direction it is rotated, completely specifies the rotation. Points outside the invariant plane also move in circles (unless they are on the fixed ''axis of rotation'' perpendicular to the invariant plane), but the circles do not lie within a [[#Geodesics|''central'' plane]]. When a 4-polytope is rotating with only one invariant central plane, the same kind of [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] is happening that occurs in 3 dimensions. One difference is that instead of a fixed axis of rotation, there is an entire fixed central plane in which the points do not move. The fixed plane is the one central plane that is [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]]{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} to the invariant plane of rotation. In the 24-cell, there is a simple rotation which will take any vertex ''directly'' to any other vertex, also moving most of the other vertices but leaving at least 2 and at most 6 other vertices fixed (the vertices that the fixed central plane intersects). The vertex moves along a great circle in the invariant plane of rotation between adjacent vertices of a great hexagon, a great square or a great [[W:Digon|digon]], and the completely orthogonal fixed plane is a digon, a square or a hexagon, respectively. {{Efn|In the 24-cell each great square plane is [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to another great square plane, and each great hexagon plane is completely orthogonal to a plane which intersects only two antipodal vertices: a great [[W:Digon|digon]] plane.|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} ==== Double rotations ==== [[Image:24-cell-orig.gif|thumb|A 3D projection of a 24-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|double rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2007|ps=; Illustration created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks.}}]]The points in the completely orthogonal central plane are not ''constrained'' to be fixed. It is also possible for them to be rotating in circles, as a second invariant plane, at a rate independent of the first invariant plane's rotation: a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|double rotation]] in two perpendicular non-intersecting planes{{Efn|name=how planes intersect at a single point}} of rotation at once.{{Efn|name=double rotation}} In a double rotation there is no fixed plane or axis: every point moves except the center point. The angular distance rotated may be different in the two completely orthogonal central planes, but they are always both invariant: their circularly moving points remain within the plane ''as the whole plane tilts sideways'' in the completely orthogonal rotation. A rotation in 4-space always has (at least) ''two'' completely orthogonal invariant planes of rotation, although in a simple rotation the angle of rotation in one of them is 0. Double rotations come in two [[W:Chiral|chiral]] forms: ''left'' and ''right'' rotations.{{Efn|The adjectives ''left'' and ''right'' are commonly used in two different senses, to distinguish two distinct kinds of pairing. They can refer to alternate directions: the hand on the left side of the body, versus the hand on the right side. Or they can refer to a [[W:Chiral|chiral]] pair of enantiomorphous objects: a left hand is the mirror image of a right hand (like an inside-out glove). In the case of hands the sense intended is rarely ambiguous, because of course the hand on your left side ''is'' the mirror image of the hand on your right side: a hand is either left ''or'' right in both senses. But in the case of double-rotating 4-dimensional objects, only one sense of left versus right properly applies: the enantiomorphous sense, in which the left and right rotation are inside-out mirror images of each other. There ''are'' two directions, which we may call positive and negative, in which moving vertices may be circling on their isoclines, but it would be ambiguous to label those circular directions "right" and "left", since a rotation's direction and its chirality are independent properties: a right (or left) rotation may be circling in either the positive or negative direction. The left rotation is not rotating "to the left", the right rotation is not rotating "to the right", and unlike your left and right hands, double rotations do not lie on the left or right side of the 4-polytope. If double rotations must be analogized to left and right hands, they are better thought of as a pair of clasped hands, centered on the body, because of course they have a common center.|name=clasped hands}} In a double rotation each vertex moves in a spiral along two orthogonal great circles at once.{{Efn|In a double rotation each vertex can be said to move along two completely orthogonal great circles at the same time, but it does not stay within the central plane of either of those original great circles; rather, it moves along a helical geodesic that traverses diagonally between great circles. The two completely orthogonal planes of rotation are said to be ''invariant'' because the points in each stay in their places in the plane ''as the plane moves'', rotating ''and'' tilting sideways by the angle that the ''other'' plane rotates.|name=helical geodesic}} Either the path is right-hand [[W:Screw thread#Handedness|threaded]] (like most screws and bolts), moving along the circles in the "same" directions, or it is left-hand threaded (like a reverse-threaded bolt), moving along the circles in what we conventionally say are "opposite" directions (according to the [[W:Right hand rule|right hand rule]] by which we conventionally say which way is "up" on each of the 4 coordinate axes).{{Sfn|Perez-Gracia|Thomas|2017|loc=§5. A useful mapping|pp=12−13}} In double rotations of the 24-cell that take vertices to vertices, one invariant plane of rotation contains either a great hexagon, a great square, or only an axis (two vertices, a great digon). The completely orthogonal invariant plane of rotation will necessarily contain a great digon, a great square, or a great hexagon, respectively. The selection of an invariant plane of rotation, a rotational direction and angle through which to rotate it, and a rotational direction and angle through which to rotate its completely orthogonal plane, completely determines the nature of the rotational displacement. In the 24-cell there are several noteworthy kinds of double rotation permitted by these parameters.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1995|loc=(Paper 3) ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions''|pp=30-32|ps=; §3. The Dodecagonal Aspect;{{Efn|name=Petrie dodecagram and Clifford hexagram}} Coxeter considers the 150°/30° double rotation of period 12 which locates 12 of the 225 distinct 24-cells inscribed in the [[120-cell]], a regular 4-polytope with 120 dodecahedral cells that is the convex hull of the compound of 25 disjoint 24-cells.}} ==== Isoclinic rotations ==== When the angles of rotation in the two invariant planes are exactly the same, a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Special property of SO(4) among rotation groups in general|remarkably symmetric]] [[W:Geometric transformation|transformation]] occurs:{{Sfn|Perez-Gracia|Thomas|2017|loc=§2. Isoclinic rotations|pp=2−3}} all the great circle planes Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} to the invariant planes become invariant planes of rotation themselves, through that same angle, and the 4-polytope rotates [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinically]] in many directions at once.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|loc=§6. Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|pp=7-10}} Each vertex moves an equal distance in four orthogonal directions at the same time.{{Efn|In an [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], each point anywhere in the 4-polytope moves an equal distance in four orthogonal directions at once, on a [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensional diagonal]]. The point is displaced a total [[W:Pythagorean distance|Pythagorean distance]] equal to the square root of four times the square of that distance. All vertices are displaced to a vertex at least two edge lengths away.{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} For example, when the unit-radius 24-cell rotates isoclinically 60° in a hexagon invariant plane and 60° in its completely orthogonal invariant plane,{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} each vertex is displaced to another vertex {{radic|3}} (120°) away, moving {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 (half the {{radic|3}} chord length) in four orthogonal directions.{{Efn|{{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 is the long radius of the {{radic|2}}-edge regular tetrahedron (the unit-radius 16-cell's cell). Those four tetrahedron radii are not orthogonal, and they radiate symmetrically compressed into 3 dimensions (not 4). The four orthogonal {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 displacements summing to a 120° degree displacement in the 24-cell's characteristic isoclinic rotation{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} are not as easy to visualize as radii, but they can be imagined as successive orthogonal steps in a path extending in all 4 dimensions, along the orthogonal edges of a [[5-cell#Orthoschemes|4-orthoscheme]]. In an actual left (or right) isoclinic rotation the four orthogonal {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 steps of each 120° displacement are concurrent, not successive, so they ''are'' actually symmetrical radii in 4 dimensions. In fact they are four orthogonal [[#Characteristic orthoscheme|mid-edge radii of a unit-radius 24-cell]] centered at the rotating vertex. Finally, in 2 dimensional units, {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 is the area of the equilateral triangle face of the unit-edge, unit-radius 24-cell. The area of the radial equilateral triangles in a unit-radius radially equilateral polytope is {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866.|name=root 3/4}}|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} In the 24-cell any isoclinic rotation through 60 degrees in a hexagonal plane takes each vertex to a vertex two edge lengths away, rotates ''all 16'' hexagons by 60 degrees, and takes ''every'' great circle polygon (square,{{Efn|In the [[16-cell#Rotations|16-cell]] the 6 orthogonal great squares form 3 pairs of completely orthogonal great circles; each pair is Clifford parallel. In the 24-cell, the 3 inscribed 16-cells lie rotated 60 degrees isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other; consequently their corresponding vertices are 120 degrees apart on a hexagonal great circle. Pairing their vertices which are 90 degrees apart reveals corresponding square great circles which are Clifford parallel. Each of the 18 square great circles is Clifford parallel not only to one other square great circle in the same 16-cell (the completely orthogonal one), but also to two square great circles (which are completely orthogonal to each other) in each of the other two 16-cells. (Completely orthogonal great circles are Clifford parallel, but not all Clifford parallels are orthogonal.{{Efn|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}}) A 60 degree isoclinic rotation of the 24-cell in hexagonal invariant planes takes each square great circle to a Clifford parallel (but non-orthogonal) square great circle in a different 16-cell.|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} hexagon or triangle) to a Clifford parallel great circle polygon of the same kind 120 degrees away. An isoclinic rotation is also called a ''Clifford displacement'', after its [[W:William Kingdon Clifford|discoverer]].{{Efn|In a ''[[W:William Kingdon Clifford|Clifford]] displacement'', also known as an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], all the Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} invariant planes are displaced in four orthogonal directions at once: they are rotated by the same angle, and at the same time they are tilted ''sideways'' by that same angle in the completely orthogonal rotation.{{Efn|name=one true circle}} A [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|Clifford displacement]] is [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensionally diagonal]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} Every plane that is Clifford parallel to one of the completely orthogonal planes (including in this case an entire Clifford parallel bundle of 4 hexagons, but not all 16 hexagons) is invariant under the isoclinic rotation: all the points in the plane rotate in circles but remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways.{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}} All 16 hexagons rotate by the same angle (though only 4 of them do so invariantly). All 16 hexagons are rotated by 60 degrees, and also displaced sideways by 60 degrees to a Clifford parallel hexagon. All of the other central polygons (e.g. squares) are also displaced to a Clifford parallel polygon 60 degrees away.|name=Clifford displacement}} The 24-cell in the ''double'' rotation animation appears to turn itself inside out.{{Efn|That a double rotation can turn a 4-polytope inside out is even more noticeable in the [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|tesseract double rotation]].}} It appears to, because it actually does, reversing the [[W:Chirality|chirality]] of the whole 4-polytope just the way your bathroom mirror reverses the chirality of your image by a 180 degree reflection. Each 360 degree isoclinic rotation is as if the 24-cell surface had been stripped off like a glove and turned inside out, making a right-hand glove into a left-hand glove (or vice versa).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=141|loc=§7.x. Historical remarks|ps=; "[[W:August Ferdinand Möbius|Möbius]] realized, as early as 1827, that a four-dimensional rotation would be required to bring two enantiomorphous solids into coincidence. This idea was neatly deployed by [[W:H. G. Wells|H. G. Wells]] in ''The Plattner Story''."}} In a simple rotation of the 24-cell in a hexagonal plane, each vertex in the plane rotates first along an edge to an adjacent vertex 60 degrees away. But in an isoclinic rotation in ''two'' completely orthogonal planes one of which is a great hexagon,{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} each vertex rotates first to a vertex ''two'' edge lengths away ({{radic|3}} and 120° distant). The double 60-degree rotation's helical geodesics pass through every other vertex, missing the vertices in between.{{Efn|In an isoclinic rotation vertices move diagonally, like the [[W:bishop (chess)|bishop]]s in [[W:Chess|chess]]. Vertices in an isoclinic rotation ''cannot'' reach their orthogonally nearest neighbor vertices{{Efn|name=8 nearest vertices}} by double-rotating directly toward them (and also orthogonally to that direction), because that double rotation takes them diagonally between their nearest vertices, missing them, to a vertex farther away in a larger-radius surrounding shell of vertices,{{Efn|name=nearest isoclinic vertices are {{radic|3}} away in third surrounding shell}} the way bishops are confined to the white or black squares of the [[W:Chessboard|chessboard]] and cannot reach squares of the opposite color, even those immediately adjacent.{{Efn|Isoclinic rotations{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} partition the 24 cells (and the 24 vertices) of the 24-cell into two disjoint subsets of 12 cells (and 12 vertices), even and odd (or black and white), which shift places among themselves, in a manner dimensionally analogous to the way the [[W:Bishop (chess)|bishops]]' diagonal moves{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} restrict them to the black or white squares of the [[W:Chessboard|chessboard]].{{Efn|Left and right isoclinic rotations partition the 24 cells (and 24 vertices) into black and white in the same way.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=156|loc=|ps=: "...the chess-board has an n-dimensional analogue."}} The rotations of all fibrations of the same kind of great polygon use the same chessboard, which is a convention of the coordinate system based on even and odd coordinates. ''Left and right are not colors:'' in either a left (or right) rotation half the moving vertices are black, running along black isoclines through black vertices, and the other half are white vertices, also rotating among themselves.{{Efn|Chirality and even/odd parity are distinct flavors. Things which have even/odd coordinate parity are '''''black or white:''''' the squares of the [[W:Chessboard|chessboard]],{{Efn|Since it is difficult to color points and lines white, we sometimes use black and red instead of black and white. In particular, isocline chords are sometimes shown as black or red ''dashed'' lines.{{Efn|name=interior features}}|name=black and red}} '''cells''', '''vertices''' and the '''isoclines''' which connect them by isoclinic rotation.{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} Everything else is '''''black and white:''''' e.g. adjacent '''face-bonded cell pairs''', or '''edges''' and '''chords''' which are black at one end and white at the other. Things which have [[W:Chirality|chirality]] come in '''''right or left''''' enantiomorphous forms: '''[[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotations]]''' and '''chiral objects''' which include '''[[#Characteristic orthoscheme|characteristic orthoscheme]]s''', '''[[#Chiral symmetry operations|sets of Clifford parallel great polygon planes]]''',{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal Clifford parallels are special}} '''[[W:Fiber bundle|fiber bundle]]s''' of Clifford parallel circles (whether or not the circles themselves are chiral), and the chiral cell rings of tetrahedra found in the [[16-cell#Helical construction|16-cell]] and [[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|600-cell]]. Things which have '''''neither''''' an even/odd parity nor a chirality include all '''edges''' and '''faces''' (shared by black and white cells), '''[[#Geodesics|great circle polygons]]''' and their '''[[W:Hopf fibration|fibration]]s''', and non-chiral cell rings such as the 24-cell's [[24-cell#Cell rings|cell rings of octahedra]]. Some things are associated with '''''both''''' an even/odd parity and a chirality: '''isoclines''' are black or white because they connect vertices which are all of the same color, and they ''act'' as left or right chiral objects when they are vertex paths in a left or right rotation, although they have no inherent chirality themselves. Each left (or right) rotation traverses an equal number of black and white isoclines.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}|name=left-right versus black-white}}|name=isoclinic chessboard}}|name=black and white}} Things moving diagonally move farther than 1 unit of distance in each movement step ({{radic|2}} on the chessboard, {{radic|3}} in the 24-cell), but at the cost of ''missing'' half the destinations.{{Efn|name=one true circle}} However, in an isoclinic rotation of a rigid body all the vertices rotate at once, so every destination ''will'' be reached by some vertex. Moreover, there is another isoclinic rotation in hexagon invariant planes which does take each vertex to an adjacent (nearest) vertex. A 24-cell can displace each vertex to a vertex 60° away (a nearest vertex) by rotating isoclinically by 30° in two completely orthogonal invariant planes (one of them a hexagon), ''not'' by double-rotating directly toward the nearest vertex (and also orthogonally to that direction), but instead by double-rotating directly toward a more distant vertex (and also orthogonally to that direction). This helical 30° isoclinic rotation takes the vertex 60° to its nearest-neighbor vertex by a ''different path'' than a simple 60° rotation would. The path along the helical isocline and the path along the simple great circle have the same 60° arc-length, but they consist of disjoint sets of points (except for their endpoints, the two vertices). They are both geodesic (shortest) arcs, but on two alternate kinds of geodesic circle. One is doubly curved (through all four dimensions), and one is simply curved (lying in a two-dimensional plane).|name=missing the nearest vertices}} Each {{radic|3}} chord of the helical geodesic{{Efn|Although adjacent vertices on the isoclinic geodesic are a {{radic|3}} chord apart, a point on a rigid body under rotation does not travel along a chord: it moves along an arc between the two endpoints of the chord (a longer distance). In a ''simple'' rotation between two vertices {{radic|3}} apart, the vertex moves along the arc of a hexagonal great circle to a vertex two great hexagon edges away, and passes through the intervening hexagon vertex midway. But in an ''isoclinic'' rotation between two vertices {{radic|3}} apart the vertex moves along a helical arc called an isocline (not a planar great circle),{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} which does ''not'' pass through an intervening vertex: it misses the vertex nearest to its midpoint.{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}}|name=isocline misses vertex}} crosses between two Clifford parallel hexagon central planes, and lies in another hexagon central plane that intersects them both.{{Efn|Departing from any vertex V₀ in the original great hexagon plane of isoclinic rotation P₀, the first vertex reached V₁ is 120 degrees away along a {{radic|3}} chord lying in a different hexagonal plane P₁. P₁ is inclined to P₀ at a 60° angle.{{Efn|P₀ and P₁ lie in the same hyperplane (the same central cuboctahedron) so their other angle of separation is 0.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}}}} The second vertex reached V₂ is 120 degrees beyond V₁ along a second {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P₂ that is Clifford parallel to P₀.{{Efn|P₀ and P₂ are 60° apart in ''both'' angles of separation.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} Clifford parallel planes are isoclinic (which means they are separated by two equal angles), and their corresponding vertices are all the same distance apart. Although V₀ and V₂ are ''two'' {{radic|3}} chords apart,{{Efn|V₀ and V₂ are two {{radic|3}} chords apart on the geodesic path of this rotational isocline, but that is not the shortest geodesic path between them. In the 24-cell, it is impossible for two vertices to be more distant than ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord, unless they are antipodal vertices {{radic|4}} apart.{{Efn|name=Geodesic distance}} V₀ and V₂ are ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord apart on some other isocline, and just {{radic|1}} apart on some great hexagon. Between V₀ and V₂, the isoclinic rotation has gone the long way around the 24-cell over two {{radic|3}} chords to reach a vertex that was only {{radic|1}} away. More generally, isoclines are geodesics because the distance between their successive vertices is the shortest distance between those two vertices in some rotation connecting them, but on the 3-sphere there may be another rotation which is shorter. A path between two vertices along a geodesic is not always the shortest distance between them (even on ordinary great circle geodesics).}} P₀ and P₂ are just one {{radic|1}} edge apart (at every pair of ''nearest'' vertices).}} (Notice that V₁ lies in both intersecting planes P₁ and P₂, as V₀ lies in both P₀ and P₁. But P₀ and P₂ have ''no'' vertices in common; they do not intersect.) The third vertex reached V₃ is 120 degrees beyond V₂ along a third {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P₃ that is Clifford parallel to P₁. V₀ and V₃ are adjacent vertices, {{radic|1}} apart.{{Efn|name=skew hexagram}} The three {{radic|3}} chords lie in different 8-cells.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} V₀ to V₃ is a 360° isoclinic rotation, and one half of the 24-cell's double-loop hexagram₂ Clifford polygon.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} The {{radic|3}} chords meet at a 60° angle, but since they lie in different planes they form a [[W:Helix|helix]] not a [[#Great triangles|triangle]]. Three {{radic|3}} chords and 360° of rotation takes the vertex to an adjacent vertex, not back to itself. The helix of {{radic|3}} chords closes into a loop only after six {{radic|3}} chords: a 720° rotation twice around the 24-cell{{Efn|An isoclinic rotation by 60° is two simple rotations by 60° at the same time.{{Efn|The composition of two simple 60° rotations in a pair of completely orthogonal invariant planes is a 60° isoclinic rotation in ''four'' pairs of completely orthogonal invariant planes.{{Efn|name=double rotation}} Thus the isoclinic rotation is the compound of four simple rotations, and all 24 vertices rotate in invariant hexagon planes, versus just 6 vertices in a simple rotation.}} It moves all the vertices 120° at the same time, in various different directions. Six successive diagonal rotational increments, of 60°x60° each, move each vertex through 720° on a Möbius double loop called an ''isocline'', ''twice'' around the 24-cell and back to its point of origin, in the ''same time'' (six rotational units) that it would take a simple rotation to take the vertex ''once'' around the 24-cell on an ordinary great circle.{{Efn|name=double threaded}} The helical double loop 4𝝅 isocline is just another kind of ''single'' full circle, of the same time interval and period (6 chords) as the simple great circle. The isocline is ''one'' true circle,{{Efn|name=4-dimensional great circles}} as perfectly round and geodesic as the simple great circle, even through its chords are {{radic|3}} longer, its circumference is 4𝝅 instead of 2𝝅,{{Efn|All 3-sphere isoclines of the same circumference are directly congruent circles.{{Efn|name=not all isoclines are circles}} An ordinary great circle is an isocline of circumference <math>2\pi r</math>; simple rotations of unit-radius polytopes take place on 2𝝅 isoclines. Double rotations may have isoclines of other than <math>2\pi r</math> circumference. The ''characteristic rotation'' of a regular 4-polytope is the isoclinic rotation in which the central planes containing its edges are invariant planes of rotation. The 16-cell and 24-cell edge-rotate on isoclines of 4𝝅 circumference. The 600-cell edge-rotates on isoclines of 5𝝅 circumference.|name=isocline circumference}} it circles through four dimensions instead of two,{{Efn|name=Villarceau circles}} and it acts in two chiral forms (left and right) even though all such circles of the same circumference are directly congruent.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} Nevertheless, to avoid confusion we always refer to it as an ''isocline'' and reserve the term ''great circle'' for an ordinary great circle in the plane.{{Efn|name=isocline}}|name=one true circle}} on a [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|skew]] [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]] with {{radic|3}} edges.{{Efn|name=skew hexagram}} Even though all 24 vertices and all the hexagons rotate at once, a 360 degree isoclinic rotation moves each vertex only halfway around its circuit. After 360 degrees each helix has departed from 3 vertices and reached a fourth vertex adjacent to the original vertex, but has ''not'' arrived back exactly at the vertex it departed from. Each central plane (every hexagon or square in the 24-cell) has rotated 360 degrees ''and'' been tilted sideways all the way around 360 degrees back to its original position (like a coin flipping twice), but the 24-cell's [[W:Orientation entanglement|orientation]] in the 4-space in which it is embedded is now different.{{Sfn|Mebius|2015|loc=Motivation|pp=2-3|ps=; "This research originated from ... the desire to construct a computer implementation of a specific motion of the human arm, known among folk dance experts as the ''Philippine wine dance'' or ''Binasuan'' and performed by physicist [[W:Richard P. Feynman|Richard P. Feynman]] during his [[W:Dirac|Dirac]] memorial lecture 1986{{Sfn|Feynman|Weinberg|1987|loc=The reason for antiparticles}} to show that a single rotation (2𝝅) is not equivalent in all respects to no rotation at all, whereas a double rotation (4𝝅) is."}} Because the 24-cell is now inside-out, if the isoclinic rotation is continued in the ''same'' direction through another 360 degrees, the 24 moving vertices will pass through the other half of the vertices that were missed on the first revolution (the 12 antipodal vertices of the 12 that were hit the first time around), and each isoclinic geodesic ''will'' arrive back at the vertex it departed from, forming a closed six-chord helical loop. It takes a 720 degree isoclinic rotation for each [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|hexagram₂ geodesic]] to complete a circuit through every ''second'' vertex of its six vertices by [[W:Winding number|winding]] around the 24-cell twice, returning the 24-cell to its original chiral orientation.{{Efn|In a 720° isoclinic rotation of a ''rigid'' 24-cell the 24 vertices rotate along four separate Clifford parallel hexagram₂ geodesic loops (six vertices circling in each loop) and return to their original positions.{{Efn|name=Villarceau circles}}}} The hexagonal winding path that each vertex takes as it loops twice around the 24-cell forms a double helix bent into a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius ring]], so that the two strands of the double helix form a continuous single strand in a closed loop.{{Efn|Because the 24-cell's helical hexagram₂ geodesic is bent into a twisted ring in the fourth dimension like a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius strip]], its [[W:Screw thread|screw thread]] doubles back across itself in each revolution, reversing its chirality{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} but without ever changing its even/odd parity of rotation (black or white).{{Efn|name=black and white}} The 6-vertex isoclinic path forms a Möbius double loop, like a 3-dimensional double helix with the ends of its two parallel 3-vertex helices cross-connected to each other. This 60° isocline{{Efn|A strip of paper can form a [[W:Möbius strip#Polyhedral surfaces and flat foldings|flattened Möbius strip]] in the plane by folding it at <math>60^\circ</math> angles so that its center line lies along an equilateral triangle, and attaching the ends. The shortest strip for which this is possible consists of three equilateral paper triangles, folded at the edges where two triangles meet. Since the loop traverses both sides of each paper triangle, it is a hexagonal loop over six equilateral triangles. Its [[W:Aspect ratio|aspect ratio]]{{snd}}the ratio of the strip's length{{efn|The length of a strip can be measured at its centerline, or by cutting the resulting Möbius strip perpendicularly to its boundary so that it forms a rectangle.}} to its width{{snd}}is {{nowrap|<math>\sqrt 3\approx 1.73</math>.}}}} is a [[W:Skew polygon|skewed]] instance of the [[W:Polygram (geometry)#Regular compound polygons|regular compound polygon]] denoted {6/2}{{=}}2{3} or hexagram₂.{{Efn|name=skew hexagram}} Successive {{radic|3}} edges belong to different [[#8-cell|8-cells]], as the 720° isoclinic rotation takes each hexagon through all six hexagons in the [[#6-cell rings|6-cell ring]], and each 8-cell through all three 8-cells twice.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}}|name=double threaded}} In the first revolution the vertex traverses one 3-chord strand of the double helix; in the second revolution it traverses the second 3-chord strand, moving in the same rotational direction with the same handedness (bending either left or right) throughout. Although this isoclinic Möbius [[#6-cell rings|ring]] is a circular spiral through all 4 dimensions, not a 2-dimensional circle, like a great circle it is a geodesic because it is the shortest path from vertex to vertex.{{Efn|A point under isoclinic rotation traverses the diagonal{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} straight line of a single '''isoclinic geodesic''', reaching its destination directly, instead of the bent line of two successive '''simple geodesics'''.{{Efn||name=double rotation}} A '''[[W:Geodesic|geodesic]]''' is the ''shortest path'' through a space (intuitively, a string pulled taught between two points). Simple geodesics are great circles lying in a central plane (the only kind of geodesics that occur in 3-space on the 2-sphere). Isoclinic geodesics are different: they do ''not'' lie in a single plane; they are 4-dimensional [[W:Helix|spirals]] rather than simple 2-dimensional circles.{{Efn|name=helical geodesic}} But they are not like 3-dimensional [[W:Screw threads|screw threads]] either, because they form a closed loop like any circle.{{Efn|name=double threaded}} Isoclinic geodesics are ''4-dimensional great circles'', and they are just as circular as 2-dimensional circles: in fact, twice as circular, because they curve in ''two'' orthogonal great circles at once.{{Efn|Isoclinic geodesics or ''isoclines'' are 4-dimensional great circles in the sense that they are 1-dimensional geodesic ''lines'' that curve in 4-space in two orthogonal great circles at once.{{Efn|name=not all isoclines are circles}} They should not be confused with ''great 2-spheres'',{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=24}} which are the 4-dimensional analogues of great circles (great 1-spheres).{{Efn|name=great 2-spheres}} Discrete isoclines are polygons;{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} discrete great 2-spheres are polyhedra.|name=4-dimensional great circles}} They are true circles,{{Efn|name=one true circle}} and even form [[W:Hopf fibration|fibrations]] like ordinary 2-dimensional great circles.{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}}{{Efn|name=square fibrations}} These '''isoclines''' are geodesic 1-dimensional lines embedded in a 4-dimensional space. On the 3-sphere{{Efn|All isoclines are [[W:Geodesics|geodesics]], and isoclines on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] are circles (curving equally in each dimension), but not all isoclines on 3-manifolds in 4-space are circles.|name=not all isoclines are circles}} they always occur in pairs{{Efn|Isoclines on the 3-sphere occur in non-intersecting pairs of even/odd coordinate parity.{{Efn|name=black and white}} A single black or white isocline forms a [[W:Möbius loop|Möbius loop]] called the {1,1} torus knot or Villarceau circle{{Sfn|Dorst|2019|loc=§1. Villarceau Circles|p=44|ps=; "In mathematics, the path that the (1, 1) knot on the torus traces is also known as a [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]. Villarceau circles are usually introduced as two intersecting circles that are the cross-section of a torus by a well-chosen plane cutting it. Picking one such circle and rotating it around the torus axis, the resulting family of circles can be used to rule the torus. By nesting tori smartly, the collection of all such circles then form a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]].... we prefer to consider the Villarceau circle as the (1, 1) torus knot rather than as a planar cut."}} in which each of two "circles" linked in a Möbius "figure eight" loop traverses through all four dimensions.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} The double loop is a true circle in four dimensions.{{Efn|name=one true circle}} Even and odd isoclines are also linked, not in a Möbius loop but as a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]] of two non-intersecting circles,{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} as are all the Clifford parallel isoclines of a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fiber bundle]].|name=Villarceau circles}} as [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]s on the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]], the geodesic paths traversed by vertices in an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. They are [[W:Helix|helices]] bent into a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] in the fourth dimension, taking a diagonal [[W:Winding number|winding route]] around the 3-sphere through the non-adjacent vertices{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} of a 4-polytope's [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|skew]] '''Clifford polygon'''.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}|name=isoclinic geodesic}} === Clifford parallel polytopes === Two planes are also called ''isoclinic'' if an isoclinic rotation will bring them together.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} The isoclinic planes are precisely those central planes with Clifford parallel geodesic great circles.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|loc=Relations to Clifford parallelism|pp=8-9}} Clifford parallel great circles do not intersect,{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} so isoclinic great circle polygons have disjoint vertices. In the 24-cell every hexagonal central plane is isoclinic to three others, and every square central plane is isoclinic to five others. We can pick out 4 mutually isoclinic (Clifford parallel) great hexagons (four different ways) covering all 24 vertices of the 24-cell just once (a hexagonal fibration).{{Efn|The 24-cell has four sets of 4 non-intersecting [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} great circles each passing through 6 vertices (a great hexagon), with only one great hexagon in each set passing through each vertex, and the 4 hexagons in each set reaching all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} Each set constitutes a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] of interlocking great circles. The 24-cell can also be divided (eight different ways) into 4 disjoint subsets of 6 vertices (hexagrams) that do ''not'' lie in a hexagonal central plane, each skew [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|hexagram forming an isoclinic geodesic or ''isocline'']] that is the rotational circle traversed by those 6 vertices in one particular left or right [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. Each of these sets of four Clifford parallel isoclines belongs to one of the four discrete Hopf fibrations of hexagonal great circles.{{Efn|Each set of [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] [[#Geodesics|great circle]] polygons is a different bundle of fibers than the corresponding set of Clifford parallel isocline{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} polygrams, but the two [[W:Fiber bundles|fiber bundles]] together constitute the ''same'' discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]], because they enumerate the 24 vertices together by their intersection in the same distinct (left or right) isoclinic rotation. They are the [[W:Warp and woof|warp and woof]] of the same woven fabric that is the fibration.|name=great circles and isoclines are same fibration|name=warp and woof}}|name=hexagonal fibrations}} We can pick out 6 mutually isoclinic (Clifford parallel) great squares{{Efn|Each great square plane is isoclinic (Clifford parallel) to five other square planes but [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to only one of them.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Every pair of completely orthogonal planes has Clifford parallel great circles, but not all Clifford parallel great circles are orthogonal (e.g., none of the hexagonal geodesics in the 24-cell are mutually orthogonal). There is also another way in which completely orthogonal planes are in a distinguished category of Clifford parallel planes: they are not [[W:Chiral|chiral]], or strictly speaking they possess both chiralities. A pair of isoclinic (Clifford parallel) planes is either a ''left pair'' or a ''right pair'', unless they are separated by two angles of 90° (completely orthogonal planes) or 0° (coincident planes).{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=8|loc=Left and Right Pairs of Isoclinic Planes}} Most isoclinic planes are brought together only by a left isoclinic rotation or a right isoclinic rotation, respectively. Completely orthogonal planes are special: the pair of planes is both a left and a right pair, so either a left or a right isoclinic rotation will bring them together. This occurs because isoclinic square planes are 180° apart at all vertex pairs: not just Clifford parallel but completely orthogonal. The isoclines (chiral vertex paths){{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} of 90° isoclinic rotations are special for the same reason. Left and right isoclines loop through the same set of antipodal vertices (hitting both ends of each [[16-cell#Helical construction|16-cell axis]]), instead of looping through disjoint left and right subsets of black or white antipodal vertices (hitting just one end of each axis), as the left and right isoclines of all other fibrations do.|name=completely orthogonal Clifford parallels are special}} (three different ways) covering all 24 vertices of the 24-cell just once (a square fibration).{{Efn|The 24-cell has three sets of 6 non-intersecting Clifford parallel great circles each passing through 4 vertices (a great square), with only one great square in each set passing through each vertex, and the 6 squares in each set reaching all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=three square fibrations}} Each set constitutes a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] of 6 interlocking great squares, which is simply the compound of the three inscribed 16-cell's discrete Hopf fibrations of 2 interlocking great squares. The 24-cell can also be divided (six different ways) into 3 disjoint subsets of 8 vertices (octagrams) that do ''not'' lie in a square central plane, but comprise a 16-cell and lie on a skew [[#Helical octagrams and thei isoclines|octagram₃ forming an isoclinic geodesic or ''isocline'']] that is the rotational cirle traversed by those 8 vertices in one particular left or right [[16-cell#Rotations|isoclinic rotation]] as they rotate positions within the 16-cell.{{Efn|name=warp and woof}}|name=square fibrations}} Every isoclinic rotation taking vertices to vertices corresponds to a discrete fibration.{{Efn|name=fibrations are distinguished only by rotations}} Two dimensional great circle polygons are not the only polytopes in the 24-cell which are parallel in the Clifford sense.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|pp=1-9|loc=§1. Introduction}} Congruent polytopes of 2, 3 or 4 dimensions can be said to be Clifford parallel in 4 dimensions if their corresponding vertices are all the same distance apart. The three 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell are Clifford parallels. Clifford parallel polytopes are ''completely disjoint'' polytopes.{{Efn|Polytopes are '''completely disjoint''' if all their ''element sets'' are disjoint: they do not share any vertices, edges, faces or cells. They may still overlap in space, sharing 4-content, volume, area, or lineage.|name=completely disjoint}} A 60 degree isoclinic rotation in hexagonal planes takes each 16-cell to a disjoint 16-cell. Like all [[#Double rotations|double rotations]], isoclinic rotations come in two [[W:Chiral|chiral]] forms: there is a disjoint 16-cell to the ''left'' of each 16-cell, and another to its ''right''.{{Efn|Visualize the three [[16-cell]]s inscribed in the 24-cell (left, right, and middle), and the rotation which takes them to each other. [[#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|The vertices of the middle 16-cell lie on the (w, x, y, z) coordinate axes]];{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} the other two are rotated 60° [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinically]] to its left and its right. The 24-vertex 24-cell is a compound of three 16-cells, whose three sets of 8 vertices are distributed around the 24-cell symmetrically; each vertex is surrounded by 8 others (in the 3-dimensional space of the 4-dimensional 24-cell's ''surface''), the way the vertices of a cube surround its center.{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}} The 8 surrounding vertices (the cube corners) lie in other 16-cells: 4 in the other 16-cell to the left, and 4 in the other 16-cell to the right. They are the vertices of two tetrahedra inscribed in the cube, one belonging (as a cell) to each 16-cell. If the 16-cell edges are {{radic|2}}, each vertex of the compound of three 16-cells is {{radic|1}} away from its 8 surrounding vertices in other 16-cells. Now visualize those {{radic|1}} distances as the edges of the 24-cell (while continuing to visualize the disjoint 16-cells). The {{radic|1}} edges form great hexagons of 6 vertices which run around the 24-cell in a central plane. ''Four'' hexagons cross at each vertex (and its antipodal vertex), inclined at 60° to each other.{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} The [[#Great hexagons|hexagons]] are not perpendicular to each other, or to the 16-cells' perpendicular [[#Great squares|square central planes]].{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The left and right 16-cells form a tesseract.{{Efn|Each pair of the three 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell forms a 4-dimensional [[W:Tesseract|hypercube (a tesseract or 8-cell)]], in [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|dimensional analogy]] to the way two tetrahedra form a cube: the two 8-vertex 16-cells are inscribed in the 16-vertex tesseract, occupying its alternate vertices. The third 16-cell does not lie within the tesseract; its 8 vertices protrude from the sides of the tesseract, forming a cubic pyramid on each of the tesseract's cubic cells (as in [[#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|Gosset's construction of the 24-cell]]). The three pairs of 16-cells form three tesseracts.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The tesseracts share vertices, but the 16-cells are completely disjoint.{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}}|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Two 16-cells have vertex-pairs which are one {{radic|1}} edge (one hexagon edge) apart. But a [[#Simple rotations|''simple'' rotation]] of 60° will not take one whole 16-cell to another 16-cell, because their vertices are 60° apart in different directions, and a simple rotation has only one hexagonal plane of rotation. One 16-cell ''can'' be taken to another 16-cell by a 60° [[#Isoclinic rotations|''isoclinic'' rotation]], because an isoclinic rotation is [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] symmetric: four [[#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel hexagonal planes]] rotate together, but in four different rotational directions,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} taking each 16-cell to another 16-cell. But since an isoclinic 60° rotation is a ''diagonal'' rotation by 60° in ''two'' orthogonal great circles at once,{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} the corresponding vertices of the 16-cell and the 16-cell it is taken to are 120° apart: ''two'' {{radic|1}} hexagon edges (or one {{radic|3}} hexagon chord) apart, not one {{radic|1}} edge (60°) apart.{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} By the [[W:Chiral|chiral]] diagonal nature of isoclinic rotations, the 16-cell ''cannot'' reach the adjacent 16-cell (whose vertices are one {{radic|1}} edge away) by rotating toward it;{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} it can only reach the 16-cell ''beyond'' it (120° away). But of course, the 16-cell beyond the 16-cell to its right is the 16-cell to its left. So a 60° isoclinic rotation ''will'' take every 16-cell to another 16-cell: a 60° ''right'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we may have originally visualized as the ''left'' 16-cell, and a 60° ''left'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we visualized as the ''right'' 16-cell. (If so, that was our error in visualization; the 16-cell to the "left" is in fact the one reached by the left isoclinic rotation, as that is the only [[#Double rotations|sense in which the two 16-cells are left or right]] of each other.){{Efn|name=clasped hands}}|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} All Clifford parallel 4-polytopes are related by an isoclinic rotation,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} but not all isoclinic polytopes are Clifford parallels (completely disjoint).{{Efn|All isoclinic ''planes'' are Clifford parallels (completely disjoint).{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} Three and four dimensional cocentric objects may intersect (sharing elements) but still be related by an isoclinic rotation. Polyhedra and 4-polytopes may be isoclinic and ''not'' disjoint, if all of their corresponding planes are either Clifford parallel, or cocellular (in the same hyperplane) or coincident (the same plane).}} The three 8-cells in the 24-cell are isoclinic but not Clifford parallel. Like the 16-cells, they are rotated 60 degrees isoclinically with respect to each other, but their vertices are not all disjoint (and therefore not all equidistant). Each vertex occurs in two of the three 8-cells (as each 16-cell occurs in two of the three 8-cells).{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} Isoclinic rotations relate the convex regular 4-polytopes to each other. An isoclinic rotation of a single 16-cell will generate{{Efn|By ''generate'' we mean simply that some vertex of the first polytope will visit each vertex of the generated polytope in the course of the rotation.}} a 24-cell. A simple rotation of a single 16-cell will not, because its vertices will not reach either of the other two 16-cells' vertices in the course of the rotation. An isoclinic rotation of the 24-cell will generate the 600-cell, and an isoclinic rotation of the 600-cell will generate the 120-cell. (Or they can all be generated directly by an isoclinic rotation of the 16-cell, generating isoclinic copies of itself.) The different convex regular 4-polytopes nest inside each other, and multiple instances of the same 4-polytope hide next to each other in the Clifford parallel spaces that comprise the 3-sphere.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=Clifford Parallel Spaces and Clifford Reguli|pp=20-33}} For an object of more than one dimension, the only way to reach these parallel subspaces directly is by isoclinic rotation. Like a key operating a four-dimensional lock, an object must twist in two completely perpendicular tumbler cylinders at once in order to move the short distance between Clifford parallel subspaces. === Rings === In the 24-cell there are sets of rings of six different kinds, described separately in detail in other sections of [[24-cell|this article]]. This section describes how the different kinds of rings are [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|intertwined]]. The 24-cell contains four kinds of [[#Geodesics|geodesic fibers]] (polygonal rings running through vertices): [[#Great squares|great circle squares]] and their [[16-cell#Helical construction|isoclinic helix octagrams]],{{Efn|name=square fibrations}} and [[#Great hexagons|great circle hexagons]] and their [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic helix hexagrams]].{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} It also contains two kinds of [[24-cell#Cell rings|cell rings]] (chains of octahedra bent into a ring in the fourth dimension): four octahedra connected vertex-to-vertex and bent into a square, and six octahedra connected face-to-face and bent into a hexagon.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1970|loc=§8. The simplex, cube, cross-polytope and 24-cell|p=18|ps=; Coxeter studied cell rings in the general case of their geometry and [[W:Group theory|group theory]], identifying each cell ring as a [[W:Polytope|polytope]] in its own right which fills a three-dimensional manifold (such as the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]) with its corresponding [[W:Honeycomb (geometry)|honeycomb]]. He found that cell rings follow [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]s{{Efn|name=Petrie dodecagram and Clifford hexagram}} and some (but not all) cell rings and their honeycombs are ''twisted'', occurring in left- and right-handed [[chiral]] forms. Specifically, he found that since the 24-cell's octahedral cells have opposing faces, the cell rings in the 24-cell are of the non-chiral (directly congruent) kind.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}} Each of the 24-cell's cell rings has its corresponding honeycomb in Euclidean (rather than hyperbolic) space, so the 24-cell tiles 4-dimensional Euclidean space by translation to form the [[W:24-cell honeycomb|24-cell honeycomb]].}}{{Sfn|Banchoff|2013|ps=, studied the decomposition of regular 4-polytopes into honeycombs of tori tiling the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]], showed how the honeycombs correspond to [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]]s, and made a particular study of the [[#6-cell rings|24-cell's 4 rings of 6 octahedral cells]] with illustrations.}} ==== 4-cell rings ==== Four unit-edge-length octahedra can be connected vertex-to-vertex along a common axis of length 4{{radic|2}}. The axis can then be bent into a square of edge length {{radic|2}}. Although it is possible to do this in a space of only three dimensions, that is not how it occurs in the 24-cell. Although the {{radic|2}} axes of the four octahedra occupy the same plane, forming one of the 18 {{radic|2}} great squares of the 24-cell, each octahedron occupies a different 3-dimensional hyperplane,{{Efn|Just as each face of a [[W:Polyhedron|polyhedron]] occupies a different (2-dimensional) face plane, each cell of a [[W:Polychoron|polychoron]] occupies a different (3-dimensional) cell [[W:Hyperplane|hyperplane]].{{Efn|name=hyperplanes}}}} and all four dimensions are utilized. The 24-cell can be partitioned into 6 such 4-cell rings (three different ways), mutually interlinked like adjacent links in a chain (but these [[W:Link (knot theory)|links]] all have a common center). An [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] in the great square plane by a multiple of 90° takes each octahedron in the ring to an octahedron in the ring. ==== 6-cell rings ==== [[File:Six face-bonded octahedra.jpg|thumb|400px|A 4-dimensional ring of 6 face-bonded octahedra, bounded by two intersecting sets of three Clifford parallel great hexagons of different colors, cut and laid out flat in 3 dimensional space.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring}}]]Six regular octahedra can be connected face-to-face along a common axis that passes through their centers of volume, forming a stack or column with only triangular faces. In a space of four dimensions, the axis can then be bent 60° in the fourth dimension at each of the six octahedron centers, in a plane orthogonal to all three orthogonal central planes of each octahedron, such that the top and bottom triangular faces of the column become coincident. The column becomes a ring around a hexagonal axis. The 24-cell can be partitioned into 4 such rings (four different ways), mutually interlinked. Because the hexagonal axis joins cell centers (not vertices), it is not a great hexagon of the 24-cell.{{Efn|The axial hexagon of the 6-octahedron ring does not intersect any vertices or edges of the 24-cell, but it does hit faces. In a unit-edge-length 24-cell, it has edges of length 1/2.{{Efn|When unit-edge octahedra are placed face-to-face the distance between their centers of volume is {{radic|2/3}} ≈ 0.816.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(i): Octahedron}} When 24 face-bonded octahedra are bent into a 24-cell lying on the 3-sphere, the centers of the octahedra are closer together in 4-space. Within the curved 3-dimensional surface space filled by the 24 cells, the cell centers are still {{radic|2/3}} apart along the curved geodesics that join them. But on the straight chords that join them, which dip inside the 3-sphere, they are only 1/2 edge length apart.}} Because it joins six cell centers, the axial hexagon is a great hexagon of the smaller dual 24-cell that is formed by joining the 24 cell centers.{{Efn|name=common core}}}} However, six great hexagons can be found in the ring of six octahedra, running along the edges of the octahedra. In the column of six octahedra (before it is bent into a ring) there are six spiral paths along edges running up the column: three parallel helices spiraling clockwise, and three parallel helices spiraling counterclockwise. Each clockwise helix intersects each counterclockwise helix at two vertices three edge lengths apart. Bending the column into a ring changes these helices into great circle hexagons.{{Efn|There is a choice of planes in which to fold the column into a ring, but they are equivalent in that they produce congruent rings. Whichever folding planes are chosen, each of the six helices joins its own two ends and forms a simple great circle hexagon. These hexagons are ''not'' helices: they lie on ordinary flat great circles. Three of them are Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} and belong to one [[#Great hexagons|hexagonal]] fibration. They intersect the other three, which belong to another hexagonal fibration. The three parallel great circles of each fibration spiral around each other in the sense that they form a [[W:Link (knot theory)|link]] of three ordinary circles, but they are not twisted: the 6-cell ring has no [[W:Torsion of a curve|torsion]], either clockwise or counterclockwise.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}}|name=6-cell ring}} The ring has two sets of three great hexagons, each on three Clifford parallel great circles.{{Efn|The three great hexagons are Clifford parallel, which is different than ordinary parallelism.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} Clifford parallel great hexagons pass through each other like adjacent links of a chain, forming a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]]. Unlike links in a 3-dimensional chain, they share the same center point. In the 24-cell, Clifford parallel great hexagons occur in sets of four, not three. The fourth parallel hexagon lies completely outside the 6-cell ring; its 6 vertices are completely disjoint from the ring's 18 vertices.}} The great hexagons in each parallel set of three do not intersect, but each intersects the other three great hexagons (to which it is not Clifford parallel) at two antipodal vertices. A [[#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] in any of the great hexagon planes by a multiple of 60° rotates only that hexagon invariantly, taking each vertex in that hexagon to a vertex in the same hexagon. An [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] by 60° in any of the six great hexagon planes rotates all three Clifford parallel great hexagons invariantly, and takes each octahedron in the ring to a ''non-adjacent'' octahedron in the ring.{{Efn|An isoclinic rotation by a multiple of 60° takes even-numbered octahedra in the ring to even-numbered octahedra, and odd-numbered octahedra to odd-numbered octahedra.{{Efn|In the column of 6 octahedral cells, we number the cells 0-5 going up the column. We also label each vertex with an integer 0-5 based on how many edge lengths it is up the column.}} It is impossible for an even-numbered octahedron to reach an odd-numbered octahedron, or vice versa, by a left or a right isoclinic rotation alone.{{Efn|name=black and white}}|name=black and white octahedra}} Each isoclinically displaced octahedron is also rotated itself. After a 360° isoclinic rotation each octahedron is back in the same position, but in a different orientation. In a 720° isoclinic rotation, its vertices are returned to their original [[W:Orientation entanglement|orientation]]. Four Clifford parallel great hexagons comprise a discrete fiber bundle covering all 24 vertices in a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]]. The 24-cell has four such [[#Great hexagons|discrete hexagonal fibrations]] <math>F_a, F_b, F_c, F_d</math>. Each great hexagon belongs to just one fibration, and the four fibrations are defined by disjoint sets of four great hexagons each.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|loc=§8.3 Properties of the Hopf Fibration|pp=14-16|ps=; Corollary 9. Every great circle belongs to a unique right [(and left)] Hopf bundle.}} Each fibration is the domain (container) of a unique left-right pair of isoclinic rotations (left and right Hopf fiber bundles).{{Efn|The choice of a partitioning of a regular 4-polytope into cell rings (a fibration) is arbitrary, because all of its cells are identical. No particular fibration is distinguished, ''unless'' the 4-polytope is rotating. Each fibration corresponds to a left-right pair of isoclinic rotations in a particular set of Clifford parallel invariant central planes of rotation. In the 24-cell, distinguishing a hexagonal fibration{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} means choosing a cell-disjoint set of four 6-cell rings that is the unique container of a left-right pair of isoclinic rotations in four Clifford parallel hexagonal invariant planes. The left and right rotations take place in chiral subspaces of that container,{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=12|loc=§8 The Construction of Hopf Fibrations; 3}} but the fibration and the octahedral cell rings themselves are not chiral objects.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}}|name=fibrations are distinguished only by rotations}} Four cell-disjoint 6-cell rings also comprise each discrete fibration defined by four Clifford parallel great hexagons. Each 6-cell ring contains only 18 of the 24 vertices, and only 6 of the 16 great hexagons, which we see illustrated above running along the cell ring's edges: 3 spiraling clockwise and 3 counterclockwise. Those 6 hexagons running along the cell ring's edges are not among the set of four parallel hexagons which define the fibration. For example, one of the four 6-cell rings in fibration <math>F_a</math> contains 3 parallel hexagons running clockwise along the cell ring's edges from fibration <math>F_b</math>, and 3 parallel hexagons running counterclockwise along the cell ring's edges from fibration <math>F_c</math>, but that cell ring contains no great hexagons from fibration <math>F_a</math> or fibration <math>F_d</math>. The 24-cell contains 16 great hexagons, divided into four disjoint sets of four hexagons, each disjoint set uniquely defining a fibration. Each fibration is also a distinct set of four cell-disjoint 6-cell rings. The 24-cell has exactly 16 distinct 6-cell rings. Each 6-cell ring belongs to just one of the four fibrations.{{Efn|The dual polytope of the 24-cell is another 24-cell. It can be constructed by placing vertices at the 24 cell centers. Each 6-cell ring corresponds to a great hexagon in the dual 24-cell, so there are 16 distinct 6-cell rings, as there are 16 distinct great hexagons, each belonging to just one fibration.}} ==== Helical hexagrams and their isoclines ==== Another kind of geodesic fiber, the [[#Isoclinic rotations|helical hexagram isoclines]], can be found within a 6-cell ring of octahedra. Each of these geodesics runs through every ''second'' vertex of a skew [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]]₂, which in the unit-radius, unit-edge-length 24-cell has six {{radic|3}} edges. The hexagram does not lie in a single central plane, but is composed of six linked {{radic|3}} chords from the six different hexagon great circles in the 6-cell ring. The isocline geodesic fiber is the path of an isoclinic rotation,{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} a helical rather than simply circular path around the 24-cell which links vertices two edge lengths apart and consequently must wrap twice around the 24-cell before completing its six-vertex loop.{{Efn|The chord-path of an isocline (the geodesic along which a vertex moves under isoclinic rotation) may be called the 4-polytope's '''Clifford polygon''', as it is the skew polygonal shape of the rotational circles traversed by the 4-polytope's vertices in its characteristic [[W:Clifford displacement|Clifford displacement]].{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=Linear Systems of Clifford Parallels|pp=34-57}} The isocline is a helical Möbius double loop which reverses its chirality twice in the course of a full double circuit. The double loop is entirely contained within a single [[24-cell#Cell rings|cell ring]], where it follows chords connecting even (odd) vertices: typically opposite vertices of adjacent cells, two edge lengths apart.{{Efn|name=black and white}} Both "halves" of the double loop pass through each cell in the cell ring, but intersect only two even (odd) vertices in each even (odd) cell. Each pair of intersected vertices in an even (odd) cell lie opposite each other on the [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius strip]], exactly one edge length apart. Thus each cell has both helices passing through it, which are Clifford parallels{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} of opposite chirality at each pair of parallel points. Globally these two helices are a single connected circle of ''both'' chiralities, with no net [[W:Torsion of a curve|torsion]]. An isocline acts as a left (or right) isocline when traversed by a left (or right) rotation (of different fibrations).{{Efn|name=one true circle}}|name=Clifford polygon}} Rather than a flat hexagon, it forms a [[W:Skew polygon|skew]] hexagram out of two three-sided 360 degree half-loops: open triangles joined end-to-end to each other in a six-sided Möbius loop.{{Efn|name=double threaded}} Each 6-cell ring contains six such hexagram isoclines, three black and three white, that connect even and odd vertices respectively.{{Efn|Only one kind of 6-cell ring exists, not two different chiral kinds (right-handed and left-handed), because octahedra have opposing faces and form untwisted cell rings. In addition to two sets of three Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} [[#Great hexagons|great hexagons]], three black and three white [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic hexagram geodesics]] run through the [[#6-cell rings|6-cell ring]].{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} Each of these chiral skew [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]]s lies on a different kind of circle called an ''isocline'',{{Efn|name=not all isoclines are circles}} a helical circle [[W:Winding number|winding]] through all four dimensions instead of lying in a single plane.{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} These helical great circles occur in Clifford parallel [[W:Hopf fibration|fiber bundles]] just as ordinary planar great circles do. In the 6-cell ring, black and white hexagrams pass through even and odd vertices respectively, and miss the vertices in between, so the isoclines are disjoint.{{Efn|name=black and white}}|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}} Each of the three black-white pairs of isoclines belongs to one of the three fibrations in which the 6-cell ring occurs. Each fibration's right (or left) rotation traverses two black isoclines and two white isoclines in parallel, rotating all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} Beginning at any vertex at one end of the column of six octahedra, we can follow an isoclinic path of {{radic|3}} chords of an isocline from octahedron to octahedron. In the 24-cell the {{radic|1}} edges are [[#Great hexagons|great hexagon]] edges (and octahedron edges); in the column of six octahedra we see six great hexagons running along the octahedra's edges. The {{radic|3}} chords are great hexagon diagonals, joining great hexagon vertices two {{radic|1}} edges apart. We find them in the ring of six octahedra running from a vertex in one octahedron to a vertex in the next octahedron, passing through the face shared by the two octahedra (but not touching any of the face's 3 vertices). Each {{radic|3}} chord is a chord of just one great hexagon (an edge of a [[#Great triangles|great triangle]] inscribed in that great hexagon), but successive {{radic|3}} chords belong to different great hexagons.{{Efn|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} At each vertex the isoclinic path of {{radic|3}} chords bends 60 degrees in two central planes{{Efn|Two central planes in which the path bends 60° at the vertex are (a) the great hexagon plane that the chord ''before'' the vertex belongs to, and (b) the great hexagon plane that the chord ''after'' the vertex belongs to. Plane (b) contains the 120° isocline chord joining the original vertex to a vertex in great hexagon plane (c), Clifford parallel to (a); the vertex moves over this chord to this next vertex. The angle of inclination between the Clifford parallel (isoclinic) great hexagon planes (a) and (c) is also 60°. In this 60° interval of the isoclinic rotation, great hexagon plane (a) rotates 60° within itself ''and'' tilts 60° in an orthogonal plane (not plane (b)) to become great hexagon plane (c). The three great hexagon planes (a), (b) and (c) are not orthogonal (they are inclined at 60° to each other), but (a) and (b) are two central hexagons in the same cuboctahedron, and (b) and (c) likewise in an orthogonal cuboctahedron.{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}}}} at once: 60 degrees around the great hexagon that the chord before the vertex belongs to, and 60 degrees into the plane of a different great hexagon entirely, that the chord after the vertex belongs to.{{Efn|At each vertex there is only one adjacent great hexagon plane that the isocline can bend 60 degrees into: the isoclinic path is ''deterministic'' in the sense that it is linear, not branching, because each vertex in the cell ring is a place where just two of the six great hexagons contained in the cell ring cross. If each great hexagon is given edges and chords of a particular color (as in the 6-cell ring illustration), we can name each great hexagon by its color, and each kind of vertex by a hyphenated two-color name. The cell ring contains 18 vertices named by the 9 unique two-color combinations; each vertex and its antipodal vertex have the same two colors in their name, since when two great hexagons intersect they do so at antipodal vertices. Each isoclinic skew hexagram{{Efn|Each half of a skew hexagram is an open triangle of three {{radic|3}} chords, the two open ends of which are one {{radic|1}} edge length apart. The two halves, like the whole isocline, have no inherent chirality but the same parity-color (black or white). The halves are the two opposite "edges" of a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius strip]] that is {{radic|1}} wide; it actually has only one edge, which is a single continuous circle with 6 chords.|name=skew hexagram}} contains one {{radic|3}} chord of each color, and visits 6 of the 9 different color-pairs of vertex.{{Efn|Each vertex of the 6-cell ring is intersected by two skew hexagrams of the same parity (black or white) belonging to different fibrations.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}}|name=hexagrams hitting vertex of 6-cell ring}} Each 6-cell ring contains six such isoclinic skew hexagrams, three black and three white.{{Efn|name=hexagrams missing vertex of 6-cell ring}}|name=Möbius double loop hexagram}} Thus the path follows one great hexagon from each octahedron to the next, but switches to another of the six great hexagons in the next link of the hexagram₂ path. Followed along the column of six octahedra (and "around the end" where the column is bent into a ring) the path may at first appear to be zig-zagging between three adjacent parallel hexagonal central planes (like a [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]), but it is not: any isoclinic path we can pick out always zig-zags between ''two sets'' of three adjacent parallel hexagonal central planes, intersecting only every even (or odd) vertex and never changing its inherent even/odd parity, as it visits all six of the great hexagons in the 6-cell ring in rotation.{{Efn|The 24-cell's [[W:Petrie polygon#The Petrie polygon of regular polychora (4-polytopes)|Petrie polygon]] is a skew [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|dodecagon]] {12} and also (orthogonally) a skew [[W:Dodecagram|dodecagram]] {12/5} which zig-zags 90° left and right like the edges dividing the black and white squares on the [[W:Chessboard|chessboard]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); 24-cell ''h₁ is {12}, h₂ is {12/5}''}} In contrast, the skew hexagram₂ isocline does not zig-zag, and stays on one side or the other of the dividing line between black and white, like the [[W:Bishop (chess)|bishop]]s' paths along the diagonals of either the black or white squares of the chessboard.{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} The Petrie dodecagon is a circular helix of {{radic|1}} edges that zig-zag 90° left and right along 12 edges of 6 different octahedra (with 3 consecutive edges in each octahedron) in a 360° rotation. In contrast, the isoclinic hexagram₂ has {{radic|3}} edges which all bend either left or right at every ''second'' vertex along a geodesic spiral of ''both'' chiralities (left and right){{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} but only one color (black or white),{{Efn|name=black and white}} visiting one vertex of each of those same 6 octahedra in a 720° rotation.|name=Petrie dodecagram and Clifford hexagram}} When it has traversed one chord from each of the six great hexagons, after 720 degrees of isoclinic rotation (either left or right), it closes its skew hexagram and begins to repeat itself, circling again through the black (or white) vertices and cells. At each vertex, there are four great hexagons{{Efn|Each pair of adjacent edges of a great hexagon has just one isocline curving alongside it,{{Efn|Each vertex of a 6-cell ring is missed by the two halves of the same Möbius double loop hexagram,{{Efn|name=Möbius double loop hexagram}} which curve past it on either side.|name=hexagrams missing vertex of 6-cell ring}} missing the vertex between the two edges (but not the way the {{radic|3}} edge of the great triangle inscribed in the great hexagon misses the vertex,{{Efn|The {{radic|3}} chord passes through the mid-edge of one of the 24-cell's {{radic|1}} radii. Since the 24-cell can be constructed, with its long radii, from {{radic|1}} triangles which meet at its center, this is a mid-edge of one of the six {{radic|1}} triangles in a great hexagon, as seen in the [[#Hypercubic chords|chord diagram]].|name=root 3 chord hits a mid-radius}} because the isocline is an arc on the surface not a chord). If we number the vertices around the hexagon 0-5, the hexagon has three pairs of adjacent edges connecting even vertices (one inscribed great triangle), and three pairs connecting odd vertices (the other inscribed great triangle). Even and odd pairs of edges have the arc of a black and a white isocline respectively curving alongside.{{Efn|name=black and white}} The three black and three white isoclines belong to the same 6-cell ring of the same fibration.{{Efn|name=Möbius double loop hexagram}}|name=isoclines at hexagons}} and four hexagram isoclines (all black or all white) that cross at the vertex.{{Efn|Each hexagram isocline hits only one end of an axis, unlike a great circle which hits both ends. Clifford parallel pairs of black and white isoclines from the same left-right pair of isoclinic rotations (the same fibration) do not intersect, but they hit opposite (antipodal) vertices of ''one'' of the 24-cell's 12 axes.|name=hexagram isoclines at an axis}} Four hexagram isoclines (two black and two white) comprise a unique (left or right) fiber bundle of isoclines covering all 24 vertices in each distinct (left or right) isoclinic rotation. Each fibration has a unique left and right isoclinic rotation, and corresponding unique left and right fiber bundles of isoclines.{{Efn|The isoclines themselves are not left or right, only the bundles are. Each isocline is left ''and'' right.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}}} There are 16 distinct hexagram isoclines in the 24-cell (8 black and 8 white).{{Efn|The 12 black-white pairs of hexagram isoclines in each fibration{{Efn|name=hexagram isoclines at an axis}} and the 16 distinct hexagram isoclines in the 24-cell form a [[W:Reye configuration|Reye configuration]] 12₄16₃, just the way the 24-cell's 12 axes and [[#Great hexagons|16 hexagons]] do. Each of the 12 black-white pairs occurs in one cell ring of each fibration of 4 hexagram isoclines, and each cell ring contains 3 black-white pairs of the 16 hexagram isoclines.|name=a right (left) isoclinic rotation is a Reye configuration}} Each isocline is a skew ''Clifford polygon'' of no inherent chirality, but acts as a left (or right) isocline when traversed by a left (or right) rotation in different fibrations.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} ==== Helical octagrams and their isoclines ==== The 24-cell contains 18 helical [[W:Octagram|octagram]] isoclines (9 black and 9 white). Three pairs of octagram edge-helices are found in each of the three inscribed 16-cells, described elsewhere as the [[16-cell#Helical construction|helical construction of the 16-cell]]. In summary, each 16-cell can be decomposed (three different ways) into a left-right pair of 8-cell rings of {{radic|2}}-edged tetrahedral cells. Each 8-cell ring twists either left or right around an axial octagram helix of eight chords. In each 16-cell there are exactly 6 distinct helices, identical octagrams which each circle through all eight vertices. Each acts as either a left helix or a right helix or a Petrie polygon in each of the six distinct isoclinic rotations (three left and three right), and has no inherent chirality except in respect to a particular rotation. Adjacent vertices on the octagram isoclines are {{radic|2}} = 90° apart, so the circumference of the isocline is 4𝝅. An ''isoclinic'' rotation by 90° in great square invariant planes takes each vertex to its antipodal vertex, four vertices away in either direction along the isocline, and {{radic|4}} = 180° distant across the diameter of the isocline. Each of the 3 fibrations of the 24-cell's 18 great squares corresponds to a distinct left (and right) isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes. Each 60° step of the rotation takes 6 disjoint great squares (2 from each 16-cell) to great squares in a neighboring 16-cell, on [[16-cell#Helical construction|8-chord helical isoclines characteristic of the 16-cell]].{{Efn|As [[16-cell#Helical construction|in the 16-cell, the isocline is an octagram]] which intersects only 8 vertices, even though the 24-cell has more vertices closer together than the 16-cell. The isocline curve misses the additional vertices in between. As in the 16-cell, the first vertex it intersects is {{radic|2}} away. The 24-cell employs more octagram isoclines (3 in parallel in each rotation) than the 16-cell does (1 in each rotation). The 3 helical isoclines are Clifford parallel;{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} they spiral around each other in a triple helix, with the disjoint helices' corresponding vertex pairs joined by {{radic|1}} {{=}} 60° chords. The triple helix of 3 isoclines contains 24 disjoint {{radic|2}} edges (6 disjoint great squares) and 24 vertices, and constitutes a discrete fibration of the 24-cell, just as the 4-cell ring does.|name=octagram isoclines}} In the 24-cell, these 18 helical octagram isoclines can be found within the six orthogonal [[#4-cell rings|4-cell rings]] of octahedra. Each 4-cell ring has cells bonded vertex-to-vertex around a great square axis, and we find antipodal vertices at opposite vertices of the great square. A {{radic|4}} chord (the diameter of the great square and of the isocline) connects them. [[#Boundary cells|Boundary cells]] describes how the {{radic|2}} axes of the 24-cell's octahedral cells are the edges of the 16-cell's tetrahedral cells, each tetrahedron is inscribed in a (tesseract) cube, and each octahedron is inscribed in a pair of cubes (from different tesseracts), bridging them.{{Efn|name=octahedral diameters}} The vertex-bonded octahedra of the 4-cell ring also lie in different tesseracts.{{Efn|Two tesseracts share only vertices, not any edges, faces, cubes (with inscribed tetrahedra), or octahedra (whose central square planes are square faces of cubes). An octahedron that touches another octahedron at a vertex (but not at an edge or a face) is touching an octahedron in another tesseract, and a pair of adjacent cubes in the other tesseract whose common square face the octahedron spans, and a tetrahedron inscribed in each of those cubes.|name=vertex-bonded octahedra}} The isocline's four {{radic|4}} diameter chords form an [[W:Octagram#Star polygon compounds|octagram_8{4}=4{2}]] with {{radic|4}} edges that each run from the vertex of one cube and octahedron and tetrahedron, to the vertex of another cube and octahedron and tetrahedron (in a different tesseract), straight through the center of the 24-cell on one of the 12 {{radic|4}} axes. The octahedra in the 4-cell rings are vertex-bonded to more than two other octahedra, because three 4-cell rings (and their three axial great squares, which belong to different 16-cells) cross at 90° at each bonding vertex. At that vertex the octagram makes two right-angled turns at once: 90° around the great square, and 90° orthogonally into a different 4-cell ring entirely. The 180° four-edge arc joining two ends of each {{radic|4}} diameter chord of the octagram runs through the volumes and opposite vertices of two face-bonded {{radic|2}} tetrahedra (in the same 16-cell), which are also the opposite vertices of two vertex-bonded octahedra in different 4-cell rings (and different tesseracts). The [[W:Octagram|720° octagram]] isocline runs through 8 vertices of the four-cell ring and through the volumes of 16 tetrahedra. At each vertex, there are three great squares and six octagram isoclines (three black-white pairs) that cross at the vertex.{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal Clifford parallels are special}} This is the characteristic rotation of the 16-cell, ''not'' the 24-cell's characteristic rotation, and it does not take whole 16-cells ''of the 24-cell'' to each other the way the [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|24-cell's rotation in great hexagon planes]] does.{{Efn|The [[600-cell#Squares and 4𝝅 octagrams|600-cell's isoclinic rotation in great square planes]] takes whole 16-cells to other 16-cells in different 24-cells.}} {| class="wikitable" width=610 !colspan=5|Five ways of looking at a [[W:Skew polygon|skew]] [[W:24-gon#Related polygons|24-gram]] |- ![[16-cell#Rotations|Edge path]] ![[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]s ![[600-cell#Squares and 4𝝅 octagrams|In a 600-cell]] ![[#Great squares|Discrete fibration]] ![[16-cell#Helical construction|Diameter chords]] |- ![[16-cell#Helical construction|16-cells]]_3{3/8} ![[W:Petrie polygon#The Petrie polygon of regular polychora (4-polytopes)|Dodecagons]]_2{12} ![[W:24-gon#Related polygons|24-gram]]_{24/5} ![[#Great squares|Squares]]_6{4} ![[W:24-gon#Related polygons|_{{24/12}={12/2}}]] |- |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(8,3).svg|120px]] |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(12,1).svg|120px]] |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_polygon_24-5.svg|120px]] |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|120px]] |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|120px]] |- |The 24-cell's three inscribed Clifford parallel 16-cells revealed as disjoint 8-point 4-polytopes with {{radic|2}} edges.{{Efn|name=octagram isoclines}} |2 [[W:Skew polygon|skew polygon]]s of 12 {{radic|1}} edges each. The 24-cell can be decomposed into 2 disjoint zig-zag [[W:Dodecagon|dodecagon]]s (4 different ways).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); 24-cell Petrie polygon ''h₁'' is {12} }} |In [[600-cell#Hexagons|compounds of 5 24-cells]], isoclines with [[600-cell#Golden chords|golden chords]] of length <big>φ</big> {{=}} {{radic|2.𝚽}} connect all 24-cells in [[600-cell#Squares and 4𝝅 octagrams|24-chord circuits]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); 24-cell Petrie polygon orthogonal ''h₂'' is [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/5}]], half of [[W:24-gon#Related polygons|{24/5}]] as each Petrie polygon is half the 24-cell}} |Their isoclinic rotation takes 6 Clifford parallel (disjoint) great squares with {{radic|2}} edges to each other. |Two vertices four {{radic|2}} chords apart on the circular isocline are antipodal vertices joined by a {{radic|4}} axis. |} ===Characteristic orthoscheme=== {| class="wikitable floatright" !colspan=6|Characteristics of the 24-cell{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); "24-cell"}} |- !align=right| !align=center|edge{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=139|loc=§7.9 The characteristic simplex}} !colspan=2 align=center|arc !colspan=2 align=center|dihedral{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=290|loc=Table I(ii); "dihedral angles"}} |- !align=right|𝒍 |align=center|<small><math>1</math></small> |align=center|<small>60°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{3}</math></small> |align=center|<small>120°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{2\pi}{3}</math></small> |- | | | | | |- !align=right|𝟀 |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}} \approx 0.577</math></small> |align=center|<small>45°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{4}</math></small> |align=center|<small>45°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{4}</math></small> |- !align=right|𝝉{{Efn|{{Harv|Coxeter|1973}} uses the greek letter 𝝓 (phi) to represent one of the three ''characteristic angles'' 𝟀, 𝝓, 𝟁 of a regular polytope. Because 𝝓 is commonly used to represent the [[W:Golden ratio|golden ratio]] constant ≈ 1.618, for which Coxeter uses 𝝉 (tau), we reverse Coxeter's conventions, and use 𝝉 to represent the characteristic angle.|name=reversed greek symbols}} |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5</math></small> |align=center|<small>30°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math></small> |align=center|<small>60°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{3}</math></small> |- !align=right|𝟁 |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{12}} \approx 0.289</math></small> |align=center|<small>30°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math></small> |align=center|<small>60°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{3}</math></small> |- | | | | | |- !align=right|<small><math>_0R^3/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small> |align=center|<small>45°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{4}</math></small> |align=center|<small>90°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{2}</math></small> |- !align=right|<small><math>_1R^3/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5</math></small> |align=center|<small>30°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math></small> |align=center|<small>90°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{2}</math></small> |- !align=right|<small><math>_2R^3/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{6}} \approx 0.408</math></small> |align=center|<small>30°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math></small> |align=center|<small>90°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{2}</math></small> |- | | | | | |- !align=right|<small><math>_0R^4/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>1</math></small> |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |- !align=right|<small><math>_1R^4/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866</math></small>{{Efn|name=root 3/4}} |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |- !align=right|<small><math>_2R^4/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}} \approx 0.816</math></small> |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |- !align=right|<small><math>_3R^4/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small> |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |} Every regular 4-polytope has its [[W:Orthoscheme#Characteristic simplex of the general regular polytope|characteristic 4-orthoscheme]], an [[5-cell#Irregular 5-cells|irregular 5-cell]].{{Efn|name=characteristic orthoscheme}} The '''characteristic 5-cell of the regular 24-cell''' is represented by the [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram|Coxeter-Dynkin diagram]] {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|3|node|4|node|3|node}}, which can be read as a list of the dihedral angles between its mirror facets.{{Efn|For a regular ''k''-polytope, the [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram|Coxeter-Dynkin diagram]] of the characteristic ''k-''orthoscheme is the ''k''-polytope's diagram without the [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram#Application with uniform polytopes|generating point ring]]. The regular ''k-''polytope is subdivided by its symmetry (''k''-1)-elements into ''g'' instances of its characteristic ''k''-orthoscheme that surround its center, where ''g'' is the ''order'' of the ''k''-polytope's [[W:Coxeter group|symmetry group]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=130-133|loc=§7.6 The symmetry group of the general regular polytope}}}} It is an irregular [[W:Hyperpyramid|tetrahedral pyramid]] based on the [[W:Octahedron#Characteristic orthoscheme|characteristic tetrahedron of the regular octahedron]]. The regular 24-cell is subdivided by its symmetry hyperplanes into 1152 instances of its characteristic 5-cell that all meet at its center.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=17-20|loc=§10 The Coxeter Classification of Four-Dimensional Point Groups}} The characteristic 5-cell (4-orthoscheme) has four more edges than its base characteristic tetrahedron (3-orthoscheme), joining the four vertices of the base to its apex (the fifth vertex of the 4-orthoscheme, at the center of the regular 24-cell).{{Efn|The four edges of each 4-orthoscheme which meet at the center of the regular 4-polytope are of unequal length, because they are the four characteristic radii of the regular 4-polytope: a vertex radius, an edge center radius, a face center radius, and a cell center radius. The five vertices of the 4-orthoscheme always include one regular 4-polytope vertex, one regular 4-polytope edge center, one regular 4-polytope face center, one regular 4-polytope cell center, and the regular 4-polytope center. Those five vertices (in that order) comprise a path along four mutually perpendicular edges (that makes three right angle turns), the characteristic feature of a 4-orthoscheme. The 4-orthoscheme has five dissimilar 3-orthoscheme facets.|name=characteristic radii}} If the regular 24-cell has radius and edge length 𝒍 = 1, its characteristic 5-cell's ten edges have lengths <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{12}}</math></small> around its exterior right-triangle face (the edges opposite the ''characteristic angles'' 𝟀, 𝝉, 𝟁),{{Efn|name=reversed greek symbols}} plus <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{6}}</math></small> (the other three edges of the exterior 3-orthoscheme facet the characteristic tetrahedron, which are the ''characteristic radii'' of the octahedron), plus <small><math>1</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}}</math></small> (edges which are the characteristic radii of the 24-cell). The 4-edge path along orthogonal edges of the orthoscheme is <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{12}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{6}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}}</math></small>, first from a 24-cell vertex to a 24-cell edge center, then turning 90° to a 24-cell face center, then turning 90° to a 24-cell octahedral cell center, then turning 90° to the 24-cell center. === Reflections === The 24-cell can be [[#Tetrahedral constructions|constructed by the reflections of its characteristic 5-cell]] in its own facets (its tetrahedral mirror walls).{{Efn|The reflecting surface of a (3-dimensional) polyhedron consists of 2-dimensional faces; the reflecting surface of a (4-dimensional) [[W:Polychoron|polychoron]] consists of 3-dimensional cells.}} Reflections and rotations are related: a reflection in an ''even'' number of ''intersecting'' mirrors is a rotation.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=33-38|loc=§3.1 Congruent transformations}} Consequently, regular polytopes can be generated by reflections or by rotations. For example, any [[#Isoclinic rotations|720° isoclinic rotation]] of the 24-cell in a hexagonal invariant plane takes ''each'' of the 24 vertices to and through 5 other vertices and back to itself, on a skew [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|hexagram₂ geodesic isocline]] that winds twice around the 3-sphere on every ''second'' vertex of the hexagram. Any set of [[#The 3 Cartesian bases of the 24-cell|four orthogonal pairs of antipodal vertices]] (the 8 vertices of one of the [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|three inscribed 16-cells]]) performing ''half'' such an orbit visits 3 * 8 = 24 distinct vertices and [[#Clifford parallel polytopes|generates the 24-cell]] sequentially in 3 steps of a single 360° isoclinic rotation, just as any single characteristic 5-cell reflecting itself in its own mirror walls generates the 24 vertices simultaneously by reflection. Tracing the orbit of ''one'' such 16-cell vertex during the 360° isoclinic rotation reveals more about the relationship between reflections and rotations as generative operations.{{Efn|Let Q denote a rotation, R a reflection, T a translation, and let Q^''q'' R^''r'' T denote a product of several such transformations, all commutative with one another. Then RT is a glide-reflection (in two or three dimensions), QR is a rotary-reflection, QT is a screw-displacement, and Q² is a double rotation (in four dimensions). Every orthogonal transformation is expressible as {{indent|12}}Q^''q'' R^''r''<br> where 2''q'' + ''r'' ≤ ''n'', the number of dimensions. Transformations involving a translation are expressible as {{indent|12}}Q^''q'' R^''r'' T<br> where 2''q'' + ''r'' + 1 ≤ ''n''.<br> For ''n'' {{=}} 4 in particular, every displacement is either a double rotation Q², or a screw-displacement QT (where the rotation component Q is a simple rotation). Every enantiomorphous transformation in 4-space (reversing chirality) is a QRT.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=217-218|loc=§12.2 Congruent transformations}}|name=transformations}} The vertex follows an [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|isocline]] (a doubly curved geodesic circle) rather than an ordinary great circle.{{Efn|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} The isocline connects vertices two edge lengths apart, but curves away from the great circle path over the two edges connecting those vertices, missing the vertex in between.{{Efn|name=isocline misses vertex}} Although the isocline does not follow any one great circle, it is contained within a ring of another kind: in the 24-cell it stays within a [[#6-cell rings|6-cell ring]] of spherical{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=138|ps=; "We allow the Schläfli symbol {p,..., v} to have three different meanings: a Euclidean polytope, a spherical polytope, and a spherical honeycomb. This need not cause any confusion, so long as the situation is frankly recognized. The differences are clearly seen in the concept of dihedral angle."}} octahedral cells, intersecting one vertex in each cell, and passing through the volume of two adjacent cells near the missed vertex. === Chiral symmetry operations === A [[W:Symmetry operation|symmetry operation]] is a rotation or reflection which leaves the object indistinguishable from itself before the transformation. The 24-cell has 1152 distinct symmetry operations (576 rotations and 576 reflections). Each rotation is equivalent to two [[#Reflections|reflections]], in a distinct pair of non-parallel mirror planes.{{Efn|name=transformations}} Pictured are sets of disjoint [[#Geodesics|great circle polygons]], each in a distinct central plane of the 24-cell. For example, {24/4}=4{6} is an orthogonal projection of the 24-cell picturing 4 of its [16] great hexagon planes.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} The 4 planes lie Clifford parallel to the projection plane and to each other, and their great polygons collectively constitute a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] of 4 non-intersecting great circles which visit all 24 vertices just once. Each row of the table describes a class of distinct rotations. Each '''rotation class''' takes the '''left planes''' pictured to the corresponding '''right planes''' pictured.{{Efn|The left planes are Clifford parallel, and the right planes are Clifford parallel; each set of planes is a fibration. Each left plane is Clifford parallel to its corresponding right plane in an isoclinic rotation,{{Efn|In an ''isoclinic'' rotation each invariant plane is Clifford parallel to the plane it moves to, and they do not intersect at any time (except at the central point). In a ''simple'' rotation the invariant plane intersects the plane it moves to in a line, and moves to it by rotating around that line.|name=plane movement in rotations}} but the two sets of planes are not all mutually Clifford parallel; they are different fibrations, except in table rows where the left and right planes are the same set.}} The vertices of the moving planes move in parallel along the polygonal '''isocline''' paths pictured. For example, the <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> rotation class consists of [32] distinct rotational displacements by an arc-distance of {{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} = 120° between 16 great hexagon planes represented by quaternion group <math>q7</math> and a corresponding set of 16 great hexagon planes represented by quaternion group <math>q8</math>.{{Efn|A quaternion group <math>\pm{q_n}</math> corresponds to a distinct set of Clifford parallel great circle polygons, e.g. <math>q7</math> corresponds to a set of four disjoint great hexagons.{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|thumb|200px|The 24-cell as a compound of four non-intersecting great hexagons {24/4}=4{6}.]]There are 4 sets of 4 disjoint great hexagons in the 24-cell (of a total of [16] distinct great hexagons), designated <math>q7</math>, <math>-q7</math>, <math>q8</math> and <math>-q8</math>.{{Efn|name=union of q7 and q8}} Each named set of 4 Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} hexagons comprises a [[#Chiral symmetry operations|discrete fibration]] covering all 24 vertices.|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} Note that <math>q_n</math> and <math>-{q_n}</math> generally are distinct sets. The corresponding vertices of the <math>q_n</math> planes and the <math>-{q_n}</math> planes are 180° apart.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}}|name=quaternion group}} One of the [32] distinct rotations of this class moves the representative [[#Great hexagons|vertex coordinate]] <math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> to the vertex coordinate <math>(\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2})</math>.{{Efn|A quaternion Cartesian coordinate designates a vertex joined to a ''top vertex'' by one instance of a [[#Hypercubic chords|distinct chord]]. The conventional top vertex of a [[#Great hexagons|unit radius 4-polytope]] in standard (vertex-up) orientation is <math>(0,0,1,0)</math>, the Cartesian "north pole". Thus e.g. <math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> designates a {{radic|1}} chord of 60° arc-length. Each such distinct chord is an edge of a distinct [[#Geodesics|great circle polygon]], in this example a [[#Great hexagons|great hexagon]], intersecting the north and south poles. Great circle polygons occur in sets of Clifford parallel central planes, each set of disjoint great circles comprising a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] that intersects every vertex just once. One great circle polygon in each set intersects the north and south poles. This quaternion coordinate <math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> is thus representative of the 4 disjoint great hexagons pictured, a quaternion group{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} which comprise one distinct fibration of the [16] great hexagons (four fibrations of great hexagons) that occur in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}}|name=north pole relative coordinate}} {| class=wikitable style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" !colspan=15|Proper [[W:SO(4)|rotations]] of the 24-cell [[W:F4 (mathematics)|symmetry group ''F₄'']] {{Sfn|Mamone|Pileio|Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes, Table 2, Symmetry operations|pp=1438-1439}} |- !Isocline{{Efn|An ''isocline'' is the circular geodesic path taken by a vertex that lies in an invariant plane of rotation, during a complete revolution. In an [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] every vertex lies in an invariant plane of rotation, and the isocline it rotates on is a helical geodesic circle that winds through all four dimensions, not a simple geodesic great circle in the plane. In a [[#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] there is only one invariant plane of rotation, and each vertex that lies in it rotates on a simple geodesic great circle in the plane. Both the helical geodesic isocline of an isoclinic rotation and the simple geodesic isocline of a simple rotation are great circles, but to avoid confusion between them we generally reserve the term ''isocline'' for the former, and reserve the term ''great circle'' for the latter, an ordinary great circle in the plane. Strictly, however, the latter is an isocline of circumference <math>2\pi r</math>, and the former is an isocline of circumference greater than <math>2\pi r</math>.{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}}|name=isocline}} !colspan=4|Rotation class{{Efn|Each class of rotational displacements (each table row) corresponds to a distinct rigid left (and right) [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] in multiple invariant planes concurrently.{{Efn|name=invariant planes of an isoclinic rotation}} The '''Isocline''' is the path followed by a vertex,{{Efn|name=isocline}} which is a helical geodesic circle that does not lie in any one central plane. Each rotational displacement takes one invariant '''Left plane''' to the corresponding invariant '''Right plane''', with all the left (or right) displacements taking place concurrently.{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}} Each left plane is separated from the corresponding right plane by two equal angles,{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} each equal to one half of the arc-angle by which each vertex is displaced (the angle and distance that appears in the '''Rotation class''' column).|name=isoclinic rotation}} !colspan=5|Left planes <math>ql</math>{{Efn|In an [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], all the '''Left planes''' move together, remain Clifford parallel while moving, and carry all their points with them to the '''Right planes''' as they move: they are invariant planes.{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}} Because the left (and right) set of central polygons are a fibration covering all the vertices, every vertex is a point carried along in an invariant plane.|name=invariant planes of an isoclinic rotation}} !colspan=5|Right planes <math>qr</math> |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/8}=4{6/2}]]{{Efn|In this orthogonal projection of the 24-point 24-cell to a [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/4}=4{3} dodecagram]], each point represents two vertices, and each line represents multiple {{radic|3}} chords. Each disjoint triangle can be seen as a skew {6/2} [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]] with {{radic|3}} edges: two open skew triangles with their opposite ends connected in a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] with a circumference of 4𝝅. The hexagram projects to a single triangle in two dimensions because it skews through all four dimensions. Those 4 disjoint skew [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|hexagram isoclines]] are the Clifford parallel circular vertex paths of the fibration's characteristic left (and right) [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} The 4 Clifford parallel great hexagons of the fibration{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} are invariant planes of this rotation. The great hexagons rotate in incremental displacements of 60° like wheels ''and'' 60° orthogonally like coins flipping, displacing each vertex by 120°, as their vertices move along parallel helical isocline paths through successive Clifford parallel hexagon planes.{{Efn|Each hexagon rides on only three skew hexagram isoclines, not six, because opposite vertices of each hexagon ride on opposing rails of the same Clifford hexagram, in the same (not opposite) rotational direction.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}}} Alternatively, the 4 triangles can be seen as 8 disjoint triangles: 4 pairs of Clifford parallel [[#Great triangles|great triangles]], where two opposing great triangles lie in the same [[#Great hexagons|great hexagon central plane]], so a fibration of 4 Clifford parallel great hexagon planes is represented.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} This illustrates that the 4 hexagram isoclines also correspond to a distinct fibration, in fact the ''same'' fibration as 4 great hexagons.|name=hexagram}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(3,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,q8}</math><br>[16] 4𝝅 {6/2} |colspan=4|<math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex two vertices away (120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 60° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 60° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane. Repeated 6 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,q8}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math>{{Efn|name=north pole relative coordinate}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/8}=4{6/2}]]{{Efn|In this orthogonal projection of the 24-point 24-cell to a [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/4}=4{3} dodecagram]], each point represents two vertices, and each line represents multiple {{radic|3}} chords. The 4 triangles can be seen as 8 disjoint triangles: 4 pairs of Clifford parallel [[#Great triangles|great triangles]], where two opposing great triangles lie in the same [[#Great hexagons|great hexagon central plane]], so a fibration of 4 Clifford parallel great hexagon planes is represented, as in the 4 left planes of this rotation class (table row).{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}}|name=great triangles}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(3,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q8}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |{{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/2}=2{12}]]{{Efn|In this orthogonal projection of the 24-point 24-cell to a [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/2}=2{6} dodecagram]], each point represents two vertices, and each line represents multiple 24-cell edges. Each disjoint hexagon can be seen as a skew {12} [[W:Dodecagon|dodecagon]], a Petrie polygon of the 24-cell, by viewing it as two open skew hexagons with their opposite ends connected in a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] with a circumference of 4𝝅. The dodecagon projects to a single hexagon in two dimensions because it skews through all four dimensions. Those 2 disjoint skew dodecagons are the Clifford parallel circular vertex paths of the fibration's characteristic left (and right) [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} The 4 Clifford parallel great hexagons of the fibration{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} are invariant planes of this rotation. The great hexagons rotate in incremental displacements of 30° like wheels ''and'' 30° orthogonally like coins flipping, displacing each vertex by 60°, as their vertices move along parallel helical isocline paths through successive Clifford parallel hexagon planes.{{Efn|Each hexagon rides on only two parallel dodecagon isoclines, not six, because only alternate vertices of each hexagon ride on different dodecagon rails; the three vertices of each great triangle inscribed in the great hexagon occupy the same dodecagon Petrie polygon, four vertices apart, and they circulate on that isocline.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}}} Alternatively, the 2 hexagons can be seen as 4 disjoint hexagons: 2 pairs of Clifford parallel great hexagons, so a fibration of 4 Clifford parallel great hexagon planes is represented.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} This illustrates that the 2 dodecagon isoclines also correspond to a distinct fibration, in fact the ''same'' fibration as 4 great hexagons.|name=dodecagon}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,-q8}</math><br>[16] 4𝝅 {12} |colspan=4|<math>[32]R_{q7,-q8}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[32]R_{q7,-q8}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex one vertex away (60° {{=}} {{radic|1}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices.{{Efn|At the mid-point of the isocline arc (30° away) it passes directly over the mid-point of a 24-cell edge.}} Each left hexagon rotates 30° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 30° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane. Repeated 12 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,-q8}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q8}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(-\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/1}={24}]]<br>[[File:Regular_polygon_24.svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,q7}</math><br>[16] 4𝝅 {1} |colspan=4|<math>[32]R_{q7,q7}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[32]R_{q7,q7}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex through a 360° rotation and back to itself (360° {{=}} {{radic|0}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 180° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 180° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane. Repeated 2 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,q7}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |2𝝅 |360° |{{radic|0}} |0 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,-q7}</math><br>[16] 4𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[32]R_{q7,-q7}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[32]R_{q7,-q7}</math> isoclinic rotation in hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex three vertices away (180° {{=}} {{radic|4}} away),{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 90° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 90° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane. Repeated 4 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,-q7}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/8}=4{6/2}]]{{Efn|name=great triangles}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(3,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/2}=2{12}]]{{Efn|name=dodecagon}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,q1}</math><br>[8] 4𝝅 {12} |colspan=4|<math>[16]R_{q7,q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[16]R_{q7,q1}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex one vertex away (60° {{=}} {{radic|1}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 30° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 30° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane.{{Efn|This ''hybrid isoclinic rotation'' carries the two kinds of [[#Geodesics|central planes]] to each other: great square planes [[16-cell#Coordinates|characteristic of the 16-cell]] and great hexagon (great triangle) planes [[#Great hexagons|characteristic of the 24-cell]].{{Efn|The edges and 4𝝅 characteristic [[16-cell#Rotations|rotations of the 16-cell]] lie in the great square central planes. Rotations of this type are an expression of the [[W:Hyperoctahedral group|<math>B_4</math> symmetry group]]. The edges and 4𝝅 characteristic [[#Rotations|rotations of the 24-cell]] lie in the great hexagon (great triangle) central planes. Rotations of this type are an expression of the [[W:F4 (mathematics)|<math>F_4</math> symmetry group]].|name=edge rotation planes}} This is possible because some great hexagon planes lie Clifford parallel to some great square planes.{{Efn|Two great circle polygons either intersect in a common axis, or they are Clifford parallel (isoclinic) and share no vertices.{{Efn||name=two angles between central planes}} Three great squares and four great hexagons intersect at each 24-cell vertex. Each great hexagon intersects 9 distinct great squares, 3 in each of its 3 axes, and lies Clifford parallel to the other 9 great squares. Each great square intersects 8 distinct great hexagons, 4 in each of its 2 axes, and lies Clifford parallel to the other 8 great hexagons.|name=hybrid isoclinic planes}}|name=hybrid isoclinic rotation}} Repeated 12 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[8] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|thumb|200px|The 24-cell as a compound of six non-intersecting great squares {24/6}=6{4}.]]There are 3 sets of 6 disjoint great squares in the 24-cell (of a total of [18] distinct great squares),{{Efn|The 24-cell has 18 great squares, in 3 disjoint sets of 6 mutually orthogonal great squares comprising a 16-cell.{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Within each 16-cell are 3 sets of 2 completely orthogonal great squares, so each great square is disjoint not only from all the great squares in the other two 16-cells, but also from one other great square in the same 16-cell. Each great square is disjoint from 13 others, and shares two vertices (an axis) with 4 others (in the same 16-cell).|name=unions of q1 q2 q3}} designated <math>\pm q1</math>, <math>\pm q2</math>, and <math>\pm q3</math>. Each named set{{Efn|Because in the 24-cell each great square is completely orthogonal to another great square, the quaternion groups <math>q1</math> and <math>-{q1}</math> (for example) correspond to the same set of great square planes. That distinct set of 6 disjoint great squares <math>\pm q1</math> has two names, used in the left (or right) rotational context, because it constitutes both a left and a right fibration of great squares.|name=two quaternion group names for square fibrations}} of 6 Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} squares comprises a [[#Chiral symmetry operations|discrete fibration]] covering all 24 vertices.|name=three square fibrations}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[8] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/8}=4{6/2}]]{{Efn|name=hexagram}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(3,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,-q1}</math><br>[8] 4𝝅 {6/2} |colspan=4|<math>[16]R_{q7,-q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[16]R_{q7,-q1}</math> isoclinic rotation in hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex two vertices away (120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 60° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 60° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane.{{Efn|name=hybrid isoclinic rotation}} Repeated 6 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,-q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[8] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q1}</math><br>[8] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(-1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |{{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/1}={24}]]<br>[[File:Regular_polygon_24.svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6,q6}</math><br>[18] 4𝝅 {1} |colspan=4|<math>[36]R_{q6,q6}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[36]R_{q6,q6}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex through a 360° rotation and back to itself (360° {{=}} {{radic|0}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 180° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 180° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane. Repeated 2 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq6,q6}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6}</math><br>[18] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math>{{Efn|The representative coordinate <math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> is not a vertex of the unit-radius 24-cell in standard (vertex-up) orientation, it is the center of an octahedral cell. Some of the 24-cell's lines of symmetry (Coxeter's "reflecting circles") run through cell centers rather than through vertices, and quaternion group <math>q6</math> corresponds to a set of those. However, <math>q6</math> also corresponds to the set of great squares pictured, which lie orthogonal to those cells (completely disjoint from the cell).{{Efn|A quaternion Cartesian coordinate designates a vertex joined to a ''top vertex'' by one instance of a [[#Hypercubic chords|distinct chord]]. The conventional top vertex of a [[#Great hexagons|unit radius 4-polytope]] in ''cell-first'' orientation is <math>(0,0,\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})</math>. Thus e.g. <math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> designates a {{radic|2}} chord of 90° arc-length. Each such distinct chord is an edge of a distinct [[#Geodesics|great circle polygon]], in this example a [[#Great squares|great square]], intersecting the top vertex. Great circle polygons occur in sets of Clifford parallel central planes, each set of disjoint great circles comprising a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] that intersects every vertex just once. One great circle polygon in each set intersects the top vertex. This quaternion coordinate <math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> is thus representative of the 6 disjoint great squares pictured, a quaternion group{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} which comprise one distinct fibration of the [18] great squares (three fibrations of great squares) that occur in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=three square fibrations}}|name=north cell relative coordinate}}|name=lines of symmetry}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6}</math><br>[18] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |2𝝅 |360° |{{radic|0}} |0 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6,-q6}</math><br>[18] 4𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[36]R_{q6,-q6}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[36]R_{q6,-q6}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 180° {{=}} {{radic|4}} away,{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 90° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 90° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square, ''which in this rotation is the completely orthogonal plane''. Repeated 4 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq6,-q6}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6}</math><br>[18] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q6}</math><br>[18] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(-\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},-\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/9}=3{8/3}]]{{Efn|In this orthogonal projection of the 24-point 24-cell to a [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/3}{{=}}3{4} dodecagram]], each point represents two vertices, and each line represents multiple {{radic|2}} chords. Each disjoint square can be seen as a skew {8/3} [[W:Octagram|octagram]] with {{radic|2}} edges: two open skew squares with their opposite ends connected in a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] with a circumference of 4𝝅, visible in the {24/9}{{=}}3{8/3} orthogonal projection.{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(8,3).svg|thumb|200px|Icositetragon {24/9}{{=}}3{8/3} is a compound of three octagrams {8/3}, as the 24-cell is a compound of three 16-cells.]]This orthogonal projection of a 24-cell to a 24-gram {24/9}{{=}}3{8/3} exhibits 3 disjoint [[16-cell#Helical construction|octagram {8/3} isoclines of a 16-cell]], each of which is a circular isocline path through the 8 vertices of one of the 3 disjoint 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell.}} The octagram projects to a single square in two dimensions because it skews through all four dimensions. Those 3 disjoint [[16-cell#Helical construction|skew octagram isoclines]] are the circular vertex paths characteristic of an [[#Helical octagrams and their isoclines|isoclinic rotation in great square planes]], in which the 6 Clifford parallel great squares are invariant rotation planes. The great squares rotate 90° like wheels ''and'' 90° orthogonally like coins flipping, displacing each vertex by 180°, so each vertex exchanges places with its antipodal vertex. Each octagram isocline circles through the 8 vertices of a disjoint 16-cell. Alternatively, the 3 squares can be seen as a fibration of 6 Clifford parallel squares.{{Efn|name=three square fibrations}} This illustrates that the 3 octagram isoclines also correspond to a distinct fibration, in fact the ''same'' fibration as 6 squares.|name=octagram}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6,-q4}</math><br>[72] 4𝝅 {8/3} |colspan=4|<math>[144]R_{q6,-q4}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[144]R_{q6,-q4}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 90° {{=}} {{radic|2}} away, without passing through any intervening vertices.{{Efn|At the mid-point of the isocline arc (45° away) it passes directly over the mid-point of a 24-cell edge.}} Each left square rotates 45° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 45° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane. Repeated 8 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq6,-q4}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6}</math><br>[72] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q4}</math><br>[72] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,-\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},-\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/1}={24}]]<br>[[File:Regular_polygon_24.svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q4,q4}</math><br>[36] 4𝝅 {1} |colspan=4|<math>[72]R_{q4,q4}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[72]R_{q4,q4}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex through a 360° rotation and back to itself (360° {{=}} {{radic|0}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 180° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 180° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane. Repeated 2 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq4,q4}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q4}</math><br>[36] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q4}</math><br>[36] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |2𝝅 |360° |{{radic|0}} |0 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/2}=2{12}]]{{Efn|name=dodecagon}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2,q7}</math><br>[48] 4𝝅 {12} |colspan=4|<math>[96]R_{q2,q7}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[96]R_{q2,q7}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex one vertex away (60° {{=}} {{radic|1}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 30° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 30° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane.{{Efn|name=hybrid isoclinic rotation}} Repeated 12 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq2,q7}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2}</math><br>[48] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,0,1)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[48] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2,-q2}</math><br>[9] 4𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[18]R_{q2,-q2}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[18]R_{q2,-q2}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 180° {{=}} {{radic|4}} away,{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 90° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 90° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane, ''which in this rotation is the completely orthogonal plane''. Repeated 4 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq2,-q2}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2}</math><br>[9] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,0,1)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q2}</math><br>[9] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,0,-1)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2,q1}</math><br>[12] 4𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[12]R_{q2,q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[12]R_{q2,q1}</math> isoclinic rotation in great digon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 90° {{=}} {{radic|2}} away, without passing through any intervening vertices.{{Efn|At the mid-point of the isocline arc (45° away) it passes directly over the mid-point of a 24-cell edge.}} Each left digon rotates 45° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 45° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right digon plane. Repeated 8 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq2,q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,0,1)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/1}={24}]]<br>[[File:Regular_polygon_24.svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1,q1}</math><br>[0] 0𝝅 {1} |colspan=4|<math>[1]R_{q1,q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[1]R_{q1,q1}</math> rotation is the ''identity operation'' of the 24-cell, in which no points move.|name=Rq1,q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[0] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[0] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |0 |0° |{{radic|0}} |0 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1,-q1}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[1]R_{q1,-q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[1]R_{q1,-q1}</math> rotation is the ''central inversion'' of the 24-cell. This isoclinic rotation in great digon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 180° {{=}} {{radic|4}} away,{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left digon rotates 90° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 90° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right digon plane, ''which in this rotation is the completely orthogonal plane''. Repeated 4 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq1,-q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q1}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(-1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |} In a rotation class <math>[d]{R_{ql,qr}}</math> each quaternion group <math>\pm{q_n}</math> may be representative not only of its own fibration of Clifford parallel planes{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} but also of the other congruent fibrations.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} For example, rotation class <math>[4]R_{q7,q8}</math> takes the 4 hexagon planes of <math>q7</math> to the 4 hexagon planes of <math>q8</math> which are 120° away, in an isoclinic rotation. But in a rigid rotation of this kind,{{Efn|name=invariant planes of an isoclinic rotation}} all [16] hexagon planes move in congruent rotational displacements, so this rotation class also includes <math>[4]R_{-q7,-q8}</math>, <math>[4]R_{q8,q7}</math> and <math>[4]R_{-q8,-q7}</math>. The name <math>[16]R_{q7,q8}</math> is the conventional representation for all [16] congruent plane displacements. These rotation classes are all subclasses of <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> which has [32] distinct rotational displacements rather than [16] because there are two [[W:Chiral|chiral]] ways to perform any class of rotations, designated its ''left rotations'' and its ''right rotations''. The [16] left displacements of this class are not congruent with the [16] right displacements, but enantiomorphous like a pair of shoes.{{Efn|A ''right rotation'' is performed by rotating the left and right planes in the "same" direction, and a ''left rotation'' is performed by rotating left and right planes in "opposite" directions, according to the [[W:Right hand rule|right hand rule]] by which we conventionally say which way is "up" on each of the 4 coordinate axes. Left and right rotations are [[chiral]] enantiomorphous ''shapes'' (like a pair of shoes), not opposite rotational ''directions''. Both left and right rotations can be performed in either the positive or negative rotational direction (from left planes to right planes, or right planes to left planes), but that is an additional distinction.{{Efn|name=clasped hands}}|name=chirality versus direction}} Each left (or right) isoclinic rotation takes [16] left planes to [16] right planes, but the left and right planes correspond differently in the left and right rotations. The left and right rotational displacements of the same left plane take it to different right planes. Each rotation class (table row) describes a distinct left (and right) [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. The left (or right) rotations carry the left planes to the right planes simultaneously,{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}} through a characteristic rotation angle.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} For example, the <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> rotation moves all [16] hexagonal planes at once by {{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} = 120° each. Repeated 6 times, this left (or right) isoclinic rotation moves each plane 720° and back to itself in the same [[W:Orientation entanglement|orientation]], passing through all 4 planes of the <math>q7</math> left set and all 4 planes of the <math>q8</math> right set once each.{{Efn|The <math>\pm q7</math> and <math>\pm q8</math> sets of planes are not disjoint; the union of any two of these four sets is a set of 6 planes. The left (versus right) isoclinic rotation of each of these rotation classes (table rows) visits a distinct left (versus right) circular sequence of the same set of 6 Clifford parallel planes.|name=union of q7 and q8}} The picture in the isocline column represents this union of the left and right plane sets. In the <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> example it can be seen as a set of 4 Clifford parallel skew [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]]s, each having one edge in each great hexagon plane, and skewing to the left (or right) at each vertex throughout the left (or right) isoclinic rotation.{{Efn|name=clasped hands}} == Conclusions == Very few if any of the observations made in this paper are original, as I hope the citations demonstrate, but some new terminology has been introduced in making them. The term '''radially equilateral''' describes a uniform polytope with its edge length equal to its long radius, because such polytopes can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The use of the noun '''isocline''', for the circular geodesic path traced by a vertex of a 4-polytope undergoing [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], may also be new in this context. The chord-path of an isocline may be called the 4-polytope's '''Clifford polygon''', as it is the skew polygonal shape of the rotational circles traversed by the 4-polytope's vertices in its characteristic [[W:Clifford displacement|Clifford displacement]].{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=Linear Systems of Clifford Parallels|pp=34-57}} == Acknowledgements == This paper is an extract of a [[24-cell|24-cell article]] collaboratively developed by Wikipedia editors. This version contains only those sections of the Wikipedia article which I authored, or which I completely rewrote. I have removed those sections principally authored by other Wikipedia editors, and illustrations and tables which I did not create myself, except for two essential rotating animations created by Wikipedia illustrator [[Wikipedia:User:JasonHise|JasonHise]] which I have retained with attribution. Consequently, this version is not a complete treatment of the subject; it is missing some essential topics, and it is inadequately illustrated. As a subset of the collaboratively developed [[24-cell|24-cell article]] from which it was extracted, it is intended to gather in one place just what I have personally authored. Even so, it contains small fragments of which I am not the original author, and many editorial improvements by other Wikipedia editors. The original provenance of any sentence in this document may be ascertained precisely by consulting the complete revision history of the [[Wikipedia:24-cell]] article, in which I am identified as Wikipedia editor [[Wikipedia:User:Dc.samizdat|Dc.samizdat]]. Since I came to my own understanding of the 24-cell slowly, in the course of making additions to the [[Wikipedia:24-cell]] article, I am greatly indebted to the Wikipedia editors whose work on it preceded mine. Chief among these is Wikipedia editor [[W:User:Tomruen|Tomruen (Tom Ruen)]], the original author and principal illustrator of a great many of the Wikipedia articles on polytopes. The 24-cell article that I began with was already more accessible, to me, than even Coxeter's ''[[W:Regular Polytopes|Regular Polytopes]]'', or any other book treating the subject. I was inspired by the existence of Wikipedia articles on the 4-polytopes to study them more closely, and then became convinced by my own experience exploring this hypertext that the 4-polytopes could be understood much more readily, and could be documented most engagingly and comprehensively, if everything that researchers have discovered about them were incorporated into this single encyclopedic hypertext. Well-illustrated hypertext is naturally the most appropriate medium in which to describe a hyperspace, such as Euclidean 4-space. Another essential contributor to my dawning comprehension of 4-dimensional geometry was Wikipedia editor [[W:User:Cloudswrest|Cloudswrest (A.P. Goucher)]], who authored the section entitled ''[[24-cell#Cell rings|Cell rings]]'' describing the torus decomposition of the 24-cell into cell rings forming discrete Hopf fibrations, also studied by Banchoff.{{Sfn|Banchoff|2013|ps=, studied the decomposition of regular 4-polytopes into honeycombs of tori tiling the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]], showed how the honeycombs correspond to [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]]s, and made a particular study of the [[#6-cell rings|24-cell's 4 rings of 6 octahedral cells]] with illustrations.}} J.E. Mebius's definitive Wikipedia article on ''[[W:SO(4)|SO(4)]]'', the group of ''[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]]'', informs this entire paper, which is essentially an explanation of the 24-cell's geometry as a function of its isoclinic rotations. == Future work == The encyclopedia [[Wikipedia:Main_page|Wikipedia]] is not the only appropriate hypertext medium in which to explore and document the fourth dimension. Wikipedia rightly publishes only knowledge that can be sourced to previously published authorities. An encyclopedia cannot function as a research journal, in which is documented the broad, evolving edge of a field of knowledge, well before the observations made there have settled into a consensus of accepted facts. Moreover, an encyclopedia article must not become a textbook, or attempt to be the definitive whole story on a topic, or have too many footnotes! At some point in my enlargement of the [[Wikipedia:24-cell]] article, it began to transgress upon these limits, and other Wikipedia editors began to prune it back, appropriately for an encyclopedia article. I therefore sought out a home for expanded, more-than-encyclopedic versions of it and the other 4-polytope articles, where they could be enlarged by active researchers, beyond the scope of the Wikipedia encyclopedia articles. Fortunately [[Main_page|Wikiversity]] provides just such a medium: an alternate hypertext web compatible with Wikipedia, but without the constraint of consisting of encyclopedia articles alone. A non-profit collaborative space for students and researchers, Wikiversity hosts all kinds of hypertext learning resources, such as hypertext textbooks which enlarge upon topics covered by Wikipedia, and research journals covering various fields of study which accept papers for peer review and publication. A hypertext article hosted at Wikiversity may contain links to any Wikipedia or Wikiversity article. This paper, for example, is hosted at Wikiversity, but most of its links are to Wikipedia encyclopedia articles. Three consistent versions of the 24-cell article now exist, including this paper. The most complete version is the expanded [[24-cell]] article hosted at Wikiversity, which includes everything in the other two versions except these acknowledgments, plus additional learning resources. The original encyclopedia version, the [[Wikipedia:24-cell]] article, is today an abridged version of the expanded Wikiversity [[24-cell]] article, from which extra content inappropriate for an encyclopedia article has been removed. == Notes == {{Regular convex 4-polytopes Notelist}} == Citations == {{Reflist}} == References == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book | last=Kepler | first=Johannes | author-link=W:Johannes Kepler | title=Harmonices Mundi (The Harmony of the World) | title-link=W:Harmonices Mundi | publisher=Johann Planck | year=1619}} * {{Cite book | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1973 | orig-year=1948 | title=Regular Polytopes | publisher=Dover | place=New York | edition=3rd | title-link=W:Regular Polytopes (book) }} * {{Citation | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1991 | title=Regular Complex Polytopes | place=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | edition=2nd }} * {{Citation | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1995 | title=Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter | publisher=Wiley-Interscience Publication | edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-471-01003-6 | url=https://archive.org/details/kaleidoscopessel0000coxe | editor1-last=Sherk | editor1-first=F. Arthur | editor2-last=McMullen | editor2-first=Peter | editor3-last=Thompson | editor3-first=Anthony C. | editor4-last=Weiss | editor4-first=Asia Ivic | url-access=registration }} ** (Paper 3) H.S.M. Coxeter, ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions'' ** (Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, ''Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I'', [Math. Zeit. 46 (1940) 380–407, MR 2,10] ** (Paper 23) H.S.M. Coxeter, ''Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II'', [Math. Zeit. 188 (1985) 559-591] ** (Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, ''Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III'', [Math. Zeit. 200 (1988) 3-45] * {{Cite book | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1968 | title=The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays | publisher=Dover | place=New York | edition=2nd }} * {{Cite journal | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1989 | title=Trisecting an Orthoscheme | journal=Computers Math. Applic. | volume=17 | issue=1–3 | pages=59–71 | doi=10.1016/0898-1221(89)90148-X | doi-access=free }} * {{Citation | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1970 | title=Twisted Honeycombs | place=Providence, Rhode Island | journal=Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences Regional Conference Series in Mathematics | publisher=American Mathematical Society | volume=4 }} * {{Cite journal|last=Stillwell|first=John|date=January 2001|title=The Story of the 120-Cell|url=https://www.ams.org/notices/200101/fea-stillwell.pdf|journal=Notices of the AMS|volume=48|issue=1|pages=17–25}} * {{cite book|last=Banchoff|first=Thomas F.|chapter=Torus Decompostions of Regular Polytopes in 4-space|date=2013|title=Shaping Space|url=https://archive.org/details/shapingspaceexpl00sene|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/shapingspaceexpl00sene/page/n249 257]–266|editor-last=Senechal|editor-first=Marjorie|publisher=Springer New York|doi=10.1007/978-0-387-92714-5_20|isbn=978-0-387-92713-8}} * {{Cite arXiv | eprint=1903.06971 | last=Copher | first=Jessica | year=2019 | title=Sums and Products of Regular Polytopes' Squared Chord Lengths | class=math.MG }} *{{Citation | last=Goucher | first=A.P. | title=Subsumptions of regular polytopes | date=1 October 2020 | journal=Complex Projective 4-Space | url=https://cp4space.hatsya.com/2020/10/01/subsumptions-of-regular-polytopes }} * {{Cite thesis|url= http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:dcffce5a-0b47-404e-8a67-9a3845774d89 |title=Symmetry groups of regular polytopes in three and four dimensions|last=van Ittersum |first=Clara|year=2020|publisher=[[W:Delft University of Technology|Delft University of Technology]]}} * {{cite arXiv|last1=Kim|first1=Heuna|last2=Rote|first2=G.|date=2016|title=Congruence Testing of Point Sets in 4 Dimensions|class=cs.CG|eprint=1603.07269}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Perez-Gracia|first1=Alba|last2=Thomas|first2=Federico|date=2017|title=On Cayley's Factorization of 4D Rotations and Applications|url=https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2117/113067/1749-ON-CAYLEYS-FACTORIZATION-OF-4D-ROTATIONS-AND-APPLICATIONS.pdf|journal=Adv. Appl. Clifford Algebras|volume=27|pages=523–538|doi=10.1007/s00006-016-0683-9|hdl=2117/113067|s2cid=12350382|hdl-access=free}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Waegell|first1=Mordecai|last2=Aravind|first2=P. K.|date=2009-11-12|title=Critical noncolorings of the 600-cell proving the Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem|journal=Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical|volume=43|issue=10|page=105304|language=en|doi=10.1088/1751-8113/43/10/105304|arxiv=0911.2289|s2cid=118501180}} * {{Cite book|title=Generalized Clifford parallelism|last1=Tyrrell|first1=J. A.|last2=Semple|first2=J.G.|year=1971|publisher=[[W:Cambridge University Press|Cambridge University Press]]|url=https://archive.org/details/generalizedcliff0000tyrr|isbn=0-521-08042-8}} * {{Cite web|last=Egan|first=Greg|date=23 December 2021|title=Symmetries and the 24-cell|url=https://www.gregegan.net/SCIENCE/24-cell/24-cell.html|author-link=W:Greg Egan|website=gregegan.net|access-date=10 October 2022}} * {{Cite journal | last1=Mamone|first1=Salvatore | last2=Pileio|first2=Giuseppe | last3=Levitt|first3=Malcolm H. | year=2010 | title=Orientational Sampling Schemes Based on Four Dimensional Polytopes | journal=Symmetry | volume=2 |issue=3 | pages=1423–1449 | doi=10.3390/sym2031423 |bibcode=2010Symm....2.1423M |doi-access=free }} * {{Cite thesis|title=Applications of Quaternions to Dynamical Simulation, Computer Graphics and Biomechanics|last=Mebius|first=Johan|date=July 2015|publisher=[[W:Delft University of Technology|Delft University of Technology]]|orig-date=11 Jan 1994|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3310.3205}} * {{Cite book|title=Elementary particles and the laws of physics|last1=Feynman|first1=Richard|last2=Weinberg|first2=Steven|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1987}} * {{Cite journal|last=Dorst|first=Leo|title=Conformal Villarceau Rotors|year=2019|journal=Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras|volume=29|issue=44|doi=10.1007/s00006-019-0960-5 |s2cid=253592159 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Koca|first1=Mehmet|last2=Al-Ajmi|first2=Mudhahir|last3=Koc|first3=Ramazan|date=November 2007|title=Polyhedra obtained from Coxeter groups and quaternions|journal=Journal of Mathematical Physics|volume=48|issue=11|pages=113514|doi=10.1063/1.2809467|bibcode=2007JMP....48k3514K |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234907424}} * {{Citation|author-last=Hise|author-first=Jason|date=2011|author-link=W:User:JasonHise|title=A 3D projection of a 24-cell performing a simple rotation|title-link=Wikimedia:File:24-cell.gif|journal=Wikimedia Commons}} * {{Citation|author-last=Hise|author-first=Jason|date=2007|author-link=W:User:JasonHise|title=A 3D projection of a 24-cell performing a double rotation|title-link=Wikimedia:File:24-cell-orig.gif|journal=Wikimedia Commons}} {{Refend}} ibaoacnzaqyq6vz5dieddzjh00ij8lw 0 316507 2691221 2691194 2024-12-10T12:56:46Z Sylvain Ribault 2127778 /* Scale invariance at phase transitions */ 2691221 wikitext text/x-wiki == Conformal transformations == === Definition === On a given space or spacetime <math>M</math> with coordinates <math>x^\mu</math>, distances are defined using a metric <math>g_{\mu\nu}</math>. In particular, the length of an infinitesimal vector <math>v^\mu</math> is <math>\|v\| = \sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}</math>. If we know distances, we can also compute angles. The angle <math>\theta</math> between two infinitesimal vectors <math>v^\mu,w^\mu</math> obeys :<math> \cos\theta = \frac{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu w^\nu}{\sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}\sqrt{ g_{\mu\nu}w^\mu w^\nu}} </math> For <math>f:M\to M</math> a diffeomorphism, we define the [[w:pullback]] <math>f^*g</math> of the metric by :<math> (f^*g)_{\mu\nu} = g_{\rho\sigma}(f(x)) \frac{\partial f^\rho}{\partial x^\mu}\frac{\partial f^\sigma}{\partial x^\nu} </math> equivalently <math>(f*g)_{\mu\nu}(x)dx^\mu dx^\nu = g_{\mu\nu}(f)df^\mu df^\nu</math>. A diffeomorphism <math>f:M\to M</math> is called an '''isometry''' if it preserves distances, equivalently if :<math>f^* g = g</math>. It is called a '''conformal transformation''' if it preserves angles. Any isometry is a conformal transformation, but the converse is not true. For any function <math>\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}</math>, the metrics <math>g_{\mu\nu}</math> and <math>\lambda g_{\mu\nu}</math> define the same angles. So <math>f</math> is a conformal transformation if it preserve the metric up to a scalar factor, :<math> \exists \lambda,\ f^* g = \lambda g </math> The set of conformal transformations is called the '''conformal group''' associated to <math>M,g</math>. Let us indicate how many functions on <math>M</math> are needed to parametrize the objects <math>\lambda, f,g</math>, if <math>d=\dim(M)</math>: {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small; text-align:center;" |- ! Object ! Number of functions on <math>M</math> |- | Function <math>\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}</math> | <math>1</math> |- | Diffeomorphism <math>f:M\to M</math> | <math>d</math> |- | Metric <math>g</math> on <math>M</math> | <math>\frac{d(d+1)}{2}</math> |} Therefore, given two metrics <math>g_1,g_2</math>, the condition <math>f^* g_1 = \lambda g_2</math> that they are conformally equivalent involves <math>\frac{d(d+1)}{2}</math> equations for <math>d+1</math> unknowns. For <math>d\leq 2</math>, there is always a solution (under reasonable assumptions): in particular any metric on <math>\mathbb{R}^2</math> is conformally flat. For <math>d\geq 3</math>, two metrics are in general not equivalent modulo rescaling. Similarly, the size of the conformal group depends on the dimension: * For <math>d=1</math>, any diffeomorphism is conformal. * For <math>d\geq 2</math>, the conformal group depends on <math>M,g</math>, with flat space <math>\mathbb{R}^d</math> having the largest possible group <math>SO(d+1,1)</math>. * For <math>d\geq 3</math>, a generic space has only one conformal transformation: the identity. === Case of flat space === The conformal group of <math>\mathbb{R}^d</math> with the flat metric <math>g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}</math> first includes isometries: * Translations. * Rotations. There are also conformal transformations that are not isometries: * Dilations, also known as scale transformations <math>x^\mu \mapsto \lambda x^\mu </math> with <math>\lambda \in \mathbb{R}</math>. * The inversion <math>x^\mu \mapsto \frac{x^\mu}{\|x\|^2}</math>. * Special conformal transformations <math>x^\mu \mapsto \frac{x^\mu - a^\mu \|x\|^2}{1-2a_\mu x^\mu +\|a\|^2\|x\|^2}</math>. These transformations generate the conformal group <math>SO(d+1,1)</math>. === Two-dimensional case === Let <math>M</math> be a two-dimensional connected, oriented manifold. A metric <math>g</math> on <math>M</math> is called Riemannian if it is positive definite. Let <math>\bar g</math> be the equivalence class of <math>g</math> modulo conformal transformations, also called a '''conformal structure'''. Then <math>(M,\bar g)</math> is called a [[w:Riemann surface]]. A Riemann surface is characterized by its topology and its conformal structure. Let us focus on compact Riemann surfaces. Topologically, a compact Riemann surface is characterize by its '''genus''' <math>h\in \mathbb{N}</math>, the number of holes. For a given genus, there is a finite-dimensional '''moduli space''' <math>\mathcal{M}_h</math> of Riemann surfaces. The conformal group of a Riemann surface depends on <math>h</math> and also on the surface: {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small; text-align:center;" |- ! Genus <math>h</math> ! Name ! <math>\dim_\mathbb{C} \mathcal{M}_h</math> ! Conformal group |- | 0 | Riemann sphere | <math>0</math> | <math>PSL_2(\mathbb{C})</math> |- | 1 | Torus | 1 | <math>\left(\mathbb{C}/\mathbb{Z}^2\right)\rtimes \text{finite} </math> |- | <math>\geq 2</math> | | <math>3h-3</math> | finite |} * The Riemann sphere is conveniently parametrized by a complex coordinate <math>z\in\mathbb{C}\cup \{\infty\}</math>. Its moduli space is trivial, i.e. all genus 0 Riemann surfaces are conformally equivalent. The conformal group is the Möbius group <math>PSL_2(\mathbb{C})</math>, which acts as :<math> z\mapsto \frac{az+b}{cz+d} \qquad \text{for}\qquad \left(\begin{array}{cc} a & b\\ c& d \end{array}\right) \in PSL_2(\mathbb{C}) </math> * The torus <math>\mathbb{T} = \frac{\mathbb{C}}{\mathbb{Z}+\tau\mathbb{Z}}</math> is parametrized by a '''modulus''' <math>\tau\in\mathbb{H}\equiv\left\{\tau \in \mathbb{C}|\Im \tau>0\right\}</math>. Two toruses are conformally equivalent if their moduli are related by <math>\tau\mapsto \frac{a\tau+b}{c\tau+d}</math> for <math>\left(\begin{array}{cc} a & b\\ c& d \end{array}\right) \in PSL_2(\mathbb{Z})</math> so the moduli space is <math>\mathcal{M}_1 = \mathbb{H}/PSL_2(\mathbb{Z})</math>. The conformal group of <math>\mathbb{T}</math> includes translations, which are parametrized by <math>\mathbb{T}</math> itself or equivalently by <math>\mathbb{C}/\mathbb{Z}^2</math>. Depending on <math>\tau</math>, there may also be a finite number of rotations. == Conformal symmetry and gravitation == === Conformal invariance and Weyl invariance === In a theory of gravitation such as general relativity, the metric is not fixed, it is a dynamical object. We can therefore combine diffeomorphisms with changes of the metric. In particular, if we combine a diffeomorphism <math>f</math> with <math>g\mapsto f^*g</math>, we obtain a '''change of coordinates''', which should leave the physics invariant. By definition, modulo a change of coordinates, a conformal transformation amounts to a '''Weyl transformation''' of the metric <math>g\mapsto \lambda g</math>. For gravitational theories, conformal invariance is equivalent to Weyl invariance. General relativity is Weyl invariant for <math>d=2</math> only. === Two-dimensional case === In <math>d=2</math>, any field theory of quantum gravity must be a conformal field theory. Moreover, since any metric is conformally flat, we may replace the 3 components of the metric <math>g_{\mu\nu}</math> with the conformal factor <math>\lambda</math>: only 1 bosonic field. Einstein's equation for <math>g_{\mu\nu}</math> then reduces to the Liouville equation for <math>\log \lambda</math>. The Liouville equation is the classical equation of motion of [[w:Liouville theory]]: a solvable CFT that we will study in this course. Therefore, we can build field theories of gravity called '''Liouville gravity''' based on Liouville theory. (There are several possible theories, depending on the matter contents.) === String theory === String theory is a theoretical framework that generalizes quantum field theory, and includes quantum theories of gravity. The basic idea is to describe physics in a spacetime <math>Z</math> using a <math>d=2</math> worldsheet <math>M</math> and an embedding <math>X:M\to Z</math>. The metric on <math>Z</math> induces a metric on <math>M</math>, but it is convenient to allow the worldsheet metric <math>g</math> to be an independent dynamical object, unrelated to the induced metric. Nevertheless, the physics should not depend on <math>g</math>. It is possible to fix 2 of the 3 components of <math>g</math> using a change of coordinates on <math>M</math>, and to get <math>g</math>-independence we also have to take care of the third component, by assuming Weyl invariance. This is why the worldsheet description of string theory uses <math>d=2</math> CFT. String theory provides another motivation for CFT in arbitrary <math>d</math> due to the AdS/CFT correspondence: a holographic relation between a string theory in a <math>d+1</math>-dimensional Anti-de Sitter space, and a CFT in <math>d</math> dimensions. In fact the correspondence can be generalized to non-AdS spaces, which then correspond to non-conformal field theories. Nevertheless, the correspondencs is simplest in the AdS/CFT case. == Scale invariance and conformal invariance == The relevance of conformal field theory extends well beyond gravitational physics. It is relatively easy (but not trivial) to explain why scale invariance is important in physics. Moreover, in many cases scale invariance implies conformal invariance, although the reason is not always clear. Scale invariance is not manifest in physics. Physical properties of matter vary a lot across scales: * At cosmological scales, physics is dominated by gravitational interactions, with important roles for the poorly understood dark matter and dark energy. * In the solar system, Newtonian gravity with relativistic corrections is an adequate description. * From planets to atoms, gravity becomes less and less important, electromagnetism more and more important. These fundamental forces give rise to emergent physical forces such as surface tension. * At nuclear scales, the weak and strong interactions dominate. The strong interaction allows atomic nuclei to hold together in spite of the electromagnetic repulsion between protons. Scale invariance is therefore not a fundamental symmetry of nature. Scale invariance can only hold approximately, over a finite range of scales. Translation invariance is also an approximate symmetry of our universe, but it is an exact symmetry of the fundamental theories. === Scale invariance at phase transitions === Consider the '''[[w:Ising model]]''': a statistical model of spins on a lattice (say square or cubic), which can take 2 values <math>\pm 1</math>. Two neighbouring spin interact: the interaction energy is smaller if their values are the same. The system has 2 phases: * An ordered phase at low temperature, where the energy dominates over the entropy, and almost all spins have the same value. * A disordered phase at high temperature, where the entropy dominates over the energy, and spins are not correlated beyond short distances. The lattice has 2 geometrical scales: the distance <math>a</math> between neighbouring sites, and the length <math>L\gg a</math> of the whole lattice. Depending on the model's dynamics, we also define the '''correlation length''' <math>\xi</math>: the distance at which spins are correlated, equivalently the typical sizes of clusters: domains where all spins are aligned. The correlation length is <math>\xi = O(L)</math> in the ordered phase, and <math>\xi = O(a)</math> in the disordered phase. There is a phase transition between the two phases, at a critical temperature <math>T=T_c</math>. At the phase transition, there coexist clusters of all possible sizes <math>a<\ell <L</math>. The system is approximately scale invariant over that range of scales. A physical manifestation of this phenomenon is the [[w:critical opalescence]] of fluids near critical gas/liquid phase transitions. Due to the existence liquid droplets of arbitrary sizes, the fluid scatters light of arbitrary wavelengths and appears cloudy, whereas the liquid and the gas would both appear transparent. Why would we devote efforts to studying phase transitions, if they occur only at special values of parameters, such as the critical temperature? One reason is that physical systems can get stuck at phase transitions. If we add some heat to melting ice, we may melt some more, but not leave the critical temperature where water and ice coexist. === Scale invariance of renormalization group fixed points === There is a systematic way of reaching a scale-invariant theory, starting from any physical theory. The idea is simply to rescale the theory until it becomes invariant under rescaling. The resulting scale-invariant theory is called a fixed point of the renormalization group. It may or may not describe a phase transition. For example, to rescale the Ising model, we can use a block spin transformation: replace a block of <math>2^d</math> neighbouring spins with one spin, therefore changing <math>a\to 2a</math>. This transformation changes all the model's parameters in a way that is described by the [[w:renormalization group]]. More abstractly, in a field theory, we can similarly rescale the theory such that we obtain a similar theory where however the parameters have changed. At a fixed point, the theory is usually much simpler than the original theory. This is not only because we now have the extra symmetry of scale invariance, but also because many interactions of the original theory go to zero at the fixed point. (They are called irrelevant.) This results in [[w:universality]]: the fact that many different physical systems share the same description at the fixed point. The fixed point to which a system flows, also called its universality class, depends only on a few features such as the symmetries. === Does scale invariance imply conformal invariance? === === Universality === More symmetry, fewer parameters (no scale). Critical exponents. Computed by CFT == Exercises == === COGS: The conformal group of flat space === Consider the Euclidean space <math>\mathbb{R}^d</math> with the flat metric <math>g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}</math>, and the Minkowski space <math>\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}</math> with coordinates <math>Y=\left(y^\mu,y^-,y^+\right)</math> with <math>\mu = 1,2,\dots, d</math> and the flat metric <math>\|dY\|^2 = \sum_{\mu=1}^d \left(dy^\mu\right)^2 -dy^-dy^+ </math>. Consider the diffeormorphisms :<math> \varphi:\left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^d & \to & \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ x^\mu &\mapsto & \left(x^\mu,\|x\|^2,1\right) \end{array}\right. \quad , \quad \psi: \left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} & \to & \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ Y &\mapsto & \frac{1}{y^+}Y = \left(\frac{y^\mu}{y^+},\frac{y^-}{y^+},1\right) \end{array}\right. </math> # Check that <math>\varphi</math> is an isometry. Is <math>\psi</math> an isometry? Is it a conformal transformation? # Show that the restriction of <math>\psi</math> to the light cone <math>\mathcal{L}=\left\{Y\in \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}\left| \|Y\|^2 = 0\right.\right\}</math> is a conformal transformation, and that <math>\varphi(\mathbb{R}^d)\subset \mathcal{L}</math>. # Let <math>G\in SO(d+1,1)</math> be an isometry of <math>\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}</math>, in particular <math>G</math> is linear. Show that <math>\varphi^{-1}\circ \psi \circ G\circ \varphi</math> is a conformal transformation of <math>\mathbb{R}^d</math>. Deduce that the conformal group of <math>\mathbb{R}^d</math> includes <math>SO(d+1,1)</math>. # Explicitly write the action of <math>G\in SO(d+1,1)</math> on <math>x^\mu</math>. [[Category: CFT course]] bi564pbgqua25k10tf8ce3u0ehoi1sw 2691222 2691221 2024-12-10T12:58:05Z Sylvain Ribault 2127778 /* Scale invariance of renormalization group fixed points */ 2691222 wikitext text/x-wiki == Conformal transformations == === Definition === On a given space or spacetime <math>M</math> with coordinates <math>x^\mu</math>, distances are defined using a metric <math>g_{\mu\nu}</math>. In particular, the length of an infinitesimal vector <math>v^\mu</math> is <math>\|v\| = \sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}</math>. If we know distances, we can also compute angles. The angle <math>\theta</math> between two infinitesimal vectors <math>v^\mu,w^\mu</math> obeys :<math> \cos\theta = \frac{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu w^\nu}{\sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}\sqrt{ g_{\mu\nu}w^\mu w^\nu}} </math> For <math>f:M\to M</math> a diffeomorphism, we define the [[w:pullback]] <math>f^*g</math> of the metric by :<math> (f^*g)_{\mu\nu} = g_{\rho\sigma}(f(x)) \frac{\partial f^\rho}{\partial x^\mu}\frac{\partial f^\sigma}{\partial x^\nu} </math> equivalently <math>(f*g)_{\mu\nu}(x)dx^\mu dx^\nu = g_{\mu\nu}(f)df^\mu df^\nu</math>. A diffeomorphism <math>f:M\to M</math> is called an '''isometry''' if it preserves distances, equivalently if :<math>f^* g = g</math>. It is called a '''conformal transformation''' if it preserves angles. Any isometry is a conformal transformation, but the converse is not true. For any function <math>\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}</math>, the metrics <math>g_{\mu\nu}</math> and <math>\lambda g_{\mu\nu}</math> define the same angles. So <math>f</math> is a conformal transformation if it preserve the metric up to a scalar factor, :<math> \exists \lambda,\ f^* g = \lambda g </math> The set of conformal transformations is called the '''conformal group''' associated to <math>M,g</math>. Let us indicate how many functions on <math>M</math> are needed to parametrize the objects <math>\lambda, f,g</math>, if <math>d=\dim(M)</math>: {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small; text-align:center;" |- ! Object ! Number of functions on <math>M</math> |- | Function <math>\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}</math> | <math>1</math> |- | Diffeomorphism <math>f:M\to M</math> | <math>d</math> |- | Metric <math>g</math> on <math>M</math> | <math>\frac{d(d+1)}{2}</math> |} Therefore, given two metrics <math>g_1,g_2</math>, the condition <math>f^* g_1 = \lambda g_2</math> that they are conformally equivalent involves <math>\frac{d(d+1)}{2}</math> equations for <math>d+1</math> unknowns. For <math>d\leq 2</math>, there is always a solution (under reasonable assumptions): in particular any metric on <math>\mathbb{R}^2</math> is conformally flat. For <math>d\geq 3</math>, two metrics are in general not equivalent modulo rescaling. Similarly, the size of the conformal group depends on the dimension: * For <math>d=1</math>, any diffeomorphism is conformal. * For <math>d\geq 2</math>, the conformal group depends on <math>M,g</math>, with flat space <math>\mathbb{R}^d</math> having the largest possible group <math>SO(d+1,1)</math>. * For <math>d\geq 3</math>, a generic space has only one conformal transformation: the identity. === Case of flat space === The conformal group of <math>\mathbb{R}^d</math> with the flat metric <math>g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}</math> first includes isometries: * Translations. * Rotations. There are also conformal transformations that are not isometries: * Dilations, also known as scale transformations <math>x^\mu \mapsto \lambda x^\mu </math> with <math>\lambda \in \mathbb{R}</math>. * The inversion <math>x^\mu \mapsto \frac{x^\mu}{\|x\|^2}</math>. * Special conformal transformations <math>x^\mu \mapsto \frac{x^\mu - a^\mu \|x\|^2}{1-2a_\mu x^\mu +\|a\|^2\|x\|^2}</math>. These transformations generate the conformal group <math>SO(d+1,1)</math>. === Two-dimensional case === Let <math>M</math> be a two-dimensional connected, oriented manifold. A metric <math>g</math> on <math>M</math> is called Riemannian if it is positive definite. Let <math>\bar g</math> be the equivalence class of <math>g</math> modulo conformal transformations, also called a '''conformal structure'''. Then <math>(M,\bar g)</math> is called a [[w:Riemann surface]]. A Riemann surface is characterized by its topology and its conformal structure. Let us focus on compact Riemann surfaces. Topologically, a compact Riemann surface is characterize by its '''genus''' <math>h\in \mathbb{N}</math>, the number of holes. For a given genus, there is a finite-dimensional '''moduli space''' <math>\mathcal{M}_h</math> of Riemann surfaces. The conformal group of a Riemann surface depends on <math>h</math> and also on the surface: {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small; text-align:center;" |- ! Genus <math>h</math> ! Name ! <math>\dim_\mathbb{C} \mathcal{M}_h</math> ! Conformal group |- | 0 | Riemann sphere | <math>0</math> | <math>PSL_2(\mathbb{C})</math> |- | 1 | Torus | 1 | <math>\left(\mathbb{C}/\mathbb{Z}^2\right)\rtimes \text{finite} </math> |- | <math>\geq 2</math> | | <math>3h-3</math> | finite |} * The Riemann sphere is conveniently parametrized by a complex coordinate <math>z\in\mathbb{C}\cup \{\infty\}</math>. Its moduli space is trivial, i.e. all genus 0 Riemann surfaces are conformally equivalent. The conformal group is the Möbius group <math>PSL_2(\mathbb{C})</math>, which acts as :<math> z\mapsto \frac{az+b}{cz+d} \qquad \text{for}\qquad \left(\begin{array}{cc} a & b\\ c& d \end{array}\right) \in PSL_2(\mathbb{C}) </math> * The torus <math>\mathbb{T} = \frac{\mathbb{C}}{\mathbb{Z}+\tau\mathbb{Z}}</math> is parametrized by a '''modulus''' <math>\tau\in\mathbb{H}\equiv\left\{\tau \in \mathbb{C}|\Im \tau>0\right\}</math>. Two toruses are conformally equivalent if their moduli are related by <math>\tau\mapsto \frac{a\tau+b}{c\tau+d}</math> for <math>\left(\begin{array}{cc} a & b\\ c& d \end{array}\right) \in PSL_2(\mathbb{Z})</math> so the moduli space is <math>\mathcal{M}_1 = \mathbb{H}/PSL_2(\mathbb{Z})</math>. The conformal group of <math>\mathbb{T}</math> includes translations, which are parametrized by <math>\mathbb{T}</math> itself or equivalently by <math>\mathbb{C}/\mathbb{Z}^2</math>. Depending on <math>\tau</math>, there may also be a finite number of rotations. == Conformal symmetry and gravitation == === Conformal invariance and Weyl invariance === In a theory of gravitation such as general relativity, the metric is not fixed, it is a dynamical object. We can therefore combine diffeomorphisms with changes of the metric. In particular, if we combine a diffeomorphism <math>f</math> with <math>g\mapsto f^*g</math>, we obtain a '''change of coordinates''', which should leave the physics invariant. By definition, modulo a change of coordinates, a conformal transformation amounts to a '''Weyl transformation''' of the metric <math>g\mapsto \lambda g</math>. For gravitational theories, conformal invariance is equivalent to Weyl invariance. General relativity is Weyl invariant for <math>d=2</math> only. === Two-dimensional case === In <math>d=2</math>, any field theory of quantum gravity must be a conformal field theory. Moreover, since any metric is conformally flat, we may replace the 3 components of the metric <math>g_{\mu\nu}</math> with the conformal factor <math>\lambda</math>: only 1 bosonic field. Einstein's equation for <math>g_{\mu\nu}</math> then reduces to the Liouville equation for <math>\log \lambda</math>. The Liouville equation is the classical equation of motion of [[w:Liouville theory]]: a solvable CFT that we will study in this course. Therefore, we can build field theories of gravity called '''Liouville gravity''' based on Liouville theory. (There are several possible theories, depending on the matter contents.) === String theory === String theory is a theoretical framework that generalizes quantum field theory, and includes quantum theories of gravity. The basic idea is to describe physics in a spacetime <math>Z</math> using a <math>d=2</math> worldsheet <math>M</math> and an embedding <math>X:M\to Z</math>. The metric on <math>Z</math> induces a metric on <math>M</math>, but it is convenient to allow the worldsheet metric <math>g</math> to be an independent dynamical object, unrelated to the induced metric. Nevertheless, the physics should not depend on <math>g</math>. It is possible to fix 2 of the 3 components of <math>g</math> using a change of coordinates on <math>M</math>, and to get <math>g</math>-independence we also have to take care of the third component, by assuming Weyl invariance. This is why the worldsheet description of string theory uses <math>d=2</math> CFT. String theory provides another motivation for CFT in arbitrary <math>d</math> due to the AdS/CFT correspondence: a holographic relation between a string theory in a <math>d+1</math>-dimensional Anti-de Sitter space, and a CFT in <math>d</math> dimensions. In fact the correspondence can be generalized to non-AdS spaces, which then correspond to non-conformal field theories. Nevertheless, the correspondencs is simplest in the AdS/CFT case. == Scale invariance and conformal invariance == The relevance of conformal field theory extends well beyond gravitational physics. It is relatively easy (but not trivial) to explain why scale invariance is important in physics. Moreover, in many cases scale invariance implies conformal invariance, although the reason is not always clear. Scale invariance is not manifest in physics. Physical properties of matter vary a lot across scales: * At cosmological scales, physics is dominated by gravitational interactions, with important roles for the poorly understood dark matter and dark energy. * In the solar system, Newtonian gravity with relativistic corrections is an adequate description. * From planets to atoms, gravity becomes less and less important, electromagnetism more and more important. These fundamental forces give rise to emergent physical forces such as surface tension. * At nuclear scales, the weak and strong interactions dominate. The strong interaction allows atomic nuclei to hold together in spite of the electromagnetic repulsion between protons. Scale invariance is therefore not a fundamental symmetry of nature. Scale invariance can only hold approximately, over a finite range of scales. Translation invariance is also an approximate symmetry of our universe, but it is an exact symmetry of the fundamental theories. === Scale invariance at phase transitions === Consider the '''[[w:Ising model]]''': a statistical model of spins on a lattice (say square or cubic), which can take 2 values <math>\pm 1</math>. Two neighbouring spin interact: the interaction energy is smaller if their values are the same. The system has 2 phases: * An ordered phase at low temperature, where the energy dominates over the entropy, and almost all spins have the same value. * A disordered phase at high temperature, where the entropy dominates over the energy, and spins are not correlated beyond short distances. The lattice has 2 geometrical scales: the distance <math>a</math> between neighbouring sites, and the length <math>L\gg a</math> of the whole lattice. Depending on the model's dynamics, we also define the '''correlation length''' <math>\xi</math>: the distance at which spins are correlated, equivalently the typical sizes of clusters: domains where all spins are aligned. The correlation length is <math>\xi = O(L)</math> in the ordered phase, and <math>\xi = O(a)</math> in the disordered phase. There is a phase transition between the two phases, at a critical temperature <math>T=T_c</math>. At the phase transition, there coexist clusters of all possible sizes <math>a<\ell <L</math>. The system is approximately scale invariant over that range of scales. A physical manifestation of this phenomenon is the [[w:critical opalescence]] of fluids near critical gas/liquid phase transitions. Due to the existence liquid droplets of arbitrary sizes, the fluid scatters light of arbitrary wavelengths and appears cloudy, whereas the liquid and the gas would both appear transparent. Why would we devote efforts to studying phase transitions, if they occur only at special values of parameters, such as the critical temperature? One reason is that physical systems can get stuck at phase transitions. If we add some heat to melting ice, we may melt some more, but not leave the critical temperature where water and ice coexist. === Scale invariance of renormalization group fixed points === There is a systematic way of reaching a scale-invariant theory, starting from any physical theory. The idea is simply to rescale the theory until it becomes invariant under rescaling. The resulting scale-invariant theory is called a fixed point of the renormalization group. It may or may not describe a phase transition. For example, to rescale the Ising model, we can use a block spin transformation: replace a block of <math>2^d</math> neighbouring spins with one spin, therefore changing <math>a\to 2a</math>. This transformation changes all the model's parameters in a way that is described by the [[w:renormalization group]]. More abstractly, in a field theory, we can similarly rescale the theory such that we obtain a similar theory where however the parameters have changed. At a fixed point, the resulting theory is usually much simpler than the original theory. This is not only because we now have the extra symmetry of scale invariance, but also because many interactions of the original theory go to zero at the fixed point. (They are called irrelevant.) This results in [[w:universality]]: the fact that many different physical systems share the same description at the fixed point. The fixed point to which a system flows, also called its universality class, depends only on a few features such as the symmetries. === Does scale invariance imply conformal invariance? === === Universality === More symmetry, fewer parameters (no scale). Critical exponents. Computed by CFT == Exercises == === COGS: The conformal group of flat space === Consider the Euclidean space <math>\mathbb{R}^d</math> with the flat metric <math>g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}</math>, and the Minkowski space <math>\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}</math> with coordinates <math>Y=\left(y^\mu,y^-,y^+\right)</math> with <math>\mu = 1,2,\dots, d</math> and the flat metric <math>\|dY\|^2 = \sum_{\mu=1}^d \left(dy^\mu\right)^2 -dy^-dy^+ </math>. Consider the diffeormorphisms :<math> \varphi:\left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^d & \to & \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ x^\mu &\mapsto & \left(x^\mu,\|x\|^2,1\right) \end{array}\right. \quad , \quad \psi: \left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} & \to & \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ Y &\mapsto & \frac{1}{y^+}Y = \left(\frac{y^\mu}{y^+},\frac{y^-}{y^+},1\right) \end{array}\right. </math> # Check that <math>\varphi</math> is an isometry. Is <math>\psi</math> an isometry? Is it a conformal transformation? # Show that the restriction of <math>\psi</math> to the light cone <math>\mathcal{L}=\left\{Y\in \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}\left| \|Y\|^2 = 0\right.\right\}</math> is a conformal transformation, and that <math>\varphi(\mathbb{R}^d)\subset \mathcal{L}</math>. # Let <math>G\in SO(d+1,1)</math> be an isometry of <math>\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}</math>, in particular <math>G</math> is linear. Show that <math>\varphi^{-1}\circ \psi \circ G\circ \varphi</math> is a conformal transformation of <math>\mathbb{R}^d</math>. Deduce that the conformal group of <math>\mathbb{R}^d</math> includes <math>SO(d+1,1)</math>. # Explicitly write the action of <math>G\in SO(d+1,1)</math> on <math>x^\mu</math>. [[Category: CFT course]] bhsd26xrf0bi0krfkhe0gauf42p59vy 2691223 2691222 2024-12-10T13:05:26Z Sylvain Ribault 2127778 /* Scale invariance and conformal invariance */ 2691223 wikitext text/x-wiki == Conformal transformations == === Definition === On a given space or spacetime <math>M</math> with coordinates <math>x^\mu</math>, distances are defined using a metric <math>g_{\mu\nu}</math>. In particular, the length of an infinitesimal vector <math>v^\mu</math> is <math>\|v\| = \sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}</math>. If we know distances, we can also compute angles. The angle <math>\theta</math> between two infinitesimal vectors <math>v^\mu,w^\mu</math> obeys :<math> \cos\theta = \frac{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu w^\nu}{\sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}\sqrt{ g_{\mu\nu}w^\mu w^\nu}} </math> For <math>f:M\to M</math> a diffeomorphism, we define the [[w:pullback]] <math>f^*g</math> of the metric by :<math> (f^*g)_{\mu\nu} = g_{\rho\sigma}(f(x)) \frac{\partial f^\rho}{\partial x^\mu}\frac{\partial f^\sigma}{\partial x^\nu} </math> equivalently <math>(f*g)_{\mu\nu}(x)dx^\mu dx^\nu = g_{\mu\nu}(f)df^\mu df^\nu</math>. A diffeomorphism <math>f:M\to M</math> is called an '''isometry''' if it preserves distances, equivalently if :<math>f^* g = g</math>. It is called a '''conformal transformation''' if it preserves angles. Any isometry is a conformal transformation, but the converse is not true. For any function <math>\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}</math>, the metrics <math>g_{\mu\nu}</math> and <math>\lambda g_{\mu\nu}</math> define the same angles. So <math>f</math> is a conformal transformation if it preserve the metric up to a scalar factor, :<math> \exists \lambda,\ f^* g = \lambda g </math> The set of conformal transformations is called the '''conformal group''' associated to <math>M,g</math>. Let us indicate how many functions on <math>M</math> are needed to parametrize the objects <math>\lambda, f,g</math>, if <math>d=\dim(M)</math>: {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small; text-align:center;" |- ! Object ! Number of functions on <math>M</math> |- | Function <math>\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}</math> | <math>1</math> |- | Diffeomorphism <math>f:M\to M</math> | <math>d</math> |- | Metric <math>g</math> on <math>M</math> | <math>\frac{d(d+1)}{2}</math> |} Therefore, given two metrics <math>g_1,g_2</math>, the condition <math>f^* g_1 = \lambda g_2</math> that they are conformally equivalent involves <math>\frac{d(d+1)}{2}</math> equations for <math>d+1</math> unknowns. For <math>d\leq 2</math>, there is always a solution (under reasonable assumptions): in particular any metric on <math>\mathbb{R}^2</math> is conformally flat. For <math>d\geq 3</math>, two metrics are in general not equivalent modulo rescaling. Similarly, the size of the conformal group depends on the dimension: * For <math>d=1</math>, any diffeomorphism is conformal. * For <math>d\geq 2</math>, the conformal group depends on <math>M,g</math>, with flat space <math>\mathbb{R}^d</math> having the largest possible group <math>SO(d+1,1)</math>. * For <math>d\geq 3</math>, a generic space has only one conformal transformation: the identity. === Case of flat space === The conformal group of <math>\mathbb{R}^d</math> with the flat metric <math>g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}</math> first includes isometries: * Translations. * Rotations. There are also conformal transformations that are not isometries: * Dilations, also known as scale transformations <math>x^\mu \mapsto \lambda x^\mu </math> with <math>\lambda \in \mathbb{R}</math>. * The inversion <math>x^\mu \mapsto \frac{x^\mu}{\|x\|^2}</math>. * Special conformal transformations <math>x^\mu \mapsto \frac{x^\mu - a^\mu \|x\|^2}{1-2a_\mu x^\mu +\|a\|^2\|x\|^2}</math>. These transformations generate the conformal group <math>SO(d+1,1)</math>. === Two-dimensional case === Let <math>M</math> be a two-dimensional connected, oriented manifold. A metric <math>g</math> on <math>M</math> is called Riemannian if it is positive definite. Let <math>\bar g</math> be the equivalence class of <math>g</math> modulo conformal transformations, also called a '''conformal structure'''. Then <math>(M,\bar g)</math> is called a [[w:Riemann surface]]. A Riemann surface is characterized by its topology and its conformal structure. Let us focus on compact Riemann surfaces. Topologically, a compact Riemann surface is characterize by its '''genus''' <math>h\in \mathbb{N}</math>, the number of holes. For a given genus, there is a finite-dimensional '''moduli space''' <math>\mathcal{M}_h</math> of Riemann surfaces. The conformal group of a Riemann surface depends on <math>h</math> and also on the surface: {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small; text-align:center;" |- ! Genus <math>h</math> ! Name ! <math>\dim_\mathbb{C} \mathcal{M}_h</math> ! Conformal group |- | 0 | Riemann sphere | <math>0</math> | <math>PSL_2(\mathbb{C})</math> |- | 1 | Torus | 1 | <math>\left(\mathbb{C}/\mathbb{Z}^2\right)\rtimes \text{finite} </math> |- | <math>\geq 2</math> | | <math>3h-3</math> | finite |} * The Riemann sphere is conveniently parametrized by a complex coordinate <math>z\in\mathbb{C}\cup \{\infty\}</math>. Its moduli space is trivial, i.e. all genus 0 Riemann surfaces are conformally equivalent. The conformal group is the Möbius group <math>PSL_2(\mathbb{C})</math>, which acts as :<math> z\mapsto \frac{az+b}{cz+d} \qquad \text{for}\qquad \left(\begin{array}{cc} a & b\\ c& d \end{array}\right) \in PSL_2(\mathbb{C}) </math> * The torus <math>\mathbb{T} = \frac{\mathbb{C}}{\mathbb{Z}+\tau\mathbb{Z}}</math> is parametrized by a '''modulus''' <math>\tau\in\mathbb{H}\equiv\left\{\tau \in \mathbb{C}|\Im \tau>0\right\}</math>. Two toruses are conformally equivalent if their moduli are related by <math>\tau\mapsto \frac{a\tau+b}{c\tau+d}</math> for <math>\left(\begin{array}{cc} a & b\\ c& d \end{array}\right) \in PSL_2(\mathbb{Z})</math> so the moduli space is <math>\mathcal{M}_1 = \mathbb{H}/PSL_2(\mathbb{Z})</math>. The conformal group of <math>\mathbb{T}</math> includes translations, which are parametrized by <math>\mathbb{T}</math> itself or equivalently by <math>\mathbb{C}/\mathbb{Z}^2</math>. Depending on <math>\tau</math>, there may also be a finite number of rotations. == Conformal symmetry and gravitation == === Conformal invariance and Weyl invariance === In a theory of gravitation such as general relativity, the metric is not fixed, it is a dynamical object. We can therefore combine diffeomorphisms with changes of the metric. In particular, if we combine a diffeomorphism <math>f</math> with <math>g\mapsto f^*g</math>, we obtain a '''change of coordinates''', which should leave the physics invariant. By definition, modulo a change of coordinates, a conformal transformation amounts to a '''Weyl transformation''' of the metric <math>g\mapsto \lambda g</math>. For gravitational theories, conformal invariance is equivalent to Weyl invariance. General relativity is Weyl invariant for <math>d=2</math> only. === Two-dimensional case === In <math>d=2</math>, any field theory of quantum gravity must be a conformal field theory. Moreover, since any metric is conformally flat, we may replace the 3 components of the metric <math>g_{\mu\nu}</math> with the conformal factor <math>\lambda</math>: only 1 bosonic field. Einstein's equation for <math>g_{\mu\nu}</math> then reduces to the Liouville equation for <math>\log \lambda</math>. The Liouville equation is the classical equation of motion of [[w:Liouville theory]]: a solvable CFT that we will study in this course. Therefore, we can build field theories of gravity called '''Liouville gravity''' based on Liouville theory. (There are several possible theories, depending on the matter contents.) === String theory === String theory is a theoretical framework that generalizes quantum field theory, and includes quantum theories of gravity. The basic idea is to describe physics in a spacetime <math>Z</math> using a <math>d=2</math> worldsheet <math>M</math> and an embedding <math>X:M\to Z</math>. The metric on <math>Z</math> induces a metric on <math>M</math>, but it is convenient to allow the worldsheet metric <math>g</math> to be an independent dynamical object, unrelated to the induced metric. Nevertheless, the physics should not depend on <math>g</math>. It is possible to fix 2 of the 3 components of <math>g</math> using a change of coordinates on <math>M</math>, and to get <math>g</math>-independence we also have to take care of the third component, by assuming Weyl invariance. This is why the worldsheet description of string theory uses <math>d=2</math> CFT. String theory provides another motivation for CFT in arbitrary <math>d</math> due to the AdS/CFT correspondence: a holographic relation between a string theory in a <math>d+1</math>-dimensional Anti-de Sitter space, and a CFT in <math>d</math> dimensions. In fact the correspondence can be generalized to non-AdS spaces, which then correspond to non-conformal field theories. Nevertheless, the correspondencs is simplest in the AdS/CFT case. == Scale invariance and conformal invariance == The relevance of conformal field theory extends well beyond gravitational physics. It is relatively easy (but not trivial) to explain why scale invariance is important in physics. Moreover, in many cases scale invariance implies conformal invariance, although the reason is not always clear. Scale invariance is not manifest in physics. Physical properties of matter vary a lot across scales: * At cosmological scales, physics is dominated by gravitational interactions, with important roles for the poorly understood dark matter and dark energy. * In the solar system, Newtonian gravity with relativistic corrections is an adequate description. * From planets to atoms, gravity becomes less and less important, electromagnetism more and more important. These fundamental forces give rise to emergent physical forces such as surface tension. * At nuclear scales, the weak and strong interactions dominate. The strong interaction allows atomic nuclei to hold together in spite of the electromagnetic repulsion between protons. Scale invariance is therefore not a fundamental symmetry of nature. Scale invariance can only hold approximately, over a finite range of scales. Translation invariance is also an approximate symmetry of our universe, but it is an exact symmetry of the fundamental theories. === Scale invariance at phase transitions === Consider the '''[[w:Ising model]]''': a statistical model of spins on a lattice (say square or cubic), which can take 2 values <math>\pm 1</math>. Two neighbouring spin interact: the interaction energy is smaller if their values are the same. The system has 2 phases: * An ordered phase at low temperature, where the energy dominates over the entropy, and almost all spins have the same value. * A disordered phase at high temperature, where the entropy dominates over the energy, and spins are not correlated beyond short distances. The lattice has 2 geometrical scales: the distance <math>a</math> between neighbouring sites, and the length <math>L\gg a</math> of the whole lattice. Depending on the model's dynamics, we also define the '''correlation length''' <math>\xi</math>: the distance at which spins are correlated, equivalently the typical sizes of clusters: domains where all spins are aligned. The correlation length is <math>\xi = O(L)</math> in the ordered phase, and <math>\xi = O(a)</math> in the disordered phase. There is a phase transition between the two phases, at a critical temperature <math>T=T_c</math>. At the phase transition, there coexist clusters of all possible sizes <math>a<\ell <L</math>. The system is approximately scale invariant over that range of scales. A physical manifestation of this phenomenon is the [[w:critical opalescence]] of fluids near critical gas/liquid phase transitions. Due to the existence liquid droplets of arbitrary sizes, the fluid scatters light of arbitrary wavelengths and appears cloudy, whereas the liquid and the gas would both appear transparent. Why would we devote efforts to studying phase transitions, if they occur only at special values of parameters, such as the critical temperature? One reason is that physical systems can get stuck at phase transitions. If we add some heat to melting ice, we may melt some more, but not leave the critical temperature where water and ice coexist. === Scale invariance of renormalization group fixed points === There is a systematic way of reaching a scale-invariant theory, starting from any physical theory. The idea is simply to rescale the theory until it becomes invariant under rescaling. The resulting scale-invariant theory is called a fixed point of the renormalization group. It may or may not describe a phase transition. For example, to rescale the Ising model, we can use a block spin transformation: replace a block of <math>2^d</math> neighbouring spins with one spin, therefore changing <math>a\to 2a</math>. This transformation changes all the model's parameters in a way that is described by the [[w:renormalization group]]. More abstractly, in a field theory, we can similarly rescale the theory such that we obtain a similar theory where however the parameters have changed. At a fixed point, the resulting theory is usually much simpler than the original theory. This is not only because we now have the extra symmetry of scale invariance, but also because many interactions of the original theory go to zero at the fixed point. (They are called irrelevant.) This results in [[w:universality]]: the fact that many different physical systems share the same description at the fixed point. The fixed point to which a system flows, also called its universality class, depends only on a few features such as the symmetries. And physics at or near the fixed point can be described using a limited number of quantities, called the [[w:critical exponent]]s. For example, in the limit <math>L\to \infty</math>, the correlation length diverges at the critical temperature as <math>\xi(T)\propto (T-T_c)^{-\nu}</math> where <math>\nu</math> is a critical exponent. === Does scale invariance imply conformal invariance? === == Exercises == === COGS: The conformal group of flat space === Consider the Euclidean space <math>\mathbb{R}^d</math> with the flat metric <math>g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}</math>, and the Minkowski space <math>\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}</math> with coordinates <math>Y=\left(y^\mu,y^-,y^+\right)</math> with <math>\mu = 1,2,\dots, d</math> and the flat metric <math>\|dY\|^2 = \sum_{\mu=1}^d \left(dy^\mu\right)^2 -dy^-dy^+ </math>. Consider the diffeormorphisms :<math> \varphi:\left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^d & \to & \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ x^\mu &\mapsto & \left(x^\mu,\|x\|^2,1\right) \end{array}\right. \quad , \quad \psi: \left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} & \to & \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ Y &\mapsto & \frac{1}{y^+}Y = \left(\frac{y^\mu}{y^+},\frac{y^-}{y^+},1\right) \end{array}\right. </math> # Check that <math>\varphi</math> is an isometry. Is <math>\psi</math> an isometry? Is it a conformal transformation? # Show that the restriction of <math>\psi</math> to the light cone <math>\mathcal{L}=\left\{Y\in \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}\left| \|Y\|^2 = 0\right.\right\}</math> is a conformal transformation, and that <math>\varphi(\mathbb{R}^d)\subset \mathcal{L}</math>. # Let <math>G\in SO(d+1,1)</math> be an isometry of <math>\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}</math>, in particular <math>G</math> is linear. Show that <math>\varphi^{-1}\circ \psi \circ G\circ \varphi</math> is a conformal transformation of <math>\mathbb{R}^d</math>. Deduce that the conformal group of <math>\mathbb{R}^d</math> includes <math>SO(d+1,1)</math>. # Explicitly write the action of <math>G\in SO(d+1,1)</math> on <math>x^\mu</math>. [[Category: CFT course]] 2eihikhy5y35grf3y9tnkjdqscklqzy 2691227 2691223 2024-12-10T13:07:51Z Sylvain Ribault 2127778 /* Scale invariance of renormalization group fixed points */ 2691227 wikitext text/x-wiki == Conformal transformations == === Definition === On a given space or spacetime <math>M</math> with coordinates <math>x^\mu</math>, distances are defined using a metric <math>g_{\mu\nu}</math>. In particular, the length of an infinitesimal vector <math>v^\mu</math> is <math>\|v\| = \sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}</math>. If we know distances, we can also compute angles. The angle <math>\theta</math> between two infinitesimal vectors <math>v^\mu,w^\mu</math> obeys :<math> \cos\theta = \frac{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu w^\nu}{\sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}\sqrt{ g_{\mu\nu}w^\mu w^\nu}} </math> For <math>f:M\to M</math> a diffeomorphism, we define the [[w:pullback]] <math>f^*g</math> of the metric by :<math> (f^*g)_{\mu\nu} = g_{\rho\sigma}(f(x)) \frac{\partial f^\rho}{\partial x^\mu}\frac{\partial f^\sigma}{\partial x^\nu} </math> equivalently <math>(f*g)_{\mu\nu}(x)dx^\mu dx^\nu = g_{\mu\nu}(f)df^\mu df^\nu</math>. A diffeomorphism <math>f:M\to M</math> is called an '''isometry''' if it preserves distances, equivalently if :<math>f^* g = g</math>. It is called a '''conformal transformation''' if it preserves angles. Any isometry is a conformal transformation, but the converse is not true. For any function <math>\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}</math>, the metrics <math>g_{\mu\nu}</math> and <math>\lambda g_{\mu\nu}</math> define the same angles. So <math>f</math> is a conformal transformation if it preserve the metric up to a scalar factor, :<math> \exists \lambda,\ f^* g = \lambda g </math> The set of conformal transformations is called the '''conformal group''' associated to <math>M,g</math>. Let us indicate how many functions on <math>M</math> are needed to parametrize the objects <math>\lambda, f,g</math>, if <math>d=\dim(M)</math>: {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small; text-align:center;" |- ! Object ! Number of functions on <math>M</math> |- | Function <math>\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}</math> | <math>1</math> |- | Diffeomorphism <math>f:M\to M</math> | <math>d</math> |- | Metric <math>g</math> on <math>M</math> | <math>\frac{d(d+1)}{2}</math> |} Therefore, given two metrics <math>g_1,g_2</math>, the condition <math>f^* g_1 = \lambda g_2</math> that they are conformally equivalent involves <math>\frac{d(d+1)}{2}</math> equations for <math>d+1</math> unknowns. For <math>d\leq 2</math>, there is always a solution (under reasonable assumptions): in particular any metric on <math>\mathbb{R}^2</math> is conformally flat. For <math>d\geq 3</math>, two metrics are in general not equivalent modulo rescaling. Similarly, the size of the conformal group depends on the dimension: * For <math>d=1</math>, any diffeomorphism is conformal. * For <math>d\geq 2</math>, the conformal group depends on <math>M,g</math>, with flat space <math>\mathbb{R}^d</math> having the largest possible group <math>SO(d+1,1)</math>. * For <math>d\geq 3</math>, a generic space has only one conformal transformation: the identity. === Case of flat space === The conformal group of <math>\mathbb{R}^d</math> with the flat metric <math>g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}</math> first includes isometries: * Translations. * Rotations. There are also conformal transformations that are not isometries: * Dilations, also known as scale transformations <math>x^\mu \mapsto \lambda x^\mu </math> with <math>\lambda \in \mathbb{R}</math>. * The inversion <math>x^\mu \mapsto \frac{x^\mu}{\|x\|^2}</math>. * Special conformal transformations <math>x^\mu \mapsto \frac{x^\mu - a^\mu \|x\|^2}{1-2a_\mu x^\mu +\|a\|^2\|x\|^2}</math>. These transformations generate the conformal group <math>SO(d+1,1)</math>. === Two-dimensional case === Let <math>M</math> be a two-dimensional connected, oriented manifold. A metric <math>g</math> on <math>M</math> is called Riemannian if it is positive definite. Let <math>\bar g</math> be the equivalence class of <math>g</math> modulo conformal transformations, also called a '''conformal structure'''. Then <math>(M,\bar g)</math> is called a [[w:Riemann surface]]. A Riemann surface is characterized by its topology and its conformal structure. Let us focus on compact Riemann surfaces. Topologically, a compact Riemann surface is characterize by its '''genus''' <math>h\in \mathbb{N}</math>, the number of holes. For a given genus, there is a finite-dimensional '''moduli space''' <math>\mathcal{M}_h</math> of Riemann surfaces. The conformal group of a Riemann surface depends on <math>h</math> and also on the surface: {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small; text-align:center;" |- ! Genus <math>h</math> ! Name ! <math>\dim_\mathbb{C} \mathcal{M}_h</math> ! Conformal group |- | 0 | Riemann sphere | <math>0</math> | <math>PSL_2(\mathbb{C})</math> |- | 1 | Torus | 1 | <math>\left(\mathbb{C}/\mathbb{Z}^2\right)\rtimes \text{finite} </math> |- | <math>\geq 2</math> | | <math>3h-3</math> | finite |} * The Riemann sphere is conveniently parametrized by a complex coordinate <math>z\in\mathbb{C}\cup \{\infty\}</math>. Its moduli space is trivial, i.e. all genus 0 Riemann surfaces are conformally equivalent. The conformal group is the Möbius group <math>PSL_2(\mathbb{C})</math>, which acts as :<math> z\mapsto \frac{az+b}{cz+d} \qquad \text{for}\qquad \left(\begin{array}{cc} a & b\\ c& d \end{array}\right) \in PSL_2(\mathbb{C}) </math> * The torus <math>\mathbb{T} = \frac{\mathbb{C}}{\mathbb{Z}+\tau\mathbb{Z}}</math> is parametrized by a '''modulus''' <math>\tau\in\mathbb{H}\equiv\left\{\tau \in \mathbb{C}|\Im \tau>0\right\}</math>. Two toruses are conformally equivalent if their moduli are related by <math>\tau\mapsto \frac{a\tau+b}{c\tau+d}</math> for <math>\left(\begin{array}{cc} a & b\\ c& d \end{array}\right) \in PSL_2(\mathbb{Z})</math> so the moduli space is <math>\mathcal{M}_1 = \mathbb{H}/PSL_2(\mathbb{Z})</math>. The conformal group of <math>\mathbb{T}</math> includes translations, which are parametrized by <math>\mathbb{T}</math> itself or equivalently by <math>\mathbb{C}/\mathbb{Z}^2</math>. Depending on <math>\tau</math>, there may also be a finite number of rotations. == Conformal symmetry and gravitation == === Conformal invariance and Weyl invariance === In a theory of gravitation such as general relativity, the metric is not fixed, it is a dynamical object. We can therefore combine diffeomorphisms with changes of the metric. In particular, if we combine a diffeomorphism <math>f</math> with <math>g\mapsto f^*g</math>, we obtain a '''change of coordinates''', which should leave the physics invariant. By definition, modulo a change of coordinates, a conformal transformation amounts to a '''Weyl transformation''' of the metric <math>g\mapsto \lambda g</math>. For gravitational theories, conformal invariance is equivalent to Weyl invariance. General relativity is Weyl invariant for <math>d=2</math> only. === Two-dimensional case === In <math>d=2</math>, any field theory of quantum gravity must be a conformal field theory. Moreover, since any metric is conformally flat, we may replace the 3 components of the metric <math>g_{\mu\nu}</math> with the conformal factor <math>\lambda</math>: only 1 bosonic field. Einstein's equation for <math>g_{\mu\nu}</math> then reduces to the Liouville equation for <math>\log \lambda</math>. The Liouville equation is the classical equation of motion of [[w:Liouville theory]]: a solvable CFT that we will study in this course. Therefore, we can build field theories of gravity called '''Liouville gravity''' based on Liouville theory. (There are several possible theories, depending on the matter contents.) === String theory === String theory is a theoretical framework that generalizes quantum field theory, and includes quantum theories of gravity. The basic idea is to describe physics in a spacetime <math>Z</math> using a <math>d=2</math> worldsheet <math>M</math> and an embedding <math>X:M\to Z</math>. The metric on <math>Z</math> induces a metric on <math>M</math>, but it is convenient to allow the worldsheet metric <math>g</math> to be an independent dynamical object, unrelated to the induced metric. Nevertheless, the physics should not depend on <math>g</math>. It is possible to fix 2 of the 3 components of <math>g</math> using a change of coordinates on <math>M</math>, and to get <math>g</math>-independence we also have to take care of the third component, by assuming Weyl invariance. This is why the worldsheet description of string theory uses <math>d=2</math> CFT. String theory provides another motivation for CFT in arbitrary <math>d</math> due to the AdS/CFT correspondence: a holographic relation between a string theory in a <math>d+1</math>-dimensional Anti-de Sitter space, and a CFT in <math>d</math> dimensions. In fact the correspondence can be generalized to non-AdS spaces, which then correspond to non-conformal field theories. Nevertheless, the correspondencs is simplest in the AdS/CFT case. == Scale invariance and conformal invariance == The relevance of conformal field theory extends well beyond gravitational physics. It is relatively easy (but not trivial) to explain why scale invariance is important in physics. Moreover, in many cases scale invariance implies conformal invariance, although the reason is not always clear. Scale invariance is not manifest in physics. Physical properties of matter vary a lot across scales: * At cosmological scales, physics is dominated by gravitational interactions, with important roles for the poorly understood dark matter and dark energy. * In the solar system, Newtonian gravity with relativistic corrections is an adequate description. * From planets to atoms, gravity becomes less and less important, electromagnetism more and more important. These fundamental forces give rise to emergent physical forces such as surface tension. * At nuclear scales, the weak and strong interactions dominate. The strong interaction allows atomic nuclei to hold together in spite of the electromagnetic repulsion between protons. Scale invariance is therefore not a fundamental symmetry of nature. Scale invariance can only hold approximately, over a finite range of scales. Translation invariance is also an approximate symmetry of our universe, but it is an exact symmetry of the fundamental theories. === Scale invariance at phase transitions === Consider the '''[[w:Ising model]]''': a statistical model of spins on a lattice (say square or cubic), which can take 2 values <math>\pm 1</math>. Two neighbouring spin interact: the interaction energy is smaller if their values are the same. The system has 2 phases: * An ordered phase at low temperature, where the energy dominates over the entropy, and almost all spins have the same value. * A disordered phase at high temperature, where the entropy dominates over the energy, and spins are not correlated beyond short distances. The lattice has 2 geometrical scales: the distance <math>a</math> between neighbouring sites, and the length <math>L\gg a</math> of the whole lattice. Depending on the model's dynamics, we also define the '''correlation length''' <math>\xi</math>: the distance at which spins are correlated, equivalently the typical sizes of clusters: domains where all spins are aligned. The correlation length is <math>\xi = O(L)</math> in the ordered phase, and <math>\xi = O(a)</math> in the disordered phase. There is a phase transition between the two phases, at a critical temperature <math>T=T_c</math>. At the phase transition, there coexist clusters of all possible sizes <math>a<\ell <L</math>. The system is approximately scale invariant over that range of scales. A physical manifestation of this phenomenon is the [[w:critical opalescence]] of fluids near critical gas/liquid phase transitions. Due to the existence liquid droplets of arbitrary sizes, the fluid scatters light of arbitrary wavelengths and appears cloudy, whereas the liquid and the gas would both appear transparent. Why would we devote efforts to studying phase transitions, if they occur only at special values of parameters, such as the critical temperature? One reason is that physical systems can get stuck at phase transitions. If we add some heat to melting ice, we may melt some more, but not leave the critical temperature where water and ice coexist. === Scale invariance of renormalization group fixed points === There is a systematic way of reaching a scale-invariant theory, starting from any physical theory. The idea is simply to rescale the theory until it becomes invariant under rescaling. The resulting scale-invariant theory is called a fixed point of the renormalization group. It may or may not describe a phase transition. For example, to rescale the Ising model, we can use a block spin transformation: replace a block of <math>2^d</math> neighbouring spins with one spin, therefore changing <math>a\to 2a</math>. This transformation changes all the model's parameters in a way that is described by the [[w:renormalization group]]. More abstractly, in a field theory, we can similarly rescale the theory such that we obtain a similar theory where however the parameters have changed. At a fixed point, the resulting theory is usually much simpler than the original theory. This is not only because we now have the extra symmetry of scale invariance, but also because many interactions of the original theory go to zero at the fixed point. (They are called irrelevant.) This results in [[w:universality]]: the fact that many different physical systems share the same description at the fixed point. The fixed point to which a system flows, also called its universality class, depends only on a few features such as the symmetries. And physics at or near the fixed point can be described using a limited number of quantities, called the [[w:critical exponent]]s. For example, in the limit <math>L\to \infty</math>, the correlation length diverges at the critical temperature as <math>\xi(T)\propto (T-T_c)^{-\nu}</math> where <math>\nu</math> is a critical exponent. In CFT, critical exponents appear as the conformal dimensions of fields, which describe how fields behave under scale transformations. === Does scale invariance imply conformal invariance? === == Exercises == === COGS: The conformal group of flat space === Consider the Euclidean space <math>\mathbb{R}^d</math> with the flat metric <math>g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}</math>, and the Minkowski space <math>\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}</math> with coordinates <math>Y=\left(y^\mu,y^-,y^+\right)</math> with <math>\mu = 1,2,\dots, d</math> and the flat metric <math>\|dY\|^2 = \sum_{\mu=1}^d \left(dy^\mu\right)^2 -dy^-dy^+ </math>. Consider the diffeormorphisms :<math> \varphi:\left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^d & \to & \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ x^\mu &\mapsto & \left(x^\mu,\|x\|^2,1\right) \end{array}\right. \quad , \quad \psi: \left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} & \to & \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ Y &\mapsto & \frac{1}{y^+}Y = \left(\frac{y^\mu}{y^+},\frac{y^-}{y^+},1\right) \end{array}\right. </math> # Check that <math>\varphi</math> is an isometry. Is <math>\psi</math> an isometry? Is it a conformal transformation? # Show that the restriction of <math>\psi</math> to the light cone <math>\mathcal{L}=\left\{Y\in \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}\left| \|Y\|^2 = 0\right.\right\}</math> is a conformal transformation, and that <math>\varphi(\mathbb{R}^d)\subset \mathcal{L}</math>. # Let <math>G\in SO(d+1,1)</math> be an isometry of <math>\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}</math>, in particular <math>G</math> is linear. Show that <math>\varphi^{-1}\circ \psi \circ G\circ \varphi</math> is a conformal transformation of <math>\mathbb{R}^d</math>. Deduce that the conformal group of <math>\mathbb{R}^d</math> includes <math>SO(d+1,1)</math>. # Explicitly write the action of <math>G\in SO(d+1,1)</math> on <math>x^\mu</math>. [[Category: CFT course]] fcdbwera2smzek0bqu0xmvge8o4fcjp 2 316552 2691327 2691131 2024-12-10T23:45:58Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Department of State */ 2691327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref>. Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] Nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]] to oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC. === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == NASA == The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] == Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. == Department of Education == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|w:Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Consumer Financial Protection Bureau == The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] has been nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services]] He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]]. The NIH distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Mr. Battacharya has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic". * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]] * refocusing on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], whose research is underfunded, away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], whose research is overfunded. * ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague Eran Bendavid, arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki></ref> == CPB, PBS, NPR == Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Department of Energy == [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No." He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki></ref> == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki></ref> Marc Andreesen has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. Jared Birchall has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" Shaun MacGuire has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. Antonio Gracias and Steve Davis from Musk's "crisis team" have been active. John Hering Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * Mark Pincus * David Marcus * Barry Akis * Shervin Pishevar has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions." == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} 7kzmzujnpg3p2p819bnp9tcm97a46hx 2691334 2691327 2024-12-11T02:36:58Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Personnel */ 2691334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref>. Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] Nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]] to oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC. === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == NASA == The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] == Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. == Department of Education == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|w:Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Consumer Financial Protection Bureau == The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] has been nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services]] He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]]. The NIH distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Mr. Battacharya has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic". * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]] * refocusing on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], whose research is underfunded, away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], whose research is overfunded. * ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague Eran Bendavid, arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki></ref> == CPB, PBS, NPR == Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Department of Energy == [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No." He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki></ref> == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> Marc Andreesen has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. Jared Birchall has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" Shaun MacGuire has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. Antonio Gracias and Steve Davis from Musk's "crisis team" have been active. John Hering Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * Mark Pincus * David Marcus * Barry Akis * Shervin Pishevar has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions." == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} mlvx7x8p8hpz9hizaloldjucds0h7ft 2691335 2691334 2024-12-11T02:40:40Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Personnel */ William McGinley will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for White House counsel, he will be replaced in that role by David Warrington.[1] 2691335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref>. Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] Nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]] to oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC. === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == NASA == The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] == Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. == Department of Education == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|w:Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Consumer Financial Protection Bureau == The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] has been nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services]] He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]]. The NIH distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Mr. Battacharya has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic". * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]] * refocusing on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], whose research is underfunded, away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], whose research is overfunded. * ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague Eran Bendavid, arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki></ref> == CPB, PBS, NPR == Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Department of Energy == [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No." He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki></ref> == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> Marc Andreesen has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. Jared Birchall has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" Shaun MacGuire has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. Antonio Gracias and Steve Davis from Musk's "crisis team" have been active. John Hering Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * Mark Pincus * David Marcus * Barry Akis * Shervin Pishevar has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} 2ripozgbzuoufnp7bj2pw1ngrbg1msc 2691336 2691335 2024-12-11T02:56:02Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Department of Energy */ 2691336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref>. Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] Nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]] to oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC. === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == NASA == The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] == Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. == Department of Education == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|w:Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Consumer Financial Protection Bureau == The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] has been nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services]] He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]]. The NIH distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Mr. Battacharya has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic". * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]] * refocusing on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], whose research is underfunded, away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], whose research is overfunded. * ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague Eran Bendavid, arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki></ref> == CPB, PBS, NPR == Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Department of Energy == [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> Marc Andreesen has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. Jared Birchall has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" Shaun MacGuire has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. Antonio Gracias and Steve Davis from Musk's "crisis team" have been active. John Hering Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * Mark Pincus * David Marcus * Barry Akis * Shervin Pishevar has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} c27hus01h8ua9znziujcttuncu1ctjv 2691339 2691336 2024-12-11T03:00:03Z Jaredscribe 2906761 2691339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] Nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]] to oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC. === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == NASA == The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] == Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. == Department of Education == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|w:Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Consumer Financial Protection Bureau == The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] has been nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services]] He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]]. The NIH distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Mr. Battacharya has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic". * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]] * refocusing on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], whose research is underfunded, away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], whose research is overfunded. * ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague Eran Bendavid, arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki></ref> == CPB, PBS, NPR == Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Department of Energy == [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> Marc Andreesen has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. Jared Birchall has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" Shaun MacGuire has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. Antonio Gracias and Steve Davis from Musk's "crisis team" have been active. John Hering Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * Mark Pincus * David Marcus * Barry Akis * Shervin Pishevar has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} dlwb9oqlf3ku8uqlpztmhpzziydrnbv 2691342 2691339 2024-12-11T03:06:58Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Department of Energy */ 2691342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] Nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]] to oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC. === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == NASA == The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] == Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. == Department of Education == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|w:Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Consumer Financial Protection Bureau == The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] has been nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services]] He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]]. The NIH distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Mr. Battacharya has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic". * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]] * refocusing on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], whose research is underfunded, away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], whose research is overfunded. * ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague Eran Bendavid, arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki></ref> == CPB, PBS, NPR == Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> Marc Andreesen has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. Jared Birchall has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" Shaun MacGuire has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. Antonio Gracias and Steve Davis from Musk's "crisis team" have been active. John Hering Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * Mark Pincus * David Marcus * Barry Akis * Shervin Pishevar has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} 3ub3ct5k7gkbr48t3fqge8k3w3vpwbv 2691343 2691342 2024-12-11T03:09:31Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* AI and Cryptocurrency */ 2691343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] Nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]] to oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC. === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == NASA == The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] == Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. == Department of Education == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|w:Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Consumer Financial Protection Bureau == The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] has been nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services]] He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]]. The NIH distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Mr. Battacharya has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic". * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]] * refocusing on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], whose research is underfunded, away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], whose research is overfunded. * ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague Eran Bendavid, arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki></ref> == CPB, PBS, NPR == Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> Marc Andreesen has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. Jared Birchall has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" Shaun MacGuire has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. Antonio Gracias and Steve Davis from Musk's "crisis team" have been active. John Hering Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * Mark Pincus * David Marcus * Barry Akis * Shervin Pishevar has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} qnt6r8mg3it9n9nfug3b3xx0tyzboj5 2691346 2691343 2024-12-11T03:21:46Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* U.S. Department of Health and Human Services */ 2691346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] Nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]] to oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC. === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == NASA == The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] == Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. == Department of Education == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|w:Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Consumer Financial Protection Bureau == The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]]. The NIH distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Mr. Battacharya has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic". * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]] * refocusing on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], whose research is underfunded, away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], whose research is overfunded. * ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague Eran Bendavid, arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki></ref> == CPB, PBS, NPR == Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> Marc Andreesen has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. Jared Birchall has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" Shaun MacGuire has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. Antonio Gracias and Steve Davis from Musk's "crisis team" have been active. John Hering Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * Mark Pincus * David Marcus * Barry Akis * Shervin Pishevar has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} mszd9o7fa3lo9684r4wfogxluqmdqn5 2691347 2691346 2024-12-11T03:28:05Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* U.S. Department of Health and Human Services */ 2691347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] Nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]] to oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC. === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == NASA == The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] == Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. == Department of Education == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|w:Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Consumer Financial Protection Bureau == The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]]. The NIH distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Mr. Battacharya has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic". * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]] * refocusing on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], whose research is underfunded, away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], whose research is overfunded. * ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague Eran Bendavid, arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki></ref> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == CPB, PBS, NPR == Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> Marc Andreesen has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. Jared Birchall has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" Shaun MacGuire has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. Antonio Gracias and Steve Davis from Musk's "crisis team" have been active. John Hering Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * Mark Pincus * David Marcus * Barry Akis * Shervin Pishevar has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} ocsgqyq6hth9o9x4uwxwyh38mcdtlj2 2691348 2691347 2024-12-11T03:31:28Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Department of Education */ 2691348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] Nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]] to oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC. === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == NASA == The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] == Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. == Department of Education == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Consumer Financial Protection Bureau == The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic". * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]] * refocusing on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], whose research is underfunded, away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], whose research is overfunded. * ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague Eran Bendavid, arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki></ref> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == CPB, PBS, NPR == Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> Marc Andreesen has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. Jared Birchall has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" Shaun MacGuire has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. Antonio Gracias and Steve Davis from Musk's "crisis team" have been active. John Hering Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * Mark Pincus * David Marcus * Barry Akis * Shervin Pishevar has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} q5fid5vhib92a3xilh50lqxmiid8gwn 2691349 2691348 2024-12-11T03:37:36Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Personnel */ 2691349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] Nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]] to oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC. === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == NASA == The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] == Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. == Department of Education == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Consumer Financial Protection Bureau == The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic". * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]] * refocusing on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], whose research is underfunded, away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], whose research is overfunded. * ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague Eran Bendavid, arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki></ref> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == CPB, PBS, NPR == Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} 8xdbqx3ftjmci49o3ww14ogsh6l127u 0 316595 2691380 2691204 2024-12-11T11:28:28Z Eshaa2024 2993595 2691380 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== The ''Curve'', ''Line'', ''Path'' or ''Contour integral'' expands the standard integral term for the [[w:de:Integralrechnung|Integration]] in the complex plane ([[w:en:Complex analysis|Complex Analysis]]) or in the multidimensional space <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math> or <math>\mathbb{C}^n</math>. The [[w:en:Path (topology)|path]], the line or the [[w:e:Curve|curve]], via which is integrated, is called the ''integration path''<ref name="cite2"> Klaus Knothe, Heribert Wessels: Finite Elemente. Eine Einführung für Ingenieure. 3. Auflage. 1999, ISBN 3-540-64491-1, S. 524.</ref>. The line integral over a closed path are written with the symbol <math display="inline"> \textstyle \oint </math>. ==Real-valued Line Integrale== A path <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is given which is imaged from an interval (e.g. interpreted as a time interval) into the vector space <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the place where the value is <math display="inline"> t\in [a,b] </math>. The difference is * Line integral first type and * Line integral second type. ==Pathintegral first type== [[File:Line_integral_of_scalar_field.gif|thumb|Animation for a line integral of first type over a scalar field]] The path integral of a continuous [[w:en:function (Mathematics)|Function]] : <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} </math> along a continuously differentiable piece [[w:de:Weg (Mathematik)|path]] <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is defined as :<math display="block"> \int\limits_\gamma \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \, \| {\gamma \,}'(t) \|_2 \,\mathrm{d} t. </math> ===Deduction of the path=== <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}' </math> refers to the derivation from <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> to <math display="inline"> t </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> are a vectors. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\dots ,\gamma_n) </math>. ===Remark - Component functions=== The component functions <math display="inline"> \gamma_i : [a,b] \to \mathbb{R} </math> are illustrations for which the derivation with the knowledge from the real analysis can be calculated. ===Example of a path and its derivation=== A differentiable path is defined first <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> with :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} \gamma: & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & \gamma \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \cdot \cos(t) \\ 3 \cdot \sin(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> The track of the path forms an ellipse with the half axes 5 and 3. ====Derivation of the path in the two-dimensional space==== The derivation <math display="inline"> {\gamma }' </math> of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> results directly from the derivation of the component functions :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} {\gamma }': & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & {\gamma }' \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \cdot \sin(t) \\ 3 \cdot \cos(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> ===Example - Deduction of the Way in the Three-dimensional Space=== Now a vector is <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)= (\cos(t),\sin(t),t) \in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t) = (- \sin(t),\cos(t), 1)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math>. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\gamma_2,\gamma_3) </math>. ==Task== Draw the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> (Ellipse) and plotted the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> with [[CAS4Wiki|CAS4Wiki]] plots. ===Vector length of the derivation vector of the path=== <math display="inline"> \|{\gamma \,}'(t)\|_2 </math> indicates the [[w:en:Euclidean_space#Euclidean_norm|Euclidian norm]] of the vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma\,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Picture of the path - track=== The [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image set]] <math display="inline"> \mbox{Spur}(\gamma) := \mathcal C := \gamma([a,b]) </math> of one piece [[w:en:Curve#Differential_geometry|differentiable curve]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> should not be confused with the graph of a curve which is a part of the <math display="inline"> [a,b] \times \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Notes=== * An example of such a function <math display="inline"> f </math> is a [[w:en:scalar field|scalar field]] with [[w:en:Cartesian coordinate system|cartesischen coordinaten]]. * A path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> can pass through a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> either as a whole or only in sections several times. * For <math display="inline"> f \equiv 1 </math>, the path integral of the first type gives the length of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. * The path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> forms, inter alia <math display="inline"> a \in \mathbb{R} </math> on the starting point of the curve and <math display="inline"> b \in \mathbb{R} </math> on its end point. * <math display="inline"> t \in [a,b] </math> is an element of the definition set of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> and is generally ''not' for time. <math display="inline"> \mathrm dt </math> is the corresponding [[w:de:Differential (Mathematik)|Differential]]. ==Pathintegral second type== [[File:Line_integral_of_vector_field.gif|thumb|Visualization of a line integral of second type over Gradient vector field]] The line integral over a continuous [[w:en:Gradient vector field|gradient vector field]] : <math display="inline"> \mathbf f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n </math> with a curve also parameterized in this way is defined as the integral over the [[w:en:Scalar product|scalar product]] of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} \circ \gamma </math> and <math display="inline"> \gamma\, ' </math>: : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \! \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathrm{d} \mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \! \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm{d} t </math> ===Influence of parameterization=== If <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta\colon[c,d]\to\mathbb R^n </math> 'simplified' (d. h, <math display="inline"> \gamma_{|(a,b)} </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta_{|(c,d)} </math> are identical This justifies the name c''urve integral''; if the direction of integration is visible or irrelevant, the path in the notation can be suppressed. ===Curve integrals=== Since a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the image of a path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>, the definitions of the curve integrals essentially correspond to the path integrals. ====Curve integral 1. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal C} \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \cdot \| {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \|_2 \, \mathrm{d} t </math> ====Curve integral 2. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\mathrm d\mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm dt </math> ====Length of curve==== A special case is again the length of the curve parameterized by <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math>: : <math display="inline"> \mathrm{L\ddot ange\ von\ }\mathcal C = \int\limits_{\mathcal C} 1 \, \mathrm{d}s = \int\limits_a^b\| {\gamma\,}'(t) \|_2\,\mathrm dt </math> ===Displacement element and length element=== The expression occurring in the first type of curves : <math display="inline"> \mathrm ds= \|{\gamma\,}'(t)\|_2 \, \mathrm dt </math> is called ''scalar path element' or 'length element''.The expression occurring in the second type of curve integrals :<math display="block"> \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = {\gamma\,}' (t)\,\mathrm dt </math> is called 'vectorial path element'. ===Rules of Procedure=== Be <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math>, <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) </math> Curve integrals of the same type (i.e. either both first or second type), be the original image of the two functions <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{g} </math> of the same dimension and be (698104789). The following rules apply to <math display="inline"> \alpha </math>, <math display="inline"> \beta\in \mathbb R </math> and <math display="inline"> c\in\mathbb [a, b] </math>: * <math display="inline"> \alpha\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_\gamma (\alpha\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x})) </math> * <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[a, c]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[c, b]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math> ==Notation for curve integrals of closed curves== If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is a closed way, you write : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\int\limits_\gamma </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\gamma </math> and similar for closed curves <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle \int\limits_\mathcal C </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\mathcal C </math>. With the circle in the Integral one would like to make clear that <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is closed. The only difference is in the notation. ==Examples== * If <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph]] of a function <math display="inline"> f\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R </math>, this curve will be passed through the path :: <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) </math> : parametrized. About :: <math display="inline"> \|\dot\gamma(t)\|_2=\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2} </math> : the length of the curve is equal :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C\mathrm ds = \int\limits_a^b\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2}\,\mathrm dt. </math> * A [[w:en:ellipse|ellipse]] with large half-axis <math display="inline"> a </math> and small half-axis <math display="inline"> b </math> is parameterized by <math display="inline"> (a\cos t, \, b\sin t) </math> for <math display="inline"> t\in[0,2\pi] </math>. Your scope is therefore :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_0^{2\pi}\sqrt{a^2\sin^2t+b^2\cos^2t}\,\mathrm dt = 4a\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{1-\varepsilon^2\cos^2t}\;\mathrm dt </math>. : In this case <math display="inline"> \varepsilon </math> refers to the [[w:en:Eccentricity (mathematics)|numerical eccenttricity]] <math display="inline"> \sqrt{1-b^2/a^2} </math> of the ellipse. The integral on the right is referred to as [[w:en:elliptic Integral|elliptic tntegral]] due to this connection. ==Way-independent== If a vector field <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> is a ''[[w:en:gradient field|Gradient field]]'', i.e.'' : <math display="inline"> \mathbf{\nabla} V = \mathbf{F} </math>, This applies to [[w:en:Derivation (differential algebra)|derivation]] of [[w:en:Function composition|function composition]] of <math display="inline"> V </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math> : <math display="inline"> \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) = \mathbf{\nabla} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) = \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) </math>, which exactly corresponds to the integral of the path integral over <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> to <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math>. ===Dependence of integral boundaries 1=== This follows for a given curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\,\mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_a^b \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t))\cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t)\,\mathrm dt = \int\limits_a^b \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \,\mathrm dt = V(\mathbf{r}(b)) - V(\mathbf{r}(a)). </math> === Visualization === The following image show two arbitrary curves <math>S1</math> and <math>S2</math> in a Gradient vector field connecting point <math>1</math> with point <math>2</math>. [[File:Konservative_Kraft_Wege.svg|350px|center|two arbitrary curves 'S1' and 'S2' in a Gradient vector field connecting point 1 with point 2.]] ===Dependence of integral boundaries 2=== This means that the integral of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> over <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> depends solely on points <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(b) </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(a) </math> and the path between them is irrelevant to the result. For this reason, the integral of a gradient field is referred to as “displaced”. ===Remark - closed paths - Ringintegral=== In particular, the ring integral applies to the closed curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> with two arbitrary paths <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_2 </math>: : <math display="inline"> \oint\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_{1,\mathcal{S}_1}^2 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} + \int\limits_{2,\mathcal{S}_2}^1 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = 0 </math> ===Application in Physics=== This is particularly important in [[w:en:Physics|Physics]], since, for example, the [[w:en:Gravitation|Gravitation]] has these properties. Since the energy in these force fields is always a conservation variable, they are referred to in physics as [[w:en:conservative force|conservative force]]. ===Scaler fields - Potential energy=== The scalar field <math display="inline"> V </math> is the [[w:de:Skalarpotential|Potential]] or the [[w:de:potentielle Energie|potential Energy]]. Conservative force fields receive the mechanical energy, i.e. the sum of [[w:de:Kinetische Energie|kinetic Energy]] and potential energy. According to the above integral, a work of 0 J is applied on a closed curve overall. ===Number of revolutions=== Path independence can also be shown with the application of the [[w:en:Conservative_vector_field#Path_independence|Integrability condition]]. [[Image:Winding Number Around Point.svg|thumb|right|250px|This curve has winding number two around the point ''p''.]] if the vector field is not possible as a gradient field only in a (small) environment <math display="inline"> U </math> of a point, the closed path integral of curves outside <math display="inline"> U </math> is proportional to the number of turns around this point and otherwise independent of the exact curve (see [[w:en:Algebraic_topology#Method_of_algebraic_invariants|Algebraic Topology: Methodology]]). ===Remark - Complex pathintegrale=== If <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> is replaced by <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>, complex path integrals are treated which are treated in the [[Complex Analysis]]. ==Literature== * [[w:en:Harro Heuser|Harro Heuser]]: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 2. 1981, 5. Auflage, Teubner 1990, ISBN 3-519-42222-0. p. 369, Theorem 180.1; p. 391, Theorem 184.1; p. 393, Theorem 185.1. === References === <references /> ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis]] * [[Topological vector space]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Calculus Calculus]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20integral https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] -->; === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[v:en::Curvenintegral|Curveintegral]] - URL: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Curveintegral * Date: 11/20/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurvenintegral" srclang="de" date="11/20/2024" time="17:04" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude> [[en:Curveintegral]] </noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Curve integral]]</noinclude> --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] 85tyq2ujxphxg2zqghcxz0injmqbdrw 0 317016 2691252 2690432 2024-12-10T15:18:33Z Bocardodarapti 289675 2691252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical section{{{opt|}}} |Content= {{ inputdefinition |Set/Equivalence relation/Definition|| }} {{ inputexample |Equivalence relation/Equality/Example|| }} {{ inputimage |Wildebeests in the Masaai Mara|jpg| 300px {{!}}thumb {{!}} |epsname=Wildebeests_in_the_Masaai_Mara |Text=[[w:Blue wildebeest|Wildebeest]] form an equivalence class with respect to the equivalence relation belonging to the same species, [[w:Plains zebra|zebras]] as well. |User=FlickreviewR |Domain=Flickr |License=cc-by-2.0 |Bemerkung=Quelle:<nowiki>www.flickr.com/photos/44222307@N00/1191441866/</nowiki> }} {{ inputexample |Equivalence relation/Equality with respect to a property/Example|| }} In such examples from {{Quotation2|daily life|pm=,}} one has to be cautious, as these properties are usually not defined as precisely as mathematical concepts. In everyday life, similarity is more important that equality with respect to a certain property. However, similarity is not an equivalence relation; it is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive. If {{mat|term= A |pm=}} and {{mat|term= B |pm=}} are similar, and {{mat|term= B |pm=}} and {{mat|term= C |pm=}} as well, then {{mat|term= A |pm=}} and {{mat|term= C |pm=}} might be already not similar any more {{ Extra/Bracket |text=in the same way: is a neighbor of, is related to, etc.| |Ipm=|Epm=. }} The equality with respect to a property can be made precise by the following mathematical construction. {{ inputexample |Equivalence relation/Fiber of a mapping/Example|| }} For a mapping {{ Mapping |name=f |M|N || |pm=, }} the set of all points {{ Relationchain | x |\in| M || || || |pm= }} mapping to a certain point {{ Relationchain | z |\in| N || || || |pm= }} is called the {{Keyword|fiber|pm=}} over {{mat|term=z|pm=.}} In this situation ,the equivalence classes {{ Extra/Bracket |text=see below| |Ipm=|Epm= }} are just the fibers. {{ inputexample |Z/Modulo/Equivalence relation/Example|| }} {{ inputexample |Equivalence relation by mapping/R/Floor/Digits/Example|| }} |Textform=Section |Category= |}} ojn211cwbsmp9nhscw033q5xiazo78p 0 317021 2691271 2690457 2024-12-10T16:22:02Z Bocardodarapti 289675 2691271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical section{{{opt|}}} |Content= {{inputdefinition |Equivalence relation/Quotient set/Definition|}} {{inputdefinition |Equivalence relation/Canonical projection/Definition|}} With the quotient set, the equivalence classes become elements of a new set. Under the canonical projection, equivalent elements are mapped to the same element and so they are identified. We also say that the theory of equivalence relations is the {{Keyword|art of identifying|pm=.}} In working with quotient sets, the proper definition is not so important any more; instead, we work rather with the intrinsic properties of these sets. The following statement says, in particular, that every equivalence relation can be obtained as in {{ Examplelink |Examplename= Equivalence relation/Fiber of a mapping/Example |Nr= |pm=. }} Therefore, equivalent always means equal under a suitable mapping. {{ inputfactproof |Equivalence classes/Partition/Quotient set/Properties/Fact|Lemma|| }} Important mathematical constructions can be described as a quotient set to a certain equivalence relation on a simpler set. This is illustrated by the following examples. {{ inputexample |Equivalence relation/Real projective space/Example|| }} {{ inputexample |Integer numbers/Construction from natural numbers/Example||extra1=footnote }} The following proposition describes the {{Keyword|universal property|}} of the quotient set. {{ inputfactproof |Equivalence relation/Quotient set/Universal property/Fact|Lemma|| }} |Textform=Section |Category= |}} rcwozn8z7p0iufis9dvovn8j1qft1tx 2691279 2691271 2024-12-10T17:22:22Z Bocardodarapti 289675 2691279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical section{{{opt|}}} |Content= {{inputdefinition |Equivalence relation/Quotient set/Definition|}} {{inputdefinition |Equivalence relation/Canonical projection/Definition|}} With the quotient set, the equivalence classes become elements of a new set. Under the canonical projection, equivalent elements are mapped to the same element and so they are identified. We also say that the theory of equivalence relations is the {{Keyword|art of identifying|pm=.}} In working with quotient sets, the proper definition is not so important any more; instead, we work rather with the intrinsic properties of these sets. The following statement says, in particular, that every equivalence relation can be obtained as in {{ Examplelink |Examplename= Equivalence relation/Fiber of a mapping/Example |Nr= |pm=. }} Therefore, equivalent always means equal under a suitable mapping. {{ inputfactproof |Equivalence classes/Partition/Quotient set/Properties/Fact|Lemma|| }} Important mathematical constructions can be described as a quotient set to a certain equivalence relation on a simpler set. This is illustrated by the following examples. {{ inputexample |Equivalence relation/Real projective space/Example|| }} {{ inputexample |Integer numbers/Construction from natural numbers/Example||extra1=Footnote }} The following proposition describes the {{Keyword|universal property|}} of the quotient set. {{ inputfactproof |Equivalence relation/Quotient set/Universal property/Fact|Lemma|| }} |Textform=Section |Category= |}} eo6kxl2kgwg8tkhciflysg1za4q2fmv 0 317026 2691207 2691163 2024-12-10T12:00:52Z CorraleH 2903442 Adding links 2691207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | journal = WikiJournal Preprints <WikiJournal of Medicine> | last1 = Volpe | orcid1 = 0000-0003-0526-5625 | first1 = Maria Julia Gobbi | last2 = Araujo | orcid2 = 0000-0002-3675-4651 | first2 = Eliene Silva | last3 = Cardoso | orcid3 = 0000-0003-0526-5625 | affiliation2 = Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil | first3 = Maria Julia Ferreira | last4 = Montilha | orcid4 = 0000-0003-2500-4262 | affiliation4 = University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil | first5 = Hector Gabriel Corrale | last5 = Matos | orcid5 = 0000-0002-2649-370X | affiliation5 = University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil | first6 = Katia de Freitas | last6 = Alvarenga | orcid6 = 0000-0002-7847-3225 | affiliation6 = University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil | first7 = Lilian Cássia Bórnia | affiliation3 = University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil | first4 = Alexandre Alberto Pascotto | last7 = Jacob | orcid7 = 0000-0003-1947-7506 | affiliation7 = University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil | et_al = <!-- if there are >9 authors, hyperlink to the list here --> | affiliation1 = Univertiy of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil | correspondence1 = mariajuliavolpe@usp.br | correspondence = juliafono2011@gmail.com | keywords = Wiki; Health; Teaching Methodology; university. | license = <CC BY 4.0> | abstract = [[W:Wikipedia | Wikipedia]] is a free, collaborative, and multilingual encyclopedia and corresponds to the largest and most popular reference work on the [[w:Internet|Internet]]. It admits involvement with university education, enabling the insertion of the student in the active [[:learning |learning methodology]], shuch as allowing dissemination of scientific content to the population. The aim was to analyze the scientific production between 2015 and 2020 on Wikipedia as an active methodology tool for education in [[w:health|health]] and [[w:science communication |scientific dissemination]]. Searches were conducted in November 2020 in the [[w:PubMed |PubMed]], [[w:Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Health_Sciences_Literature |LILACS]], [[w:SciELO |SciELO]], and Portal de Periódicos CAPES databases regarding the use of Wikipedia as an active methodology in health and a tool for scientific dissemination, through crossings between the terms “Wikipedia”, “university” and “health”. The findings associate strategy with the development of scientific research skills, health education, and academic, personal, and collaborative stimuli. Furthermore, Wikipedia refers to high-impact periodicals, and their use contributes to dissemination of current and high-level information to the population. It was possible to identify answers to the guiding questions, favoring the development of academic, professional, and personal skills by Wikipedia as an active methodology of teaching in health, further highlighting its scope as a source of health information. }} ==Introduction== Launched on January 15, 2001, [[w:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]] is a free, collaborative, and multilingual encyclopedia managed by the [[w:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]]. It advocates for global empowerment and participation in creating educational content available online under [[w:Creative Commons|open commons licenses]] and in the [[w:Public domain| public domain]], with the goal of promoting widespread sharing<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-30|title=Wikipédia|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia|journal=Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre|language=pt}}</ref>. Given that the platform is the largest and most popular general reference work on the internet<ref name=":0" />, it presents the possibility of being adopted in university education. By using Wikipedia to create content grounded in [[w:Scientific evidence|scientific evidence]], students engage in an active and participatory teaching methodology, positioning themselves as active agents in their own [[w:learning|learning process]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mitre|first=Sandra Minardi|last2=Siqueira-Batista|first2=Rodrigo|last3=Girardi-de-Mendonça|first3=José Márcio|last4=Morais-Pinto|first4=Neila Maria de|last5=Meirelles|first5=Cynthia de Almeida Brandão|last6=Pinto-Porto|first6=Cláudia|last7=Moreira|first7=Tânia|last8=Hoffmann|first8=Leandro Marcial Amaral|date=2008-12|title=Metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem na formação profissional em saúde: debates atuais|url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-81232008000900018&lng=pt&tlng=pt|journal=Ciência & Saúde Coletiva|volume=13|issue=suppl 2|pages=2133–2144|doi=10.1590/S1413-81232008000900018|issn=1413-8123}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2007|title=Participatory Action Research (PAR)|url=https://doi.org/10.4135/97814129862681.n251|journal=The SAGE Dictionary of Qualitative Inquiry|location=2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States of America|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4129-0927-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473921290.n45|title=Critical Theory and Critical Participatory Action Research|last=Kemmis|first=Stephen|last2=McTaggart|first2=Robin|last3=Nixon|first3=Rhonda|publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd|location=1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP|pages=453–464}}</ref>. They feel empowered with certain knowledge, allowing them to develop a sense of identity and pass it on to others<ref>WIKI EDUCATION. '''Does editing Wikipedia change a student´s life? WIKI EDU'''. San Francisco, CA: Wiki Education, [2018]</ref>. The active approach involves greater engagement, dedication, and, consequently, responsibility from students in the process of knowledge construction<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sebold|first=Luciara Fabiane|last2=Martins|first2=Fernanda Espíndola|last3=Da Rosa|first3=Rosiane|last4=Carraro|first4=Telma Elisa|last5=Martini|first5=Jussara Gue|last6=Kempfer|first6=Silvana Silveira|date=2010-12-24|title=METODOLOGIAS ATIVAS: UMA INOVAÇÃO NA DISCIPLINA DE FUNDAMENTOS PARA O CUIDADO PROFISSIONAL DE ENFERMAGEM|url=http://revistas.ufpr.br/cogitare/article/view/20381|journal=Cogitare Enfermagem|volume=15|issue=4|doi=10.5380/ce.v15i4.20381|issn=2176-9133}}</ref>. It also encourages collective work through access to an expanded discussion environment. This leads to improved comprehension of the explored content, as well as the development of [[en:w:communication skills|communication skills]], which are essential for [[en:w:Health professional|healthcare professionals]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amorim|first=Juleimar Soares Coelho de|last2=Poltronieri|first2=Bruno Costa|last3=Ribeiro|first3=Aline Moreira|last4=Ferla|first4=Alcindo Antônio|date=2019|title=Team-based learning in Physical therapy undergraduate course: experiment report|url=https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.032.ao46|journal=Fisioterapia em Movimento|volume=32|doi=10.1590/1980-5918.032.ao46|issn=1980-5918}}</ref>. Furthermore, the platform is widely consulted, with its information accessed by millions of users, particularly in the fields of science and health, by both the general public and professionals in these areas<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Heilman|first=James M|last2=Kemmann|first2=Eckhard|last3=Bonert|first3=Michael|last4=Chatterjee|first4=Anwesh|last5=Ragar|first5=Brent|last6=Beards|first6=Graham M|last7=Iberri|first7=David J|last8=Harvey|first8=Matthew|last9=Thomas|first9=Brendan|date=2011-01-31|title=Wikipedia: A Key Tool for Global Public Health Promotion|url=http://www.jmir.org/2011/1/e14/|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|language=en|volume=13|issue=1|pages=e14|doi=10.2196/jmir.1589|issn=1438-8871}}</ref>. As health-related topics receive significant and growing attention in online searches, these resources can be leveraged to reach the public<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trotter|first=Matthew I.|last2=Morgan|first2=David W.|date=2008-09|title=Patients' use of the Internet for health related matters: a study of Internet usage in 2000 and 2006|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1081180X08092828|journal=Health Informatics Journal|language=en|volume=14|issue=3|pages=175–181|doi=10.1177/1081180X08092828|issn=1460-4582}}</ref>. In this context, the [[en:w:democratization|democratization]] of scientific knowledge comes into focus, allowing it to reach diverse segments of the population and empowering them, as information becomes accessible for societal use<ref>BIZZOCCHI, A. L. Culture and pleasure: The place of science. '''Cienc Cult''', São Paulo, v. 51, n. 1, p. 26-33, jan/fev 1999. </ref>. [[en:w:Scientific literacy|Scientific literacy]] is recognized as a tool for improving quality of life<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ribeiro|first=Maria das Graças|last2=Teles|first2=Maria Eloiza de Oliveira|last3=Maruch|first3=Sandra Maria das Graças|date=1995|title=Morphological aspects of the ovary of Columba livia (Gmelin) (Columbidae, Columbiformes)|url=https://doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81751995000100016|journal=Revista Brasileira de Zoologia|volume=12|issue=1|pages=151–157|doi=10.1590/s0101-81751995000100016|issn=0101-8175}}</ref>. Consequently, scientific dissemination is increasingly viewed as both a tool and a [[en:w:social movement|social movement]], fostering [[en:w:citizenship|citizenship]] and enhancing the health of diverse groups<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bizzo|first=Maria Letícia Galluzzi|date=2002-02|title=Difusão científica, comunicação e saúde|url=https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2002000100031|journal=Cadernos de Saúde Pública|volume=18|issue=1|pages=307–314|doi=10.1590/s0102-311x2002000100031|issn=0102-311X}}</ref>. Thus, the overarching objective was to analyze scientific production between 2015 and 2020 regarding Wikipedia as a tool for active teaching methodologies in health and scientific dissemination. ==Materials and Methods== A [[en:w:scoping review|scoping review]] was conducted in September 2020. This type of [[en:w:literature review|literature synthesis]] is designed to analyze different types of studies and summarize the available evidence on a topic of interest. The review was structured into the following steps: (i) formulation of the guiding question and research objective; (ii) identification of studies based on the adopted research methodology; (iii) selection of studies using inclusion criteria; (iv) analysis and grouping of data; (v) synthesis of results through a qualitative evaluation of the themes in the articles, based on the research objective and question; and (vi) presentation of results through thematic analysis. The literature review was conducted using the databases available on the CAPES Journals Portal ([[en:w:Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel|Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel]]), [[en:w:PubMed|PubMed]]/[[en:w:MEDLINE|MEDLINE]], [[en:w:Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature|LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature)]], and [[en:w:SciELO|SciELO]]. The protocol for this review was registered on the [[en:w:Open Science Framework|Open Science Framework]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cardoso|first=Maria Julia Ferreira|last2=Matos|first2=Hector Gabriel Corrale de|date=2023-09-12|title=Use of Wikipedia at university as a resource of active health teaching methodology and scientific dissemination: scoping review|url=https://osf.io/dwrsj/|language=en|doi=10.17605/OSF.IO/DWRSJ}}</ref> based on the proposal ''How to write a scoping review protocol: Guidance and template''. Any methodological changes during the study will be updated on the Open Science Framework platform<ref>{{cite web |url=https://osf.io/ym65x/ |title=How to write a scoping review protocol: Guidance and template |last1=Lely |first1=Justine |last2=Morris |first2=Hailey C. |last3=Sasson |first3=Noa |last4=Camarillo |first4=Nathan D. |last5=Livinski |first5=Alicia A. |last6=Butera |first6=Gisela |last7=Wickstrom |first7=Jordan |date=May 30, 2023 |website=OSF |publisher=Center for Open Science |access-date=2023-05-30 |quote= }}</ref>. The search was guided by the following research questions: a) "What are the applications and benefits of Wikipedia in universities as a resource for active methodology in the health field?" and b) "What is Wikipedia's contribution to scientific dissemination in health?" The research questions were developed using the Population, Concept, and Context (PCC) strategy: '''P''' - population (Wikipedia in universities and Wikipedia in the health field); '''C''' - concept (contribution, application, and benefits); '''C''' - context (active methodology and scientific dissemination). In the next step, descriptors were identified using [[en:w:Medical Subject Headings|MeSH (Medical Subject Headings)]] and [[en:w:Health Sciences Descriptors|DeCS (Health Sciences Descriptors)]] and structured into the search strategy: '''“Wikipedia” AND (“Wikipedia” AND (“university” OR “health” OR “education”)).''' The article selection process was based on the following inclusion criteria: free full-text articles ([[en:w:Open Access|Open Access]]); articles published between 2015 and 2020; and studies available in Portuguese, French, German, English, and Spanish. Duplicate references were analyzed and excluded. Subsequently, the titles and abstracts of the articles were reviewed based on the criteria and guiding questions. The articles included in the review were then grouped according to the guiding questions defined in the research scope, considering the objective and outcomes of each article. == Results and Discussion == A total of 1,318 articles were retrieved from the databases and added to the Rayyan review software ([[en:w:Qatar Computing Research Institute|Qatar Computing Research Institute]]) , and the [[en:w:Google Sheets|Google Sheets tool]] for systematizing the review process, with manual verification performed later. A total of 742 articles published between 2015 and 2020 were included, followed by the inclusion of 526 texts in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. This resulted in 386 articles selected for full reading by the authors based on the guiding questions of the literature review. The full reading of the selected studies led to the inclusion of 12 articles, which were then added to the literature review (Figure 1). [[File:Flowchart of the included articles.jpg|center|thumb|410x410px|Flowchart of the selection and inclusion process of articles in the literature review.]] Twelve articles were included in the literature review, with eight articles answering the question ''"What is the application and benefits of Wikipedia in universities as an active learning resource in the health field?"'' and four articles answering the question ''"What is Wikipedia's contribution to scientific dissemination?"''. The categorization of the articles was based on the research questions established, as presented in Table 1 and Table 2, regarding the title, publication year, objective, and outcome of the articles. {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1: Outcomes related to the guiding question: ''What is the application and benefits of Wikipedia in universities as an active learning resource in the health field?'' | | '''Wikipedia Education Program in higher education settings<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Alcazar|first=Carmen|last2=Bucio|first2=Jackeline|last3=Ferrante|first3=Luisina|date=2018-04-04|title=Wikipedia Education Program in higher education settings: Actions and lessons learned from four specific cases in Mexico and Argentina|url=https://revistas.ucu.edu.uy/index.php/paginasdeeducacion/article/view/1552|journal=Páginas de Educación|volume=11|issue=1|pages=23–36|doi=10.22235/pe.v11i1.1552|issn=1688-7468}}</ref>''' |- |Objective |Present a comparative view of the efforts and results achieved by the Wikipedia Education Program, working with [[en:w:higher education|higher education]] institutions, identifying challenges and similar solutions in implementing Wikipedia projects in academic settings. |- |Outcomes |Feedback was received from the professor and the Wikipedia community. This led to an increase in the number of students who re-edited their [[en:w:homework|assignments]]. Wikipedia can be a resource for critical assessment and content improvement, enabling students to assess [[en:w:consensus|consensus]], generate constructive feedback, and collaborate based on reliable sources. It forms new generations of networked learners. Furthermore, students reported greater motivation to engage in formative assessment activities when their contributions receive measurable exposure, knowing the real and quantifiable audience. |- | colspan="2" | '''Wikipedia as a reference information source: evaluation and perspectives'''<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Kern|first=Vinícius Medina|date=2018-01|title=A Wikipédia como fonte de informação de referência: avaliação e perspectivas|url=https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-5344/3224|journal=Perspectivas em Ciência da Informação|volume=23|issue=1|pages=120–143|doi=10.1590/1981-5344/3224|issn=1981-5344}}</ref> |- |Objective |What supports the acceptance of Wikipedia in forums such as elite [[en:w:scientific journals|scientific journals]]? |- |Outcomes |Editing Wikipedia is an excellent way to fulfill public participation responsibilities and [[en:w:Knowledge sharing|share knowledge]]. The use of Wikipedia in the university classroom is encouraged by several authors. |- | colspan="2" | '''Uses, perceptions, and evaluations of Wikipedia by university professors'''<ref name=":4">RIVOIR, A. L.; ESCUDER, S.; RODRIGUEZ HORMAECHEA, F. Usos percepciones y valoraciones de Wikipedia por profesores universitarios. '''Innov Educ''' (Méx DF), México, v. 17, n. 75, p. 169-187, dez 2017. </ref> |- |Objective |To understand the uses, perceptions, and evaluations of Wikipedia through a survey of university professors, developing a [[en:w:Typology (social science research method)|typology]] and usage profiles of the tool. |- |Outcomes |There are advantages to using Wikipedia in academic activities at the university, particularly in [[en:w:teaching|teaching]]. As an educational resource, collaborative work stands out. Through article editing, it contributes to [[en:w:writing|writing skills]], analysis, and academic performance. |- | colspan="2" | '''Improving the Quality of Consumer Health Information on Wikipedia: Case Series'''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Weiner|first=Shira Schecter|last2=Horbacewicz|first2=Jill|last3=Rasberry|first3=Lane|last4=Bensinger-Brody|first4=Yocheved|date=2019-03-18|title=Improving the Quality of Consumer Health Information on Wikipedia: Case Series|url=https://doi.org/10.2196/12450|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|volume=21|issue=3|pages=e12450|doi=10.2196/12450|issn=1438-8871}}</ref> |- |Objective |Enhance Wikipedia's health pages using current high-quality research findings and track the persistence of these edits and the number of page views after the changes to evaluate the initiative's impact. |- |Outcomes |Taking on the role of Wikipedia editor required students to gather and synthesize current, [[en:w:Evidence-based practice|evidence-based]] information, promoting learning. |- | colspan="2" | '''Pharmacy students can improve access to quality medicines information by editing Wikipedia articles'''<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Apollonio|first=Dorie E.|last2=Broyde|first2=Keren|last3=Azzam|first3=Amin|last4=De Guia|first4=Michael|last5=Heilman|first5=James|last6=Brock|first6=Tina|date=2018-12|title=Pharmacy students can improve access to quality medicines information by editing Wikipedia articles|url=https://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12909-018-1375-z|journal=BMC Medical Education|language=en|volume=18|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12909-018-1375-z|issn=1472-6920}}</ref> |- |Objective |Expand the traditional approach of [[en:w:pharmacy|pharmacy training programs]] by requiring students to improve [[en:w:Medication|medication information]] pages on Wikipedia. |- |Outcomes |Editing Wikipedia allows students to demonstrate their skills in research and in conveying information about medications. Through this experience, students come to view the platform in a more informed and critical way. |- | colspan="2" | '''Wikipedia as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Wikipedia'''<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Maggio|first=Lauren A.|last2=Willinsky|first2=John M.|last3=Steinberg|first3=Ryan M.|last4=Mietchen|first4=Daniel|last5=Wass|first5=Joseph L.|last6=Dong|first6=Ting|date=2017-12-21|editor-last=Sugimoto|editor-first=Cassidy Rose|title=Wikipedia as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Wikipedia|url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190046|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=12|issue=12|pages=e0190046|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0190046|issn=1932-6203}}</ref> |- |Objective |Establish benchmark parameters for the relative distribution and click-through rate of [[en:w:citations|citations]]—as indicated by the presence of a [[en:w:Digital Object Identifier|Digital Object Identifier (DOI)]]—on Wikipedia, with a focus on medical citations. |- |Outcomes |The introduction of continuous teaching strategies in undergraduate and medical and health education should address the value of consulting citations as a tool to enhance learning. For example, at the [[en:w:University of California|University of California]], San Francisco, the School of Medicine offers training for students to edit and critically evaluate Wikipedia. |- | colspan="2" | '''The 5th ISCB Wikipedia Competition: Coming to a Classroom Near You?'''<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Kilpatrick|first=Alastair M.|date=2016-12-29|title=The 5th ISCB Wikipedia Competition: Coming to a Classroom Near You?|url=https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005235|journal=PLOS Computational Biology|volume=12|issue=12|pages=e1005235|doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005235|issn=1553-7358}}</ref> |- |Objective |Show the [[en:w:International Society for Computational Biology|5th International Society for Computational Biology]] competition on Wikipedia. |- |Outcomes |The use of competitions in courses, involving contributions to Wikipedia in the [[en:w:classroom|classroom]], was considered a success. Unlike traditional classes, by contributing to Wikipedia, students' work becomes available to the public and future researchers. The competition also provides an opportunity to develop effective communication skills with diverse audiences and to work effectively as part of a team. |- | colspan="2" | '''Why Medical Schools Should Embrace Wikipedia: Final-Year Medical Student Contributions to Wikipedia Articles for Academic Credit at One School'''<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Azzam|first=Amin|last2=Bresler|first2=David|last3=Leon|first3=Armando|last4=Maggio|first4=Lauren|last5=Whitaker|first5=Evans|last6=Heilman|first6=James|last7=Orlowitz|first7=Jake|last8=Swisher|first8=Valerie|last9=Rasberry|first9=Lane|date=2017-02|title=Why Medical Schools Should Embrace Wikipedia: Final-Year Medical Student Contributions to Wikipedia Articles for Academic Credit at One School|url=https://journals.lww.com/00001888-201702000-00022|journal=Academic Medicine|language=en|volume=92|issue=2|pages=194–200|doi=10.1097/ACM.0000000000001381|issn=1040-2446|pmc=PMC5265689|pmid=27627633}}</ref> |- |Objective |Assess the impact of edits made by fourth-year medical students on Wikipedia content, as well as the effects of the course on both the participants and the readers of the articles selected by the students. |- |Outcomes |The students reported challenges in addressing the general public and the professional medical audience. They found the collaborative nature of the work to be a challenge, as it often required a willingness to re-edit; however, these challenges were mitigated by the perception of the usefulness and potential global significance of their contributions. Additionally, they developed their skills as health educators and completed the course with an expanded understanding of their professional responsibilities. They gained practical experience in explaining health information in an accessible manner to the general public, which they found rewarding. |} {| class="wikitable" |+Table 2: Outcomes related to the guiding question: ''What is Wikipedia's contribution to scientific dissemination?'' ! colspan="2" |The Most Influential Medical Journals According to Wikipedia: Quantitative Analysis<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Jemielniak|first=Dariusz|last2=Masukume|first2=Gwinyai|last3=Wilamowski|first3=Maciej|date=2019-01-18|title=The Most Influential Medical Journals According to Wikipedia: Quantitative Analysis|url=http://www.jmir.org/2019/1/e11429/|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|language=en|volume=21|issue=1|pages=e11429|doi=10.2196/11429|issn=1438-8871}}</ref> |- |Objective |Determine the ranking of the most cited journals based on their representation in English-language medical pages on Wikipedia. Assess the number of days between the publication of journal articles and their citation on the platform ([[en:w:information access|information dissemination]]). |- |Outcomes |The time between the publication of a journal article and its mention on Wikipedia has decreased substantially since the platform's inception. Evidence of "[[en:w:presentism|presentism]]" (a preference for citing recently published articles) was found. High-impact traditional medical and [[en:w:multidisciplinary|multidisciplinary]] journals were highly cited by Wikipedia, suggesting that Wikipedia's medical articles have solid foundations. This allows the inclusion of general science and health journals and serves as an alternative, if not more reliable, measure of a journal's impact on public knowledge, based on decisions made by the [[en:w:Self-governance|self-governing]], peer-production community. |- | colspan="2" |'''Wikipedia and medicine: quantifying readership, editors, and the significance of natural language'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heilman|first=James M|last2=West|first2=Andrew G|date=2015-03-04|title=Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language|url=http://www.jmir.org/2015/3/e62/|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|language=en|volume=17|issue=3|pages=e62|doi=10.2196/jmir.4069|issn=1438-8871}}</ref> |- |Objective |Quantify the production and consumption of medical content on Wikipedia across four dimensions: 1. Articles and bytes; 2. Citations supporting the content; 3. Analysis of medical readers compared to other health websites; 4. Characteristics of medical contributors to Wikipedia. |- |Outcomes |By the end of 2013, Wikipedia's medical content encompassed over 155,000 articles and 1 billion bytes of text in more than 255 languages (or 1016 MB), representing a 10.19% increase from the previous year (922 MB). The content was supported by over 950,000 references from journals respected by the scientific community. Health articles were viewed more than 4.9 billion times annually on non-mobile devices (with inclusive estimates for [[en:w:mobile devices|mobile devices]] reaching 6.5 billion). This makes it one of the most viewed medical resources in the world. Since 2010, the number of academic articles in health sciences citing Wikipedia has increased substantially. |- | colspan="2" | '''Improving the Quality of Consumer Health Information on Wikipedia: Case Series'''<ref name=":5" /> |- |Objective |Expand the traditional approach of [[en:w:pharmacy|pharmacy]] training programs by requiring students to improve medication information pages posted on Wikipedia. |- |Outcomes |The reach and potential of the Internet to improve the health of individuals and populations should be recognized by healthcare professionals as a tool for enhancing the quality and [[en:w:equity|equity]] of [[en:w:healthcare services|healthcare services]]. Wikipedia facilitates the dissemination of a large volume of high-quality information to broad segments of the population. Wikipedia's standards require the inclusion of citations, a practice that other health information sources on the internet do not always follow. The Wikipedia model can streamline the translation of research into practice. |- | colspan="2" | '''Pharmacy students can improve access to quality medicines information by editing Wikipedia articles'''<ref name=":6" /> |- |Objective |Expand the traditional approach of pharmacy training programs by engaging students in improving medication information pages published on Wikipedia. |- |Outcomes |Wikipedia is frequently used by students, healthcare professionals, and patients to quickly access information and enables the sharing of [[en:w:medicine|medical knowledge]] in a way that is accessible to the public. Encouraging students to improve health content on Wikipedia not only benefits the users of the pages but also helps the students develop skills in communicating information to the public. |} === Application and benefits of Wikipedia in universities as an active learning resource in the health field === There is agreement that Wikipedia can be used in universities as an active learning resource in the health field through student edits to entries. This strategy allows for the development of [[w:en:research|research skills]]<ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":4" />, writing, analysis, and improved academic performance<ref name=":4" /> through collaborative work as part of a team<ref name=":8" />, and by exploring the practice of consensus<ref name=":2" />. Furthermore, this exercise can introduce students to or expand their experience with the practice of peer review in an amplified, public review process<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Cummings|first=Robert E.|date=2020-04-21|title=Writing knowledge: Wikipedia, public review, and peer review|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1749791|journal=Studies in Higher Education|volume=45|issue=5|pages=950–962|doi=10.1080/03075079.2020.1749791|issn=0307-5079}}</ref>. The work encourages the collection and synthesis of the most relevant current information for subsequent editing, thereby promoting learning on the subject<ref name=":5" /> . The platform's updating requires critical evaluation in the selection of sources, data, and changes to previous edits<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":7" />. This also fosters a sense of agency<ref name=":2" />, where greater motivation is achieved through fulfilling [[en:w:social participation|social participation]] responsibilities<ref name=":3" />, coupled with the sense of utility and importance provided by [[en:w:Knowledge sharing|sharing knowledge]] with communities lacking access to other validated [[en:w:information|sources of information]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Azzam|first=Amin|last2=Bresler|first2=David|last3=Leon|first3=Armando|last4=Maggio|first4=Lauren|last5=Whitaker|first5=Evans|last6=Heilman|first6=James|last7=Orlowitz|first7=Jake|last8=Swisher|first8=Valerie|last9=Rasberry|first9=Lane|date=2017-02|title=Why Medical Schools Should Embrace Wikipedia: Final-Year Medical Student Contributions to Wikipedia Articles for Academic Credit at One School|url=https://journals.lww.com/00001888-201702000-00022|journal=Academic Medicine|language=en|volume=92|issue=2|pages=194–200|doi=10.1097/ACM.0000000000001381|issn=1040-2446}}</ref>. The gratification reported by students in this and other formative assessment activities is attributed to measurable reach to a real audience<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" />. Not only, does the professor provide feedback to students, but also the entire Wikipedia community, leading to expanded feedback that encourages constant revisions of their work <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":11" />. Additionally, from concrete experiences, there is effective development of communication skills with diverse groups, ranging from the general population to the medical/professional community<ref name=":8" />. In this context, editing allows students to explore and develop skills as health educators, gaining an enhanced understanding of their professional roles<ref name=":9" />. Unlike traditional classes, encouraging contributions to Wikipedia means advancing in favor of current modernity<ref name=":3" /> and creating active, engaged, networked learners <ref name=":2" />. === Contribution of Wikipedia to scientific dissemination === The literature has highlighted the extensive reach and potential of Wikipedia as one of the top five online information sources<ref name=":5" />. The medical content available on Wikipedia grew by 10.2% from 2012 to the end of 2013, with over 155,000 articles, 1 billion bytes of textual content in more than 255 languages, supported by more than 950,000 references, and over 4.9 billion views annually from computers—estimated to reach 6.5 billion when including mobile devices. As such, Wikipedia has become one of the most accessed medical resources worldwide<ref name=":1" />. Increasingly, traditional scientific journals formally reference the platform<ref name=":10" />, and since 2010, there has been a significant rise in citations of the encyclopedia in academic articles within the health sciences field. Additionally, the reverse is observed, as Wikipedia uses references from the most respected journals <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heilman|first=James M|last2=West|first2=Andrew G|date=2015-03-04|title=Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language|url=http://www.jmir.org/2015/3/e62/|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|language=en|volume=17|issue=3|pages=e62|doi=10.2196/jmir.4069|issn=1438-8871}}</ref>. The distinctiveness of Wikipedia compared to most other available online health information sources lies in its requirement for the inclusion of citations<ref name=":5" />. These citations from high-impact medical and multidisciplinary journals also demonstrate a considerable reduction in the time between the publication of an article and its inclusion on Wikipedia<ref name=":10" />. Given its broad grounding, these factors suggest that health articles in the encyclopedia correspond to quality content with solid foundations. Furthermore, they constitute an important resource for enhancing the visibility of major journals in the public domain through peer production<ref name=":10" />. === Recognition by the scientific community === The recognition of Wikipedia’s contribution to knowledge dissemination can also be observed through its inclusion in the analysis of new [[en:w:Bibliometrics|bibliometric indicators]], which aim to address the gaps of the traditional "impact factor." The traditional impact factor has several limitations, one of which is that articles published in high-impact journals but receiving few citations benefit from the quality of more cited articles, potentially leading to a [[en:w:misjudgment|misjudgment]] of the relevance and quality of the work. New metrics measure the individual impact of a scientific article through the number of citations that encompass [[en:w:social networks|social networks]] in their search, in addition to accounting for traditional sources<ref>{{Cite journal|last=VANTI|first=Nadia|last2=SANZ-CASADO|first2=Elias|date=2016-12|title=Altmetria: a métrica social a serviço de uma ciência mais democrática|url=https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-08892016000300009|journal=Transinformação|volume=28|issue=3|pages=349–358|doi=10.1590/2318-08892016000300009|issn=2318-0889}}</ref>. The mention of an article in a Wikipedia entry is included and counted in the impact assessment of new systems. These systems allow researchers to discover the reach of studies on the web, at a time when increasingly, these informal social media platforms facilitate and accelerate information exchange in the academic world. It is important to note, however, that the quality and relevance of the coverage of scientific topics in Wikipedia entries may be directly or indirectly influenced by the level of involvement of area specialists. The expansion and improvement of articles in a given field or subject generally lead to an increase in views<ref name=":1" />. Retaining teachers and students as active collaborators on the platform could solidify this mechanism of scientific dissemination. [[en:w:WikiProject|WikiProjects]] exist to facilitate contact between members of the existing community with common interests, increasing the adoption rate of new collaborators. The English Wikipedia contains nearly 2,000 WikiProjects (around 800 active), and approximately 30 of them are in the field of health<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-06-03|title=Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>. In English Wikipedia, the articles that are part of the [[Medicine]] WikiProject (the largest WikiProject in the health field) are generally more comprehensive, have a greater number of references, a higher [[en:w:citation index|citation index]], and receive more visits when compared to articles in the rest of Wikipedia. Furthermore, readers of these pages tend to show higher engagement with the content when compared to readers of other articles, spending more time on the pages before clicking on references and checking footnotes more frequently<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maggio|first=Lauren A|last2=Steinberg|first2=Ryan M|last3=Piccardi|first3=Tiziano|last4=Willinsky|first4=John M|date=2020-03-06|title=Reader engagement with medical content on Wikipedia|url=https://elifesciences.org/articles/52426|journal=eLife|language=en|volume=9|doi=10.7554/eLife.52426|issn=2050-084X}}</ref>. Thus, it is understood that Wikipedia is a strong ally in the dissemination of a vast amount of high-level knowledge to substantial segments of the population, with current and meaningful information for the public<ref name=":5" />. In fact, encouraging students to improve content on Wikipedia not only benefits them individually but also contributes to the broad scientific dissemination to society<ref name=":6" />. ==Conclusion== The reviewed literature allowed for answering the guiding questions of this study, demonstrating benefits for the development of academic, professional, and personal skills resulting from the incorporation of Wikipedia as an active and participatory methodological resource in health courses. Thus, these findings suggest the encouragement of editing practice on the platform, aiming at expanding learning and fulfilling social responsibilities in health education or communication. Consequently, these activities contribute to making one of the most read and accessible sources of information in the world even more accurate and comprehensive in the field, disseminating relevant knowledge supported by scientific publications to millions of people. '''Acknowledgements''' Acknowledgment to the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) for funding grant No. [https://bv.fapesp.br/en/auxilios/109545/wikipedia-education-program-as-active-teaching-methodology-and-crowdsourcing-tool-in-hearing-health/ 2021/06902-2] - Wikipedia Education Program as active teaching methodology and crowdsourcing tool in hearing health. ===Competing interests=== The authors declare no conflict of interest. ==References== {{reflist|35em}} [[Category:Wikipedia]] iii3fzsfcfjon9gks1818vdxn5me6v3 2691212 2691207 2024-12-10T12:14:00Z CorraleH 2903442 2691212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | journal = WikiJournal Preprints <WikiJournal of Medicine> | last1 = Volpe | orcid1 = 0000-0003-0526-5625 | first1 = Maria Julia Gobbi | last2 = Araujo | orcid2 = 0000-0002-3675-4651 | first2 = Eliene Silva | last3 = Cardoso | orcid3 = 0000-0003-0526-5625 | affiliation2 = Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil | first3 = Maria Julia Ferreira | last4 = Montilha | orcid4 = 0000-0003-2500-4262 | affiliation4 = University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil | first5 = Hector Gabriel Corrale | last5 = Matos | orcid5 = 0000-0002-2649-370X | affiliation5 = University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil | first6 = Katia de Freitas | last6 = Alvarenga | orcid6 = 0000-0002-7847-3225 | affiliation6 = University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil | first7 = Lilian Cássia Bórnia | affiliation3 = University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil | first4 = Alexandre Alberto Pascotto | last7 = Jacob | orcid7 = 0000-0003-1947-7506 | affiliation7 = University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil | et_al = <!-- if there are >9 authors, hyperlink to the list here --> | affiliation1 = Univertiy of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil | correspondence1 = mariajuliavolpe@usp.br | correspondence = juliafono2011@gmail.com | keywords = Wiki; Health; Teaching Methodology; university. | license = <CC BY 4.0> | abstract = [[W:Wikipedia | Wikipedia]] is a free, collaborative, and multilingual encyclopedia and corresponds to the largest and most popular reference work on the [[w:Internet|Internet]]. It admits involvement with [[en:w:university education|university education]], enabling the insertion of the student in the active [[en:w:learning |learning methodology]], shuch as allowing [[en:w:Science communication|dissemination of scientific]] content to the population. The aim was to analyze the [[en:w:scientific journals|scientific production]] between 2015 and 2020 on Wikipedia as an [[en:w:active methodology|methodology]] tool for education in [[w:health|health]] and [[w:science communication |scientific dissemination]]. Searches were conducted in November 2020 in the [[w:PubMed |PubMed]], [[w:Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Health_Sciences_Literature |LILACS]], [[w:SciELO |SciELO]], and Portal de Periódicos CAPES databases regarding the use of Wikipedia as an active methodology in health and a tool for scientific dissemination, through crossings between the terms “Wikipedia”, “university” and “health”. The findings associate strategy with the development of scientific research skills, health education, and academic, personal, and collaborative stimuli. Furthermore, Wikipedia refers to high-impact periodicals, and their use contributes to dissemination of current and high-level information to the population. It was possible to identify answers to the guiding questions, favoring the development of academic, professional, and personal skills by Wikipedia as an active methodology of teaching in health, further highlighting its scope as a source of health information. }} ==Introduction== Launched on January 15, 2001, [[w:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]] is a free, collaborative, and multilingual encyclopedia managed by the [[w:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]]. It advocates for global empowerment and participation in creating educational content available online under [[w:Creative Commons|open commons licenses]] and in the [[w:Public domain| public domain]], with the goal of promoting widespread sharing<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-30|title=Wikipédia|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia|journal=Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre|language=pt}}</ref>. Given that the platform is the largest and most popular general reference work on the internet<ref name=":0" />, it presents the possibility of being adopted in university education. By using Wikipedia to create content grounded in [[w:Scientific evidence|scientific evidence]], students engage in an active and participatory teaching methodology, positioning themselves as active agents in their own [[w:learning|learning process]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mitre|first=Sandra Minardi|last2=Siqueira-Batista|first2=Rodrigo|last3=Girardi-de-Mendonça|first3=José Márcio|last4=Morais-Pinto|first4=Neila Maria de|last5=Meirelles|first5=Cynthia de Almeida Brandão|last6=Pinto-Porto|first6=Cláudia|last7=Moreira|first7=Tânia|last8=Hoffmann|first8=Leandro Marcial Amaral|date=2008-12|title=Metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem na formação profissional em saúde: debates atuais|url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-81232008000900018&lng=pt&tlng=pt|journal=Ciência & Saúde Coletiva|volume=13|issue=suppl 2|pages=2133–2144|doi=10.1590/S1413-81232008000900018|issn=1413-8123}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2007|title=Participatory Action Research (PAR)|url=https://doi.org/10.4135/97814129862681.n251|journal=The SAGE Dictionary of Qualitative Inquiry|location=2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States of America|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4129-0927-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473921290.n45|title=Critical Theory and Critical Participatory Action Research|last=Kemmis|first=Stephen|last2=McTaggart|first2=Robin|last3=Nixon|first3=Rhonda|publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd|location=1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP|pages=453–464}}</ref>. They feel empowered with certain knowledge, allowing them to develop a sense of identity and pass it on to others<ref>WIKI EDUCATION. '''Does editing Wikipedia change a student´s life? WIKI EDU'''. San Francisco, CA: Wiki Education, [2018]</ref>. The active approach involves greater engagement, dedication, and, consequently, responsibility from students in the process of knowledge construction<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sebold|first=Luciara Fabiane|last2=Martins|first2=Fernanda Espíndola|last3=Da Rosa|first3=Rosiane|last4=Carraro|first4=Telma Elisa|last5=Martini|first5=Jussara Gue|last6=Kempfer|first6=Silvana Silveira|date=2010-12-24|title=METODOLOGIAS ATIVAS: UMA INOVAÇÃO NA DISCIPLINA DE FUNDAMENTOS PARA O CUIDADO PROFISSIONAL DE ENFERMAGEM|url=http://revistas.ufpr.br/cogitare/article/view/20381|journal=Cogitare Enfermagem|volume=15|issue=4|doi=10.5380/ce.v15i4.20381|issn=2176-9133}}</ref>. It also encourages collective work through access to an expanded discussion environment. This leads to improved comprehension of the explored content, as well as the development of [[en:w:communication skills|communication skills]], which are essential for [[en:w:Health professional|healthcare professionals]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amorim|first=Juleimar Soares Coelho de|last2=Poltronieri|first2=Bruno Costa|last3=Ribeiro|first3=Aline Moreira|last4=Ferla|first4=Alcindo Antônio|date=2019|title=Team-based learning in Physical therapy undergraduate course: experiment report|url=https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.032.ao46|journal=Fisioterapia em Movimento|volume=32|doi=10.1590/1980-5918.032.ao46|issn=1980-5918}}</ref>. Furthermore, the platform is widely consulted, with its information accessed by millions of users, particularly in the fields of science and health, by both the general public and professionals in these areas<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Heilman|first=James M|last2=Kemmann|first2=Eckhard|last3=Bonert|first3=Michael|last4=Chatterjee|first4=Anwesh|last5=Ragar|first5=Brent|last6=Beards|first6=Graham M|last7=Iberri|first7=David J|last8=Harvey|first8=Matthew|last9=Thomas|first9=Brendan|date=2011-01-31|title=Wikipedia: A Key Tool for Global Public Health Promotion|url=http://www.jmir.org/2011/1/e14/|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|language=en|volume=13|issue=1|pages=e14|doi=10.2196/jmir.1589|issn=1438-8871}}</ref>. As health-related topics receive significant and growing attention in online searches, these resources can be leveraged to reach the public<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trotter|first=Matthew I.|last2=Morgan|first2=David W.|date=2008-09|title=Patients' use of the Internet for health related matters: a study of Internet usage in 2000 and 2006|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1081180X08092828|journal=Health Informatics Journal|language=en|volume=14|issue=3|pages=175–181|doi=10.1177/1081180X08092828|issn=1460-4582}}</ref>. In this context, the [[en:w:democratization|democratization]] of scientific knowledge comes into focus, allowing it to reach diverse segments of the population and empowering them, as information becomes accessible for societal use<ref>BIZZOCCHI, A. L. Culture and pleasure: The place of science. '''Cienc Cult''', São Paulo, v. 51, n. 1, p. 26-33, jan/fev 1999. </ref>. [[en:w:Scientific literacy|Scientific literacy]] is recognized as a tool for improving quality of life<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ribeiro|first=Maria das Graças|last2=Teles|first2=Maria Eloiza de Oliveira|last3=Maruch|first3=Sandra Maria das Graças|date=1995|title=Morphological aspects of the ovary of Columba livia (Gmelin) (Columbidae, Columbiformes)|url=https://doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81751995000100016|journal=Revista Brasileira de Zoologia|volume=12|issue=1|pages=151–157|doi=10.1590/s0101-81751995000100016|issn=0101-8175}}</ref>. Consequently, scientific dissemination is increasingly viewed as both a tool and a [[en:w:social movement|social movement]], fostering [[en:w:citizenship|citizenship]] and enhancing the health of diverse groups<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bizzo|first=Maria Letícia Galluzzi|date=2002-02|title=Difusão científica, comunicação e saúde|url=https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2002000100031|journal=Cadernos de Saúde Pública|volume=18|issue=1|pages=307–314|doi=10.1590/s0102-311x2002000100031|issn=0102-311X}}</ref>. Thus, the overarching objective was to analyze scientific production between 2015 and 2020 regarding Wikipedia as a tool for active teaching methodologies in health and scientific dissemination. ==Materials and Methods== A [[en:w:scoping review|scoping review]] was conducted in September 2020. This type of [[en:w:literature review|literature synthesis]] is designed to analyze different types of studies and summarize the available evidence on a topic of interest. The review was structured into the following steps: (i) formulation of the guiding question and research objective; (ii) identification of studies based on the adopted research methodology; (iii) selection of studies using inclusion criteria; (iv) analysis and grouping of data; (v) synthesis of results through a qualitative evaluation of the themes in the articles, based on the research objective and question; and (vi) presentation of results through thematic analysis. The literature review was conducted using the databases available on the CAPES Journals Portal ([[en:w:Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel|Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel]]), [[en:w:PubMed|PubMed]]/[[en:w:MEDLINE|MEDLINE]], [[en:w:Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature|LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature)]], and [[en:w:SciELO|SciELO]]. The protocol for this review was registered on the [[en:w:Open Science Framework|Open Science Framework]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cardoso|first=Maria Julia Ferreira|last2=Matos|first2=Hector Gabriel Corrale de|date=2023-09-12|title=Use of Wikipedia at university as a resource of active health teaching methodology and scientific dissemination: scoping review|url=https://osf.io/dwrsj/|language=en|doi=10.17605/OSF.IO/DWRSJ}}</ref> based on the proposal ''How to write a scoping review protocol: Guidance and template''. Any methodological changes during the study will be updated on the Open Science Framework platform<ref>{{cite web |url=https://osf.io/ym65x/ |title=How to write a scoping review protocol: Guidance and template |last1=Lely |first1=Justine |last2=Morris |first2=Hailey C. |last3=Sasson |first3=Noa |last4=Camarillo |first4=Nathan D. |last5=Livinski |first5=Alicia A. |last6=Butera |first6=Gisela |last7=Wickstrom |first7=Jordan |date=May 30, 2023 |website=OSF |publisher=Center for Open Science |access-date=2023-05-30 |quote= }}</ref>. The search was guided by the following research questions: a) ''"What are the applications and benefits of Wikipedia in universities as a resource for active methodology in the health field?"'' and b) ''"What is Wikipedia's contribution to scientific dissemination in health?"'' The research questions were developed using the Population, Concept, and Context (PCC) strategy: '''P''' - population (Wikipedia in universities and Wikipedia in the health field); '''C''' - concept (contribution, application, and benefits); '''C''' - context (active methodology and scientific dissemination). In the next step, descriptors were identified using [[en:w:Medical Subject Headings|MeSH (Medical Subject Headings)]] and [[en:w:Health Sciences Descriptors|DeCS (Health Sciences Descriptors)]] and structured into the search strategy: '''“Wikipedia” AND (“Wikipedia” AND (“university” OR “health” OR “education”)).''' The article selection process was based on the following inclusion criteria: free full-text articles ([[en:w:Open Access|Open Access]]); articles published between 2015 and 2020; and studies available in Portuguese, French, German, English, and Spanish. Duplicate references were analyzed and excluded. Subsequently, the titles and abstracts of the articles were reviewed based on the criteria and guiding questions. The articles included in the review were then grouped according to the guiding questions defined in the research scope, considering the objective and outcomes of each article. The Rayyan review software ([[en:w:Qatar Computing Research Institute|Qatar Computing Research Institute]]), and the [[en:w:Google Sheets|Google Sheets tool]] for systematizing the review process, with manual verification performed later. == Results and Discussion == A total of 1,318 articles were retrieved from the databases and added to the review software, and a total of 742 articles published between 2015 and 2020 were included, followed by the inclusion of 526 texts in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. This resulted in 386 articles selected for full reading by the authors based on the guiding questions of the literature review. The full reading of the selected studies led to the inclusion of 12 articles, which were then added to the literature review (Figure 1). [[File:Flowchart of the included articles.jpg|center|thumb|410x410px|Flowchart of the selection and inclusion process of articles in the literature review.]] Twelve articles were included in the literature review, with eight articles answering the question ''"What is the application and benefits of Wikipedia in universities as an active learning resource in the health field?"'' and four articles answering the question ''"What is Wikipedia's contribution to scientific dissemination?"''. The categorization of the articles was based on the research questions established, as presented in Table 1 and Table 2, regarding the title, publication year, objective, and outcome of the articles. {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1: Outcomes related to the guiding question: ''What is the application and benefits of Wikipedia in universities as an active learning resource in the health field?'' | | '''Wikipedia Education Program in higher education settings<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Alcazar|first=Carmen|last2=Bucio|first2=Jackeline|last3=Ferrante|first3=Luisina|date=2018-04-04|title=Wikipedia Education Program in higher education settings: Actions and lessons learned from four specific cases in Mexico and Argentina|url=https://revistas.ucu.edu.uy/index.php/paginasdeeducacion/article/view/1552|journal=Páginas de Educación|volume=11|issue=1|pages=23–36|doi=10.22235/pe.v11i1.1552|issn=1688-7468}}</ref>''' |- |Objective |Present a comparative view of the efforts and results achieved by the Wikipedia Education Program, working with [[en:w:higher education|higher education]] institutions, identifying challenges and similar solutions in implementing Wikipedia projects in academic settings. |- |Outcomes |Feedback was received from the professor and the Wikipedia community. This led to an increase in the number of students who re-edited their [[en:w:homework|assignments]]. Wikipedia can be a resource for critical assessment and content improvement, enabling students to assess [[en:w:consensus|consensus]], generate constructive feedback, and collaborate based on reliable sources. It forms new generations of networked learners. Furthermore, students reported greater motivation to engage in formative assessment activities when their contributions receive measurable exposure, knowing the real and quantifiable audience. |- | colspan="2" | '''Wikipedia as a reference information source: evaluation and perspectives'''<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Kern|first=Vinícius Medina|date=2018-01|title=A Wikipédia como fonte de informação de referência: avaliação e perspectivas|url=https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-5344/3224|journal=Perspectivas em Ciência da Informação|volume=23|issue=1|pages=120–143|doi=10.1590/1981-5344/3224|issn=1981-5344}}</ref> |- |Objective |What supports the acceptance of Wikipedia in forums such as elite [[en:w:scientific journals|scientific journals]]? |- |Outcomes |Editing Wikipedia is an excellent way to fulfill public participation responsibilities and [[en:w:Knowledge sharing|share knowledge]]. The use of Wikipedia in the university classroom is encouraged by several authors. |- | colspan="2" | '''Uses, perceptions, and evaluations of Wikipedia by university professors'''<ref name=":4">RIVOIR, A. L.; ESCUDER, S.; RODRIGUEZ HORMAECHEA, F. Usos percepciones y valoraciones de Wikipedia por profesores universitarios. '''Innov Educ''' (Méx DF), México, v. 17, n. 75, p. 169-187, dez 2017. </ref> |- |Objective |To understand the uses, perceptions, and evaluations of Wikipedia through a survey of university professors, developing a [[en:w:Typology (social science research method)|typology]] and usage profiles of the tool. |- |Outcomes |There are advantages to using Wikipedia in academic activities at the university, particularly in [[en:w:teaching|teaching]]. As an educational resource, collaborative work stands out. Through article editing, it contributes to [[en:w:writing|writing skills]], analysis, and academic performance. |- | colspan="2" | '''Improving the Quality of Consumer Health Information on Wikipedia: Case Series'''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Weiner|first=Shira Schecter|last2=Horbacewicz|first2=Jill|last3=Rasberry|first3=Lane|last4=Bensinger-Brody|first4=Yocheved|date=2019-03-18|title=Improving the Quality of Consumer Health Information on Wikipedia: Case Series|url=https://doi.org/10.2196/12450|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|volume=21|issue=3|pages=e12450|doi=10.2196/12450|issn=1438-8871}}</ref> |- |Objective |Enhance Wikipedia's health pages using current high-quality research findings and track the persistence of these edits and the number of page views after the changes to evaluate the initiative's impact. |- |Outcomes |Taking on the role of Wikipedia editor required students to gather and synthesize current, [[en:w:Evidence-based practice|evidence-based]] information, promoting learning. |- | colspan="2" | '''Pharmacy students can improve access to quality medicines information by editing Wikipedia articles'''<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Apollonio|first=Dorie E.|last2=Broyde|first2=Keren|last3=Azzam|first3=Amin|last4=De Guia|first4=Michael|last5=Heilman|first5=James|last6=Brock|first6=Tina|date=2018-12|title=Pharmacy students can improve access to quality medicines information by editing Wikipedia articles|url=https://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12909-018-1375-z|journal=BMC Medical Education|language=en|volume=18|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12909-018-1375-z|issn=1472-6920}}</ref> |- |Objective |Expand the traditional approach of [[en:w:pharmacy|pharmacy training programs]] by requiring students to improve [[en:w:Medication|medication information]] pages on Wikipedia. |- |Outcomes |Editing Wikipedia allows students to demonstrate their skills in research and in conveying information about medications. Through this experience, students come to view the platform in a more informed and critical way. |- | colspan="2" | '''Wikipedia as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Wikipedia'''<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Maggio|first=Lauren A.|last2=Willinsky|first2=John M.|last3=Steinberg|first3=Ryan M.|last4=Mietchen|first4=Daniel|last5=Wass|first5=Joseph L.|last6=Dong|first6=Ting|date=2017-12-21|editor-last=Sugimoto|editor-first=Cassidy Rose|title=Wikipedia as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Wikipedia|url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190046|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=12|issue=12|pages=e0190046|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0190046|issn=1932-6203}}</ref> |- |Objective |Establish benchmark parameters for the relative distribution and click-through rate of [[en:w:citations|citations]]—as indicated by the presence of a [[en:w:Digital Object Identifier|Digital Object Identifier (DOI)]]—on Wikipedia, with a focus on medical citations. |- |Outcomes |The introduction of continuous teaching strategies in undergraduate and medical and health education should address the value of consulting citations as a tool to enhance learning. For example, at the [[en:w:University of California|University of California]], San Francisco, the School of Medicine offers training for students to edit and critically evaluate Wikipedia. |- | colspan="2" | '''The 5th ISCB Wikipedia Competition: Coming to a Classroom Near You?'''<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Kilpatrick|first=Alastair M.|date=2016-12-29|title=The 5th ISCB Wikipedia Competition: Coming to a Classroom Near You?|url=https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005235|journal=PLOS Computational Biology|volume=12|issue=12|pages=e1005235|doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005235|issn=1553-7358}}</ref> |- |Objective |Show the [[en:w:International Society for Computational Biology|5th International Society for Computational Biology]] competition on Wikipedia. |- |Outcomes |The use of competitions in courses, involving contributions to Wikipedia in the [[en:w:classroom|classroom]], was considered a success. Unlike traditional classes, by contributing to Wikipedia, students' work becomes available to the public and future researchers. The competition also provides an opportunity to develop effective communication skills with diverse audiences and to work effectively as part of a team. |- | colspan="2" | '''Why Medical Schools Should Embrace Wikipedia: Final-Year Medical Student Contributions to Wikipedia Articles for Academic Credit at One School'''<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Azzam|first=Amin|last2=Bresler|first2=David|last3=Leon|first3=Armando|last4=Maggio|first4=Lauren|last5=Whitaker|first5=Evans|last6=Heilman|first6=James|last7=Orlowitz|first7=Jake|last8=Swisher|first8=Valerie|last9=Rasberry|first9=Lane|date=2017-02|title=Why Medical Schools Should Embrace Wikipedia: Final-Year Medical Student Contributions to Wikipedia Articles for Academic Credit at One School|url=https://journals.lww.com/00001888-201702000-00022|journal=Academic Medicine|language=en|volume=92|issue=2|pages=194–200|doi=10.1097/ACM.0000000000001381|issn=1040-2446|pmc=PMC5265689|pmid=27627633}}</ref> |- |Objective |Assess the impact of edits made by fourth-year medical students on Wikipedia content, as well as the effects of the course on both the participants and the readers of the articles selected by the students. |- |Outcomes |The students reported challenges in addressing the general public and the professional medical audience. They found the collaborative nature of the work to be a challenge, as it often required a willingness to re-edit; however, these challenges were mitigated by the perception of the usefulness and potential global significance of their contributions. Additionally, they developed their skills as health educators and completed the course with an expanded understanding of their professional responsibilities. They gained practical experience in explaining health information in an accessible manner to the general public, which they found rewarding. |} {| class="wikitable" |+Table 2: Outcomes related to the guiding question: ''What is Wikipedia's contribution to scientific dissemination?'' ! colspan="2" |The Most Influential Medical Journals According to Wikipedia: Quantitative Analysis<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Jemielniak|first=Dariusz|last2=Masukume|first2=Gwinyai|last3=Wilamowski|first3=Maciej|date=2019-01-18|title=The Most Influential Medical Journals According to Wikipedia: Quantitative Analysis|url=http://www.jmir.org/2019/1/e11429/|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|language=en|volume=21|issue=1|pages=e11429|doi=10.2196/11429|issn=1438-8871}}</ref> |- |Objective |Determine the ranking of the most cited journals based on their representation in English-language medical pages on Wikipedia. Assess the number of days between the publication of journal articles and their citation on the platform ([[en:w:information access|information dissemination]]). |- |Outcomes |The time between the publication of a journal article and its mention on Wikipedia has decreased substantially since the platform's inception. Evidence of "[[en:w:presentism|presentism]]" (a preference for citing recently published articles) was found. High-impact traditional medical and [[en:w:multidisciplinary|multidisciplinary]] journals were highly cited by Wikipedia, suggesting that Wikipedia's medical articles have solid foundations. This allows the inclusion of general science and health journals and serves as an alternative, if not more reliable, measure of a journal's impact on public knowledge, based on decisions made by the [[en:w:Self-governance|self-governing]], peer-production community. |- | colspan="2" |'''Wikipedia and medicine: quantifying readership, editors, and the significance of natural language'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heilman|first=James M|last2=West|first2=Andrew G|date=2015-03-04|title=Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language|url=http://www.jmir.org/2015/3/e62/|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|language=en|volume=17|issue=3|pages=e62|doi=10.2196/jmir.4069|issn=1438-8871}}</ref> |- |Objective |Quantify the production and consumption of medical content on Wikipedia across four dimensions: 1. Articles and bytes; 2. Citations supporting the content; 3. Analysis of medical readers compared to other health websites; 4. Characteristics of medical contributors to Wikipedia. |- |Outcomes |By the end of 2013, Wikipedia's medical content encompassed over 155,000 articles and 1 billion bytes of text in more than 255 languages (or 1016 MB), representing a 10.19% increase from the previous year (922 MB). The content was supported by over 950,000 references from journals respected by the scientific community. Health articles were viewed more than 4.9 billion times annually on non-mobile devices (with inclusive estimates for [[en:w:mobile devices|mobile devices]] reaching 6.5 billion). This makes it one of the most viewed medical resources in the world. Since 2010, the number of academic articles in health sciences citing Wikipedia has increased substantially. |- | colspan="2" | '''Improving the Quality of Consumer Health Information on Wikipedia: Case Series'''<ref name=":5" /> |- |Objective |Expand the traditional approach of [[en:w:pharmacy|pharmacy]] training programs by requiring students to improve medication information pages posted on Wikipedia. |- |Outcomes |The reach and potential of the Internet to improve the health of individuals and populations should be recognized by healthcare professionals as a tool for enhancing the quality and [[en:w:equity|equity]] of [[en:w:healthcare services|healthcare services]]. Wikipedia facilitates the dissemination of a large volume of high-quality information to broad segments of the population. Wikipedia's standards require the inclusion of citations, a practice that other health information sources on the internet do not always follow. The Wikipedia model can streamline the translation of research into practice. |- | colspan="2" | '''Pharmacy students can improve access to quality medicines information by editing Wikipedia articles'''<ref name=":6" /> |- |Objective |Expand the traditional approach of pharmacy training programs by engaging students in improving medication information pages published on Wikipedia. |- |Outcomes |Wikipedia is frequently used by students, healthcare professionals, and patients to quickly access information and enables the sharing of [[en:w:medicine|medical knowledge]] in a way that is accessible to the public. Encouraging students to improve health content on Wikipedia not only benefits the users of the pages but also helps the students develop skills in communicating information to the public. |} === Application and benefits of Wikipedia in universities as an active learning resource in the health field === There is agreement that Wikipedia can be used in universities as an active learning resource in the health field through student edits to entries. This strategy allows for the development of [[w:en:research|research skills]]<ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":4" />, writing, analysis, and improved academic performance<ref name=":4" /> through collaborative work as part of a team<ref name=":8" />, and by exploring the practice of consensus<ref name=":2" />. Furthermore, this exercise can introduce students to or expand their experience with the practice of peer review in an amplified, public review process<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Cummings|first=Robert E.|date=2020-04-21|title=Writing knowledge: Wikipedia, public review, and peer review|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1749791|journal=Studies in Higher Education|volume=45|issue=5|pages=950–962|doi=10.1080/03075079.2020.1749791|issn=0307-5079}}</ref>. The work encourages the collection and synthesis of the most relevant current information for subsequent editing, thereby promoting learning on the subject<ref name=":5" /> . The platform's updating requires critical evaluation in the selection of sources, data, and changes to previous edits<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":7" />. This also fosters a sense of agency<ref name=":2" />, where greater motivation is achieved through fulfilling [[en:w:social participation|social participation]] responsibilities<ref name=":3" />, coupled with the sense of utility and importance provided by [[en:w:Knowledge sharing|sharing knowledge]] with communities lacking access to other validated [[en:w:information|sources of information]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Azzam|first=Amin|last2=Bresler|first2=David|last3=Leon|first3=Armando|last4=Maggio|first4=Lauren|last5=Whitaker|first5=Evans|last6=Heilman|first6=James|last7=Orlowitz|first7=Jake|last8=Swisher|first8=Valerie|last9=Rasberry|first9=Lane|date=2017-02|title=Why Medical Schools Should Embrace Wikipedia: Final-Year Medical Student Contributions to Wikipedia Articles for Academic Credit at One School|url=https://journals.lww.com/00001888-201702000-00022|journal=Academic Medicine|language=en|volume=92|issue=2|pages=194–200|doi=10.1097/ACM.0000000000001381|issn=1040-2446}}</ref>. The gratification reported by students in this and other formative assessment activities is attributed to measurable reach to a real audience<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" />. Not only, does the professor provide feedback to students, but also the entire Wikipedia community, leading to expanded feedback that encourages constant revisions of their work <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":11" />. Additionally, from concrete experiences, there is effective development of communication skills with diverse groups, ranging from the general population to the medical/professional community<ref name=":8" />. In this context, editing allows students to explore and develop skills as health educators, gaining an enhanced understanding of their professional roles<ref name=":9" />. Unlike traditional classes, encouraging contributions to Wikipedia means advancing in favor of current modernity<ref name=":3" /> and creating active, engaged, networked learners <ref name=":2" />. === Contribution of Wikipedia to scientific dissemination === The literature has highlighted the extensive reach and potential of Wikipedia as one of the top five online information sources<ref name=":5" />. The medical content available on Wikipedia grew by 10.2% from 2012 to the end of 2013, with over 155,000 articles, 1 billion bytes of textual content in more than 255 languages, supported by more than 950,000 references, and over 4.9 billion views annually from computers—estimated to reach 6.5 billion when including mobile devices. As such, Wikipedia has become one of the most accessed medical resources worldwide<ref name=":1" />. Increasingly, traditional scientific journals formally reference the platform<ref name=":10" />, and since 2010, there has been a significant rise in citations of the encyclopedia in academic articles within the health sciences field. Additionally, the reverse is observed, as Wikipedia uses references from the most respected journals <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heilman|first=James M|last2=West|first2=Andrew G|date=2015-03-04|title=Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language|url=http://www.jmir.org/2015/3/e62/|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|language=en|volume=17|issue=3|pages=e62|doi=10.2196/jmir.4069|issn=1438-8871}}</ref>. The distinctiveness of Wikipedia compared to most other available online health information sources lies in its requirement for the inclusion of citations<ref name=":5" />. These citations from high-impact medical and multidisciplinary journals also demonstrate a considerable reduction in the time between the publication of an article and its inclusion on Wikipedia<ref name=":10" />. Given its broad grounding, these factors suggest that health articles in the encyclopedia correspond to quality content with solid foundations. Furthermore, they constitute an important resource for enhancing the visibility of major journals in the public domain through peer production<ref name=":10" />. === Recognition by the scientific community === The recognition of Wikipedia’s contribution to knowledge dissemination can also be observed through its inclusion in the analysis of new [[en:w:Bibliometrics|bibliometric indicators]], which aim to address the gaps of the traditional "impact factor." The traditional impact factor has several limitations, one of which is that articles published in high-impact journals but receiving few citations benefit from the quality of more cited articles, potentially leading to a [[en:w:misjudgment|misjudgment]] of the relevance and quality of the work. New metrics measure the individual impact of a scientific article through the number of citations that encompass [[en:w:social networks|social networks]] in their search, in addition to accounting for traditional sources<ref>{{Cite journal|last=VANTI|first=Nadia|last2=SANZ-CASADO|first2=Elias|date=2016-12|title=Altmetria: a métrica social a serviço de uma ciência mais democrática|url=https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-08892016000300009|journal=Transinformação|volume=28|issue=3|pages=349–358|doi=10.1590/2318-08892016000300009|issn=2318-0889}}</ref>. The mention of an article in a Wikipedia entry is included and counted in the impact assessment of new systems. These systems allow researchers to discover the reach of studies on the web, at a time when increasingly, these informal social media platforms facilitate and accelerate information exchange in the academic world. It is important to note, however, that the quality and relevance of the coverage of scientific topics in Wikipedia entries may be directly or indirectly influenced by the level of involvement of area specialists. The expansion and improvement of articles in a given field or subject generally lead to an increase in views<ref name=":1" />. Retaining teachers and students as active collaborators on the platform could solidify this mechanism of scientific dissemination. [[en:w:WikiProject|WikiProjects]] exist to facilitate contact between members of the existing community with common interests, increasing the adoption rate of new collaborators. The English Wikipedia contains nearly 2,000 WikiProjects (around 800 active), and approximately 30 of them are in the field of health<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-06-03|title=Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>. In English Wikipedia, the articles that are part of the [[Medicine]] WikiProject (the largest WikiProject in the health field) are generally more comprehensive, have a greater number of references, a higher [[en:w:citation index|citation index]], and receive more visits when compared to articles in the rest of Wikipedia. Furthermore, readers of these pages tend to show higher engagement with the content when compared to readers of other articles, spending more time on the pages before clicking on references and checking footnotes more frequently<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maggio|first=Lauren A|last2=Steinberg|first2=Ryan M|last3=Piccardi|first3=Tiziano|last4=Willinsky|first4=John M|date=2020-03-06|title=Reader engagement with medical content on Wikipedia|url=https://elifesciences.org/articles/52426|journal=eLife|language=en|volume=9|doi=10.7554/eLife.52426|issn=2050-084X}}</ref>. Thus, it is understood that Wikipedia is a strong ally in the dissemination of a vast amount of high-level knowledge to substantial segments of the population, with current and meaningful information for the public<ref name=":5" />. In fact, encouraging students to improve content on Wikipedia not only benefits them individually but also contributes to the broad scientific dissemination to society<ref name=":6" />. ==Conclusion== The reviewed literature allowed for answering the guiding questions of this study, demonstrating benefits for the development of academic, professional, and personal skills resulting from the incorporation of Wikipedia as an active and participatory methodological resource in health courses. Thus, these findings suggest the encouragement of editing practice on the platform, aiming at expanding learning and fulfilling social responsibilities in health education or communication. Consequently, these activities contribute to making one of the most read and accessible sources of information in the world even more accurate and comprehensive in the field, disseminating relevant knowledge supported by scientific publications to millions of people. '''Acknowledgements''' Acknowledgment to the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) for funding grant No. [https://bv.fapesp.br/en/auxilios/109545/wikipedia-education-program-as-active-teaching-methodology-and-crowdsourcing-tool-in-hearing-health/ 2021/06902-2] - Wikipedia Education Program as active teaching methodology and crowdsourcing tool in hearing health. ===Competing interests=== The authors declare no conflict of interest. ==References== {{reflist|35em}} [[Category:Wikipedia]] 6mfstcb4d3cx49ra9tic7chezzmhc60 2691232 2691212 2024-12-10T13:26:51Z CorraleH 2903442 /* Conclusion */ 2691232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | journal = WikiJournal Preprints <WikiJournal of Medicine> | last1 = Volpe | orcid1 = 0000-0003-0526-5625 | first1 = Maria Julia Gobbi | last2 = Araujo | orcid2 = 0000-0002-3675-4651 | first2 = Eliene Silva | last3 = Cardoso | orcid3 = 0000-0003-0526-5625 | affiliation2 = Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil | first3 = Maria Julia Ferreira | last4 = Montilha | orcid4 = 0000-0003-2500-4262 | affiliation4 = University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil | first5 = Hector Gabriel Corrale | last5 = Matos | orcid5 = 0000-0002-2649-370X | affiliation5 = University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil | first6 = Katia de Freitas | last6 = Alvarenga | orcid6 = 0000-0002-7847-3225 | affiliation6 = University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil | first7 = Lilian Cássia Bórnia | affiliation3 = University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil | first4 = Alexandre Alberto Pascotto | last7 = Jacob | orcid7 = 0000-0003-1947-7506 | affiliation7 = University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil | et_al = <!-- if there are >9 authors, hyperlink to the list here --> | affiliation1 = Univertiy of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil | correspondence1 = mariajuliavolpe@usp.br | correspondence = juliafono2011@gmail.com | keywords = Wiki; Health; Teaching Methodology; university. | license = <CC BY 4.0> | abstract = [[W:Wikipedia | Wikipedia]] is a free, collaborative, and multilingual encyclopedia and corresponds to the largest and most popular reference work on the [[w:Internet|Internet]]. It admits involvement with [[en:w:university education|university education]], enabling the insertion of the student in the active [[en:w:learning |learning methodology]], shuch as allowing [[en:w:Science communication|dissemination of scientific]] content to the population. The aim was to analyze the [[en:w:scientific journals|scientific production]] between 2015 and 2020 on Wikipedia as an [[en:w:active methodology|methodology]] tool for education in [[w:health|health]] and [[w:science communication |scientific dissemination]]. Searches were conducted in November 2020 in the [[w:PubMed |PubMed]], [[w:Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Health_Sciences_Literature |LILACS]], [[w:SciELO |SciELO]], and Portal de Periódicos CAPES databases regarding the use of Wikipedia as an active methodology in health and a tool for scientific dissemination, through crossings between the terms “Wikipedia”, “university” and “health”. The findings associate strategy with the development of scientific research skills, health education, and academic, personal, and collaborative stimuli. Furthermore, Wikipedia refers to high-impact periodicals, and their use contributes to dissemination of current and high-level information to the population. It was possible to identify answers to the guiding questions, favoring the development of academic, professional, and personal skills by Wikipedia as an active methodology of teaching in health, further highlighting its scope as a source of health information. }} ==Introduction== Launched on January 15, 2001, [[w:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]] is a free, collaborative, and multilingual encyclopedia managed by the [[w:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]]. It advocates for global empowerment and participation in creating educational content available online under [[w:Creative Commons|open commons licenses]] and in the [[w:Public domain| public domain]], with the goal of promoting widespread sharing<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-30|title=Wikipédia|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia|journal=Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre|language=pt}}</ref>. Given that the platform is the largest and most popular general reference work on the internet<ref name=":0" />, it presents the possibility of being adopted in university education. By using Wikipedia to create content grounded in [[w:Scientific evidence|scientific evidence]], students engage in an active and participatory teaching methodology, positioning themselves as active agents in their own [[w:learning|learning process]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mitre|first=Sandra Minardi|last2=Siqueira-Batista|first2=Rodrigo|last3=Girardi-de-Mendonça|first3=José Márcio|last4=Morais-Pinto|first4=Neila Maria de|last5=Meirelles|first5=Cynthia de Almeida Brandão|last6=Pinto-Porto|first6=Cláudia|last7=Moreira|first7=Tânia|last8=Hoffmann|first8=Leandro Marcial Amaral|date=2008-12|title=Metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem na formação profissional em saúde: debates atuais|url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-81232008000900018&lng=pt&tlng=pt|journal=Ciência & Saúde Coletiva|volume=13|issue=suppl 2|pages=2133–2144|doi=10.1590/S1413-81232008000900018|issn=1413-8123}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2007|title=Participatory Action Research (PAR)|url=https://doi.org/10.4135/97814129862681.n251|journal=The SAGE Dictionary of Qualitative Inquiry|location=2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States of America|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4129-0927-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473921290.n45|title=Critical Theory and Critical Participatory Action Research|last=Kemmis|first=Stephen|last2=McTaggart|first2=Robin|last3=Nixon|first3=Rhonda|publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd|location=1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP|pages=453–464}}</ref>. They feel empowered with certain knowledge, allowing them to develop a sense of identity and pass it on to others<ref>WIKI EDUCATION. '''Does editing Wikipedia change a student´s life? WIKI EDU'''. San Francisco, CA: Wiki Education, [2018]</ref>. The active approach involves greater engagement, dedication, and, consequently, responsibility from students in the process of knowledge construction<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sebold|first=Luciara Fabiane|last2=Martins|first2=Fernanda Espíndola|last3=Da Rosa|first3=Rosiane|last4=Carraro|first4=Telma Elisa|last5=Martini|first5=Jussara Gue|last6=Kempfer|first6=Silvana Silveira|date=2010-12-24|title=METODOLOGIAS ATIVAS: UMA INOVAÇÃO NA DISCIPLINA DE FUNDAMENTOS PARA O CUIDADO PROFISSIONAL DE ENFERMAGEM|url=http://revistas.ufpr.br/cogitare/article/view/20381|journal=Cogitare Enfermagem|volume=15|issue=4|doi=10.5380/ce.v15i4.20381|issn=2176-9133}}</ref>. It also encourages collective work through access to an expanded discussion environment. This leads to improved comprehension of the explored content, as well as the development of [[en:w:communication skills|communication skills]], which are essential for [[en:w:Health professional|healthcare professionals]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amorim|first=Juleimar Soares Coelho de|last2=Poltronieri|first2=Bruno Costa|last3=Ribeiro|first3=Aline Moreira|last4=Ferla|first4=Alcindo Antônio|date=2019|title=Team-based learning in Physical therapy undergraduate course: experiment report|url=https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.032.ao46|journal=Fisioterapia em Movimento|volume=32|doi=10.1590/1980-5918.032.ao46|issn=1980-5918}}</ref>. Furthermore, the platform is widely consulted, with its information accessed by millions of users, particularly in the fields of science and health, by both the general public and professionals in these areas<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Heilman|first=James M|last2=Kemmann|first2=Eckhard|last3=Bonert|first3=Michael|last4=Chatterjee|first4=Anwesh|last5=Ragar|first5=Brent|last6=Beards|first6=Graham M|last7=Iberri|first7=David J|last8=Harvey|first8=Matthew|last9=Thomas|first9=Brendan|date=2011-01-31|title=Wikipedia: A Key Tool for Global Public Health Promotion|url=http://www.jmir.org/2011/1/e14/|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|language=en|volume=13|issue=1|pages=e14|doi=10.2196/jmir.1589|issn=1438-8871}}</ref>. As health-related topics receive significant and growing attention in online searches, these resources can be leveraged to reach the public<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trotter|first=Matthew I.|last2=Morgan|first2=David W.|date=2008-09|title=Patients' use of the Internet for health related matters: a study of Internet usage in 2000 and 2006|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1081180X08092828|journal=Health Informatics Journal|language=en|volume=14|issue=3|pages=175–181|doi=10.1177/1081180X08092828|issn=1460-4582}}</ref>. In this context, the [[en:w:democratization|democratization]] of scientific knowledge comes into focus, allowing it to reach diverse segments of the population and empowering them, as information becomes accessible for societal use<ref>BIZZOCCHI, A. L. Culture and pleasure: The place of science. '''Cienc Cult''', São Paulo, v. 51, n. 1, p. 26-33, jan/fev 1999. </ref>. [[en:w:Scientific literacy|Scientific literacy]] is recognized as a tool for improving quality of life<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ribeiro|first=Maria das Graças|last2=Teles|first2=Maria Eloiza de Oliveira|last3=Maruch|first3=Sandra Maria das Graças|date=1995|title=Morphological aspects of the ovary of Columba livia (Gmelin) (Columbidae, Columbiformes)|url=https://doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81751995000100016|journal=Revista Brasileira de Zoologia|volume=12|issue=1|pages=151–157|doi=10.1590/s0101-81751995000100016|issn=0101-8175}}</ref>. Consequently, scientific dissemination is increasingly viewed as both a tool and a [[en:w:social movement|social movement]], fostering [[en:w:citizenship|citizenship]] and enhancing the health of diverse groups<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bizzo|first=Maria Letícia Galluzzi|date=2002-02|title=Difusão científica, comunicação e saúde|url=https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2002000100031|journal=Cadernos de Saúde Pública|volume=18|issue=1|pages=307–314|doi=10.1590/s0102-311x2002000100031|issn=0102-311X}}</ref>. Thus, the overarching objective was to analyze scientific production between 2015 and 2020 regarding Wikipedia as a tool for active teaching methodologies in health and scientific dissemination. ==Materials and Methods== A [[en:w:scoping review|scoping review]] was conducted in September 2020. This type of [[en:w:literature review|literature synthesis]] is designed to analyze different types of studies and summarize the available evidence on a topic of interest. The review was structured into the following steps: (i) formulation of the guiding question and research objective; (ii) identification of studies based on the adopted research methodology; (iii) selection of studies using inclusion criteria; (iv) analysis and grouping of data; (v) synthesis of results through a qualitative evaluation of the themes in the articles, based on the research objective and question; and (vi) presentation of results through thematic analysis. The literature review was conducted using the databases available on the CAPES Journals Portal ([[en:w:Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel|Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel]]), [[en:w:PubMed|PubMed]]/[[en:w:MEDLINE|MEDLINE]], [[en:w:Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature|LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature)]], and [[en:w:SciELO|SciELO]]. The protocol for this review was registered on the [[en:w:Open Science Framework|Open Science Framework]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cardoso|first=Maria Julia Ferreira|last2=Matos|first2=Hector Gabriel Corrale de|date=2023-09-12|title=Use of Wikipedia at university as a resource of active health teaching methodology and scientific dissemination: scoping review|url=https://osf.io/dwrsj/|language=en|doi=10.17605/OSF.IO/DWRSJ}}</ref> based on the proposal ''How to write a scoping review protocol: Guidance and template''. Any methodological changes during the study will be updated on the Open Science Framework platform<ref>{{cite web |url=https://osf.io/ym65x/ |title=How to write a scoping review protocol: Guidance and template |last1=Lely |first1=Justine |last2=Morris |first2=Hailey C. |last3=Sasson |first3=Noa |last4=Camarillo |first4=Nathan D. |last5=Livinski |first5=Alicia A. |last6=Butera |first6=Gisela |last7=Wickstrom |first7=Jordan |date=May 30, 2023 |website=OSF |publisher=Center for Open Science |access-date=2023-05-30 |quote= }}</ref>. The search was guided by the following research questions: a) ''"What are the applications and benefits of Wikipedia in universities as a resource for active methodology in the health field?"'' and b) ''"What is Wikipedia's contribution to scientific dissemination in health?"'' The research questions were developed using the Population, Concept, and Context (PCC) strategy: '''P''' - population (Wikipedia in universities and Wikipedia in the health field); '''C''' - concept (contribution, application, and benefits); '''C''' - context (active methodology and scientific dissemination). In the next step, descriptors were identified using [[en:w:Medical Subject Headings|MeSH (Medical Subject Headings)]] and [[en:w:Health Sciences Descriptors|DeCS (Health Sciences Descriptors)]] and structured into the search strategy: '''“Wikipedia” AND (“Wikipedia” AND (“university” OR “health” OR “education”)).''' The article selection process was based on the following inclusion criteria: free full-text articles ([[en:w:Open Access|Open Access]]); articles published between 2015 and 2020; and studies available in Portuguese, French, German, English, and Spanish. Duplicate references were analyzed and excluded. Subsequently, the titles and abstracts of the articles were reviewed based on the criteria and guiding questions. The articles included in the review were then grouped according to the guiding questions defined in the research scope, considering the objective and outcomes of each article. The Rayyan review software ([[en:w:Qatar Computing Research Institute|Qatar Computing Research Institute]]), and the [[en:w:Google Sheets|Google Sheets tool]] for systematizing the review process, with manual verification performed later. == Results and Discussion == A total of 1,318 articles were retrieved from the databases and added to the review software, and a total of 742 articles published between 2015 and 2020 were included, followed by the inclusion of 526 texts in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. This resulted in 386 articles selected for full reading by the authors based on the guiding questions of the literature review. The full reading of the selected studies led to the inclusion of 12 articles, which were then added to the literature review (Figure 1). [[File:Flowchart of the included articles.jpg|center|thumb|410x410px|Flowchart of the selection and inclusion process of articles in the literature review.]] Twelve articles were included in the literature review, with eight articles answering the question ''"What is the application and benefits of Wikipedia in universities as an active learning resource in the health field?"'' and four articles answering the question ''"What is Wikipedia's contribution to scientific dissemination?"''. The categorization of the articles was based on the research questions established, as presented in Table 1 and Table 2, regarding the title, publication year, objective, and outcome of the articles. {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1: Outcomes related to the guiding question: ''What is the application and benefits of Wikipedia in universities as an active learning resource in the health field?'' | | '''Wikipedia Education Program in higher education settings<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Alcazar|first=Carmen|last2=Bucio|first2=Jackeline|last3=Ferrante|first3=Luisina|date=2018-04-04|title=Wikipedia Education Program in higher education settings: Actions and lessons learned from four specific cases in Mexico and Argentina|url=https://revistas.ucu.edu.uy/index.php/paginasdeeducacion/article/view/1552|journal=Páginas de Educación|volume=11|issue=1|pages=23–36|doi=10.22235/pe.v11i1.1552|issn=1688-7468}}</ref>''' |- |Objective |Present a comparative view of the efforts and results achieved by the Wikipedia Education Program, working with [[en:w:higher education|higher education]] institutions, identifying challenges and similar solutions in implementing Wikipedia projects in academic settings. |- |Outcomes |Feedback was received from the professor and the Wikipedia community. This led to an increase in the number of students who re-edited their [[en:w:homework|assignments]]. Wikipedia can be a resource for critical assessment and content improvement, enabling students to assess [[en:w:consensus|consensus]], generate constructive feedback, and collaborate based on reliable sources. It forms new generations of networked learners. Furthermore, students reported greater motivation to engage in formative assessment activities when their contributions receive measurable exposure, knowing the real and quantifiable audience. |- | colspan="2" | '''Wikipedia as a reference information source: evaluation and perspectives'''<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Kern|first=Vinícius Medina|date=2018-01|title=A Wikipédia como fonte de informação de referência: avaliação e perspectivas|url=https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-5344/3224|journal=Perspectivas em Ciência da Informação|volume=23|issue=1|pages=120–143|doi=10.1590/1981-5344/3224|issn=1981-5344}}</ref> |- |Objective |What supports the acceptance of Wikipedia in forums such as elite [[en:w:scientific journals|scientific journals]]? |- |Outcomes |Editing Wikipedia is an excellent way to fulfill public participation responsibilities and [[en:w:Knowledge sharing|share knowledge]]. The use of Wikipedia in the university classroom is encouraged by several authors. |- | colspan="2" | '''Uses, perceptions, and evaluations of Wikipedia by university professors'''<ref name=":4">RIVOIR, A. L.; ESCUDER, S.; RODRIGUEZ HORMAECHEA, F. Usos percepciones y valoraciones de Wikipedia por profesores universitarios. '''Innov Educ''' (Méx DF), México, v. 17, n. 75, p. 169-187, dez 2017. </ref> |- |Objective |To understand the uses, perceptions, and evaluations of Wikipedia through a survey of university professors, developing a [[en:w:Typology (social science research method)|typology]] and usage profiles of the tool. |- |Outcomes |There are advantages to using Wikipedia in academic activities at the university, particularly in [[en:w:teaching|teaching]]. As an educational resource, collaborative work stands out. Through article editing, it contributes to [[en:w:writing|writing skills]], analysis, and academic performance. |- | colspan="2" | '''Improving the Quality of Consumer Health Information on Wikipedia: Case Series'''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Weiner|first=Shira Schecter|last2=Horbacewicz|first2=Jill|last3=Rasberry|first3=Lane|last4=Bensinger-Brody|first4=Yocheved|date=2019-03-18|title=Improving the Quality of Consumer Health Information on Wikipedia: Case Series|url=https://doi.org/10.2196/12450|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|volume=21|issue=3|pages=e12450|doi=10.2196/12450|issn=1438-8871}}</ref> |- |Objective |Enhance Wikipedia's health pages using current high-quality research findings and track the persistence of these edits and the number of page views after the changes to evaluate the initiative's impact. |- |Outcomes |Taking on the role of Wikipedia editor required students to gather and synthesize current, [[en:w:Evidence-based practice|evidence-based]] information, promoting learning. |- | colspan="2" | '''Pharmacy students can improve access to quality medicines information by editing Wikipedia articles'''<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Apollonio|first=Dorie E.|last2=Broyde|first2=Keren|last3=Azzam|first3=Amin|last4=De Guia|first4=Michael|last5=Heilman|first5=James|last6=Brock|first6=Tina|date=2018-12|title=Pharmacy students can improve access to quality medicines information by editing Wikipedia articles|url=https://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12909-018-1375-z|journal=BMC Medical Education|language=en|volume=18|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12909-018-1375-z|issn=1472-6920}}</ref> |- |Objective |Expand the traditional approach of [[en:w:pharmacy|pharmacy training programs]] by requiring students to improve [[en:w:Medication|medication information]] pages on Wikipedia. |- |Outcomes |Editing Wikipedia allows students to demonstrate their skills in research and in conveying information about medications. Through this experience, students come to view the platform in a more informed and critical way. |- | colspan="2" | '''Wikipedia as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Wikipedia'''<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Maggio|first=Lauren A.|last2=Willinsky|first2=John M.|last3=Steinberg|first3=Ryan M.|last4=Mietchen|first4=Daniel|last5=Wass|first5=Joseph L.|last6=Dong|first6=Ting|date=2017-12-21|editor-last=Sugimoto|editor-first=Cassidy Rose|title=Wikipedia as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Wikipedia|url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190046|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=12|issue=12|pages=e0190046|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0190046|issn=1932-6203}}</ref> |- |Objective |Establish benchmark parameters for the relative distribution and click-through rate of [[en:w:citations|citations]]—as indicated by the presence of a [[en:w:Digital Object Identifier|Digital Object Identifier (DOI)]]—on Wikipedia, with a focus on medical citations. |- |Outcomes |The introduction of continuous teaching strategies in undergraduate and medical and health education should address the value of consulting citations as a tool to enhance learning. For example, at the [[en:w:University of California|University of California]], San Francisco, the School of Medicine offers training for students to edit and critically evaluate Wikipedia. |- | colspan="2" | '''The 5th ISCB Wikipedia Competition: Coming to a Classroom Near You?'''<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Kilpatrick|first=Alastair M.|date=2016-12-29|title=The 5th ISCB Wikipedia Competition: Coming to a Classroom Near You?|url=https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005235|journal=PLOS Computational Biology|volume=12|issue=12|pages=e1005235|doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005235|issn=1553-7358}}</ref> |- |Objective |Show the [[en:w:International Society for Computational Biology|5th International Society for Computational Biology]] competition on Wikipedia. |- |Outcomes |The use of competitions in courses, involving contributions to Wikipedia in the [[en:w:classroom|classroom]], was considered a success. Unlike traditional classes, by contributing to Wikipedia, students' work becomes available to the public and future researchers. The competition also provides an opportunity to develop effective communication skills with diverse audiences and to work effectively as part of a team. |- | colspan="2" | '''Why Medical Schools Should Embrace Wikipedia: Final-Year Medical Student Contributions to Wikipedia Articles for Academic Credit at One School'''<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Azzam|first=Amin|last2=Bresler|first2=David|last3=Leon|first3=Armando|last4=Maggio|first4=Lauren|last5=Whitaker|first5=Evans|last6=Heilman|first6=James|last7=Orlowitz|first7=Jake|last8=Swisher|first8=Valerie|last9=Rasberry|first9=Lane|date=2017-02|title=Why Medical Schools Should Embrace Wikipedia: Final-Year Medical Student Contributions to Wikipedia Articles for Academic Credit at One School|url=https://journals.lww.com/00001888-201702000-00022|journal=Academic Medicine|language=en|volume=92|issue=2|pages=194–200|doi=10.1097/ACM.0000000000001381|issn=1040-2446|pmc=PMC5265689|pmid=27627633}}</ref> |- |Objective |Assess the impact of edits made by fourth-year medical students on Wikipedia content, as well as the effects of the course on both the participants and the readers of the articles selected by the students. |- |Outcomes |The students reported challenges in addressing the general public and the professional medical audience. They found the collaborative nature of the work to be a challenge, as it often required a willingness to re-edit; however, these challenges were mitigated by the perception of the usefulness and potential global significance of their contributions. Additionally, they developed their skills as health educators and completed the course with an expanded understanding of their professional responsibilities. They gained practical experience in explaining health information in an accessible manner to the general public, which they found rewarding. |} {| class="wikitable" |+Table 2: Outcomes related to the guiding question: ''What is Wikipedia's contribution to scientific dissemination?'' ! colspan="2" |The Most Influential Medical Journals According to Wikipedia: Quantitative Analysis<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Jemielniak|first=Dariusz|last2=Masukume|first2=Gwinyai|last3=Wilamowski|first3=Maciej|date=2019-01-18|title=The Most Influential Medical Journals According to Wikipedia: Quantitative Analysis|url=http://www.jmir.org/2019/1/e11429/|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|language=en|volume=21|issue=1|pages=e11429|doi=10.2196/11429|issn=1438-8871}}</ref> |- |Objective |Determine the ranking of the most cited journals based on their representation in English-language medical pages on Wikipedia. Assess the number of days between the publication of journal articles and their citation on the platform ([[en:w:information access|information dissemination]]). |- |Outcomes |The time between the publication of a journal article and its mention on Wikipedia has decreased substantially since the platform's inception. Evidence of "[[en:w:presentism|presentism]]" (a preference for citing recently published articles) was found. High-impact traditional medical and [[en:w:multidisciplinary|multidisciplinary]] journals were highly cited by Wikipedia, suggesting that Wikipedia's medical articles have solid foundations. This allows the inclusion of general science and health journals and serves as an alternative, if not more reliable, measure of a journal's impact on public knowledge, based on decisions made by the [[en:w:Self-governance|self-governing]], peer-production community. |- | colspan="2" |'''Wikipedia and medicine: quantifying readership, editors, and the significance of natural language'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heilman|first=James M|last2=West|first2=Andrew G|date=2015-03-04|title=Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language|url=http://www.jmir.org/2015/3/e62/|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|language=en|volume=17|issue=3|pages=e62|doi=10.2196/jmir.4069|issn=1438-8871}}</ref> |- |Objective |Quantify the production and consumption of medical content on Wikipedia across four dimensions: 1. Articles and bytes; 2. Citations supporting the content; 3. Analysis of medical readers compared to other health websites; 4. Characteristics of medical contributors to Wikipedia. |- |Outcomes |By the end of 2013, Wikipedia's medical content encompassed over 155,000 articles and 1 billion bytes of text in more than 255 languages (or 1016 MB), representing a 10.19% increase from the previous year (922 MB). The content was supported by over 950,000 references from journals respected by the scientific community. Health articles were viewed more than 4.9 billion times annually on non-mobile devices (with inclusive estimates for [[en:w:mobile devices|mobile devices]] reaching 6.5 billion). This makes it one of the most viewed medical resources in the world. Since 2010, the number of academic articles in health sciences citing Wikipedia has increased substantially. |- | colspan="2" | '''Improving the Quality of Consumer Health Information on Wikipedia: Case Series'''<ref name=":5" /> |- |Objective |Expand the traditional approach of [[en:w:pharmacy|pharmacy]] training programs by requiring students to improve medication information pages posted on Wikipedia. |- |Outcomes |The reach and potential of the Internet to improve the health of individuals and populations should be recognized by healthcare professionals as a tool for enhancing the quality and [[en:w:equity|equity]] of [[en:w:healthcare services|healthcare services]]. Wikipedia facilitates the dissemination of a large volume of high-quality information to broad segments of the population. Wikipedia's standards require the inclusion of citations, a practice that other health information sources on the internet do not always follow. The Wikipedia model can streamline the translation of research into practice. |- | colspan="2" | '''Pharmacy students can improve access to quality medicines information by editing Wikipedia articles'''<ref name=":6" /> |- |Objective |Expand the traditional approach of pharmacy training programs by engaging students in improving medication information pages published on Wikipedia. |- |Outcomes |Wikipedia is frequently used by students, healthcare professionals, and patients to quickly access information and enables the sharing of [[en:w:medicine|medical knowledge]] in a way that is accessible to the public. Encouraging students to improve health content on Wikipedia not only benefits the users of the pages but also helps the students develop skills in communicating information to the public. |} === Application and benefits of Wikipedia in universities as an active learning resource in the health field === There is agreement that Wikipedia can be used in universities as an active learning resource in the health field through student edits to entries. This strategy allows for the development of [[w:en:research|research skills]]<ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":4" />, writing, analysis, and improved academic performance<ref name=":4" /> through collaborative work as part of a team<ref name=":8" />, and by exploring the practice of consensus<ref name=":2" />. Furthermore, this exercise can introduce students to or expand their experience with the practice of peer review in an amplified, public review process<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Cummings|first=Robert E.|date=2020-04-21|title=Writing knowledge: Wikipedia, public review, and peer review|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1749791|journal=Studies in Higher Education|volume=45|issue=5|pages=950–962|doi=10.1080/03075079.2020.1749791|issn=0307-5079}}</ref>. The work encourages the collection and synthesis of the most relevant current information for subsequent editing, thereby promoting learning on the subject<ref name=":5" /> . The platform's updating requires critical evaluation in the selection of sources, data, and changes to previous edits<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":7" />. This also fosters a sense of agency<ref name=":2" />, where greater motivation is achieved through fulfilling [[en:w:social participation|social participation]] responsibilities<ref name=":3" />, coupled with the sense of utility and importance provided by [[en:w:Knowledge sharing|sharing knowledge]] with communities lacking access to other validated [[en:w:information|sources of information]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Azzam|first=Amin|last2=Bresler|first2=David|last3=Leon|first3=Armando|last4=Maggio|first4=Lauren|last5=Whitaker|first5=Evans|last6=Heilman|first6=James|last7=Orlowitz|first7=Jake|last8=Swisher|first8=Valerie|last9=Rasberry|first9=Lane|date=2017-02|title=Why Medical Schools Should Embrace Wikipedia: Final-Year Medical Student Contributions to Wikipedia Articles for Academic Credit at One School|url=https://journals.lww.com/00001888-201702000-00022|journal=Academic Medicine|language=en|volume=92|issue=2|pages=194–200|doi=10.1097/ACM.0000000000001381|issn=1040-2446}}</ref>. The gratification reported by students in this and other formative assessment activities is attributed to measurable reach to a real audience<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" />. Not only, does the professor provide feedback to students, but also the entire Wikipedia community, leading to expanded feedback that encourages constant revisions of their work <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":11" />. Additionally, from concrete experiences, there is effective development of communication skills with diverse groups, ranging from the general population to the medical/professional community<ref name=":8" />. In this context, editing allows students to explore and develop skills as health educators, gaining an enhanced understanding of their professional roles<ref name=":9" />. Unlike traditional classes, encouraging contributions to Wikipedia means advancing in favor of current modernity<ref name=":3" /> and creating active, engaged, networked learners <ref name=":2" />. === Contribution of Wikipedia to scientific dissemination === The literature has highlighted the extensive reach and potential of Wikipedia as one of the top five online information sources<ref name=":5" />. The medical content available on Wikipedia grew by 10.2% from 2012 to the end of 2013, with over 155,000 articles, 1 billion bytes of textual content in more than 255 languages, supported by more than 950,000 references, and over 4.9 billion views annually from computers—estimated to reach 6.5 billion when including mobile devices. As such, Wikipedia has become one of the most accessed medical resources worldwide<ref name=":1" />. Increasingly, traditional scientific journals formally reference the platform<ref name=":10" />, and since 2010, there has been a significant rise in citations of the encyclopedia in academic articles within the health sciences field. Additionally, the reverse is observed, as Wikipedia uses references from the most respected journals <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heilman|first=James M|last2=West|first2=Andrew G|date=2015-03-04|title=Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language|url=http://www.jmir.org/2015/3/e62/|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|language=en|volume=17|issue=3|pages=e62|doi=10.2196/jmir.4069|issn=1438-8871}}</ref>. The distinctiveness of Wikipedia compared to most other available online health information sources lies in its requirement for the inclusion of citations<ref name=":5" />. These citations from high-impact medical and multidisciplinary journals also demonstrate a considerable reduction in the time between the publication of an article and its inclusion on Wikipedia<ref name=":10" />. Given its broad grounding, these factors suggest that health articles in the encyclopedia correspond to quality content with solid foundations. Furthermore, they constitute an important resource for enhancing the visibility of major journals in the public domain through peer production<ref name=":10" />. === Recognition by the scientific community === The recognition of Wikipedia’s contribution to knowledge dissemination can also be observed through its inclusion in the analysis of new [[en:w:Bibliometrics|bibliometric indicators]], which aim to address the gaps of the traditional "impact factor." The traditional impact factor has several limitations, one of which is that articles published in high-impact journals but receiving few citations benefit from the quality of more cited articles, potentially leading to a [[en:w:misjudgment|misjudgment]] of the relevance and quality of the work. New metrics measure the individual impact of a scientific article through the number of citations that encompass [[en:w:social networks|social networks]] in their search, in addition to accounting for traditional sources<ref>{{Cite journal|last=VANTI|first=Nadia|last2=SANZ-CASADO|first2=Elias|date=2016-12|title=Altmetria: a métrica social a serviço de uma ciência mais democrática|url=https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-08892016000300009|journal=Transinformação|volume=28|issue=3|pages=349–358|doi=10.1590/2318-08892016000300009|issn=2318-0889}}</ref>. The mention of an article in a Wikipedia entry is included and counted in the impact assessment of new systems. These systems allow researchers to discover the reach of studies on the web, at a time when increasingly, these informal social media platforms facilitate and accelerate information exchange in the academic world. It is important to note, however, that the quality and relevance of the coverage of scientific topics in Wikipedia entries may be directly or indirectly influenced by the level of involvement of area specialists. The expansion and improvement of articles in a given field or subject generally lead to an increase in views<ref name=":1" />. Retaining teachers and students as active collaborators on the platform could solidify this mechanism of scientific dissemination. [[en:w:WikiProject|WikiProjects]] exist to facilitate contact between members of the existing community with common interests, increasing the adoption rate of new collaborators. The English Wikipedia contains nearly 2,000 WikiProjects (around 800 active), and approximately 30 of them are in the field of health<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-06-03|title=Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>. In English Wikipedia, the articles that are part of the [[Medicine]] WikiProject (the largest WikiProject in the health field) are generally more comprehensive, have a greater number of references, a higher [[en:w:citation index|citation index]], and receive more visits when compared to articles in the rest of Wikipedia. Furthermore, readers of these pages tend to show higher engagement with the content when compared to readers of other articles, spending more time on the pages before clicking on references and checking footnotes more frequently<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maggio|first=Lauren A|last2=Steinberg|first2=Ryan M|last3=Piccardi|first3=Tiziano|last4=Willinsky|first4=John M|date=2020-03-06|title=Reader engagement with medical content on Wikipedia|url=https://elifesciences.org/articles/52426|journal=eLife|language=en|volume=9|doi=10.7554/eLife.52426|issn=2050-084X}}</ref>. Thus, it is understood that Wikipedia is a strong ally in the dissemination of a vast amount of high-level knowledge to substantial segments of the population, with current and meaningful information for the public<ref name=":5" />. In fact, encouraging students to improve content on Wikipedia not only benefits them individually but also contributes to the broad scientific dissemination to society<ref name=":6" />. ==Conclusion== The reviewed literature allowed for answering the guiding questions of this study, demonstrating benefits for the development of academic, professional, and personal skills resulting from the incorporation of Wikipedia as an active and participatory methodological resource in health courses. Thus, these findings suggest the encouragement of editing practice on the platform, aiming at expanding learning and fulfilling social responsibilities in health education or communication. Consequently, these activities contribute to making one of the most read and accessible sources of information in the world even more accurate and comprehensive in the field, disseminating relevant knowledge supported by scientific publications to millions of people. '''Acknowledgements''' Acknowledgment to the [[en:w:São Paulo Research Foundation|São Paulo Research Foundation]] (FAPESP) for funding grant No. [https://bv.fapesp.br/en/auxilios/109545/wikipedia-education-program-as-active-teaching-methodology-and-crowdsourcing-tool-in-hearing-health/ 2021/06902-2] - Wikipedia Education Program as active teaching methodology and crowdsourcing tool in hearing health. ===Competing interests=== The authors declare no conflict of interest. ==References== {{reflist|35em}} [[Category:Wikipedia]] cd31d46ud99i0u2ata2p1jcm637tdzx 0 317039 2691294 2691188 2024-12-10T20:10:28Z RockTransport 2992610 2691294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hangon|This is not dedicated towards advertising Scratch, this is to teach Scratch to everyone.}} Coding is very important in many aspects of life, so this Wikiversity course is designed to bring the key concepts of Scratch coding, which includes discussing key principles and creating Scratch programs, which can then be optionally published on the Scratch website or on the internet. This course is designed for people of all ages, so anyone is welcome to join with this course. This course will currently go through four programs, with more coming in the future: === Scratch Account: === You will not require a Scratch account to complete this course, but if you do have a Scratch account, you can also complete this course with no problems.[[File:Scratch Logo.svg|thumb|This course involves Scratch, which is a free programming language.]] === Topics: === [[/Hello World/]] [[/Two-Player Pong/]] [[/Maths Quiz/]] [[/Clicker Game/]] These projects will be rigorously explained and easy to follow, so the basics will be explained clearly and will allow you, by the end of this course, to apply basic skills whenever creating projects with Scratch and further projects, which is vital when using '''any''' programming language. === Links and Applications Required === For accessing Scratch, visit: https://scratch.mit.edu and press the "Create" button which will create a fresh, new project for you to work on. Alternatively, you may also download the offline editor from: https://scratch.mit.edu/download, which will not require an internet connection. [[Category:Courses]] 9cjkpkbeybdltq8dbd94roeeeg7ytih 2691314 2691294 2024-12-10T23:00:42Z Atcovi 276019 speedy denied; clearly not an advertisement, see [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?]] for what we allow. 2691314 wikitext text/x-wiki Coding is very important in many aspects of life, so this Wikiversity course is designed to bring the key concepts of Scratch coding, which includes discussing key principles and creating Scratch programs, which can then be optionally published on the Scratch website or on the internet. This course is designed for people of all ages, so anyone is welcome to join with this course. This course will currently go through four programs, with more coming in the future: === Scratch Account: === You will not require a Scratch account to complete this course, but if you do have a Scratch account, you can also complete this course with no problems.[[File:Scratch Logo.svg|thumb|This course involves Scratch, which is a free programming language.]] === Topics: === [[/Hello World/]] [[/Two-Player Pong/]] [[/Maths Quiz/]] [[/Clicker Game/]] These projects will be rigorously explained and easy to follow, so the basics will be explained clearly and will allow you, by the end of this course, to apply basic skills whenever creating projects with Scratch and further projects, which is vital when using '''any''' programming language. === Links and Applications Required === For accessing Scratch, visit: https://scratch.mit.edu and press the "Create" button which will create a fresh, new project for you to work on. Alternatively, you may also download the offline editor from: https://scratch.mit.edu/download, which will not require an internet connection. [[Category:Courses]] deskz09d78dh2ee6ppiio9zqsgk6oee 2691316 2691314 2024-12-10T23:01:43Z Atcovi 276019 changing categories 2691316 wikitext text/x-wiki Coding is very important in many aspects of life, so this Wikiversity course is designed to bring the key concepts of Scratch coding, which includes discussing key principles and creating Scratch programs, which can then be optionally published on the Scratch website or on the internet. This course is designed for people of all ages, so anyone is welcome to join with this course. This course will currently go through four programs, with more coming in the future: === Scratch Account: === You will not require a Scratch account to complete this course, but if you do have a Scratch account, you can also complete this course with no problems.[[File:Scratch Logo.svg|thumb|This course involves Scratch, which is a free programming language.]] === Topics: === [[/Hello World/]] [[/Two-Player Pong/]] [[/Maths Quiz/]] [[/Clicker Game/]] These projects will be rigorously explained and easy to follow, so the basics will be explained clearly and will allow you, by the end of this course, to apply basic skills whenever creating projects with Scratch and further projects, which is vital when using '''any''' programming language. === Links and Applications Required === For accessing Scratch, visit: https://scratch.mit.edu and press the "Create" button which will create a fresh, new project for you to work on. Alternatively, you may also download the offline editor from: https://scratch.mit.edu/download, which will not require an internet connection. [[Category:Basic Scratch Coding]] cj8vw102x2u58ns46mff8b9vdnmwkni 0 317055 2691318 2691176 2024-12-10T23:03:33Z Atcovi 276019 +cat(s); formatting - adding categories to your page will make your course more organized and easier for viewers to find 2691318 wikitext text/x-wiki Hello World is a way of getting used to many programming languages, such as Python and HTML. In Scratch, however, this is conveyed by the use of sprites (characters), which can be programmed to say and think certain things. In this subcourse, we will use this technique in Scratch, with the use of “say blocks”, which are used to make a character say something (in this case Hello World) in a speech bubble. == Starting Up Scratch == To start up scratch, first open your offline editor or the online editor at https://scratch.mit.edu, and press the “Create” tab on the top of the website, which will automatically create a fresh, new project for you to work on. If you are using the offline editor, open up your app, which will create a project for you straight away. This might take longer on some systems, though. == Setting up your sprites == For this project, you will only need the basic Scratch cat, which will be there whenever you start up a new project on Scratch. Alternatively, you may also pick a sprite, which can be found by hovering over to the button which has a cat and a plus symbol as a symbol, and then pressing any of the options shown above, depending on what you want to do. There are four options when it comes to adding sprites: [[File:ScratchImportaSprite.png|thumb|This is the tab where you can do the functions listed to the left]] # Surprise – a random sprite which the algorithm chooses from all sprites on the platform. # Choose a Sprite – an option which allows you to choose a sprite from Scratch’s library # Paint – an option which allows you to create a sprite using the in-built editor of Scratch # Upload a Sprite – an option which allows you to upload your own sprites from your computer You can use any of these options for your sprite, or stick to the basic Scratch cat. == Creating the Project == You will only require 2 blocks for this simple project, which are the “When green flag clicked” and the “say (text)” blocks, which are in the “Looks” and “Events” tabs respectively. (If you are on Scratch 1.4, the green flag block will be in the “Control” tab.). You only need to combine these two blocks to create this simple program. To do this, click on your current sprite and put the say block underneath it. Next, change the text from “Hello!” to “Hello World!” which will change the text. What does this show? I == Troubleshooting == [[File:Scratch3-helloworld.svg|thumb]] Compare your project to the one seen in the image. Are there any problems? Try and troubleshoot them and see where you went wrong. (If you are using the "think blocks", this will not apply.) == Conclusion == What have you learned from here? Can you apply this project in other programming languages? How would you refine it so you can make it more original? Will you add any more actions? Take some time to think about these questions slowly. [[Category:Basic Scratch Coding]] 6e1ecg6efojib4xo2bxgz4aof2xxfgv 0 317067 2691382 2691193 2024-12-11T11:36:13Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* See Also */ 2691382 wikitext text/x-wiki == Definition: Path == Let <math>U \subset \mathbb{C}</math> be a subset. A path in <math>U</math> is a [[w:en:continuous function|continuous mapping]] with: :<math>\gamma \colon [a,b] \rightarrow U </math> with <math>a < b</math> and <math>a,b \in \mathbb{R}</math>. == Definition: Trace of a Path == The trace of a path <math>\gamma \colon [a,b] \rightarrow U </math> in <math>U \subset \mathbb{C}</math> is the [[w:en:Range of a function|image or range]] of the function <math>\gamma</math>: :<math>\mathrm{{Trace}}(\gamma):= { \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{C} \ | \ t \in [a,b] }</math> == Definition: Closed Path == Let <math>\gamma \colon [a,b] \rightarrow U </math> be a path in <math>U \subset \mathbb{C}</math>. The mapping <math>\gamma</math> is called a closed path if: :<math>\gamma(a) = \gamma(b)</math> == Definition: Region == Let <math>U \subset \mathbb{C}</math> be an open subset of <math>\mathbb{C}</math>. Then <math>U</math> is called a region. == Definition: Path-Connected == Let <math>U \subset \mathbb{C}</math> be a non-empty set. :<math>U</math> is path-connected <math>:\Longleftrightarrow \ \forall_{z_1,z_2 \in U }\exists_{\gamma\colon [a,b]\rightarrow U}: \ \gamma(a)=z_1 \wedge \gamma(b)=z_2 \wedge{{Spur}}(\gamma) \subseteq U</math> == Definition: Domain == Let <math>G \subset \mathbb{C}</math> be a non-empty subset of <math>\mathbb{C}</math>. If *<math>G</math> is open *<math>G</math> is path-connected Then <math>G</math> is called a domain in <math>\mathbb{C}</math>. == Example (Circular Paths) == Let <math>z_o \in \mathbb{C}</math> be a complex number, and let <math>r > 0</math> be a radius. A circular path <math>\gamma_{z_o,r}\colon [0,2\pi] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> around <math>z_o \in \mathbb{C}</math> is defined as: :<math>\gamma_{z_o,r}(t):= z_o + r\cdot e^{i\cdot t}</math> == Example - Paths with Ellipse as Trace == Let <math>z_o \in \mathbb{C}</math> be a complex number, and let <math>a, b > 0</math> be the semi-axes of an ellipse. An elliptical path <math>\gamma_{z_o,a,b}\colon [0,2\pi] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> around <math>z_o \in \mathbb{C}</math> is defined as: :<math>\gamma_{z_o,a,b}(t):= z_o + a\cdot \cos(t) + i\cdot b\cdot \sin(t)</math> == Gardener's Construction of an Ellipse == [[File:Elliko-g.svg|350px|Gardener's Construction of an Ellipse]] == Convex Combinations == Let <math>z_1,z_2 \in \mathbb{C}</math> be complex numbers, and let <math>t \in [0,1]</math> be a scalar. A path <math>\gamma_{z_1,z_2}\colon [0,1] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> is defined such that its trace is the line segment connecting <math>z_1,z_2 \in \mathbb{C}</math>: :<math>\gamma_{z_1,z2}(t):= (1-t)\cdot z_1 + t\cdot z_2</math> Such a path is called a convex combination of the first order (see also [[Convex Combination|Convex Combinations of higher order]]). === Animation of a Convex Combination of Two Vectors as Mapping === [[File:Convex combination 1 ord with geogebra.gif|450px|center|Convex Combination as Mapping in an Animated GIF]] == Integration Path == Let <math>G \subset \mathbb{C}</math> be a domain. An integration path in <math>G</math> is a path that is piecewise continuously differentiable with :<math>\gamma \colon [a,b] \rightarrow U </math> with <math>a < b</math> and <math>a,b \in \mathbb{R}</math>. === Remark === An integration path can, for example, be expressed piecewise as convex combinations between multiple points <math>z_1, \ldots z_n \in \mathbb{C}</math>. The overall path does not need to be differentiable at points <math>z_1, \ldots z_n \in \mathbb{C}</math>. The trace of such a path is also called a polygonal path. == See Also == * [[w:en:Ellipse|Ellipse]] * [[Convex Combination]] * [[Topological vector space]] ==Page Information== This learning resource can be presented as a '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Complex Analysis/Paths&author=Course:Complex Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Paths&coursetitle=Course:Complex Analysis Wiki2Reveal presentation set]'''. ==Wiki2Reveal== This '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Complex Analysis/Paths&author=Course:Complex Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Paths&coursetitle=Course:Complex Analysis Wiki2Reveal presentation set]''' was created for the learning unit '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Complex Analysis Course:Complex Analysis]'''' using the link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal link generator]. <!-- * The contents of the page are based on the following contents: ** [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Wege https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Complex Analysis/Paths] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Complex Analysis/Paths The page] was created as a document type [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron SLIDE]. * Link to the source in Wikiversity: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Complex Analysis/Paths * see also further information about [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] and under [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Complex Analysis/Paths&author=Course:Complex Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Paths&coursetitle=Course:Complex Analysis Wiki2Reveal link generator]. <!-- * Next content of the course is [[]] --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] tg7fhob35pz87s7pd912460v7umigsn 0 317068 2691208 2691206 2024-12-10T12:02:43Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* Learning requirements */ 2691208 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == This page on the topic "Path Integral" can be displayed as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Pathintegral&author=Course:Functiontheory&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Pathintegral&coursetitle=Course:Functiontheory Wiki2Reveal Slides]'''. Individual sections are considered as slides, and changes to the slides immediately affect the content of the slides. The following subtopics are treated in detail: (1) Paths as continuous mappings from an interval <math>[a,b]</math> into the complex numbers <math>\mathbb{C}</math> over which integration is performed, (2) Derivatives of curves/paths as a prerequisite for the definition of path integrals, (3) Definition of path integrals == Learning requirements == The learning resource on the topic "Path Integral" has the following learning prerequisites, which are helpful or necessary for understanding the subsequent explanations: *Concept of[[w:en:Path_in_topological_Space|Path in a topological Space]], *Differentiability in real analysis, *Integration in real analysis. == Basic Geometric Idea of the Path Integral == The following curve <math>\gamma</math> loops around a point <math>z_0\in \mathbb{C}</math> twice. [[File:Windungszahl5.png|150px|center|Path around a point]] == Integral over an Interval == Let <math>G\subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> be a [[w:en:Domain (mathematics)|domain]] and <math>g\colon [a,b] \to\mathbb{C}</math> a [[w:en:Complex function|complex-valued function]]. The function <math>g</math> is called integrable if ::<math>\operatorname{Re}(g):G \to\mathbb{R}</math> and <math>\operatorname{Im}(g):G \to\mathbb{R}</math> with <math>g=\operatorname{Re}(g) + i \cdot \operatorname{Im}(g)</math> are integrable functions. It is defined as :<math>\int\limits_a^b g(x)\mathrm{d} x := \int\limits_a^b\operatorname{Re}(g)(x)\mathrm{d}x +\mathrm{i}\int\limits_a^b\operatorname{Im}(g)(x)\mathrm{d}x</math>. Thus, the integral is <math>\mathbb{C}</math>-linear. If <math>g</math> is continuous and <math>G</math> is an antiderivative of <math>g</math>, then as in the real case, :<math>\int\limits_a^b g(x)\mathrm{d}x = G(b)-G(a)</math>. == Extension of the Integral Concept == The integral concept is extended through the definition of an integration path in the complex plane as follows: If <math>f\colon G\to\mathbb{C}</math> is a complex-valued function on a [[w:en:Domain (mathematics)|domain]] <math>G\subseteq\mathbb{C}</math>, and <math>\gamma\colon[a,b]\to G</math> is a piecewise continuously differentiable [[w:en:Path (mathematics)|path]] in <math>G</math>, then the ''path integral'' of <math>f</math> along the path <math>\gamma</math> is defined as : <math>\int\limits_\gamma f:=\int\limits_\gamma f(z),\mathrm dz:=\int\limits_a^b f(\gamma(t))\cdot \gamma'(t),\mathrm dt.</math> Here, the multiplication sign refers to complex multiplication.<ref>„Curve Integral“. In: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Editing status: November 24, 2017, 16:22 UTC. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curve_integral&oldid=171345033 (Accessed: December 8, 2017, 14:27 UTC) </ref> == Cauchy's Integral Theorem == The central statement about path integrals of complex functions is the [[w:en:Cauchy's_integral_theorem|Cauchy Integral Theorem]]: For a [[w:en:Holomorphic function|holomorphic]] function <math>f</math>, the path integral depends only on the [[w:en:Homotopy|homotopy]] class of <math>\gamma</math>. If <math>U</math> is [[w:en:Simply_connected_space|simply connected]], then the integral depends not on <math>\gamma</math>, but only on the starting and ending points. Analogous to the real case, the ''length'' of the path <math>\gamma:[a,b]\rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> is defined as :<math>\operatorname{L}(\gamma):=\int\limits_a^b \left| \gamma'(t) \right| \mathrm{d}t</math>. For theoretical purposes, the following inequality, called the ''standard estimate'', is of particular interest: :<math>\left| \int_\gamma f(z) , \mathrm dz \right| \leq \operatorname{L}(\gamma)\cdot C</math>, if <math>\left| f(z) \right|\leq C</math> for all <math>z\in\gamma([0,1])</math>. As in the real case, the path integral is independent of the parametrization of the path <math>\gamma</math>, i.e., it is not strictly necessary to choose <math>[0,1]</math> as the parameter domain, as can be shown by substitution. This allows the definition of complex curve integrals by replacing the above formulas with a curve <math>\mathcal{C}</math> in <math>\mathbb{C}</math>. == Exercises == *Be <math>\gamma\colon[a,b]\to G</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= \sin(t)+i\cdot t^2</math>. Determine <math>\gamma'(t)</math>! *Compute the path integral <math>\int\limits_\gamma \frac{1} {z},\mathrm dz</math> for the path <math>\gamma\colon[0,2\pi] \to \mathbb{C}</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= r\cdot e^{i\cdot t}</math>. *Calculate the length of the path <math>L(\gamma)</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= r\cdot e^{i\cdot t}</math>. == See also == *[[w:en: Function theory (course)|Function Theory Course]] *[[w:en: Contour integral|Contour Integral]] == References == <references/> == Page Information == This learning resource can be displayed as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal Slide Set]'''. === Wiki2Reveal === This '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal Slide Set]''' was created for the learning unit '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_theory Course:Function_theory]''' the link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal slides]] was created using the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal link generator]. [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wegintegral The page] was created as document type [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE]. Link to the source in Wikiversity: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wegintegral See also further information on [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] and at [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal link generator]. 0jyzdcv2057dypc0rfrprczjx26iz0w 2691209 2691208 2024-12-10T12:03:42Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* Learning requirements */ 2691209 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == This page on the topic "Path Integral" can be displayed as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Pathintegral&author=Course:Functiontheory&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Pathintegral&coursetitle=Course:Functiontheory Wiki2Reveal Slides]'''. Individual sections are considered as slides, and changes to the slides immediately affect the content of the slides. The following subtopics are treated in detail: (1) Paths as continuous mappings from an interval <math>[a,b]</math> into the complex numbers <math>\mathbb{C}</math> over which integration is performed, (2) Derivatives of curves/paths as a prerequisite for the definition of path integrals, (3) Definition of path integrals == Learning requirements == The learning resource on the topic "Path Integral" has the following learning prerequisites, which are helpful or necessary for understanding the subsequent explanations: *Concept of[[w:en:Path in topological Space|Path in a topological Space]], *Differentiability in real analysis, *Integration in real analysis. == Basic Geometric Idea of the Path Integral == The following curve <math>\gamma</math> loops around a point <math>z_0\in \mathbb{C}</math> twice. [[File:Windungszahl5.png|150px|center|Path around a point]] == Integral over an Interval == Let <math>G\subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> be a [[w:en:Domain (mathematics)|domain]] and <math>g\colon [a,b] \to\mathbb{C}</math> a [[w:en:Complex function|complex-valued function]]. The function <math>g</math> is called integrable if ::<math>\operatorname{Re}(g):G \to\mathbb{R}</math> and <math>\operatorname{Im}(g):G \to\mathbb{R}</math> with <math>g=\operatorname{Re}(g) + i \cdot \operatorname{Im}(g)</math> are integrable functions. It is defined as :<math>\int\limits_a^b g(x)\mathrm{d} x := \int\limits_a^b\operatorname{Re}(g)(x)\mathrm{d}x +\mathrm{i}\int\limits_a^b\operatorname{Im}(g)(x)\mathrm{d}x</math>. Thus, the integral is <math>\mathbb{C}</math>-linear. If <math>g</math> is continuous and <math>G</math> is an antiderivative of <math>g</math>, then as in the real case, :<math>\int\limits_a^b g(x)\mathrm{d}x = G(b)-G(a)</math>. == Extension of the Integral Concept == The integral concept is extended through the definition of an integration path in the complex plane as follows: If <math>f\colon G\to\mathbb{C}</math> is a complex-valued function on a [[w:en:Domain (mathematics)|domain]] <math>G\subseteq\mathbb{C}</math>, and <math>\gamma\colon[a,b]\to G</math> is a piecewise continuously differentiable [[w:en:Path (mathematics)|path]] in <math>G</math>, then the ''path integral'' of <math>f</math> along the path <math>\gamma</math> is defined as : <math>\int\limits_\gamma f:=\int\limits_\gamma f(z),\mathrm dz:=\int\limits_a^b f(\gamma(t))\cdot \gamma'(t),\mathrm dt.</math> Here, the multiplication sign refers to complex multiplication.<ref>„Curve Integral“. In: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Editing status: November 24, 2017, 16:22 UTC. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curve_integral&oldid=171345033 (Accessed: December 8, 2017, 14:27 UTC) </ref> == Cauchy's Integral Theorem == The central statement about path integrals of complex functions is the [[w:en:Cauchy's_integral_theorem|Cauchy Integral Theorem]]: For a [[w:en:Holomorphic function|holomorphic]] function <math>f</math>, the path integral depends only on the [[w:en:Homotopy|homotopy]] class of <math>\gamma</math>. If <math>U</math> is [[w:en:Simply_connected_space|simply connected]], then the integral depends not on <math>\gamma</math>, but only on the starting and ending points. Analogous to the real case, the ''length'' of the path <math>\gamma:[a,b]\rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> is defined as :<math>\operatorname{L}(\gamma):=\int\limits_a^b \left| \gamma'(t) \right| \mathrm{d}t</math>. For theoretical purposes, the following inequality, called the ''standard estimate'', is of particular interest: :<math>\left| \int_\gamma f(z) , \mathrm dz \right| \leq \operatorname{L}(\gamma)\cdot C</math>, if <math>\left| f(z) \right|\leq C</math> for all <math>z\in\gamma([0,1])</math>. As in the real case, the path integral is independent of the parametrization of the path <math>\gamma</math>, i.e., it is not strictly necessary to choose <math>[0,1]</math> as the parameter domain, as can be shown by substitution. This allows the definition of complex curve integrals by replacing the above formulas with a curve <math>\mathcal{C}</math> in <math>\mathbb{C}</math>. == Exercises == *Be <math>\gamma\colon[a,b]\to G</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= \sin(t)+i\cdot t^2</math>. Determine <math>\gamma'(t)</math>! *Compute the path integral <math>\int\limits_\gamma \frac{1} {z},\mathrm dz</math> for the path <math>\gamma\colon[0,2\pi] \to \mathbb{C}</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= r\cdot e^{i\cdot t}</math>. *Calculate the length of the path <math>L(\gamma)</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= r\cdot e^{i\cdot t}</math>. == See also == *[[w:en: Function theory (course)|Function Theory Course]] *[[w:en: Contour integral|Contour Integral]] == References == <references/> == Page Information == This learning resource can be displayed as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal Slide Set]'''. === Wiki2Reveal === This '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal Slide Set]''' was created for the learning unit '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_theory Course:Function_theory]''' the link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal slides]] was created using the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal link generator]. [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wegintegral The page] was created as document type [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE]. Link to the source in Wikiversity: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wegintegral See also further information on [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] and at [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal link generator]. m83xs5l8g1cyu7j3axj3f9ld9w7muw3 2691210 2691209 2024-12-10T12:04:16Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* Learning requirements */ 2691210 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == This page on the topic "Path Integral" can be displayed as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Pathintegral&author=Course:Functiontheory&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Pathintegral&coursetitle=Course:Functiontheory Wiki2Reveal Slides]'''. Individual sections are considered as slides, and changes to the slides immediately affect the content of the slides. The following subtopics are treated in detail: (1) Paths as continuous mappings from an interval <math>[a,b]</math> into the complex numbers <math>\mathbb{C}</math> over which integration is performed, (2) Derivatives of curves/paths as a prerequisite for the definition of path integrals, (3) Definition of path integrals == Learning requirements == The learning resource on the topic "Path Integral" has the following learning prerequisites, which are helpful or necessary for understanding the subsequent explanations: *Concept of[[w:en:Paths in topological Space|Paths in a topological Space]], *Differentiability in real analysis, *Integration in real analysis. == Basic Geometric Idea of the Path Integral == The following curve <math>\gamma</math> loops around a point <math>z_0\in \mathbb{C}</math> twice. [[File:Windungszahl5.png|150px|center|Path around a point]] == Integral over an Interval == Let <math>G\subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> be a [[w:en:Domain (mathematics)|domain]] and <math>g\colon [a,b] \to\mathbb{C}</math> a [[w:en:Complex function|complex-valued function]]. The function <math>g</math> is called integrable if ::<math>\operatorname{Re}(g):G \to\mathbb{R}</math> and <math>\operatorname{Im}(g):G \to\mathbb{R}</math> with <math>g=\operatorname{Re}(g) + i \cdot \operatorname{Im}(g)</math> are integrable functions. It is defined as :<math>\int\limits_a^b g(x)\mathrm{d} x := \int\limits_a^b\operatorname{Re}(g)(x)\mathrm{d}x +\mathrm{i}\int\limits_a^b\operatorname{Im}(g)(x)\mathrm{d}x</math>. Thus, the integral is <math>\mathbb{C}</math>-linear. If <math>g</math> is continuous and <math>G</math> is an antiderivative of <math>g</math>, then as in the real case, :<math>\int\limits_a^b g(x)\mathrm{d}x = G(b)-G(a)</math>. == Extension of the Integral Concept == The integral concept is extended through the definition of an integration path in the complex plane as follows: If <math>f\colon G\to\mathbb{C}</math> is a complex-valued function on a [[w:en:Domain (mathematics)|domain]] <math>G\subseteq\mathbb{C}</math>, and <math>\gamma\colon[a,b]\to G</math> is a piecewise continuously differentiable [[w:en:Path (mathematics)|path]] in <math>G</math>, then the ''path integral'' of <math>f</math> along the path <math>\gamma</math> is defined as : <math>\int\limits_\gamma f:=\int\limits_\gamma f(z),\mathrm dz:=\int\limits_a^b f(\gamma(t))\cdot \gamma'(t),\mathrm dt.</math> Here, the multiplication sign refers to complex multiplication.<ref>„Curve Integral“. In: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Editing status: November 24, 2017, 16:22 UTC. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curve_integral&oldid=171345033 (Accessed: December 8, 2017, 14:27 UTC) </ref> == Cauchy's Integral Theorem == The central statement about path integrals of complex functions is the [[w:en:Cauchy's_integral_theorem|Cauchy Integral Theorem]]: For a [[w:en:Holomorphic function|holomorphic]] function <math>f</math>, the path integral depends only on the [[w:en:Homotopy|homotopy]] class of <math>\gamma</math>. If <math>U</math> is [[w:en:Simply_connected_space|simply connected]], then the integral depends not on <math>\gamma</math>, but only on the starting and ending points. Analogous to the real case, the ''length'' of the path <math>\gamma:[a,b]\rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> is defined as :<math>\operatorname{L}(\gamma):=\int\limits_a^b \left| \gamma'(t) \right| \mathrm{d}t</math>. For theoretical purposes, the following inequality, called the ''standard estimate'', is of particular interest: :<math>\left| \int_\gamma f(z) , \mathrm dz \right| \leq \operatorname{L}(\gamma)\cdot C</math>, if <math>\left| f(z) \right|\leq C</math> for all <math>z\in\gamma([0,1])</math>. As in the real case, the path integral is independent of the parametrization of the path <math>\gamma</math>, i.e., it is not strictly necessary to choose <math>[0,1]</math> as the parameter domain, as can be shown by substitution. This allows the definition of complex curve integrals by replacing the above formulas with a curve <math>\mathcal{C}</math> in <math>\mathbb{C}</math>. == Exercises == *Be <math>\gamma\colon[a,b]\to G</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= \sin(t)+i\cdot t^2</math>. Determine <math>\gamma'(t)</math>! *Compute the path integral <math>\int\limits_\gamma \frac{1} {z},\mathrm dz</math> for the path <math>\gamma\colon[0,2\pi] \to \mathbb{C}</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= r\cdot e^{i\cdot t}</math>. *Calculate the length of the path <math>L(\gamma)</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= r\cdot e^{i\cdot t}</math>. == See also == *[[w:en: Function theory (course)|Function Theory Course]] *[[w:en: Contour integral|Contour Integral]] == References == <references/> == Page Information == This learning resource can be displayed as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal Slide Set]'''. === Wiki2Reveal === This '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal Slide Set]''' was created for the learning unit '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_theory Course:Function_theory]''' the link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal slides]] was created using the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal link generator]. [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wegintegral The page] was created as document type [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE]. Link to the source in Wikiversity: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wegintegral See also further information on [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] and at [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal link generator]. 8mqm7zgamme1zhqcivznrl7rwf2logw 2691217 2691210 2024-12-10T12:36:13Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* Learning requirements */ 2691217 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == This page on the topic "Path Integral" can be displayed as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Pathintegral&author=Course:Functiontheory&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Pathintegral&coursetitle=Course:Functiontheory Wiki2Reveal Slides]'''. Individual sections are considered as slides, and changes to the slides immediately affect the content of the slides. The following subtopics are treated in detail: (1) Paths as continuous mappings from an interval <math>[a,b]</math> into the complex numbers <math>\mathbb{C}</math> over which integration is performed, (2) Derivatives of curves/paths as a prerequisite for the definition of path integrals, (3) Definition of path integrals == Learning requirements == The learning resource on the topic "Path Integral" has the following learning prerequisites, which are helpful or necessary for understanding the subsequent explanations: *Concept of[[w:en:Paths in a topological Space|Paths in a topological Space]], *Differentiability in real analysis, *Integration in real analysis. == Basic Geometric Idea of the Path Integral == The following curve <math>\gamma</math> loops around a point <math>z_0\in \mathbb{C}</math> twice. [[File:Windungszahl5.png|150px|center|Path around a point]] == Integral over an Interval == Let <math>G\subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> be a [[w:en:Domain (mathematics)|domain]] and <math>g\colon [a,b] \to\mathbb{C}</math> a [[w:en:Complex function|complex-valued function]]. The function <math>g</math> is called integrable if ::<math>\operatorname{Re}(g):G \to\mathbb{R}</math> and <math>\operatorname{Im}(g):G \to\mathbb{R}</math> with <math>g=\operatorname{Re}(g) + i \cdot \operatorname{Im}(g)</math> are integrable functions. It is defined as :<math>\int\limits_a^b g(x)\mathrm{d} x := \int\limits_a^b\operatorname{Re}(g)(x)\mathrm{d}x +\mathrm{i}\int\limits_a^b\operatorname{Im}(g)(x)\mathrm{d}x</math>. Thus, the integral is <math>\mathbb{C}</math>-linear. If <math>g</math> is continuous and <math>G</math> is an antiderivative of <math>g</math>, then as in the real case, :<math>\int\limits_a^b g(x)\mathrm{d}x = G(b)-G(a)</math>. == Extension of the Integral Concept == The integral concept is extended through the definition of an integration path in the complex plane as follows: If <math>f\colon G\to\mathbb{C}</math> is a complex-valued function on a [[w:en:Domain (mathematics)|domain]] <math>G\subseteq\mathbb{C}</math>, and <math>\gamma\colon[a,b]\to G</math> is a piecewise continuously differentiable [[w:en:Path (mathematics)|path]] in <math>G</math>, then the ''path integral'' of <math>f</math> along the path <math>\gamma</math> is defined as : <math>\int\limits_\gamma f:=\int\limits_\gamma f(z),\mathrm dz:=\int\limits_a^b f(\gamma(t))\cdot \gamma'(t),\mathrm dt.</math> Here, the multiplication sign refers to complex multiplication.<ref>„Curve Integral“. In: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Editing status: November 24, 2017, 16:22 UTC. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curve_integral&oldid=171345033 (Accessed: December 8, 2017, 14:27 UTC) </ref> == Cauchy's Integral Theorem == The central statement about path integrals of complex functions is the [[w:en:Cauchy's_integral_theorem|Cauchy Integral Theorem]]: For a [[w:en:Holomorphic function|holomorphic]] function <math>f</math>, the path integral depends only on the [[w:en:Homotopy|homotopy]] class of <math>\gamma</math>. If <math>U</math> is [[w:en:Simply_connected_space|simply connected]], then the integral depends not on <math>\gamma</math>, but only on the starting and ending points. Analogous to the real case, the ''length'' of the path <math>\gamma:[a,b]\rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> is defined as :<math>\operatorname{L}(\gamma):=\int\limits_a^b \left| \gamma'(t) \right| \mathrm{d}t</math>. For theoretical purposes, the following inequality, called the ''standard estimate'', is of particular interest: :<math>\left| \int_\gamma f(z) , \mathrm dz \right| \leq \operatorname{L}(\gamma)\cdot C</math>, if <math>\left| f(z) \right|\leq C</math> for all <math>z\in\gamma([0,1])</math>. As in the real case, the path integral is independent of the parametrization of the path <math>\gamma</math>, i.e., it is not strictly necessary to choose <math>[0,1]</math> as the parameter domain, as can be shown by substitution. This allows the definition of complex curve integrals by replacing the above formulas with a curve <math>\mathcal{C}</math> in <math>\mathbb{C}</math>. == Exercises == *Be <math>\gamma\colon[a,b]\to G</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= \sin(t)+i\cdot t^2</math>. Determine <math>\gamma'(t)</math>! *Compute the path integral <math>\int\limits_\gamma \frac{1} {z},\mathrm dz</math> for the path <math>\gamma\colon[0,2\pi] \to \mathbb{C}</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= r\cdot e^{i\cdot t}</math>. *Calculate the length of the path <math>L(\gamma)</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= r\cdot e^{i\cdot t}</math>. == See also == *[[w:en: Function theory (course)|Function Theory Course]] *[[w:en: Contour integral|Contour Integral]] == References == <references/> == Page Information == This learning resource can be displayed as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal Slide Set]'''. === Wiki2Reveal === This '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal Slide Set]''' was created for the learning unit '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_theory Course:Function_theory]''' the link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal slides]] was created using the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal link generator]. [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wegintegral The page] was created as document type [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE]. Link to the source in Wikiversity: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wegintegral See also further information on [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] and at [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal link generator]. sjm489a4n9hdfxu2botxr39vpw8gobi 2691219 2691217 2024-12-10T12:54:33Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* See also */ 2691219 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == This page on the topic "Path Integral" can be displayed as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Pathintegral&author=Course:Functiontheory&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Pathintegral&coursetitle=Course:Functiontheory Wiki2Reveal Slides]'''. Individual sections are considered as slides, and changes to the slides immediately affect the content of the slides. The following subtopics are treated in detail: (1) Paths as continuous mappings from an interval <math>[a,b]</math> into the complex numbers <math>\mathbb{C}</math> over which integration is performed, (2) Derivatives of curves/paths as a prerequisite for the definition of path integrals, (3) Definition of path integrals == Learning requirements == The learning resource on the topic "Path Integral" has the following learning prerequisites, which are helpful or necessary for understanding the subsequent explanations: *Concept of[[w:en:Paths in a topological Space|Paths in a topological Space]], *Differentiability in real analysis, *Integration in real analysis. == Basic Geometric Idea of the Path Integral == The following curve <math>\gamma</math> loops around a point <math>z_0\in \mathbb{C}</math> twice. [[File:Windungszahl5.png|150px|center|Path around a point]] == Integral over an Interval == Let <math>G\subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> be a [[w:en:Domain (mathematics)|domain]] and <math>g\colon [a,b] \to\mathbb{C}</math> a [[w:en:Complex function|complex-valued function]]. The function <math>g</math> is called integrable if ::<math>\operatorname{Re}(g):G \to\mathbb{R}</math> and <math>\operatorname{Im}(g):G \to\mathbb{R}</math> with <math>g=\operatorname{Re}(g) + i \cdot \operatorname{Im}(g)</math> are integrable functions. It is defined as :<math>\int\limits_a^b g(x)\mathrm{d} x := \int\limits_a^b\operatorname{Re}(g)(x)\mathrm{d}x +\mathrm{i}\int\limits_a^b\operatorname{Im}(g)(x)\mathrm{d}x</math>. Thus, the integral is <math>\mathbb{C}</math>-linear. If <math>g</math> is continuous and <math>G</math> is an antiderivative of <math>g</math>, then as in the real case, :<math>\int\limits_a^b g(x)\mathrm{d}x = G(b)-G(a)</math>. == Extension of the Integral Concept == The integral concept is extended through the definition of an integration path in the complex plane as follows: If <math>f\colon G\to\mathbb{C}</math> is a complex-valued function on a [[w:en:Domain (mathematics)|domain]] <math>G\subseteq\mathbb{C}</math>, and <math>\gamma\colon[a,b]\to G</math> is a piecewise continuously differentiable [[w:en:Path (mathematics)|path]] in <math>G</math>, then the ''path integral'' of <math>f</math> along the path <math>\gamma</math> is defined as : <math>\int\limits_\gamma f:=\int\limits_\gamma f(z),\mathrm dz:=\int\limits_a^b f(\gamma(t))\cdot \gamma'(t),\mathrm dt.</math> Here, the multiplication sign refers to complex multiplication.<ref>„Curve Integral“. In: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Editing status: November 24, 2017, 16:22 UTC. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curve_integral&oldid=171345033 (Accessed: December 8, 2017, 14:27 UTC) </ref> == Cauchy's Integral Theorem == The central statement about path integrals of complex functions is the [[w:en:Cauchy's_integral_theorem|Cauchy Integral Theorem]]: For a [[w:en:Holomorphic function|holomorphic]] function <math>f</math>, the path integral depends only on the [[w:en:Homotopy|homotopy]] class of <math>\gamma</math>. If <math>U</math> is [[w:en:Simply_connected_space|simply connected]], then the integral depends not on <math>\gamma</math>, but only on the starting and ending points. Analogous to the real case, the ''length'' of the path <math>\gamma:[a,b]\rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> is defined as :<math>\operatorname{L}(\gamma):=\int\limits_a^b \left| \gamma'(t) \right| \mathrm{d}t</math>. For theoretical purposes, the following inequality, called the ''standard estimate'', is of particular interest: :<math>\left| \int_\gamma f(z) , \mathrm dz \right| \leq \operatorname{L}(\gamma)\cdot C</math>, if <math>\left| f(z) \right|\leq C</math> for all <math>z\in\gamma([0,1])</math>. As in the real case, the path integral is independent of the parametrization of the path <math>\gamma</math>, i.e., it is not strictly necessary to choose <math>[0,1]</math> as the parameter domain, as can be shown by substitution. This allows the definition of complex curve integrals by replacing the above formulas with a curve <math>\mathcal{C}</math> in <math>\mathbb{C}</math>. == Exercises == *Be <math>\gamma\colon[a,b]\to G</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= \sin(t)+i\cdot t^2</math>. Determine <math>\gamma'(t)</math>! *Compute the path integral <math>\int\limits_\gamma \frac{1} {z},\mathrm dz</math> for the path <math>\gamma\colon[0,2\pi] \to \mathbb{C}</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= r\cdot e^{i\cdot t}</math>. *Calculate the length of the path <math>L(\gamma)</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= r\cdot e^{i\cdot t}</math>. == See also == *[[w:en: Function theory (course)|Function Theory Course]] *[[w:en: curve integral|curve integral]] == References == <references/> == Page Information == This learning resource can be displayed as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal Slide Set]'''. === Wiki2Reveal === This '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal Slide Set]''' was created for the learning unit '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_theory Course:Function_theory]''' the link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal slides]] was created using the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal link generator]. [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wegintegral The page] was created as document type [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE]. Link to the source in Wikiversity: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wegintegral See also further information on [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] and at [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal link generator]. 480kcifm6mtry3w90wxda3oyarh2xkr 2691220 2691219 2024-12-10T12:56:11Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* See also */ 2691220 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == This page on the topic "Path Integral" can be displayed as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Pathintegral&author=Course:Functiontheory&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Pathintegral&coursetitle=Course:Functiontheory Wiki2Reveal Slides]'''. Individual sections are considered as slides, and changes to the slides immediately affect the content of the slides. The following subtopics are treated in detail: (1) Paths as continuous mappings from an interval <math>[a,b]</math> into the complex numbers <math>\mathbb{C}</math> over which integration is performed, (2) Derivatives of curves/paths as a prerequisite for the definition of path integrals, (3) Definition of path integrals == Learning requirements == The learning resource on the topic "Path Integral" has the following learning prerequisites, which are helpful or necessary for understanding the subsequent explanations: *Concept of[[w:en:Paths in a topological Space|Paths in a topological Space]], *Differentiability in real analysis, *Integration in real analysis. == Basic Geometric Idea of the Path Integral == The following curve <math>\gamma</math> loops around a point <math>z_0\in \mathbb{C}</math> twice. [[File:Windungszahl5.png|150px|center|Path around a point]] == Integral over an Interval == Let <math>G\subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> be a [[w:en:Domain (mathematics)|domain]] and <math>g\colon [a,b] \to\mathbb{C}</math> a [[w:en:Complex function|complex-valued function]]. The function <math>g</math> is called integrable if ::<math>\operatorname{Re}(g):G \to\mathbb{R}</math> and <math>\operatorname{Im}(g):G \to\mathbb{R}</math> with <math>g=\operatorname{Re}(g) + i \cdot \operatorname{Im}(g)</math> are integrable functions. It is defined as :<math>\int\limits_a^b g(x)\mathrm{d} x := \int\limits_a^b\operatorname{Re}(g)(x)\mathrm{d}x +\mathrm{i}\int\limits_a^b\operatorname{Im}(g)(x)\mathrm{d}x</math>. Thus, the integral is <math>\mathbb{C}</math>-linear. If <math>g</math> is continuous and <math>G</math> is an antiderivative of <math>g</math>, then as in the real case, :<math>\int\limits_a^b g(x)\mathrm{d}x = G(b)-G(a)</math>. == Extension of the Integral Concept == The integral concept is extended through the definition of an integration path in the complex plane as follows: If <math>f\colon G\to\mathbb{C}</math> is a complex-valued function on a [[w:en:Domain (mathematics)|domain]] <math>G\subseteq\mathbb{C}</math>, and <math>\gamma\colon[a,b]\to G</math> is a piecewise continuously differentiable [[w:en:Path (mathematics)|path]] in <math>G</math>, then the ''path integral'' of <math>f</math> along the path <math>\gamma</math> is defined as : <math>\int\limits_\gamma f:=\int\limits_\gamma f(z),\mathrm dz:=\int\limits_a^b f(\gamma(t))\cdot \gamma'(t),\mathrm dt.</math> Here, the multiplication sign refers to complex multiplication.<ref>„Curve Integral“. In: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Editing status: November 24, 2017, 16:22 UTC. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curve_integral&oldid=171345033 (Accessed: December 8, 2017, 14:27 UTC) </ref> == Cauchy's Integral Theorem == The central statement about path integrals of complex functions is the [[w:en:Cauchy's_integral_theorem|Cauchy Integral Theorem]]: For a [[w:en:Holomorphic function|holomorphic]] function <math>f</math>, the path integral depends only on the [[w:en:Homotopy|homotopy]] class of <math>\gamma</math>. If <math>U</math> is [[w:en:Simply_connected_space|simply connected]], then the integral depends not on <math>\gamma</math>, but only on the starting and ending points. Analogous to the real case, the ''length'' of the path <math>\gamma:[a,b]\rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> is defined as :<math>\operatorname{L}(\gamma):=\int\limits_a^b \left| \gamma'(t) \right| \mathrm{d}t</math>. For theoretical purposes, the following inequality, called the ''standard estimate'', is of particular interest: :<math>\left| \int_\gamma f(z) , \mathrm dz \right| \leq \operatorname{L}(\gamma)\cdot C</math>, if <math>\left| f(z) \right|\leq C</math> for all <math>z\in\gamma([0,1])</math>. As in the real case, the path integral is independent of the parametrization of the path <math>\gamma</math>, i.e., it is not strictly necessary to choose <math>[0,1]</math> as the parameter domain, as can be shown by substitution. This allows the definition of complex curve integrals by replacing the above formulas with a curve <math>\mathcal{C}</math> in <math>\mathbb{C}</math>. == Exercises == *Be <math>\gamma\colon[a,b]\to G</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= \sin(t)+i\cdot t^2</math>. Determine <math>\gamma'(t)</math>! *Compute the path integral <math>\int\limits_\gamma \frac{1} {z},\mathrm dz</math> for the path <math>\gamma\colon[0,2\pi] \to \mathbb{C}</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= r\cdot e^{i\cdot t}</math>. *Calculate the length of the path <math>L(\gamma)</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= r\cdot e^{i\cdot t}</math>. == See also == *[[w:en: Function theory (course)|Function Theory Course]] *[[w:en: Curve integral|Curve integral]] == References == <references/> == Page Information == This learning resource can be displayed as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal Slide Set]'''. === Wiki2Reveal === This '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal Slide Set]''' was created for the learning unit '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_theory Course:Function_theory]''' the link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal slides]] was created using the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal link generator]. [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wegintegral The page] was created as document type [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE]. Link to the source in Wikiversity: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wegintegral See also further information on [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] and at [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal link generator]. 9jm1zqa30p9ksno1apcpyyhfxhadz4v 2691371 2691220 2024-12-11T11:06:33Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Cauchy's Integral Theorem */ 2691371 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == This page on the topic "Path Integral" can be displayed as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Pathintegral&author=Course:Functiontheory&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Pathintegral&coursetitle=Course:Functiontheory Wiki2Reveal Slides]'''. Individual sections are considered as slides, and changes to the slides immediately affect the content of the slides. The following subtopics are treated in detail: (1) Paths as continuous mappings from an interval <math>[a,b]</math> into the complex numbers <math>\mathbb{C}</math> over which integration is performed, (2) Derivatives of curves/paths as a prerequisite for the definition of path integrals, (3) Definition of path integrals == Learning requirements == The learning resource on the topic "Path Integral" has the following learning prerequisites, which are helpful or necessary for understanding the subsequent explanations: *Concept of[[w:en:Paths in a topological Space|Paths in a topological Space]], *Differentiability in real analysis, *Integration in real analysis. == Basic Geometric Idea of the Path Integral == The following curve <math>\gamma</math> loops around a point <math>z_0\in \mathbb{C}</math> twice. [[File:Windungszahl5.png|150px|center|Path around a point]] == Integral over an Interval == Let <math>G\subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> be a [[w:en:Domain (mathematics)|domain]] and <math>g\colon [a,b] \to\mathbb{C}</math> a [[w:en:Complex function|complex-valued function]]. The function <math>g</math> is called integrable if ::<math>\operatorname{Re}(g):G \to\mathbb{R}</math> and <math>\operatorname{Im}(g):G \to\mathbb{R}</math> with <math>g=\operatorname{Re}(g) + i \cdot \operatorname{Im}(g)</math> are integrable functions. It is defined as :<math>\int\limits_a^b g(x)\mathrm{d} x := \int\limits_a^b\operatorname{Re}(g)(x)\mathrm{d}x +\mathrm{i}\int\limits_a^b\operatorname{Im}(g)(x)\mathrm{d}x</math>. Thus, the integral is <math>\mathbb{C}</math>-linear. If <math>g</math> is continuous and <math>G</math> is an antiderivative of <math>g</math>, then as in the real case, :<math>\int\limits_a^b g(x)\mathrm{d}x = G(b)-G(a)</math>. == Extension of the Integral Concept == The integral concept is extended through the definition of an integration path in the complex plane as follows: If <math>f\colon G\to\mathbb{C}</math> is a complex-valued function on a [[w:en:Domain (mathematics)|domain]] <math>G\subseteq\mathbb{C}</math>, and <math>\gamma\colon[a,b]\to G</math> is a piecewise continuously differentiable [[w:en:Path (mathematics)|path]] in <math>G</math>, then the ''path integral'' of <math>f</math> along the path <math>\gamma</math> is defined as : <math>\int\limits_\gamma f:=\int\limits_\gamma f(z),\mathrm dz:=\int\limits_a^b f(\gamma(t))\cdot \gamma'(t),\mathrm dt.</math> Here, the multiplication sign refers to complex multiplication.<ref>„Curve Integral“. In: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Editing status: November 24, 2017, 16:22 UTC. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curve_integral&oldid=171345033 (Accessed: December 8, 2017, 14:27 UTC) </ref> == Cauchy's Integral Theorem == The central statement about path integrals of complex functions is the [[w:en:Cauchy's_integral_theorem|Cauchy Integral Theorem]]: For a [[w:en:Holomorphic function|holomorphic]] function <math>f</math>, the path integral depends only on the [[w:en:Homotopy|homotopy]] class of <math>\gamma</math>. If <math>U</math> is [[w:en:Simply_connected_space|simply connected]], then the integral depends not on <math>\gamma</math>, but only on the starting and ending points. Analogous to the real case, the ''length'' of the path <math>\gamma:[a,b]\rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> is defined as :<math>\operatorname{L}(\gamma):=\int\limits_a^b \left| \gamma'(t) \right| \mathrm{d}t</math>. For theoretical purposes, the following inequality, called the ''standard estimate'', is of particular interest: :<math>\left| \int_\gamma f(z) , \mathrm dz \right| \leq \operatorname{L}(\gamma)\cdot C</math>, if <math>\left| f(z) \right|\leq C</math> for all <math>z\in\gamma([0,1])</math>. As in the real case, the path integral is independent of the parametrization of the path <math>\gamma</math>, i.e., it is not strictly necessary to choose <math>[0,1]</math> as the parameter domain, as can be shown by substitution. This allows the definition of complex curve integrals by replacing the above formulas with a curve <math>\mathcal{C}</math> in <math>\mathbb{C}</math>. == Exercises == *Be <math>\gamma\colon[a,b]\to G</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= \sin(t)+i\cdot t^2</math>. Determine <math>\gamma'(t)</math>! *Compute the path integral <math>\int\limits_\gamma \frac{1} {z},\mathrm dz</math> for the path <math>\gamma\colon[0,2\pi] \to \mathbb{C}</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= r\cdot e^{i\cdot t}</math>. *Calculate the length of the path <math>L(\gamma)</math> with <math>t\mapsto \gamma(t)= r\cdot e^{i\cdot t}</math>. == See also == *[[w:en: Function theory (course)|Function Theory Course]] *[[w:en: Curve integral|Curve integral]] == References == <references/> == Page Information == This learning resource can be displayed as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=de&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal Slide Set]'''. === Wiki2Reveal === This '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal Slide Set]''' was created for the learning unit '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_theory Course:Function_theory]''' the link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal slides]] was created using the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal link generator]. [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wegintegral The page] was created as document type [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE]. Link to the source in Wikiversity: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wegintegral See also further information on [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] and at [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Wegintegral&author=Kurs:Funktionentheorie&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Wegintegral&coursetitle=Kurs:Funktionentheorie Wiki2Reveal link generator]. dbzc1metip1x1lgnz90ekta38z36ee5 2 317112 2691296 2691128 2024-12-10T20:17:48Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* 5784 - 2024 */ 2691296 wikitext text/x-wiki This is reading list and study notes. resume is on [[User:Jaredscribe#Zionism, Palestine, Israel]] The [[Arab%E2%80%93Israeli alliance against Iran]] emerged in 2017. The [[February 2019 Warsaw Conference]] prepared the way for the [[Abraham Accords]], the [[Israel%E2%80%93United Arab Emirates normalization agreement]], and the {{slink|Arab%E2%80%93Israeli conflict#Israeli normalization with Gulf states and Sudan}} [[Negev Summit]] Recent phase of the [[Arab League and the Arab%E2%80%93Israeli conflict]] * 5 Iyar [[Independence Day (Israel)]], 15 May [[Nakba Day]] * 30 Nov [[Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran]] * Libyan [[Day_of_Revenge]]/Friendship? [[Proto-Zionism]] == [[Mandatory Palestine]] == {{blockquote| text=We have watched the rise and fall of this Palestine problem. In 1917 Jewish hopes were raised in all parts of the world. It was thought that at long last here was the Jewish Magna Carta. By 1921 Transjordan was lopped off; in 1922 free immigration became immigration on the basis of absorptive capacity; in 1933 land sales were restricted; in 1937, partition was accepted by the Government; and in 1938 partition was rejected by the Government; and in 1939 we see the funeral of the mandate."| author=[[Tom Williams, Baron Williams of Barnburgh|Tom Williams]] was member of Churchhill's [[Coalition Government 1940-1945]], and later of the government of [[Clement Attlee]] }} [[Haganah|Hagana]] [[Jewish Supernumerary Police|Supernumerary police]] [[Orde Wingate]] [[Havlagah|Havlaga Policy of Restraint]] [[Irgun]] [[Lehi (militant group)|Lehi]] Stern Dr. [[Chaim Weizmann]] [[Peel Commission]] [[Woodhead Commission]] 17 May [[White Paper of 1939|1939 White Paper]] 21st [[World Zionist Congress|Zionist Congress]] 28 Feb 1940 British gov't issued the land transfer regulations envisioned in the White Paper: Palestine divided into Zone A (only to Palestinian Arab), Zone B (Gov't discretion), Zone C (no restrictions). [[Jewish National Fund]]. == Israeli Independence and Arab Catastrophe == [[London Conference of 1946–47]] boycotted except by Arab League states, who argue against partition. [[United Nations Special Committee on Palestine|UNSCOP]] majority proposal 8/11, Zionist side accepts, Arab side rejects. General Assembly appoints [[Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question]] which .. 29 Nov 1947 [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine]], Resolution 181. Accepted by the [[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency]], rejected by Arab leaders. [[1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine]] breaks out. [[1947–1949 Palestine war]] duplicate? [[SS Exodus|SS Exodus 1947]] [[Arab Higher Committee]]: [[Grand Mufti of Jerusalem]] and president of [[Supreme Muslim Council]] [[Amin al-Husayni]], [[Raghib al-Nashashibi]] [[Plan Dalet]] March 1948 arms smuggling [[Operation Balak]] [[Va'ad Leumi]], [[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency]], Haganah Command, prominent figures from trade unions, religion, literature and arts, representatives of [[Yishuv|the Yishuv]], at the [[Tel Aviv Museum|Tel Aviv Museum hall]] 5 Iyar / 14 May [[David Ben-Gurion]] proclaims [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]], [[s:Declaration of Independence (Israel)]] [[Bevingrad]] British general [[Alan Cunningham]] Levett Machal [[Sar-El|Sar-el]] [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] == Divided 1951-1967 == [[King Abdullah of Jordan|King Abdullah]] crowned [[king of Jerusalem]] by the Coptic bishop. He had himself declared king of Palestine in Jericho, and renamed the realm "[[Kingdom of Jordan|United Kingdom of Jordan]]".{{Sfn|Montefiore|2011|p=504}} Appointed [[Raghib al-Nashashibi]] governer of West Bank and Custodian of the two harams (Jerusalem and Hebron) Appointed Sheikh [[Husam al-Jarallah]] as mufti. [[Farouk of Egypt|King Farouk]] overthrown by [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|Free Officers of Egypt]], led by general [[Mohamed Naguib|Muhammad Neguib]] and colonel [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Gamel Abdel Nasser]]. == Six Days and Jerusalem == , [[United Arab Republic]] [[Straits of Tiran]] blockade, [[Israeli passage through the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran]]. [[Six day war]] [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty]], [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty]], [[Israel–Saudi Arabia relations#Straits of Tiran]] ==5782&mdash;2022== Blinken and Lapid would head to Sde Boker for the [[w:Negev_Summit|Negev Summit]], along with their Bahraini, Egyptian, Emirati and Moroccan counterparts. Blinken called the Houthis’ attack on Iran “acts of terrorism enabled by Iran.” Blinken also pointed out that Iran continues to engage in aggressive actions throughout the Middle East and beyond, directly and through proxies, and spoke out against “mounting terrorist attacks by the Houthis on civilians and civilian infrastructure in the UAE and Saudi Arabia.” “The US will continue to stand up to Iran when it threatens us or our allies and partners,” Blinken said. The US believes “the [[w:JCPOA|JCPOA]] is the best way to put Iran back in the box,” Blinken said, referring to the 2015 nuclear deal to which the US seeks to return, and Israel opposes. Regardless of whether that effort succeeds, he said, “our commitment to the core principle that Iran can never acquire a nuclear weapon is unwavering.” “One way or another, we will continue to cooperate closely,” he stated. “Iran is not an Israeli problem,” Lapid said. “The whole world cannot allow there to be a nuclear Iran and cannot allow the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps to continue to spread terror across the globe.” Lapid: “Israel will do everything it thinks is right in order to stop the Iran nuclear program. Everything.” Lapid: “That is not a theoretical threat for us,” he added. “The Iranians want to destroy Israel. They won’t succeed. We won’t let them.” Blinken, US secretary of state: "[the Negev Summit ] would have been unthinkable just a few years ago,” and said the US is committed to expanding cooperation through the Abraham Accords. Blinken: "[will] affirm America’s ironclad commitment to Israel’s security.” Biden signed the omnibus funding bill that included $1 billion for the Iron Dome missile defense system. [https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/article-702431 JPost Negev Summit] [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/25/world/middleeast/israel-uae-bahrain-morocco-arab-summit.html NYTimes Negev Summit] 5 August 2022 [[Operation Breaking Dawn]] contra [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] in [[Gaza Strip]]: 20 militants and many civilians, with 1,100 rockets fired into Israels south and center, some misfiring and killing civilians in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boxerman |first=Dov Lieber and Aaron |date=2022-08-08 |title=Israel Reopens Gaza Crossing as Cease-Fire Holds |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/israel-reopens-gaza-crossing-as-cease-fire-holds-11659972963 |access-date=2022-08-11 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> == 5784 - 2024 in context == === The [[w:Fall_of_the_Assad_regime#Israeli_invasion|2024 Fall of al-Assad Regime]] === '''The 1974 [[w:Agreement_on_Disengagement_between_Israel_and_Syria|Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria]]''' ({{langx|he|הסכם הפרדת הכוחות בין ישראל לסוריה}}, {{langx|ar|اتفاقية فك الاشتباك}}) was an agreement between [[w:Israel|Israel]] and [[w:Syria|Syria]] that was signed on May 31, 1974,<ref name="Osmańczyk20032">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDwDmuOEheIC&pg=PA2263|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F|author=Edmund Jan Osmańczyk|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2003|isbn=978-0-415-93921-8|pages=2263–}}</ref> which officially ended the [[w:Yom_Kippur_War|Yom Kippur War]] and the subsequent attrition period on the Syrian front.<ref name="United Nations Peacekeeping 19742">{{cite web|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/undof|title=UNDOF|date=1974-05-31|website=United Nations Peacekeeping|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref> Following the [[w:Fall_of_the_Assad_regime|fall of the Assad regime]], Israel has considered the agreement null and void, leading to the [[w:2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Syria|2024 Israeli invasion of Syria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c77jrrxxn07o|title=Israel seizes Golan buffer zone after Syrian troops leave posts|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-12-08}}</ref> WSJ: "An Israeli offensive aimed at rolling back Iranian influence pummeled Iran’s network of militia allies in the region, devastating Hamas in Gaza, Hezbollah in Lebanon and striking Iran’s shadow military network in Syria", which helped "opened the door for Hayat Tahrir al-Sham". "Iran told Assad help for his regime would be limited, if it came at all. Iranian officials blamed Assad for not preparing for the rebel assault and said they weren’t able to send military reinforcements because of Israel, according to Syrian officials. An Iranian plane headed toward Syria had to make a U-turn because of the threat of Israeli airstrikes, the officials said." "Rather than lend aid, Iran ordered its Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and affiliated militias to stay out of the fight, Syrian officials said. Iran then coordinated a safe exit for its personnel and cut a deal for its fighters to peacefully hand territory over to rebels."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/how-syria-rebels-ousted-assad-1b09d28d?page=1|title=The 11-Day Blitz by Syrian Rebels That Ended 50 Years of Assad Rule|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> [[w:he:שיחה:נפילת_משטר_אל-אסד_בסוריה#השפעת_כוחות_ישראל_בהתנגד_אירן]] === Lebanon: 2005 Cedar Revolution to the degradation of Hezbollah === 2005 [[w:Cedar_Revolution|Cedar Revolution]] ==Israel&mdash;Palestine== * [[Maccabean Revolt]] against the [[Seleucid Empire]] was fought by the [[Maccabees]] in [[Judea]] in 167-164 BCE, giving us [[Hannukah]]. *[[Arab-Israeli conflict]] 1948-1973 * [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] ongoing {{EGY}}<br> {{ISR}}<br />&nbsp;'''∟''' ''{{flagdeco|Israel}} [[Northern District (Israel)|Northern District]]''{{efn|[[Golan Heights]] was annexed to Israel's [[Northern District (Israel)|Northern District]] via [[Golan Heights Law]] but Israeli sovereignty over Golan is [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 497|not recognised internationally]].}}<br />&nbsp;'''∟''' ''{{flagicon image|Flag of the Israel Defense Forces.svg}} [[Judea and Samaria Area]]''<br />&nbsp;'''∟''' ''{{flagicon image|Flag of Jerusalem.svg}} [[East Jerusalem]]''{{efn|East Jerusalem was annexed to Israel via [[Jerusalem Law]] but Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is [[Status of Jerusalem|disputed]].}}<br /> {{JOR}}<br> {{LBN}}<br> {{flag|State of Palestine}}<br>{{small|([[Palestinian National Authority]])}}<br />&nbsp;'''∟''' {{flag|Gaza Strip}}{{efn|[[Governance of the Gaza Strip|Governed]] by [[Hamas]] [[Fatah–Hamas conflict|since 2007]].}}<br />&nbsp;'''∟''' {{flag|West Bank}}<br /> {{SYR}} * [[State of Palestine]], a ''de jure'' sovereign state in Western Asia * [[Palestine (region)]], a geographic region in Western Asia * [[Palestinian territories]], territories occupied by Israel since 1967, namely the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip * [[Palestinian enclaves]], the areas designated for Palestinians under a variety of US and Israeli-led proposals * [[Mandatory Palestine]] (1920–1948), a geopolitical entity under British administration * [[Timeline of the name "Palestine"]] lists other historic uses == Palestine Etymological considerations == The [[Philistines]] or [[Peleset]] were one of the mediterranean [[Sea Peoples|Sea-peoples]] of probably Aegean or Greek origin, from [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean civilization]]{{Cn|date=August 2022}}, who inhabited five major cities in Gaza coast in ancient times, and were thought by the Hebrews to have originated in [[Caphtor]] - Crete / Minoa. Per [[Martin Noth]], the name likely comes from the Aramaic word for Philistine. Noth also described a strong similarity between the word Palestine and the Greek word "palaistês" (wrestler/rival/adversary), which has the same meaning as the word "Israel."{{sfn|Noth|1939}} This was expanded by David Jacobson to theorize the name being a [[portmanteau]] of the word for Philistines with a direct translation of the word Israel into [[Greek language|Greek]] (in concordance with the Greek penchant for punning on place names.{{sfn|Jacobson|1999|p={{pn|date=February 2021}}|ps=: "In the earliest Classical literature references to Palestine generally applied to the Land of Israel in the wider sense. A reappraisal of this question has given rise to the proposition that the name Palestine, in its Greek form Palaistine, was both a transliteration of a word used to describe the land of the Philistines and, at the same time, a literal translation of the name Israel. This dual interpretation reconciles apparent contradictions in early definitions of the name Palaistine and is compatible with the Greeks' penchant for punning, especially on place names."}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Beloe |first=W. |title=Herodotus, Vol.II |location=London |year=1821 |page=269 |quote=It should be remembered that Syria is always regarded by Herodotus as synonymous with [[Assyria]]. What the Greeks called Palestine the Arabs call Falastin, which is the Philistines of Scripture. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyYIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA269}} (tr. from Greek, with notes)</ref> == References == <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== * {{cite book|last=Louvish|first=Misha|title=The Challenge Of Israel|publisher=Israel Universities Press|location=Jerusalem|date=1968|ASIN=B000OKO5U2}} * {{cite book |last=Montefiore |first=Simon Sebag |title=Jerusalem: The Biography |title-link=Jerusalem: The Biography |date=2011 |publisher=Vintage Books, Random House |ISBN=978-0-307-28050-3 |author-link=Simon Sebag Montefiore}} {{refend}} hkj3tr0jhwz3q7nu4kclbzx34favgwf 2691299 2691296 2024-12-10T20:38:49Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* 5784 - 2024 in context */ December: s:Remarks_by_President_Biden_on_the_Latest_Developments_in_Syria. But,  Editorial Board (10 December 2024). "Biden Takes an Undeserved Syria Victory Lap". The Wall Street Journal. 2691299 wikitext text/x-wiki This is reading list and study notes. resume is on [[User:Jaredscribe#Zionism, Palestine, Israel]] The [[Arab%E2%80%93Israeli alliance against Iran]] emerged in 2017. The [[February 2019 Warsaw Conference]] prepared the way for the [[Abraham Accords]], the [[Israel%E2%80%93United Arab Emirates normalization agreement]], and the {{slink|Arab%E2%80%93Israeli conflict#Israeli normalization with Gulf states and Sudan}} [[Negev Summit]] Recent phase of the [[Arab League and the Arab%E2%80%93Israeli conflict]] * 5 Iyar [[Independence Day (Israel)]], 15 May [[Nakba Day]] * 30 Nov [[Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran]] * Libyan [[Day_of_Revenge]]/Friendship? [[Proto-Zionism]] == [[Mandatory Palestine]] == {{blockquote| text=We have watched the rise and fall of this Palestine problem. In 1917 Jewish hopes were raised in all parts of the world. It was thought that at long last here was the Jewish Magna Carta. By 1921 Transjordan was lopped off; in 1922 free immigration became immigration on the basis of absorptive capacity; in 1933 land sales were restricted; in 1937, partition was accepted by the Government; and in 1938 partition was rejected by the Government; and in 1939 we see the funeral of the mandate."| author=[[Tom Williams, Baron Williams of Barnburgh|Tom Williams]] was member of Churchhill's [[Coalition Government 1940-1945]], and later of the government of [[Clement Attlee]] }} [[Haganah|Hagana]] [[Jewish Supernumerary Police|Supernumerary police]] [[Orde Wingate]] [[Havlagah|Havlaga Policy of Restraint]] [[Irgun]] [[Lehi (militant group)|Lehi]] Stern Dr. [[Chaim Weizmann]] [[Peel Commission]] [[Woodhead Commission]] 17 May [[White Paper of 1939|1939 White Paper]] 21st [[World Zionist Congress|Zionist Congress]] 28 Feb 1940 British gov't issued the land transfer regulations envisioned in the White Paper: Palestine divided into Zone A (only to Palestinian Arab), Zone B (Gov't discretion), Zone C (no restrictions). [[Jewish National Fund]]. == Israeli Independence and Arab Catastrophe == [[London Conference of 1946–47]] boycotted except by Arab League states, who argue against partition. [[United Nations Special Committee on Palestine|UNSCOP]] majority proposal 8/11, Zionist side accepts, Arab side rejects. General Assembly appoints [[Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question]] which .. 29 Nov 1947 [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine]], Resolution 181. Accepted by the [[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency]], rejected by Arab leaders. [[1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine]] breaks out. [[1947–1949 Palestine war]] duplicate? [[SS Exodus|SS Exodus 1947]] [[Arab Higher Committee]]: [[Grand Mufti of Jerusalem]] and president of [[Supreme Muslim Council]] [[Amin al-Husayni]], [[Raghib al-Nashashibi]] [[Plan Dalet]] March 1948 arms smuggling [[Operation Balak]] [[Va'ad Leumi]], [[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency]], Haganah Command, prominent figures from trade unions, religion, literature and arts, representatives of [[Yishuv|the Yishuv]], at the [[Tel Aviv Museum|Tel Aviv Museum hall]] 5 Iyar / 14 May [[David Ben-Gurion]] proclaims [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]], [[s:Declaration of Independence (Israel)]] [[Bevingrad]] British general [[Alan Cunningham]] Levett Machal [[Sar-El|Sar-el]] [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] == Divided 1951-1967 == [[King Abdullah of Jordan|King Abdullah]] crowned [[king of Jerusalem]] by the Coptic bishop. He had himself declared king of Palestine in Jericho, and renamed the realm "[[Kingdom of Jordan|United Kingdom of Jordan]]".{{Sfn|Montefiore|2011|p=504}} Appointed [[Raghib al-Nashashibi]] governer of West Bank and Custodian of the two harams (Jerusalem and Hebron) Appointed Sheikh [[Husam al-Jarallah]] as mufti. [[Farouk of Egypt|King Farouk]] overthrown by [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|Free Officers of Egypt]], led by general [[Mohamed Naguib|Muhammad Neguib]] and colonel [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Gamel Abdel Nasser]]. == Six Days and Jerusalem == , [[United Arab Republic]] [[Straits of Tiran]] blockade, [[Israeli passage through the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran]]. [[Six day war]] [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty]], [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty]], [[Israel–Saudi Arabia relations#Straits of Tiran]] ==5782&mdash;2022== Blinken and Lapid would head to Sde Boker for the [[w:Negev_Summit|Negev Summit]], along with their Bahraini, Egyptian, Emirati and Moroccan counterparts. Blinken called the Houthis’ attack on Iran “acts of terrorism enabled by Iran.” Blinken also pointed out that Iran continues to engage in aggressive actions throughout the Middle East and beyond, directly and through proxies, and spoke out against “mounting terrorist attacks by the Houthis on civilians and civilian infrastructure in the UAE and Saudi Arabia.” “The US will continue to stand up to Iran when it threatens us or our allies and partners,” Blinken said. The US believes “the [[w:JCPOA|JCPOA]] is the best way to put Iran back in the box,” Blinken said, referring to the 2015 nuclear deal to which the US seeks to return, and Israel opposes. Regardless of whether that effort succeeds, he said, “our commitment to the core principle that Iran can never acquire a nuclear weapon is unwavering.” “One way or another, we will continue to cooperate closely,” he stated. “Iran is not an Israeli problem,” Lapid said. “The whole world cannot allow there to be a nuclear Iran and cannot allow the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps to continue to spread terror across the globe.” Lapid: “Israel will do everything it thinks is right in order to stop the Iran nuclear program. Everything.” Lapid: “That is not a theoretical threat for us,” he added. “The Iranians want to destroy Israel. They won’t succeed. We won’t let them.” Blinken, US secretary of state: "[the Negev Summit ] would have been unthinkable just a few years ago,” and said the US is committed to expanding cooperation through the Abraham Accords. Blinken: "[will] affirm America’s ironclad commitment to Israel’s security.” Biden signed the omnibus funding bill that included $1 billion for the Iron Dome missile defense system. [https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/article-702431 JPost Negev Summit] [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/25/world/middleeast/israel-uae-bahrain-morocco-arab-summit.html NYTimes Negev Summit] 5 August 2022 [[Operation Breaking Dawn]] contra [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] in [[Gaza Strip]]: 20 militants and many civilians, with 1,100 rockets fired into Israels south and center, some misfiring and killing civilians in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Boxerman|first=Dov Lieber and Aaron|date=2022-08-08|title=Israel Reopens Gaza Crossing as Cease-Fire Holds|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/israel-reopens-gaza-crossing-as-cease-fire-holds-11659972963|access-date=2022-08-11|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> == 5784 - 2024 in context == === The [[w:Fall_of_the_Assad_regime#Israeli_invasion|2024 Fall of al-Assad Regime]] === '''The 1974 [[w:Agreement_on_Disengagement_between_Israel_and_Syria|Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria]]''' ({{langx|he|הסכם הפרדת הכוחות בין ישראל לסוריה}}, {{langx|ar|اتفاقية فك الاشتباك}}) was an agreement between [[w:Israel|Israel]] and [[w:Syria|Syria]] that was signed on May 31, 1974,<ref name="Osmańczyk20032">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDwDmuOEheIC&pg=PA2263|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F|author=Edmund Jan Osmańczyk|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2003|isbn=978-0-415-93921-8|pages=2263–}}</ref> which officially ended the [[w:Yom_Kippur_War|Yom Kippur War]] and the subsequent attrition period on the Syrian front.<ref name="United Nations Peacekeeping 19742">{{cite web|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/undof|title=UNDOF|date=1974-05-31|website=United Nations Peacekeeping|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref> Following the [[w:Fall_of_the_Assad_regime|fall of the Assad regime]], Israel has considered the agreement null and void, leading to the [[w:2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Syria|2024 Israeli invasion of Syria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c77jrrxxn07o|title=Israel seizes Golan buffer zone after Syrian troops leave posts|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-12-08}}</ref> WSJ: "An Israeli offensive aimed at rolling back Iranian influence pummeled Iran’s network of militia allies in the region, devastating Hamas in Gaza, Hezbollah in Lebanon and striking Iran’s shadow military network in Syria", which helped "opened the door for Hayat Tahrir al-Sham". "Iran told Assad help for his regime would be limited, if it came at all. Iranian officials blamed Assad for not preparing for the rebel assault and said they weren’t able to send military reinforcements because of Israel, according to Syrian officials. An Iranian plane headed toward Syria had to make a U-turn because of the threat of Israeli airstrikes, the officials said." "Rather than lend aid, Iran ordered its Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and affiliated militias to stay out of the fight, Syrian officials said. Iran then coordinated a safe exit for its personnel and cut a deal for its fighters to peacefully hand territory over to rebels."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/how-syria-rebels-ousted-assad-1b09d28d?page=1|title=The 11-Day Blitz by Syrian Rebels That Ended 50 Years of Assad Rule|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> [[w:he:שיחה:נפילת_משטר_אל-אסד_בסוריה#השפעת_כוחות_ישראל_בהתנגד_אירן]] 8 December: [[s:Remarks_by_President_Biden_on_the_Latest_Developments_in_Syria]]. But, {{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/joe-biden-syria-bashar-al-assad-white-house-israel-jake-sullivan-40f7db71?page=1|title=Biden Takes an Undeserved Syria Victory Lap|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}} === Lebanon: 2005 Cedar Revolution to the degradation of Hezbollah === 2005 [[w:Cedar_Revolution|Cedar Revolution]] ==Israel&mdash;Palestine== * [[Maccabean Revolt]] against the [[Seleucid Empire]] was fought by the [[Maccabees]] in [[Judea]] in 167-164 BCE, giving us [[Hannukah]]. *[[Arab-Israeli conflict]] 1948-1973 * [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] ongoing {{EGY}}<br> {{ISR}}<br />&nbsp;'''∟''' ''{{flagdeco|Israel}} [[Northern District (Israel)|Northern District]]''{{efn|[[Golan Heights]] was annexed to Israel's [[Northern District (Israel)|Northern District]] via [[Golan Heights Law]] but Israeli sovereignty over Golan is [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 497|not recognised internationally]].}}<br />&nbsp;'''∟''' ''{{flagicon image|Flag of the Israel Defense Forces.svg}} [[Judea and Samaria Area]]''<br />&nbsp;'''∟''' ''{{flagicon image|Flag of Jerusalem.svg}} [[East Jerusalem]]''{{efn|East Jerusalem was annexed to Israel via [[Jerusalem Law]] but Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is [[Status of Jerusalem|disputed]].}}<br /> {{JOR}}<br> {{LBN}}<br> {{flag|State of Palestine}}<br>{{small|([[Palestinian National Authority]])}}<br />&nbsp;'''∟''' {{flag|Gaza Strip}}{{efn|[[Governance of the Gaza Strip|Governed]] by [[Hamas]] [[Fatah–Hamas conflict|since 2007]].}}<br />&nbsp;'''∟''' {{flag|West Bank}}<br /> {{SYR}} * [[State of Palestine]], a ''de jure'' sovereign state in Western Asia * [[Palestine (region)]], a geographic region in Western Asia * [[Palestinian territories]], territories occupied by Israel since 1967, namely the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip * [[Palestinian enclaves]], the areas designated for Palestinians under a variety of US and Israeli-led proposals * [[Mandatory Palestine]] (1920–1948), a geopolitical entity under British administration * [[Timeline of the name "Palestine"]] lists other historic uses == Palestine Etymological considerations == The [[Philistines]] or [[Peleset]] were one of the mediterranean [[Sea Peoples|Sea-peoples]] of probably Aegean or Greek origin, from [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean civilization]]{{Cn|date=August 2022}}, who inhabited five major cities in Gaza coast in ancient times, and were thought by the Hebrews to have originated in [[Caphtor]] - Crete / Minoa. Per [[Martin Noth]], the name likely comes from the Aramaic word for Philistine. Noth also described a strong similarity between the word Palestine and the Greek word "palaistês" (wrestler/rival/adversary), which has the same meaning as the word "Israel."{{sfn|Noth|1939}} This was expanded by David Jacobson to theorize the name being a [[portmanteau]] of the word for Philistines with a direct translation of the word Israel into [[Greek language|Greek]] (in concordance with the Greek penchant for punning on place names.{{sfn|Jacobson|1999|p={{pn|date=February 2021}}|ps=: "In the earliest Classical literature references to Palestine generally applied to the Land of Israel in the wider sense. A reappraisal of this question has given rise to the proposition that the name Palestine, in its Greek form Palaistine, was both a transliteration of a word used to describe the land of the Philistines and, at the same time, a literal translation of the name Israel. This dual interpretation reconciles apparent contradictions in early definitions of the name Palaistine and is compatible with the Greeks' penchant for punning, especially on place names."}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Beloe |first=W. |title=Herodotus, Vol.II |location=London |year=1821 |page=269 |quote=It should be remembered that Syria is always regarded by Herodotus as synonymous with [[Assyria]]. What the Greeks called Palestine the Arabs call Falastin, which is the Philistines of Scripture. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyYIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA269}} (tr. from Greek, with notes)</ref> == References == <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== * {{cite book|last=Louvish|first=Misha|title=The Challenge Of Israel|publisher=Israel Universities Press|location=Jerusalem|date=1968|ASIN=B000OKO5U2}} * {{cite book |last=Montefiore |first=Simon Sebag |title=Jerusalem: The Biography |title-link=Jerusalem: The Biography |date=2011 |publisher=Vintage Books, Random House |ISBN=978-0-307-28050-3 |author-link=Simon Sebag Montefiore}} {{refend}} jsdwhtgvpgkpew0ztphussn6p43z5j2 2691313 2691299 2024-12-10T22:55:05Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* The 2024 Fall of al-Assad Regime */ 2691313 wikitext text/x-wiki This is reading list and study notes. resume is on [[User:Jaredscribe#Zionism, Palestine, Israel]] The [[Arab%E2%80%93Israeli alliance against Iran]] emerged in 2017. The [[February 2019 Warsaw Conference]] prepared the way for the [[Abraham Accords]], the [[Israel%E2%80%93United Arab Emirates normalization agreement]], and the {{slink|Arab%E2%80%93Israeli conflict#Israeli normalization with Gulf states and Sudan}} [[Negev Summit]] Recent phase of the [[Arab League and the Arab%E2%80%93Israeli conflict]] * 5 Iyar [[Independence Day (Israel)]], 15 May [[Nakba Day]] * 30 Nov [[Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran]] * Libyan [[Day_of_Revenge]]/Friendship? [[Proto-Zionism]] == [[Mandatory Palestine]] == {{blockquote| text=We have watched the rise and fall of this Palestine problem. In 1917 Jewish hopes were raised in all parts of the world. It was thought that at long last here was the Jewish Magna Carta. By 1921 Transjordan was lopped off; in 1922 free immigration became immigration on the basis of absorptive capacity; in 1933 land sales were restricted; in 1937, partition was accepted by the Government; and in 1938 partition was rejected by the Government; and in 1939 we see the funeral of the mandate."| author=[[Tom Williams, Baron Williams of Barnburgh|Tom Williams]] was member of Churchhill's [[Coalition Government 1940-1945]], and later of the government of [[Clement Attlee]] }} [[Haganah|Hagana]] [[Jewish Supernumerary Police|Supernumerary police]] [[Orde Wingate]] [[Havlagah|Havlaga Policy of Restraint]] [[Irgun]] [[Lehi (militant group)|Lehi]] Stern Dr. [[Chaim Weizmann]] [[Peel Commission]] [[Woodhead Commission]] 17 May [[White Paper of 1939|1939 White Paper]] 21st [[World Zionist Congress|Zionist Congress]] 28 Feb 1940 British gov't issued the land transfer regulations envisioned in the White Paper: Palestine divided into Zone A (only to Palestinian Arab), Zone B (Gov't discretion), Zone C (no restrictions). [[Jewish National Fund]]. == Israeli Independence and Arab Catastrophe == [[London Conference of 1946–47]] boycotted except by Arab League states, who argue against partition. [[United Nations Special Committee on Palestine|UNSCOP]] majority proposal 8/11, Zionist side accepts, Arab side rejects. General Assembly appoints [[Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question]] which .. 29 Nov 1947 [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine]], Resolution 181. Accepted by the [[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency]], rejected by Arab leaders. [[1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine]] breaks out. [[1947–1949 Palestine war]] duplicate? [[SS Exodus|SS Exodus 1947]] [[Arab Higher Committee]]: [[Grand Mufti of Jerusalem]] and president of [[Supreme Muslim Council]] [[Amin al-Husayni]], [[Raghib al-Nashashibi]] [[Plan Dalet]] March 1948 arms smuggling [[Operation Balak]] [[Va'ad Leumi]], [[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency]], Haganah Command, prominent figures from trade unions, religion, literature and arts, representatives of [[Yishuv|the Yishuv]], at the [[Tel Aviv Museum|Tel Aviv Museum hall]] 5 Iyar / 14 May [[David Ben-Gurion]] proclaims [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]], [[s:Declaration of Independence (Israel)]] [[Bevingrad]] British general [[Alan Cunningham]] Levett Machal [[Sar-El|Sar-el]] [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] == Divided 1951-1967 == [[King Abdullah of Jordan|King Abdullah]] crowned [[king of Jerusalem]] by the Coptic bishop. He had himself declared king of Palestine in Jericho, and renamed the realm "[[Kingdom of Jordan|United Kingdom of Jordan]]".{{Sfn|Montefiore|2011|p=504}} Appointed [[Raghib al-Nashashibi]] governer of West Bank and Custodian of the two harams (Jerusalem and Hebron) Appointed Sheikh [[Husam al-Jarallah]] as mufti. [[Farouk of Egypt|King Farouk]] overthrown by [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|Free Officers of Egypt]], led by general [[Mohamed Naguib|Muhammad Neguib]] and colonel [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Gamel Abdel Nasser]]. == Six Days and Jerusalem == , [[United Arab Republic]] [[Straits of Tiran]] blockade, [[Israeli passage through the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran]]. [[Six day war]] [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty]], [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty]], [[Israel–Saudi Arabia relations#Straits of Tiran]] ==5782&mdash;2022== Blinken and Lapid would head to Sde Boker for the [[w:Negev_Summit|Negev Summit]], along with their Bahraini, Egyptian, Emirati and Moroccan counterparts. Blinken called the Houthis’ attack on Iran “acts of terrorism enabled by Iran.” Blinken also pointed out that Iran continues to engage in aggressive actions throughout the Middle East and beyond, directly and through proxies, and spoke out against “mounting terrorist attacks by the Houthis on civilians and civilian infrastructure in the UAE and Saudi Arabia.” “The US will continue to stand up to Iran when it threatens us or our allies and partners,” Blinken said. The US believes “the [[w:JCPOA|JCPOA]] is the best way to put Iran back in the box,” Blinken said, referring to the 2015 nuclear deal to which the US seeks to return, and Israel opposes. Regardless of whether that effort succeeds, he said, “our commitment to the core principle that Iran can never acquire a nuclear weapon is unwavering.” “One way or another, we will continue to cooperate closely,” he stated. “Iran is not an Israeli problem,” Lapid said. “The whole world cannot allow there to be a nuclear Iran and cannot allow the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps to continue to spread terror across the globe.” Lapid: “Israel will do everything it thinks is right in order to stop the Iran nuclear program. Everything.” Lapid: “That is not a theoretical threat for us,” he added. “The Iranians want to destroy Israel. They won’t succeed. We won’t let them.” Blinken, US secretary of state: "[the Negev Summit ] would have been unthinkable just a few years ago,” and said the US is committed to expanding cooperation through the Abraham Accords. Blinken: "[will] affirm America’s ironclad commitment to Israel’s security.” Biden signed the omnibus funding bill that included $1 billion for the Iron Dome missile defense system. [https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/article-702431 JPost Negev Summit] [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/25/world/middleeast/israel-uae-bahrain-morocco-arab-summit.html NYTimes Negev Summit] 5 August 2022 [[Operation Breaking Dawn]] contra [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] in [[Gaza Strip]]: 20 militants and many civilians, with 1,100 rockets fired into Israels south and center, some misfiring and killing civilians in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Boxerman|first=Dov Lieber and Aaron|date=2022-08-08|title=Israel Reopens Gaza Crossing as Cease-Fire Holds|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/israel-reopens-gaza-crossing-as-cease-fire-holds-11659972963|access-date=2022-08-11|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> == 5784 - 2024 in context == === The [[w:Fall_of_the_Assad_regime#Israeli_invasion|2024 Fall of al-Assad Regime]] === '''The 1974 [[w:Agreement_on_Disengagement_between_Israel_and_Syria|Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria]]''' ({{langx|he|הסכם הפרדת הכוחות בין ישראל לסוריה}}, {{langx|ar|اتفاقية فك الاشتباك}}) was an agreement between [[w:Israel|Israel]] and [[w:Syria|Syria]] that was signed on May 31, 1974,<ref name="Osmańczyk20032">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDwDmuOEheIC&pg=PA2263|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F|author=Edmund Jan Osmańczyk|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2003|isbn=978-0-415-93921-8|pages=2263–}}</ref> which officially ended the [[w:Yom_Kippur_War|Yom Kippur War]] and the subsequent attrition period on the Syrian front.<ref name="United Nations Peacekeeping 19742">{{cite web|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/undof|title=UNDOF|date=1974-05-31|website=United Nations Peacekeeping|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref> Following the [[w:Fall_of_the_Assad_regime|fall of the Assad regime]], Israel has considered the agreement null and void, leading to the [[w:2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Syria|2024 Israeli invasion of Syria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c77jrrxxn07o|title=Israel seizes Golan buffer zone after Syrian troops leave posts|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-12-08}}</ref> WSJ: "An Israeli offensive aimed at rolling back Iranian influence pummeled Iran’s network of militia allies in the region, devastating Hamas in Gaza, Hezbollah in Lebanon and striking Iran’s shadow military network in Syria", which helped "opened the door for Hayat Tahrir al-Sham". "Iran told Assad help for his regime would be limited, if it came at all. Iranian officials blamed Assad for not preparing for the rebel assault and said they weren’t able to send military reinforcements because of Israel, according to Syrian officials. An Iranian plane headed toward Syria had to make a U-turn because of the threat of Israeli airstrikes, the officials said." "Rather than lend aid, Iran ordered its Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and affiliated militias to stay out of the fight, Syrian officials said. Iran then coordinated a safe exit for its personnel and cut a deal for its fighters to peacefully hand territory over to rebels."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/how-syria-rebels-ousted-assad-1b09d28d?page=1|title=The 11-Day Blitz by Syrian Rebels That Ended 50 Years of Assad Rule|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> [[w:he:שיחה:נפילת_משטר_אל-אסד_בסוריה#השפעת_כוחות_ישראל_בהתנגד_אירן]] [[w:he:שיחה:נפילת_משטר_אל-אסד_בסוריה#נשיא_אה"ב_ג'ו_ביידן_תבע_אשראי]] 8 December: [[s:Remarks_by_President_Biden_on_the_Latest_Developments_in_Syria]]. But, {{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/joe-biden-syria-bashar-al-assad-white-house-israel-jake-sullivan-40f7db71?page=1|title=Biden Takes an Undeserved Syria Victory Lap|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}} === Lebanon: 2005 Cedar Revolution to the degradation of Hezbollah === 2005 [[w:Cedar_Revolution|Cedar Revolution]] ==Israel&mdash;Palestine== * [[Maccabean Revolt]] against the [[Seleucid Empire]] was fought by the [[Maccabees]] in [[Judea]] in 167-164 BCE, giving us [[Hannukah]]. *[[Arab-Israeli conflict]] 1948-1973 * [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] ongoing {{EGY}}<br> {{ISR}}<br />&nbsp;'''∟''' ''{{flagdeco|Israel}} [[Northern District (Israel)|Northern District]]''{{efn|[[Golan Heights]] was annexed to Israel's [[Northern District (Israel)|Northern District]] via [[Golan Heights Law]] but Israeli sovereignty over Golan is [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 497|not recognised internationally]].}}<br />&nbsp;'''∟''' ''{{flagicon image|Flag of the Israel Defense Forces.svg}} [[Judea and Samaria Area]]''<br />&nbsp;'''∟''' ''{{flagicon image|Flag of Jerusalem.svg}} [[East Jerusalem]]''{{efn|East Jerusalem was annexed to Israel via [[Jerusalem Law]] but Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is [[Status of Jerusalem|disputed]].}}<br /> {{JOR}}<br> {{LBN}}<br> {{flag|State of Palestine}}<br>{{small|([[Palestinian National Authority]])}}<br />&nbsp;'''∟''' {{flag|Gaza Strip}}{{efn|[[Governance of the Gaza Strip|Governed]] by [[Hamas]] [[Fatah–Hamas conflict|since 2007]].}}<br />&nbsp;'''∟''' {{flag|West Bank}}<br /> {{SYR}} * [[State of Palestine]], a ''de jure'' sovereign state in Western Asia * [[Palestine (region)]], a geographic region in Western Asia * [[Palestinian territories]], territories occupied by Israel since 1967, namely the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip * [[Palestinian enclaves]], the areas designated for Palestinians under a variety of US and Israeli-led proposals * [[Mandatory Palestine]] (1920–1948), a geopolitical entity under British administration * [[Timeline of the name "Palestine"]] lists other historic uses == Palestine Etymological considerations == The [[Philistines]] or [[Peleset]] were one of the mediterranean [[Sea Peoples|Sea-peoples]] of probably Aegean or Greek origin, from [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean civilization]]{{Cn|date=August 2022}}, who inhabited five major cities in Gaza coast in ancient times, and were thought by the Hebrews to have originated in [[Caphtor]] - Crete / Minoa. Per [[Martin Noth]], the name likely comes from the Aramaic word for Philistine. Noth also described a strong similarity between the word Palestine and the Greek word "palaistês" (wrestler/rival/adversary), which has the same meaning as the word "Israel."{{sfn|Noth|1939}} This was expanded by David Jacobson to theorize the name being a [[portmanteau]] of the word for Philistines with a direct translation of the word Israel into [[Greek language|Greek]] (in concordance with the Greek penchant for punning on place names.{{sfn|Jacobson|1999|p={{pn|date=February 2021}}|ps=: "In the earliest Classical literature references to Palestine generally applied to the Land of Israel in the wider sense. A reappraisal of this question has given rise to the proposition that the name Palestine, in its Greek form Palaistine, was both a transliteration of a word used to describe the land of the Philistines and, at the same time, a literal translation of the name Israel. This dual interpretation reconciles apparent contradictions in early definitions of the name Palaistine and is compatible with the Greeks' penchant for punning, especially on place names."}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Beloe |first=W. |title=Herodotus, Vol.II |location=London |year=1821 |page=269 |quote=It should be remembered that Syria is always regarded by Herodotus as synonymous with [[Assyria]]. What the Greeks called Palestine the Arabs call Falastin, which is the Philistines of Scripture. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyYIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA269}} (tr. from Greek, with notes)</ref> == References == <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== * {{cite book|last=Louvish|first=Misha|title=The Challenge Of Israel|publisher=Israel Universities Press|location=Jerusalem|date=1968|ASIN=B000OKO5U2}} * {{cite book |last=Montefiore |first=Simon Sebag |title=Jerusalem: The Biography |title-link=Jerusalem: The Biography |date=2011 |publisher=Vintage Books, Random House |ISBN=978-0-307-28050-3 |author-link=Simon Sebag Montefiore}} {{refend}} 9x51pxthenf8w79lc1vlttb2olgc8oj 3 317119 2691330 2691159 2024-12-11T02:17:57Z Jaredscribe 2906761 restate learning objectives 2691330 wikitext text/x-wiki == Original research for a Broad-concept wikipedia article == Earlier intended as a [[Wikipedia:Broad-concept_article]] for our sister project, this research project is moved here in order to further broaden the scope, and to enable Original Research into the primary sources. That will allow us to more thoroughly investigate the Science, Technology, Industrial Engineering, and Mathematics behind this effort, and more deeply analyze it. In addition to science learning opportunity and an industrial case study, this is a forward-looking proposal that should interest any environmental conservationist, or anyone else who has contemplated a [[w:Fossil fuel phase-out|fossil-fuel phase-out]] leading to a [[w:Energy transition|renewable energy transition]] in order to prevent [[w:civilizational collapse|civilizational collapse]] and/or promote a [[w:sustainable energy economy|low-carbon economy]]. Those are the objectives with this course is aiming to promote, if any - the industry as a whole, and for the sake of these humanitarian and environmentalist goals. I hope to expand the research someday to include studies on EVs other than Tesla, Inc., or other than American companies. * [[Wikiversity:Original_research]] * [[Wikiversity:Research_ethics]] * [[Wikiversity:Research_guidelines]] [[User:Jaredscribe|Jaredscribe]] ([[User talk:Jaredscribe|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jaredscribe|contribs]]) 04:02, 10 December 2024 (UTC) naantyneghac5kq9v67t1sbote8kzjb 0 317124 2691211 2691205 2024-12-10T12:07:12Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky contains various notes on epistemology, the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. A key inspiration is Karl Popper. Various observations will be sort of trivial, but one may sometimes benefit from going over platitutes. Epistemology is to cover both any knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular. It therefore overlaps philosophy of science. Epistemology can be a worthwhile exercise. Its results can be at least in part counterintuitive. To me, the Popperian doctrine that we can never really conclusively verify scientific theories and that any genuine verification is an attempted falsification is very instructive and revealing. (Popper sometimes uses the word corroboration instead of verification to emphasize the inconclusive character.) == Certain knowledge == One doctrine states that mathematics possesses certain knowledge whereas empirical sciences possess uncertain knowledge. Einstein made a point to that effect. Lakatos extended Popperian falsificationism in part to mathematics, in his ''Proofs and Refutations''. Thus, there can be certain tentativeness even in mathematics. The uncertainty of knowledge is demonstrated by the overcoming of Newtonian mechanics with Einstein's mechanics. Newtoning mechanics seemed to be so convincing verified and final, yet it turned out to be merely approximate, failing e.g. for high velocities. (One does not need to study philosophy to note as much; study of physics suffices. One may thus claim that this result does not stem from the field of philosophy and that philosophers merely reflect on what physics would have made clear without them anyway. But it is perhaps still useful to drive the point home as forcefully as Popper did, against Marx, Freud and Adler. Popper does not state that all that e.g. Freud states is wrong; his point is that it is not scientific.) == Everyday knowledge == There are countless examples of everyday knowledge for which we feel certain from direct sensory experience that we know something. Thus, we think to know that e.g. there is a domestic cat over there or that the tree over there is a fir. In addition to sensory experience, we also often rely on verbal reports (whether auditory or in writing) and call the result knowledge, but this use of the word knowledge appears rather debatable to me. Nonetheless, Wikipedia aims to collect knowledge, or so it says. A simple heuristic scheme one can sometimes find in literature is this: * To see --> to know. * To have heard --> to believe (without necessarily knowing). Of course, the mapping is merely heuristic; one can read something (and thus see) and merely believe what one sees and one can hear the sound of the motorcycle engine and thus know (rather than being subject to hearsay). == Knowledge in mathematics == Mathematics is thought to have certain knowledge due to using conclusive proofs. But one can put this to doubt, as is suggested by Hofstadter. Since, we do not have perfect certainty (in principle) that the systems of proof that we are using are consistent, meaning contradiction free. One can also argue as follows: human minds are mammalian brains evolved as part of natural selection. Human methods of knowing may be merely adequate for survival and reproduction (and other gene support). It may turn out that the human brain hardware contains platform-wide defects that would lead all practicing mathematicians to recognize the same kinds of proofs as conclusive which in fact were inconclusive. I find this line of argument interesting and thought-provoking but very hard to accept. I tend to side with those who claim that mathematics has certain knowledge. Or at least some mathematics; Lakatos criticism is to be taken seriously. And one can recall that Newton's and Leibniz calculus was originally in, say, somewhat provisional state, lacking the rigor that modern mathematics requires. Perhaps the picture is more complicated and varied than one would want to believe. == Unprovable knowledge == Unprovable knowledge exists. If I roll a die, observe the result, remember the result, and roll the die several times again, I know the outcome bar failure of memory but I have no way of proving it to anyone. This applies to a range of situations. It seems plausible that someone may succeed in committing, say, a murder and hiding all traces or traces of having done so. == Documented knowledge == Above, I noted the thought experiment with rolling a die, and then having no means of proving the outcome. I can improve my chances of proving that by taking a record of the outcome. I could then show the record in the court of law. The proof/evidence would be inconclusive since I could have cheated or make some wild mistake when taking the record. But the record is stronger evidence than memory, since human experience generally shows human memory to be all too often frail. I can use the record later not only to convince the court but also myself. Since I too know that human memory is frail, whereas sheets of paper with writing or typing do not undergo a change in which some words get changed or similar. Textual record necessarily leads to considerable loss. Knowledge obtained through eyesight about an object is much richer than the propositional knowledge captured in sentences. This is in part addressed by photography and videorecording as well as sound recording. == Induction == I believe Popper is correct in stating that induction does not work to demarcate science from non-science. Moreover, it seems to me that induction hardly ever works at all. That is to say, if we have a predicate F, no amount of affirming instances of F would alone lead us to conclusion that for all x, F x (F is true of X). This also obtains for the more narrow form where F is in fact F ==> G. This is obvious in mathematics: we can have an arbitrarily large number of even numbers, but this does not lead us to conclude that all positive integers are even numbers; in this case, F is positive integer and G is even number. That is to say, we have a large set of examples meeting F and G, and thus meeting F ==> G, but that does not lead us to generalize that for all x, F x ==> G x. The situation is similar in sciences. Since, let us take F to be mammal and G to be domestic cat. Our seeing additional cats (examples of F and G) does not lead us to conclude that universally F == G, that is, that all mammals are cats. Instead, we consider the existence of refuting instances (e.g. dogs) and close the case as rejected. A meaningful investigation of a hypothesis of the form for "all x, F x ==> G x" involves above all considering the store of all observations (in the mind or elsewhere) to check whether there are refuting instances. Additional step involves trying to find as many or varied instances of F since these are the ones that can lead to discovery of additional falsifiers, F x and not G x. That's how it seems to me. A proper research in the literature on induction could perhaps lead me to a different conclusion or a correction of the above. By induction I here mean induction in sciences, not mathematical induction. I constrained the concept of induction to exclude extrapolation and interpolation; it could perhaps be used more broadly to include those. == Incompleteness of knowledge == Some of the Gödel's results are sometimes used to point out necessary incompleteness of mathematical knowledge. Thus, not only cannot human mind achieve all mathematical knowledge, not even machines can ever achieve it. One may trivialize the matter by pointing out that we cannot even know all the statements of the form X + Y = Z for three integers for lack of memory and such, but that is not the point. It seems also likely that we will never have complete (empirical) scientific knowledge. At a minimum, predictive knowledge about future will be out of bounds dues to chaos or computational irreducibility. One could still hope to discover the ultimate fundamental physical laws, without being able to use them to predict everything. == Authority and sourcing from publications == One often uses sourcing from publications. Interestingly enough, Popper scorns this as a method of doing science at least in one piece of writing. The theory of scientific method is not usually concerned with sourcing from publications. Einstein's famous special relativity paper does not contain much sourcing, if I remember correctly; better find the paper. I view sourcing with a heavy dose of skepticism. Yet I cannot do without it. Things can be improved by differentiation: are we sourcing math or are we sourcing nutrition science (spinach has iron?). One can investigate various fields and their history of success and treat them accordingly, with higher skepticism as justified by the experience with the field. One can for instance suspect that math results will be more international or interculturar than history, where nations have strong interest to skew things or spin them in their favor or direction. In mathematics classes in the high school and university, we almost never worked with "reliable sources"; we instead proved everything or almost everything. The teachers hardly ever invoked their authority, if at all; the authority was there of the proof, and the student had to verify the proof. Of course, this is perhaps somewhat idealized; the authority of the teacher perhaps does play a role, even in mathematics. == Justified true belief == Knowledge is sometimes defined as justified true belief. That is to say, I know X if I believe it, X is true and I am justified in believing it. There is criticism of this definition/characterization. For one thing, as long as we use the word knowledge to refer to uncertain knowledge, things known to be true are not logically necessarily true (which seems like a paradox or contradiction since the word to know implies perfect certainty, but that cannot really be the case). Another criticism concerns the requirement of justification. Popper denies that knowledge is justified. But the idea of justification is plausible; in mathematics, we only know a theorem to be true if we have a proof. One could counter that axioms are not proven, to which one may respond that axioms are definitions in disguise and that theorems in ultimate analysis point to statements of the form, if axioms such-and-such are true, the following theorems are true. Yet another criticism applies to the genus of belief. As long as knowledge can be contains in a book, it does not seem to be belief. By contrast, knowledge in a mind does seem to be species of belief if one extends the concept of belief enought to include knowledge. This extension is perhaps required since otherwise, one would say that if one believes something, it implies one does not know it; and thus, knowledge and belief would be coordinate terms rather than one being subordinate to the other. == Knowledge in plants == From what I remember, Popper indicates innate expectations of organism to be something like knowledge. Thus, a plant adapted to presence of sunlight via chlorophyl as if states, there is sunlight in the environment. I find this point interesting, but it perhaps stretches the concept of knowledge. == Knowledge of historical statements == According to Popper, existential statements in sciences are not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. This seems rather counter-intuitive, but has some force. Thus, the statement that there is a teapot orbiting the Earth (Russell? Dawkins?) is not falsifiable/testable and does not have a scientific character. This can be extended to historical statements. The statements of historiography would then be non-scientific. This seems strange but also not entirely so. Since, e.g. Newton's mechanics applies at all locations and all time points, so it runs the risk of being refuted in future. By contrast, the statement that the battle of Waterloo took place in year so-and-so and was between parties so-and-so does not directly run the risk of being refuted by a future event; it is not universally quantified. The textul historical record becomes an important source of (putative) knowledge, but that is not so in physics, chemistry or biology. I should perhaps learn more about the matter by studying methodology of historical and historiographic fields. == Reason vs. experience == There is some kind of discussion about reason vs. experience in how we know things, relating to rationalism vs. empiricism. I cannot make much sense of it. I would argue that all or nearly all epistemic processes contain both elements of experience and reason. Since, concerning everyday knowledge, we recieve perceptual objects in the mind, e.g. the visual perception of a cat. The visual perception appears raw in a sense, uninterpreted. But in fact, what is really uninterpreted is the retinal image; what enters the mind is merely based on that retinal image, enriched with inferred physical properties. And thus, something like reason (inference) is part of the perceptual cat, before anything like reason in narrow sense was applied. Let us consider mirage. The raw sensory experience tells us we see something we do not see. And we use reason (informed by other experience) that what we see cannot be real. Both elements are present. In mathematics, one could argue that it is based on reason and not experience. But I do not find that convincing. We know that our proving methods work in part from experience. That said, I fully recognize the contrast between mathematical knowledge and empirical knowledge. hbcfltu7jj6h0aseap3tajcj6yx2byk 2691213 2691211 2024-12-10T12:14:28Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky contains various notes on epistemology, the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. A key inspiration is Karl Popper. Various observations will be sort of trivial, but one may sometimes benefit from going over platitutes. Epistemology is to cover both any knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular. It therefore overlaps philosophy of science. Epistemology can be a worthwhile exercise. Its results can be at least in part counterintuitive. To me, the Popperian doctrine that we can never really conclusively verify scientific theories and that any genuine verification is an attempted falsification is very instructive and revealing. (Popper sometimes uses the word corroboration instead of verification to emphasize the inconclusive character.) == Certain knowledge == One doctrine states that mathematics possesses certain knowledge whereas empirical sciences possess uncertain knowledge. Einstein made a point to that effect. Lakatos extended Popperian falsificationism in part to mathematics, in his ''Proofs and Refutations''. Thus, there can be certain tentativeness even in mathematics. The uncertainty of knowledge is demonstrated by the overcoming of Newtonian mechanics with Einstein's mechanics. Newtoning mechanics seemed to be so convincing verified and final, yet it turned out to be merely approximate, failing e.g. for high velocities. (One does not need to study philosophy to note as much; study of physics suffices. One may thus claim that this result does not stem from the field of philosophy and that philosophers merely reflect on what physics would have made clear without them anyway. But it is perhaps still useful to drive the point home as forcefully as Popper did, against Marx, Freud and Adler. Popper does not state that all that e.g. Freud states is wrong; his point is that it is not scientific.) == Everyday knowledge == There are countless examples of everyday knowledge for which we feel certain from direct sensory experience that we know something. Thus, we think to know that e.g. there is a domestic cat over there or that the tree over there is a fir. In addition to sensory experience, we also often rely on verbal reports (whether auditory or in writing) and call the result knowledge, but this use of the word knowledge appears rather debatable to me. Nonetheless, Wikipedia aims to collect knowledge, or so it says. A simple heuristic scheme one can sometimes find in literature is this: * To see --> to know. * To have heard --> to believe (without necessarily knowing). Of course, the mapping is merely heuristic; one can read something (and thus see) and merely believe what one sees and one can hear the sound of the motorcycle engine and thus know (rather than being subject to hearsay). == Knowledge in mathematics == Mathematics is thought to have certain knowledge due to using conclusive proofs. But one can put this to doubt, as is suggested by Hofstadter. Since, we do not have perfect certainty (in principle) that the systems of proof that we are using are consistent, meaning contradiction free. One can also argue as follows: human minds are mammalian brains evolved as part of natural selection. Human methods of knowing may be merely adequate for survival and reproduction (and other gene support). It may turn out that the human brain hardware contains platform-wide defects that would lead all practicing mathematicians to recognize the same kinds of proofs as conclusive which in fact were inconclusive. I find this line of argument interesting and thought-provoking but very hard to accept. I tend to side with those who claim that mathematics has certain knowledge. Or at least some mathematics; Lakatos criticism is to be taken seriously. And one can recall that Newton's and Leibniz calculus was originally in, say, somewhat provisional state, lacking the rigor that modern mathematics requires. Perhaps the picture is more complicated and varied than one would want to believe. == Unprovable knowledge == Unprovable knowledge exists. If I roll a die, observe the result, remember the result, and roll the die several times again, I know the outcome bar failure of memory but I have no way of proving it to anyone. This applies to a range of situations. It seems plausible that someone may succeed in committing, say, a murder and hiding all traces or traces of having done so. == Documented knowledge == Above, I noted the thought experiment with rolling a die, and then having no means of proving the outcome. I can improve my chances of proving that by taking a record of the outcome. I could then show the record in the court of law. The proof/evidence would be inconclusive since I could have cheated or make some wild mistake when taking the record. But the record is stronger evidence than memory, since human experience generally shows human memory to be all too often frail. I can use the record later not only to convince the court but also myself. Since I too know that human memory is frail, whereas sheets of paper with writing or typing do not undergo a change in which some words get changed or similar. Textual record necessarily leads to considerable loss. Knowledge obtained through eyesight about an object is much richer than the propositional knowledge captured in sentences. This is in part addressed by photography and videorecording as well as sound recording. == Induction == I believe Popper is correct in stating that induction does not work to demarcate science from non-science. Moreover, it seems to me that induction hardly ever works at all. That is to say, if we have a predicate F, no amount of affirming instances of F would alone lead us to conclusion that for all x, F x (F is true of X). This also obtains for the more narrow form where F is in fact F ==> G. This is obvious in mathematics: we can have an arbitrarily large number of even numbers, but this does not lead us to conclude that all positive integers are even numbers; in this case, F is positive integer and G is even number. That is to say, we have a large set of examples meeting F and G, and thus meeting F ==> G, but that does not lead us to generalize that for all x, F x ==> G x. The situation is similar in sciences. Since, let us take F to be mammal and G to be domestic cat. Our seeing additional cats (examples of F and G) does not lead us to conclude that universally F == G, that is, that all mammals are cats. Instead, we consider the existence of refuting instances (e.g. dogs) and close the case as rejected. A meaningful investigation of a hypothesis of the form for "all x, F x ==> G x" involves above all considering the store of all observations (in the mind or elsewhere) to check whether there are refuting instances. Additional step involves trying to find as many or varied instances of F since these are the ones that can lead to discovery of additional falsifiers, F x and not G x. That's how it seems to me. A proper research in the literature on induction could perhaps lead me to a different conclusion or a correction of the above. By induction I here mean induction in sciences, not mathematical induction. I constrained the concept of induction to exclude extrapolation and interpolation; it could perhaps be used more broadly to include those. == Incompleteness of knowledge == Some of the Gödel's results are sometimes used to point out necessary incompleteness of mathematical knowledge. Thus, not only cannot human mind achieve all mathematical knowledge, not even machines can ever achieve it. One may trivialize the matter by pointing out that we cannot even know all the statements of the form X + Y = Z for three integers for lack of memory and such, but that is not the point. It seems also likely that we will never have complete (empirical) scientific knowledge. At a minimum, predictive knowledge about future will be out of bounds dues to chaos or computational irreducibility. One could still hope to discover the ultimate fundamental physical laws, without being able to use them to predict everything. == Authority and sourcing from publications == One often uses sourcing from publications. Interestingly enough, Popper scorns this as a method of doing science at least in one piece of writing. The theory of scientific method is not usually concerned with sourcing from publications. Einstein's famous special relativity paper does not contain much sourcing, if I remember correctly; better find the paper. I view sourcing with a heavy dose of skepticism. Yet I cannot do without it. Things can be improved by differentiation: are we sourcing math or are we sourcing nutrition science (spinach has iron?). One can investigate various fields and their history of success and treat them accordingly, with higher skepticism as justified by the experience with the field. One can for instance suspect that math results will be more international or interculturar than history, where nations have strong interest to skew things or spin them in their favor or direction. In mathematics classes in the high school and university, we almost never worked with "reliable sources"; we instead proved everything or almost everything. The teachers hardly ever invoked their authority, if at all; the authority was there of the proof, and the student had to verify the proof. Of course, this is perhaps somewhat idealized; the authority of the teacher perhaps does play a role, even in mathematics. == Justified true belief == Knowledge is sometimes defined as justified true belief. That is to say, I know X if I believe it, X is true and I am justified in believing it. There is criticism of this definition/characterization. For one thing, as long as we use the word knowledge to refer to uncertain knowledge, things known to be true are not logically necessarily true (which seems like a paradox or contradiction since the word to know implies perfect certainty, but that cannot really be the case). Another criticism concerns the requirement of justification. Popper denies that knowledge is justified. But the idea of justification is plausible; in mathematics, we only know a theorem to be true if we have a proof. One could counter that axioms are not proven, to which one may respond that axioms are definitions in disguise and that theorems in ultimate analysis point to statements of the form, if axioms such-and-such are true, the following theorems are true. Yet another criticism applies to the genus of belief. As long as knowledge can be contains in a book, it does not seem to be belief. By contrast, knowledge in a mind does seem to be species of belief if one extends the concept of belief enought to include knowledge. This extension is perhaps required since otherwise, one would say that if one believes something, it implies one does not know it; and thus, knowledge and belief would be coordinate terms rather than one being subordinate to the other. == Knowledge in plants == From what I remember, Popper indicates innate expectations of organism to be something like knowledge. Thus, a plant adapted to presence of sunlight via chlorophyl as if states, there is sunlight in the environment. I find this point interesting, but it perhaps stretches the concept of knowledge. == Knowledge of historical statements == According to Popper, existential statements in sciences are not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. This seems rather counter-intuitive, but has some force. Thus, the statement that there is a teapot orbiting the Earth (Russell? Dawkins?) is not falsifiable/testable and does not have a scientific character. This can be extended to historical statements. The statements of historiography would then be non-scientific. This seems strange but also not entirely so. Since, e.g. Newton's mechanics applies at all locations and all time points, so it runs the risk of being refuted in future. By contrast, the statement that the battle of Waterloo took place in year so-and-so and was between parties so-and-so does not directly run the risk of being refuted by a future event; it is not universally quantified. The textul historical record becomes an important source of (putative) knowledge, but that is not so in physics, chemistry or biology. I should perhaps learn more about the matter by studying methodology of historical and historiographic fields. == Reason vs. experience == There is some kind of discussion about reason vs. experience in how we know things, relating to rationalism vs. empiricism. I cannot make much sense of it. I would argue that all or nearly all epistemic processes contain both elements of experience and reason. Since, concerning everyday knowledge, we recieve perceptual objects in the mind, e.g. the visual perception of a cat. The visual perception appears raw in a sense, uninterpreted. But in fact, what is really uninterpreted is the retinal image; what enters the mind is merely based on that retinal image, enriched with inferred physical properties. And thus, something like reason (inference) is part of the perceptual cat, before anything like reason in narrow sense was applied. Let us consider mirage. The raw sensory experience tells us we see something we do not see. And we use reason (informed by other experience) that what we see cannot be real. Both elements are present. In mathematics, one could argue that it is based on reason and not experience. But I do not find that convincing. We know that our proving methods work in part from experience. That said, I fully recognize the contrast between mathematical knowledge and empirical knowledge. We know very little by reason or critical thinking alone. Never direct your eyes to the sky and never engage in careful observation. Instead, lock yourself in an ivory tower and have a computer to do large-scale speculative simulations and analysis. You may find out about e.g. mathematical fractals or the road to chaos, but even about the stars. No amount of analysis can compensate for missing observation and experiment and for the missing observational and experimental instrumentation. == Instrumentation == Large portions of science do not get very far without instrumentation, including telescopes, microscopes, measuring devices but also computers (computing and information storage and retrieval devices). These instruments enhance our getting to know, or make it possible in the first place. 3da2a7g9li90ph5a7xlor5ox31rcqzr 2691214 2691213 2024-12-10T12:15:14Z Dan Polansky 33469 /* Reason vs. experience */ 2691214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky contains various notes on epistemology, the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. A key inspiration is Karl Popper. Various observations will be sort of trivial, but one may sometimes benefit from going over platitutes. Epistemology is to cover both any knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular. It therefore overlaps philosophy of science. Epistemology can be a worthwhile exercise. Its results can be at least in part counterintuitive. To me, the Popperian doctrine that we can never really conclusively verify scientific theories and that any genuine verification is an attempted falsification is very instructive and revealing. (Popper sometimes uses the word corroboration instead of verification to emphasize the inconclusive character.) == Certain knowledge == One doctrine states that mathematics possesses certain knowledge whereas empirical sciences possess uncertain knowledge. Einstein made a point to that effect. Lakatos extended Popperian falsificationism in part to mathematics, in his ''Proofs and Refutations''. Thus, there can be certain tentativeness even in mathematics. The uncertainty of knowledge is demonstrated by the overcoming of Newtonian mechanics with Einstein's mechanics. Newtoning mechanics seemed to be so convincing verified and final, yet it turned out to be merely approximate, failing e.g. for high velocities. (One does not need to study philosophy to note as much; study of physics suffices. One may thus claim that this result does not stem from the field of philosophy and that philosophers merely reflect on what physics would have made clear without them anyway. But it is perhaps still useful to drive the point home as forcefully as Popper did, against Marx, Freud and Adler. Popper does not state that all that e.g. Freud states is wrong; his point is that it is not scientific.) == Everyday knowledge == There are countless examples of everyday knowledge for which we feel certain from direct sensory experience that we know something. Thus, we think to know that e.g. there is a domestic cat over there or that the tree over there is a fir. In addition to sensory experience, we also often rely on verbal reports (whether auditory or in writing) and call the result knowledge, but this use of the word knowledge appears rather debatable to me. Nonetheless, Wikipedia aims to collect knowledge, or so it says. A simple heuristic scheme one can sometimes find in literature is this: * To see --> to know. * To have heard --> to believe (without necessarily knowing). Of course, the mapping is merely heuristic; one can read something (and thus see) and merely believe what one sees and one can hear the sound of the motorcycle engine and thus know (rather than being subject to hearsay). == Knowledge in mathematics == Mathematics is thought to have certain knowledge due to using conclusive proofs. But one can put this to doubt, as is suggested by Hofstadter. Since, we do not have perfect certainty (in principle) that the systems of proof that we are using are consistent, meaning contradiction free. One can also argue as follows: human minds are mammalian brains evolved as part of natural selection. Human methods of knowing may be merely adequate for survival and reproduction (and other gene support). It may turn out that the human brain hardware contains platform-wide defects that would lead all practicing mathematicians to recognize the same kinds of proofs as conclusive which in fact were inconclusive. I find this line of argument interesting and thought-provoking but very hard to accept. I tend to side with those who claim that mathematics has certain knowledge. Or at least some mathematics; Lakatos criticism is to be taken seriously. And one can recall that Newton's and Leibniz calculus was originally in, say, somewhat provisional state, lacking the rigor that modern mathematics requires. Perhaps the picture is more complicated and varied than one would want to believe. == Unprovable knowledge == Unprovable knowledge exists. If I roll a die, observe the result, remember the result, and roll the die several times again, I know the outcome bar failure of memory but I have no way of proving it to anyone. This applies to a range of situations. It seems plausible that someone may succeed in committing, say, a murder and hiding all traces or traces of having done so. == Documented knowledge == Above, I noted the thought experiment with rolling a die, and then having no means of proving the outcome. I can improve my chances of proving that by taking a record of the outcome. I could then show the record in the court of law. The proof/evidence would be inconclusive since I could have cheated or make some wild mistake when taking the record. But the record is stronger evidence than memory, since human experience generally shows human memory to be all too often frail. I can use the record later not only to convince the court but also myself. Since I too know that human memory is frail, whereas sheets of paper with writing or typing do not undergo a change in which some words get changed or similar. Textual record necessarily leads to considerable loss. Knowledge obtained through eyesight about an object is much richer than the propositional knowledge captured in sentences. This is in part addressed by photography and videorecording as well as sound recording. == Induction == I believe Popper is correct in stating that induction does not work to demarcate science from non-science. Moreover, it seems to me that induction hardly ever works at all. That is to say, if we have a predicate F, no amount of affirming instances of F would alone lead us to conclusion that for all x, F x (F is true of X). This also obtains for the more narrow form where F is in fact F ==> G. This is obvious in mathematics: we can have an arbitrarily large number of even numbers, but this does not lead us to conclude that all positive integers are even numbers; in this case, F is positive integer and G is even number. That is to say, we have a large set of examples meeting F and G, and thus meeting F ==> G, but that does not lead us to generalize that for all x, F x ==> G x. The situation is similar in sciences. Since, let us take F to be mammal and G to be domestic cat. Our seeing additional cats (examples of F and G) does not lead us to conclude that universally F == G, that is, that all mammals are cats. Instead, we consider the existence of refuting instances (e.g. dogs) and close the case as rejected. A meaningful investigation of a hypothesis of the form for "all x, F x ==> G x" involves above all considering the store of all observations (in the mind or elsewhere) to check whether there are refuting instances. Additional step involves trying to find as many or varied instances of F since these are the ones that can lead to discovery of additional falsifiers, F x and not G x. That's how it seems to me. A proper research in the literature on induction could perhaps lead me to a different conclusion or a correction of the above. By induction I here mean induction in sciences, not mathematical induction. I constrained the concept of induction to exclude extrapolation and interpolation; it could perhaps be used more broadly to include those. == Incompleteness of knowledge == Some of the Gödel's results are sometimes used to point out necessary incompleteness of mathematical knowledge. Thus, not only cannot human mind achieve all mathematical knowledge, not even machines can ever achieve it. One may trivialize the matter by pointing out that we cannot even know all the statements of the form X + Y = Z for three integers for lack of memory and such, but that is not the point. It seems also likely that we will never have complete (empirical) scientific knowledge. At a minimum, predictive knowledge about future will be out of bounds dues to chaos or computational irreducibility. One could still hope to discover the ultimate fundamental physical laws, without being able to use them to predict everything. == Authority and sourcing from publications == One often uses sourcing from publications. Interestingly enough, Popper scorns this as a method of doing science at least in one piece of writing. The theory of scientific method is not usually concerned with sourcing from publications. Einstein's famous special relativity paper does not contain much sourcing, if I remember correctly; better find the paper. I view sourcing with a heavy dose of skepticism. Yet I cannot do without it. Things can be improved by differentiation: are we sourcing math or are we sourcing nutrition science (spinach has iron?). One can investigate various fields and their history of success and treat them accordingly, with higher skepticism as justified by the experience with the field. One can for instance suspect that math results will be more international or interculturar than history, where nations have strong interest to skew things or spin them in their favor or direction. In mathematics classes in the high school and university, we almost never worked with "reliable sources"; we instead proved everything or almost everything. The teachers hardly ever invoked their authority, if at all; the authority was there of the proof, and the student had to verify the proof. Of course, this is perhaps somewhat idealized; the authority of the teacher perhaps does play a role, even in mathematics. == Justified true belief == Knowledge is sometimes defined as justified true belief. That is to say, I know X if I believe it, X is true and I am justified in believing it. There is criticism of this definition/characterization. For one thing, as long as we use the word knowledge to refer to uncertain knowledge, things known to be true are not logically necessarily true (which seems like a paradox or contradiction since the word to know implies perfect certainty, but that cannot really be the case). Another criticism concerns the requirement of justification. Popper denies that knowledge is justified. But the idea of justification is plausible; in mathematics, we only know a theorem to be true if we have a proof. One could counter that axioms are not proven, to which one may respond that axioms are definitions in disguise and that theorems in ultimate analysis point to statements of the form, if axioms such-and-such are true, the following theorems are true. Yet another criticism applies to the genus of belief. As long as knowledge can be contains in a book, it does not seem to be belief. By contrast, knowledge in a mind does seem to be species of belief if one extends the concept of belief enought to include knowledge. This extension is perhaps required since otherwise, one would say that if one believes something, it implies one does not know it; and thus, knowledge and belief would be coordinate terms rather than one being subordinate to the other. == Knowledge in plants == From what I remember, Popper indicates innate expectations of organism to be something like knowledge. Thus, a plant adapted to presence of sunlight via chlorophyl as if states, there is sunlight in the environment. I find this point interesting, but it perhaps stretches the concept of knowledge. == Knowledge of historical statements == According to Popper, existential statements in sciences are not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. This seems rather counter-intuitive, but has some force. Thus, the statement that there is a teapot orbiting the Earth (Russell? Dawkins?) is not falsifiable/testable and does not have a scientific character. This can be extended to historical statements. The statements of historiography would then be non-scientific. This seems strange but also not entirely so. Since, e.g. Newton's mechanics applies at all locations and all time points, so it runs the risk of being refuted in future. By contrast, the statement that the battle of Waterloo took place in year so-and-so and was between parties so-and-so does not directly run the risk of being refuted by a future event; it is not universally quantified. The textul historical record becomes an important source of (putative) knowledge, but that is not so in physics, chemistry or biology. I should perhaps learn more about the matter by studying methodology of historical and historiographic fields. == Reason vs. experience == There is some kind of discussion about reason vs. experience in how we know things, relating to rationalism vs. empiricism. I cannot make much sense of it. I would argue that all or nearly all epistemic processes contain both elements of experience and reason. Since, concerning everyday knowledge, we recieve perceptual objects in the mind, e.g. the visual perception of a cat. The visual perception appears raw in a sense, uninterpreted. But in fact, what is really uninterpreted is the retinal image; what enters the mind is merely based on that retinal image, enriched with inferred physical properties. And thus, something like reason (inference) is part of the perceptual cat, before anything like reason in narrow sense was applied. Let us consider mirage. The raw sensory experience tells us we see something we do not see. And we use reason (informed by other experience) that what we see cannot be real. Both elements are present. In mathematics, one could argue that it is based on reason and not experience. But I do not find that convincing. We know that our proving methods work in part from experience. That said, I fully recognize the contrast between mathematical knowledge and empirical knowledge. We know very little by reason or critical thinking alone. Never direct your eyes to the sky and never engage in careful observation. Instead, lock yourself in an ivory tower and have a computer to do large-scale speculative simulations and analysis. You may find out about e.g. mathematical fractals or the road to chaos, but never about the stars. No amount of analysis can compensate for missing observation and experiment and for the missing observational and experimental instrumentation. == Instrumentation == Large portions of science do not get very far without instrumentation, including telescopes, microscopes, measuring devices but also computers (computing and information storage and retrieval devices). These instruments enhance our getting to know, or make it possible in the first place. 7sqjpul2me3bytu6irhgw21tnwvzq64 2691215 2691214 2024-12-10T12:24:07Z Dan Polansky 33469 /* Induction */ 2691215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky contains various notes on epistemology, the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. A key inspiration is Karl Popper. Various observations will be sort of trivial, but one may sometimes benefit from going over platitutes. Epistemology is to cover both any knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular. It therefore overlaps philosophy of science. Epistemology can be a worthwhile exercise. Its results can be at least in part counterintuitive. To me, the Popperian doctrine that we can never really conclusively verify scientific theories and that any genuine verification is an attempted falsification is very instructive and revealing. (Popper sometimes uses the word corroboration instead of verification to emphasize the inconclusive character.) == Certain knowledge == One doctrine states that mathematics possesses certain knowledge whereas empirical sciences possess uncertain knowledge. Einstein made a point to that effect. Lakatos extended Popperian falsificationism in part to mathematics, in his ''Proofs and Refutations''. Thus, there can be certain tentativeness even in mathematics. The uncertainty of knowledge is demonstrated by the overcoming of Newtonian mechanics with Einstein's mechanics. Newtoning mechanics seemed to be so convincing verified and final, yet it turned out to be merely approximate, failing e.g. for high velocities. (One does not need to study philosophy to note as much; study of physics suffices. One may thus claim that this result does not stem from the field of philosophy and that philosophers merely reflect on what physics would have made clear without them anyway. But it is perhaps still useful to drive the point home as forcefully as Popper did, against Marx, Freud and Adler. Popper does not state that all that e.g. Freud states is wrong; his point is that it is not scientific.) == Everyday knowledge == There are countless examples of everyday knowledge for which we feel certain from direct sensory experience that we know something. Thus, we think to know that e.g. there is a domestic cat over there or that the tree over there is a fir. In addition to sensory experience, we also often rely on verbal reports (whether auditory or in writing) and call the result knowledge, but this use of the word knowledge appears rather debatable to me. Nonetheless, Wikipedia aims to collect knowledge, or so it says. A simple heuristic scheme one can sometimes find in literature is this: * To see --> to know. * To have heard --> to believe (without necessarily knowing). Of course, the mapping is merely heuristic; one can read something (and thus see) and merely believe what one sees and one can hear the sound of the motorcycle engine and thus know (rather than being subject to hearsay). == Knowledge in mathematics == Mathematics is thought to have certain knowledge due to using conclusive proofs. But one can put this to doubt, as is suggested by Hofstadter. Since, we do not have perfect certainty (in principle) that the systems of proof that we are using are consistent, meaning contradiction free. One can also argue as follows: human minds are mammalian brains evolved as part of natural selection. Human methods of knowing may be merely adequate for survival and reproduction (and other gene support). It may turn out that the human brain hardware contains platform-wide defects that would lead all practicing mathematicians to recognize the same kinds of proofs as conclusive which in fact were inconclusive. I find this line of argument interesting and thought-provoking but very hard to accept. I tend to side with those who claim that mathematics has certain knowledge. Or at least some mathematics; Lakatos criticism is to be taken seriously. And one can recall that Newton's and Leibniz calculus was originally in, say, somewhat provisional state, lacking the rigor that modern mathematics requires. Perhaps the picture is more complicated and varied than one would want to believe. == Unprovable knowledge == Unprovable knowledge exists. If I roll a die, observe the result, remember the result, and roll the die several times again, I know the outcome bar failure of memory but I have no way of proving it to anyone. This applies to a range of situations. It seems plausible that someone may succeed in committing, say, a murder and hiding all traces or traces of having done so. == Documented knowledge == Above, I noted the thought experiment with rolling a die, and then having no means of proving the outcome. I can improve my chances of proving that by taking a record of the outcome. I could then show the record in the court of law. The proof/evidence would be inconclusive since I could have cheated or make some wild mistake when taking the record. But the record is stronger evidence than memory, since human experience generally shows human memory to be all too often frail. I can use the record later not only to convince the court but also myself. Since I too know that human memory is frail, whereas sheets of paper with writing or typing do not undergo a change in which some words get changed or similar. Textual record necessarily leads to considerable loss. Knowledge obtained through eyesight about an object is much richer than the propositional knowledge captured in sentences. This is in part addressed by photography and videorecording as well as sound recording. == Induction == I believe Popper is correct in stating that induction does not work to demarcate science from non-science. Moreover, it seems to me that induction hardly ever works at all. That is to say, if we have a predicate F, no amount of affirming instances of F would alone lead us to conclusion that for all x, F x (F is true of X). This also obtains for the more narrow form where F is in fact F ==> G. This is obvious in mathematics: we can have an arbitrarily large number of even numbers, but this does not lead us to conclude that all positive integers are even numbers; in this case, F is positive integer and G is even number. That is to say, we have a large set of examples meeting F and G, and thus meeting F ==> G, but that does not lead us to generalize that for all x, F x ==> G x. The situation is similar in sciences. Since, let us take F to be mammal and G to be domestic cat. Our seeing additional cats (examples of F and G) does not lead us to conclude that universally F ==> G, that is, that all mammals are cats. Instead, we consider the existence of refuting instances (e.g. dogs) and close the case as rejected. A meaningful investigation of a hypothesis of the form for "all x, F x ==> G x" involves above all considering the store of all observations (in the mind or elsewhere) to check whether there are refuting instances. Additional step involves trying to find as many or varied instances of F since these are the ones that can lead to discovery of additional falsifiers, F x and not G x. That's how it seems to me. A proper research in the literature on induction could perhaps lead me to a different conclusion or a correction of the above. By induction I here mean induction in sciences, not mathematical induction. I constrained the concept of induction to exclude extrapolation and interpolation; it could perhaps be used more broadly to include those. == Incompleteness of knowledge == Some of the Gödel's results are sometimes used to point out necessary incompleteness of mathematical knowledge. Thus, not only cannot human mind achieve all mathematical knowledge, not even machines can ever achieve it. One may trivialize the matter by pointing out that we cannot even know all the statements of the form X + Y = Z for three integers for lack of memory and such, but that is not the point. It seems also likely that we will never have complete (empirical) scientific knowledge. At a minimum, predictive knowledge about future will be out of bounds dues to chaos or computational irreducibility. One could still hope to discover the ultimate fundamental physical laws, without being able to use them to predict everything. == Authority and sourcing from publications == One often uses sourcing from publications. Interestingly enough, Popper scorns this as a method of doing science at least in one piece of writing. The theory of scientific method is not usually concerned with sourcing from publications. Einstein's famous special relativity paper does not contain much sourcing, if I remember correctly; better find the paper. I view sourcing with a heavy dose of skepticism. Yet I cannot do without it. Things can be improved by differentiation: are we sourcing math or are we sourcing nutrition science (spinach has iron?). One can investigate various fields and their history of success and treat them accordingly, with higher skepticism as justified by the experience with the field. One can for instance suspect that math results will be more international or interculturar than history, where nations have strong interest to skew things or spin them in their favor or direction. In mathematics classes in the high school and university, we almost never worked with "reliable sources"; we instead proved everything or almost everything. The teachers hardly ever invoked their authority, if at all; the authority was there of the proof, and the student had to verify the proof. Of course, this is perhaps somewhat idealized; the authority of the teacher perhaps does play a role, even in mathematics. == Justified true belief == Knowledge is sometimes defined as justified true belief. That is to say, I know X if I believe it, X is true and I am justified in believing it. There is criticism of this definition/characterization. For one thing, as long as we use the word knowledge to refer to uncertain knowledge, things known to be true are not logically necessarily true (which seems like a paradox or contradiction since the word to know implies perfect certainty, but that cannot really be the case). Another criticism concerns the requirement of justification. Popper denies that knowledge is justified. But the idea of justification is plausible; in mathematics, we only know a theorem to be true if we have a proof. One could counter that axioms are not proven, to which one may respond that axioms are definitions in disguise and that theorems in ultimate analysis point to statements of the form, if axioms such-and-such are true, the following theorems are true. Yet another criticism applies to the genus of belief. As long as knowledge can be contains in a book, it does not seem to be belief. By contrast, knowledge in a mind does seem to be species of belief if one extends the concept of belief enought to include knowledge. This extension is perhaps required since otherwise, one would say that if one believes something, it implies one does not know it; and thus, knowledge and belief would be coordinate terms rather than one being subordinate to the other. == Knowledge in plants == From what I remember, Popper indicates innate expectations of organism to be something like knowledge. Thus, a plant adapted to presence of sunlight via chlorophyl as if states, there is sunlight in the environment. I find this point interesting, but it perhaps stretches the concept of knowledge. == Knowledge of historical statements == According to Popper, existential statements in sciences are not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. This seems rather counter-intuitive, but has some force. Thus, the statement that there is a teapot orbiting the Earth (Russell? Dawkins?) is not falsifiable/testable and does not have a scientific character. This can be extended to historical statements. The statements of historiography would then be non-scientific. This seems strange but also not entirely so. Since, e.g. Newton's mechanics applies at all locations and all time points, so it runs the risk of being refuted in future. By contrast, the statement that the battle of Waterloo took place in year so-and-so and was between parties so-and-so does not directly run the risk of being refuted by a future event; it is not universally quantified. The textul historical record becomes an important source of (putative) knowledge, but that is not so in physics, chemistry or biology. I should perhaps learn more about the matter by studying methodology of historical and historiographic fields. == Reason vs. experience == There is some kind of discussion about reason vs. experience in how we know things, relating to rationalism vs. empiricism. I cannot make much sense of it. I would argue that all or nearly all epistemic processes contain both elements of experience and reason. Since, concerning everyday knowledge, we recieve perceptual objects in the mind, e.g. the visual perception of a cat. The visual perception appears raw in a sense, uninterpreted. But in fact, what is really uninterpreted is the retinal image; what enters the mind is merely based on that retinal image, enriched with inferred physical properties. And thus, something like reason (inference) is part of the perceptual cat, before anything like reason in narrow sense was applied. Let us consider mirage. The raw sensory experience tells us we see something we do not see. And we use reason (informed by other experience) that what we see cannot be real. Both elements are present. In mathematics, one could argue that it is based on reason and not experience. But I do not find that convincing. We know that our proving methods work in part from experience. That said, I fully recognize the contrast between mathematical knowledge and empirical knowledge. We know very little by reason or critical thinking alone. Never direct your eyes to the sky and never engage in careful observation. Instead, lock yourself in an ivory tower and have a computer to do large-scale speculative simulations and analysis. You may find out about e.g. mathematical fractals or the road to chaos, but never about the stars. No amount of analysis can compensate for missing observation and experiment and for the missing observational and experimental instrumentation. == Instrumentation == Large portions of science do not get very far without instrumentation, including telescopes, microscopes, measuring devices but also computers (computing and information storage and retrieval devices). These instruments enhance our getting to know, or make it possible in the first place. age2osf16nh5o4y94lg8zm5c0ase3jq 2691218 2691215 2024-12-10T12:44:09Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky contains various notes on epistemology, the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. A key inspiration is Karl Popper. Various observations will be sort of trivial, but one may sometimes benefit from going over platitutes. Epistemology is to cover both any knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular. It therefore overlaps philosophy of science. Epistemology can be a worthwhile exercise. Its results can be at least in part counterintuitive. To me, the Popperian doctrine that we can never really conclusively verify scientific theories and that any genuine verification is an attempted falsification is very instructive and revealing. (Popper sometimes uses the word corroboration instead of verification to emphasize the inconclusive character.) == Certain knowledge == One doctrine states that mathematics possesses certain knowledge whereas empirical sciences possess uncertain knowledge. Einstein made a point to that effect. Lakatos extended Popperian falsificationism in part to mathematics, in his ''Proofs and Refutations''. Thus, there can be certain tentativeness even in mathematics. The uncertainty of knowledge is demonstrated by the overcoming of Newtonian mechanics with Einstein's mechanics. Newtoning mechanics seemed to be so convincing verified and final, yet it turned out to be merely approximate, failing e.g. for high velocities. (One does not need to study philosophy to note as much; study of physics suffices. One may thus claim that this result does not stem from the field of philosophy and that philosophers merely reflect on what physics would have made clear without them anyway. But it is perhaps still useful to drive the point home as forcefully as Popper did, against Marx, Freud and Adler. Popper does not state that all that e.g. Freud states is wrong; his point is that it is not scientific.) == Everyday knowledge == There are countless examples of everyday knowledge for which we feel certain from direct sensory experience that we know something. Thus, we think to know that e.g. there is a domestic cat over there or that the tree over there is a fir. In addition to sensory experience, we also often rely on verbal reports (whether auditory or in writing) and call the result knowledge, but this use of the word knowledge appears rather debatable to me. Nonetheless, Wikipedia aims to collect knowledge, or so it says. A simple heuristic scheme one can sometimes find in literature is this: * To see --> to know. * To have heard --> to believe (without necessarily knowing). Of course, the mapping is merely heuristic; one can read something (and thus see) and merely believe what one sees and one can hear the sound of the motorcycle engine and thus know (rather than being subject to hearsay). == Knowledge in mathematics == Mathematics is thought to have certain knowledge due to using conclusive proofs. But one can put this to doubt, as is suggested by Hofstadter. Since, we do not have perfect certainty (in principle) that the systems of proof that we are using are consistent, meaning contradiction free. One can also argue as follows: human minds are mammalian brains evolved as part of natural selection. Human methods of knowing may be merely adequate for survival and reproduction (and other gene support). It may turn out that the human brain hardware contains platform-wide defects that would lead all practicing mathematicians to recognize the same kinds of proofs as conclusive which in fact were inconclusive. I find this line of argument interesting and thought-provoking but very hard to accept. I tend to side with those who claim that mathematics has certain knowledge. Or at least some mathematics; Lakatos criticism is to be taken seriously. And one can recall that Newton's and Leibniz calculus was originally in, say, somewhat provisional state, lacking the rigor that modern mathematics requires. Perhaps the picture is more complicated and varied than one would want to believe. == Unprovable knowledge == Unprovable knowledge exists. If I roll a die, observe the result, remember the result, and roll the die several times again, I know the outcome bar failure of memory but I have no way of proving it to anyone. This applies to a range of situations. It seems plausible that someone may succeed in committing, say, a murder and hiding all traces or traces of having done so. == Documented knowledge == Above, I noted the thought experiment with rolling a die, and then having no means of proving the outcome. I can improve my chances of proving that by taking a record of the outcome. I could then show the record in the court of law. The proof/evidence would be inconclusive since I could have cheated or make some wild mistake when taking the record. But the record is stronger evidence than memory, since human experience generally shows human memory to be all too often frail. I can use the record later not only to convince the court but also myself. Since I too know that human memory is frail, whereas sheets of paper with writing or typing do not undergo a change in which some words get changed or similar. Textual record necessarily leads to considerable loss. Knowledge obtained through eyesight about an object is much richer than the propositional knowledge captured in sentences. This is in part addressed by photography and videorecording as well as sound recording. == Induction == I believe Popper is correct in stating that induction does not work to demarcate science from non-science. Moreover, it seems to me that induction hardly ever works at all. That is to say, if we have a predicate F, no amount of affirming instances of F would alone lead us to conclusion that for all x, F x (F is true of X). This also obtains for the more narrow form where F is in fact F ==> G. This is obvious in mathematics: we can have an arbitrarily large number of even numbers, but this does not lead us to conclude that all positive integers are even numbers; in this case, F is positive integer and G is even number. That is to say, we have a large set of examples meeting F and G, and thus meeting F ==> G, but that does not lead us to generalize that for all x, F x ==> G x. The situation is similar in sciences. Since, let us take F to be mammal and G to be domestic cat. Our seeing additional cats (examples of F and G) does not lead us to conclude that universally F ==> G, that is, that all mammals are cats. Instead, we consider the existence of refuting instances (e.g. dogs) and close the case as rejected. A meaningful investigation of a hypothesis of the form for "all x, F x ==> G x" involves above all considering the store of all observations (in the mind or elsewhere) to check whether there are refuting instances. Additional step involves trying to find as many or varied instances of F since these are the ones that can lead to discovery of additional falsifiers, F x and not G x. That's how it seems to me. A proper research in the literature on induction could perhaps lead me to a different conclusion or a correction of the above. By induction I here mean induction in sciences, not mathematical induction. I constrained the concept of induction to exclude extrapolation and interpolation; it could perhaps be used more broadly to include those. == Incompleteness of knowledge == Some of the Gödel's results are sometimes used to point out necessary incompleteness of mathematical knowledge. Thus, not only cannot human mind achieve all mathematical knowledge, not even machines can ever achieve it. One may trivialize the matter by pointing out that we cannot even know all the statements of the form X + Y = Z for three integers for lack of memory and such, but that is not the point. It seems also likely that we will never have complete (empirical) scientific knowledge. At a minimum, predictive knowledge about future will be out of bounds dues to chaos or computational irreducibility. One could still hope to discover the ultimate fundamental physical laws, without being able to use them to predict everything. == Authority and sourcing from publications == One often uses sourcing from publications. Interestingly enough, Popper scorns this as a method of doing science at least in one piece of writing. The theory of scientific method is not usually concerned with sourcing from publications. Einstein's famous special relativity paper does not contain much sourcing, if I remember correctly; better find the paper. I view sourcing with a heavy dose of skepticism. Yet I cannot do without it. Things can be improved by differentiation: are we sourcing math or are we sourcing nutrition science (spinach has iron?). One can investigate various fields and their history of success and treat them accordingly, with higher skepticism as justified by the experience with the field. One can for instance suspect that math results will be more international or interculturar than history, where nations have strong interest to skew things or spin them in their favor or direction. In mathematics classes in the high school and university, we almost never worked with "reliable sources"; we instead proved everything or almost everything. The teachers hardly ever invoked their authority, if at all; the authority was there of the proof, and the student had to verify the proof. Of course, this is perhaps somewhat idealized; the authority of the teacher perhaps does play a role, even in mathematics. == Justified true belief == Knowledge is sometimes defined as justified true belief. That is to say, I know X if I believe it, X is true and I am justified in believing it. There is criticism of this definition/characterization. For one thing, as long as we use the word knowledge to refer to uncertain knowledge, things known to be true are not logically necessarily true (which seems like a paradox or contradiction since the word to know implies perfect certainty, but that cannot really be the case). Another criticism concerns the requirement of justification. Popper denies that knowledge is justified. But the idea of justification is plausible; in mathematics, we only know a theorem to be true if we have a proof. One could counter that axioms are not proven, to which one may respond that axioms are definitions in disguise and that theorems in ultimate analysis point to statements of the form, if axioms such-and-such are true, the following theorems are true. Yet another criticism applies to the genus of belief. As long as knowledge can be contains in a book, it does not seem to be belief. By contrast, knowledge in a mind does seem to be species of belief if one extends the concept of belief enought to include knowledge. This extension is perhaps required since otherwise, one would say that if one believes something, it implies one does not know it; and thus, knowledge and belief would be coordinate terms rather than one being subordinate to the other. == Knowledge in plants == From what I remember, Popper indicates innate expectations of organism to be something like knowledge. Thus, a plant adapted to presence of sunlight via chlorophyl as if states, there is sunlight in the environment. I find this point interesting, but it perhaps stretches the concept of knowledge. == Knowledge of historical statements == According to Popper, existential statements in sciences are not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. This seems rather counter-intuitive, but has some force. Thus, the statement that there is a teapot orbiting the Earth (Russell? Dawkins?) is not falsifiable/testable and does not have a scientific character. This can be extended to historical statements. The statements of historiography would then be non-scientific. This seems strange but also not entirely so. Since, e.g. Newton's mechanics applies at all locations and all time points, so it runs the risk of being refuted in future. By contrast, the statement that the battle of Waterloo took place in year so-and-so and was between parties so-and-so does not directly run the risk of being refuted by a future event; it is not universally quantified. The textul historical record becomes an important source of (putative) knowledge, but that is not so in physics, chemistry or biology. I should perhaps learn more about the matter by studying methodology of historical and historiographic fields. == Reason vs. experience == There is some kind of discussion about reason vs. experience in how we know things, relating to rationalism vs. empiricism. I cannot make much sense of it. I would argue that all or nearly all epistemic processes contain both elements of experience and reason. Since, concerning everyday knowledge, we recieve perceptual objects in the mind, e.g. the visual perception of a cat. The visual perception appears raw in a sense, uninterpreted. But in fact, what is really uninterpreted is the retinal image; what enters the mind is merely based on that retinal image, enriched with inferred physical properties. And thus, something like reason (inference) is part of the perceptual cat, before anything like reason in narrow sense was applied. Let us consider mirage. The raw sensory experience tells us we see something we do not see. And we use reason (informed by other experience) that what we see cannot be real. Both elements are present. In mathematics, one could argue that it is based on reason and not experience. But I do not find that convincing. We know that our proving methods work in part from experience. That said, I fully recognize the contrast between mathematical knowledge and empirical knowledge. We know very little by reason or critical thinking alone. Never direct your eyes to the sky and never engage in careful observation. Instead, lock yourself in an ivory tower and have a computer to do large-scale speculative simulations and analysis. You may find out about e.g. mathematical fractals or the road to chaos, but never about the stars. No amount of analysis can compensate for missing observation and experiment and for the missing observational and experimental instrumentation. == Instrumentation == Large portions of science do not get very far without instrumentation, including telescopes, microscopes, measuring devices but also computers (computing and information storage and retrieval devices). These instruments enhance our getting to know, or make it possible in the first place. == Revisionism and scientific revolutions == Inspired by Kuhn and Popper. In general, scientific knowledge does not grow merely by extension/expansion but also by modification. It is in general not cumulative in this sense. One cannot hope to establish a method so good that it will only lead to statements in no need of revision. In a geographic analogy, one could naively think of science as map maping where one only fills in the white blanks and never has to redraw any parts of the map. History of science shows that redrawing is necessary once in a while. But the cumulative character is far from absent. The filling of periodic table was probably not a process of continual scientific revolution; once the concept of chemical element was well established, the process of finding additional chemical elements was probably relatively cumulative. (But I would need to check relevant literature to learn more and be sure I know what I am talking about.) Kuhn makes the point that a certain degree of resistance to refutation and sticking to theories that appear to be refuted by observation does not need to be a bad or unscientific thing. The apparent refuting observation may later turn out not to have been refuting after all. On the other hand, the contrast between religious dogma and scientific successive modification of tentative knowledge is real, and one characteristic of good science is that it does not stick to refuted theory beyond what is reasonable (for some value of reasonable). dvbceo37aurqna11knl7bkihdekub50 2691225 2691218 2024-12-10T13:05:46Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky contains various notes on epistemology, the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. A key inspiration is Karl Popper. Various observations will be sort of trivial, but one may sometimes benefit from going over platitutes. Epistemology is to cover both any knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular. It therefore overlaps philosophy of science. Epistemology can be a worthwhile exercise. Its results can be at least in part counterintuitive. To me, the Popperian doctrine that we can never really conclusively verify scientific theories and that any genuine verification is an attempted falsification is very instructive and revealing. (Popper sometimes uses the word corroboration instead of verification to emphasize the inconclusive character.) == Certain knowledge == One doctrine states that mathematics possesses certain knowledge whereas empirical sciences possess uncertain knowledge. Einstein made a point to that effect. Lakatos extended Popperian falsificationism in part to mathematics, in his ''Proofs and Refutations''. Thus, there can be certain tentativeness even in mathematics. The uncertainty of knowledge is demonstrated by the overcoming of Newtonian mechanics with Einstein's mechanics. Newtoning mechanics seemed to be so convincing verified and final, yet it turned out to be merely approximate, failing e.g. for high velocities. (One does not need to study philosophy to note as much; study of physics suffices. One may thus claim that this result does not stem from the field of philosophy and that philosophers merely reflect on what physics would have made clear without them anyway. But it is perhaps still useful to drive the point home as forcefully as Popper did, against Marx, Freud and Adler. Popper does not state that all that e.g. Freud states is wrong; his point is that it is not scientific.) == Everyday knowledge == There are countless examples of everyday knowledge for which we feel certain from direct sensory experience that we know something. Thus, we think to know that e.g. there is a domestic cat over there or that the tree over there is a fir. In addition to sensory experience, we also often rely on verbal reports (whether auditory or in writing) and call the result knowledge, but this use of the word knowledge appears rather debatable to me. Nonetheless, Wikipedia aims to collect knowledge, or so it says. A simple heuristic scheme one can sometimes find in literature is this: * To see --> to know. * To have heard --> to believe (without necessarily knowing). Of course, the mapping is merely heuristic; one can read something (and thus see) and merely believe what one sees and one can hear the sound of the motorcycle engine and thus know (rather than being subject to hearsay). == Knowledge in mathematics == Mathematics is thought to have certain knowledge due to using conclusive proofs. But one can put this to doubt, as is suggested by Hofstadter. Since, we do not have perfect certainty (in principle) that the systems of proof that we are using are consistent, meaning contradiction free. One can also argue as follows: human minds are mammalian brains evolved as part of natural selection. Human methods of knowing may be merely adequate for survival and reproduction (and other gene support). It may turn out that the human brain hardware contains platform-wide defects that would lead all practicing mathematicians to recognize the same kinds of proofs as conclusive which in fact were inconclusive. I find this line of argument interesting and thought-provoking but very hard to accept. I tend to side with those who claim that mathematics has certain knowledge. Or at least some mathematics; Lakatos criticism is to be taken seriously. And one can recall that Newton's and Leibniz calculus was originally in, say, somewhat provisional state, lacking the rigor that modern mathematics requires. Perhaps the picture is more complicated and varied than one would want to believe. == Unprovable knowledge == Unprovable knowledge exists. If I roll a die, observe the result, remember the result, and roll the die several times again, I know the outcome bar failure of memory but I have no way of proving it to anyone. This applies to a range of situations. It seems plausible that someone may succeed in committing, say, a murder and hiding all traces or traces of having done so. == Documented knowledge == Above, I noted the thought experiment with rolling a die, and then having no means of proving the outcome. I can improve my chances of proving that by taking a record of the outcome. I could then show the record in the court of law. The proof/evidence would be inconclusive since I could have cheated or make some wild mistake when taking the record. But the record is stronger evidence than memory, since human experience generally shows human memory to be all too often frail. I can use the record later not only to convince the court but also myself. Since I too know that human memory is frail, whereas sheets of paper with writing or typing do not undergo a change in which some words get changed or similar. Textual record necessarily leads to considerable loss. Knowledge obtained through eyesight about an object is much richer than the propositional knowledge captured in sentences. This is in part addressed by photography and videorecording as well as sound recording. == Induction == I believe Popper is correct in stating that induction does not work to demarcate science from non-science. Moreover, it seems to me that induction hardly ever works at all. That is to say, if we have a predicate F, no amount of affirming instances of F would alone lead us to conclusion that for all x, F x (F is true of X). This also obtains for the more narrow form where F is in fact F ==> G. This is obvious in mathematics: we can have an arbitrarily large number of even numbers, but this does not lead us to conclude that all positive integers are even numbers; in this case, F is positive integer and G is even number. That is to say, we have a large set of examples meeting F and G, and thus meeting F ==> G, but that does not lead us to generalize that for all x, F x ==> G x. The situation is similar in sciences. Since, let us take F to be mammal and G to be domestic cat. Our seeing additional cats (examples of F and G) does not lead us to conclude that universally F ==> G, that is, that all mammals are cats. Instead, we consider the existence of refuting instances (e.g. dogs) and close the case as rejected. A meaningful investigation of a hypothesis of the form for "all x, F x ==> G x" involves above all considering the store of all observations (in the mind or elsewhere) to check whether there are refuting instances. Additional step involves trying to find as many or varied instances of F since these are the ones that can lead to discovery of additional falsifiers, F x and not G x. That's how it seems to me. A proper research in the literature on induction could perhaps lead me to a different conclusion or a correction of the above. By induction I here mean induction in sciences, not mathematical induction. I constrained the concept of induction to exclude extrapolation and interpolation; it could perhaps be used more broadly to include those. == Incompleteness of knowledge == Some of the Gödel's results are sometimes used to point out necessary incompleteness of mathematical knowledge. Thus, not only cannot human mind achieve all mathematical knowledge, not even machines can ever achieve it. One may trivialize the matter by pointing out that we cannot even know all the statements of the form X + Y = Z for three integers for lack of memory and such, but that is not the point. It seems also likely that we will never have complete (empirical) scientific knowledge. At a minimum, predictive knowledge about future will be out of bounds dues to chaos or computational irreducibility. One could still hope to discover the ultimate fundamental physical laws, without being able to use them to predict everything. == Authority and sourcing from publications == One often uses sourcing from publications. Interestingly enough, Popper scorns this as a method of doing science at least in one piece of writing. The theory of scientific method is not usually concerned with sourcing from publications. Einstein's famous special relativity paper does not contain much sourcing, if I remember correctly; better find the paper. I view sourcing with a heavy dose of skepticism. Yet I cannot do without it. Things can be improved by differentiation: are we sourcing math or are we sourcing nutrition science (spinach has iron?). One can investigate various fields and their history of success and treat them accordingly, with higher skepticism as justified by the experience with the field. One can for instance suspect that math results will be more international or interculturar than history, where nations have strong interest to skew things or spin them in their favor or direction. In mathematics classes in the high school and university, we almost never worked with "reliable sources"; we instead proved everything or almost everything. The teachers hardly ever invoked their authority, if at all; the authority was there of the proof, and the student had to verify the proof. Of course, this is perhaps somewhat idealized; the authority of the teacher perhaps does play a role, even in mathematics. == Justified true belief == Knowledge is sometimes defined as justified true belief. That is to say, I know X if I believe it, X is true and I am justified in believing it. There is criticism of this definition/characterization. For one thing, as long as we use the word knowledge to refer to uncertain knowledge, things known to be true are not logically necessarily true (which seems like a paradox or contradiction since the word to know implies perfect certainty, but that cannot really be the case). Another criticism concerns the requirement of justification. Popper denies that knowledge is justified. But the idea of justification is plausible; in mathematics, we only know a theorem to be true if we have a proof. One could counter that axioms are not proven, to which one may respond that axioms are definitions in disguise and that theorems in ultimate analysis point to statements of the form, if axioms such-and-such are true, the following theorems are true. Yet another criticism applies to the genus of belief. As long as knowledge can be contains in a book, it does not seem to be belief. By contrast, knowledge in a mind does seem to be species of belief if one extends the concept of belief enought to include knowledge. This extension is perhaps required since otherwise, one would say that if one believes something, it implies one does not know it; and thus, knowledge and belief would be coordinate terms rather than one being subordinate to the other. == Knowledge in plants == From what I remember, Popper indicates innate expectations of organism to be something like knowledge. Thus, a plant adapted to presence of sunlight via chlorophyl as if states, there is sunlight in the environment. I find this point interesting, but it perhaps stretches the concept of knowledge. == Knowledge of historical statements == According to Popper, existential statements in sciences are not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. This seems rather counter-intuitive, but has some force. Thus, the statement that there is a teapot orbiting the Earth (Russell? Dawkins?) is not falsifiable/testable and does not have a scientific character. This can be extended to historical statements. The statements of historiography would then be non-scientific. This seems strange but also not entirely so. Since, e.g. Newton's mechanics applies at all locations and all time points, so it runs the risk of being refuted in future. By contrast, the statement that the battle of Waterloo took place in year so-and-so and was between parties so-and-so does not directly run the risk of being refuted by a future event; it is not universally quantified. The textul historical record becomes an important source of (putative) knowledge, but that is not so in physics, chemistry or biology. I should perhaps learn more about the matter by studying methodology of historical and historiographic fields. == Reason vs. experience == There is some kind of discussion about reason vs. experience in how we know things, relating to rationalism vs. empiricism. I cannot make much sense of it. I would argue that all or nearly all epistemic processes contain both elements of experience and reason. Since, concerning everyday knowledge, we recieve perceptual objects in the mind, e.g. the visual perception of a cat. The visual perception appears raw in a sense, uninterpreted. But in fact, what is really uninterpreted is the retinal image; what enters the mind is merely based on that retinal image, enriched with inferred physical properties. And thus, something like reason (inference) is part of the perceptual cat, before anything like reason in narrow sense was applied. Let us consider mirage. The raw sensory experience tells us we see something we do not see. And we use reason (informed by other experience) that what we see cannot be real. Both elements are present. In mathematics, one could argue that it is based on reason and not experience. But I do not find that convincing. We know that our proving methods work in part from experience. That said, I fully recognize the contrast between mathematical knowledge and empirical knowledge. We know very little by reason or critical thinking alone. Never direct your eyes to the sky and never engage in careful observation. Instead, lock yourself in an ivory tower and have a computer to do large-scale speculative simulations and analysis. You may find out about e.g. mathematical fractals or the road to chaos, but never about the stars. No amount of analysis can compensate for missing observation and experiment and for the missing observational and experimental instrumentation. == Instrumentation == Large portions of science do not get very far without instrumentation, including telescopes, microscopes, measuring devices but also computers (computing and information storage and retrieval devices). These instruments enhance our getting to know, or make it possible in the first place. == Revisionism and scientific revolutions == Inspired by Kuhn and Popper. In general, scientific knowledge does not grow merely by extension/expansion but also by modification. It is in general not cumulative in this sense. One cannot hope to establish a method so good that it will only lead to statements in no need of revision. In a geographic analogy, one could naively think of science as map maping where one only fills in the white blanks and never has to redraw any parts of the map. History of science shows that redrawing is necessary once in a while. But the cumulative character is far from absent. The filling of periodic table was probably not a process of continual scientific revolution; once the concept of chemical element was well established, the process of finding additional chemical elements was probably relatively cumulative. (But I would need to check relevant literature to learn more and be sure I know what I am talking about.) Kuhn makes the point that a certain degree of resistance to refutation and sticking to theories that appear to be refuted by observation does not need to be a bad or unscientific thing. The apparent refuting observation may later turn out not to have been refuting after all. On the other hand, the contrast between religious dogma and scientific successive modification of tentative knowledge is real, and one characteristic of good science is that it does not stick to refuted theory beyond what is reasonable (for some value of reasonable). == Proof and evidence == As part of inquiry into knowledge, one can include inquiry into what serves as proof and evidence, in relation to the ''justified'' part of the characterization of knowledge. This concerns not only science but also courts of law. Courts accept witness evidence although it is logically very inconclusive. Mathematics provides one idea for what a proof is. This idea does not seem to directly carry over to other fields. In the field of software, automatic test suite run against the software is a form of proof or evidence that the software meets the requirements/works as required. Educational examination provides something like a proof or evidence that the student has learned the matter. Industrial testing is another case. In another section, I supported Popperian falsificationism as a standard. There, one does not prove things; one tries to refute them. How, then, can one substantiate corroboration (attempted falsification) of a hypothesis? For instance by submitting documentary or data evidence indicating what attepts at refutation were attempted, what observations and experiments and with what results. That is the first idea; a better elaboration would be preferable. Further reading: * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/evidence-law evidence], britannica.com * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/proof-logic proof], britannica.com r27tlnzbddb6ixoa7dc8boiyfji60m7 2691241 2691225 2024-12-10T13:51:00Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky contains various notes on epistemology, the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. A key inspiration is Karl Popper. Various observations will be sort of trivial, but one may sometimes benefit from going over platitutes. Epistemology is to cover both any knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular. It therefore overlaps philosophy of science. Epistemology can be a worthwhile exercise. Its results can be at least in part counterintuitive. To me, the Popperian doctrine that we can never really conclusively verify scientific theories and that any genuine verification is an attempted falsification is very instructive and revealing. (Popper sometimes uses the word corroboration instead of verification to emphasize the inconclusive character.) == Certain knowledge == One doctrine states that mathematics possesses certain knowledge whereas empirical sciences possess uncertain knowledge. Einstein made a point to that effect. Lakatos extended Popperian falsificationism in part to mathematics, in his ''Proofs and Refutations''. Thus, there can be certain tentativeness even in mathematics. The uncertainty of knowledge is demonstrated by the overcoming of Newtonian mechanics with Einstein's mechanics. Newtoning mechanics seemed to be so convincing verified and final, yet it turned out to be merely approximate, failing e.g. for high velocities. (One does not need to study philosophy to note as much; study of physics suffices. One may thus claim that this result does not stem from the field of philosophy and that philosophers merely reflect on what physics would have made clear without them anyway. But it is perhaps still useful to drive the point home as forcefully as Popper did, against Marx, Freud and Adler. Popper does not state that all that e.g. Freud states is wrong; his point is that it is not scientific.) == Everyday knowledge == There are countless examples of everyday knowledge for which we feel certain from direct sensory experience that we know something. Thus, we think to know that e.g. there is a domestic cat over there or that the tree over there is a fir. In addition to sensory experience, we also often rely on verbal reports (whether auditory or in writing) and call the result knowledge, but this use of the word knowledge appears rather debatable to me. Nonetheless, Wikipedia aims to collect knowledge, or so it says. A simple heuristic scheme one can sometimes find in literature is this: * To see --> to know. * To have heard --> to believe (without necessarily knowing). Of course, the mapping is merely heuristic; one can read something (and thus see) and merely believe what one sees and one can hear the sound of the motorcycle engine and thus know (rather than being subject to hearsay). == Knowledge in mathematics == Mathematics is thought to have certain knowledge due to using conclusive proofs. But one can put this to doubt, as is suggested by Hofstadter. Since, we do not have perfect certainty (in principle) that the systems of proof that we are using are consistent, meaning contradiction free. One can also argue as follows: human minds are mammalian brains evolved as part of natural selection. Human methods of knowing may be merely adequate for survival and reproduction (and other gene support). It may turn out that the human brain hardware contains platform-wide defects that would lead all practicing mathematicians to recognize the same kinds of proofs as conclusive which in fact were inconclusive. I find this line of argument interesting and thought-provoking but very hard to accept. I tend to side with those who claim that mathematics has certain knowledge. Or at least some mathematics; Lakatos criticism is to be taken seriously. And one can recall that Newton's and Leibniz calculus was originally in, say, somewhat provisional state, lacking the rigor that modern mathematics requires. Perhaps the picture is more complicated and varied than one would want to believe. == Unprovable knowledge == Unprovable knowledge exists. If I roll a die, observe the result, remember the result, and roll the die several times again, I know the outcome bar failure of memory but I have no way of proving it to anyone. This applies to a range of situations. It seems plausible that someone may succeed in committing, say, a murder and hiding all traces or traces of having done so. == Documented knowledge == Above, I noted the thought experiment with rolling a die, and then having no means of proving the outcome. I can improve my chances of proving that by taking a record of the outcome. I could then show the record in the court of law. The proof/evidence would be inconclusive since I could have cheated or make some wild mistake when taking the record. But the record is stronger evidence than memory, since human experience generally shows human memory to be all too often frail. I can use the record later not only to convince the court but also myself. Since I too know that human memory is frail, whereas sheets of paper with writing or typing do not undergo a change in which some words get changed or similar. Textual record necessarily leads to considerable loss. Knowledge obtained through eyesight about an object is much richer than the propositional knowledge captured in sentences. This is in part addressed by photography and videorecording as well as sound recording. == Induction == I believe Popper is correct in stating that induction does not work to demarcate science from non-science. Moreover, it seems to me that induction hardly ever works at all. That is to say, if we have a predicate F, no amount of affirming instances of F would alone lead us to conclusion that for all x, F x (F is true of X). This also obtains for the more narrow form where F is in fact F ==> G. This is obvious in mathematics: we can have an arbitrarily large number of even numbers, but this does not lead us to conclude that all positive integers are even numbers; in this case, F is positive integer and G is even number. That is to say, we have a large set of examples meeting F and G, and thus meeting F ==> G, but that does not lead us to generalize that for all x, F x ==> G x. The situation is similar in sciences. Since, let us take F to be mammal and G to be domestic cat. Our seeing additional cats (examples of F and G) does not lead us to conclude that universally F ==> G, that is, that all mammals are cats. Instead, we consider the existence of refuting instances (e.g. dogs) and close the case as rejected. A meaningful investigation of a hypothesis of the form for "all x, F x ==> G x" involves above all considering the store of all observations (in the mind or elsewhere) to check whether there are refuting instances. Additional step involves trying to find as many or varied instances of F since these are the ones that can lead to discovery of additional falsifiers, F x and not G x. That's how it seems to me. A proper research in the literature on induction could perhaps lead me to a different conclusion or a correction of the above. By induction I here mean induction in sciences, not mathematical induction. I constrained the concept of induction to exclude extrapolation and interpolation; it could perhaps be used more broadly to include those. == Incompleteness of knowledge == Some of the Gödel's results are sometimes used to point out necessary incompleteness of mathematical knowledge. Thus, not only cannot human mind achieve all mathematical knowledge, not even machines can ever achieve it. One may trivialize the matter by pointing out that we cannot even know all the statements of the form X + Y = Z for three integers for lack of memory and such, but that is not the point. It seems also likely that we will never have complete (empirical) scientific knowledge. At a minimum, predictive knowledge about future will be out of bounds dues to chaos or computational irreducibility. One could still hope to discover the ultimate fundamental physical laws, without being able to use them to predict everything. == Authority and sourcing from publications == One often uses sourcing from publications. Interestingly enough, Popper scorns this as a method of doing science at least in one piece of writing. The theory of scientific method is not usually concerned with sourcing from publications. Einstein's famous special relativity paper does not contain much sourcing, if I remember correctly; better find the paper. I view sourcing with a heavy dose of skepticism. Yet I cannot do without it. Things can be improved by differentiation: are we sourcing math or are we sourcing nutrition science (spinach has iron?). One can investigate various fields and their history of success and treat them accordingly, with higher skepticism as justified by the experience with the field. One can for instance suspect that math results will be more international or interculturar than history, where nations have strong interest to skew things or spin them in their favor or direction. In mathematics classes in the high school and university, we almost never worked with "reliable sources"; we instead proved everything or almost everything. The teachers hardly ever invoked their authority, if at all; the authority was there of the proof, and the student had to verify the proof. Of course, this is perhaps somewhat idealized; the authority of the teacher perhaps does play a role, even in mathematics. == Justified true belief == Knowledge is sometimes defined as justified true belief. That is to say, I know X if I believe it, X is true and I am justified in believing it. There is criticism of this definition/characterization. For one thing, as long as we use the word knowledge to refer to uncertain knowledge, things known to be true are not logically necessarily true (which seems like a paradox or contradiction since the word to know implies perfect certainty, but that cannot really be the case). Another criticism concerns the requirement of justification. Popper denies that knowledge is justified. But the idea of justification is plausible; in mathematics, we only know a theorem to be true if we have a proof. One could counter that axioms are not proven, to which one may respond that axioms are definitions in disguise and that theorems in ultimate analysis point to statements of the form, if axioms such-and-such are true, the following theorems are true. Yet another criticism applies to the genus of belief. As long as knowledge can be contains in a book, it does not seem to be belief. By contrast, knowledge in a mind does seem to be species of belief if one extends the concept of belief enought to include knowledge. This extension is perhaps required since otherwise, one would say that if one believes something, it implies one does not know it; and thus, knowledge and belief would be coordinate terms rather than one being subordinate to the other. == Knowledge in plants == From what I remember, Popper indicates innate expectations of organism to be something like knowledge. Thus, a plant adapted to presence of sunlight via chlorophyl as if states, there is sunlight in the environment. I find this point interesting, but it perhaps stretches the concept of knowledge. == Knowledge of historical statements == According to Popper, existential statements in sciences are not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. This seems rather counter-intuitive, but has some force. Thus, the statement that there is a teapot orbiting the Earth (Russell? Dawkins?) is not falsifiable/testable and does not have a scientific character. This can be extended to historical statements. The statements of historiography would then be non-scientific. This seems strange but also not entirely so. Since, e.g. Newton's mechanics applies at all locations and all time points, so it runs the risk of being refuted in future. By contrast, the statement that the battle of Waterloo took place in year so-and-so and was between parties so-and-so does not directly run the risk of being refuted by a future event; it is not universally quantified. The textul historical record becomes an important source of (putative) knowledge, but that is not so in physics, chemistry or biology. I should perhaps learn more about the matter by studying methodology of historical and historiographic fields. == Reason vs. experience == There is some kind of discussion about reason vs. experience in how we know things, relating to rationalism vs. empiricism. I cannot make much sense of it. I would argue that all or nearly all epistemic processes contain both elements of experience and reason. Since, concerning everyday knowledge, we recieve perceptual objects in the mind, e.g. the visual perception of a cat. The visual perception appears raw in a sense, uninterpreted. But in fact, what is really uninterpreted is the retinal image; what enters the mind is merely based on that retinal image, enriched with inferred physical properties. And thus, something like reason (inference) is part of the perceptual cat, before anything like reason in narrow sense was applied. Let us consider mirage. The raw sensory experience tells us we see something we do not see. And we use reason (informed by other experience) that what we see cannot be real. Both elements are present. In mathematics, one could argue that it is based on reason and not experience. But I do not find that convincing. We know that our proving methods work in part from experience. That said, I fully recognize the contrast between mathematical knowledge and empirical knowledge. We know very little by reason or critical thinking alone. Never direct your eyes to the sky and never engage in careful observation. Instead, lock yourself in an ivory tower and have a computer to do large-scale speculative simulations and analysis. You may find out about e.g. mathematical fractals or the road to chaos, but never about the stars. No amount of analysis can compensate for missing observation and experiment and for the missing observational and experimental instrumentation. == Instrumentation == Large portions of science do not get very far without instrumentation, including telescopes, microscopes, measuring devices but also computers (computing and information storage and retrieval devices). These instruments enhance our getting to know, or make it possible in the first place. == Revisionism and scientific revolutions == Inspired by Kuhn and Popper. In general, scientific knowledge does not grow merely by extension/expansion but also by modification. It is in general not cumulative in this sense. One cannot hope to establish a method so good that it will only lead to statements in no need of revision. In a geographic analogy, one could naively think of science as map maping where one only fills in the white blanks and never has to redraw any parts of the map. History of science shows that redrawing is necessary once in a while. But the cumulative character is far from absent. The filling of periodic table was probably not a process of continual scientific revolution; once the concept of chemical element was well established, the process of finding additional chemical elements was probably relatively cumulative. (But I would need to check relevant literature to learn more and be sure I know what I am talking about.) Kuhn makes the point that a certain degree of resistance to refutation and sticking to theories that appear to be refuted by observation does not need to be a bad or unscientific thing. The apparent refuting observation may later turn out not to have been refuting after all. On the other hand, the contrast between religious dogma and scientific successive modification of tentative knowledge is real, and one characteristic of good science is that it does not stick to refuted theory beyond what is reasonable (for some value of reasonable). == Proof and evidence == As part of inquiry into knowledge, one can include inquiry into what serves as proof and evidence, in relation to the ''justified'' part of the characterization of knowledge. This concerns not only science but also courts of law. Courts accept witness evidence although it is logically very inconclusive. Mathematics provides one idea for what a proof is. This idea does not seem to directly carry over to other fields. In the field of software, automatic test suite run against the software is a form of proof or evidence that the software meets the requirements/works as required. Educational examination provides something like a proof or evidence that the student has learned the matter. Industrial testing is another case. In another section, I supported Popperian falsificationism as a standard. There, one does not prove things; one tries to refute them. How, then, can one substantiate corroboration (attempted falsification) of a hypothesis? For instance by submitting documentary or data evidence indicating what attepts at refutation were attempted, what observations and experiments and with what results. That is the first idea; a better elaboration would be preferable. Further reading: * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/evidence-law evidence], britannica.com * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/proof-logic proof], britannica.com == Procedural knowledge == Apart from declarative knowledge (e.g. knowing there is a cat over there), there is also procedural knowledge or know-how. Procedural knowledge can have a non-propositional form; thus, one may know how to dance jive without being able to give verbal instructions. Even human ability to walk can be seen as a procedural knowledge. Tigers can be thought of knowing how to run, thus having procedural knowledge. Alternatively, one could distinguish knowledge from skil and consider ability to dance jive to be skill, not knowledge. Some procedural knowledge does have a propositional form, form of sentences. == Innate knowledge == Some knowledge is innate, given by the genes. Knowledge-acquisition aparatus (e.g. eyes and the visual cortext) is innate. Knowledge being innate does not make it necessarily accurate. Thus, it seems likely that the innate geometry in human vision and understanding of space is approximately Euclidean; the human environment under which it evolved seems unlikely to contain anything to give stimulus to evolution of Einstenian geometry (which is needed in GPS). These considerations can lead to deep skepticism. One may think that human knowledge acquisition faculties are only good enough for survival and reproduction (and other support of the genes) and that they may fail miserably when used outside of their bounds. Part of this skepticism is perhaps healthy. One can launch a defense: how do you know that humans originated by evolution by natural selection? If the human faculties are so frail, you should not be so certain. And then you should not be so certain about your skepticism either. It is an entersting twist, pointing to certain apparent circularity in attempts to reason about knowledge with the use of Darwinism. Since, one needed an initial knowledge theory to learn about evolution by natural selection, but the results can then impinge on the knowledge theory itself. I sense this is not a grave defect, but I acknowledge the line of reasoning as not without merit. == Knowledge of word meaning == The knowledge of word meaning is an interesting problem. In order to formulate an observation in language, one needs to have knowledge of word meaning. But word meanings are not trivially objectively observable entities, unlike e.g. cats or rivers. The knowledge of word meaning does not need to be explicitly represented in words; thus, one may be able to use language productively without being able to give plausible definitions. Lexicography seems to posit that word meaning can be extracted from quotations of use. But this seems to be far from trivially obvious. It seems one has to insert a lot of conceptual interpretive analysis to extract the word meaning. Knowledge of word meaning cannot be innate since words are not innate. But some general concepts could be innate rather than obtained from experience. A child could be trying to map the words heard to the naive observational ontology (or entitology?) given by the senses, especially sight, and then refine the ontology based on the language use. It seems doubtful that the child's naive observational ontology would contain the nodes of mammal or feline, but it could well contain animal and cat. The node of animal could be innate; cat perhaps not. These questions would need to be seriously investiated. == See also == * [[Epistemology]] == Further reading == * {{W|Epistemology}}, wikipedia.org * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology epistemology], britannica.com * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/ Epistemology], plato.stanford.edu [[Category:Epistemology]] lujqo30ddkdpyef7tetglxlwwrjfdsg 2691242 2691241 2024-12-10T14:01:31Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky contains various notes on epistemology, the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. A key inspiration is Karl Popper. Various observations will be sort of trivial, but one may sometimes benefit from going over platitutes. Epistemology is to cover both any knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular. It therefore overlaps philosophy of science. Epistemology can be a worthwhile exercise. Its results can be at least in part counterintuitive. To me, the Popperian doctrine that we can never really conclusively verify scientific theories and that any genuine verification is an attempted falsification is very instructive and revealing. (Popper sometimes uses the word corroboration instead of verification to emphasize the inconclusive character.) == Certain knowledge == One doctrine states that mathematics possesses certain knowledge whereas empirical sciences possess uncertain knowledge. Einstein made a point to that effect. Lakatos extended Popperian falsificationism in part to mathematics, in his ''Proofs and Refutations''. Thus, there can be certain tentativeness even in mathematics. The uncertainty of knowledge is demonstrated by the overcoming of Newtonian mechanics with Einstein's mechanics. Newtoning mechanics seemed to be so convincing verified and final, yet it turned out to be merely approximate, failing e.g. for high velocities. (One does not need to study philosophy to note as much; study of physics suffices. One may thus claim that this result does not stem from the field of philosophy and that philosophers merely reflect on what physics would have made clear without them anyway. But it is perhaps still useful to drive the point home as forcefully as Popper did, against Marx, Freud and Adler. Popper does not state that all that e.g. Freud states is wrong; his point is that it is not scientific.) == Everyday knowledge == There are countless examples of everyday knowledge for which we feel certain from direct sensory experience that we know something. Thus, we think to know that e.g. there is a domestic cat over there or that the tree over there is a fir. In addition to sensory experience, we also often rely on verbal reports (whether auditory or in writing) and call the result knowledge, but this use of the word knowledge appears rather debatable to me. Nonetheless, Wikipedia aims to collect knowledge, or so it says. A simple heuristic scheme one can sometimes find in literature is this: * To see --> to know. * To have heard --> to believe (without necessarily knowing). Of course, the mapping is merely heuristic; one can read something (and thus see) and merely believe what one sees and one can hear the sound of the motorcycle engine and thus know (rather than being subject to hearsay). == Knowledge in mathematics == Mathematics is thought to have certain knowledge due to using conclusive proofs. But one can put this to doubt, as is suggested by Hofstadter. Since, we do not have perfect certainty (in principle) that the systems of proof that we are using are consistent, meaning contradiction free. One can also argue as follows: human minds are mammalian brains evolved as part of natural selection. Human methods of knowing may be merely adequate for survival and reproduction (and other gene support). It may turn out that the human brain hardware contains platform-wide defects that would lead all practicing mathematicians to recognize the same kinds of proofs as conclusive which in fact were inconclusive. I find this line of argument interesting and thought-provoking but very hard to accept. I tend to side with those who claim that mathematics has certain knowledge. Or at least some mathematics; Lakatos criticism is to be taken seriously. And one can recall that Newton's and Leibniz calculus was originally in, say, somewhat provisional state, lacking the rigor that modern mathematics requires. Perhaps the picture is more complicated and varied than one would want to believe. == Unprovable knowledge == Unprovable knowledge exists. If I roll a die, observe the result, remember the result, and roll the die several times again, I know the outcome bar failure of memory but I have no way of proving it to anyone. This applies to a range of situations. It seems plausible that someone may succeed in committing, say, a murder and hiding all traces or traces of having done so. == Documented knowledge == Above, I noted the thought experiment with rolling a die, and then having no means of proving the outcome. I can improve my chances of proving that by taking a record of the outcome. I could then show the record in the court of law. The proof/evidence would be inconclusive since I could have cheated or make some wild mistake when taking the record. But the record is stronger evidence than memory, since human experience generally shows human memory to be all too often frail. I can use the record later not only to convince the court but also myself. Since I too know that human memory is frail, whereas sheets of paper with writing or typing do not undergo a change in which some words get changed or similar. Textual record necessarily leads to considerable loss. Knowledge obtained through eyesight about an object is much richer than the propositional knowledge captured in sentences. This is in part addressed by photography and videorecording as well as sound recording. == Induction == I believe Popper is correct in stating that induction does not work to demarcate science from non-science. Moreover, it seems to me that induction hardly ever works at all. That is to say, if we have a predicate F, no amount of affirming instances of F would alone lead us to conclusion that for all x, F x (F is true of X). This also obtains for the more narrow form where F is in fact F ==> G. This is obvious in mathematics: we can have an arbitrarily large number of even numbers, but this does not lead us to conclude that all positive integers are even numbers; in this case, F is positive integer and G is even number. That is to say, we have a large set of examples meeting F and G, and thus meeting F ==> G, but that does not lead us to generalize that for all x, F x ==> G x. The situation is similar in sciences. Since, let us take F to be mammal and G to be domestic cat. Our seeing additional cats (examples of F and G) does not lead us to conclude that universally F ==> G, that is, that all mammals are cats. Instead, we consider the existence of refuting instances (e.g. dogs) and close the case as rejected. A meaningful investigation of a hypothesis of the form for "all x, F x ==> G x" involves above all considering the store of all observations (in the mind or elsewhere) to check whether there are refuting instances. Additional step involves trying to find as many or varied instances of F since these are the ones that can lead to discovery of additional falsifiers, F x and not G x. That's how it seems to me. A proper research in the literature on induction could perhaps lead me to a different conclusion or a correction of the above. By induction I here mean induction in sciences, not mathematical induction. I constrained the concept of induction to exclude extrapolation and interpolation; it could perhaps be used more broadly to include those. == Incompleteness of knowledge == Some of the Gödel's results are sometimes used to point out necessary incompleteness of mathematical knowledge. Thus, not only cannot human mind achieve all mathematical knowledge, not even machines can ever achieve it. One may trivialize the matter by pointing out that we cannot even know all the statements of the form X + Y = Z for three integers for lack of memory and such, but that is not the point. It seems also likely that we will never have complete (empirical) scientific knowledge. At a minimum, predictive knowledge about future will be out of bounds dues to chaos or computational irreducibility. One could still hope to discover the ultimate fundamental physical laws, without being able to use them to predict everything. == Authority and sourcing from publications == One often uses sourcing from publications. Interestingly enough, Popper scorns this as a method of doing science at least in one piece of writing. The theory of scientific method is not usually concerned with sourcing from publications. Einstein's famous special relativity paper does not contain much sourcing, if I remember correctly; better find the paper. I view sourcing with a heavy dose of skepticism. Yet I cannot do without it. Things can be improved by differentiation: are we sourcing math or are we sourcing nutrition science (spinach has iron?). One can investigate various fields and their history of success and treat them accordingly, with higher skepticism as justified by the experience with the field. One can for instance suspect that math results will be more international or interculturar than history, where nations have strong interest to skew things or spin them in their favor or direction. In mathematics classes in the high school and university, we almost never worked with "reliable sources"; we instead proved everything or almost everything. The teachers hardly ever invoked their authority, if at all; the authority was there of the proof, and the student had to verify the proof. Of course, this is perhaps somewhat idealized; the authority of the teacher perhaps does play a role, even in mathematics. == Justified true belief == Knowledge is sometimes defined as justified true belief. That is to say, I know X if I believe it, X is true and I am justified in believing it. There is criticism of this definition/characterization. For one thing, as long as we use the word knowledge to refer to uncertain knowledge, things known to be true are not logically necessarily true (which seems like a paradox or contradiction since the word to know implies perfect certainty, but that cannot really be the case). Another criticism concerns the requirement of justification. Popper denies that knowledge is justified. But the idea of justification is plausible; in mathematics, we only know a theorem to be true if we have a proof. One could counter that axioms are not proven, to which one may respond that axioms are definitions in disguise and that theorems in ultimate analysis point to statements of the form, if axioms such-and-such are true, the following theorems are true. Yet another criticism applies to the genus of belief. As long as knowledge can be contains in a book, it does not seem to be belief. By contrast, knowledge in a mind does seem to be species of belief if one extends the concept of belief enought to include knowledge. This extension is perhaps required since otherwise, one would say that if one believes something, it implies one does not know it; and thus, knowledge and belief would be coordinate terms rather than one being subordinate to the other. == Knowledge in plants == From what I remember, Popper indicates innate expectations of organism to be something like knowledge. Thus, a plant adapted to presence of sunlight via chlorophyl as if states, there is sunlight in the environment. I find this point interesting, but it perhaps stretches the concept of knowledge. == Knowledge in animals == Knowledge in some animals, e.g. chimpanzees, seems plausible, including concepts. The concepts would be there, but not names for concepts. Even simple animals can have knowledge or quasi-knowledge, including innate one in the form of innate expectations about the environemnt. == Knowledge of historical statements == According to Popper, existential statements in sciences are not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. This seems rather counter-intuitive, but has some force. Thus, the statement that there is a teapot orbiting the Earth (Russell? Dawkins?) is not falsifiable/testable and does not have a scientific character. This can be extended to historical statements. The statements of historiography would then be non-scientific. This seems strange but also not entirely so. Since, e.g. Newton's mechanics applies at all locations and all time points, so it runs the risk of being refuted in future. By contrast, the statement that the battle of Waterloo took place in year so-and-so and was between parties so-and-so does not directly run the risk of being refuted by a future event; it is not universally quantified. The textul historical record becomes an important source of (putative) knowledge, but that is not so in physics, chemistry or biology. I should perhaps learn more about the matter by studying methodology of historical and historiographic fields. == Reason vs. experience == There is some kind of discussion about reason vs. experience in how we know things, relating to rationalism vs. empiricism. I cannot make much sense of it. I would argue that all or nearly all epistemic processes contain both elements of experience and reason. Since, concerning everyday knowledge, we recieve perceptual objects in the mind, e.g. the visual perception of a cat. The visual perception appears raw in a sense, uninterpreted. But in fact, what is really uninterpreted is the retinal image; what enters the mind is merely based on that retinal image, enriched with inferred physical properties. And thus, something like reason (inference) is part of the perceptual cat, before anything like reason in narrow sense was applied. Let us consider mirage. The raw sensory experience tells us we see something we do not see. And we use reason (informed by other experience) that what we see cannot be real. Both elements are present. In mathematics, one could argue that it is based on reason and not experience. But I do not find that convincing. We know that our proving methods work in part from experience. That said, I fully recognize the contrast between mathematical knowledge and empirical knowledge. We know very little by reason or critical thinking alone. Never direct your eyes to the sky and never engage in careful observation. Instead, lock yourself in an ivory tower and have a computer to do large-scale speculative simulations and analysis. You may find out about e.g. mathematical fractals or the road to chaos, but never about the stars. No amount of analysis can compensate for missing observation and experiment and for the missing observational and experimental instrumentation. == Instrumentation == Large portions of science do not get very far without instrumentation, including telescopes, microscopes, measuring devices but also computers (computing and information storage and retrieval devices). These instruments enhance our getting to know, or make it possible in the first place. == Revisionism and scientific revolutions == Inspired by Kuhn and Popper. In general, scientific knowledge does not grow merely by extension/expansion but also by modification. It is in general not cumulative in this sense. One cannot hope to establish a method so good that it will only lead to statements in no need of revision. In a geographic analogy, one could naively think of science as map maping where one only fills in the white blanks and never has to redraw any parts of the map. History of science shows that redrawing is necessary once in a while. But the cumulative character is far from absent. The filling of periodic table was probably not a process of continual scientific revolution; once the concept of chemical element was well established, the process of finding additional chemical elements was probably relatively cumulative. (But I would need to check relevant literature to learn more and be sure I know what I am talking about.) Kuhn makes the point that a certain degree of resistance to refutation and sticking to theories that appear to be refuted by observation does not need to be a bad or unscientific thing. The apparent refuting observation may later turn out not to have been refuting after all. On the other hand, the contrast between religious dogma and scientific successive modification of tentative knowledge is real, and one characteristic of good science is that it does not stick to refuted theory beyond what is reasonable (for some value of reasonable). == Proof and evidence == As part of inquiry into knowledge, one can include inquiry into what serves as proof and evidence, in relation to the ''justified'' part of the characterization of knowledge. This concerns not only science but also courts of law. Courts accept witness evidence although it is logically very inconclusive. Mathematics provides one idea for what a proof is. This idea does not seem to directly carry over to other fields. In the field of software, automatic test suite run against the software is a form of proof or evidence that the software meets the requirements/works as required. Educational examination provides something like a proof or evidence that the student has learned the matter. Industrial testing is another case. In another section, I supported Popperian falsificationism as a standard. There, one does not prove things; one tries to refute them. How, then, can one substantiate corroboration (attempted falsification) of a hypothesis? For instance by submitting documentary or data evidence indicating what attepts at refutation were attempted, what observations and experiments and with what results. That is the first idea; a better elaboration would be preferable. Further reading: * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/evidence-law evidence], britannica.com * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/proof-logic proof], britannica.com == Procedural knowledge == Apart from declarative knowledge (e.g. knowing there is a cat over there), there is also procedural knowledge or know-how. Procedural knowledge can have a non-propositional form; thus, one may know how to dance jive without being able to give verbal instructions. Even human ability to walk can be seen as a procedural knowledge. Tigers can be thought of knowing how to run, thus having procedural knowledge. Alternatively, one could distinguish knowledge from skil and consider ability to dance jive to be skill, not knowledge. Some procedural knowledge does have a propositional form, form of sentences. == Innate knowledge == Some knowledge is innate, given by the genes. Knowledge-acquisition aparatus (e.g. eyes and the visual cortext) is innate. Knowledge being innate does not make it necessarily accurate. Thus, it seems likely that the innate geometry in human vision and understanding of space is approximately Euclidean; the human environment under which it evolved seems unlikely to contain anything to give stimulus to evolution of Einstenian geometry (which is needed in GPS). These considerations can lead to deep skepticism. One may think that human knowledge acquisition faculties are only good enough for survival and reproduction (and other support of the genes) and that they may fail miserably when used outside of their bounds. Part of this skepticism is perhaps healthy. One can launch a defense: how do you know that humans originated by evolution by natural selection? If the human faculties are so frail, you should not be so certain. And then you should not be so certain about your skepticism either. It is an entersting twist, pointing to certain apparent circularity in attempts to reason about knowledge with the use of Darwinism. Since, one needed an initial knowledge theory to learn about evolution by natural selection, but the results can then impinge on the knowledge theory itself. I sense this is not a grave defect, but I acknowledge the line of reasoning as not without merit. == Knowledge of word meaning == The knowledge of word meaning is an interesting problem. In order to formulate an observation in language, one needs to have knowledge of word meaning. But word meanings are not trivially objectively observable entities, unlike e.g. cats or rivers. The knowledge of word meaning does not need to be explicitly represented in words; thus, one may be able to use language productively without being able to give plausible definitions. Lexicography seems to posit that word meaning can be extracted from quotations of use. But this seems to be far from trivially obvious. It seems one has to insert a lot of conceptual interpretive analysis to extract the word meaning. Knowledge of word meaning cannot be innate since words are not innate. But some general concepts could be innate rather than obtained from experience. A child could be trying to map the words heard to the naive observational ontology (or entitology?) given by the senses, especially sight, and then refine the ontology based on the language use. It seems doubtful that the child's naive observational ontology would contain the nodes of mammal or feline, but it could well contain animal and cat. The node of animal could be innate; cat perhaps not. These questions would need to be seriously investiated. == Cybernetics == One could use the ideas from cybernetics to investigate knowledge. Thus, one could set up two abstract systems, one trying to learn about the other and try to figure out what that learning would consist in. In relation to that, I seem to remember that Ashby indicates that being a model is given by isomorphism or homomorphism. == Scientific models == The concept of a scientific model seems to point to the idea that elements of scientific knowledge are rather imperfect representations of reality. Both Newtonian and Eistenian mechanics can be seen as models. But also Ptolemaic astronomy can be seen as a model, one that has been made increasingly observationally adequate by subsequent modifications during its use. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/models-science/ Models in Science], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == See also == * [[Epistemology]] == Further reading == * {{W|Epistemology}}, wikipedia.org * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology epistemology], britannica.com * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/ Epistemology], plato.stanford.edu [[Category:Epistemology]] 66tggjgrgku8jcver1a08gnk4xyz29v 2691243 2691242 2024-12-10T14:02:45Z Dan Polansky 33469 /* Scientific models */ 2691243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky contains various notes on epistemology, the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. A key inspiration is Karl Popper. Various observations will be sort of trivial, but one may sometimes benefit from going over platitutes. Epistemology is to cover both any knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular. It therefore overlaps philosophy of science. Epistemology can be a worthwhile exercise. Its results can be at least in part counterintuitive. To me, the Popperian doctrine that we can never really conclusively verify scientific theories and that any genuine verification is an attempted falsification is very instructive and revealing. (Popper sometimes uses the word corroboration instead of verification to emphasize the inconclusive character.) == Certain knowledge == One doctrine states that mathematics possesses certain knowledge whereas empirical sciences possess uncertain knowledge. Einstein made a point to that effect. Lakatos extended Popperian falsificationism in part to mathematics, in his ''Proofs and Refutations''. Thus, there can be certain tentativeness even in mathematics. The uncertainty of knowledge is demonstrated by the overcoming of Newtonian mechanics with Einstein's mechanics. Newtoning mechanics seemed to be so convincing verified and final, yet it turned out to be merely approximate, failing e.g. for high velocities. (One does not need to study philosophy to note as much; study of physics suffices. One may thus claim that this result does not stem from the field of philosophy and that philosophers merely reflect on what physics would have made clear without them anyway. But it is perhaps still useful to drive the point home as forcefully as Popper did, against Marx, Freud and Adler. Popper does not state that all that e.g. Freud states is wrong; his point is that it is not scientific.) == Everyday knowledge == There are countless examples of everyday knowledge for which we feel certain from direct sensory experience that we know something. Thus, we think to know that e.g. there is a domestic cat over there or that the tree over there is a fir. In addition to sensory experience, we also often rely on verbal reports (whether auditory or in writing) and call the result knowledge, but this use of the word knowledge appears rather debatable to me. Nonetheless, Wikipedia aims to collect knowledge, or so it says. A simple heuristic scheme one can sometimes find in literature is this: * To see --> to know. * To have heard --> to believe (without necessarily knowing). Of course, the mapping is merely heuristic; one can read something (and thus see) and merely believe what one sees and one can hear the sound of the motorcycle engine and thus know (rather than being subject to hearsay). == Knowledge in mathematics == Mathematics is thought to have certain knowledge due to using conclusive proofs. But one can put this to doubt, as is suggested by Hofstadter. Since, we do not have perfect certainty (in principle) that the systems of proof that we are using are consistent, meaning contradiction free. One can also argue as follows: human minds are mammalian brains evolved as part of natural selection. Human methods of knowing may be merely adequate for survival and reproduction (and other gene support). It may turn out that the human brain hardware contains platform-wide defects that would lead all practicing mathematicians to recognize the same kinds of proofs as conclusive which in fact were inconclusive. I find this line of argument interesting and thought-provoking but very hard to accept. I tend to side with those who claim that mathematics has certain knowledge. Or at least some mathematics; Lakatos criticism is to be taken seriously. And one can recall that Newton's and Leibniz calculus was originally in, say, somewhat provisional state, lacking the rigor that modern mathematics requires. Perhaps the picture is more complicated and varied than one would want to believe. == Unprovable knowledge == Unprovable knowledge exists. If I roll a die, observe the result, remember the result, and roll the die several times again, I know the outcome bar failure of memory but I have no way of proving it to anyone. This applies to a range of situations. It seems plausible that someone may succeed in committing, say, a murder and hiding all traces or traces of having done so. == Documented knowledge == Above, I noted the thought experiment with rolling a die, and then having no means of proving the outcome. I can improve my chances of proving that by taking a record of the outcome. I could then show the record in the court of law. The proof/evidence would be inconclusive since I could have cheated or make some wild mistake when taking the record. But the record is stronger evidence than memory, since human experience generally shows human memory to be all too often frail. I can use the record later not only to convince the court but also myself. Since I too know that human memory is frail, whereas sheets of paper with writing or typing do not undergo a change in which some words get changed or similar. Textual record necessarily leads to considerable loss. Knowledge obtained through eyesight about an object is much richer than the propositional knowledge captured in sentences. This is in part addressed by photography and videorecording as well as sound recording. == Induction == I believe Popper is correct in stating that induction does not work to demarcate science from non-science. Moreover, it seems to me that induction hardly ever works at all. That is to say, if we have a predicate F, no amount of affirming instances of F would alone lead us to conclusion that for all x, F x (F is true of X). This also obtains for the more narrow form where F is in fact F ==> G. This is obvious in mathematics: we can have an arbitrarily large number of even numbers, but this does not lead us to conclude that all positive integers are even numbers; in this case, F is positive integer and G is even number. That is to say, we have a large set of examples meeting F and G, and thus meeting F ==> G, but that does not lead us to generalize that for all x, F x ==> G x. The situation is similar in sciences. Since, let us take F to be mammal and G to be domestic cat. Our seeing additional cats (examples of F and G) does not lead us to conclude that universally F ==> G, that is, that all mammals are cats. Instead, we consider the existence of refuting instances (e.g. dogs) and close the case as rejected. A meaningful investigation of a hypothesis of the form for "all x, F x ==> G x" involves above all considering the store of all observations (in the mind or elsewhere) to check whether there are refuting instances. Additional step involves trying to find as many or varied instances of F since these are the ones that can lead to discovery of additional falsifiers, F x and not G x. That's how it seems to me. A proper research in the literature on induction could perhaps lead me to a different conclusion or a correction of the above. By induction I here mean induction in sciences, not mathematical induction. I constrained the concept of induction to exclude extrapolation and interpolation; it could perhaps be used more broadly to include those. == Incompleteness of knowledge == Some of the Gödel's results are sometimes used to point out necessary incompleteness of mathematical knowledge. Thus, not only cannot human mind achieve all mathematical knowledge, not even machines can ever achieve it. One may trivialize the matter by pointing out that we cannot even know all the statements of the form X + Y = Z for three integers for lack of memory and such, but that is not the point. It seems also likely that we will never have complete (empirical) scientific knowledge. At a minimum, predictive knowledge about future will be out of bounds dues to chaos or computational irreducibility. One could still hope to discover the ultimate fundamental physical laws, without being able to use them to predict everything. == Authority and sourcing from publications == One often uses sourcing from publications. Interestingly enough, Popper scorns this as a method of doing science at least in one piece of writing. The theory of scientific method is not usually concerned with sourcing from publications. Einstein's famous special relativity paper does not contain much sourcing, if I remember correctly; better find the paper. I view sourcing with a heavy dose of skepticism. Yet I cannot do without it. Things can be improved by differentiation: are we sourcing math or are we sourcing nutrition science (spinach has iron?). One can investigate various fields and their history of success and treat them accordingly, with higher skepticism as justified by the experience with the field. One can for instance suspect that math results will be more international or interculturar than history, where nations have strong interest to skew things or spin them in their favor or direction. In mathematics classes in the high school and university, we almost never worked with "reliable sources"; we instead proved everything or almost everything. The teachers hardly ever invoked their authority, if at all; the authority was there of the proof, and the student had to verify the proof. Of course, this is perhaps somewhat idealized; the authority of the teacher perhaps does play a role, even in mathematics. == Justified true belief == Knowledge is sometimes defined as justified true belief. That is to say, I know X if I believe it, X is true and I am justified in believing it. There is criticism of this definition/characterization. For one thing, as long as we use the word knowledge to refer to uncertain knowledge, things known to be true are not logically necessarily true (which seems like a paradox or contradiction since the word to know implies perfect certainty, but that cannot really be the case). Another criticism concerns the requirement of justification. Popper denies that knowledge is justified. But the idea of justification is plausible; in mathematics, we only know a theorem to be true if we have a proof. One could counter that axioms are not proven, to which one may respond that axioms are definitions in disguise and that theorems in ultimate analysis point to statements of the form, if axioms such-and-such are true, the following theorems are true. Yet another criticism applies to the genus of belief. As long as knowledge can be contains in a book, it does not seem to be belief. By contrast, knowledge in a mind does seem to be species of belief if one extends the concept of belief enought to include knowledge. This extension is perhaps required since otherwise, one would say that if one believes something, it implies one does not know it; and thus, knowledge and belief would be coordinate terms rather than one being subordinate to the other. == Knowledge in plants == From what I remember, Popper indicates innate expectations of organism to be something like knowledge. Thus, a plant adapted to presence of sunlight via chlorophyl as if states, there is sunlight in the environment. I find this point interesting, but it perhaps stretches the concept of knowledge. == Knowledge in animals == Knowledge in some animals, e.g. chimpanzees, seems plausible, including concepts. The concepts would be there, but not names for concepts. Even simple animals can have knowledge or quasi-knowledge, including innate one in the form of innate expectations about the environemnt. == Knowledge of historical statements == According to Popper, existential statements in sciences are not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. This seems rather counter-intuitive, but has some force. Thus, the statement that there is a teapot orbiting the Earth (Russell? Dawkins?) is not falsifiable/testable and does not have a scientific character. This can be extended to historical statements. The statements of historiography would then be non-scientific. This seems strange but also not entirely so. Since, e.g. Newton's mechanics applies at all locations and all time points, so it runs the risk of being refuted in future. By contrast, the statement that the battle of Waterloo took place in year so-and-so and was between parties so-and-so does not directly run the risk of being refuted by a future event; it is not universally quantified. The textul historical record becomes an important source of (putative) knowledge, but that is not so in physics, chemistry or biology. I should perhaps learn more about the matter by studying methodology of historical and historiographic fields. == Reason vs. experience == There is some kind of discussion about reason vs. experience in how we know things, relating to rationalism vs. empiricism. I cannot make much sense of it. I would argue that all or nearly all epistemic processes contain both elements of experience and reason. Since, concerning everyday knowledge, we recieve perceptual objects in the mind, e.g. the visual perception of a cat. The visual perception appears raw in a sense, uninterpreted. But in fact, what is really uninterpreted is the retinal image; what enters the mind is merely based on that retinal image, enriched with inferred physical properties. And thus, something like reason (inference) is part of the perceptual cat, before anything like reason in narrow sense was applied. Let us consider mirage. The raw sensory experience tells us we see something we do not see. And we use reason (informed by other experience) that what we see cannot be real. Both elements are present. In mathematics, one could argue that it is based on reason and not experience. But I do not find that convincing. We know that our proving methods work in part from experience. That said, I fully recognize the contrast between mathematical knowledge and empirical knowledge. We know very little by reason or critical thinking alone. Never direct your eyes to the sky and never engage in careful observation. Instead, lock yourself in an ivory tower and have a computer to do large-scale speculative simulations and analysis. You may find out about e.g. mathematical fractals or the road to chaos, but never about the stars. No amount of analysis can compensate for missing observation and experiment and for the missing observational and experimental instrumentation. == Instrumentation == Large portions of science do not get very far without instrumentation, including telescopes, microscopes, measuring devices but also computers (computing and information storage and retrieval devices). These instruments enhance our getting to know, or make it possible in the first place. == Revisionism and scientific revolutions == Inspired by Kuhn and Popper. In general, scientific knowledge does not grow merely by extension/expansion but also by modification. It is in general not cumulative in this sense. One cannot hope to establish a method so good that it will only lead to statements in no need of revision. In a geographic analogy, one could naively think of science as map maping where one only fills in the white blanks and never has to redraw any parts of the map. History of science shows that redrawing is necessary once in a while. But the cumulative character is far from absent. The filling of periodic table was probably not a process of continual scientific revolution; once the concept of chemical element was well established, the process of finding additional chemical elements was probably relatively cumulative. (But I would need to check relevant literature to learn more and be sure I know what I am talking about.) Kuhn makes the point that a certain degree of resistance to refutation and sticking to theories that appear to be refuted by observation does not need to be a bad or unscientific thing. The apparent refuting observation may later turn out not to have been refuting after all. On the other hand, the contrast between religious dogma and scientific successive modification of tentative knowledge is real, and one characteristic of good science is that it does not stick to refuted theory beyond what is reasonable (for some value of reasonable). == Proof and evidence == As part of inquiry into knowledge, one can include inquiry into what serves as proof and evidence, in relation to the ''justified'' part of the characterization of knowledge. This concerns not only science but also courts of law. Courts accept witness evidence although it is logically very inconclusive. Mathematics provides one idea for what a proof is. This idea does not seem to directly carry over to other fields. In the field of software, automatic test suite run against the software is a form of proof or evidence that the software meets the requirements/works as required. Educational examination provides something like a proof or evidence that the student has learned the matter. Industrial testing is another case. In another section, I supported Popperian falsificationism as a standard. There, one does not prove things; one tries to refute them. How, then, can one substantiate corroboration (attempted falsification) of a hypothesis? For instance by submitting documentary or data evidence indicating what attepts at refutation were attempted, what observations and experiments and with what results. That is the first idea; a better elaboration would be preferable. Further reading: * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/evidence-law evidence], britannica.com * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/proof-logic proof], britannica.com == Procedural knowledge == Apart from declarative knowledge (e.g. knowing there is a cat over there), there is also procedural knowledge or know-how. Procedural knowledge can have a non-propositional form; thus, one may know how to dance jive without being able to give verbal instructions. Even human ability to walk can be seen as a procedural knowledge. Tigers can be thought of knowing how to run, thus having procedural knowledge. Alternatively, one could distinguish knowledge from skil and consider ability to dance jive to be skill, not knowledge. Some procedural knowledge does have a propositional form, form of sentences. == Innate knowledge == Some knowledge is innate, given by the genes. Knowledge-acquisition aparatus (e.g. eyes and the visual cortext) is innate. Knowledge being innate does not make it necessarily accurate. Thus, it seems likely that the innate geometry in human vision and understanding of space is approximately Euclidean; the human environment under which it evolved seems unlikely to contain anything to give stimulus to evolution of Einstenian geometry (which is needed in GPS). These considerations can lead to deep skepticism. One may think that human knowledge acquisition faculties are only good enough for survival and reproduction (and other support of the genes) and that they may fail miserably when used outside of their bounds. Part of this skepticism is perhaps healthy. One can launch a defense: how do you know that humans originated by evolution by natural selection? If the human faculties are so frail, you should not be so certain. And then you should not be so certain about your skepticism either. It is an entersting twist, pointing to certain apparent circularity in attempts to reason about knowledge with the use of Darwinism. Since, one needed an initial knowledge theory to learn about evolution by natural selection, but the results can then impinge on the knowledge theory itself. I sense this is not a grave defect, but I acknowledge the line of reasoning as not without merit. == Knowledge of word meaning == The knowledge of word meaning is an interesting problem. In order to formulate an observation in language, one needs to have knowledge of word meaning. But word meanings are not trivially objectively observable entities, unlike e.g. cats or rivers. The knowledge of word meaning does not need to be explicitly represented in words; thus, one may be able to use language productively without being able to give plausible definitions. Lexicography seems to posit that word meaning can be extracted from quotations of use. But this seems to be far from trivially obvious. It seems one has to insert a lot of conceptual interpretive analysis to extract the word meaning. Knowledge of word meaning cannot be innate since words are not innate. But some general concepts could be innate rather than obtained from experience. A child could be trying to map the words heard to the naive observational ontology (or entitology?) given by the senses, especially sight, and then refine the ontology based on the language use. It seems doubtful that the child's naive observational ontology would contain the nodes of mammal or feline, but it could well contain animal and cat. The node of animal could be innate; cat perhaps not. These questions would need to be seriously investiated. == Cybernetics == One could use the ideas from cybernetics to investigate knowledge. Thus, one could set up two abstract systems, one trying to learn about the other and try to figure out what that learning would consist in. In relation to that, I seem to remember that Ashby indicates that being a model is given by isomorphism or homomorphism. == Scientific models == The concept of a scientific model seems to point to the idea that elements of scientific knowledge are rather imperfect representations of reality. Both Newtonian and Eistenian mechanics can be seen as models. But also Ptolemaic astronomy can be seen as a model, one that has been made increasingly observationally adequate by subsequent modifications during its use. A visual analogy for the concept of scientific model can be a toy model of a car. The toy model bears some resemblance to the real thing, but key aspects are missing. To what extent this analogy is apt would need to be clarified. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/models-science/ Models in Science], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == See also == * [[Epistemology]] == Further reading == * {{W|Epistemology}}, wikipedia.org * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology epistemology], britannica.com * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/ Epistemology], plato.stanford.edu [[Category:Epistemology]] p4o7bwynqio2ts5ne5xu5o4rnomhbgt 2691245 2691243 2024-12-10T14:53:11Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky contains various notes on epistemology, the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. A key inspiration is Karl Popper. Various observations will be sort of trivial, but one may sometimes benefit from going over platitutes. Epistemology is to cover both any knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular. It therefore overlaps philosophy of science. Epistemology can be a worthwhile exercise. Its results can be at least in part counterintuitive. To me, the Popperian doctrine that we can never really conclusively verify scientific theories and that any genuine verification is an attempted falsification is very instructive and revealing. (Popper sometimes uses the word corroboration instead of verification to emphasize the inconclusive character.) == Certain knowledge == One doctrine states that mathematics possesses certain knowledge whereas empirical sciences possess uncertain knowledge. Einstein made a point to that effect. Lakatos extended Popperian falsificationism in part to mathematics, in his ''Proofs and Refutations''. Thus, there can be certain tentativeness even in mathematics. The uncertainty of knowledge is demonstrated by the overcoming of Newtonian mechanics with Einstein's mechanics. Newtoning mechanics seemed to be so convincing verified and final, yet it turned out to be merely approximate, failing e.g. for high velocities. (One does not need to study philosophy to note as much; study of physics suffices. One may thus claim that this result does not stem from the field of philosophy and that philosophers merely reflect on what physics would have made clear without them anyway. But it is perhaps still useful to drive the point home as forcefully as Popper did, against Marx, Freud and Adler. Popper does not state that all that e.g. Freud states is wrong; his point is that it is not scientific.) == Everyday knowledge == There are countless examples of everyday knowledge for which we feel certain from direct sensory experience that we know something. Thus, we think to know that e.g. there is a domestic cat over there or that the tree over there is a fir. In addition to sensory experience, we also often rely on verbal reports (whether auditory or in writing) and call the result knowledge, but this use of the word knowledge appears rather debatable to me. Nonetheless, Wikipedia aims to collect knowledge, or so it says. A simple heuristic scheme one can sometimes find in literature is this: * To see --> to know. * To have heard --> to believe (without necessarily knowing). Of course, the mapping is merely heuristic; one can read something (and thus see) and merely believe what one sees and one can hear the sound of the motorcycle engine and thus know (rather than being subject to hearsay). == Knowledge in mathematics == Mathematics is thought to have certain knowledge due to using conclusive proofs. But one can put this to doubt, as is suggested by Hofstadter. Since, we do not have perfect certainty (in principle) that the systems of proof that we are using are consistent, meaning contradiction free. One can also argue as follows: human minds are mammalian brains evolved as part of natural selection. Human methods of knowing may be merely adequate for survival and reproduction (and other gene support). It may turn out that the human brain hardware contains platform-wide defects that would lead all practicing mathematicians to recognize the same kinds of proofs as conclusive which in fact were inconclusive. I find this line of argument interesting and thought-provoking but very hard to accept. I tend to side with those who claim that mathematics has certain knowledge. Or at least some mathematics; Lakatos criticism is to be taken seriously. And one can recall that Newton's and Leibniz calculus was originally in, say, somewhat provisional state, lacking the rigor that modern mathematics requires. Perhaps the picture is more complicated and varied than one would want to believe. == Unprovable knowledge == Unprovable knowledge exists. If I roll a die, observe the result, remember the result, and roll the die several times again, I know the outcome bar failure of memory but I have no way of proving it to anyone. This applies to a range of situations. It seems plausible that someone may succeed in committing, say, a murder and hiding all traces or traces of having done so. == Documented knowledge == Above, I noted the thought experiment with rolling a die, and then having no means of proving the outcome. I can improve my chances of proving that by taking a record of the outcome. I could then show the record in the court of law. The proof/evidence would be inconclusive since I could have cheated or make some wild mistake when taking the record. But the record is stronger evidence than memory, since human experience generally shows human memory to be all too often frail. I can use the record later not only to convince the court but also myself. Since I too know that human memory is frail, whereas sheets of paper with writing or typing do not undergo a change in which some words get changed or similar. Textual record necessarily leads to considerable loss. Knowledge obtained through eyesight about an object is much richer than the propositional knowledge captured in sentences. This is in part addressed by photography and videorecording as well as sound recording. == Induction == I believe Popper is correct in stating that induction does not work to demarcate science from non-science. Moreover, it seems to me that induction hardly ever works at all. That is to say, if we have a predicate F, no amount of affirming instances of F would alone lead us to conclusion that for all x, F x (F is true of X). This also obtains for the more narrow form where F is in fact F ==> G. This is obvious in mathematics: we can have an arbitrarily large number of even numbers, but this does not lead us to conclude that all positive integers are even numbers; in this case, F is positive integer and G is even number. That is to say, we have a large set of examples meeting F and G, and thus meeting F ==> G, but that does not lead us to generalize that for all x, F x ==> G x. The situation is similar in sciences. Since, let us take F to be mammal and G to be domestic cat. Our seeing additional cats (examples of F and G) does not lead us to conclude that universally F ==> G, that is, that all mammals are cats. Instead, we consider the existence of refuting instances (e.g. dogs) and close the case as rejected. A meaningful investigation of a hypothesis of the form for "all x, F x ==> G x" involves above all considering the store of all observations (in the mind or elsewhere) to check whether there are refuting instances. Additional step involves trying to find as many or varied instances of F since these are the ones that can lead to discovery of additional falsifiers, F x and not G x. That's how it seems to me. A proper research in the literature on induction could perhaps lead me to a different conclusion or a correction of the above. By induction I here mean induction in sciences, not mathematical induction. I constrained the concept of induction to exclude extrapolation and interpolation; it could perhaps be used more broadly to include those. == Incompleteness of knowledge == Some of the Gödel's results are sometimes used to point out necessary incompleteness of mathematical knowledge. Thus, not only cannot human mind achieve all mathematical knowledge, not even machines can ever achieve it. One may trivialize the matter by pointing out that we cannot even know all the statements of the form X + Y = Z for three integers for lack of memory and such, but that is not the point. It seems also likely that we will never have complete (empirical) scientific knowledge. At a minimum, predictive knowledge about future will be out of bounds dues to chaos or computational irreducibility. One could still hope to discover the ultimate fundamental physical laws, without being able to use them to predict everything. == Authority and sourcing from publications == One often uses sourcing from publications. Interestingly enough, Popper scorns this as a method of doing science at least in one piece of writing. The theory of scientific method is not usually concerned with sourcing from publications. Einstein's famous special relativity paper does not contain much sourcing, if I remember correctly; better find the paper. I view sourcing with a heavy dose of skepticism. Yet I cannot do without it. Things can be improved by differentiation: are we sourcing math or are we sourcing nutrition science (spinach has iron?). One can investigate various fields and their history of success and treat them accordingly, with higher skepticism as justified by the experience with the field. One can for instance suspect that math results will be more international or interculturar than history, where nations have strong interest to skew things or spin them in their favor or direction. In mathematics classes in the high school and university, we almost never worked with "reliable sources"; we instead proved everything or almost everything. The teachers hardly ever invoked their authority, if at all; the authority was there of the proof, and the student had to verify the proof. Of course, this is perhaps somewhat idealized; the authority of the teacher perhaps does play a role, even in mathematics. == Justified true belief == Knowledge is sometimes defined as justified true belief. That is to say, I know X if I believe it, X is true and I am justified in believing it. There is criticism of this definition/characterization. For one thing, as long as we use the word knowledge to refer to uncertain knowledge, things known to be true are not logically necessarily true (which seems like a paradox or contradiction since the word to know implies perfect certainty, but that cannot really be the case). Another criticism concerns the requirement of justification. Popper denies that knowledge is justified. But the idea of justification is plausible; in mathematics, we only know a theorem to be true if we have a proof. One could counter that axioms are not proven, to which one may respond that axioms are definitions in disguise and that theorems in ultimate analysis point to statements of the form, if axioms such-and-such are true, the following theorems are true. Yet another criticism applies to the genus of belief. As long as knowledge can be contains in a book, it does not seem to be belief. By contrast, knowledge in a mind does seem to be species of belief if one extends the concept of belief enought to include knowledge. This extension is perhaps required since otherwise, one would say that if one believes something, it implies one does not know it; and thus, knowledge and belief would be coordinate terms rather than one being subordinate to the other. == Knowledge in plants == From what I remember, Popper indicates innate expectations of organism to be something like knowledge. Thus, a plant adapted to presence of sunlight via chlorophyl as if states, there is sunlight in the environment. I find this point interesting, but it perhaps stretches the concept of knowledge. == Knowledge in animals == Knowledge in some animals, e.g. chimpanzees, seems plausible, including concepts. The concepts would be there, but not names for concepts. Even simple animals can have knowledge or quasi-knowledge, including innate one in the form of innate expectations about the environemnt. == Knowledge of historical statements == According to Popper, existential statements in sciences are not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. This seems rather counter-intuitive, but has some force. Thus, the statement that there is a teapot orbiting the Earth (Russell? Dawkins?) is not falsifiable/testable and does not have a scientific character. This can be extended to historical statements. The statements of historiography would then be non-scientific. This seems strange but also not entirely so. Since, e.g. Newton's mechanics applies at all locations and all time points, so it runs the risk of being refuted in future. By contrast, the statement that the battle of Waterloo took place in year so-and-so and was between parties so-and-so does not directly run the risk of being refuted by a future event; it is not universally quantified. The textul historical record becomes an important source of (putative) knowledge, but that is not so in physics, chemistry or biology. I should perhaps learn more about the matter by studying methodology of historical and historiographic fields. == Reason vs. experience == There is some kind of discussion about reason vs. experience in how we know things, relating to rationalism vs. empiricism. I cannot make much sense of it. I would argue that all or nearly all epistemic processes contain both elements of experience and reason. Since, concerning everyday knowledge, we recieve perceptual objects in the mind, e.g. the visual perception of a cat. The visual perception appears raw in a sense, uninterpreted. But in fact, what is really uninterpreted is the retinal image; what enters the mind is merely based on that retinal image, enriched with inferred physical properties. And thus, something like reason (inference) is part of the perceptual cat, before anything like reason in narrow sense was applied. Let us consider mirage. The raw sensory experience tells us we see something we do not see. And we use reason (informed by other experience) that what we see cannot be real. Both elements are present. In mathematics, one could argue that it is based on reason and not experience. But I do not find that convincing. We know that our proving methods work in part from experience. That said, I fully recognize the contrast between mathematical knowledge and empirical knowledge. We know very little by reason or critical thinking alone. Never direct your eyes to the sky and never engage in careful observation. Instead, lock yourself in an ivory tower and have a computer to do large-scale speculative simulations and analysis. You may find out about e.g. mathematical fractals or the road to chaos, but never about the stars. No amount of analysis can compensate for missing observation and experiment and for the missing observational and experimental instrumentation. == Instrumentation == Large portions of science do not get very far without instrumentation, including telescopes, microscopes, measuring devices but also computers (computing and information storage and retrieval devices). These instruments enhance our getting to know, or make it possible in the first place. == Revisionism and scientific revolutions == Inspired by Kuhn and Popper. In general, scientific knowledge does not grow merely by extension/expansion but also by modification. It is in general not cumulative in this sense. One cannot hope to establish a method so good that it will only lead to statements in no need of revision. In a geographic analogy, one could naively think of science as map maping where one only fills in the white blanks and never has to redraw any parts of the map. History of science shows that redrawing is necessary once in a while. But the cumulative character is far from absent. The filling of periodic table was probably not a process of continual scientific revolution; once the concept of chemical element was well established, the process of finding additional chemical elements was probably relatively cumulative. (But I would need to check relevant literature to learn more and be sure I know what I am talking about.) Kuhn makes the point that a certain degree of resistance to refutation and sticking to theories that appear to be refuted by observation does not need to be a bad or unscientific thing. The apparent refuting observation may later turn out not to have been refuting after all. On the other hand, the contrast between religious dogma and scientific successive modification of tentative knowledge is real, and one characteristic of good science is that it does not stick to refuted theory beyond what is reasonable (for some value of reasonable). == Proof and evidence == As part of inquiry into knowledge, one can include inquiry into what serves as proof and evidence, in relation to the ''justified'' part of the characterization of knowledge. This concerns not only science but also courts of law. Courts accept witness evidence although it is logically very inconclusive. Mathematics provides one idea for what a proof is. This idea does not seem to directly carry over to other fields. In the field of software, automatic test suite run against the software is a form of proof or evidence that the software meets the requirements/works as required. Educational examination provides something like a proof or evidence that the student has learned the matter. Industrial testing is another case. In another section, I supported Popperian falsificationism as a standard. There, one does not prove things; one tries to refute them. How, then, can one substantiate corroboration (attempted falsification) of a hypothesis? For instance by submitting documentary or data evidence indicating what attepts at refutation were attempted, what observations and experiments and with what results. That is the first idea; a better elaboration would be preferable. Further reading: * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/evidence-law evidence], britannica.com * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/proof-logic proof], britannica.com == Procedural knowledge == Apart from declarative knowledge (e.g. knowing there is a cat over there), there is also procedural knowledge or know-how. Procedural knowledge can have a non-propositional form; thus, one may know how to dance jive without being able to give verbal instructions. Even human ability to walk can be seen as a procedural knowledge. Tigers can be thought of knowing how to run, thus having procedural knowledge. Alternatively, one could distinguish knowledge from skil and consider ability to dance jive to be skill, not knowledge. Some procedural knowledge does have a propositional form, form of sentences. == Innate knowledge == Some knowledge is innate, given by the genes. Knowledge-acquisition aparatus (e.g. eyes and the visual cortext) is innate. Knowledge being innate does not make it necessarily accurate. Thus, it seems likely that the innate geometry in human vision and understanding of space is approximately Euclidean; the human environment under which it evolved seems unlikely to contain anything to give stimulus to evolution of Einstenian geometry (which is needed in GPS). These considerations can lead to deep skepticism. One may think that human knowledge acquisition faculties are only good enough for survival and reproduction (and other support of the genes) and that they may fail miserably when used outside of their bounds. Part of this skepticism is perhaps healthy. One can launch a defense: how do you know that humans originated by evolution by natural selection? If the human faculties are so frail, you should not be so certain. And then you should not be so certain about your skepticism either. It is an entersting twist, pointing to certain apparent circularity in attempts to reason about knowledge with the use of Darwinism. Since, one needed an initial knowledge theory to learn about evolution by natural selection, but the results can then impinge on the knowledge theory itself. I sense this is not a grave defect, but I acknowledge the line of reasoning as not without merit. == Knowledge of word meaning == The knowledge of word meaning is an interesting problem. In order to formulate an observation in language, one needs to have knowledge of word meaning. But word meanings are not trivially objectively observable entities, unlike e.g. cats or rivers. The knowledge of word meaning does not need to be explicitly represented in words; thus, one may be able to use language productively without being able to give plausible definitions. Lexicography seems to posit that word meaning can be extracted from quotations of use. But this seems to be far from trivially obvious. It seems one has to insert a lot of conceptual interpretive analysis to extract the word meaning. Knowledge of word meaning cannot be innate since words are not innate. But some general concepts could be innate rather than obtained from experience. A child could be trying to map the words heard to the naive observational ontology (or entitology?) given by the senses, especially sight, and then refine the ontology based on the language use. It seems doubtful that the child's naive observational ontology would contain the nodes of mammal or feline, but it could well contain animal and cat. The node of animal could be innate; cat perhaps not. These questions would need to be seriously investiated. == Cybernetics == One could use the ideas from cybernetics to investigate knowledge. Thus, one could set up two abstract systems, one trying to learn about the other and try to figure out what that learning would consist in. In relation to that, I seem to remember that Ashby indicates that being a model is given by isomorphism or homomorphism. == Scientific models == The concept of a scientific model seems to point to the idea that elements of scientific knowledge are rather imperfect representations of reality. Both Newtonian and Eistenian mechanics can be seen as models. But also Ptolemaic astronomy can be seen as a model, one that has been made increasingly observationally adequate by subsequent modifications during its use. A visual analogy for the concept of scientific model can be a toy model of a car. The toy model bears some resemblance to the real thing, but key aspects are missing. To what extent this analogy is apt would need to be clarified. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/models-science/ Models in Science], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == Counting and calculation == Counting and calculation are both epistemic processes. Counting is additional to seeing. Thus, one can see e.g. many cows, but to know exactly one many, one has to count, unless the cows are only few. Calculation with numbers can answer arithmetic questions. Some indicate this results in no true additional knowledge, which makes sense from the perspective of empirical knowledge, but sounds strange anyway. Logical derivation using logical calculus is an analogue to calculation with numbers. In any case, it is a mechanical manipulation of symbolic encodings. Calculation is a key part of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Without calculation, the medical doctor would not be able to see much. Revisiting the argument sometimes made that calculation adds no true knowledge, that is all nice and perhaps superficially plausible, but here calculation makes a difference between seeing something (on the display or other visual representation) and seeing nothing at all. == Measurement == Measurement is an epistemic process. Like counting, it yields a quantitative characterization of something. There seems to be the field of metrology concerned with this subject. Measurement adds information beyond mere visual inspection. Thus, there is a difference e.g. between estimating the length of a table from looking at it and measuring the length using meter. == Knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus == Something like metaknowledge can contribute to epistemology, knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus. Thus, one may empirically study limitations of human cognition, limitations of measuring instruments and measuring procedures, etc. One could object that part of such inquiry is no longer philosophical but rather psychological. Nonetheless, I am wary of strictly separating philosophy from psychology. Perhaps someone can execute such a separation well enough; let them then present what they have done and how and let us see whether the result is satisfactory. == Epistemology vs. history of knowledge == One could want to separate epistemology from history of knowledge and history of science. One could want to prohibit input from the latter to the former; the former would be purely philosophical. I can see the attraction of doing so from something like architecture of inquiry standpoint, but I do not think it a good idea. For instance, one can hardly fail to observe the impact of Einsteinian special relativity on the philosophy of scientific knowledge. The history of human theories about the world is very instructive, revealing incredible fallibility and openness to wrong suggestion. One can say: I am fallible. My analyses of knowledge are tentative. Their being philosophical is not a good thing per se. If findings of special sciences can shed some light on the questions being asked, so much better. Thus, it is e.g. all fine to use Darwinian thinking to speculate about quasi-knowledge embedded in plants. == Failed epistemic methods == It is instructive to consider not only what is likely to work well but also what has demonstrably failed. Torture is one thing that does not necessarily make one say truth. There are other absurd methods that were sometimes used in history, to be added later. == See also == * [[Epistemology]] == Further reading == * {{W|Epistemology}}, wikipedia.org * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology epistemology], britannica.com * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/ Epistemology], plato.stanford.edu [[Category:Epistemology]] ex9p9o4c00talcwz4bel8z6h6o7mn4d 2691253 2691245 2024-12-10T15:20:59Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky contains various notes on epistemology, the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. A key inspiration is Karl Popper. Various observations will be sort of trivial, but one may sometimes benefit from going over platitutes. Epistemology is to cover both any knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular. It therefore overlaps philosophy of science. Epistemology can be a worthwhile exercise. Its results can be at least in part counterintuitive. To me, the Popperian doctrine that we can never really conclusively verify scientific theories and that any genuine verification is an attempted falsification is very instructive and revealing. (Popper sometimes uses the word corroboration instead of verification to emphasize the inconclusive character.) == Certain knowledge == One doctrine states that mathematics possesses certain knowledge whereas empirical sciences possess uncertain knowledge. Einstein made a point to that effect. Lakatos extended Popperian falsificationism in part to mathematics, in his ''Proofs and Refutations''. Thus, there can be certain tentativeness even in mathematics. The uncertainty of knowledge is demonstrated by the overcoming of Newtonian mechanics with Einstein's mechanics. Newtoning mechanics seemed to be so convincing verified and final, yet it turned out to be merely approximate, failing e.g. for high velocities. (One does not need to study philosophy to note as much; study of physics suffices. One may thus claim that this result does not stem from the field of philosophy and that philosophers merely reflect on what physics would have made clear without them anyway. But it is perhaps still useful to drive the point home as forcefully as Popper did, against Marx, Freud and Adler. Popper does not state that all that e.g. Freud states is wrong; his point is that it is not scientific.) == Everyday knowledge == There are countless examples of everyday knowledge for which we feel certain from direct sensory experience that we know something. Thus, we think to know that e.g. there is a domestic cat over there or that the tree over there is a fir. In addition to sensory experience, we also often rely on verbal reports (whether auditory or in writing) and call the result knowledge, but this use of the word knowledge appears rather debatable to me. Nonetheless, Wikipedia aims to collect knowledge, or so it says. A simple heuristic scheme one can sometimes find in literature is this: * To see --> to know. * To have heard --> to believe (without necessarily knowing). Of course, the mapping is merely heuristic; one can read something (and thus see) and merely believe what one sees and one can hear the sound of the motorcycle engine and thus know (rather than being subject to hearsay). == Knowledge in mathematics == Mathematics is thought to have certain knowledge due to using conclusive proofs. But one can put this to doubt, as is suggested by Hofstadter. Since, we do not have perfect certainty (in principle) that the systems of proof that we are using are consistent, meaning contradiction free. One can also argue as follows: human minds are mammalian brains evolved as part of natural selection. Human methods of knowing may be merely adequate for survival and reproduction (and other gene support). It may turn out that the human brain hardware contains platform-wide defects that would lead all practicing mathematicians to recognize the same kinds of proofs as conclusive which in fact were inconclusive. I find this line of argument interesting and thought-provoking but very hard to accept. I tend to side with those who claim that mathematics has certain knowledge. Or at least some mathematics; Lakatos criticism is to be taken seriously. And one can recall that Newton's and Leibniz calculus was originally in, say, somewhat provisional state, lacking the rigor that modern mathematics requires. Perhaps the picture is more complicated and varied than one would want to believe. == Unprovable knowledge == Unprovable knowledge exists. If I roll a die, observe the result, remember the result, and roll the die several times again, I know the outcome bar failure of memory but I have no way of proving it to anyone. This applies to a range of situations. It seems plausible that someone may succeed in committing, say, a murder and hiding all traces or traces of having done so. == Documented knowledge == Above, I noted the thought experiment with rolling a die, and then having no means of proving the outcome. I can improve my chances of proving that by taking a record of the outcome. I could then show the record in the court of law. The proof/evidence would be inconclusive since I could have cheated or make some wild mistake when taking the record. But the record is stronger evidence than memory, since human experience generally shows human memory to be all too often frail. I can use the record later not only to convince the court but also myself. Since I too know that human memory is frail, whereas sheets of paper with writing or typing do not undergo a change in which some words get changed or similar. Textual record necessarily leads to considerable loss. Knowledge obtained through eyesight about an object is much richer than the propositional knowledge captured in sentences. This is in part addressed by photography and videorecording as well as sound recording. == Induction == I believe Popper is correct in stating that induction does not work to demarcate science from non-science. Moreover, it seems to me that induction hardly ever works at all. That is to say, if we have a predicate F, no amount of affirming instances of F would alone lead us to conclusion that for all x, F x (F is true of X). This also obtains for the more narrow form where F is in fact F ==> G. This is obvious in mathematics: we can have an arbitrarily large number of even numbers, but this does not lead us to conclude that all positive integers are even numbers; in this case, F is positive integer and G is even number. That is to say, we have a large set of examples meeting F and G, and thus meeting F ==> G, but that does not lead us to generalize that for all x, F x ==> G x. The situation is similar in sciences. Since, let us take F to be mammal and G to be domestic cat. Our seeing additional cats (examples of F and G) does not lead us to conclude that universally F ==> G, that is, that all mammals are cats. Instead, we consider the existence of refuting instances (e.g. dogs) and close the case as rejected. A meaningful investigation of a hypothesis of the form for "all x, F x ==> G x" involves above all considering the store of all observations (in the mind or elsewhere) to check whether there are refuting instances. Additional step involves trying to find as many or varied instances of F since these are the ones that can lead to discovery of additional falsifiers, F x and not G x. That's how it seems to me. A proper research in the literature on induction could perhaps lead me to a different conclusion or a correction of the above. By induction I here mean induction in sciences, not mathematical induction. I constrained the concept of induction to exclude extrapolation and interpolation; it could perhaps be used more broadly to include those. == Incompleteness of knowledge == Some of the Gödel's results are sometimes used to point out necessary incompleteness of mathematical knowledge. Thus, not only cannot human mind achieve all mathematical knowledge, not even machines can ever achieve it. One may trivialize the matter by pointing out that we cannot even know all the statements of the form X + Y = Z for three integers for lack of memory and such, but that is not the point. It seems also likely that we will never have complete (empirical) scientific knowledge. At a minimum, predictive knowledge about future will be out of bounds dues to chaos or computational irreducibility. One could still hope to discover the ultimate fundamental physical laws, without being able to use them to predict everything. == Authority and sourcing from publications == One often uses sourcing from publications. Interestingly enough, Popper scorns this as a method of doing science at least in one piece of writing. The theory of scientific method is not usually concerned with sourcing from publications. Einstein's famous special relativity paper does not contain much sourcing, if I remember correctly; better find the paper. I view sourcing with a heavy dose of skepticism. Yet I cannot do without it. Things can be improved by differentiation: are we sourcing math or are we sourcing nutrition science (spinach has iron?). One can investigate various fields and their history of success and treat them accordingly, with higher skepticism as justified by the experience with the field. One can for instance suspect that math results will be more international or interculturar than history, where nations have strong interest to skew things or spin them in their favor or direction. In mathematics classes in the high school and university, we almost never worked with "reliable sources"; we instead proved everything or almost everything. The teachers hardly ever invoked their authority, if at all; the authority was there of the proof, and the student had to verify the proof. Of course, this is perhaps somewhat idealized; the authority of the teacher perhaps does play a role, even in mathematics. == Justified true belief == Knowledge is sometimes defined as justified true belief. That is to say, I know X if I believe it, X is true and I am justified in believing it. There is criticism of this definition/characterization. For one thing, as long as we use the word knowledge to refer to uncertain knowledge, things known to be true are not logically necessarily true (which seems like a paradox or contradiction since the word to know implies perfect certainty, but that cannot really be the case). Another criticism concerns the requirement of justification. Popper denies that knowledge is justified. But the idea of justification is plausible; in mathematics, we only know a theorem to be true if we have a proof. One could counter that axioms are not proven, to which one may respond that axioms are definitions in disguise and that theorems in ultimate analysis point to statements of the form, if axioms such-and-such are true, the following theorems are true. Yet another criticism applies to the genus of belief. As long as knowledge can be contains in a book, it does not seem to be belief. By contrast, knowledge in a mind does seem to be species of belief if one extends the concept of belief enought to include knowledge. This extension is perhaps required since otherwise, one would say that if one believes something, it implies one does not know it; and thus, knowledge and belief would be coordinate terms rather than one being subordinate to the other. == Knowledge in plants == From what I remember, Popper indicates innate expectations of organism to be something like knowledge. Thus, a plant adapted to presence of sunlight via chlorophyl as if states, there is sunlight in the environment. I find this point interesting, but it perhaps stretches the concept of knowledge. == Knowledge in animals == Knowledge in some animals, e.g. chimpanzees, seems plausible, including concepts. The concepts would be there, but not names for concepts. Even simple animals can have knowledge or quasi-knowledge, including innate one in the form of innate expectations about the environemnt. == Knowledge of historical statements == According to Popper, existential statements in sciences are not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. This seems rather counter-intuitive, but has some force. Thus, the statement that there is a teapot orbiting the Earth (Russell? Dawkins?) is not falsifiable/testable and does not have a scientific character. This can be extended to historical statements. The statements of historiography would then be non-scientific. This seems strange but also not entirely so. Since, e.g. Newton's mechanics applies at all locations and all time points, so it runs the risk of being refuted in future. By contrast, the statement that the battle of Waterloo took place in year so-and-so and was between parties so-and-so does not directly run the risk of being refuted by a future event; it is not universally quantified. The textul historical record becomes an important source of (putative) knowledge, but that is not so in physics, chemistry or biology. I should perhaps learn more about the matter by studying methodology of historical and historiographic fields. == Reason vs. experience == There is some kind of discussion about reason vs. experience in how we know things, relating to rationalism vs. empiricism. I cannot make much sense of it. I would argue that all or nearly all epistemic processes contain both elements of experience and reason. Since, concerning everyday knowledge, we recieve perceptual objects in the mind, e.g. the visual perception of a cat. The visual perception appears raw in a sense, uninterpreted. But in fact, what is really uninterpreted is the retinal image; what enters the mind is merely based on that retinal image, enriched with inferred physical properties. And thus, something like reason (inference) is part of the perceptual cat, before anything like reason in narrow sense was applied. Let us consider mirage. The raw sensory experience tells us we see something we do not see. And we use reason (informed by other experience) that what we see cannot be real. Both elements are present. In mathematics, one could argue that it is based on reason and not experience. But I do not find that convincing. We know that our proving methods work in part from experience. That said, I fully recognize the contrast between mathematical knowledge and empirical knowledge. We know very little by reason or critical thinking alone. Never direct your eyes to the sky and never engage in careful observation. Instead, lock yourself in an ivory tower and have a computer to do large-scale speculative simulations and analysis. You may find out about e.g. mathematical fractals or the road to chaos, but never about the stars. No amount of analysis can compensate for missing observation and experiment and for the missing observational and experimental instrumentation. == Instrumentation == Large portions of science do not get very far without instrumentation, including telescopes, microscopes, measuring devices but also computers (computing and information storage and retrieval devices). These instruments enhance our getting to know, or make it possible in the first place. == Revisionism and scientific revolutions == Inspired by Kuhn and Popper. In general, scientific knowledge does not grow merely by extension/expansion but also by modification. It is in general not cumulative in this sense. One cannot hope to establish a method so good that it will only lead to statements in no need of revision. In a geographic analogy, one could naively think of science as map maping where one only fills in the white blanks and never has to redraw any parts of the map. History of science shows that redrawing is necessary once in a while. But the cumulative character is far from absent. The filling of periodic table was probably not a process of continual scientific revolution; once the concept of chemical element was well established, the process of finding additional chemical elements was probably relatively cumulative. (But I would need to check relevant literature to learn more and be sure I know what I am talking about.) Kuhn makes the point that a certain degree of resistance to refutation and sticking to theories that appear to be refuted by observation does not need to be a bad or unscientific thing. The apparent refuting observation may later turn out not to have been refuting after all. On the other hand, the contrast between religious dogma and scientific successive modification of tentative knowledge is real, and one characteristic of good science is that it does not stick to refuted theory beyond what is reasonable (for some value of reasonable). == Proof and evidence == As part of inquiry into knowledge, one can include inquiry into what serves as proof and evidence, in relation to the ''justified'' part of the characterization of knowledge. This concerns not only science but also courts of law. Courts accept witness evidence although it is logically very inconclusive. Mathematics provides one idea for what a proof is. This idea does not seem to directly carry over to other fields. In the field of software, automatic test suite run against the software is a form of proof or evidence that the software meets the requirements/works as required. Educational examination provides something like a proof or evidence that the student has learned the matter. Industrial testing is another case. In another section, I supported Popperian falsificationism as a standard. There, one does not prove things; one tries to refute them. How, then, can one substantiate corroboration (attempted falsification) of a hypothesis? For instance by submitting documentary or data evidence indicating what attepts at refutation were attempted, what observations and experiments and with what results. That is the first idea; a better elaboration would be preferable. Further reading: * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/evidence-law evidence], britannica.com * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/proof-logic proof], britannica.com == Procedural knowledge == Apart from declarative knowledge (e.g. knowing there is a cat over there), there is also procedural knowledge or know-how. Procedural knowledge can have a non-propositional form; thus, one may know how to dance jive without being able to give verbal instructions. Even human ability to walk can be seen as a procedural knowledge. Tigers can be thought of knowing how to run, thus having procedural knowledge. Alternatively, one could distinguish knowledge from skil and consider ability to dance jive to be skill, not knowledge. Some procedural knowledge does have a propositional form, form of sentences. == Innate knowledge == Some knowledge is innate, given by the genes. Knowledge-acquisition aparatus (e.g. eyes and the visual cortext) is innate. Knowledge being innate does not make it necessarily accurate. Thus, it seems likely that the innate geometry in human vision and understanding of space is approximately Euclidean; the human environment under which it evolved seems unlikely to contain anything to give stimulus to evolution of Einstenian geometry (which is needed in GPS). These considerations can lead to deep skepticism. One may think that human knowledge acquisition faculties are only good enough for survival and reproduction (and other support of the genes) and that they may fail miserably when used outside of their bounds. Part of this skepticism is perhaps healthy. One can launch a defense: how do you know that humans originated by evolution by natural selection? If the human faculties are so frail, you should not be so certain. And then you should not be so certain about your skepticism either. It is an entersting twist, pointing to certain apparent circularity in attempts to reason about knowledge with the use of Darwinism. Since, one needed an initial knowledge theory to learn about evolution by natural selection, but the results can then impinge on the knowledge theory itself. I sense this is not a grave defect, but I acknowledge the line of reasoning as not without merit. == Knowledge of word meaning == The knowledge of word meaning is an interesting problem. In order to formulate an observation in language, one needs to have knowledge of word meaning. But word meanings are not trivially objectively observable entities, unlike e.g. cats or rivers. The knowledge of word meaning does not need to be explicitly represented in words; thus, one may be able to use language productively without being able to give plausible definitions. Lexicography seems to posit that word meaning can be extracted from quotations of use. But this seems to be far from trivially obvious. It seems one has to insert a lot of conceptual interpretive analysis to extract the word meaning. Knowledge of word meaning cannot be innate since words are not innate. But some general concepts could be innate rather than obtained from experience. A child could be trying to map the words heard to the naive observational ontology (or entitology?) given by the senses, especially sight, and then refine the ontology based on the language use. It seems doubtful that the child's naive observational ontology would contain the nodes of mammal or feline, but it could well contain animal and cat. The node of animal could be innate; cat perhaps not. These questions would need to be seriously investiated. == Cybernetics == One could use the ideas from cybernetics to investigate knowledge. Thus, one could set up two abstract systems, one trying to learn about the other and try to figure out what that learning would consist in. In relation to that, I seem to remember that Ashby indicates that being a model is given by isomorphism or homomorphism. == Scientific models == The concept of a scientific model seems to point to the idea that elements of scientific knowledge are rather imperfect representations of reality. Both Newtonian and Eistenian mechanics can be seen as models. But also Ptolemaic astronomy can be seen as a model, one that has been made increasingly observationally adequate by subsequent modifications during its use. A visual analogy for the concept of scientific model can be a toy model of a car. The toy model bears some resemblance to the real thing, but key aspects are missing. To what extent this analogy is apt would need to be clarified. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/models-science/ Models in Science], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == Counting and calculation == Counting and calculation are both epistemic processes. Counting is additional to seeing. Thus, one can see e.g. many cows, but to know exactly one many, one has to count, unless the cows are only few. Calculation with numbers can answer arithmetic questions. Some indicate this results in no true additional knowledge, which makes sense from the perspective of empirical knowledge, but sounds strange anyway. Logical derivation using logical calculus is an analogue to calculation with numbers. In any case, it is a mechanical manipulation of symbolic encodings. Calculation is a key part of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Without calculation, the medical doctor would not be able to see much. Revisiting the argument sometimes made that calculation adds no true knowledge, that is all nice and perhaps superficially plausible, but here calculation makes a difference between seeing something (on the display or other visual representation) and seeing nothing at all. == Measurement == Measurement is an epistemic process. Like counting, it yields a quantitative characterization of something. There seems to be the field of metrology concerned with this subject. Measurement adds information beyond mere visual inspection. Thus, there is a difference e.g. between estimating the length of a table from looking at it and measuring the length using meter. == Knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus == Something like metaknowledge can contribute to epistemology, knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus. Thus, one may empirically study limitations of human cognition, limitations of measuring instruments and measuring procedures, etc. One could object that part of such inquiry is no longer philosophical but rather psychological. Nonetheless, I am wary of strictly separating philosophy from psychology. Perhaps someone can execute such a separation well enough; let them then present what they have done and how and let us see whether the result is satisfactory. == Epistemology vs. history of knowledge == One could want to separate epistemology from history of knowledge and history of science. One could want to prohibit input from the latter to the former; the former would be purely philosophical. I can see the attraction of doing so from something like architecture of inquiry standpoint, but I do not think it a good idea. For instance, one can hardly fail to observe the impact of Einsteinian special relativity on the philosophy of scientific knowledge. The history of human theories about the world is very instructive, revealing incredible fallibility and openness to wrong suggestion. One can say: I am fallible. My analyses of knowledge are tentative. Their being philosophical is not a good thing per se. If findings of special sciences can shed some light on the questions being asked, so much better. Thus, it is e.g. all fine to use Darwinian thinking to speculate about quasi-knowledge embedded in plants. == Failed epistemic methods == It is instructive to consider not only what is likely to work well but also what has demonstrably failed. Torture is one thing that does not necessarily make one say truth. There are other absurd methods that were sometimes used in history, to be added later. == Epistemology of philosophy == If philosophy contains a key non-empirical element, one can wonder whether there is a separate epistemology of philosophy, different from epistemology of empirical sciences. For philosophy, one can use something like proposals and refutations, arguments and counter-arguments. The basis for making them is not constrained, but it usually contains both empirical and deliberative element. It is understood that the proposals are too likely to be wrong too often. It is also understood that running the proposals through the acid test of counter-arguments does not establish anything like certainty or validity. The results do not resemble science with its marked progress, e.g. from before the concept of chemical element to the concept and discovery of the individual chemical elements. Be it as it may, the human brain has this remarkable capacity of coming up with ideas formulated as sentences, without knowing whether they are true or right. The brain seems to use some fantasy or inventive method: figure out something half-plausible and say it. And then, see whether we can refute or effectively criticize the thing said. This is hardly satisfactory. We should have something better. == Reviewing == Reviewing is a powerful method for reducing mistakes. A review can take place when there is something to be reviewed, e.g. a document such as a draft of a scientific article. One can review one's own writing, but bringing in other people generally makes a remarkable difference. There may be a subliminal block or resistance to seriously and earnestly looking for mistakes in one's own creation; other people may be more openly adversary (and pointing out mistakes is adversary in principle). Moreover, other people may happen to see things from a different perspective. And they may be more experienced and know better. == See also == * [[Epistemology]] == Further reading == * {{W|Epistemology}}, wikipedia.org * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology epistemology], britannica.com * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/ Epistemology], plato.stanford.edu [[Category:Epistemology]] a4wjn6ewkproxxayr302xfh4eumzm42 2691261 2691253 2024-12-10T15:35:48Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky contains various notes on epistemology, the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. A key inspiration is Karl Popper. Various observations will be sort of trivial, but one may sometimes benefit from going over platitutes. Epistemology is to cover both any knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular. It therefore overlaps philosophy of science. Epistemology can be a worthwhile exercise. Its results can be at least in part counterintuitive. To me, the Popperian doctrine that we can never really conclusively verify scientific theories and that any genuine verification is an attempted falsification is very instructive and revealing. (Popper sometimes uses the word corroboration instead of verification to emphasize the inconclusive character.) == Certain knowledge == One doctrine states that mathematics possesses certain knowledge whereas empirical sciences possess uncertain knowledge. Einstein made a point to that effect. Lakatos extended Popperian falsificationism in part to mathematics, in his ''Proofs and Refutations''. Thus, there can be certain tentativeness even in mathematics. The uncertainty of knowledge is demonstrated by the overcoming of Newtonian mechanics with Einstein's mechanics. Newtoning mechanics seemed to be so convincing verified and final, yet it turned out to be merely approximate, failing e.g. for high velocities. (One does not need to study philosophy to note as much; study of physics suffices. One may thus claim that this result does not stem from the field of philosophy and that philosophers merely reflect on what physics would have made clear without them anyway. But it is perhaps still useful to drive the point home as forcefully as Popper did, against Marx, Freud and Adler. Popper does not state that all that e.g. Freud states is wrong; his point is that it is not scientific.) == Everyday knowledge == There are countless examples of everyday knowledge for which we feel certain from direct sensory experience that we know something. Thus, we think to know that e.g. there is a domestic cat over there or that the tree over there is a fir. In addition to sensory experience, we also often rely on verbal reports (whether auditory or in writing) and call the result knowledge, but this use of the word knowledge appears rather debatable to me. Nonetheless, Wikipedia aims to collect knowledge, or so it says. A simple heuristic scheme one can sometimes find in literature is this: * To see --> to know. * To have heard --> to believe (without necessarily knowing). Of course, the mapping is merely heuristic; one can read something (and thus see) and merely believe what one sees and one can hear the sound of the motorcycle engine and thus know (rather than being subject to hearsay). == Knowledge in mathematics == Mathematics is thought to have certain knowledge due to using conclusive proofs. But one can put this to doubt, as is suggested by Hofstadter. Since, we do not have perfect certainty (in principle) that the systems of proof that we are using are consistent, meaning contradiction free. One can also argue as follows: human minds are mammalian brains evolved as part of natural selection. Human methods of knowing may be merely adequate for survival and reproduction (and other gene support). It may turn out that the human brain hardware contains platform-wide defects that would lead all practicing mathematicians to recognize the same kinds of proofs as conclusive which in fact were inconclusive. I find this line of argument interesting and thought-provoking but very hard to accept. I tend to side with those who claim that mathematics has certain knowledge. Or at least some mathematics; Lakatos criticism is to be taken seriously. And one can recall that Newton's and Leibniz calculus was originally in, say, somewhat provisional state, lacking the rigor that modern mathematics requires. Perhaps the picture is more complicated and varied than one would want to believe. == Unprovable knowledge == Unprovable knowledge exists. If I roll a die, observe the result, remember the result, and roll the die several times again, I know the outcome bar failure of memory but I have no way of proving it to anyone. This applies to a range of situations. It seems plausible that someone may succeed in committing, say, a murder and hiding all traces or traces of having done so. == Documented knowledge == Above, I noted the thought experiment with rolling a die, and then having no means of proving the outcome. I can improve my chances of proving that by taking a record of the outcome. I could then show the record in the court of law. The proof/evidence would be inconclusive since I could have cheated or make some wild mistake when taking the record. But the record is stronger evidence than memory, since human experience generally shows human memory to be all too often frail. I can use the record later not only to convince the court but also myself. Since I too know that human memory is frail, whereas sheets of paper with writing or typing do not undergo a change in which some words get changed or similar. Textual record necessarily leads to considerable loss. Knowledge obtained through eyesight about an object is much richer than the propositional knowledge captured in sentences. This is in part addressed by photography and videorecording as well as sound recording. == Induction == I believe Popper is correct in stating that induction does not work to demarcate science from non-science. Moreover, it seems to me that induction hardly ever works at all. That is to say, if we have a predicate F, no amount of affirming instances of F would alone lead us to conclusion that for all x, F x (F is true of X). This also obtains for the more narrow form where F is in fact F ==> G. This is obvious in mathematics: we can have an arbitrarily large number of even numbers, but this does not lead us to conclude that all positive integers are even numbers; in this case, F is positive integer and G is even number. That is to say, we have a large set of examples meeting F and G, and thus meeting F ==> G, but that does not lead us to generalize that for all x, F x ==> G x. The situation is similar in sciences. Since, let us take F to be mammal and G to be domestic cat. Our seeing additional cats (examples of F and G) does not lead us to conclude that universally F ==> G, that is, that all mammals are cats. Instead, we consider the existence of refuting instances (e.g. dogs) and close the case as rejected. A meaningful investigation of a hypothesis of the form for "all x, F x ==> G x" involves above all considering the store of all observations (in the mind or elsewhere) to check whether there are refuting instances. Additional step involves trying to find as many or varied instances of F since these are the ones that can lead to discovery of additional falsifiers, F x and not G x. That's how it seems to me. A proper research in the literature on induction could perhaps lead me to a different conclusion or a correction of the above. By induction I here mean induction in sciences, not mathematical induction. I constrained the concept of induction to exclude extrapolation and interpolation; it could perhaps be used more broadly to include those. == Incompleteness of knowledge == Some of the Gödel's results are sometimes used to point out necessary incompleteness of mathematical knowledge. Thus, not only cannot human mind achieve all mathematical knowledge, not even machines can ever achieve it. One may trivialize the matter by pointing out that we cannot even know all the statements of the form X + Y = Z for three integers for lack of memory and such, but that is not the point. It seems also likely that we will never have complete (empirical) scientific knowledge. At a minimum, predictive knowledge about future will be out of bounds dues to chaos or computational irreducibility. One could still hope to discover the ultimate fundamental physical laws, without being able to use them to predict everything. == Authority and sourcing from publications == One often uses sourcing from publications. Interestingly enough, Popper scorns this as a method of doing science at least in one piece of writing. The theory of scientific method is not usually concerned with sourcing from publications. Einstein's famous special relativity paper does not contain much sourcing, if I remember correctly; better find the paper. I view sourcing with a heavy dose of skepticism. Yet I cannot do without it. Things can be improved by differentiation: are we sourcing math or are we sourcing nutrition science (spinach has iron?). One can investigate various fields and their history of success and treat them accordingly, with higher skepticism as justified by the experience with the field. One can for instance suspect that math results will be more international or interculturar than history, where nations have strong interest to skew things or spin them in their favor or direction. In mathematics classes in the high school and university, we almost never worked with "reliable sources"; we instead proved everything or almost everything. The teachers hardly ever invoked their authority, if at all; the authority was there of the proof, and the student had to verify the proof. Of course, this is perhaps somewhat idealized; the authority of the teacher perhaps does play a role, even in mathematics. == Justified true belief == Knowledge is sometimes defined as justified true belief. That is to say, I know X if I believe it, X is true and I am justified in believing it. There is criticism of this definition/characterization. For one thing, as long as we use the word knowledge to refer to uncertain knowledge, things known to be true are not logically necessarily true (which seems like a paradox or contradiction since the word to know implies perfect certainty, but that cannot really be the case). Another criticism concerns the requirement of justification. Popper denies that knowledge is justified. But the idea of justification is plausible; in mathematics, we only know a theorem to be true if we have a proof. One could counter that axioms are not proven, to which one may respond that axioms are definitions in disguise and that theorems in ultimate analysis point to statements of the form, if axioms such-and-such are true, the following theorems are true. Yet another criticism applies to the genus of belief. As long as knowledge can be contains in a book, it does not seem to be belief. By contrast, knowledge in a mind does seem to be species of belief if one extends the concept of belief enought to include knowledge. This extension is perhaps required since otherwise, one would say that if one believes something, it implies one does not know it; and thus, knowledge and belief would be coordinate terms rather than one being subordinate to the other. == Knowledge in plants == From what I remember, Popper indicates innate expectations of organism to be something like knowledge. Thus, a plant adapted to presence of sunlight via chlorophyl as if states, there is sunlight in the environment. I find this point interesting, but it perhaps stretches the concept of knowledge. == Knowledge in animals == Knowledge in some animals, e.g. chimpanzees, seems plausible, including concepts. The concepts would be there, but not names for concepts. Even simple animals can have knowledge or quasi-knowledge, including innate one in the form of innate expectations about the environemnt. == Knowledge of historical statements == According to Popper, existential statements in sciences are not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. This seems rather counter-intuitive, but has some force. Thus, the statement that there is a teapot orbiting the Earth (Russell? Dawkins?) is not falsifiable/testable and does not have a scientific character. This can be extended to historical statements. The statements of historiography would then be non-scientific. This seems strange but also not entirely so. Since, e.g. Newton's mechanics applies at all locations and all time points, so it runs the risk of being refuted in future. By contrast, the statement that the battle of Waterloo took place in year so-and-so and was between parties so-and-so does not directly run the risk of being refuted by a future event; it is not universally quantified. The textul historical record becomes an important source of (putative) knowledge, but that is not so in physics, chemistry or biology. I should perhaps learn more about the matter by studying methodology of historical and historiographic fields. == Reason vs. experience == There is some kind of discussion about reason vs. experience in how we know things, relating to rationalism vs. empiricism. I cannot make much sense of it. I would argue that all or nearly all epistemic processes contain both elements of experience and reason. Since, concerning everyday knowledge, we recieve perceptual objects in the mind, e.g. the visual perception of a cat. The visual perception appears raw in a sense, uninterpreted. But in fact, what is really uninterpreted is the retinal image; what enters the mind is merely based on that retinal image, enriched with inferred physical properties. And thus, something like reason (inference) is part of the perceptual cat, before anything like reason in narrow sense was applied. Let us consider mirage. The raw sensory experience tells us we see something we do not see. And we use reason (informed by other experience) that what we see cannot be real. Both elements are present. In mathematics, one could argue that it is based on reason and not experience. But I do not find that convincing. We know that our proving methods work in part from experience. That said, I fully recognize the contrast between mathematical knowledge and empirical knowledge. We know very little by reason or critical thinking alone. Never direct your eyes to the sky and never engage in careful observation. Instead, lock yourself in an ivory tower and have a computer to do large-scale speculative simulations and analysis. You may find out about e.g. mathematical fractals or the road to chaos, but never about the stars. No amount of analysis can compensate for missing observation and experiment and for the missing observational and experimental instrumentation. == Instrumentation == Large portions of science do not get very far without instrumentation, including telescopes, microscopes, measuring devices but also computers (computing and information storage and retrieval devices). These instruments enhance our getting to know, or make it possible in the first place. == Revisionism and scientific revolutions == Inspired by Kuhn and Popper. In general, scientific knowledge does not grow merely by extension/expansion but also by modification. It is in general not cumulative in this sense. One cannot hope to establish a method so good that it will only lead to statements in no need of revision. In a geographic analogy, one could naively think of science as map maping where one only fills in the white blanks and never has to redraw any parts of the map. History of science shows that redrawing is necessary once in a while. But the cumulative character is far from absent. The filling of periodic table was probably not a process of continual scientific revolution; once the concept of chemical element was well established, the process of finding additional chemical elements was probably relatively cumulative. (But I would need to check relevant literature to learn more and be sure I know what I am talking about.) Kuhn makes the point that a certain degree of resistance to refutation and sticking to theories that appear to be refuted by observation does not need to be a bad or unscientific thing. The apparent refuting observation may later turn out not to have been refuting after all. On the other hand, the contrast between religious dogma and scientific successive modification of tentative knowledge is real, and one characteristic of good science is that it does not stick to refuted theory beyond what is reasonable (for some value of reasonable). == Proof and evidence == As part of inquiry into knowledge, one can include inquiry into what serves as proof and evidence, in relation to the ''justified'' part of the characterization of knowledge. This concerns not only science but also courts of law. Courts accept witness evidence although it is logically very inconclusive. Mathematics provides one idea for what a proof is. This idea does not seem to directly carry over to other fields. In the field of software, automatic test suite run against the software is a form of proof or evidence that the software meets the requirements/works as required. Educational examination provides something like a proof or evidence that the student has learned the matter. Industrial testing is another case. In another section, I supported Popperian falsificationism as a standard. There, one does not prove things; one tries to refute them. How, then, can one substantiate corroboration (attempted falsification) of a hypothesis? For instance by submitting documentary or data evidence indicating what attepts at refutation were attempted, what observations and experiments and with what results. That is the first idea; a better elaboration would be preferable. Further reading: * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/evidence-law evidence], britannica.com * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/proof-logic proof], britannica.com == Procedural knowledge == Apart from declarative knowledge (e.g. knowing there is a cat over there), there is also procedural knowledge or know-how. Procedural knowledge can have a non-propositional form; thus, one may know how to dance jive without being able to give verbal instructions. Even human ability to walk can be seen as a procedural knowledge. Tigers can be thought of knowing how to run, thus having procedural knowledge. Alternatively, one could distinguish knowledge from skil and consider ability to dance jive to be skill, not knowledge. Some procedural knowledge does have a propositional form, form of sentences. == Innate knowledge == Some knowledge is innate, given by the genes. Knowledge-acquisition aparatus (e.g. eyes and the visual cortext) is innate. Knowledge being innate does not make it necessarily accurate. Thus, it seems likely that the innate geometry in human vision and understanding of space is approximately Euclidean; the human environment under which it evolved seems unlikely to contain anything to give stimulus to evolution of Einstenian geometry (which is needed in GPS). These considerations can lead to deep skepticism. One may think that human knowledge acquisition faculties are only good enough for survival and reproduction (and other support of the genes) and that they may fail miserably when used outside of their bounds. Part of this skepticism is perhaps healthy. One can launch a defense: how do you know that humans originated by evolution by natural selection? If the human faculties are so frail, you should not be so certain. And then you should not be so certain about your skepticism either. It is an entersting twist, pointing to certain apparent circularity in attempts to reason about knowledge with the use of Darwinism. Since, one needed an initial knowledge theory to learn about evolution by natural selection, but the results can then impinge on the knowledge theory itself. I sense this is not a grave defect, but I acknowledge the line of reasoning as not without merit. == Knowledge of word meaning == The knowledge of word meaning is an interesting problem. In order to formulate an observation in language, one needs to have knowledge of word meaning. But word meanings are not trivially objectively observable entities, unlike e.g. cats or rivers. The knowledge of word meaning does not need to be explicitly represented in words; thus, one may be able to use language productively without being able to give plausible definitions. Lexicography seems to posit that word meaning can be extracted from quotations of use. But this seems to be far from trivially obvious. It seems one has to insert a lot of conceptual interpretive analysis to extract the word meaning. Knowledge of word meaning cannot be innate since words are not innate. But some general concepts could be innate rather than obtained from experience. A child could be trying to map the words heard to the naive observational ontology (or entitology?) given by the senses, especially sight, and then refine the ontology based on the language use. It seems doubtful that the child's naive observational ontology would contain the nodes of mammal or feline, but it could well contain animal and cat. The node of animal could be innate; cat perhaps not. These questions would need to be seriously investiated. == Cybernetics == One could use the ideas from cybernetics to investigate knowledge. Thus, one could set up two abstract systems, one trying to learn about the other and try to figure out what that learning would consist in. In relation to that, I seem to remember that Ashby indicates that being a model is given by isomorphism or homomorphism. == Scientific models == The concept of a scientific model seems to point to the idea that elements of scientific knowledge are rather imperfect representations of reality. Both Newtonian and Eistenian mechanics can be seen as models. But also Ptolemaic astronomy can be seen as a model, one that has been made increasingly observationally adequate by subsequent modifications during its use. A visual analogy for the concept of scientific model can be a toy model of a car. The toy model bears some resemblance to the real thing, but key aspects are missing. To what extent this analogy is apt would need to be clarified. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/models-science/ Models in Science], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == Counting and calculation == Counting and calculation are both epistemic processes. Counting is additional to seeing. Thus, one can see e.g. many cows, but to know exactly one many, one has to count, unless the cows are only few. Calculation with numbers can answer arithmetic questions. Some indicate this results in no true additional knowledge, which makes sense from the perspective of empirical knowledge, but sounds strange anyway. Logical derivation using logical calculus is an analogue to calculation with numbers. In any case, it is a mechanical manipulation of symbolic encodings. Calculation is a key part of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Without calculation, the medical doctor would not be able to see much. Revisiting the argument sometimes made that calculation adds no true knowledge, that is all nice and perhaps superficially plausible, but here calculation makes a difference between seeing something (on the display or other visual representation) and seeing nothing at all. == Measurement == Measurement is an epistemic process. Like counting, it yields a quantitative characterization of something. There seems to be the field of metrology concerned with this subject. Measurement adds information beyond mere visual inspection. Thus, there is a difference e.g. between estimating the length of a table from looking at it and measuring the length using meter. == Knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus == Something like metaknowledge can contribute to epistemology, knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus. Thus, one may empirically study limitations of human cognition, limitations of measuring instruments and measuring procedures, etc. One could object that part of such inquiry is no longer philosophical but rather psychological. Nonetheless, I am wary of strictly separating philosophy from psychology. Perhaps someone can execute such a separation well enough; let them then present what they have done and how and let us see whether the result is satisfactory. == Epistemology vs. history of knowledge == One could want to separate epistemology from history of knowledge and history of science. One could want to prohibit input from the latter to the former; the former would be purely philosophical. I can see the attraction of doing so from something like architecture of inquiry standpoint, but I do not think it a good idea. For instance, one can hardly fail to observe the impact of Einsteinian special relativity on the philosophy of scientific knowledge. The history of human theories about the world is very instructive, revealing incredible fallibility and openness to wrong suggestion. One can say: I am fallible. My analyses of knowledge are tentative. Their being philosophical is not a good thing per se. If findings of special sciences can shed some light on the questions being asked, so much better. Thus, it is e.g. all fine to use Darwinian thinking to speculate about quasi-knowledge embedded in plants. == Failed epistemic methods == It is instructive to consider not only what is likely to work well but also what has demonstrably failed. Torture is one thing that does not necessarily make one say truth. There are other absurd methods that were sometimes used in history, to be added later. == Epistemology of philosophy == If philosophy contains a key non-empirical element, one can wonder whether there is a separate epistemology of philosophy, different from epistemology of empirical sciences. For philosophy, one can use something like proposals and refutations, arguments and counter-arguments. The basis for making them is not constrained, but it usually contains both empirical and deliberative element. It is understood that the proposals are too likely to be wrong too often. It is also understood that running the proposals through the acid test of counter-arguments does not establish anything like certainty or validity. The results do not resemble science with its marked progress, e.g. from before the concept of chemical element to the concept and discovery of the individual chemical elements. Be it as it may, the human brain has this remarkable capacity of coming up with ideas formulated as sentences, without knowing whether they are true or right. The brain seems to use some fantasy or inventive method: figure out something half-plausible and say it. And then, see whether we can refute or effectively criticize the thing said. This is hardly satisfactory. We should have something better. == Reviewing == Reviewing is a powerful method for reducing mistakes. A review can take place when there is something to be reviewed, e.g. a document such as a draft of a scientific article. One can review one's own writing, but bringing in other people generally makes a remarkable difference. There may be a subliminal block or resistance to seriously and earnestly looking for mistakes in one's own creation; other people may be more openly adversary (and pointing out mistakes is adversary in principle). Moreover, other people may happen to see things from a different perspective. And they may be more experienced and know better. == Evolutionary epistemology == The phrase evolutionary epistemology could refer to epistemology informed by biological evolution, e.g. one emphasizing the evolutionary origin of organs that play a key role in knowledge acquisition, including eyes and the brain. Or it could refer to epistemology that sees scientific theories are objects undergoing evolution somewhat similar to biological evolution. It seems to refer to both, as per SEP. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-evolutionary/ Evolutionary Epistemology], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == See also == * [[Epistemology]] == Further reading == * {{W|Epistemology}}, wikipedia.org * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology epistemology], britannica.com * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/ Epistemology], plato.stanford.edu [[Category:Epistemology]] t5i6sjoicmjj733o1h442xd6i82nptj 2691263 2691261 2024-12-10T15:57:42Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky contains various notes on epistemology, the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. A key inspiration is Karl Popper. Various observations will be sort of trivial, but one may sometimes benefit from going over platitutes. Epistemology is to cover both any knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular. It therefore overlaps with philosophy of science. Epistemology can be a worthwhile exercise. Its results can be at least in part counterintuitive. To me, the Popperian doctrine that we can never really conclusively verify scientific theories and that any genuine verification is an attempted falsification is very instructive and revealing. (Popper sometimes uses the word corroboration instead of verification to emphasize the inconclusive character.) == Certain knowledge == One doctrine states that mathematics possesses certain knowledge whereas empirical sciences possess uncertain knowledge. Einstein made a point to that effect. Lakatos extended Popperian falsificationism in part to mathematics, in his ''Proofs and Refutations''. Thus, there can be certain tentativeness even in mathematics. The uncertainty of knowledge is demonstrated by the overcoming of Newtonian mechanics with Einstein's mechanics. Newtoning mechanics seemed to be so convincing verified and final, yet it turned out to be merely approximate, failing e.g. for high velocities. (One does not need to study philosophy to note as much; study of physics suffices. One may thus claim that this result does not stem from the field of philosophy and that philosophers merely reflect on what physics would have made clear without them anyway. But it is perhaps still useful to drive the point home as forcefully as Popper did, against Marx, Freud and Adler. Popper does not state that all that e.g. Freud states is wrong; his point is that it is not scientific.) == Everyday knowledge == There are countless examples of everyday knowledge for which we feel certain from direct sensory experience that we know something. Thus, we think to know that e.g. there is a domestic cat over there or that the tree over there is a fir. In addition to sensory experience, we also often rely on verbal reports (whether auditory or in writing) and call the result knowledge, but this use of the word knowledge appears rather debatable to me. Nonetheless, Wikipedia aims to collect knowledge, or so it says. A simple heuristic scheme one can sometimes find in literature is this: * To see --> to know. * To have heard --> to believe (without necessarily knowing). Of course, the mapping is merely heuristic; one can read something (and thus see) and merely believe what one sees and one can hear the sound of the motorcycle engine and thus know (rather than being subject to hearsay). == Knowledge in mathematics == Mathematics is thought to have certain knowledge due to using conclusive proofs. But one can put this to doubt, as is suggested by Hofstadter. Since, we do not have perfect certainty (in principle) that the systems of proof that we are using are consistent, meaning contradiction free. One can also argue as follows: human minds are mammalian brains evolved as part of natural selection. Human methods of knowing may be merely adequate for survival and reproduction (and other gene support). It may turn out that the human brain hardware contains platform-wide defects that would lead all practicing mathematicians to recognize the same kinds of proofs as conclusive which in fact were inconclusive. I find this line of argument interesting and thought-provoking but very hard to accept. I tend to side with those who claim that mathematics has certain knowledge. Or at least some mathematics; Lakatos criticism is to be taken seriously. And one can recall that Newton's and Leibniz calculus was originally in, say, somewhat provisional state, lacking the rigor that modern mathematics requires. Perhaps the picture is more complicated and varied than one would want to believe. == Unprovable knowledge == Unprovable knowledge exists. If I roll a die, observe the result, remember the result, and roll the die several times again, I know the outcome bar failure of memory but I have no way of proving it to anyone. This applies to a range of situations. It seems plausible that someone may succeed in committing, say, a murder and hiding all traces or traces of having done so. == Documented knowledge == Above, I noted the thought experiment with rolling a die, and then having no means of proving the outcome. I can improve my chances of proving that by taking a record of the outcome. I could then show the record in the court of law. The proof/evidence would be inconclusive since I could have cheated or make some wild mistake when taking the record. But the record is stronger evidence than memory, since human experience generally shows human memory to be all too often frail. I can use the record later not only to convince the court but also myself. Since I too know that human memory is frail, whereas sheets of paper with writing or typing do not undergo a change in which some words get changed or similar. Textual record necessarily leads to considerable loss. Knowledge obtained through eyesight about an object is much richer than the propositional knowledge captured in sentences. This is in part addressed by photography and videorecording as well as sound recording. == Induction == I believe Popper is correct in stating that induction does not work to demarcate science from non-science. Moreover, it seems to me that induction hardly ever works at all. That is to say, if we have a predicate F, no amount of affirming instances of F would alone lead us to conclusion that for all x, F x (F is true of X). This also obtains for the more narrow form where F is in fact F ==> G. This is obvious in mathematics: we can have an arbitrarily large number of even numbers, but this does not lead us to conclude that all positive integers are even numbers; in this case, F is positive integer and G is even number. That is to say, we have a large set of examples meeting F and G, and thus meeting F ==> G, but that does not lead us to generalize that for all x, F x ==> G x. The situation is similar in sciences. Since, let us take F to be mammal and G to be domestic cat. Our seeing additional cats (examples of F and G) does not lead us to conclude that universally F ==> G, that is, that all mammals are cats. Instead, we consider the existence of refuting instances (e.g. dogs) and close the case as rejected. A meaningful investigation of a hypothesis of the form for "all x, F x ==> G x" involves above all considering the store of all observations (in the mind or elsewhere) to check whether there are refuting instances. Additional step involves trying to find as many or varied instances of F since these are the ones that can lead to discovery of additional falsifiers, F x and not G x. That's how it seems to me. A proper research in the literature on induction could perhaps lead me to a different conclusion or a correction of the above. By induction I here mean induction in sciences, not mathematical induction. I constrained the concept of induction to exclude extrapolation and interpolation; it could perhaps be used more broadly to include those. == Incompleteness of knowledge == Some of the Gödel's results are sometimes used to point out necessary incompleteness of mathematical knowledge. Thus, not only cannot human mind achieve all mathematical knowledge, not even machines can ever achieve it. One may trivialize the matter by pointing out that we cannot even know all the statements of the form X + Y = Z for three integers for lack of memory and such, but that is not the point. It seems also likely that we will never have complete (empirical) scientific knowledge. At a minimum, predictive knowledge about future will be out of bounds dues to chaos or computational irreducibility. One could still hope to discover the ultimate fundamental physical laws, without being able to use them to predict everything. == Authority and sourcing from publications == One often uses sourcing from publications. Interestingly enough, Popper scorns this as a method of doing science at least in one piece of writing. The theory of scientific method is not usually concerned with sourcing from publications. Einstein's famous special relativity paper does not contain much sourcing, if I remember correctly; better find the paper. I view sourcing with a heavy dose of skepticism. Yet I cannot do without it. Things can be improved by differentiation: are we sourcing math or are we sourcing nutrition science (spinach has iron?). One can investigate various fields and their history of success and treat them accordingly, with higher skepticism as justified by the experience with the field. One can for instance suspect that math results will be more international or interculturar than history, where nations have strong interest to skew things or spin them in their favor or direction. In mathematics classes in the high school and university, we almost never worked with "reliable sources"; we instead proved everything or almost everything. The teachers hardly ever invoked their authority, if at all; the authority was there of the proof, and the student had to verify the proof. Of course, this is perhaps somewhat idealized; the authority of the teacher perhaps does play a role, even in mathematics. == Justified true belief == Knowledge is sometimes defined as justified true belief. That is to say, I know X if I believe it, X is true and I am justified in believing it. There is criticism of this definition/characterization. For one thing, as long as we use the word knowledge to refer to uncertain knowledge, things known to be true are not logically necessarily true (which seems like a paradox or contradiction since the word to know implies perfect certainty, but that cannot really be the case). Another criticism concerns the requirement of justification. Popper denies that knowledge is justified. But the idea of justification is plausible; in mathematics, we only know a theorem to be true if we have a proof. One could counter that axioms are not proven, to which one may respond that axioms are definitions in disguise and that theorems in ultimate analysis point to statements of the form, if axioms such-and-such are true, the following theorems are true. Yet another criticism applies to the genus of belief. As long as knowledge can be contains in a book, it does not seem to be belief. By contrast, knowledge in a mind does seem to be species of belief if one extends the concept of belief enought to include knowledge. This extension is perhaps required since otherwise, one would say that if one believes something, it implies one does not know it; and thus, knowledge and belief would be coordinate terms rather than one being subordinate to the other. == Knowledge in plants == From what I remember, Popper indicates innate expectations of organism to be something like knowledge. Thus, a plant adapted to presence of sunlight via chlorophyl as if states, there is sunlight in the environment. I find this point interesting, but it perhaps stretches the concept of knowledge. == Knowledge in animals == Knowledge in some animals, e.g. chimpanzees, seems plausible, including concepts. The concepts would be there, but not names for concepts. Even simple animals can have knowledge or quasi-knowledge, including innate one in the form of innate expectations about the environemnt. == Knowledge of historical statements == According to Popper, existential statements in sciences are not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. This seems rather counter-intuitive, but has some force. Thus, the statement that there is a teapot orbiting the Earth (Russell? Dawkins?) is not falsifiable/testable and does not have a scientific character. This can be extended to historical statements. The statements of historiography would then be non-scientific. This seems strange but also not entirely so. Since, e.g. Newton's mechanics applies at all locations and all time points, so it runs the risk of being refuted in future. By contrast, the statement that the battle of Waterloo took place in year so-and-so and was between parties so-and-so does not directly run the risk of being refuted by a future event; it is not universally quantified. The textul historical record becomes an important source of (putative) knowledge, but that is not so in physics, chemistry or biology. I should perhaps learn more about the matter by studying methodology of historical and historiographic fields. == Reason vs. experience == There is some kind of discussion about reason vs. experience in how we know things, relating to rationalism vs. empiricism. I cannot make much sense of it. I would argue that all or nearly all epistemic processes contain both elements of experience and reason. Since, concerning everyday knowledge, we recieve perceptual objects in the mind, e.g. the visual perception of a cat. The visual perception appears raw in a sense, uninterpreted. But in fact, what is really uninterpreted is the retinal image; what enters the mind is merely based on that retinal image, enriched with inferred physical properties. And thus, something like reason (inference) is part of the perceptual cat, before anything like reason in narrow sense was applied. Let us consider mirage. The raw sensory experience tells us we see something we do not see. And we use reason (informed by other experience) that what we see cannot be real. Both elements are present. In mathematics, one could argue that it is based on reason and not experience. But I do not find that convincing. We know that our proving methods work in part from experience. That said, I fully recognize the contrast between mathematical knowledge and empirical knowledge. We know very little by reason or critical thinking alone. Never direct your eyes to the sky and never engage in careful observation. Instead, lock yourself in an ivory tower and have a computer to do large-scale speculative simulations and analysis. You may find out about e.g. mathematical fractals or the road to chaos, but never about the stars. No amount of analysis can compensate for missing observation and experiment and for the missing observational and experimental instrumentation. == Instrumentation == Large portions of science do not get very far without instrumentation, including telescopes, microscopes, measuring devices but also computers (computing and information storage and retrieval devices). These instruments enhance our getting to know, or make it possible in the first place. == Revisionism and scientific revolutions == Inspired by Kuhn and Popper. In general, scientific knowledge does not grow merely by extension/expansion but also by modification. It is in general not cumulative in this sense. One cannot hope to establish a method so good that it will only lead to statements in no need of revision. In a geographic analogy, one could naively think of science as map maping where one only fills in the white blanks and never has to redraw any parts of the map. History of science shows that redrawing is necessary once in a while. But the cumulative character is far from absent. The filling of periodic table was probably not a process of continual scientific revolution; once the concept of chemical element was well established, the process of finding additional chemical elements was probably relatively cumulative. (But I would need to check relevant literature to learn more and be sure I know what I am talking about.) Kuhn makes the point that a certain degree of resistance to refutation and sticking to theories that appear to be refuted by observation does not need to be a bad or unscientific thing. The apparent refuting observation may later turn out not to have been refuting after all. On the other hand, the contrast between religious dogma and scientific successive modification of tentative knowledge is real, and one characteristic of good science is that it does not stick to refuted theory beyond what is reasonable (for some value of reasonable). == Proof and evidence == As part of inquiry into knowledge, one can include inquiry into what serves as proof and evidence, in relation to the ''justified'' part of the characterization of knowledge. This concerns not only science but also courts of law. Courts accept witness evidence although it is logically very inconclusive. Mathematics provides one idea for what a proof is. This idea does not seem to directly carry over to other fields. In the field of software, automatic test suite run against the software is a form of proof or evidence that the software meets the requirements/works as required. Educational examination provides something like a proof or evidence that the student has learned the matter. Industrial testing is another case. In another section, I supported Popperian falsificationism as a standard. There, one does not prove things; one tries to refute them. How, then, can one substantiate corroboration (attempted falsification) of a hypothesis? For instance by submitting documentary or data evidence indicating what attepts at refutation were attempted, what observations and experiments and with what results. That is the first idea; a better elaboration would be preferable. Further reading: * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/evidence-law evidence], britannica.com * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/proof-logic proof], britannica.com == Procedural knowledge == Apart from declarative knowledge (e.g. knowing there is a cat over there), there is also procedural knowledge or know-how. Procedural knowledge can have a non-propositional form; thus, one may know how to dance jive without being able to give verbal instructions. Even human ability to walk can be seen as a procedural knowledge. Tigers can be thought of knowing how to run, thus having procedural knowledge. Alternatively, one could distinguish knowledge from skil and consider ability to dance jive to be skill, not knowledge. Some procedural knowledge does have a propositional form, form of sentences. == Innate knowledge == Some knowledge is innate, given by the genes. Knowledge-acquisition aparatus (e.g. eyes and the visual cortext) is innate. Knowledge being innate does not make it necessarily accurate. Thus, it seems likely that the innate geometry in human vision and understanding of space is approximately Euclidean; the human environment under which it evolved seems unlikely to contain anything to give stimulus to evolution of Einstenian geometry (which is needed in GPS). These considerations can lead to deep skepticism. One may think that human knowledge acquisition faculties are only good enough for survival and reproduction (and other support of the genes) and that they may fail miserably when used outside of their bounds. Part of this skepticism is perhaps healthy. One can launch a defense: how do you know that humans originated by evolution by natural selection? If the human faculties are so frail, you should not be so certain. And then you should not be so certain about your skepticism either. It is an entersting twist, pointing to certain apparent circularity in attempts to reason about knowledge with the use of Darwinism. Since, one needed an initial knowledge theory to learn about evolution by natural selection, but the results can then impinge on the knowledge theory itself. I sense this is not a grave defect, but I acknowledge the line of reasoning as not without merit. == Knowledge of word meaning == The knowledge of word meaning is an interesting problem. In order to formulate an observation in language, one needs to have knowledge of word meaning. But word meanings are not trivially objectively observable entities, unlike e.g. cats or rivers. The knowledge of word meaning does not need to be explicitly represented in words; thus, one may be able to use language productively without being able to give plausible definitions. Lexicography seems to posit that word meaning can be extracted from quotations of use. But this seems to be far from trivially obvious. It seems one has to insert a lot of conceptual interpretive analysis to extract the word meaning. Knowledge of word meaning cannot be innate since words are not innate. But some general concepts could be innate rather than obtained from experience. A child could be trying to map the words heard to the naive observational ontology (or entitology?) given by the senses, especially sight, and then refine the ontology based on the language use. It seems doubtful that the child's naive observational ontology would contain the nodes of mammal or feline, but it could well contain animal and cat. The node of animal could be innate; cat perhaps not. These questions would need to be seriously investiated. == Cybernetics == One could use the ideas from cybernetics to investigate knowledge. Thus, one could set up two abstract systems, one trying to learn about the other and try to figure out what that learning would consist in. In relation to that, I seem to remember that Ashby indicates that being a model is given by isomorphism or homomorphism. == Scientific models == The concept of a scientific model seems to point to the idea that elements of scientific knowledge are rather imperfect representations of reality. Both Newtonian and Eistenian mechanics can be seen as models. But also Ptolemaic astronomy can be seen as a model, one that has been made increasingly observationally adequate by subsequent modifications during its use. A visual analogy for the concept of scientific model can be a toy model of a car. The toy model bears some resemblance to the real thing, but key aspects are missing. To what extent this analogy is apt would need to be clarified. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/models-science/ Models in Science], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == Counting and calculation == Counting and calculation are both epistemic processes. Counting is additional to seeing. Thus, one can see e.g. many cows, but to know exactly one many, one has to count, unless the cows are only few. Calculation with numbers can answer arithmetic questions. Some indicate this results in no true additional knowledge, which makes sense from the perspective of empirical knowledge, but sounds strange anyway. Logical derivation using logical calculus is an analogue to calculation with numbers. In any case, it is a mechanical manipulation of symbolic encodings. Calculation is a key part of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Without calculation, the medical doctor would not be able to see much. Revisiting the argument sometimes made that calculation adds no true knowledge, that is all nice and perhaps superficially plausible, but here calculation makes a difference between seeing something (on the display or other visual representation) and seeing nothing at all. == Measurement == Measurement is an epistemic process. Like counting, it yields a quantitative characterization of something. There seems to be the field of metrology concerned with this subject. Measurement adds information beyond mere visual inspection. Thus, there is a difference e.g. between estimating the length of a table from looking at it and measuring the length using meter. == Knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus == Something like metaknowledge can contribute to epistemology, knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus. Thus, one may empirically study limitations of human cognition, limitations of measuring instruments and measuring procedures, etc. One could object that part of such inquiry is no longer philosophical but rather psychological. Nonetheless, I am wary of strictly separating philosophy from psychology. Perhaps someone can execute such a separation well enough; let them then present what they have done and how and let us see whether the result is satisfactory. == Epistemology vs. history of knowledge == One could want to separate epistemology from history of knowledge and history of science. One could want to prohibit input from the latter to the former; the former would be purely philosophical. I can see the attraction of doing so from something like architecture of inquiry standpoint, but I do not think it a good idea. For instance, one can hardly fail to observe the impact of Einsteinian special relativity on the philosophy of scientific knowledge. The history of human theories about the world is very instructive, revealing incredible fallibility and openness to wrong suggestion. One can say: I am fallible. My analyses of knowledge are tentative. Their being philosophical is not a good thing per se. If findings of special sciences can shed some light on the questions being asked, so much better. Thus, it is e.g. all fine to use Darwinian thinking to speculate about quasi-knowledge embedded in plants. == Failed epistemic methods == It is instructive to consider not only what is likely to work well but also what has demonstrably failed. Torture is one thing that does not necessarily make one say truth. There are other absurd methods that were sometimes used in history, to be added later. == Epistemology of philosophy == If philosophy contains a key non-empirical element, one can wonder whether there is a separate epistemology of philosophy, different from epistemology of empirical sciences. For philosophy, one can use something like proposals and refutations, arguments and counter-arguments. The basis for making them is not constrained, but it usually contains both empirical and deliberative element. It is understood that the proposals are too likely to be wrong too often. It is also understood that running the proposals through the acid test of counter-arguments does not establish anything like certainty or validity. The results do not resemble science with its marked progress, e.g. from before the concept of chemical element to the concept and discovery of the individual chemical elements. Be it as it may, the human brain has this remarkable capacity of coming up with ideas formulated as sentences, without knowing whether they are true or right. The brain seems to use some fantasy or inventive method: figure out something half-plausible and say it. And then, see whether we can refute or effectively criticize the thing said. This is hardly satisfactory. We should have something better. == Reviewing == Reviewing is a powerful method for reducing mistakes. A review can take place when there is something to be reviewed, e.g. a document such as a draft of a scientific article. One can review one's own writing, but bringing in other people generally makes a remarkable difference. There may be a subliminal block or resistance to seriously and earnestly looking for mistakes in one's own creation; other people may be more openly adversary (and pointing out mistakes is adversary in principle). Moreover, other people may happen to see things from a different perspective. And they may be more experienced and know better. == Evolutionary epistemology == The phrase evolutionary epistemology could refer to epistemology informed by biological evolution, e.g. one emphasizing the evolutionary origin of organs that play a key role in knowledge acquisition, including eyes and the brain. Or it could refer to epistemology that sees scientific theories are objects undergoing evolution somewhat similar to biological evolution. It seems to refer to both, as per SEP. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-evolutionary/ Evolutionary Epistemology], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == See also == * [[Epistemology]] == Further reading == * {{W|Epistemology}}, wikipedia.org * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology epistemology], britannica.com * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/ Epistemology], plato.stanford.edu [[Category:Epistemology]] cmm9319bpmop886fer8flodjew7oj2x 2691367 2691263 2024-12-11T11:00:16Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky contains various notes on epistemology, the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. A key inspiration is Karl Popper. Various observations will be sort of trivial, but one may sometimes benefit from going over platitutes. Epistemology is to cover both any knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular. It therefore overlaps with philosophy of science. Epistemology can be a worthwhile exercise. Its results can be at least in part counterintuitive. To me, the Popperian doctrine that we can never really conclusively verify scientific theories and that any genuine verification is an attempted falsification is very instructive and revealing. (Popper sometimes uses the word corroboration instead of verification to emphasize the inconclusive character.) == Certain knowledge == One doctrine states that mathematics possesses certain knowledge whereas empirical sciences possess uncertain knowledge. Einstein made a point to that effect. Lakatos extended Popperian falsificationism in part to mathematics, in his ''Proofs and Refutations''. Thus, there can be certain tentativeness even in mathematics. The uncertainty of knowledge is demonstrated by the overcoming of Newtonian mechanics with Einstein's mechanics. Newtoning mechanics seemed to be so convincing verified and final, yet it turned out to be merely approximate, failing e.g. for high velocities. (One does not need to study philosophy to note as much; study of physics suffices. One may thus claim that this result does not stem from the field of philosophy and that philosophers merely reflect on what physics would have made clear without them anyway. But it is perhaps still useful to drive the point home as forcefully as Popper did, against Marx, Freud and Adler. Popper does not state that all that e.g. Freud states is wrong; his point is that it is not scientific.) == Everyday knowledge == There are countless examples of everyday knowledge for which we feel certain from direct sensory experience that we know something. Thus, we think to know that e.g. there is a domestic cat over there or that the tree over there is a fir. In addition to sensory experience, we also often rely on verbal reports (whether auditory or in writing) and call the result knowledge, but this use of the word knowledge appears rather debatable to me. Nonetheless, Wikipedia aims to collect knowledge, or so it says. A simple heuristic scheme one can sometimes find in literature is this: * To see --> to know. * To have heard --> to believe (without necessarily knowing). Of course, the mapping is merely heuristic; one can read something (and thus see) and merely believe what one sees and one can hear the sound of the motorcycle engine and thus know (rather than being subject to hearsay). == Knowledge in mathematics == Mathematics is thought to have certain knowledge due to using conclusive proofs. But one can put this to doubt, as is suggested by Hofstadter. Since, we do not have perfect certainty (in principle) that the systems of proof that we are using are consistent, meaning contradiction free. One can also argue as follows: human minds are mammalian brains evolved as part of natural selection. Human methods of knowing may be merely adequate for survival and reproduction (and other gene support). It may turn out that the human brain hardware contains platform-wide defects that would lead all practicing mathematicians to recognize the same kinds of proofs as conclusive which in fact were inconclusive. I find this line of argument interesting and thought-provoking but very hard to accept. I tend to side with those who claim that mathematics has certain knowledge. Or at least some mathematics; Lakatos criticism is to be taken seriously. And one can recall that Newton's and Leibniz calculus was originally in, say, somewhat provisional state, lacking the rigor that modern mathematics requires. Perhaps the picture is more complicated and varied than one would want to believe. == Unprovable knowledge == Unprovable knowledge exists. If I roll a die, observe the result, remember the result, and roll the die several times again, I know the outcome bar failure of memory but I have no way of proving it to anyone. This applies to a range of situations. It seems plausible that someone may succeed in committing, say, a murder and hiding all traces or traces of having done so. == Documented knowledge == Above, I noted the thought experiment with rolling a die, and then having no means of proving the outcome. I can improve my chances of proving that by taking a record of the outcome. I could then show the record in the court of law. The proof/evidence would be inconclusive since I could have cheated or make some wild mistake when taking the record. But the record is stronger evidence than memory, since human experience generally shows human memory to be all too often frail. I can use the record later not only to convince the court but also myself. Since I too know that human memory is frail, whereas sheets of paper with writing or typing do not undergo a change in which some words get changed or similar. Textual record necessarily leads to considerable loss. Knowledge obtained through eyesight about an object is much richer than the propositional knowledge captured in sentences. This is in part addressed by photography and videorecording as well as sound recording. == Induction == I believe Popper is correct in stating that induction does not work to demarcate science from non-science. Moreover, it seems to me that induction hardly ever works at all. That is to say, if we have a predicate F, no amount of affirming instances of F would alone lead us to conclusion that for all x, F x (F is true of X). This also obtains for the more narrow form where F is in fact F ==> G. This is obvious in mathematics: we can have an arbitrarily large number of even numbers, but this does not lead us to conclude that all positive integers are even numbers; in this case, F is positive integer and G is even number. That is to say, we have a large set of examples meeting F and G, and thus meeting F ==> G, but that does not lead us to generalize that for all x, F x ==> G x. The situation is similar in sciences. Since, let us take F to be mammal and G to be domestic cat. Our seeing additional cats (examples of F and G) does not lead us to conclude that universally F ==> G, that is, that all mammals are cats. Instead, we consider the existence of refuting instances (e.g. dogs) and close the case as rejected. A meaningful investigation of a hypothesis of the form for "all x, F x ==> G x" involves above all considering the store of all observations (in the mind or elsewhere) to check whether there are refuting instances. Additional step involves trying to find as many or varied instances of F since these are the ones that can lead to discovery of additional falsifiers, F x and not G x. That's how it seems to me. A proper research in the literature on induction could perhaps lead me to a different conclusion or a correction of the above. By induction I here mean induction in sciences, not mathematical induction. I constrained the concept of induction to exclude extrapolation and interpolation; it could perhaps be used more broadly to include those. == Incompleteness of knowledge == Some of the Gödel's results are sometimes used to point out necessary incompleteness of mathematical knowledge. Thus, not only cannot human mind achieve all mathematical knowledge, not even machines can ever achieve it. One may trivialize the matter by pointing out that we cannot even know all the statements of the form X + Y = Z for three integers for lack of memory and such, but that is not the point. It seems also likely that we will never have complete (empirical) scientific knowledge. At a minimum, predictive knowledge about future will be out of bounds dues to chaos or computational irreducibility. One could still hope to discover the ultimate fundamental physical laws, without being able to use them to predict everything. == Authority and sourcing from publications == One often uses sourcing from publications. Interestingly enough, Popper scorns this as a method of doing science at least in one piece of writing. The theory of scientific method is not usually concerned with sourcing from publications. Einstein's famous special relativity paper does not contain much sourcing, if I remember correctly; better find the paper. I view sourcing with a heavy dose of skepticism. Yet I cannot do without it. Things can be improved by differentiation: are we sourcing math or are we sourcing nutrition science (spinach has iron?). One can investigate various fields and their history of success and treat them accordingly, with higher skepticism as justified by the experience with the field. One can for instance suspect that math results will be more international or interculturar than history, where nations have strong interest to skew things or spin them in their favor or direction. In mathematics classes in the high school and university, we almost never worked with "reliable sources"; we instead proved everything or almost everything. The teachers hardly ever invoked their authority, if at all; the authority was there of the proof, and the student had to verify the proof. Of course, this is perhaps somewhat idealized; the authority of the teacher perhaps does play a role, even in mathematics. == Justified true belief == Knowledge is sometimes defined as justified true belief. That is to say, I know X if I believe it, X is true and I am justified in believing it. There is criticism of this definition/characterization. For one thing, as long as we use the word knowledge to refer to uncertain knowledge, things known to be true are not logically necessarily true (which seems like a paradox or contradiction since the word to know implies perfect certainty, but that cannot really be the case). Another criticism concerns the requirement of justification. Popper denies that knowledge is justified. But the idea of justification is plausible; in mathematics, we only know a theorem to be true if we have a proof. One could counter that axioms are not proven, to which one may respond that axioms are definitions in disguise and that theorems in ultimate analysis point to statements of the form, if axioms such-and-such are true, the following theorems are true. Yet another criticism applies to the genus of belief. As long as knowledge can be contains in a book, it does not seem to be belief. By contrast, knowledge in a mind does seem to be species of belief if one extends the concept of belief enought to include knowledge. This extension is perhaps required since otherwise, one would say that if one believes something, it implies one does not know it; and thus, knowledge and belief would be coordinate terms rather than one being subordinate to the other. == Knowledge in plants == From what I remember, Popper indicates innate expectations of organism to be something like knowledge. Thus, a plant adapted to presence of sunlight via chlorophyl as if states, there is sunlight in the environment. I find this point interesting, but it perhaps stretches the concept of knowledge. == Knowledge in animals == Knowledge in some animals, e.g. chimpanzees, seems plausible, including concepts. The concepts would be there, but not names for concepts. Even simple animals can have knowledge or quasi-knowledge, including innate one in the form of innate expectations about the environemnt. == Knowledge of historical statements == According to Popper, existential statements in sciences are not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. This seems rather counter-intuitive, but has some force. Thus, the statement that there is a teapot orbiting the Earth (Russell? Dawkins?) is not falsifiable/testable and does not have a scientific character. This can be extended to historical statements. The statements of historiography would then be non-scientific. This seems strange but also not entirely so. Since, e.g. Newton's mechanics applies at all locations and all time points, so it runs the risk of being refuted in future. By contrast, the statement that the battle of Waterloo took place in year so-and-so and was between parties so-and-so does not directly run the risk of being refuted by a future event; it is not universally quantified. The textul historical record becomes an important source of (putative) knowledge, but that is not so in physics, chemistry or biology. I should perhaps learn more about the matter by studying methodology of historical and historiographic fields. == Reason vs. experience == There is some kind of discussion about reason vs. experience in how we know things, relating to rationalism vs. empiricism. I cannot make much sense of it. I would argue that all or nearly all epistemic processes contain both elements of experience and reason. Since, concerning everyday knowledge, we recieve perceptual objects in the mind, e.g. the visual perception of a cat. The visual perception appears raw in a sense, uninterpreted. But in fact, what is really uninterpreted is the retinal image; what enters the mind is merely based on that retinal image, enriched with inferred physical properties. And thus, something like reason (inference) is part of the perceptual cat, before anything like reason in narrow sense was applied. Let us consider mirage. The raw sensory experience tells us we see something we do not see. And we use reason (informed by other experience) that what we see cannot be real. Both elements are present. In mathematics, one could argue that it is based on reason and not experience. But I do not find that convincing. We know that our proving methods work in part from experience. That said, I fully recognize the contrast between mathematical knowledge and empirical knowledge. We know very little by reason or critical thinking alone. Never direct your eyes to the sky and never engage in careful observation. Instead, lock yourself in an ivory tower and have a computer to do large-scale speculative simulations and analysis. You may find out about e.g. mathematical fractals or the road to chaos, but never about the stars. No amount of analysis can compensate for missing observation and experiment and for the missing observational and experimental instrumentation. == Instrumentation == Large portions of science do not get very far without instrumentation, including telescopes, microscopes, measuring devices but also computers (computing and information storage and retrieval devices). These instruments enhance our getting to know, or make it possible in the first place. == Revisionism and scientific revolutions == Inspired by Kuhn and Popper. In general, scientific knowledge does not grow merely by extension/expansion but also by modification. It is in general not cumulative in this sense. One cannot hope to establish a method so good that it will only lead to statements in no need of revision. In a geographic analogy, one could naively think of science as map maping where one only fills in the white blanks and never has to redraw any parts of the map. History of science shows that redrawing is necessary once in a while. But the cumulative character is far from absent. The filling of periodic table was probably not a process of continual scientific revolution; once the concept of chemical element was well established, the process of finding additional chemical elements was probably relatively cumulative. (But I would need to check relevant literature to learn more and be sure I know what I am talking about.) Kuhn makes the point that a certain degree of resistance to refutation and sticking to theories that appear to be refuted by observation does not need to be a bad or unscientific thing. The apparent refuting observation may later turn out not to have been refuting after all. On the other hand, the contrast between religious dogma and scientific successive modification of tentative knowledge is real, and one characteristic of good science is that it does not stick to refuted theory beyond what is reasonable (for some value of reasonable). == Proof and evidence == As part of inquiry into knowledge, one can include inquiry into what serves as proof and evidence, in relation to the ''justified'' part of the characterization of knowledge. This concerns not only science but also courts of law. Courts accept witness evidence although it is logically very inconclusive. Mathematics provides one idea for what a proof is. This idea does not seem to directly carry over to other fields. In the field of software, automatic test suite run against the software is a form of proof or evidence that the software meets the requirements/works as required. Educational examination provides something like a proof or evidence that the student has learned the matter. Industrial testing is another case. In another section, I supported Popperian falsificationism as a standard. There, one does not prove things; one tries to refute them. How, then, can one substantiate corroboration (attempted falsification) of a hypothesis? For instance by submitting documentary or data evidence indicating what attepts at refutation were attempted, what observations and experiments and with what results. That is the first idea; a better elaboration would be preferable. Further reading: * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/evidence-law evidence], britannica.com * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/proof-logic proof], britannica.com == Procedural knowledge == Apart from declarative knowledge (e.g. knowing there is a cat over there), there is also procedural knowledge or know-how. Procedural knowledge can have a non-propositional form; thus, one may know how to dance jive without being able to give verbal instructions. Even human ability to walk can be seen as a procedural knowledge. Tigers can be thought of knowing how to run, thus having procedural knowledge. Alternatively, one could distinguish knowledge from skil and consider ability to dance jive to be skill, not knowledge. Some procedural knowledge does have a propositional form, form of sentences. == Innate knowledge == Some knowledge is innate, given by the genes. Knowledge-acquisition aparatus (e.g. eyes and the visual cortext) is innate. Knowledge being innate does not make it necessarily accurate. Thus, it seems likely that the innate geometry in human vision and understanding of space is approximately Euclidean; the human environment under which it evolved seems unlikely to contain anything to give stimulus to evolution of Einstenian geometry (which is needed in GPS). These considerations can lead to deep skepticism. One may think that human knowledge acquisition faculties are only good enough for survival and reproduction (and other support of the genes) and that they may fail miserably when used outside of their bounds. Part of this skepticism is perhaps healthy. One can launch a defense: how do you know that humans originated by evolution by natural selection? If the human faculties are so frail, you should not be so certain. And then you should not be so certain about your skepticism either. It is an entersting twist, pointing to certain apparent circularity in attempts to reason about knowledge with the use of Darwinism. Since, one needed an initial knowledge theory to learn about evolution by natural selection, but the results can then impinge on the knowledge theory itself. I sense this is not a grave defect, but I acknowledge the line of reasoning as not without merit. == Knowledge of word meaning == The knowledge of word meaning is an interesting problem. In order to formulate an observation in language, one needs to have knowledge of word meaning. But word meanings are not trivially objectively observable entities, unlike e.g. cats or rivers. The knowledge of word meaning does not need to be explicitly represented in words; thus, one may be able to use language productively without being able to give plausible definitions. Lexicography seems to posit that word meaning can be extracted from quotations of use. But this seems to be far from trivially obvious. It seems one has to insert a lot of conceptual interpretive analysis to extract the word meaning. Knowledge of word meaning cannot be innate since words are not innate. But some general concepts could be innate rather than obtained from experience. A child could be trying to map the words heard to the naive observational ontology (or entitology?) given by the senses, especially sight, and then refine the ontology based on the language use. It seems doubtful that the child's naive observational ontology would contain the nodes of mammal or feline, but it could well contain animal and cat. The node of animal could be innate; cat perhaps not. These questions would need to be seriously investiated. == Cybernetics == One could use the ideas from cybernetics to investigate knowledge. Thus, one could set up two abstract systems, one trying to learn about the other and try to figure out what that learning would consist in. In relation to that, I seem to remember that Ashby indicates that being a model is given by isomorphism or homomorphism. == Scientific models == The concept of a scientific model seems to point to the idea that elements of scientific knowledge are rather imperfect representations of reality. Both Newtonian and Eistenian mechanics can be seen as models. But also Ptolemaic astronomy can be seen as a model, one that has been made increasingly observationally adequate by subsequent modifications during its use. A visual analogy for the concept of scientific model can be a toy model of a car. The toy model bears some resemblance to the real thing, but key aspects are missing. To what extent this analogy is apt would need to be clarified. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/models-science/ Models in Science], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == Counting and calculation == Counting and calculation are both epistemic processes. Counting is additional to seeing. Thus, one can see e.g. many cows, but to know exactly one many, one has to count, unless the cows are only few. Calculation with numbers can answer arithmetic questions. Some indicate this results in no true additional knowledge, which makes sense from the perspective of empirical knowledge, but sounds strange anyway. Logical derivation using logical calculus is an analogue to calculation with numbers. In any case, it is a mechanical manipulation of symbolic encodings. Calculation is a key part of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Without calculation, the medical doctor would not be able to see much. Revisiting the argument sometimes made that calculation adds no true knowledge, that is all nice and perhaps superficially plausible, but here calculation makes a difference between seeing something (on the display or other visual representation) and seeing nothing at all. == Measurement == Measurement is an epistemic process. Like counting, it yields a quantitative characterization of something. There seems to be the field of metrology concerned with this subject. Measurement adds information beyond mere visual inspection. Thus, there is a difference e.g. between estimating the length of a table from looking at it and measuring the length using meter. == Knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus == Something like metaknowledge can contribute to epistemology, knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus. Thus, one may empirically study limitations of human cognition, limitations of measuring instruments and measuring procedures, etc. One could object that part of such inquiry is no longer philosophical but rather psychological. Nonetheless, I am wary of strictly separating philosophy from psychology. Perhaps someone can execute such a separation well enough; let them then present what they have done and how and let us see whether the result is satisfactory. == Epistemology vs. history of knowledge == One could want to separate epistemology from history of knowledge and history of science. One could want to prohibit input from the latter to the former; the former would be purely philosophical. I can see the attraction of doing so from something like architecture of inquiry standpoint, but I do not think it a good idea. For instance, one can hardly fail to observe the impact of Einsteinian special relativity on the philosophy of scientific knowledge. The history of human theories about the world is very instructive, revealing incredible fallibility and openness to wrong suggestion. One can say: I am fallible. My analyses of knowledge are tentative. Their being philosophical is not a good thing per se. If findings of special sciences can shed some light on the questions being asked, so much better. Thus, it is e.g. all fine to use Darwinian thinking to speculate about quasi-knowledge embedded in plants. == Failed epistemic methods == It is instructive to consider not only what is likely to work well but also what has demonstrably failed. Torture is one thing that does not necessarily make one say truth. There are other absurd methods that were sometimes used in history, to be added later. == Epistemology of philosophy == If philosophy contains a key non-empirical element, one can wonder whether there is a separate epistemology of philosophy, different from epistemology of empirical sciences. For philosophy, one can use something like proposals and refutations, arguments and counter-arguments. The basis for making them is not constrained, but it usually contains both empirical and deliberative element. It is understood that the proposals are too likely to be wrong too often. It is also understood that running the proposals through the acid test of counter-arguments does not establish anything like certainty or validity. The results do not resemble science with its marked progress, e.g. from before the concept of chemical element to the concept and discovery of the individual chemical elements. Be it as it may, the human brain has this remarkable capacity of coming up with ideas formulated as sentences, without knowing whether they are true or right. The brain seems to use some fantasy or inventive method: figure out something half-plausible and say it. And then, see whether we can refute or effectively criticize the thing said. This is hardly satisfactory. We should have something better. == Reviewing == Reviewing is a powerful method for reducing mistakes. A review can take place when there is something to be reviewed, e.g. a document such as a draft of a scientific article. One can review one's own writing, but bringing in other people generally makes a remarkable difference. There may be a subliminal block or resistance to seriously and earnestly looking for mistakes in one's own creation; other people may be more openly adversary (and pointing out mistakes is adversary in principle). Moreover, other people may happen to see things from a different perspective. And they may be more experienced and know better. == Evolutionary epistemology == The phrase evolutionary epistemology could refer to epistemology informed by biological evolution, e.g. one emphasizing the evolutionary origin of organs that play a key role in knowledge acquisition, including eyes and the brain. Or it could refer to epistemology that sees scientific theories are objects undergoing evolution somewhat similar to biological evolution. It seems to refer to both, as per SEP. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-evolutionary/ Evolutionary Epistemology], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == Artificial intelligence == One would expect artificial intelligence to be able to produce something like knowledge from observation. Sufficiently capable artificial (general) intelligence should be able to use e.g. camera to produce observational reports in natural language. One would naturally ask whether the machine really knows anything or merely imitates knowledge or pretends to know. Study of design of an AGI machine would seem to be a contribution to study of knowledge processes. One would be forced to technically clarify issues instead of waffling about them. One would be forced to discover sets of technically formulated principles, rules and algorithms. Alas, one thing one would discover would be artificial neural networks, which can be trained, but from which it seems hard to extract anything like human-intelligible sets of rules or principles. Machines can produce mathematical knowledge without having anything like human-like subjective knowledge states. Thus, machines can do arithmetic calculations. Moreover, machines can do computer algebra, including derivation. There are theorem provers. That is to say, whenever the knowledge production (reliable production of true statements) can be supported by a reasonably small set of mechanical rules, it can be done by a machine. One may look at a human as a gigantic lumbering (biological) robot (to use Dawkins phrasing) and wonder whether the human intelligence and cognition is after all also a collection of mechanical rules embedded in neural and endocrinal anatomical structures. Many of these rules would be heuristic, rules of thumb. Recalling the section on instrumention, current production of human knowledge is an effect of biotechnosphere, of a combination of humans (bio-) and machines (techno-). For instance, astronomy uses telescopes as well as computers. == See also == * [[Epistemology]] == Further reading == * {{W|Epistemology}}, wikipedia.org * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology epistemology], britannica.com * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/ Epistemology], plato.stanford.edu [[Category:Epistemology]] 9p85bdek1888i2o48xhqahhqldpjkv2 6 317126 2691229 2024-12-10T13:10:30Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=VLSI.Arith: Carry Skip Adders 1A (20241210 - 20241209) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-10 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2691229 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=VLSI.Arith: Carry Skip Adders 1A (20241210 - 20241209) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-10 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 827scn5yw5qtvg4k8xi68einysw506m 6 317127 2691238 2024-12-10T13:39:32Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=C04.SA0: Address-of and de-reference operators 1A (20241210 - 20241209) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-10 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2691238 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=C04.SA0: Address-of and de-reference operators 1A (20241210 - 20241209) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-10 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} gs768lx1chjuog2miygo5ay9rko46oj 6 317128 2691240 2024-12-10T13:46:18Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Laurent.5: Permutations 6B (20241210 - 20241209) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-10 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2691240 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Laurent.5: Permutations 6B (20241210 - 20241209) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-10 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} mahxmb5ln63msedf8u8rh0x8bcp6ppo 0 317129 2691246 2024-12-10T15:07:22Z Bocardodarapti 289675 New resource with "{{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= In many situations, we are not interested in objects individually, instead, we are interested in some of their specific properties. Objects that behave equally with respect to a certain property might be considered as {{ Definitionlink |equivalent| |pm= }} {{ Extra/Bracket |text=with respect to this property| |pm=. }} Such an equality with respect to a certain property defines an equivalence relation. If, for example, we are only inte..." 2691246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= In many situations, we are not interested in objects individually, instead, we are interested in some of their specific properties. Objects that behave equally with respect to a certain property might be considered as {{ Definitionlink |equivalent| |pm= }} {{ Extra/Bracket |text=with respect to this property| |pm=. }} Such an equality with respect to a certain property defines an equivalence relation. If, for example, we are only interested in the color of some objects, then objects that have {{ Extra/Bracket |text=exactly| |Ipm=|Epm= }} the same color are equivalent to each other. If we are interested, among a collection of animals, not for their individual properties but only for the species they belong to, then two animals are equivalent if and only if they belong to the same species. Students might be considered as equivalent if they study the same combination of subjects. Vectors can be considered as equivalent if they have the same distance to the origin, etc. An equivalence relation is typically a certain way to look at certain objects, which considers certain objects as equal. |Textform=Example |Category= }} 41dh5s61a94e2fwocta3ijy7u4qilpi 0 317130 2691248 2024-12-10T15:12:21Z Bocardodarapti 289675 New resource with "{{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= Let {{ Mathcor|term1= M |and|term2= N |pm= }} be sets, and let {{ Mapping |name=f |M|N || |pm= }} denote a mapping. In such a situation, we always get an {{ Definitionlink |equivalence relation| |pm= }} on the domain {{mat|term= M |pm=}} of the mapping by declaring two elements {{ Relationchain | x,y |\in|M || || || |pm= }} to be equivalent if they map under {{mat|term= f |pm=}} to the same element, that is, if {{ Relationchain |f(x)..." 2691248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= Let {{ Mathcor|term1= M |and|term2= N |pm= }} be sets, and let {{ Mapping |name=f |M|N || |pm= }} denote a mapping. In such a situation, we always get an {{ Definitionlink |equivalence relation| |pm= }} on the domain {{mat|term= M |pm=}} of the mapping by declaring two elements {{ Relationchain | x,y |\in|M || || || |pm= }} to be equivalent if they map under {{mat|term= f |pm=}} to the same element, that is, if {{ Relationchain |f(x) ||f(y) || || || |pm= }} holds. If the mapping {{mat|term= f |pm=}} is {{ Definitionlink |Premath= |injective| |Context=| |pm=, }} then the equivalence relation defined by {{mat|term= f |pm=}} on {{mat|term= M |pm=}} is the equality. If the mapping is constant, then all elements from {{mat|term= M |pm=}} are equivalent under the corresponding equivalence relation. |Textform=Example |Category= }} k71rw2i92cduj5ooi3uedt1ltgf1amg 0 317131 2691250 2024-12-10T15:17:07Z Bocardodarapti 289675 New resource with "{{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= Let {{ Relationchain |d |\in|\N || || || |pm= }} be fixed. We consider on {{mat|term= \Z|pm=}} the {{ Definitionlink |equivalence relation| |Context=| |pm= }} {{mat|term= \sim |pm=,}} where two numbers {{ Relationchain |a,b |\in|\Z || || || |pm= }} are considered to be equivalent if their difference {{mathl|term= a-b|pm=}} is a multiple of {{mat|term= d |pm=.}} Two numbers are equivalent if and only if it is possible to reach from one..." 2691250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= Let {{ Relationchain |d |\in|\N || || || |pm= }} be fixed. We consider on {{mat|term= \Z|pm=}} the {{ Definitionlink |equivalence relation| |Context=| |pm= }} {{mat|term= \sim |pm=,}} where two numbers {{ Relationchain |a,b |\in|\Z || || || |pm= }} are considered to be equivalent if their difference {{mathl|term= a-b|pm=}} is a multiple of {{mat|term= d |pm=.}} Two numbers are equivalent if and only if it is possible to reach from one number the other number by jumps of length {{mat|term= d |pm=.}} Using {{ Definitionlink |division with remainder| |Context=| |pm=, }} this means that two numbers are equivalent to each other if, upon division by {{mat|term= d |pm=,}} they leave the same remainder. |Textform=Example |Category= }} 33w5ripdhignw5f55dexjpqhb2psdj6 1 317132 2691254 2024-12-10T15:21:59Z RockTransport 2992610 /* Disagree */ new section 2691254 wikitext text/x-wiki == Disagree == I disagree with this because this is to teach people about Scratch; not to advertise it. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 15:21, 10 December 2024 (UTC) hqb9ldh3grvzl1ddlewkhwh5e4mqewl 2691255 2691254 2024-12-10T15:22:46Z RockTransport 2992610 /* Disagree */ Reply 2691255 wikitext text/x-wiki == Disagree == I disagree with this because this is to teach people about Scratch; not to advertise it. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 15:21, 10 December 2024 (UTC) :and how to create Scratch projects [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 15:22, 10 December 2024 (UTC) klxjdp76zfa2nio5d87p6tx3qhv9rh7 2691295 2691255 2024-12-10T20:13:24Z RockTransport 2992610 /* Disagree */ Reply 2691295 wikitext text/x-wiki == Disagree == I disagree with this because this is to teach people about Scratch; not to advertise it. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 15:21, 10 December 2024 (UTC) :and how to create Scratch projects [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 15:22, 10 December 2024 (UTC) ::This was to like give a brief overview about what the course is about, and give recommendations on versions of the offline editor, not advertising it. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 20:13, 10 December 2024 (UTC) 0evsfr55ndsbfyi5prlnji3si1q3ah4 2691315 2691295 2024-12-10T23:01:05Z Atcovi 276019 /* Disagree */ re 2691315 wikitext text/x-wiki == Disagree == I disagree with this because this is to teach people about Scratch; not to advertise it. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 15:21, 10 December 2024 (UTC) :and how to create Scratch projects [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 15:22, 10 December 2024 (UTC) ::This was to like give a brief overview about what the course is about, and give recommendations on versions of the offline editor, not advertising it. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 20:13, 10 December 2024 (UTC) :::Hi RockTransport, I've denied the speedy request. You're free to continue editing your course. Thanks, —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 23:01, 10 December 2024 (UTC) ryt0q27yrdryrfl2a4fi5zdprezuz7x 0 317133 2691256 2024-12-10T15:26:05Z Bocardodarapti 289675 New resource with "{{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= We consider the {{ Definitionlink |Premath= |floor| |Context=| |pm= }} of a real number, that is, the mapping {{ Mapping/display |name=\lfloor \,\, \rfloor | \R | \Z | t | \lfloor t \rfloor |pm=. }} A real number {{mat|term= t |pm=}} is mapped to the largest integer number that is smaller or equal {{mat|term= t |pm=.}} Here, the interval {{mathl|term= [n,n+1) |pm=}} {{ Extra/Bracket |text=with integer bound {{mat|term= n |pm=,}} closed..." 2691256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= We consider the {{ Definitionlink |Premath= |floor| |Context=| |pm= }} of a real number, that is, the mapping {{ Mapping/display |name=\lfloor \,\, \rfloor | \R | \Z | t | \lfloor t \rfloor |pm=. }} A real number {{mat|term= t |pm=}} is mapped to the largest integer number that is smaller or equal {{mat|term= t |pm=.}} Here, the interval {{mathl|term= [n,n+1) |pm=}} {{ Extra/Bracket |text=with integer bound {{mat|term= n |pm=,}} closed on the left, open on the right| |Ipm=|Epm= }} is mapped to {{ Relationchain | n |\in| \Z || || || |pm=. }} With respect to this mapping, two real numbers are equivalent if and only if they lie in the same interval of this type. In the decimal expansion, this means that their digits before the point are identical. We can also consider the digits after the point. This corresponds to the mapping {{ Mapping/display |name= |\R | [0,1) | t | t-\lfloor t \rfloor |pm=. }} Under the equivalence relation defined by this mapping, two real numbers are equivalent if their digits after the point are identical. This is the case if and only if their difference is an integer number. |Textform=Example |Category= }} oie9tzr70c74dekda9rexh68uwrsycx 0 317134 2691259 2024-12-10T15:31:54Z Bocardodarapti 289675 New resource with "{{ Mathematical text/Definition |Text= Let {{ Relationchain | R | \subseteq | M \times M || || || |pm= }} be an {{ Definitionlink |equivalence relation| |Context=| |pm=, }} and let {{ Relationchain |x |\in|M || || || |pm=. }} Then {{ Relationchain/display | [x] | {{defeq|}} | {{Setcond|y \in M| (x,y) \in R}} || || || |pm= }} is called the {{Word of definition|equivalence class}} of {{mat|term= x }} with respect to {{mat|term= R |pm=.}} |Textform=Definition |Category..." 2691259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical text/Definition |Text= Let {{ Relationchain | R | \subseteq | M \times M || || || |pm= }} be an {{ Definitionlink |equivalence relation| |Context=| |pm=, }} and let {{ Relationchain |x |\in|M || || || |pm=. }} Then {{ Relationchain/display | [x] | {{defeq|}} | {{Setcond|y \in M| (x,y) \in R}} || || || |pm= }} is called the {{Word of definition|equivalence class}} of {{mat|term= x }} with respect to {{mat|term= R |pm=.}} |Textform=Definition |Category= |Word of definition=Equivalence class }} mmxxvhcuk9axvsaianbc3aij3r3l9n2 0 317135 2691260 2024-12-10T15:34:40Z Bocardodarapti 289675 New resource with "{{ Mathematical text/Definition |Text= Let {{mat|term=\sim|pm=}} be an {{ Definitionlink |equivalence relation| |Context=| |pm= }} on a set {{mat|term= M |pm=.}} A subset {{ Relationchain |T |\subseteq|M || || || |pm= }} is called a {{Word of definition|system of representatives|pm=}} for the equivalence relation, if for every {{ Definitionlink |equivalence class| |Context=| |pm= }} there exists exactly one element in {{mat|term= T |pm=}} of this class. |Textform=..." 2691260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical text/Definition |Text= Let {{mat|term=\sim|pm=}} be an {{ Definitionlink |equivalence relation| |Context=| |pm= }} on a set {{mat|term= M |pm=.}} A subset {{ Relationchain |T |\subseteq|M || || || |pm= }} is called a {{Word of definition|system of representatives|pm=}} for the equivalence relation, if for every {{ Definitionlink |equivalence class| |Context=| |pm= }} there exists exactly one element in {{mat|term= T |pm=}} of this class. |Textform=Definition |Category= |Word of definition=System of representatives }} f2fmcxf4a2u8e9yjmqzfnzutb2k7cy2 0 317136 2691262 2024-12-10T15:48:39Z Bocardodarapti 289675 New resource with "{{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= In chess, a bishop can move diagonally and arbitrarily far in every direction. Two squares {{ Extra/Bracket |text=positions| |Ipm=|Epm= }} on a chess board are called bishop-equivalent if it is possible to reach, starting from one square, by finitely many bishop moves, the other square. This is an {{ Definitionlink |equivalence relation| |Context=| |pm= }} on the chess board. Moving diagonally, the color of the position does not change..." 2691262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= In chess, a bishop can move diagonally and arbitrarily far in every direction. Two squares {{ Extra/Bracket |text=positions| |Ipm=|Epm= }} on a chess board are called bishop-equivalent if it is possible to reach, starting from one square, by finitely many bishop moves, the other square. This is an {{ Definitionlink |equivalence relation| |Context=| |pm= }} on the chess board. Moving diagonally, the color of the position does not change; therefore, a bishop standing on a white square will always stay on a white square. Moreover, a bishop, standing on a white square, can reach every white square. Hence, there are only two equivalence classes: the white squares and the black squares; accordingly, we talk about the light-squared and the dark-squared bishop {{ Extra/Bracket |text=this is not the color of the piece| |Ipm=|Epm=. }} |Textform=Example |Category= }} 6gew0sw5g9yzmp4rddczg47uwvkhip7 0 317137 2691264 2024-12-10T16:09:29Z Bocardodarapti 289675 New resource with "{{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= Suppose that we are in a situation, where certain places {{ Extra/Bracket |text=or Objects| |Ipm=|Epm= }} can be reached from certain other places or not. This accessibility can be determined by the choice of means of transport, or by a more abstract kind of movement. Such an accessibility relation yields often an equivalence relation. A place can be reached by starting at this place, this gives reflexivity. The symmetry of accessibili..." 2691264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= Suppose that we are in a situation, where certain places {{ Extra/Bracket |text=or Objects| |Ipm=|Epm= }} can be reached from certain other places or not. This accessibility can be determined by the choice of means of transport, or by a more abstract kind of movement. Such an accessibility relation yields often an equivalence relation. A place can be reached by starting at this place, this gives reflexivity. The symmetry of accessibility means that if it is possible to reach {{mat|term= A |pm=}} starting from {{mat|term= B |pm=,}} then it is also possible to reach {{mat|term= B |pm=}} starting from {{mat|term= A |pm=.}} This is a natural condition for accessibility, though it is probably not fulfilled for every kind of accessibility. The transitivity does hold whenever we can do the movements after each other, like going from {{mat|term= A |pm=}} to {{mat|term= B |pm=,}} and then from {{mat|term= B |pm=}} to {{mat|term= C |pm=}}. If, for example, accessible is given by walking overland, then two places are equivalent if and only if they lie on the same island {{ Extra/Bracket |text=or continent| |Ipm=|Epm=. }} Islands and continents are the {{ Definitionlink |equivalence classes| |Context=| |pm=. }} In topology, the concept of {{ Definitionlink |path-connectedness| |Context=| |pm= }} plays an important role: two points are path-connected if they can be connected by a continuous path. Or: On the set of integer number, there is a colony of fleas, and every jump of a flea has the length of five unites {{ Extra/Bracket |text=in both directions| |Ipm=|Epm=. }} How many flea populations are there, which fleas can meet each other? |Textform=Example |Category= }} cfamfed16g0puswc40fwrdjc3n4t3v9 0 317139 2691269 2024-12-10T16:19:26Z Bocardodarapti 289675 New resource with "{{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= {{ inputimage |Visualisierung bspl 2-10|gif| 500px {{!}} thumb {{!}} |epsname=Visualisierung_bspl_2-10 |Text=Visualization of the example. The equivalence classes are colored differently. |User=TiloW |Domain= |License=CC-by-sa 3.0 }} We consider the lattice {{ Definitionlink |product set| |Context=2| |pm= }} {{ Relationchain |M ||\N \times \N || || || |pm=. }} We fix the jumps {{ Extra/Bracket |text=think about a Meadow jumping mouse..." 2691269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= {{ inputimage |Visualisierung bspl 2-10|gif| 500px {{!}} thumb {{!}} |epsname=Visualisierung_bspl_2-10 |Text=Visualization of the example. The equivalence classes are colored differently. |User=TiloW |Domain= |License=CC-by-sa 3.0 }} We consider the lattice {{ Definitionlink |product set| |Context=2| |pm= }} {{ Relationchain |M ||\N \times \N || || || |pm=. }} We fix the jumps {{ Extra/Bracket |text=think about a Meadow jumping mouse that can perform these jumps and no other jumps| |Epm= }} {{ Mathcor/display|term1= \pm (2,0) |and|term2= \pm (3,3) |pm=. }} We say that two points {{mathl|term= P=(a,b),\, Q=(c,d) \in M |pm=}} are equivalent if it is possible, starting in {{mat|term= P |pm=,}} to reach the point {{mat|term= Q |pm=}} with a sequence of such jumps. This defines an {{ Definitionlink |equivalence relation| |Context=| |pm= }} {{ Extra/Bracket |text=the main reason is that for every jump also its negative jump is allowed| |Epm=. }} Typical questions are: How can we characterize equivalent points, how can we decide whether two points are equivalent or not? |Textform=Example |Category= }} df2c2l7qb07muufnqzdvzoh8ifgnh3o 0 317141 2691273 2024-12-10T16:33:10Z Bocardodarapti 289675 New resource with "{{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= Let {{ Relationchain | n |\in| \N || || || |pm=, }} and set {{ Relationchain |M || \R^{n+1} \setminus \{0\} || || || |pm=. }} {{mathl|term= \R^{n+1} }} is a real vector space, the scalar multiplication of {{ Relationchain | \lambda |\in| \R || || || |pm= }} and {{ Relationchain | x |\in| \R^{n+1} || || || |pm= }} is denoted by {{mathl|term= \lambda \cdot x}} Moreover, set {{ Relationchain/display/handleft | R || {{Setcond| (x,y)..." 2691273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= Let {{ Relationchain | n |\in| \N || || || |pm=, }} and set {{ Relationchain |M || \R^{n+1} \setminus \{0\} || || || |pm=. }} {{mathl|term= \R^{n+1} }} is a real vector space, the scalar multiplication of {{ Relationchain | \lambda |\in| \R || || || |pm= }} and {{ Relationchain | x |\in| \R^{n+1} || || || |pm= }} is denoted by {{mathl|term= \lambda \cdot x}} Moreover, set {{ Relationchain/display/handleft | R || {{Setcond| (x,y) \in M \times M | \text{ there exists some } \lambda \in \R \setminus \{0\} \text{ such that } \lambda \cdot x {{=}} y }} || || || |pm=. }} Therefore, two points are defined to be equivalent if they can be transformed to each other by scalar multiplication with a scalar {{ Relationchain |\lambda |\neq|0 || || || |pm=. }} We can also say that two points are equivalent if they define the same line through the origin. This is indeed an {{ Definitionlink |equivalence relation| |Context=| |pm=. }} The reflexivity follows from {{ Relationchain |x ||1x || || || |pm= }} for every {{ Relationchain | x |\in|M || || || |pm=. }} To prove symmetry, suppose {{mathl|term= xRy |pm=,}} that is, there exists some {{ Relationchain |\lambda |\neq|0 || || || |pm= }} such that {{ Relationchain |\lambda x || y || || || |pm=. }} Then also {{ Relationchain |y || \lambda^{-1}x || || || |pm= }} holds, as {{mat|term= \lambda |pm=}} has an inverse element. To prove transitivity, suppose that {{ Mathcor|term1= xRy |and|term2= yRz |pm= }} holds; this means that there exist {{ Relationchain | \lambda, \delta |\neq| 0 || || || |pm= }} such that {{ Mathcor|term1= \lambda x=y |and|term2= \delta y =z |pm=. }} Then {{ Relationchain | z || \delta y || (\delta \lambda) x |pm= }} with {{ Relationchain | \delta \lambda |\neq| 0 || || || |pm=. }} The {{ Definitionlink |equivalence classes| |Context=| |pm= }} of this equivalence relation are the lines through the origin {{ Extra/Bracket |text=but without the origin| |Ipm=|Epm=. }} The {{ Definitionlink |quotient set| |Context=| |pm= }} is called the {{Keyword|real-projective space}} {{ Extra/Bracket |text=of real dimension {{mat|term= n }}| |Ipm=|Epm=, }} and is denoted by {{mat|term= {{op:Projective space|n|\R}} |pm=.}} |Textform=Example |Category= }} 1gqm2jip4tcy3uc43uucuxu4xiaevou 0 317142 2691278 2024-12-10T17:19:09Z Bocardodarapti 289675 New resource with "{{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= {{ inputimage |Construction blackboard integers|jpg|500px {{!}} right {{!}} |epsname=Construction_blackboard _integers Construction blackboard integers |User=Darapti |Domain= |License=CC-by-sa 3.0 }} Let {{mat|term= \N|pm=}} be the set of the natural numbers, and let {{ Relationchain |M || \N \times \N || || || |pm= }} denote the {{ Definitionlink |product set| |Context=2| |pm= }} with the componentwise addition{{ Extra/{{{extra1|}}}..." 2691278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= {{ inputimage |Construction blackboard integers|jpg|500px {{!}} right {{!}} |epsname=Construction_blackboard _integers Construction blackboard integers |User=Darapti |Domain= |License=CC-by-sa 3.0 }} Let {{mat|term= \N|pm=}} be the set of the natural numbers, and let {{ Relationchain |M || \N \times \N || || || |pm= }} denote the {{ Definitionlink |product set| |Context=2| |pm= }} with the componentwise addition{{ Extra/{{{extra1|}}} |text=For example, suitable interpretations for the pairs in this context are: the pair {{mat|term= (a,b) |pm=}} represents the result of a football game, where {{mat|term= a |pm=}} gives the number of goals scored by the home team, and {{mat|term= b |pm=}} gives the number of goals scored by the away team; or: the pair {{mat|term= (a,b) |pm=}} represents the ages of a human couple, where {{mat|term= a |pm=}} represents the age of the woman, and {{mat|term= b |pm=}} represents the age of the husband. Going to the equivalence classes means that we are only interested in goal difference of in the age difference, not for the exact result of the ages of the individual persons. Man kann also the Paar als a step folge aus {{mat|term= a |pm=}} stepen nach rechts and {{mat|term= b |pm=}} stepen nach links ansehen| |Ipm=.|Epm=. }} We define on {{mat|term= M |pm=}} a {{ Definitionlink |relation| |Context=| |pm= }} by {{ Extra/{{{extra2|}}} |text=The pair {{mathlb|term= (a,b) |pm=}} will represent the difference {{mat|term= a-b |pm=}}| |Ipm=.|Epm= }} {{ Math/display|term= (a,b) \sim (c,d), \text{ if } a+d =b+c |pm=. }} This holds, in case {{ Relationchain |a |\leq|c || || || |pm=, }} if and only if there exists an {{ Relationchain | e |\in| \N || || || |pm= }} {{ Extra/Bracket |text=namely {{ Relationchain/b | e || c-a || || || |pm= }}| |Epm= }} such that {{ Relationchain/display | (c,d) || (a,b)+ (e,e) || || || |pm=. }} This means that the pairs differ by an diagonal element, that is, a pair, where both components coincide. This relation is an {{ Definitionlink |Premath= |equivalence relation| |Context=| |pm= }} on {{mat|term= M |pm=,}} see {{ Exerciselink |Exercisename= Integer numbers/Quotient set/NxN/Equivalence relation/Exercise |pm=. }} If we consider {{mathl|term= \N \times \N |pm=}} as a square lattice {{ Extra/Bracket |text=a {{Quotation2|discrete coordinate system|}}| |Epm=, }} then the equivalence classes are given by the points on a {{Quotation2|discrete line|pm=}} parallel to the diagonal. The points {{mathl|term= (a,b) |pm=}} with {{ Relationchain |a |\geq|b || || || |pm= }} are equivalent with {{mathl|term= (a-b,0) |pm=;}} they have a representative where the second component is {{mat|term= 0 |pm=.}} The points {{mathl|term= (a,b) |pm=}} with {{ Relationchain |a |\leq|b || || || |pm= }} are equivalent to {{mathl|term= (0, b-a) |pm=;}} they have a representative where the first component is {{mat|term= 0 |pm=.}} The points {{mathl|term= (a,a) |pm=}} are equivalent to {{mathl|term= (0,0) |pm=.}} We call the representative of an equivalence class where at least one component is {{mat|term= 0 |pm=,}} the {{Keyword|standard representative|pm=}} of this equivalence class. The standard representatives are the discrete points of the confining lines of the quadrant; for a point, we find its standard representative by going, parallel to the diagonal, in direction of these lines. Two points are equivalent if and only if they have the same standard representative. We call now the {{ Definitionlink |quotient set| |Context=| |pm=, }} that is, the set of the equivalence classes under this equivalence relation, the {{Word of definition|set of the integer numbers|pm=,}} and denote it with {{mat|term= \Z |pm=.}} Every integer number has exactly one standard representative of the form {{ Relationchain | n | {{defeq|}} | (n,0) || || || |pm= }} with {{ Relationchain | n |\in| \N_+ || || || |pm=, }} or of the form {{ Relationchain | 0 | {{defeq|}} | (0,0) || || || |pm=, }} or of the form {{ Relationchain | -n |{{defeq}}| (0,n) || || || |pm= }} with {{ Relationchain | n |\in| \N_+ || || || |pm=. }} We consider a natural number {{mat|term= n |pm=}} as the integer number {{mathl|term= (n,0) |pm=.}} We want to {{Quotation2|add}} two integer numbers, that is, two such equivalence classes {{ Mathcor|term1= [(a,b)] |and|term2= [(c,d)] |pm=, }} in order to get a {{ Definitionlink |Premath= |binary operation| |Context=| |pm= }} {{mat|term= \oplus |pm=}} on {{mat|term= \Z |pm=.}} The first idea that comes to mind is to define this via {{ Relationchain/display | [(a,b)] \oplus [(c,d)] | {{defeq|}} |[ (a+c, b+d) ] || || || |pm=. }} However, here we encounter the problem whether this is {{Keyword|well-defined|pm=,}} since this operation is defined using certain representatives; it is not clear at all whether different representatives give the same result. Therefore, if {{ Relationchain | (a,b) |\sim| (a',b') || || || |pm= }} and {{ Relationchain | (c,d) |\sim| (c',d') || || || |pm= }} holds, then we have to check that also {{ Relationchain/display | (a+c,b+d) |\sim| (a'+c', b'+d') || || || |pm= }} holds, which means {{ Relationchain | [ (a+c, b+d) ] ||[ (a'+c', b'+d') ] || || || |pm=. }} This is the case, see {{ Exerciselink |Exercisename= Integer numbers/Quotient set/Well-defined operations/Exercise |Refname= |pm=. }} Moreover, one can show that this operation on {{mat|term= \Z |pm=}} is {{ Definitionlink |associative| |Context=| |pm= }} and {{ Definitionlink |commutative| |Context=| |pm=, }} that {{mathl|term= [(0,0)] |pm=}} is the {{ Definitionlink |neutral element| |Context=| |pm= }} of this operation, and that for every element {{mathl|term= [(a,b)] |pm=}} there exists an {{ Definitionlink |inverse element| |Context=| |pm=, }} namely {{mathl|term= [(b,a)] |pm=.}} We define now a multiplication on {{mat|term= \Z |pm=}} via {{ Relationchain/display | [(a,b)] \cdot [(c,d)] | {{defeq|}} | [(ac+bd, ad+bc)] || || || |pm=. }} Again, this is well-defined, and one can show that the multiplication is associative and commutative, that {{ Relationchain | 1 || [(1,0)] || || || |pm= }} is the neutral element, and that the distributive law holds. |Textform=Example |Category= }} ncxv94pirtz18ltv019urp4uye9z3cl 2691282 2691278 2024-12-10T17:25:22Z Bocardodarapti 289675 2691282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= {{ inputimage |Construction blackboard integers|jpg|500px {{!}} right {{!}} |epsname=Construction_blackboard _integers Construction blackboard integers |User=Darapti |Domain= |License=CC-by-sa 3.0 }} Let {{mat|term= \N|pm=}} be the set of the natural numbers, and let {{ Relationchain |M || \N \times \N || || || |pm= }} denote the {{ Definitionlink |product set| |Context=2| |pm= }} with the componentwise addition{{ Extra/{{{extra1|}}} |text=For example, suitable interpretations for the pairs in this context are: the pair {{mat|term= (a,b) |pm=}} represents the result of a football game, where {{mat|term= a |pm=}} gives the number of goals scored by the home team, and {{mat|term= b |pm=}} gives the number of goals scored by the away team; or: the pair {{mat|term= (a,b) |pm=}} represents the ages of a human couple, where {{mat|term= a |pm=}} represents the age of the woman, and {{mat|term= b |pm=}} represents the age of the husband. Going to the equivalence classes means that we are only interested in the goal difference of in the age difference, not in the exact result or in the ages of the individual persons. We can consider a pair as a sequence of steps, {{mat|term= a |pm=}} steps to the right and {{mat|term= b |pm=}} steps to the left| |Ipm=.|Epm=. }} We define on {{mat|term= M |pm=}} a {{ Definitionlink |relation| |Context=| |pm= }} by {{ Extra/{{{extra2|}}} |text=The pair {{mathlb|term= (a,b) |pm=}} will represent the difference {{mat|term= a-b |pm=}}| |Ipm=.|Epm= }} {{ Math/display|term= (a,b) \sim (c,d), \text{ if } a+d =b+c |pm=. }} This holds, in case {{ Relationchain |a |\leq|c || || || |pm=, }} if and only if there exists an {{ Relationchain | e |\in| \N || || || |pm= }} {{ Extra/Bracket |text=namely {{ Relationchain/b | e || c-a || || || |pm= }}| |Epm= }} such that {{ Relationchain/display | (c,d) || (a,b)+ (e,e) || || || |pm=. }} This means that the pairs differ by an diagonal element, that is, a pair, where both components coincide. This relation is an {{ Definitionlink |Premath= |equivalence relation| |Context=| |pm= }} on {{mat|term= M |pm=,}} see {{ Exerciselink |Exercisename= Integer numbers/Quotient set/NxN/Equivalence relation/Exercise |pm=. }} If we consider {{mathl|term= \N \times \N |pm=}} as a square lattice {{ Extra/Bracket |text=a {{Quotation2|discrete coordinate system|}}| |Epm=, }} then the equivalence classes are given by the points on a {{Quotation2|discrete line|pm=}} parallel to the diagonal. The points {{mathl|term= (a,b) |pm=}} with {{ Relationchain |a |\geq|b || || || |pm= }} are equivalent with {{mathl|term= (a-b,0) |pm=;}} they have a representative where the second component is {{mat|term= 0 |pm=.}} The points {{mathl|term= (a,b) |pm=}} with {{ Relationchain |a |\leq|b || || || |pm= }} are equivalent to {{mathl|term= (0, b-a) |pm=;}} they have a representative where the first component is {{mat|term= 0 |pm=.}} The points {{mathl|term= (a,a) |pm=}} are equivalent to {{mathl|term= (0,0) |pm=.}} We call the representative of an equivalence class where at least one component is {{mat|term= 0 |pm=,}} the {{Keyword|standard representative|pm=}} of this equivalence class. The standard representatives are the discrete points of the confining lines of the quadrant; for a point, we find its standard representative by going, parallel to the diagonal, in direction of these lines. Two points are equivalent if and only if they have the same standard representative. We call now the {{ Definitionlink |quotient set| |Context=| |pm=, }} that is, the set of the equivalence classes under this equivalence relation, the {{Word of definition|set of the integer numbers|pm=,}} and denote it with {{mat|term= \Z |pm=.}} Every integer number has exactly one standard representative of the form {{ Relationchain | n | {{defeq|}} | (n,0) || || || |pm= }} with {{ Relationchain | n |\in| \N_+ || || || |pm=, }} or of the form {{ Relationchain | 0 | {{defeq|}} | (0,0) || || || |pm=, }} or of the form {{ Relationchain | -n |{{defeq}}| (0,n) || || || |pm= }} with {{ Relationchain | n |\in| \N_+ || || || |pm=. }} We consider a natural number {{mat|term= n |pm=}} as the integer number {{mathl|term= (n,0) |pm=.}} We want to {{Quotation2|add}} two integer numbers, that is, two such equivalence classes {{ Mathcor|term1= [(a,b)] |and|term2= [(c,d)] |pm=, }} in order to get a {{ Definitionlink |Premath= |binary operation| |Context=| |pm= }} {{mat|term= \oplus |pm=}} on {{mat|term= \Z |pm=.}} The first idea that comes to mind is to define this via {{ Relationchain/display | [(a,b)] \oplus [(c,d)] | {{defeq|}} |[ (a+c, b+d) ] || || || |pm=. }} However, here we encounter the problem whether this is {{Keyword|well-defined|pm=,}} since this operation is defined using certain representatives; it is not clear at all whether different representatives give the same result. Therefore, if {{ Relationchain | (a,b) |\sim| (a',b') || || || |pm= }} and {{ Relationchain | (c,d) |\sim| (c',d') || || || |pm= }} holds, then we have to check that also {{ Relationchain/display | (a+c,b+d) |\sim| (a'+c', b'+d') || || || |pm= }} holds, which means {{ Relationchain | [ (a+c, b+d) ] ||[ (a'+c', b'+d') ] || || || |pm=. }} This is the case, see {{ Exerciselink |Exercisename= Integer numbers/Quotient set/Well-defined operations/Exercise |Refname= |pm=. }} Moreover, one can show that this operation on {{mat|term= \Z |pm=}} is {{ Definitionlink |associative| |Context=| |pm= }} and {{ Definitionlink |commutative| |Context=| |pm=, }} that {{mathl|term= [(0,0)] |pm=}} is the {{ Definitionlink |neutral element| |Context=| |pm= }} of this operation, and that for every element {{mathl|term= [(a,b)] |pm=}} there exists an {{ Definitionlink |inverse element| |Context=| |pm=, }} namely {{mathl|term= [(b,a)] |pm=.}} We define now a multiplication on {{mat|term= \Z |pm=}} via {{ Relationchain/display | [(a,b)] \cdot [(c,d)] | {{defeq|}} | [(ac+bd, ad+bc)] || || || |pm=. }} Again, this is well-defined, and one can show that the multiplication is associative and commutative, that {{ Relationchain | 1 || [(1,0)] || || || |pm= }} is the neutral element, and that the distributive law holds. |Textform=Example |Category= }} 5q9grb3sfz9wk5apxt5uqza3v1ir8y5 10 317143 2691283 2024-12-10T17:26:19Z Bocardodarapti 289675 New resource with "<includeonly>{{#switch: {{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|-1}} |latex={\mathbb P}^{{{{1}}}}_{{{{2|K}}}} |#default ={\mathbb P}^{{{{1}}}}_{{{{2|K}}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Semantic template|}}</noinclude>" 2691283 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch: {{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|-1}} |latex={\mathbb P}^{{{{1}}}}_{{{{2|K}}}} |#default ={\mathbb P}^{{{{1}}}}_{{{{2|K}}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Semantic template|}}</noinclude> j1tnbxwwh59psldqhotmd6xxurwnbk3 0 317144 2691284 2024-12-10T17:29:23Z Bocardodarapti 289675 New resource with "{{ Mathematical text/Fact |Text= {{ Factstructure |Situation= |Condition= Let {{mat|term= M |pm=}} be a set, and let {{mat|term= \sim |pm=}} denote an {{ Definitionlink |equivalence relation| |Context=| |pm= }} on {{mat|term= M |pm=,}} with the {{ Definitionlink |quotient set| |pm= }} {{mathl|term= M/\sim |pm=.}} Let {{ Mapping |name=\varphi |M|W || |pm= }} be a mapping with {{ Relationchain | \varphi(x) || \varphi(y) || || || || |pm= }} for all {{ Mathcor|term1= x,y \i..." 2691284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical text/Fact |Text= {{ Factstructure |Situation= |Condition= Let {{mat|term= M |pm=}} be a set, and let {{mat|term= \sim |pm=}} denote an {{ Definitionlink |equivalence relation| |Context=| |pm= }} on {{mat|term= M |pm=,}} with the {{ Definitionlink |quotient set| |pm= }} {{mathl|term= M/\sim |pm=.}} Let {{ Mapping |name=\varphi |M|W || |pm= }} be a mapping with {{ Relationchain | \varphi(x) || \varphi(y) || || || || |pm= }} for all {{ Mathcor|term1= x,y \in M |with|term2= x \sim y |pm=. }} |Segue= |Conclusion= Then there exists a uniquely determined mapping {{ Mapping |name= \overline{\varphi} |M/\sim \, \, |W || |pm= }} fulfilling {{ Relationchain | \varphi || \overline{\varphi} \circ q || || || |pm=. }} }} |Textform=Fact |Category= |Factname=Universal property of the quotient set }} 0oqs4qfih9kfe9or95zk4g0qz8q6cr7 0 317145 2691285 2024-12-10T17:32:47Z Bocardodarapti 289675 New resource with "{{ Mathematical text/Proof |Text= {{ Proofstructure |Strategy= |Notation= |Proof= Let {{ Relationchain | [x] |\in| M/\sim || || || |pm= }} be given. The only possibility for {{mat|term= \overline{\varphi} |pm=}} is to set {{ Relationchain | \overline{\varphi}([x]) |{{defeq}}| \varphi(x) || || || |pm=. }} We have to show that this mapping is well-defined, that is, independent of the choice of the representatives. For this, let {{ Relationchain |[x] ||[y] || || || |pm=,..." 2691285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical text/Proof |Text= {{ Proofstructure |Strategy= |Notation= |Proof= Let {{ Relationchain | [x] |\in| M/\sim || || || |pm= }} be given. The only possibility for {{mat|term= \overline{\varphi} |pm=}} is to set {{ Relationchain | \overline{\varphi}([x]) |{{defeq}}| \varphi(x) || || || |pm=. }} We have to show that this mapping is well-defined, that is, independent of the choice of the representatives. For this, let {{ Relationchain |[x] ||[y] || || || |pm=, }} that is, {{ Relationchain |x |\sim|y || || || |pm=. }} By the condition on {{mat|term= \varphi |pm=,}} we have {{ Relationchain | \varphi(x) || \varphi(y) || || || |pm=. }} |Closure= }} |Textform=Proof |Category=See }} lnh5p91croxk9vh1954mc1w8ex6nvbm 0 317146 2691287 2024-12-10T17:51:58Z Bocardodarapti 289675 New resource with " {{Subtitle|Commensurability}} {{:Commensurability/Q and R/Equivalence relation/Section}}" 2691287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subtitle|Commensurability}} {{:Commensurability/Q and R/Equivalence relation/Section}} 5lilbkl4n7tsrqy24nmwxjoc7x2a9fh 0 317147 2691288 2024-12-10T17:59:16Z Bocardodarapti 289675 New resource with "{{ Mathematical section{{{opt|}}} |Content= {{ inputimage |Irracional raiz de dois|png|230px {{!}} thumb{{!}} |Text=The side length and the diagonal in a square are not commensurable. |User=Jrnicolas |Domain= |License=CC-by-sa 4.0 }} {{ inputdefinition |Commensurability/Definition|| }} {{ inputdefinition |Commensurability/Real numbers/Not 0/Definition|| }} This is the {{ Definitionlink |equivalence relation| |Context=| |pm= }} for the subgroup {{ Relationchain/displa..." 2691288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical section{{{opt|}}} |Content= {{ inputimage |Irracional raiz de dois|png|230px {{!}} thumb{{!}} |Text=The side length and the diagonal in a square are not commensurable. |User=Jrnicolas |Domain= |License=CC-by-sa 4.0 }} {{ inputdefinition |Commensurability/Definition|| }} {{ inputdefinition |Commensurability/Real numbers/Not 0/Definition|| }} This is the {{ Definitionlink |equivalence relation| |Context=| |pm= }} for the subgroup {{ Relationchain/display | ({{op:Unit group|\Q|}} ,1, \cdot) |\subseteq| ( {{op:Unit group|\R|}} ,1,\cdot) || || || |pm= }} in the sense of {{ Definitionlink |definition| |Context=| |Group theory/Subgroup/Equivalence relation/Definition |pm=. }} {{ inputremark |Commensurability/Historic/Motivation for real numbers/Remark|| }} The subgroup relation {{ Relationchain/display | (\Q,0,+) |\subseteq| (\R,0,+) || || || |pm= }} {{ Extra/Bracket |text=which might be considered as a relation of linear subspace of {{mat|term= \Q|pm=-}}vector spaces| |Ipm=|Epm= }} yields also an equivalence relation on the real numbers. Here, two real numbers are equivalent if their difference is a rationale number. |Textform=Section |Category= |}} orb8bunhoc8bvc4mmfnyg0ol8qk5glj 0 317148 2691308 2024-12-10T21:38:58Z Eshaa2024 2993595 New resource with "== Introduction == The holomorphy (from [[w:en:Greek language|gr.]] ὅλος holos, "whole" and μορφή morphe, "form") as a property of certain [[w:Complex-valued function|complex-valued functions]] has equivalent conditions that do not apply in real analysis. This learning resource serves to address topics in [[w:Function theory|function theory]] as a [[w:Branches of mathematics|branch]] of [[Mathematics]] and to highlight the differences from real analysis. === W..." 2691308 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == The holomorphy (from [[w:en:Greek language|gr.]] ὅλος holos, "whole" and μορφή morphe, "form") as a property of certain [[w:Complex-valued function|complex-valued functions]] has equivalent conditions that do not apply in real analysis. This learning resource serves to address topics in [[w:Function theory|function theory]] as a [[w:Branches of mathematics|branch]] of [[Mathematics]] and to highlight the differences from real analysis. === Wiki2Reveal === This page on the topic of holomorphy can be displayed as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphy&author=Course:FunctionTheory&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphy&coursetitle=Course:FunctionTheory Wiki2Reveal slides].''' Individual sections are treated as slides, and changes to the slides immediately affect their content. === Holomorphic Mapping === Holomorphic mappings as differentiable deformation <math>f</math> of the plane: [[File:Conformal map.svg|150px|center|A rectangular grid is transformed into its image by the holomorphic function f.]] === Complex Differentiable Functions === In this learning unit, functions <math>f: U \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> from an [[w:Open set|open set]] <math>U \subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> to the complex numbers are considered, which are holomorphic according to the definition provided below. === Holomorphy as a Neighborhood Property === In contrast to differentiability at a point <math>z_o \in \mathbb{C}</math>, holomorphy is not a local property at <math>z_o \in \mathbb{C}</math>, but rather a property of a neighborhood <math>U_o \subset U</math> of <math>z_o</math>. A function <math>f: U \to \mathbb{C}</math> must be complex differentiable at every point <math>z \in U_o</math> (not just at <math>z_o</math>). === Relation to Real Differentiability === Although the definition in <math>\mathbb{C}</math> is analogous to real differentiability, function theory shows that holomorphy is a very strong property. It produces numerous phenomena without counterparts in the real case. For example, every holomorphic function is infinitely (continuously) differentiable and can locally be expressed as a [[w:Power series|power series]].<ref>“Holomorphic Function.” In: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Last edited: April 20, 2018, 16:16 UTC. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holomorphic_Function&oldid=176709493 (Accessed: July 26, 2018, 09:15 UTC)</ref> == Subchapters == [[/Criteria/|Holomorphy Criteria]] == Definition - Complex Differentiability == Let <math>U \subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> be an open subset of the complex plane, and let <math>z_0 \in U</math> be a point in this subset. A function <math>f: U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called complex differentiable at the point <math>z_0</math> if the [[w:Limit of a function|limit]] :<math>\lim_{h \to 0}\frac{f(z_0+h)-f(z_0)}{h}</math> with <math>h \in \mathbb{C}</math> exists. This limit is then denoted by <math>f'(z_0)</math>. == Definition - Holomorphy at a Point == A function <math>f: U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called holomorphic at the point <math>z_0</math> if a [[w:Neighborhood (mathematics)|neighborhood]] of <math>z_0</math> exists in which <math>f</math> is complex differentiable. == Definition - Holomorphic Function == A function <math>f: U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called holomorphic if it is holomorphic throughout its entire domain <math>U</math>. == Definition - Entire Function == A function <math>f: U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called an [[w:Entire function|entire function]] if <math>f</math> is holomorphic and <math>U = \mathbb{C}</math>. == Examples of Entire Functions == The following functions are examples of entire functions: *Polynomials <math>p(z)=\sum_{k=0}^n p_k \cdot z^k</math>, *Trigonometric functions <math>\sin(z)</math> and <math>\cos(z)</math>, *[[w:en:Exponential function|Exponential function]]. == Counterexamples of Entire Functions == The following functions are not entire functions: *<math>f_1(z)=\frac{1}{z}</math> is not an entire function because <math>f_1</math> has a singularity at 0. *<math>f_2(z)=\frac{z+2i}{z^2+4}</math> is not an entire function because <math>f_2</math> has singularities at <math>+2i</math> and <math>-2i</math>. == Exercises == Calculate the limit of the difference quotient (derivative) for the following functions: *<math>f_{0}:\mathbb{C} \to \mathbb{C}</math> with <math>f_{0}(z)=c \in \mathbb{C}</math>, *<math>f_{1}:\mathbb{C} \to \mathbb{C}</math> with <math>f_{1}(z)=z</math>, *<math>f_{2}:\mathbb{C} \to \mathbb{C}</math> with <math>f_{2}(z)=z^2</math> (3rd binomial theorem), *<math>f_{n}:\mathbb{C} \to \mathbb{C}</math> with <math>f_{n}(z)=z^n</math> (proof by induction). == References == <references/> == See Also == *[[Holomorphism/criteria#Holomorphism criteria|Holomorphism criteria]] *[[w:en:Holomorphic function|Holomorphic function]] *[[Cauchy–Riemann equations]], *[[w:en:Wirtinger calculus|Wirtinger derivatives]] [[Course:Function Theory]], == Page Information == This learning resource can be displayed as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphy&author=Course:FunctionTheory&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphy&coursetitle=Course:FunctionTheory Wiki2Reveal slide set].''' === Wiki2Reveal === This '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphy&author=Course:FunctionTheory&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphy&coursetitle=Course:FunctionTheory Wiki2Reveal slide set]''' was created for the learning unit '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:FunctionTheory Course:FunctionTheory].''' The link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal slides]] was generated using the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal link generator]. The contents of this page are based on: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorphy https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Holomorphy]. This page was created as a document type [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE]. Link to the source in Wikiversity: [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Holomorphy https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Holomorphy]. See also additional information on [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] and at [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphy&author=Course:FunctionTheory&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphy&coursetitle=Course:FunctionTheory Wiki2Reveal link generator]. [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] rvr1qg9vw42vuyhujjrktdve7zp9y2t 2691311 2691308 2024-12-10T21:45:15Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* See Also */ 2691311 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == The holomorphy (from [[w:en:Greek language|gr.]] ὅλος holos, "whole" and μορφή morphe, "form") as a property of certain [[w:Complex-valued function|complex-valued functions]] has equivalent conditions that do not apply in real analysis. This learning resource serves to address topics in [[w:Function theory|function theory]] as a [[w:Branches of mathematics|branch]] of [[Mathematics]] and to highlight the differences from real analysis. === Wiki2Reveal === This page on the topic of holomorphy can be displayed as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphy&author=Course:FunctionTheory&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphy&coursetitle=Course:FunctionTheory Wiki2Reveal slides].''' Individual sections are treated as slides, and changes to the slides immediately affect their content. === Holomorphic Mapping === Holomorphic mappings as differentiable deformation <math>f</math> of the plane: [[File:Conformal map.svg|150px|center|A rectangular grid is transformed into its image by the holomorphic function f.]] === Complex Differentiable Functions === In this learning unit, functions <math>f: U \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> from an [[w:Open set|open set]] <math>U \subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> to the complex numbers are considered, which are holomorphic according to the definition provided below. === Holomorphy as a Neighborhood Property === In contrast to differentiability at a point <math>z_o \in \mathbb{C}</math>, holomorphy is not a local property at <math>z_o \in \mathbb{C}</math>, but rather a property of a neighborhood <math>U_o \subset U</math> of <math>z_o</math>. A function <math>f: U \to \mathbb{C}</math> must be complex differentiable at every point <math>z \in U_o</math> (not just at <math>z_o</math>). === Relation to Real Differentiability === Although the definition in <math>\mathbb{C}</math> is analogous to real differentiability, function theory shows that holomorphy is a very strong property. It produces numerous phenomena without counterparts in the real case. For example, every holomorphic function is infinitely (continuously) differentiable and can locally be expressed as a [[w:Power series|power series]].<ref>“Holomorphic Function.” In: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Last edited: April 20, 2018, 16:16 UTC. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holomorphic_Function&oldid=176709493 (Accessed: July 26, 2018, 09:15 UTC)</ref> == Subchapters == [[/Criteria/|Holomorphy Criteria]] == Definition - Complex Differentiability == Let <math>U \subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> be an open subset of the complex plane, and let <math>z_0 \in U</math> be a point in this subset. A function <math>f: U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called complex differentiable at the point <math>z_0</math> if the [[w:Limit of a function|limit]] :<math>\lim_{h \to 0}\frac{f(z_0+h)-f(z_0)}{h}</math> with <math>h \in \mathbb{C}</math> exists. This limit is then denoted by <math>f'(z_0)</math>. == Definition - Holomorphy at a Point == A function <math>f: U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called holomorphic at the point <math>z_0</math> if a [[w:Neighborhood (mathematics)|neighborhood]] of <math>z_0</math> exists in which <math>f</math> is complex differentiable. == Definition - Holomorphic Function == A function <math>f: U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called holomorphic if it is holomorphic throughout its entire domain <math>U</math>. == Definition - Entire Function == A function <math>f: U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called an [[w:Entire function|entire function]] if <math>f</math> is holomorphic and <math>U = \mathbb{C}</math>. == Examples of Entire Functions == The following functions are examples of entire functions: *Polynomials <math>p(z)=\sum_{k=0}^n p_k \cdot z^k</math>, *Trigonometric functions <math>\sin(z)</math> and <math>\cos(z)</math>, *[[w:en:Exponential function|Exponential function]]. == Counterexamples of Entire Functions == The following functions are not entire functions: *<math>f_1(z)=\frac{1}{z}</math> is not an entire function because <math>f_1</math> has a singularity at 0. *<math>f_2(z)=\frac{z+2i}{z^2+4}</math> is not an entire function because <math>f_2</math> has singularities at <math>+2i</math> and <math>-2i</math>. == Exercises == Calculate the limit of the difference quotient (derivative) for the following functions: *<math>f_{0}:\mathbb{C} \to \mathbb{C}</math> with <math>f_{0}(z)=c \in \mathbb{C}</math>, *<math>f_{1}:\mathbb{C} \to \mathbb{C}</math> with <math>f_{1}(z)=z</math>, *<math>f_{2}:\mathbb{C} \to \mathbb{C}</math> with <math>f_{2}(z)=z^2</math> (3rd binomial theorem), *<math>f_{n}:\mathbb{C} \to \mathbb{C}</math> with <math>f_{n}(z)=z^n</math> (proof by induction). == References == <references/> == See Also == *[[Holomorphism/criteria#Holomorphism criteria|Holomorphism criteria]] *[[w:en:Holomorphic function|Holomorphic function]] *[[Cauchy–Riemann equations]] *[[w:en:Wirtinger calculus|Wirtinger derivatives]] *[[Course:Function Theory]] == Page Information == This learning resource can be displayed as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphy&author=Course:FunctionTheory&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphy&coursetitle=Course:FunctionTheory Wiki2Reveal slide set].''' === Wiki2Reveal === This '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphy&author=Course:FunctionTheory&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphy&coursetitle=Course:FunctionTheory Wiki2Reveal slide set]''' was created for the learning unit '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:FunctionTheory Course:FunctionTheory].''' The link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal slides]] was generated using the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal link generator]. The contents of this page are based on: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorphy https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Holomorphy]. This page was created as a document type [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE]. Link to the source in Wikiversity: [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Holomorphy https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Holomorphy]. See also additional information on [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] and at [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphy&author=Course:FunctionTheory&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphy&coursetitle=Course:FunctionTheory Wiki2Reveal link generator]. [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] o4wq5292nbaha6s00njeidhcsbqjijx 0 317149 2691312 2024-12-10T21:56:34Z Eshaa2024 2993595 New resource with "== Introduction == Holomorphy of a function <math>f\colon U \to \mathbb{C}</math> at a point <math>z_0 \in U</math> is a neighborhood property of <math>z_0</math>. There are numerous criteria in complex analysis that can be used to verify holomorphy. Let <math>U \subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> be a domain as a subset of the complex plane and <math>z_0 \in U</math> a point in this subset. === Animation - Visualization of the Mapping === The animation shows the function <math..." 2691312 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == Holomorphy of a function <math>f\colon U \to \mathbb{C}</math> at a point <math>z_0 \in U</math> is a neighborhood property of <math>z_0</math>. There are numerous criteria in complex analysis that can be used to verify holomorphy. Let <math>U \subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> be a domain as a subset of the complex plane and <math>z_0 \in U</math> a point in this subset. === Animation - Visualization of the Mapping === The animation shows the function <math>f(z) = \frac{1}{z}</math>. In the animation, <math>z</math> is shown in blue, and the corresponding image point <math>f(z)</math> is shown in red. The point <math>z</math> and <math>f(z)</math> are represented in <math>\mathbb{C} \widetilde{=} \mathbb{R}^2</math>. The <math>y</math>-axis represents the imaginary part of the complex numbers <math>z</math> and <math>f(z)</math>. The blue point <math>z</math> moves along the path <math>\gamma(t) := t \cdot (\cos(t) + i \cdot \sin(t))</math> [[File:Mapping f z equal 1 over z.gif|400px|centered|Animation]] === Complex Differentiability === A function <math>f\colon U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called '''complex differentiable''' at the point <math>z_0</math> if the limit <math>\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(z_0 + h) - f(z_0)}{h}</math> exists with <math>h \in \mathbb{C}</math>. This is denoted as <math>f'(z_0)</math>. === Holomorphy === A function <math>f\colon U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called '''holomorphic at the point <math>z_0</math>''' if there exists a neighborhood <math>U_0 \subseteq U</math> of <math>z_0</math> such that <math>f</math> is complex differentiable in <math>U_0</math>. If <math>f</math> is holomorphic on all of <math>U</math>, it is simply called holomorphic. If additionally <math>U = \mathbb{C}</math>, <math>f</math> is called an '''entire function'''. == Holomorphy Criteria == Let <math>f: U \to \mathbb{C}</math> be a function where <math>U \subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> is a domain, then the following properties of the complex-valued function <math>f</math> are equivalent: === (HK1) Once Complex Differentiable === The function <math>f</math> is once complex differentiable on <math>U</math>. === (HK2) Arbitrarily Often Complex Differentiable === The function <math>f</math> is arbitrarily often complex differentiable on <math>U</math>. === (HK3) Cauchy-Riemann Differential Equations === The real and imaginary parts satisfy the [[Cauchy-Riemann differential equation]] and are at least once continuously real-differentiable on <math>U</math>. === (HK4) Locally Expansible in Power Series === The function can be locally expanded in a complex [[Power series|power series]] on <math>U</math>. === (HK5) Path Integrals 0 === The function <math>f</math> is continuous, and the [[Path integral|path integral]] of the function over any closed [[Homotopy|contractible]] path vanishes (i.e., the winding number of the path integral for all points outside of <math>U</math> is 0). === (HK6) Cauchy Integral Formula === The function values inside a [[Circle disk|disk]] can be determined from the function values on the boundary using the [[Cauchy Integral Formula|Cauchy integral formula]]. === (HK7) Cauchy-Riemann Operator === <math>f</math> is real differentiable, and <math>\frac{\partial f}{\partial \bar{z}} = 0</math>, where <math>\frac{\partial}{\partial \bar{z}}</math> is the [[Cauchy-Riemann Operator]] defined by <math>\frac{\partial}{\partial \bar{z}} := \frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x} + i \frac{\partial}{\partial y}\right)</math>. == Exercises == Let <math>a, z_0 \in \mathbb{C}</math> be chosen arbitrarily, and assume that <math>a \neq z_0</math>. Now, develop the function <math>f(z) := \frac{1}{z - a}</math> for <math>z \in \mathbb{C} \setminus {a}</math> in a power series around <math>z_0 \in \mathbb{C}</math> and show that the following holds: <math display="block">f(z) = \frac{1}{z - a} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} -\frac{1}{(a - z_0)^{n + 1}} \cdot (z - z_0)^n</math> Calculate the radius of convergence of the power series! Explain why the [[Complex power series/Convergence radius/Definition|radius of convergence]] depends on <math>a, z_0 \in \mathbb{C}</math> in this way and cannot be larger! It is not true in real analysis that the existence of a once differentiable function implies that the function is infinitely differentiable. Consider the function <math>g(x) := x \cdot |x|</math> defined on all of <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. Explain how the central theorem of functional theory from criterion 1 leads to criterion 2! == See also == [[Course:Function theory]] [[Course:Function theory/Quiz]] == Sources == mec4t4lysruhwfy3hldbce4pxerhhyw 2691356 2691312 2024-12-11T09:07:58Z 139.14.132.132 /* (HK4) Locally Expansible in Power Series */ 2691356 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == Holomorphy of a function <math>f\colon U \to \mathbb{C}</math> at a point <math>z_0 \in U</math> is a neighborhood property of <math>z_0</math>. There are numerous criteria in complex analysis that can be used to verify holomorphy. Let <math>U \subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> be a domain as a subset of the complex plane and <math>z_0 \in U</math> a point in this subset. === Animation - Visualization of the Mapping === The animation shows the function <math>f(z) = \frac{1}{z}</math>. In the animation, <math>z</math> is shown in blue, and the corresponding image point <math>f(z)</math> is shown in red. The point <math>z</math> and <math>f(z)</math> are represented in <math>\mathbb{C} \widetilde{=} \mathbb{R}^2</math>. The <math>y</math>-axis represents the imaginary part of the complex numbers <math>z</math> and <math>f(z)</math>. The blue point <math>z</math> moves along the path <math>\gamma(t) := t \cdot (\cos(t) + i \cdot \sin(t))</math> [[File:Mapping f z equal 1 over z.gif|400px|centered|Animation]] === Complex Differentiability === A function <math>f\colon U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called '''complex differentiable''' at the point <math>z_0</math> if the limit <math>\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(z_0 + h) - f(z_0)}{h}</math> exists with <math>h \in \mathbb{C}</math>. This is denoted as <math>f'(z_0)</math>. === Holomorphy === A function <math>f\colon U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called '''holomorphic at the point <math>z_0</math>''' if there exists a neighborhood <math>U_0 \subseteq U</math> of <math>z_0</math> such that <math>f</math> is complex differentiable in <math>U_0</math>. If <math>f</math> is holomorphic on all of <math>U</math>, it is simply called holomorphic. If additionally <math>U = \mathbb{C}</math>, <math>f</math> is called an '''entire function'''. == Holomorphy Criteria == Let <math>f: U \to \mathbb{C}</math> be a function where <math>U \subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> is a domain, then the following properties of the complex-valued function <math>f</math> are equivalent: === (HK1) Once Complex Differentiable === The function <math>f</math> is once complex differentiable on <math>U</math>. === (HK2) Arbitrarily Often Complex Differentiable === The function <math>f</math> is arbitrarily often complex differentiable on <math>U</math>. === (HK3) Cauchy-Riemann Differential Equations === The real and imaginary parts satisfy the [[Cauchy-Riemann differential equation]] and are at least once continuously real-differentiable on <math>U</math>. === (HK4) Locally Expansible in Power Series === The function can be locally expanded in a complex [[w:Power series|power series]] on <math>U</math>. === (HK5) Path Integrals 0 === The function <math>f</math> is continuous, and the [[Path integral|path integral]] of the function over any closed [[Homotopy|contractible]] path vanishes (i.e., the winding number of the path integral for all points outside of <math>U</math> is 0). === (HK6) Cauchy Integral Formula === The function values inside a [[Circle disk|disk]] can be determined from the function values on the boundary using the [[Cauchy Integral Formula|Cauchy integral formula]]. === (HK7) Cauchy-Riemann Operator === <math>f</math> is real differentiable, and <math>\frac{\partial f}{\partial \bar{z}} = 0</math>, where <math>\frac{\partial}{\partial \bar{z}}</math> is the [[Cauchy-Riemann Operator]] defined by <math>\frac{\partial}{\partial \bar{z}} := \frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x} + i \frac{\partial}{\partial y}\right)</math>. == Exercises == Let <math>a, z_0 \in \mathbb{C}</math> be chosen arbitrarily, and assume that <math>a \neq z_0</math>. Now, develop the function <math>f(z) := \frac{1}{z - a}</math> for <math>z \in \mathbb{C} \setminus {a}</math> in a power series around <math>z_0 \in \mathbb{C}</math> and show that the following holds: <math display="block">f(z) = \frac{1}{z - a} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} -\frac{1}{(a - z_0)^{n + 1}} \cdot (z - z_0)^n</math> Calculate the radius of convergence of the power series! Explain why the [[Complex power series/Convergence radius/Definition|radius of convergence]] depends on <math>a, z_0 \in \mathbb{C}</math> in this way and cannot be larger! It is not true in real analysis that the existence of a once differentiable function implies that the function is infinitely differentiable. Consider the function <math>g(x) := x \cdot |x|</math> defined on all of <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. Explain how the central theorem of functional theory from criterion 1 leads to criterion 2! == See also == [[Course:Function theory]] [[Course:Function theory/Quiz]] == Sources == hzj6wqm30c8uthqw94flxzluv4mtl6a 2691357 2691356 2024-12-11T09:15:56Z 139.14.132.132 2691357 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == Holomorphy of a function <math>f\colon U \to \mathbb{C}</math> at a point <math>z_0 \in U</math> is a neighborhood property of <math>z_0</math>. There are numerous criteria in complex analysis that can be used to verify holomorphy. Let <math>U \subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> be a domain as a subset of the complex plane and <math>z_0 \in U</math> a point in this subset. === Animation - Visualization of the Mapping === The animation shows the function <math>f(z) = \frac{1}{z}</math>. In the animation, <math>z</math> is shown in blue, and the corresponding image point <math>f(z)</math> is shown in red. The point <math>z</math> and <math>f(z)</math> are represented in <math>\mathbb{C} \widetilde{=} \mathbb{R}^2</math>. The <math>y</math>-axis represents the imaginary part of the complex numbers <math>z</math> and <math>f(z)</math>. The blue point <math>z</math> moves along the path <math>\gamma(t) := t \cdot (\cos(t) + i \cdot \sin(t))</math> [[File:Mapping f z equal 1 over z.gif|400px|centered|Animation]] === Complex Differentiability === A function <math>f\colon U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called '''complex differentiable''' at the point <math>z_0</math> if the limit <math>\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(z_0 + h) - f(z_0)}{h}</math> exists with <math>h \in \mathbb{C}</math>. This is denoted as <math>f'(z_0)</math>. === Holomorphy === A function <math>f\colon U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called '''holomorphic at the point <math>z_0</math>''' if there exists a neighborhood <math>U_0 \subseteq U</math> of <math>z_0</math> such that <math>f</math> is complex differentiable in <math>U_0</math>. If <math>f</math> is holomorphic on all of <math>U</math>, it is simply called holomorphic. If additionally <math>U = \mathbb{C}</math>, <math>f</math> is called an '''entire function'''. == Holomorphy Criteria == Let <math>f: U \to \mathbb{C}</math> be a function where <math>U \subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> is a domain, then the following properties of the complex-valued function <math>f</math> are equivalent: === (HK1) Once Complex Differentiable === The function <math>f</math> is once complex differentiable on <math>U</math>. === (HK2) Arbitrarily Often Complex Differentiable === The function <math>f</math> is arbitrarily often complex differentiable on <math>U</math>. === (HK3) Cauchy-Riemann Differential Equations === The real and imaginary parts satisfy the [[w:Cauchy-Riemann differential equation|Cauchy-Riemann differential equation]] and are at least once continuously real-differentiable on <math>U</math>. === (HK4) Locally Expansible in Power Series === The function can be locally expanded in a complex [[w:Power series|power series]] on <math>U</math>. === (HK5) Path Integrals 0 === The function <math>f</math> is continuous, and the [[w:Path integral|path integral]] of the function over any closed [[w:Homotopy|contractible]] path vanishes (i.e., the winding number of the path integral for all points outside of <math>U</math> is 0). === (HK6) Cauchy Integral Formula === The function values inside a [[w:Circle disk|disk]] can be determined from the function values on the boundary using the [[w:Cauchy Integral Formula|Cauchy integral formula]]. === (HK7) Cauchy-Riemann Operator === <math>f</math> is real differentiable, and <math>\frac{\partial f}{\partial \bar{z}} = 0</math>, where <math>\frac{\partial}{\partial \bar{z}}</math> is the [[w:Cauchy-Riemann Operator|Cauchy-Riemann Operator]] defined by <math>\frac{\partial}{\partial \bar{z}} := \frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x} + i \frac{\partial}{\partial y}\right)</math>. == Exercises == Let <math>a, z_0 \in \mathbb{C}</math> be chosen arbitrarily, and assume that <math>a \neq z_0</math>. Now, develop the function <math>f(z) := \frac{1}{z - a}</math> for <math>z \in \mathbb{C} \setminus {a}</math> in a power series around <math>z_0 \in \mathbb{C}</math> and show that the following holds: <math display="block">f(z) = \frac{1}{z - a} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} -\frac{1}{(a - z_0)^{n + 1}} \cdot (z - z_0)^n</math> Calculate the radius of convergence of the power series! Explain why the [[w:Complex power series/Convergence radius/Definition|radius of convergence]] depends on <math>a, z_0 \in \mathbb{C}</math> in this way and cannot be larger! It is not true in real analysis that the existence of a once differentiable function implies that the function is infinitely differentiable. Consider the function <math>g(x) := x \cdot |x|</math> defined on all of <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. Explain how the central theorem of functional theory from criterion 1 leads to criterion 2! == See also == *[[w:Course:Function theory|Function theory]] *[[w:Course:Function theory/Quiz|Function theory/Quiz]] == Sources == hob6vrdmym0xtq59ph2tvf5l6ker0x9 14 317150 2691317 2024-12-10T23:02:17Z Atcovi 276019 Create. 2691317 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Courses]] [[Category:Computer programming]] ta41fmw4nvtmd9tu44i6derizk2ia80 6 317151 2691329 2024-12-10T23:53:58Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=LIB.2A: Shared Libraries (20241211 - 20241210) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2691329 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=LIB.2A: Shared Libraries (20241211 - 20241210) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} ht5twbzpljhx5wif9yfl4rt8yyratg8 6 317152 2691332 2024-12-11T02:20:12Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=LCal.9A: Recursion (20241211 - 20241210) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2691332 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=LCal.9A: Recursion (20241211 - 20241210) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 72qfvwclbn3yyq24hx38igdypv3175s 6 317153 2691341 2024-12-11T03:01:31Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=ARM.2ASM: Branch and Return Methods (20241211- 20241210) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2691341 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=ARM.2ASM: Branch and Return Methods (20241211- 20241210) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} j2mq0xq4ivej10jenld5syee2m1ncbi 6 317154 2691345 2024-12-11T03:21:40Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Work2.1A: Libraries (20241211 - 20241210) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2691345 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Work2.1A: Libraries (20241211 - 20241210) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 1mzp1kg8dpclio336vwhryin13059i4 0 317155 2691358 2024-12-11T09:47:09Z Eshaa2024 2993595 New resource with "== n-times Real Differentiability == The function : <math> f:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R},</math> with <math>x \mapsto f(x)= |x|\cdot x</math>, can be differentiated once. However, its first derivative is no longer differentiable at 0. == Task == *Sketch the graphs of the functions <math>f</math> and <math>f'</math>. *Can the function <math>f:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}</math> be extended to a holomorphic function <math>F:\mathbb{C} \rightarrow \mathbb{C}<..." 2691358 wikitext text/x-wiki == n-times Real Differentiability == The function : <math> f:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R},</math> with <math>x \mapsto f(x)= |x|\cdot x</math>, can be differentiated once. However, its first derivative is no longer differentiable at 0. == Task == *Sketch the graphs of the functions <math>f</math> and <math>f'</math>. *Can the function <math>f:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}</math> be extended to a holomorphic function <math>F:\mathbb{C} \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math>, where <math>F_{|\mathbb{R}}=f</math> (i.e., <math>f(x)=F(x)</math> for all <math>x \in \mathbb{R}</math>)? Justify your answer using the properties of holomorphic functions! *Show that the function : <math> f_n:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R},</math> with <math>x \mapsto f(x)= |x|\cdot x^n</math>, : can be differentiated <math>n</math> times. However, the <math>n+1</math>-th derivative is no longer differentiable at 0. == Remark == In complex analysis ([[w:Course:Function Theory|Function Theory]]), one will see that a holomorphic function <math>f:U\to \mathbb{C}</math> defined on <math>U\subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> is automatically infinitely often complex differentiable if it is complex differentiable once (see [[w:Holomorphy/Criterions|Holomorphy Criterions]]). == See also == *[[w:Course:Function Theory|Function Theory]] 08h8huvu3x89wr0ik5jwhujit9bnj39 2691359 2691358 2024-12-11T09:48:39Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* Remark */ 2691359 wikitext text/x-wiki == n-times Real Differentiability == The function : <math> f:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R},</math> with <math>x \mapsto f(x)= |x|\cdot x</math>, can be differentiated once. However, its first derivative is no longer differentiable at 0. == Task == *Sketch the graphs of the functions <math>f</math> and <math>f'</math>. *Can the function <math>f:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}</math> be extended to a holomorphic function <math>F:\mathbb{C} \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math>, where <math>F_{|\mathbb{R}}=f</math> (i.e., <math>f(x)=F(x)</math> for all <math>x \in \mathbb{R}</math>)? Justify your answer using the properties of holomorphic functions! *Show that the function : <math> f_n:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R},</math> with <math>x \mapsto f(x)= |x|\cdot x^n</math>, : can be differentiated <math>n</math> times. However, the <math>n+1</math>-th derivative is no longer differentiable at 0. == Remark == In complex analysis ([[w:Course:function theory|function theory]]), one will see that a holomorphic function <math>f:U\to \mathbb{C}</math> defined on <math>U\subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> is automatically infinitely often complex differentiable if it is complex differentiable once (see [[w:Holomorphy/criterions|Holomorphy criterions]]). == See also == *[[w:Course:Function Theory|Function Theory]] ls81z42tp1i9ln9qkvcqxy3s8qlqzvy 0 317156 2691360 2024-12-11T10:08:05Z Eshaa2024 2993595 New resource with "== Introduction == Inequalities are an essential tool for proving central statements in function theory. Since <math>\mathbb{C}</math> does not have a [[w:en:Order_relation#Total_order|complete/total order]], one must rely on the magnitude of functions for estimations. == Inequality for Piecewise Continuous Functions == Let <math>f:[a,b] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> be piecewise continuous. Then, the following holds:<ref>Funktionentheorie, Fischer, W., Lieb, W. (1988)..." 2691360 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == Inequalities are an essential tool for proving central statements in function theory. Since <math>\mathbb{C}</math> does not have a [[w:en:Order_relation#Total_order|complete/total order]], one must rely on the magnitude of functions for estimations. == Inequality for Piecewise Continuous Functions == Let <math>f:[a,b] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> be piecewise continuous. Then, the following holds:<ref>Funktionentheorie, Fischer, W., Lieb, W. (1988) Vieweg, p. 37</ref> :<math>\left| \int_{a}^{b} f(t), dt \right| \leq \int_{a}^{b} | f(t) | , dt </math> == Inequality for Estimation Over Integration Paths == Let <math>\gamma:[a,b] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> be an [[w:Course:Functiontheory/Integration path|Integration path]] and <math>f:U \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> a continuous function on the trace of <math>\gamma</math> (<math>Trace(\gamma):={\gamma(t) , : , t \in [a,b]} \subset U</math>). Then, the following holds: :<math>\left| \int_{\gamma} f(z), dz \right| \leq \max_{z \in Trace(\gamma)} | f(z) | \cdot L(\gamma) </math> Here, <math>L(\gamma)= \int_{a}^{b} |\gamma'(t)| , dt</math> is the length of the integral. == See also == *[[w:en:Course:Function theory/rectifiable Curve|rectifiable Curve]] == Literature == <references/> == Page Information == This '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Ungleichungen&author=Kurs:Funktionalanalysis&language=de&audioslide=yes Wiki2Reveal slide set]''' was created for the learning unit '''[https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki 9utwofn5yldl86ed815ukyfhjzzlbce 2691361 2691360 2024-12-11T10:22:41Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* Page Information */ 2691361 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == Inequalities are an essential tool for proving central statements in function theory. Since <math>\mathbb{C}</math> does not have a [[w:en:Order_relation#Total_order|complete/total order]], one must rely on the magnitude of functions for estimations. == Inequality for Piecewise Continuous Functions == Let <math>f:[a,b] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> be piecewise continuous. Then, the following holds:<ref>Funktionentheorie, Fischer, W., Lieb, W. (1988) Vieweg, p. 37</ref> :<math>\left| \int_{a}^{b} f(t), dt \right| \leq \int_{a}^{b} | f(t) | , dt </math> == Inequality for Estimation Over Integration Paths == Let <math>\gamma:[a,b] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> be an [[w:Course:Functiontheory/Integration path|Integration path]] and <math>f:U \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> a continuous function on the trace of <math>\gamma</math> (<math>Trace(\gamma):={\gamma(t) , : , t \in [a,b]} \subset U</math>). Then, the following holds: :<math>\left| \int_{\gamma} f(z), dz \right| \leq \max_{z \in Trace(\gamma)} | f(z) | \cdot L(\gamma) </math> Here, <math>L(\gamma)= \int_{a}^{b} |\gamma'(t)| , dt</math> is the length of the integral. == See also == *[[w:en:Course:Function theory/rectifiable Curve|rectifiable Curve]] == Literature == <references/> == Page Information == This '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Functiontheory/Inequalities&author=Course:Functionalanalysis&language=de&audioslide=yes Wiki2Reveal slide set]''' was created for the learning unit '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki lteue7bg8qx37fsuw3sry0941v1ibsy 2691364 2691361 2024-12-11T10:38:08Z Eshaa2024 2993595 2691364 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == Inequalities are an essential tool for proving central statements in function theory. Since <math>\mathbb{C}</math> does not have a [[w:en:Order_relation#Total_order|complete/total order]], one must rely on the magnitude of functions for estimations. == Inequality for Piecewise Continuous Functions == Let <math>f:[a,b] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> be piecewise continuous. Then, the following holds:<ref>Funktionentheorie, Fischer, W., Lieb, W. (1988) Vieweg, p. 37</ref> :<math>\left| \int_{a}^{b} f(t), dt \right| \leq \int_{a}^{b} | f(t) | , dt </math> == Inequality for Estimation Over Integration Paths == Let <math>\gamma:[a,b] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> be an [[w:Course:Functiontheory/Integration path|Integration path]] and <math>f:U \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> a continuous function on the trace of <math>\gamma</math> (<math>Trace(\gamma):={\gamma(t) , : , t \in [a,b]} \subset U</math>). Then, the following holds: :<math>\left| \int_{\gamma} f(z), dz \right| \leq \max_{z \in Trace(\gamma)} | f(z) | \cdot L(\gamma) </math> Here, <math>L(\gamma)= \int_{a}^{b} |\gamma'(t)| , dt</math> is the length of the integral. == See also == *[[w:en:Course:Function theory/rectifiable Curve|rectifiable Curve]] == Literature == <references/> == Page Information == This '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities&author=Course:Functional_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes Wiki2Reveal slide set]''' was created for the learning unit '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Functional_Analysis Course:Functional Analysis]'''. The link for the [[en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal slides]] was generated using the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal Link Generator]. The content of the page is based on the following sources: ** [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities] The page was created as a document type [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE]. Link to the source in Wikiversity: [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities]. See also further information on [[en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] and on the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal Link Generator]. [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] [[Category:Function Theory]] bxxr1m6jzq5adiotrzam1y6jd77e70u 2691372 2691364 2024-12-11T11:06:43Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* See also */ 2691372 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == Inequalities are an essential tool for proving central statements in function theory. Since <math>\mathbb{C}</math> does not have a [[w:en:Order_relation#Total_order|complete/total order]], one must rely on the magnitude of functions for estimations. == Inequality for Piecewise Continuous Functions == Let <math>f:[a,b] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> be piecewise continuous. Then, the following holds:<ref>Funktionentheorie, Fischer, W., Lieb, W. (1988) Vieweg, p. 37</ref> :<math>\left| \int_{a}^{b} f(t), dt \right| \leq \int_{a}^{b} | f(t) | , dt </math> == Inequality for Estimation Over Integration Paths == Let <math>\gamma:[a,b] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> be an [[w:Course:Functiontheory/Integration path|Integration path]] and <math>f:U \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> a continuous function on the trace of <math>\gamma</math> (<math>Trace(\gamma):={\gamma(t) , : , t \in [a,b]} \subset U</math>). Then, the following holds: :<math>\left| \int_{\gamma} f(z), dz \right| \leq \max_{z \in Trace(\gamma)} | f(z) | \cdot L(\gamma) </math> Here, <math>L(\gamma)= \int_{a}^{b} |\gamma'(t)| , dt</math> is the length of the integral. == See also == *[[w:en:Course:Function analysics/rectifiable Curve|rectifiable Curve]] == Literature == <references/> == Page Information == This '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities&author=Course:Functional_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes Wiki2Reveal slide set]''' was created for the learning unit '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Functional_Analysis Course:Functional Analysis]'''. The link for the [[en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal slides]] was generated using the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal Link Generator]. The content of the page is based on the following sources: ** [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities] The page was created as a document type [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE]. Link to the source in Wikiversity: [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities]. See also further information on [[en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] and on the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal Link Generator]. [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] [[Category:Function Theory]] n3jp6ooks9j1cdg0umbrxkb768xz2va 2691373 2691372 2024-12-11T11:07:49Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* See also */ 2691373 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == Inequalities are an essential tool for proving central statements in function theory. Since <math>\mathbb{C}</math> does not have a [[w:en:Order_relation#Total_order|complete/total order]], one must rely on the magnitude of functions for estimations. == Inequality for Piecewise Continuous Functions == Let <math>f:[a,b] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> be piecewise continuous. Then, the following holds:<ref>Funktionentheorie, Fischer, W., Lieb, W. (1988) Vieweg, p. 37</ref> :<math>\left| \int_{a}^{b} f(t), dt \right| \leq \int_{a}^{b} | f(t) | , dt </math> == Inequality for Estimation Over Integration Paths == Let <math>\gamma:[a,b] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> be an [[w:Course:Functiontheory/Integration path|Integration path]] and <math>f:U \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> a continuous function on the trace of <math>\gamma</math> (<math>Trace(\gamma):={\gamma(t) , : , t \in [a,b]} \subset U</math>). Then, the following holds: :<math>\left| \int_{\gamma} f(z), dz \right| \leq \max_{z \in Trace(\gamma)} | f(z) | \cdot L(\gamma) </math> Here, <math>L(\gamma)= \int_{a}^{b} |\gamma'(t)| , dt</math> is the length of the integral. == See also == *[[w:en:Course:Function analysics/rectifiable curve|rectifiable curve]] == Literature == <references/> == Page Information == This '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities&author=Course:Functional_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes Wiki2Reveal slide set]''' was created for the learning unit '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Functional_Analysis Course:Functional Analysis]'''. The link for the [[en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal slides]] was generated using the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal Link Generator]. The content of the page is based on the following sources: ** [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities] The page was created as a document type [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE]. Link to the source in Wikiversity: [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities]. See also further information on [[en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] and on the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal Link Generator]. [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] [[Category:Function Theory]] rdxyy1ohi5qnb0w09hpflicwm4apkd0 2691374 2691373 2024-12-11T11:08:36Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* See also */ 2691374 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == Inequalities are an essential tool for proving central statements in function theory. Since <math>\mathbb{C}</math> does not have a [[w:en:Order_relation#Total_order|complete/total order]], one must rely on the magnitude of functions for estimations. == Inequality for Piecewise Continuous Functions == Let <math>f:[a,b] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> be piecewise continuous. Then, the following holds:<ref>Funktionentheorie, Fischer, W., Lieb, W. (1988) Vieweg, p. 37</ref> :<math>\left| \int_{a}^{b} f(t), dt \right| \leq \int_{a}^{b} | f(t) | , dt </math> == Inequality for Estimation Over Integration Paths == Let <math>\gamma:[a,b] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> be an [[w:Course:Functiontheory/Integration path|Integration path]] and <math>f:U \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> a continuous function on the trace of <math>\gamma</math> (<math>Trace(\gamma):={\gamma(t) , : , t \in [a,b]} \subset U</math>). Then, the following holds: :<math>\left| \int_{\gamma} f(z), dz \right| \leq \max_{z \in Trace(\gamma)} | f(z) | \cdot L(\gamma) </math> Here, <math>L(\gamma)= \int_{a}^{b} |\gamma'(t)| , dt</math> is the length of the integral. == See also == *[[w:en:Course:Complex analysics/rectifiable curve|rectifiable curve]] == Literature == <references/> == Page Information == This '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities&author=Course:Functional_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes Wiki2Reveal slide set]''' was created for the learning unit '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Functional_Analysis Course:Functional Analysis]'''. The link for the [[en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal slides]] was generated using the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal Link Generator]. The content of the page is based on the following sources: ** [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities] The page was created as a document type [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE]. Link to the source in Wikiversity: [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities]. See also further information on [[en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] and on the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal Link Generator]. [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] [[Category:Function Theory]] hh2rjynhwf4vwz9i10jhrbii4oienvt 2691375 2691374 2024-12-11T11:09:24Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* See also */ 2691375 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == Inequalities are an essential tool for proving central statements in function theory. Since <math>\mathbb{C}</math> does not have a [[w:en:Order_relation#Total_order|complete/total order]], one must rely on the magnitude of functions for estimations. == Inequality for Piecewise Continuous Functions == Let <math>f:[a,b] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> be piecewise continuous. Then, the following holds:<ref>Funktionentheorie, Fischer, W., Lieb, W. (1988) Vieweg, p. 37</ref> :<math>\left| \int_{a}^{b} f(t), dt \right| \leq \int_{a}^{b} | f(t) | , dt </math> == Inequality for Estimation Over Integration Paths == Let <math>\gamma:[a,b] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> be an [[w:Course:Functiontheory/Integration path|Integration path]] and <math>f:U \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> a continuous function on the trace of <math>\gamma</math> (<math>Trace(\gamma):={\gamma(t) , : , t \in [a,b]} \subset U</math>). Then, the following holds: :<math>\left| \int_{\gamma} f(z), dz \right| \leq \max_{z \in Trace(\gamma)} | f(z) | \cdot L(\gamma) </math> Here, <math>L(\gamma)= \int_{a}^{b} |\gamma'(t)| , dt</math> is the length of the integral. == See also == *[[Complex Analysis/rectifiable curve|rectifiable curve]] == Literature == <references/> == Page Information == This '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities&author=Course:Functional_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes Wiki2Reveal slide set]''' was created for the learning unit '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Functional_Analysis Course:Functional Analysis]'''. The link for the [[en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal slides]] was generated using the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal Link Generator]. The content of the page is based on the following sources: ** [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities] The page was created as a document type [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE]. Link to the source in Wikiversity: [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Function_Theory/Inequalities]. See also further information on [[en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] and on the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal Link Generator]. [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] [[Category:Function Theory]] s63cm7kn8xbzg6cjpcmpnzn7gutop2t 0 317158 2691368 2024-12-11T11:03:57Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 New resource with " Rectifiable curves are an important term from the theory of [[Complex Analysis/Kurvenintegral|Kurvenintegrale]]. They are those curves that can occur as an integration area. ==Definition== Let<math display="inline"> \gamma\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb C </math> a steady [[Complex Analysis/Kurve|Kurve]]. It means 'recognition' when its length <center><math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) := \sup\left\{ \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| \ \bigg|\ n \in \..." 2691368 wikitext text/x-wiki Rectifiable curves are an important term from the theory of [[Complex Analysis/Kurvenintegral|Kurvenintegrale]]. They are those curves that can occur as an integration area. ==Definition== Let<math display="inline"> \gamma\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb C </math> a steady [[Complex Analysis/Kurve|Kurve]]. It means 'recognition' when its length <center><math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) := \sup\left\{ \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| \ \bigg|\ n \in \mathbb N, a \le t_0 < \ldots < t_n \le b \right\} </math></center> Finally, <math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) </math> is called 'length' of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. ===Examples=== * If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is continuously differentiable, then <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is rectifiable. If <math display="inline"> a \le t_0 < \ldots < t_n \le b </math>, then the mean value <math display="inline"> \tau_i \in (t_{i-1}, t_i) </math> is such that <center><math display="inline"> \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| = \sum_{i=1}^n |{\gamma'(\tau_i)}| (t_{i} - t_{i-1}) </math></center>The right side of the above equation is a Riemannian sum for <math display="inline"> \int_a^b |\gamma'(t)|\,dt </math>, i.e. * More generally, parts <math display="inline"> C^1 </math> curves are always rectifiable, the above consideration is applied to the individual parts of the curve. * As an example of a non-recipable curve, see <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[0,1]\to \mathbb C </math>, <center><math display="inline"> t \mapsto \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 0 & t= 0 \\ t +it\cos t^{-1} & t > 0\end{array}\right. </math></center>In the near future <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is steadily differentiable and at any interval <math display="inline"> [\epsilon,1] </math>. At these intervals, the length is <center> <math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma|_{[\epsilon,1]}) = \int_\epsilon^1 \left| 1 - \frac i{t}\sin t^{-1}\right|\,dt . </math></center> For <math display="inline"> \epsilon > 0 </math> this converges against <center><math display="inline"> \int_0^1 \left(1 + \frac 1{t^2}\sin^2 t^{-1}\right)^{1/2}\,dt = \infty </math></center>so <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is not rectifiable. ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis/Lemma_von_Goursat|Lemma von Goursat]] [[Category:Funktionentheorie|Funktionentheorie]] == Page Information == === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare%20Kurve Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[wikiversity:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve|Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve]] https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare%20Kurve * Date: 12/11/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve" srclang="de" date="12/11/2024" time="12:01" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve]]</noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Complex Analysis/Recognition Curve]]</noinclude> --> 8p41jxqzg8714abrsjsm84k5x9df15h 2691369 2691368 2024-12-11T11:04:51Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* See also */ 2691369 wikitext text/x-wiki Rectifiable curves are an important term from the theory of [[Complex Analysis/Kurvenintegral|Kurvenintegrale]]. They are those curves that can occur as an integration area. ==Definition== Let<math display="inline"> \gamma\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb C </math> a steady [[Complex Analysis/Kurve|Kurve]]. It means 'recognition' when its length <center><math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) := \sup\left\{ \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| \ \bigg|\ n \in \mathbb N, a \le t_0 < \ldots < t_n \le b \right\} </math></center> Finally, <math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) </math> is called 'length' of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. ===Examples=== * If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is continuously differentiable, then <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is rectifiable. If <math display="inline"> a \le t_0 < \ldots < t_n \le b </math>, then the mean value <math display="inline"> \tau_i \in (t_{i-1}, t_i) </math> is such that <center><math display="inline"> \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| = \sum_{i=1}^n |{\gamma'(\tau_i)}| (t_{i} - t_{i-1}) </math></center>The right side of the above equation is a Riemannian sum for <math display="inline"> \int_a^b |\gamma'(t)|\,dt </math>, i.e. * More generally, parts <math display="inline"> C^1 </math> curves are always rectifiable, the above consideration is applied to the individual parts of the curve. * As an example of a non-recipable curve, see <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[0,1]\to \mathbb C </math>, <center><math display="inline"> t \mapsto \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 0 & t= 0 \\ t +it\cos t^{-1} & t > 0\end{array}\right. </math></center>In the near future <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is steadily differentiable and at any interval <math display="inline"> [\epsilon,1] </math>. At these intervals, the length is <center> <math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma|_{[\epsilon,1]}) = \int_\epsilon^1 \left| 1 - \frac i{t}\sin t^{-1}\right|\,dt . </math></center> For <math display="inline"> \epsilon > 0 </math> this converges against <center><math display="inline"> \int_0^1 \left(1 + \frac 1{t^2}\sin^2 t^{-1}\right)^{1/2}\,dt = \infty </math></center>so <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is not rectifiable. ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis/Lemma_of_Goursat|Lemma of Goursat]] [[Category:Complex Analysis]] == Page Information == === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare%20Kurve Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[wikiversity:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve|Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve]] https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare%20Kurve * Date: 12/11/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve" srclang="de" date="12/11/2024" time="12:01" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve]]</noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Complex Analysis/Recognition Curve]]</noinclude> --> 1u1ooivnacef3yvgsg4bjxwd973fhdq 2691370 2691369 2024-12-11T11:05:47Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 2691370 wikitext text/x-wiki Rectifiable curves are an important term from the theory of [[Path_Integral|Path Integrals]]. They are those curves that can occur as an integration area. ==Definition== Let<math display="inline"> \gamma\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb C </math> a steady [[Complex Analysis/Kurve|Kurve]]. It means 'recognition' when its length <center><math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) := \sup\left\{ \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| \ \bigg|\ n \in \mathbb N, a \le t_0 < \ldots < t_n \le b \right\} </math></center> Finally, <math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) </math> is called 'length' of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. ===Examples=== * If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is continuously differentiable, then <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is rectifiable. If <math display="inline"> a \le t_0 < \ldots < t_n \le b </math>, then the mean value <math display="inline"> \tau_i \in (t_{i-1}, t_i) </math> is such that <center><math display="inline"> \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| = \sum_{i=1}^n |{\gamma'(\tau_i)}| (t_{i} - t_{i-1}) </math></center>The right side of the above equation is a Riemannian sum for <math display="inline"> \int_a^b |\gamma'(t)|\,dt </math>, i.e. * More generally, parts <math display="inline"> C^1 </math> curves are always rectifiable, the above consideration is applied to the individual parts of the curve. * As an example of a non-recipable curve, see <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[0,1]\to \mathbb C </math>, <center><math display="inline"> t \mapsto \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 0 & t= 0 \\ t +it\cos t^{-1} & t > 0\end{array}\right. </math></center>In the near future <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is steadily differentiable and at any interval <math display="inline"> [\epsilon,1] </math>. At these intervals, the length is <center> <math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma|_{[\epsilon,1]}) = \int_\epsilon^1 \left| 1 - \frac i{t}\sin t^{-1}\right|\,dt . </math></center> For <math display="inline"> \epsilon > 0 </math> this converges against <center><math display="inline"> \int_0^1 \left(1 + \frac 1{t^2}\sin^2 t^{-1}\right)^{1/2}\,dt = \infty </math></center>so <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is not rectifiable. ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis/Lemma_of_Goursat|Lemma of Goursat]] [[Category:Complex Analysis]] == Page Information == === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare%20Kurve Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[wikiversity:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve|Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve]] https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare%20Kurve * Date: 12/11/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve" srclang="de" date="12/11/2024" time="12:01" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve]]</noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Complex Analysis/Recognition Curve]]</noinclude> --> ix6idq4bayx12pmup566gprlsz4gsaj 2691378 2691370 2024-12-11T11:15:24Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Definition */ 2691378 wikitext text/x-wiki Rectifiable curves are an important term from the theory of [[Path_Integral|Path Integrals]]. They are those curves that can occur as an integration area. ==Definition== Let <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb C </math> a continuous [[Complex Analysis/Path|curve]]. A curve is called''rectifiable'' if its length exist <center><math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) := \sup\left\{ \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| \ \bigg|\ n \in \mathbb N, a \le t_0 < \ldots < t_n \le b \right\} </math></center> Finally, <math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) </math> is called 'length' of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. ===Examples=== * If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is continuously differentiable, then <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is rectifiable. If <math display="inline"> a \le t_0 < \ldots < t_n \le b </math>, then the mean value <math display="inline"> \tau_i \in (t_{i-1}, t_i) </math> is such that <center><math display="inline"> \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| = \sum_{i=1}^n |{\gamma'(\tau_i)}| (t_{i} - t_{i-1}) </math></center>The right side of the above equation is a Riemannian sum for <math display="inline"> \int_a^b |\gamma'(t)|\,dt </math>, i.e. * More generally, parts <math display="inline"> C^1 </math> curves are always rectifiable, the above consideration is applied to the individual parts of the curve. * As an example of a non-recipable curve, see <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[0,1]\to \mathbb C </math>, <center><math display="inline"> t \mapsto \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 0 & t= 0 \\ t +it\cos t^{-1} & t > 0\end{array}\right. </math></center>In the near future <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is steadily differentiable and at any interval <math display="inline"> [\epsilon,1] </math>. At these intervals, the length is <center> <math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma|_{[\epsilon,1]}) = \int_\epsilon^1 \left| 1 - \frac i{t}\sin t^{-1}\right|\,dt . </math></center> For <math display="inline"> \epsilon > 0 </math> this converges against <center><math display="inline"> \int_0^1 \left(1 + \frac 1{t^2}\sin^2 t^{-1}\right)^{1/2}\,dt = \infty </math></center>so <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is not rectifiable. ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis/Lemma_of_Goursat|Lemma of Goursat]] [[Category:Complex Analysis]] == Page Information == === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare%20Kurve Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[wikiversity:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve|Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve]] https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare%20Kurve * Date: 12/11/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve" srclang="de" date="12/11/2024" time="12:01" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve]]</noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Complex Analysis/Recognition Curve]]</noinclude> --> eruumpjixfi8bwbef9xzjqb16vtbox4 2691379 2691378 2024-12-11T11:15:49Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Definition */ 2691379 wikitext text/x-wiki Rectifiable curves are an important term from the theory of [[Path_Integral|Path Integrals]]. They are those curves that can occur as an integration area. ==Definition== Let <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb C </math> a continuous [[Complex Analysis/Path|curve]]. A curve is called ''rectifiable'' if its length exist <center><math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) := \sup\left\{ \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| \ \bigg|\ n \in \mathbb N, a \le t_0 < \ldots < t_n \le b \right\} </math></center> Finally, <math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) </math> is called 'length' of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. ===Examples=== * If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is continuously differentiable, then <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is rectifiable. If <math display="inline"> a \le t_0 < \ldots < t_n \le b </math>, then the mean value <math display="inline"> \tau_i \in (t_{i-1}, t_i) </math> is such that <center><math display="inline"> \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| = \sum_{i=1}^n |{\gamma'(\tau_i)}| (t_{i} - t_{i-1}) </math></center>The right side of the above equation is a Riemannian sum for <math display="inline"> \int_a^b |\gamma'(t)|\,dt </math>, i.e. * More generally, parts <math display="inline"> C^1 </math> curves are always rectifiable, the above consideration is applied to the individual parts of the curve. * As an example of a non-recipable curve, see <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[0,1]\to \mathbb C </math>, <center><math display="inline"> t \mapsto \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 0 & t= 0 \\ t +it\cos t^{-1} & t > 0\end{array}\right. </math></center>In the near future <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is steadily differentiable and at any interval <math display="inline"> [\epsilon,1] </math>. At these intervals, the length is <center> <math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma|_{[\epsilon,1]}) = \int_\epsilon^1 \left| 1 - \frac i{t}\sin t^{-1}\right|\,dt . </math></center> For <math display="inline"> \epsilon > 0 </math> this converges against <center><math display="inline"> \int_0^1 \left(1 + \frac 1{t^2}\sin^2 t^{-1}\right)^{1/2}\,dt = \infty </math></center>so <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is not rectifiable. ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis/Lemma_of_Goursat|Lemma of Goursat]] [[Category:Complex Analysis]] == Page Information == === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare%20Kurve Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[wikiversity:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve|Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve]] https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare%20Kurve * Date: 12/11/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve" srclang="de" date="12/11/2024" time="12:01" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve]]</noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Complex Analysis/Recognition Curve]]</noinclude> --> e1h8425otep5ehgffnt5fhyk12rvcx6